Partridge, Elizabeth; Lujan, Eduardo; Giuntini, Serena; Vu, David M; Granoff, Dan M
2017-07-24
MenB-4C (Bexsero®) is a multicomponent serogroup B meningococcal vaccine. For vaccine licensure, efficacy was inferred from serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) against three antigen-specific indicator strains. The bactericidal role of antibody to the fourth vaccine antigen, Neisserial Heparin binding antigen (NHba), is incompletely understood. We identified nine adults immunized with two or three doses of MenB-4C who had sufficient volumes of sera and >3-fold increases in SBA titer against a strain with high NHba expression, which was mismatched with the other three MenB-4C antigens that elicit SBA. Using 1month-post-immunization sera we measured the effect of depletion of anti-NHba and/or anti-Factor H binding protein (FHbp) antibodies on SBA. Against three strains matched with the vaccine only for NHba, depletion of anti-NHba decreased SBA titers by an average of 43-79% compared to mock-adsorbed sera (P<0.05). Despite expression of sub-family A FHbp (mismatched with the sub-family B vaccine antigen), depletion of anti-FHbp antibodies also decreased SBA by 45-64% (P<0.05). Depletion of both antibodies decreased SBA by 84-100%. Against a strain with sub-family B FHbp and expression of NHba with 100% identity to the vaccine antigen, depletion of anti-NHba decreased SBA by an average of 26%, compared to mock-adsorbed sera (P<0.0001), and depletion of anti-FHbp antibody decreased SBA by 92% (P<0.0001). Anti-NHba antibody can contribute to SBA elicited by MenB-4C, particularly in concert with anti-FHbp antibody. However, some high NHba-expressing strains are resistant, even with an exact match between the amino acid sequence of the vaccine and strain antigens. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of increased CRM₁₉₇ carrier protein dose on meningococcal C bactericidal antibody response.
Lee, Lucia H; Blake, Milan S
2012-04-01
New multivalent CRM(197)-based conjugate vaccines are available for childhood immunization. Clinical studies were reviewed to assess meningococcal group C (MenC) antibody responses following MenC-CRM(197) coadministration with CRM(197)-based pneumococcal or Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. Infants receiving a total CRM(197) carrier protein dose of ∼50 μg and concomitant diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP)-containing vaccine tended to have lower MenC geometric mean antibody titers and continued to have low titers after the toddler dose. Nevertheless, at least 95% of children in the reported studies achieved a MenC serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titer of ≥ 1:8 after the last infant or toddler dose. SBA was measured using an assay with a baby rabbit or human complement source. Additional studies are needed to assess long-term antibody persistence and MenC CRM(197) conjugate vaccine immunogenicity using alternative dosing schedules.
Kang, Jin-Han; Miao, Yan; Lee, SooYoung; Kim, Jong-Hyun; Lee, Kyung-Yil; Ma, Sang Hyuk; Jo, Dae Sun; Song, HyoYoung; Haag, Mendel
2016-03-01
This descriptive epidemiological study aimed to assess the prevalence of serum bactericidal antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W and Y in adolescents and adults in the Republic of Korea. In total, 987 subjects aged 11-55 years from five geographical regions of Korea were included in the study. Human serum bactericidal assay (hSBA) was used to measure hSBA titres for serogroups A, C, W and Y. Percentages of subjects with hSBA titres ≥4 and ≥8, geometric mean titres (GMTs), and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were estimated. Analysis was performed for the entire study population and stratified by age group or region. No statistical hypotheses were tested. The highest percentage of subjects with hSBA titres ≥8 was observed for serogroup W (74%), was similar for serogroups C (34%) and Y (36%), and was lowest for serogroup A (9%). The percentages of subjects with hSBA titres ≥4 were similar to those with hSBA titres ≥8 for all serogroups. GMTs were 2.56 µg/mL (serogroup A), 5.14 µg/mL (serogroup C), 22.63 µg/mL (serogroup W) and 5.28 µg/mL (serogroup Y). Similar trends in GMTs across serogroups were seen for individual regions and age groups. The highest GMTs for serogroups A, W and Y were recorded in the >19-29 years group, and for serogroup C in the >49-55 years group. Across all regions, GMTs were very similar for serogroups A, C and Y, while more variation was seen for serogroup W. In the Korean population, among Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W and Y, serum bactericidal antibodies were most prevalent against serogroup W and least prevalent against serogroup A. These trends were maintained across age groups and regions. The highest GMTs for serogroups A, W and Y were observed in the >19-29 years group. The reasons behind the observed differences in prevalence of bactericidal antibodies against the serogroups are currently not understood, although carriage and cross-reactivity of the assay may be important
In vitro antibody-enzyme conjugates with specific bactericidal activity.
Knowles, D M; Sulivan, T J; Parker, C W; Williams, R C
1973-06-01
IgG with antibacterial antibody opsonic activity was isolated from rabbit antisera produced by intravenous hyperimmunization with several test strains of pneumococci, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Antibody-enzyme conjugates were prepared, using diethylmalonimidate to couple glucose oxidase to IgG antibacterial antibody preparations. Opsonic human IgG obtained from serum of patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis was also conjugated to glucose oxidase. Antibody-enzyme conjugates retained combining specificity for test bacteria as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. In vitro test for bactericidal activity of antibody-enzyme conjugates utilized potassium iodide, lactoperoxidase, and glucose as cofactors. Under these conditions glucose oxidase conjugated to antibody generates hydrogen peroxide, and lactoperoxidase enzyme catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide with simultaneous oxidation of I(-) and halogenation and killing of test bacteria. Potent in vitro bactericidal activity of this system was repeatedly demonstrated for antibody-enzyme conjugates against pneumococci, streptococci, S. aureus, P. mirabilis, and E. coli. However, no bactericidal effect was demonstrable with antibody-enzyme conjugates and two test strains of P. aeruginosa. Bactericidal activity of antibody-enzyme conjugates appeared to parallel original opsonic potency of unconjugated IgG preparations. Antibody-enzyme conjugates at concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/ml were capable of intense bactericidal activity producing substantial drops in surviving bacterial counts within 30-60 min after initiation of assay. These in vitro bactericidal systems indicate that the concept of antibacterial antibody-enzyme conjugates may possibly be adaptable as a mechanism for treatment of patients with leukocyte dysfunction or fulminant bacteremia.
Ison, C A; Anwar, N; Cole, M J; Galassini, R; Heyderman, R S; Klein, N J; West, J; Pollard, A J; Morley, S; Levin and the Meningococcal, R e
1999-10-01
A whole-blood assay (WBA), which assesses the complete bactericidal activity of blood, was compared with the serum bactericidal assay (SBA), which measures antibody and complement mediated cell lysis. Twenty children infected with serogroup B strains and 25 infected with serogroup C strains were studied 8-12 weeks after disease, and 29 healthy children were used as controls. The infecting strain (convalescent children only) and two reference strains, MC58 (B:15:P1.7, 16) and NCTC 8554 (C:NT:P1.5) were used. In children previously infected with a serogroup B strain, bactericidal activity was detected in 95% and 85% to their infecting strain by the WBA (>50% killing) and the SBA (s), respectively. Bactericidal activity to the reference serogroup B and C strain was detected by WBA in 70 and 75% of children, respectively, and the SBA in 45% and 20%. In contrast bactericidal activity was detected to both serogroup C strains in >80% of children previously infected with a serogroup C strain using either assay and in 48% (WBA) and 20% (SBA) to the reference serogroup B strain. Levels of bactericidal activity were detectable in fewer control children. Children convalescing from meningococcal disease develop an immune response to their infecting strain, detectable by both the WBA and SBA, which is independent of age. However, the WBA appears to be a more sensitive measure of bactericidal activity to heterologous strains than the SBA. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Lynn, Freyja; Mocca, Brian; Borrow, Ray; Findlow, Helen; Hassan-King, Musa; Preziosi, Marie-Pierre; Idoko, Olubukola; Sow, Samba; Kulkarni, Prasad; LaForce, F. Marc
2014-01-01
A meningococcal group A polysaccharide (PS) conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) has been developed for African countries affected by epidemic meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Complement-mediated serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assays are used to assess protective immune responses to meningococcal vaccination. Human complement (hC′) was used in early studies demonstrating antibody-mediated protection against disease, but it is difficult to obtain and standardize. We developed and evaluated a method for sourcing hC′ and then used the SBA assay with hC′ (hSBA) to measure bactericidal responses to PsA-TT vaccination in 12- to 23-month-old African children. Sera with active complement from 100 unvaccinated blood donors were tested for intrinsic bactericidal activity, SBA titer using rabbit complement (rSBA), and anti-group A PS antibody concentration. Performance criteria and pooling strategies were examined and then verified by comparisons of three independently prepared hC′ lots in two laboratories. hSBA titers of clinical trial sera were then determined using this complement sourcing method. Two different functional antibody tests were necessary for screening hC′. hSBA titers determined using three independent lots of pooled hC′ were within expected assay variation among lots and between laboratories. In African toddlers, PsA-TT elicited higher hSBA titers than meningococcal polysaccharide or Hib vaccines. PsA-TT immunization or PS challenge of PsA-TT-primed subjects resulted in vigorous hSBA memory responses, and titers persisted in boosted groups for over a year. Quantifying SBA using pooled hC′ is feasible and showed that PsA-TT was highly immunogenic in African toddlers. PMID:24671551
Jang, Mi Seon; Sahastrabuddhe, Sushant; Yun, Cheol-Heui; Han, Seung Hyun; Yang, Jae Seung
2016-08-01
Typhoid fever, mainly caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), is a life-threatening disease, mostly in developing countries. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used to quantify antibodies against S. Typhi in serum but does not provide information about functional antibody titers. Although the serum bactericidal assay (SBA) using an agar plate is often used to measure functional antibody titers against various bacterial pathogens in clinical specimens, it has rarely been used for typhoid vaccines because it is time-consuming and labor-intensive. In the present study, we established an improved SBA against S. Typhi using a semi-automated colony-counting system with a square agar plate harboring 24 samples. The semi-automated SBA efficiently measured bactericidal titers of sera from individuals immunized with S. Typhi Vi polysaccharide vaccines. The assay specifically responded to S. Typhi Ty2 but not to other irrelevant enteric bacteria including Vibrio cholerae and Shigella flexneri. Baby rabbit complement was more appropriate source for the SBA against S. Typhi than complements from adult rabbit, guinea pig, and human. We also examined the correlation between SBA and ELISA for measuring antibody responses against S. Typhi using pre- and post-vaccination sera from 18 human volunteers. The SBA titer showed a good correlation with anti-Vi IgG quantity in the serum as determined by Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.737 (P < 0.001). Taken together, the semi-automated SBA might be efficient, accurate, sensitive, and specific enough to measure functional antibody titers against S. Typhi in sera from human subjects immunized with typhoid vaccines. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Sensitive Microplate Assay for Detection of Bactericidal Antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O139
Attridge, Stephen R.; Johansson, Camilla; Trach, Dang D.; Qadri, Firdausi; Svennerholm, Ann-Mari
2002-01-01
A microplate assay for the detection of bactericidal antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O139 is described. The assay is sensitive, highly reproducible, specific, and convenient to perform. It has been used to demonstrate the induction of serum bactericidal antibodies in Vietnamese recipients of an oral, inactivated, bivalent O1/O139 vaccine, as well as in Bangladeshi patients with O139 disease. In both study groups there was a significant inverse correlation between the preexposure level of antibodies in serum and the magnitude of the subsequent bactericidal response. Although infection generated stronger responses than vaccination, the proportion of responders was similar among individuals with low background titers. PMID:11874883
Phosphorylcholine Allows for Evasion of Bactericidal Antibody by Haemophilus influenzae
Clark, Sarah E.; Snow, Julian; Li, Jianjun; Zola, Tracey A.; Weiser, Jeffrey N.
2012-01-01
The human pathogen Haemophilus influenzae has the ability to quickly adapt to different host environments through phase variation of multiple structures on its lipooligosaccharide (LPS), including phosphorylcholine (ChoP). During colonization with H. influenzae, there is a selection for ChoP+ phase variants. In a murine model of nasopharyngeal colonization, this selection is lost in the absence of adaptive immunity. Based on previous data highlighting the importance of natural antibody in limiting H. influenzae colonization, the effect of ChoP expression on antibody binding and its bactericidal activity was investigated. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that ChoP+ phase variants had decreased binding of antibody to LPS epitopes compared to ChoP− phase variants. This difference in antibody binding correlated with increased survival of ChoP+ phase variants in the presence of antibody-dependent, complement-mediated killing. ChoP+ phase variants were also more resistant to trypsin digestion, suggesting a general effect on the physical properties of the outer membrane. Moreover, ChoP-mediated protection against antibody binding correlated with increased resilience of outer membrane integrity. Collectively, these data suggest that ChoP expression provides a selective advantage during colonization through ChoP-mediated effects on the accessibility of bactericidal antibody to the cell surface. PMID:22396641
Blanchard-Rohner, Geraldine; Snape, Matthew D; Kelly, Dominic F; O'Connor, Daniel; John, Tessa; Kibwana, Elizabeth; Parks, Hannah; Ford, Karen; Dull, Peter M; Pollard, Andrew J
2013-07-01
Maternal antibodies give neonates some protection against bacterial infection. We measured antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, Y and W135 in mothers and their 2-month-old infants at study enrollment. We also assessed the impact of maternal antibody present at 2 months of age on the immune response to a primary course of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM197) given at 2 and 4 months of age. This was a single-center, open-label, randomized study undertaken in Oxford, United Kingdom. Two hundred sixteen healthy infants were enrolled in the study and vaccinated with MenACWY-CRM197 at 2 and 4 months of age. Blood was obtained from all mothers, in a subset of infants at 2 months and all infants at 5 months. Antibody and memory B-cell responses at 5 months were correlated with maternal antibodies. Mothers had low IgG antibodies against serogroups C, W135 and Y polysaccharides, but high serogroup A antibody, whereas 61-78% had protective human complement serum bactericidal activity (hSBA) (≥1:4) for serogroups C, W135 and Y but only 31% for serogroup A. Only 9%, 32%, 45% and 19% of 2-month-old infants had hSBA ≥1:4 for serogroups A, C, W135 and Y, respectively. Maternal antibody had little association on responses to MenACWY-CRM197, except a moderate negative association between MenC-specific bactericidal antibody at 2 and 5 months (r = -0.5, P = 0.006, n = 28) and between carrier-specific IgG antibody at 2 months and MenC-specific hSBA/IgG antibody at 5 months (r = -0.4, P = 0.02 and 0.04, n = 32 and 23). Nonetheless, 90% of infants achieved protective MenC-hSBA titers after vaccination at 2 and 4 months of age. The levels of serogroup-specific meningococcal antibodies were low in mothers and 2-month-old infants. Immunizing mothers before or during pregnancy with meningococcal conjugate vaccines might increase antibody levels in early infancy and provide protection against infection due to N. meningitidis.
Stein, Gary E; Schooley, Sharon; Tyrrell, Kerin L; Citron, Diane M; Nicolau, David P; Goldstein, Ellie J C
2008-02-01
We studied the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against common pathogens associated with complicated intra-abdominal infections. Ten healthy volunteers received a single dose of moxifloxacin (400 mg) and levofloxacin (750 mg) and serum samples were collected at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24h after the dose of each drug. Bactericidal titers in serum over time were determined for aerobic gram-negative bacilli (Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae) and anaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Prevotella bivia, and Finegoldia magna). Both fluoroquinolones provided rapid (2h) attainment and prolonged (24h) SBA (titers > or = 1:8) against each of the aerobic bacilli studied. SBA was observed for at least 12h against B. fragilis strains with MICs < or = 2 microg/ml to moxifloxacin and < or = 4 microg/ml to levofloxacin. Prolonged (12h) SBA (titers > or = 1:2) was also observed against isolates of B. thetaiotaomicron, P. bivia, and F. magna with moxifloxacin < or = MICs 2 microg/ml.
The Integral Method, a new approach to quantify bactericidal activity.
Gottardi, Waldemar; Pfleiderer, Jörg; Nagl, Markus
2015-08-01
The bactericidal activity (BA) of antimicrobial agents is generally derived from the results of killing assays. A reliable quantitative characterization and particularly a comparison of these substances, however, are impossible with this information. We here propose a new method that takes into account the course of the complete killing curve for assaying BA and that allows a clear-cut quantitative comparison of antimicrobial agents with only one number. The new Integral Method, based on the reciprocal area below the killing curve, reliably calculates an average BA [log10 CFU/min] and, by implementation of the agent's concentration C, the average specific bactericidal activity SBA=BA/C [log10 CFU/min/mM]. Based on experimental killing data, the pertaining BA and SBA values of exemplary active halogen compounds were established, allowing quantitative assertions. N-chlorotaurine (NCT), chloramine T (CAT), monochloramine (NH2Cl), and iodine (I2) showed extremely diverging SBA values of 0.0020±0.0005, 1.11±0.15, 3.49±0.22, and 291±137log10 CFU/min/mM, respectively, against Staphylococcus aureus. This immediately demonstrates an approximately 550-fold stronger activity of CAT, 1730-fold of NH2Cl, and 150,000-fold of I2 compared to NCT. The inferred quantitative assertions and conclusions prove the new method suitable for characterizing bactericidal activity. Its application comprises the effect of defined agents on various bacteria, the consequence of temperature shifts, the influence of varying drug structure, dose-effect relationships, ranking of isosteric agents, comparison of competing commercial antimicrobial formulations, and the effect of additives. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Booy, Robert; Richmond, Peter; Nolan, Terry; McVernon, Jodie; Marshall, Helen; Nissen, Michael; Reynolds, Graham; Ziegler, John B; Stoney, Tanya; Heron, Leon; Lambert, Stephen; Mesaros, Narcisa; Peddiraju, Kavitha; Miller, Jacqueline M
2013-02-01
Persistence of seroprotective bactericidal antibody titers is important for long-term protection against meningococcal serogroup C disease in young children. Antibody persistence values were determined in children up to 3 years after vaccination with a single dose of the combined Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)-Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (MenC)-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate vaccine (Hib-MenC-TT; www.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00326118). The children had been randomized at ages 12-18 months to receive either 1 dose of Hib-MenC-TT (Hib-MenC group) or separately administered Hib-TT conjugate vaccine and MenC-CRM197 (MCC) vaccine (Hib plus MCC group). All children had been primed in infancy with a Hib vaccine. Antibodies against MenC were measured by a serum bactericidal assay using rabbit complement (rSBA-MenC) and antibodies against Hib polyribosylribitol phosphate were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The rSBA-MenC titers ≥1:8 were demonstrated 3 years after vaccination in 64.2% and 53.2% of participants in the Hib-MenC group and in the Hib plus MCC group, respectively. Antipolyribosylribitol phosphate concentrations ≥0.15 µg/mL persisted in >98% of participants in both groups. The rSBA-MenC geometric mean titers and antipolyribosylribitol phosphate geometric mean concentrations remained higher 3 years after vaccination than before vaccination. No serious adverse events assessed by the investigator as being related to vaccination were reported. In this antibody persistence study of Hib-primed but MenC-naïve toddlers who received a single dose of Hib-MenC-TT, protective antibody levels against Hib and MenC were maintained in the majority of children 3 years after vaccination.
Granoff, Dan M
2009-06-24
Killing of Neisseria meningitidis can result from complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity (SBA) or opsonophagocytosis (OPA), or a combination of the two mechanisms. While SBA titers > or =1:4 confer protection, recent evidence suggests that this threshold titer may not be required. For example, the incidence of meningococcal disease declines between ages 1 and 4 years without evidence of acquisition of SBA titers > or =1:4. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccination also elicited OPA and lowered the risk of disease in patients with late complement component deficiencies whose sera did not support SBA. Sera from healthy adults immunized with an outer membrane vesicle vaccine showed OPA killing of N. meningitidis with C6-depleted complement, and whole blood from complement-sufficient non-immunized adults with SBA titers <1:4 also frequently had killing activity. Collectively the data indicate that SBA titers <1:4 and/or vaccine-induced OPA can confer protection against meningococcal disease.
Granoff, Dan M.
2009-01-01
Killing of Neisseria meningitidis can result from complement-mediated bactericidal activity (SBA) or opsonophagocytosis (OPA), or a combination of the two mechanisms. While SBA titers ≥1:4 confer protection, recent evidence suggests that this threshold titer may not be required. For example, the incidence of meningococcal disease declines between ages 1 and 4 years without evidence of acquisition of SBA titers ≥1:4. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccination also elicited OPA and lowered the risk of disease in patients with late complement component deficiencies whose sera did not support SBA. Sera from healthy adults immunized with an outer membrane vesicle vaccine showed OPA killing of N. meningitidis with C6-depleted complement, and whole blood from complement-sufficient non-immunized adults with SBA titers <1:4 also frequently had killing activity. Collectively the data indicate that SBA titers <1:4 and/or vaccine-induced OPA can confer protection against meningococcal disease. PMID:19477054
Wilson, M. R.; Svendsen, J.
1972-01-01
Serum gamma globulin levels, indirect hemagglutinating antibody titres and bactericidal activity against the 0149:K91;K88ac:H10 Serotype of Escherichia coli were determined in pigs up to five weeks of age from vaccinated and non-vaccinated sows. Gamma globulin levels at two days of age were approximately twice adult levels, by three weeks of age they were one quarter of adult levels and remained so until five weeks of age. Indirect hemagglutinating antibody activity was highest at two days of age, fell until three weeks of age and then rose. Little or no indirect hemagglutinating antibody activity was detected in sera taken at two days of age from pigs from non-vaccinated sows. Only three of 26 two day old pigs had demonstrable bactericidal activity; by three weeks of age 16 of 26 had bactericidal activity. Serum from piglets of vaccinated sows had no more bactericidal activity than did sera from non-vaccinated sows. PMID:4110608
Vesikari, Timo; Forsten, Aino; Bianco, Veronique; Van der Wielen, Marie; Miller, Jacqueline M
2015-12-01
We evaluated safety, immunogenicity and antibody persistence of meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) booster vaccination 4 years after priming of toddlers. This phase III, open-label, controlled study in Finland (NCT00955682) enrolled children previously randomized (3:1) at 12-23 months (NCT00474266) to receive 1 dose of MenACWY-TT or MenC conjugate vaccine (MenC-CRM197). Serum bactericidal antibody titers using rabbit (rSBA, cut-off 1:8) and human complement (hSBA, cut-off 1:8) were assessed at year 3 and 4 after priming and 1 month and 1 year after administration of a booster dose of the same vaccine given for primary vaccination. Reactogenicity and safety were assessed, and vaccination-related serious adverse events were recorded from the time of primary vaccination. Before booster (year 4), 74.1%, 40.4%, 49.3% and 58.2% of MenACWY-TT-recipients retained rSBA titers ≥1:8 for serogroups A, C, W and Y, respectively; 28.8%, 73.2%, 80.6% and 65.4% retained hSBA ≥1:8. Percentages for the MenC-CRM group were 35.6% (rSBA-MenC) and 46.9% (hSBA-MenC). After MenACWY-TT booster, ≥99.5% had rSBA ≥1:8 and hSBA ≥1:8 for each serogroup. After MenC-CRM197 booster, all children had rSBA-MenC ≥1:8 and hSBA-MenC ≥1:8. At year 5, percentages above the cut-off were ≥97.4% (rSBA) and ≥95.5% (hSBA) in MenACWY-TT-vaccinees for each serogroup. The MenACWY-TT booster dose had a clinically acceptable safety profile. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. There was evidence of antibody persistence 4 years after toddlers were primed with MenACWY-TT. Booster vaccination induced robust immune responses for all serogroups with an acceptable safety profile.
Richmond, Peter; Borrow, Ray; Findlow, Jamie; Martin, Sarah; Thornton, Carol; Cartwright, Keith; Miller, Elizabeth
2001-01-01
The polysaccharide capsule of serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis (MenC) has been integral to vaccine development. Licensed MenC vaccines contain the O-acetylated (OAc+) form of polysaccharide. Some MenC strains have de-O-acetylated (OAc−) polysaccharide, which may affect antibody specificity and functional activity when used in a vaccine. We evaluated an OAc-MenC conjugate-tetanus toxoid conjugate (MCC-TT) vaccine given concomitantly with whole-cell diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and oral polio immunization in 83 infants at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. Serum bactericidal activities (SBA) against OAc+ and OAc− MenC strains and OAc+ and OAc− polysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were evaluated. MCC-TT vaccine was well tolerated. All infants produced SBA titers of ≥8 after a single dose at 2 months of age. The SBA geometric mean titer for OAc+ strain C11 increased from 2.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2 to 3.2) to 320 (95% CI, 237 to 432), 773 (95% CI, 609 to 982), and 1,063 (95% CI, 856 to 1319) after one, two, and three doses of MCC-TT, respectively. OAc− IgG levels were twice as high as OAc+ IgG levels after the primary series of MCC-TT vaccine, and the SBA was significantly higher against the OAc− MenC strain. Antibody responses to booster vaccination with either OAc+ MenC polysaccharide vaccine (MACP) or a fourth dose of MCC-TT at 14 months of age provided evidence of immunologic memory. The acetylation status of the booster vaccine influenced the specificity of the response, with significantly higher OAc− IgG levels and SBA after MCC-TT vaccine compared to MACP vaccine but similar OAc+ antibody levels. MCC-TT vaccine is highly immunogenic and primes for immunologic memory against OAc+ and OAc− MenC strains in infancy. PMID:11254596
Giuntini, Serena; Reason, Donald C; Granoff, Dan M
2011-09-01
Binding of the complement-downregulating protein factor H (fH) to the surface of the meningococcus is important for survival of the organism in human serum. The meningococcal vaccine candidate factor H binding protein (fHbp) is an important ligand for human fH. While some fHbp-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) block binding of fH to fHbp, the stoichiometry of blocking in the presence of high serum concentrations of fH and its effect on complement-mediated bactericidal activity are unknown. To investigate this question, we constructed chimeric antibodies in which the human IgG1 constant region was paired with three murine fHbp-specific binding domains designated JAR 3, JAR 5, and MAb502. By surface plasmon resonance, the association rates for binding of all three MAbs to immobilized fHbp were >50-fold higher than that for binding of fH to fHbp, and the MAb dissociation rates were >500-fold lower than that for fH. While all three MAbs elicited similar C1q-dependent C4b deposition on live bacteria (classical complement pathway), only those antibodies that inhibited binding of fH to fHbp (JAR 3 and JAR 5) had bactericidal activity with human complement. MAb502, which did not inhibit fH binding, had complement-mediated bactericidal activity only when tested with fH-depleted human complement. When an IgG1 anti-fHbp MAb binds to sparsely exposed fHbp on the bacterial surface, there appears to be insufficient complement activation for bacteriolysis unless fH binding also is inhibited. The ability of fHbp vaccines to elicit protective antibodies, therefore, is likely to be enhanced if the antibody repertoire is of high avidity and includes fH-blocking activity.
van Ravenhorst, Mariëtte B; Marinovic, Axel Bonacic; van der Klis, Fiona R M; van Rooijen, Debbie M; van Maurik, Marjan; Stoof, Susanne P; Sanders, Elisabeth A M; Berbers, Guy A M
2016-12-07
Due to waning immunity, infant vaccination with meningococcal serogroup C conjugated (MenCC) vaccines is insufficient to maintain long-term individual protection. Adolescent booster vaccination is thought to offer direct protection against invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) but also to reduce meningococcal carriage and transmission and in this way establish herd protection in the population. Previously, we studied antibody levels after adolescent MenCC booster vaccination. In the present study, the adolescent vaccinees were revisited after three years to determine antibody persistence and to predict long-term protection. Meningococcal serogroup C tetanus toxoid conjugated (MenC-TT) vaccine was administered to 10-, 12- and 15-year old participants who had been primed nine years earlier with a single dose of MenC-TT vaccine. Blood samples were collected before, 1month, 1year and 3years after the adolescent booster vaccination. Functional antibody levels were measured with serum bactericidal assay using rabbit complement (rSBA). Meningococcal serogroup C polysaccharide and tetanus toxoid specific antibody levels were measured using fluorescent-bead-based multiplex immunoassay. Long-term protection was estimated using longitudinal multilevel antibody decay modeling. Of the original 268 participants, 201 (75%) were revisited after 3years. All participants still had an rSBA titer above the protective threshold of ⩾8 and 98% ⩾128. The 15-year-olds showed the highest antibody titers. Using a bi-exponential decay model, the median time to fall below the protection threshold (rSBA titer <8) was 16.3years, 45.9years and around 270years following the booster for the 10-, 12- and 15-year-olds, respectively. After a first steep decline in antibody levels in the first year after the booster, antibody levels slowly declined between one and three years post-booster. A routine MenC-TT booster vaccination for adolescents in the Netherlands will likely provide long
Tejedor, Juan Carlos; Brzostek, Jerzy; Konior, Ryszard; Grunert, Detlef; Kolhe, Devayani; Baine, Yaela
2016-01-01
We evaluated antibody persistence in children up to 5 years after administration of a combined Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)-Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (MenC)-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate vaccine coadministered with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. This is the follow-up study of a randomized trial (ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT00334334/00463437) in which healthy children were vaccinated (primary vaccinations at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and booster vaccination at 11 to 18 months of age) with Hib-MenC-TT or a control MenC conjugate vaccine, coadministered with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTPa)-based combination vaccines (DTPa/Hib for control groups) and a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable H. influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine [PHiD-CV] or 7-valent cross-reacting material 197 [CRM197] conjugate vaccine [7vCRM]). MenC antibody titers were measured with a serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay using rabbit complement (i.e., rabbit SBA [rSBA]), and antibodies against Hib polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody persistence up to 5 years after booster vaccination is reported for 530 children ∼6 years of age. The percentages of children with seroprotective rSBA-MenC titers were between 24.2% and 40.1% in all groups approximately 5 years after booster vaccination. More than 98.5% of children in each group retained seroprotective anti-PRP concentrations. No vaccine-related serious adverse events and no events related to a lack of vaccine efficacy were reported. Approximately 5 years after booster vaccination, the majority of children retained seroprotective anti-PRP antibody concentrations. The percentage of children retaining seroprotective rSBA-MenC titers was low (≤40%), suggesting that a significant proportion of children may be unprotected against MenC disease. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under
Tejedor, Juan Carlos; Brzostek, Jerzy; Konior, Ryszard; Grunert, Detlef; Kolhe, Devayani; Baine, Yaela; Van Der Wielen, Marie
2016-07-01
We evaluated antibody persistence in children up to 5 years after administration of a combined Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)-Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (MenC)-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate vaccine coadministered with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. This is the follow-up study of a randomized trial (ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT00334334/00463437) in which healthy children were vaccinated (primary vaccinations at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and booster vaccination at 11 to 18 months of age) with Hib-MenC-TT or a control MenC conjugate vaccine, coadministered with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTPa)-based combination vaccines (DTPa/Hib for control groups) and a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable H. influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine [PHiD-CV] or 7-valent cross-reacting material 197 [CRM197] conjugate vaccine [7vCRM]). MenC antibody titers were measured with a serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay using rabbit complement (i.e., rabbit SBA [rSBA]), and antibodies against Hib polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody persistence up to 5 years after booster vaccination is reported for 530 children ∼6 years of age. The percentages of children with seroprotective rSBA-MenC titers were between 24.2% and 40.1% in all groups approximately 5 years after booster vaccination. More than 98.5% of children in each group retained seroprotective anti-PRP concentrations. No vaccine-related serious adverse events and no events related to a lack of vaccine efficacy were reported. Approximately 5 years after booster vaccination, the majority of children retained seroprotective anti-PRP antibody concentrations. The percentage of children retaining seroprotective rSBA-MenC titers was low (≤40%), suggesting that a significant proportion of children may be unprotected against MenC disease. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under
Baxter, Roger; Keshavan, Pavitra; Welsch, Jo Anne; Han, Linda; Smolenov, Igor
2016-01-01
ABSTRACT Persistence of bactericidal antibodies following vaccination is extremely important for protection against invasive meningococcal disease, given the epidemiology and rapid progression of meningococcal infection. We present an analysis of antibody persistence and booster response to MenACWY-CRM, in adolescents, children and infants, from 7 clinical studies. Immunogenicity was assessed using the serum bactericidal assay with both human and rabbit complement. Post-vaccination hSBA titers were high, with an age- and serogroup-specific decline in titers up to 1 y and stable levels up to 5 y The waning of hSBA titers over time was more pronounced among infants and toddlers and the greatest for serogroup A. However, rSBA titers against serogroup A were consistently higher and showed little decline over time, suggesting that protection against this serogroup may be sustained. A single booster dose of MenACWY-CRM administered at 3 to 5 y induced a robust immune response in all age groups. PMID:26829877
Baxter, Roger; Keshavan, Pavitra; Welsch, Jo Anne; Han, Linda; Smolenov, Igor
2016-05-03
Persistence of bactericidal antibodies following vaccination is extremely important for protection against invasive meningococcal disease, given the epidemiology and rapid progression of meningococcal infection. We present an analysis of antibody persistence and booster response to MenACWY-CRM, in adolescents, children and infants, from 7 clinical studies. Immunogenicity was assessed using the serum bactericidal assay with both human and rabbit complement. Post-vaccination hSBA titers were high, with an age- and serogroup-specific decline in titers up to 1 y and stable levels up to 5 y The waning of hSBA titers over time was more pronounced among infants and toddlers and the greatest for serogroup A. However, rSBA titers against serogroup A were consistently higher and showed little decline over time, suggesting that protection against this serogroup may be sustained. A single booster dose of MenACWY-CRM administered at 3 to 5 y induced a robust immune response in all age groups.
Hart, Daniel; Weinstein, Melvin P
2007-07-01
We compared the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in 12 healthy volunteers. Each subject received 3 days of oral moxifloxacin 400 mg daily and levofloxacin 750 mg daily, respectively, with a 2- to 4-week washout period between regimens. Blood was drawn at 6 time points after the third dose of each antibiotic. Mean serum bactericidal titers (MSBTRs) for moxifloxacin were 4-fold higher than the mean titers for levofloxacin at each time point. For each drug, MSBTRs at each time point were the same or within one 2-fold dilution when analyzed according to the penicillin susceptibility of the strains or the sex of the subjects. The difference in SBA of the 2 drugs may have implications for the emergence of resistance and clinical outcome.
Gardner, Susan E.; Anderson, Donald C.; Webb, Bette J.; Stitzel, Ann E.; Edwards, Morven S.; Spitzer, Roger E.; Baker, Carol J.
1982-01-01
The relative roles of serum factors required for opsonization of type XIV Streptococcus pneumoniae were investigated by means of luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL), bactericidal, and immunofluorescence assays employing adult sera containing high (>1,000 ng of antibody nitrogen per ml) or low (<200 ng of antibody nitrogen per ml) antibody concentrations as determined by radioimmunoassay. Specific antibody concentration correlated directly with both total and heat-labile CL activity (P < 0.005) and with the bactericidal index (P < 0.05) at a serum concentration of 10%. The importance of specific antibody as an opsonin was confirmed by the abolition of CL activity and immunoglobulin immunofluorescence observed after absorption of heated sera with type XIV pneumococcal cells and by the dose response in CL and bactericidal activity observed with the addition of immunoglobulin G to hypogammaglobulinemic serum. A role for the classical complement pathway in opsonization was indicated by significantly greater CL integrals for high-antibody sera than for low-antibody sera depleted of factor D and by the bactericidal activity noted for untreated, but not magnesium ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid-chelated low-antibody sera. The alternative pathway contributed more than half of the CL activity of both high- and low-antibody sera. However, after magnesium ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid chelation, only sera with high antibody concentrations or agammaglobulinemic serum reconstituted with immunoglobulin G with high specific antibody levels supported significant bactericidal activity. Therefore, type-specific antibody and complement promote opsonization of type XIV S. pneumoniae, and this may occur via either complement pathway. These results suggest that CL is a suitable tool to delineate serum factors and their contribution to opsonization, but results must be related to other functional assays. PMID:6802760
Zhang, Shimin; Feng, Shaw-Huey; Li, Bingjie; Kim, Hyung-Yong; Rodriguez, Joe; Tsai, Shien; Lo, Shyh-Ching
2011-05-01
Our laboratory has developed more than a hundred mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. These antibodies have been categorized into different groups based on their specificities and the biochemical natures of their target antigens. The current study first examined the bactericidal activities of a number of these MAbs by an in vitro opsonic assay. Then, the in vivo protective efficacy of selected MAbs was evaluated using BALB/c mice challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of the bacteria. The opsonic assay using dimethyl sulfoxide-treated human HL-60 cells as phagocytes revealed that 19 out of 47 tested MAbs (40%) have prominent bactericidal activities against B. pseudomallei and/or B. mallei. Interestingly, all MAbs with strong opsonic activities are those with specificity against either the capsular polysaccharides (PS) or the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the bacteria. On the other hand, none of the MAbs reacting to bacterial proteins or glycoproteins showed prominent bactericidal activity. Further study revealed that the antigenic epitopes on either the capsular PS or LPS molecules were readily available for binding in intact bacteria, while the epitopes on proteins/glycoproteins were less accessible to the MAbs. Our in vivo study showed that four MAbs reactive to either the capsular PS or LPS were highly effective in protecting mice against lethal bacterial challenge. The result is compatible with that of our in vitro study. The MAbs with the highest protective efficacy are those reactive to either the capsular PS or LPS of the Burkholderia bacteria.
Zhang, Shimin; Feng, Shaw-Huey; Li, Bingjie; Kim, Hyung-Yong; Rodriguez, Joe; Tsai, Shien; Lo, Shyh-Ching
2011-01-01
Our laboratory has developed more than a hundred mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. These antibodies have been categorized into different groups based on their specificities and the biochemical natures of their target antigens. The current study first examined the bactericidal activities of a number of these MAbs by an in vitro opsonic assay. Then, the in vivo protective efficacy of selected MAbs was evaluated using BALB/c mice challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of the bacteria. The opsonic assay using dimethyl sulfoxide-treated human HL-60 cells as phagocytes revealed that 19 out of 47 tested MAbs (40%) have prominent bactericidal activities against B. pseudomallei and/or B. mallei. Interestingly, all MAbs with strong opsonic activities are those with specificity against either the capsular polysaccharides (PS) or the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the bacteria. On the other hand, none of the MAbs reacting to bacterial proteins or glycoproteins showed prominent bactericidal activity. Further study revealed that the antigenic epitopes on either the capsular PS or LPS molecules were readily available for binding in intact bacteria, while the epitopes on proteins/glycoproteins were less accessible to the MAbs. Our in vivo study showed that four MAbs reactive to either the capsular PS or LPS were highly effective in protecting mice against lethal bacterial challenge. The result is compatible with that of our in vitro study. The MAbs with the highest protective efficacy are those reactive to either the capsular PS or LPS of the Burkholderia bacteria. PMID:21450976
Giuntini, Serena; Reason, Donald C; Granoff, Dan M
2012-01-01
Meningococcal vaccines containing factor H binding protein (fHbp) are in clinical development. fHbp binds human fH, which enables the meningococcus to resist complement-mediated bacteriolysis. Previously, we found that chimeric human IgG1 mouse anti-fHbp monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) had human complement-mediated bactericidal activity only if the MAb inhibited fH binding. Since IgG subclasses differ in their ability to activate complement, we investigated the role of human IgG subclasses on antibody functional activity. We constructed chimeric MAbs in which three different murine fHbp-specific binding domains were each paired with human IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3. Against a wild-type group B isolate, all three IgG3 MAbs, irrespective of their ability to inhibit fH binding, had bactericidal activity that was >5-fold higher than the respective IgG1 MAbs, while the IgG2 MAbs had the least activity. Against a mutant with increased fHbp expression, the anti-fHbp MAbs elicited greater C4b deposition (classical pathway) and greater bactericidal activity than against the wild-type strain, and the IgG1 MAbs had similar or greater activity than the respective IgG3 MAbs. The bactericidal activity against both wild-type and mutant strains also was dependent, in part, on activation of the alternative complement pathway. Thus, at lower epitope density in the wild-type strain, the IgG3 anti-fHbp MAbs had the greatest bactericidal activity. At a higher epitope density in the mutant, the IgG1 MAbs had similar or greater bactericidal activity than the IgG3 MAbs, and the activity was less dependent on the inhibition of fH binding than at a lower epitope density.
Booy, Robert; Nolan, Terry; Reynolds, Graham; Richmond, Peter; Nissen, Michael; Marshall, Helen; Stoney, Tanya; Van Der Wielen, Marie; Kolhe, Devayani; Miller, Jacqueline M
2015-12-01
Antibody persistence is evaluated in healthy Australian children 4 and 5 years postvaccination with a single dose of combined Haemophilus influenzae type b-Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Hib-MenC-TT) compared with separately administered Hib-TT and MenC-CRM197 vaccines (Hib + MCC). This is another follow-up of a phase III, open, randomized, controlled study (NCT00326118), in which 433 Hib-primed but MenC naïve toddlers aged 12-18 months were randomized 3:1 to receive Hib-MenC-TT or Hib + MCC vaccines. Protection against (1) MenC was measured by serum bactericidal antibody assay using rabbit complement (rSBA) and (2) Hib was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to polyribosylribitol phosphate (anti-PRP). Study children were assessed for any potentially vaccine-related serious adverse events at each persistence study visit. The according-to-protocol cohorts for persistence at years 4 and 5 included 282 and 263 children, respectively. The percentages of children with rSBA-MenC titers ≥1:8 at years 4 and 5 were 12.5% and 19.0%, respectively, in the Hib-MenC group; and 12.3% and 25.0% in the Hib + MCC group. All children in each group had anti-PRP concentrations ≥0.15 μg/mL at year 5. Exploratory analyses suggested no potential differences between groups in rSBA-MenC or anti-PRP antibody persistence. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. Antibody persistence was similar for years 4 and 5 after Hib-MenC-TT or Hib + MCC vaccination, with the majority of children retaining anti-PRP antibody concentrations ≥0.15 μg/mL at both timepoints. The percentage of children retaining rSBA-MenC titers ≥1:8 was low (≤25%), suggesting that a MenC booster dose may be warranted before adolescence.
Vesikari, Timo; Forsten, Aino; Bianco, Veronique; Van der Wielen, Marie; Miller, Jacqueline M
2016-01-01
We studied the persistence of serum bactericidal antibody using rabbit and human complement (rSBA/hSBA, cut-offs 1:8) 5 y after a single dose of meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) compared with age-appropriate control vaccines in toddlers and children (NCT00427908). Children were previously randomized (3:1) to receive either MenACWY-TT or control vaccine (MenC-CRM197 in 1-<2 y olds; MenACWY-polysaccharide vaccine [Men-PS] in 2-<11 y olds). Subjects with rSBA-MenC titers <1:8 at any time point were revaccinated with MenC conjugate vaccine and discontinued from the study. A repeated measurement statistical model assessed potential selection effects due to drop-outs. At year 5 in MenACWY-TT-vaccinated-toddlers for serogroups A, C, W, and Y respectively, percentages with rSBA titers ≥1:8 were 73.5%, 77.6%, 34.7%, and 42.9%, hSBA ≥1:8 were 35.6%, 91.7%, 82.6% and 80.0%. For MenC-CRM197 recipients, 63.6% had persisting rSBA-MenC titers ≥1:8 and 90.9% had hSBA-MenC ≥1:8 (not significantly different versus MenACWY-TT for either assay: exploratory analyses). In 2-<11 y olds rSBA titers ≥1:8 in MenACWY-TT-vaccinees were 90.8%, 90.8%, 78.6%, and 78.6% and 15.4%, 100%, 0.0%, 7.7% in Men-PS-vaccinees (significantly different for serogroups A, W and Y, exploratory analyses). Serogroups A, W and Y rSBA GMTs were ≥ 26-fold higher in MenACWY-TT-vaccinees. As expected, GMTs modeled at year 5 to assess the impact of subject drop out (mainly for revaccination), appeared lower for serogroup C. No vaccine-related SAEs were reported. Antibody persistence was observed for all serogroups up to 5 y after MenACWY-TT vaccination.
Vesikari, Timo; Østergaard, Lars; Diez-Domingo, Javier; Wysocki, Jacek; Flodmark, Carl-Erik; Beeslaar, Johannes; Eiden, Joseph; Jiang, Qin; Jansen, Kathrin U.; Jones, Thomas R.; Harris, Shannon L.; O'Neill, Robert E.; York, Laura J.; Crowther, Graham; Perez, John L.
2016-01-01
Background Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MnB) is a leading cause of invasive meningococcal disease in adolescents and young adults. A recombinant factor H binding protein (fHBP) vaccine (Trumenba®; bivalent rLP2086) was recently approved in the United States in individuals aged 10–25 years. Immunogenicity and safety of 2- or 3-dose schedules of bivalent rLP2086 were assessed in adolescents. Methods Healthy adolescents (11 to <19 years) were randomized to 1 of 5 bivalent rLP2086 dosing regimens (0,1,6-month; 0,2,6-month; 0,2-month; 0,4-month; 0,6-month). Immunogenicity was assessed by serum bactericidal antibody assay using human complement (hSBA). Safety assessments included local and systemic reactions and adverse events. Results Bivalent rLP2086 was immunogenic when administered as 2 or 3 doses; the most robust hSBA responses occurred with 3 doses. The proportion of subjects with hSBA titers ≥1:8 after 3 doses ranged from 91.7% to 95.0%, 98.9% to 99.4%, 88.4% to 89.0%, and 86.1% to 88.5% for MnB test strains expressing vaccine-heterologous fHBP variants A22, A56, B24, and B44, respectively. After 2 doses, responses ranged from 90.8% to 93.5%, 98.4% to 100%, 69.1% to 81.1%, and 70.1% to 77.5%. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) were highest among subjects receiving 3 doses and similar between the 2- and 3-dose regimens. After 2 doses, GMTs trended numerically higher among subjects with longer intervals between the first and second dose (6 months vs 2 and 4 months). Bivalent rLP2086 was well tolerated. Conclusions Bivalent rLP2086 was immunogenic and well tolerated when administered in 2 or 3 doses. Three doses yielded the most robust hSBA response rates against MnB strains expressing vaccine-heterologous subfamily B fHBPs. PMID:26407272
CJ, Gill; S, Ram; JA, Welsch; L, DeTora; A, Anemona
2014-01-01
The surrogate of protection against invasive meningococcal disease is the presence of serum bactericidal activity (SBA) at a titer ≥4 in an assay using human serum as the complement source (hSBA). However, for various practical and logistical reasons, many meningococcal vaccines in use today were licensed based on a modified SBA assay that used baby rabbit serum as the complement source (rSBA). To assess the strength of correlation between the two assay systems for serogroups A, C, W-135 and Y, we analyzed a subset of samples from adolescent subjects enrolled in a Phase II study of Novartis’ MenACWY-CRM conjugate vaccine vs. an ACWY polysaccharide vaccine; samples were analyzed in parallel using hSBA and rSBA. We compared geometric mean titers (GMTs), calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between paired hSBA and rSBA results, and calculated sensitivity/specificity and likelihood ratios for an rSBA ≥8 or ≥128 for classifying hSBA ≥4, taking hSBA as the ‘gold standard’. Correlations between hSBA and rSBA ranged from 0.46 to 0.78 for serogroup C, but were weaker for serogroups A, W-135 and Y (range -0.15 to 0.57). In post vaccination samples, nearly all subjects had rSBA titers ≥8, though up to 15% remained seronegative by hSBA. In post vaccination settings, rSBA titers at ≥8 or ≥128 was highly sensitive for an hSBA titer ≥4, but non-specific. In conclusion, results generated by rSBA did not accurately classify serostatus according to hSBA for serogroups A, W-135 and Y. PMID:22075087
Sáez-Llorens, Xavier; Beltran-Rodriguez, Johnny; Novoa Pizarro, Jose M.; Mensi, Ilhem; Keshavan, Pavitra; Toneatto, Daniela
2018-01-01
ABSTRACT This open-label, multicenter extension study (NCT02451514) assessed persistence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups ABCWY antibodies 4 years after primary vaccination. Adolescents and young adults who previously received 2 doses of MenABCWY+OMV (Group III), 1 dose of MenACWY-CRM (Group VI), or newly-recruited vaccine-naïve participants (Group VII) were administered 1 (Group III) or 2 doses (Groups VI and VII) of MenABCWY+OMV, 1 month apart. Immunogenicity was assessed by human serum bactericidal assay (hSBA). Safety and reactogenicity were also evaluated. Percentages of participants with hSBA titers ≥8 (serogroups ACWY), ≥5 (serogroup B) and hSBA geometric mean titers (GMTs) were evaluated in all 129 enrolled participants (Group III: 33; Group VI: 46; Group VII: 50). Anti-ACWY antibody concentrations waned over 4 years post-vaccination, but remained above pre-vaccination concentrations. Similarly, levels of antibodies against serogroup B test strains also waned over 4 years post-vaccination, but remained above pre-vaccination concentrations for some strains. MenABCWY+OMV booster induced a robust anamnestic anti-ACWY response in Group III and VI and a good response against serogroup B test strains (≥82%) in Group III. In serogroup B-naïve participants (Groups VI and VII), anti-B responses to 2 doses of MenABCWY+OMV were less homogenous and lower than in Group III. MenABCWY+OMV was reactogenic, but well-tolerated. No safety concerns were identified. These findings indicate that although antibodies against N. meningitidis serogroups ABCWY waned over 4 years post-vaccination, exposure to a MenABCWY+OMV booster dose elicits an anamnestic response in adolescents previously exposed to the same or another multivalent meningococcal vaccine. PMID:29601256
Martinón-Torres, Federico; Carmona Martinez, Alfonso; Simkó, Róbert; Infante Marquez, Pilar; Arimany, Josep-Lluis; Gimenez-Sanchez, Francisco; Couceiro Gianzo, José Antonio; Kovács, Éva; Rojo, Pablo; Wang, Huajun; Bhusal, Chiranjiwi; Toneatto, Daniela
2018-03-01
This phase IIIb, open-label, multicentre, extension study (NCT01894919) evaluated long-term antibody persistence and booster responses in participants who received a reduced 2 + 1 or licensed 3 + 1 meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB)-schedule (infants), or 2-dose catch-up schedule (2-10-year-olds) in parent study NCT01339923. Children aged 35 months to 12 years (N = 851) were enrolled. Follow-on participants (N = 646) were randomised 2:1 to vaccination and non-vaccination subsets; vaccination subsets received an additional 4CMenB dose. Newly enrolled vaccine-naïve participants (N = 205) received 2 catch-up doses, 1 month apart (accelerated schedule). Antibody levels were determined using human serum bactericidal assay (hSBA) against MenB indicator strains for fHbp, NadA, PorA and NHBA. Safety was also evaluated. Antibody levels declined across follow-on groups at 24-36 months versus 1 month post-vaccination. Antibody persistence and booster responses were similar between infants receiving the reduced or licensed 4CMenB-schedule. An additional dose in follow-on participants induced higher hSBA titres than a first dose in vaccine-naïve children. Two catch-up doses in vaccine-naïve participants induced robust antibody responses. No safety concerns were identified. Antibody persistence, booster responses, and safety profiles were similar with either 2 + 1 or 3 + 1 vaccination schedules. The accelerated schedule in vaccine-naïve children induced robust antibody responses. Copyright © 2017 GlaxoSmithKline SA. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Findlow, Jamie; Taylor, Stephen; Aase, Audun; Horton, Rachel; Heyderman, Robert; Southern, Jo; Andrews, Nick; Barchha, Rita; Harrison, Ewan; Lowe, Ann; Boxer, Emma; Heaton, Charlotte; Balmer, Paul; Kaczmarski, Ed; Oster, Philipp; Gorringe, Andrew; Borrow, Ray; Miller, Elizabeth
2006-01-01
The prediction of efficacy of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) vaccines is currently hindered due to the lack of an appropriate correlate of protection. For outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines, immunogenicity has primarily been determined by the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay and OMV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, the opsonophagocytic assay (OPA), surface labeling assay, whole blood assay (WBA), and salivary antibody ELISA have been developed although correlation with protection is presently undetermined. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate further the usefulness of, and relationships between, MenB immunologic assays. A phase II trial of the OMV vaccine, MenBvac, with proven efficacy was initiated to compare immunologic assays incorporating the vaccine and six heterologous strains. Correlations were achieved between the SBA assay, OMV ELISA, and OPA using human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and human complement but not between an OPA using HL60 phagocytic cells and baby rabbit complement. Correlations between the surface labeling assay, the SBA assay, and the OMV ELISA were promising, although target strain dependent. Correlations between the salivary antibody ELISA and other assays were poor. Correlations to the WBA were prevented since many samples had results greater than the range of the assay. The study confirmed the immunogenicity and benefit of a third dose of MenBvac against the homologous vaccine strain using a variety of immunologic assays. These results emphasize the need for standardized methodologies that would allow a more robust comparison of assays between laboratories and promote their further evaluation as correlates of protection against MenB disease. PMID:16861642
Tseng, Andrew; Suguiura, Igor Massahiro de Souza; McDonough, Sean P; Sritrakul, Tepyuda; Li, Ting; Lin, Yi-Pin; Gillilan, Richard E
2017-01-01
Pathogens rely on proteins embedded on their surface to perform tasks essential for host infection. These obligatory structures exposed to the host immune system provide important targets for rational vaccine design. Here, we use a systematically designed series of multi-domain constructs in combination with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to determine the structure of the main immunoreactive region from a major antigen from Leptospira interrogans, LigB. An anti-LigB monoclonal antibody library exhibits cell binding and bactericidal activity with extensive domain coverage complementing the elongated architecture observed in the SAXS structure. Combining antigenic motifs in a single-domain chimeric immunoglobulin-like fold generated a vaccine that greatly enhances leptospiral protection over vaccination with single parent domains. Our study demonstrates how understanding an antigen’s structure and antibody accessible surfaces can guide the design and engineering of improved recombinant antigen-based vaccines. PMID:29210669
Synthesis and characterization of SBA-3, SBA-15, and SBA-1 nanostructured catalytic materials.
Anunziata, Oscar A; Beltramone, Andrea R; Martínez, Maria L; Belon, Lizandra López
2007-11-01
A highly ordered large pore mesoporous silica molecular sieve SBA-3, SBA-15, Al-SBA-15, and SBA-1, were developed and characterized by XRD, BET, FTIR, SEM, and NMR-MAS. The catalytic materials were synthesized using different raw materials and operation conditions. These materials contain a regular arrangement of uniform channels with diameters between 1.8 and 10 nm, high specific surface area and high specific pore volume. The designed methods were effective for the synthesis, presenting each mesostructured materials, patterns of XRD and other characteristics corresponding to the reported ones in literature. The new route employed to synthesize Al-SBA-15, generates a catalyst with only aluminum in tetrahedral form, according to the data of (27)Al NMR-MAS. However, several reports indicated that the coordination of the Al atoms changes below the Si/Al ratio of 45, presenting peaks corresponding to penta and hexa-coordinated aluminum, which are absent in our samples (Si/Al = 50 and 33).
Giuntini, Serena; Beernink, Peter T; Granoff, Dan M
2015-12-16
FHbp is a major serogroup B meningococcal vaccine antigen. Binding of complement Factor H (FH) to FHbp is specific for human and some non-human primate FH. In previous studies, FH binding to FHbp vaccines impaired protective anti-FHbp antibody responses. In this study we investigated anti-FHbp antibody responses to a third dose of a licensed serogroup B vaccine (MenB-4C) in infant macaques vaccinated in a previous study with MenB-4C. Six macaques with high binding of FH to FHbp (FH(high)), and six with FH(low) baseline phenotypes, were immunized three months after dose 2. After dose 2, macaques with the FH(low) baseline phenotype had serum anti-FHbp antibodies that enhanced FH binding to FHbp (functionally converting them to a FH(high) phenotype). In this group, activation of the classical complement pathway (C4b deposition) by serum anti-FHbp antibody, and anti-FHbp serum bactericidal titers were lower after dose 3 than after dose 2 (p<0.02). In macaques with the FH(high) baseline phenotype, the respective anti-FHbp C4b deposition and bactericidal titers were similar after doses 2 and 3. Two macaques developed serum anti-FH autoantibodies after dose 2, which were not detected after dose 3. In conclusion, in macaques with the FH(low) baseline phenotype whose post-dose 2 serum anti-FHbp antibodies had converted them to FH(high), the anti-FHbp antibody repertoire to dose 3 was skewed to less protective epitopes than after dose 2. Mutant FHbp vaccines that eliminate FH binding may avoid eliciting anti-FHbp antibodies that enhance FH binding, and confer greater protection with less risk of inducing anti-FH autoantibodies than FHbp vaccines that bind FH. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bielecka, Magdalena K.; Devos, Nathalie; Gilbert, Mélanie; Hung, Miao-Chiu; Weynants, Vincent; Heckels, John E.
2014-01-01
A recombinant macrophage infectivity potentiator (rMIP) protein of Neisseria meningitidis induces significant serum bactericidal antibody production in mice and is a candidate meningococcal vaccine antigen. However, bioinformatics analysis of MIP showed some amino acid sequence similarity to human FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) in residues 166 to 252 located in the globular domain of the protein. To circumvent the potential concern over generating antibodies that could recognize human proteins, we immunized mice with recombinant truncated type I rMIP proteins that lacked the globular domain and the signal leader peptide (LP) signal sequence (amino acids 1 to 22) and contained the His purification tag at either the N or C terminus (C-term). The immunogenicity of truncated rMIP proteins was compared to that of full (i.e., full-length) rMIP proteins (containing the globular domain) with either an N- or C-terminal His tag and with or without the LP sequence. By comparing the functional murine antibody responses to these various constructs, we determined that C-term His truncated rMIP (−LP) delivered in liposomes induced high levels of antibodies that bound to the surface of wild-type but not Δmip mutant meningococci and showed bactericidal activity against homologous type I MIP (median titers of 128 to 256) and heterologous type II and III (median titers of 256 to 512) strains, thereby providing at least 82% serogroup B strain coverage. In contrast, in constructs lacking the LP, placement of the His tag at the N terminus appeared to abrogate bactericidal activity. The strategy used in this study would obviate any potential concerns regarding the use of MIP antigens for inclusion in bacterial vaccines. PMID:25452551
13 CFR 120.1010 - SBA access to SBA Lender, Intermediary, and NTAP files.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA access to SBA Lender, Intermediary, and NTAP files. 120.1010 Section 120.1010 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Risk-Based Lender Oversight Supervision § 120.1010 SBA access to SBA Lender...
Robertson, Corwin A; Greenberg, David P; Hedrick, James; Pichichero, Michael; Decker, Michael D; Saunders, Martha
2016-10-17
Quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MenACWY) were developed to offer long-term protection against invasive disease caused by serogroups A, C, W, and Y. Reduced MenACWY effectiveness within 5 years after primary vaccination (likely due to declining bactericidal antibody titers) has been described, particularly with respect to C and Y disease in the United States. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a single booster dose of quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-D) in adolescents and adults who received a previous dose 4-6 years earlier. This phase 2, open-label, multicenter study of 834 persons was conducted in the United States. Participants received a single 0.5-mL booster dose of MenACWY-D. Serogroup-specific bactericidal antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) were measured with a serum bactericidal antibody assay using human complement (hSBA). Proportions of participants achieving antibody titers of ⩾1:8 for each vaccine serogroup on Days 6 and 28 were determined. Rates of adverse events (AEs), including serious adverse events (SAEs), were also assessed. Before booster vaccination, 38.7-68.5% of participants had an hSBA titer ⩾1:8, depending on vaccine serogroup. By Day 6 post-vaccination, 98.2-99.1% of participants had hSBA titers ⩾1:8. By Day 28, >99% of participants achieved this threshold and the primary hypothesis (lower limit of the one-sided 95% confidence limit ⩾85% for each serogroup) was met. The GMT ratios (post-vaccination divided by pre-vaccination) at Day 28 ranged from 47.2 (serogroup A) to 209.1 (serogroup Y). Rates of AEs, including SAEs, were similar to those observed among adolescents and adults who received a primary dose of MenACWY-D in previous studies. There were no study discontinuations due to an AE and no deaths. Booster vaccination with MenACWY-D was safe and induced robust bactericidal antibody responses, consistent with immune memory, among adolescents and
Pichichero, Michael; Papa, Thomas; Blatter, Mark; Mitchell, Douglas; Kratz, Richard; Sneed, Jane; Bassily, Ehab; Casey, Janet; Gilmet, Gregory
2006-11-01
In a previous study, a meningococcal diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (MCV-4) triggered robust bactericidal antibody responses against serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 in 2- to 10-year-old children. A subset of participants, 2 to 3 years of age at the initial vaccination, was evaluated for persistence of antibody, immune memory, and antibody avidity. Participants were healthy children vaccinated 23 to 36 months earlier with MCV-4 (primed) or newly recruited meningococcal vaccine-naive 4-year-olds. Participants in both groups were alternately allocated to provide sera 8 or 28 days after administration of one tenth of the recommended dose of a meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PSV-4). Immune responses were assessed in sera obtained at baseline and either 8 or 28 days after reduced-dose PSV-4 administration. Safety was monitored. Before PSV-4 challenge, serum bactericidal antibody geometric mean titers (SBA GMTs) were higher for all 4 serogroups in the MCV-4-primed group than in the vaccine-naive group. SBA GMTs, geometric mean concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and geometric mean avidity indices for all 4 serogroups were significantly higher among MCV-4-primed versus vaccine-naive participants in the cohorts evaluated at 8 or 28 days after PSV-4 challenge. Adverse events were generally mild, self-limited, and comparable in all groups of children. Persistence of bactericidal antibody was seen for 23 to 36 months after a primary dose of MCV-4 in young children. Booster responses and avidity maturation were evident after a challenge with reduced-dose polysaccharide vaccine.
Gottardi, W; Klotz, S; Nagl, M
2014-06-01
To investigate and compare the bactericidal activity (BA) of active bromine and chlorine compounds in the absence and presence of protein load. Quantitative killing tests against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were performed both in the absence and in the presence of peptone with pairs of isosteric active chlorine and bromine compounds: hypochlorous and hypobromous acid (HOCl and HOBr), dichloro- and dibromoisocyanuric acid, chlorantine and bromantine (1,3-dibromo- and 1,3 dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoine), chloramine T and bromamine T (N-chloro- and N-bromo-4-methylbenzenesulphonamide sodium), and N-chloro- and N-bromotaurine sodium. To classify the bactericidal activities on a quantitative basis, an empirical coefficient named specific bactericidal activity (SBA), founded on the parameters of killing curves, was defined: SBA= mean log reductions/(mean exposure times x concentration) [mmol 1(-1) min (-1)]. In the absence of peptone, tests with washed micro-organisms revealed a throughout higher BA of bromine compounds with only slight differences between single substances. This was in contrast to chlorine compounds, whose killing times differed by a factor of more than four decimal powers. As a consequence, also the isosteric pairs showed according differences. In the presence of peptone, however, bromine compounds showed an increased loss of BA, which partly caused a reversal of efficacy within isosteric pairs. In medical practice, weakly oxidizing active chlorine compounds like chloramines have the highest potential as topical anti-infectives in the presence of proteinaceous material (mucous membranes, open wounds). Active bromine compounds, on the other hand, have their chance at insensitive body regions with low organic matter, for example skin surfaces. The expected protein load is one of the most important parameters for selection of a suited active halogen compound. © 2014 The Society for Applied Microbiology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Regulatory accounting-What are SBA's regulatory accounting requirements for SBA Supervised Lenders? 120.463 Section 120.463 Business....463 Regulatory accounting—What are SBA's regulatory accounting requirements for SBA Supervised Lenders...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Regulatory accounting-What are SBA's regulatory accounting requirements for SBA Supervised Lenders? 120.463 Section 120.463 Business....463 Regulatory accounting—What are SBA's regulatory accounting requirements for SBA Supervised Lenders...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Regulatory accounting-What are SBA's regulatory accounting requirements for SBA Supervised Lenders? 120.463 Section 120.463 Business....463 Regulatory accounting—What are SBA's regulatory accounting requirements for SBA Supervised Lenders...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Regulatory accounting-What are SBA's regulatory accounting requirements for SBA Supervised Lenders? 120.463 Section 120.463 Business....463 Regulatory accounting—What are SBA's regulatory accounting requirements for SBA Supervised Lenders...
Vesikari, Timo; Forstén, Aino; Boutriau, Dominique; Bianco, Véronique; Van der Wielen, Marie; Miller, Jacqueline M.
2012-01-01
Incidence of meningococcal diseases is high in children, and effective vaccines are needed for this age group. In this phase II, open, controlled study, 309 children aged 2–10 y from Finland were randomized (3:1) into two parallel groups to receive one dose of meningococcal ACWY-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (ACWY-TT group; n = 231) or a licensed meningococcal ACWY polysaccharide vaccine (Men-PS group; n = 78). Serum bactericidal activity using rabbit complement (rSBA) was evaluated up to three years post-vaccination. Exploratory comparisons suggested that rSBA vaccine response rates and geometric mean titers (GMTs) for each serogroup at one month post-vaccination and rSBA GMTs for serogroups A, W-135 and Y up to three years post-vaccination were higher in the ACWY-TT compared with Men-PS group, but did not detect any difference between groups in terms of rSBA-MenC GMTs at three years post-vaccination; this is explained by the higher proportion of children from the Men-PS group who were excluded because they were re-vaccinated with a monovalent meningococcal serogroup C vaccine due to loss of protective antibody levels against this serogroup. Although there was a higher incidence of local reactogenicity in the ACWY-TT group, general and unsolicited symptoms reporting rates were comparable in both groups. This study showed that MenACWY-TT was immunogenic with a clinically acceptable safety profile in children aged 2–10 y. MenACWY-TT induced higher functional antibody titers for all serogroups, which persisted longer for serogroups A, W-135 and Y, than the MenACWY polysaccharide vaccine. This study has been registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00427908. PMID:23032168
13 CFR 120.1722 - SBA's offset rights.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA's offset rights. 120.1722... of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1722 SBA's offset rights. SBA shall have the right to offset any amount owed by Lender to SBA, including, without...
Nolan, Terry; Richmond, Peter; Marshall, Helen; McVernon, Jodie; Alexander, Karyn; Mesaros, Narcisa; Aris, Emmanuel; Miller, Jacqueline; Poolman, Jan; Boutriau, Dominique
2011-03-01
Neisseria meningitidis serogroups B, C, and Y cause most meningococcal disease in industrialized countries. A Haemophilus influenzae type b-meningococcal serogroups C and Y-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (HibMenCY-TT) was evaluated. A total of 1104 infants (randomized 3:1:1) were vaccinated at 2, 4, and 6 months with HibMenCY-TT, MenC-CRM197 + Hib-TT, or Hib-TT. At 12 to 15 months, HibMenCY-TT and MenC-CRM-primed children received HibMenCY-TT; Hib-TT-primed received N. meningitidis serogroup B Hib-outer membrane protein complex. Antibody concentrations and rabbit/human complement serum bactericidal antibody titers (rSBA/hSBA) were determined. Safety was monitored after each dose (diary cards for first 31 days) until 6 months postdose 4. Postdose 3, rates of antipolyribosylribitol phosphate ≥ 1 μg/mL and rSBA-MenC ≥1:128 in HibMenCY-TT recipients were noninferior to licensed controls. Percentages reaching 0.15 μg/mL (1.0 μg/mL postdose 3) and antipolyribosylribitol phosphate GMC were significantly higher after HibMenCY-TT than Hib-TT postdose 2 and postdose 3. The GMC remained significantly higher before and after dose 4. Proportions of HibMenCY-TT recipients with rSBA ≥ 1:8 were 95.6% (MenC), 98.6% (MenY) postdose-2, ≥ 99% for MenC/Y postdose 3 and 4; hSBA ≥ 1:4 were 95.5% (MenC), 89.8% (MenY) postdose 2, >97% for MenC/Y postdose 3 and 4. HibMenCY-TT had a similar safety profile to control vaccines. HibMenCY-TT induced noninferior Hib and MenC responses compared with monovalent Hib and MenC conjugates with a comparable safety profile. Bactericidal antibodies against MenC/Y were induced after 2 doses of HibMenCY-TT.
Tejedor, Juan Carlos; Merino, José Manuel; Moro, Manuel; Navarro, Maria-Luisa; Espín, José; Omeñaca, Félix; García-Sicilia, José; Moreno-Pérez, David; Ruiz-Contreras, Jesús; Centeno, Fernando; Barrio, Francisco; Cabanillas, Lucia; Muro, Marta; Esporrin, Carlos; De Torres, Maria Jose; Caubet, Magalie; Boutriau, Dominique; Miller, Jacqueline M; Mesaros, Narcisa
2012-10-01
Booster vaccination with the combined Haemophilus influenza type b-Neisseria meningitides serogroup C-tetanus toxoid vaccine (Hib-MenC-TT) has been reported to induce different MenC antibody responses depending on the priming vaccines, with a possible impact on long-term protection. Here, the five-year persistence of immune responses induced by a booster dose of Hib-MenC-TT was evaluated in toddlers primed with either Hib-MenC-TT or MenC-TT. This is the follow-up of a phase III, open, randomized study, in which a Hib-MenC-TT booster dose was given at 13.14 months of age to toddlers primed with either 3 doses of Hib-MenC-TT or 2 doses of MenC-TT in infancy. Children in the control group had received 3 primary doses and a booster dose of MenC-CRM197. Functional antibodies against MenC were measured by a serum bactericidal assay with rabbit complement (rSBA-MenC) and antibodies against Hib polyribosylribitol phosphate by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serious adverse events considered by the investigator to be possibly related to vaccination were to be reported throughout the study. At 66 months postbooster, rSBA-MenC titers ≥8 were retained by 82.6% of children primed with Hib-MenC-TT, 94.1% of children primed with MenC-TT, and 60.9% of children in the control group. All children who received the Hib-MenC-TT booster dose retained anti- polyribosylribitol phosphate concentrations ≥0.15 μg/mL. No serious adverse events considered possibly related to vaccination were reported. There is evidence of good antibody persistence against MenC and Hib for more than five years postbooster vaccination with Hib-MenC TT in toddlers primed with Hib-MenC-TT or MenC-TT.
Borja-Tabora, Charissa Fay Corazon; Montalban, Cecilia; Memish, Ziad A; Boutriau, Dominique; Kolhe, Devayani; Miller, Jacqueline M; Van der Wielen, Marie
2015-10-06
Long-term protection against meningococcal disease is associated with persistence of post-vaccination antibodies at protective levels. We evaluated the bactericidal antibody persistence and safety of the quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y tetanus-toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) and the meningococcal polysaccharide serogroups A, C, W, and Y vaccine (MenACWY-PS) up to 5 years post-vaccination. This phase IIb, open, randomized, controlled study conducted in the Philippines and Saudi Arabia consisted of a vaccination phase and a long-term persistence phase. Healthy adolescents and adults aged 11-55 years were randomized (3:1) to receive a single dose of MenACWY-TT (ACWY-TT group) or MenACWY-PS (Men-PS group). Primary and persistence results up to 3 years post-vaccination have been previously reported. Antibody responses against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y were assessed by a serum bactericidal antibody assay using rabbit complement (rSBA, cut-off titers 1:8 and 1:128) at Year 4 and Year 5 post-vaccination. Vaccine-related serious adverse events (SAEs) and cases of meningococcal disease were assessed up to Year 5. Of the 500 vaccinated participants, 404 returned for the Year 5 study visit (Total Cohort Year 5). For the Total Cohort Year 5, 71.6-90.0 and 64.9-86.3 % of MenACWY-TT recipients had rSBA titers ≥1:8 and ≥1:128, respectively, compared to 24.8-74.3 and 21.0-68.6 % of MenACWY-PS recipients. The rSBA geometric mean titers (GMTs) remained above the pre-vaccination levels in both treatment groups. Exploratory analyses suggested that both rSBA GMTs as well as the percentages of participants with rSBA titers above the cut-offs were higher in the ACWY-TT than in the Men-PS group for serogroups A, W and Y, with no apparent difference for MenC. No SAEs related to vaccination or cases of meningococcal disease were reported up to Year 5. These results suggest that a single dose of MenACWY-TT could protect at least 72 % of vaccinated
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
.... The board of directors (or management, if the SBA Supervised Lender is a division of another company... adequacy goals; that is, the total amount of capital needed to assure the SBA Supervised Lender's continued... in developing the SBA Supervised Lender's capital adequacy plan: (i) Management capability; (ii...
13 CFR 105.203 - SBA Assistance to person employing former SBA employee.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... nature to the Standards of Conduct Committee for final decision; otherwise, his or her decision is final... relationship of the former employee with the applicant concern; (2) The nature of the SBA Assistance requested... requested; and (4) Whether an apparent conflict of interest might exist if the SBA Assistance were granted. ...
Structure of the meningococcal vaccine antigen NadA and epitope mapping of a bactericidal antibody.
Malito, Enrico; Biancucci, Marco; Faleri, Agnese; Ferlenghi, Ilaria; Scarselli, Maria; Maruggi, Giulietta; Lo Surdo, Paola; Veggi, Daniele; Liguori, Alessia; Santini, Laura; Bertoldi, Isabella; Petracca, Roberto; Marchi, Sara; Romagnoli, Giacomo; Cartocci, Elena; Vercellino, Irene; Savino, Silvana; Spraggon, Glen; Norais, Nathalie; Pizza, Mariagrazia; Rappuoli, Rino; Masignani, Vega; Bottomley, Matthew James
2014-12-02
Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB) is a major cause of severe sepsis and invasive meningococcal disease, which is associated with 5-15% mortality and devastating long-term sequelae. Neisserial adhesin A (NadA), a trimeric autotransporter adhesin (TAA) that acts in adhesion to and invasion of host epithelial cells, is one of the three antigens discovered by genome mining that are part of the MenB vaccine that recently was approved by the European Medicines Agency. Here we present the crystal structure of NadA variant 5 at 2 Å resolution and transmission electron microscopy data for NadA variant 3 that is present in the vaccine. The two variants show similar overall topology with a novel TAA fold predominantly composed of trimeric coiled-coils with three protruding wing-like structures that create an unusual N-terminal head domain. Detailed mapping of the binding site of a bactericidal antibody by hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS shows that a protective conformational epitope is located in the head of NadA. These results provide information that is important for elucidating the biological function and vaccine efficacy of NadA.
2012-03-02
Programs and services to help you start, grow and succeed www.sba.gov U.S. Small Business Administration Your Small Business Resource 1Approved for...Public Release SBA Innovation Clusters RADM Steven G. Smith USN (Ret) Advanced Defense Technology Cluster Coordinator U.S. Small Business ...UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Small Business Administration ,Advanced Defense Technology Cluster,409 3rd St, SW
van Ravenhorst, Mariëtte B; van der Klis, Fiona R M; van Rooijen, Debbie M; Knol, Mirjam J; Stoof, Susanne P; Sanders, Elisabeth A M; Berbers, Guy A M
2017-08-24
Adolescents are considered the key transmitters of meningococci in the population. Meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) antibody levels wane rapidly after MenC conjugate vaccination in young children, leaving adolescents with low antibody levels. In this study, we compared MenC immune responses after booster vaccination in adolescence with either tetanus toxoid conjugated MenC (MenC-TT) or MenACWY (MenACWY-TT) vaccine, and aimed to establish an optimal age for this booster. Healthy 10-, 12-, and 15-year-olds, who received a single dose of MenC-TT vaccine in early childhood, were randomized to receive MenC-TT or MenACWY-TT vaccine. MenC serum bactericidal antibody (rSBA) titers, MenC polysaccharide (PS) specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 and MenC-specific IgG and IgA memory B-cells were determined before, one month and one year after the booster. Non-inferiority was tested by comparing geometric mean titers (GMTs) between vaccinees at one year. Of 501 participants, 464 (92.6%) were included in the 'according to protocol' cohort analysis. At one month, all participants developed high MenC rSBA titers (>24,000 in all groups) and MenC-PS-specific IgG levels. Non-inferiority was not demonstrated one year after the booster with higher MenC GMTs after the monovalent vaccine, but 462/464 (99.6%) participants maintained protective MenC rSBA titers. IgG levels mainly consisted of IgG1, but similar levels of increase were observed for IgG1 and IgG2. Both vaccines induced a clear increase in the number of circulating MenC-PS specific IgG and IgA memory B-cells. Between one month and one year, the highest antibody decay rate was observed in the 10-year-olds. Both MenC-TT and MenACWY-TT vaccines induced robust protective MenC immune responses after the booster vaccination, although non-inferiority could not be demonstrated for the MenACWY-TT vaccine after one year. Our results underline the importance of optimal timing of a meningococcal booster vaccination to protect against MenC disease
13 CFR 120.460 - What are SBA's additional requirements for SBA Supervised Lenders?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... the SBA Supervised Lender regulations that follow. (b) Operations and internal controls. Each SBA... company and does not have its own board of directors) must adopt an internal control policy which provides... operations, programs, and resources. The internal control policy must, at a minimum: (1) Direct management to...
Quiambao, Beatriz P; Jain, Hermant; Bavdekar, Ashish; Dubey, Anand Prakash; Kolhe, Devayani; Bianco, Véronique; Van der Wielen, Marie; Miller, Jacqueline M
2016-08-02
Invasive meningococcal disease is a serious infection that is most often vaccine-preventable. Long-term protection relies on antibody persistence. Here we report the persistence of the immune response 2 y post-vaccination with a quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) compared with a MenACWY polysaccharide vaccine (Men-PS), in Asian adolescents aged 11-17 y. We also report a re-analysis of data from the primary vaccination study. This persistence study (NCT00974363) conducted in India and the Philippines included subjects who previously (study NCT00464815) received a single dose of MenACWY-TT or Men-PS. Persistence of functional antibodies was measured in 407 MenACWY-TT recipients and 132 Men-PS recipients (according-to-protocol cohort) using a rabbit complement serum bactericidal assay (rSBA, cut-off 1:8). Vaccine-related serious adverse events (SAEs) occurring since the end of the initial vaccination study were retrospectively recorded. Two y post-vaccination ≥99.3% of adolescents who received MenACWY-TT had persisting antibody titers ≥1:8 against each vaccine serogroup. Antibody persistence was higher (exploratory analysis) in the MenACWY-TT group than the Men-PS group in terms of rSBA titers ≥1:8 for serogroups W and Y; rSBA titers ≥1:128 for serogroups A, W and Y; and rSBA GMTs for serogroups A, W and Y; and was lower in the MenACWY-TT group for rSBA GMTs for serogroup C. No vaccine-related SAEs were reported. The results of this study indicated that antibodies persisted for at least 2 y in the majority of adolescents after vaccination with a single dose of MenACWY-TT.
13 CFR 120.1721 - SBA's right to investigate.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA's right to investigate. 120... Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1721 SBA's right to investigate. SBA may undertake such investigation as it deems necessary to determine whether it...
Naturally Acquired Antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae Type a in Aboriginal Adults, Canada
Nix, Eli B.; Williams, Kylie; Cox, Andrew D.; St. Michael, Frank; Romero-Steiner, Sandra; Schmidt, Daniel S.; McCready, William G.
2015-01-01
In the post-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine era that began in the 1980's, H. influenzae type a (Hia) emerged as a prominent cause of invasive disease in North American Aboriginal populations. To test whether a lack of naturally acquired antibodies may underlie increased rates of invasive Hia disease, we compared serum bactericidal activity against Hia and Hib and IgG and IgM against capsular polysaccharide between Canadian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal healthy and immunocompromised adults. Both healthy and immunocompromised Aboriginal adults exhibited significantly higher bactericidal antibody titers against Hia than did non-Aboriginal adults (p = 0.042 and 0.045 respectively), with no difference in functional antibody activity against Hib. IgM concentrations against Hia were higher than IgG in most study groups; the inverse was true for antibody concentrations against Hib. Our results indicate that Aboriginal adults possess substantial serum bactericidal activity against Hia that is mostly due to IgM antibodies. The presence of sustained IgM against Hia suggests recent Hia exposure. PMID:25626129
13 CFR 120.601 - SBA Secondary Market.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA Secondary Market. 120.601 Section 120.601 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Fiscal and Transfer Agent (fta) § 120.601 SBA Secondary Market. The SBA secondary market...
Knuf, Markus; Helm, Klaus; Kolhe, Devayani; Van Der Wielen, Marie; Baine, Yaela
2018-05-31
We evaluated antibody persistence up to 68 months (M) post-vaccination with a quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) or a licensed monovalent MenC conjugate vaccine (MenC-CRM 197 ) and subsequent booster responses to MenACWY-TT in healthy European children. In the initial study (NCT00674583), healthy children, 2-10 years of age, were randomized to receive a single dose of either MenACWY-TT or MenC-CRM 197 . In the follow-up study, we present the persistence at 32, 44, 56, and 68 M post-vaccination, overall and stratified by age (2-5 and 6-10 years), and the immunogenicity and safety of MenACWY-TT administered to all study participants at M68 post-primary vaccination. At M68, 33.3% (age group 2-5 years) and 47.1% (age group 6-10 years) of the children vaccinated with MenACWY-TT, and 50.0% (age group 2-5 years) and 75.9% (age group 6-10 years) vaccinated with MenC-CRM 197 retained titers ≥1:8 for MenC, as assessed by a serum bactericidal assay using rabbit complement (rSBA). In the MenACWY-TT recipients, the percentages of children retaining rSBA titers ≥1:8 for MenA, MenW, and MenY were 81.7%, 47.3% and 66.7% in age group 2-5 years and 91.8%, 58,8% and 76.5% in age group 6-10 years, respectively. The booster dose induced robust responses (100% for all serogroups) and was well-tolerated. Antibody persistence (rSBA titers ≥ 1:8) for serogroups A, W and Y was observed in more than 50.0% of the children 68 M after receiving one dose of MenACWY-TT; for MenC, antibody persistence was observed in more than one third of MenACWY-TT and more than half of MenC-CRM 197 recipients. Vaccination with a booster dose of MenACWY-TT induced robust immune responses for all serogroups. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
13 CFR 101.101 - Who manages SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Who manages SBA? 101.101 Section... Who manages SBA? (a) An Administrator, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, manages SBA. The Administrator— (1) Is responsible to the President and Congress for exercising...
13 CFR 101.101 - Who manages SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Who manages SBA? 101.101 Section... Who manages SBA? (a) An Administrator, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, manages SBA. The Administrator— (1) Is responsible to the President and Congress for exercising...
13 CFR 101.101 - Who manages SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Who manages SBA? 101.101 Section... Who manages SBA? (a) An Administrator, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, manages SBA. The Administrator— (1) Is responsible to the President and Congress for exercising...
13 CFR 101.101 - Who manages SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Who manages SBA? 101.101 Section... Who manages SBA? (a) An Administrator, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, manages SBA. The Administrator— (1) Is responsible to the President and Congress for exercising...
13 CFR 101.101 - Who manages SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Who manages SBA? 101.101 Section... Who manages SBA? (a) An Administrator, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, manages SBA. The Administrator— (1) Is responsible to the President and Congress for exercising...
75 FR 13145 - SBA Lender Risk Rating System
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-03-18
... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Docket No. SBA-2010-0004] SBA Lender Risk Rating System AGENCY: Small Business Administration. ACTION: Notice; extension of comment period and correction. SUMMARY: On March 1, 2010, the Small Business Administration (SBA) published a notice in the Federal Register to...
13 CFR 106.500 - What is SBA's Gift authority?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What is SBA's Gift authority? 106... AND NON-FEE BASED SBA-SPONSORED ACTIVITIES AND GIFTS Gifts § 106.500 What is SBA's Gift authority? This section covers SBA's Gift acceptance authority under sections 4(g), 8(b)(1)(G), 5(b)(9) and 7(k)(2...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... financial viability and provide for any necessary growth. The minimum standards set in § 120.471 for SBLCs... in developing the SBA Supervised Lender's capital adequacy plan: (i) Management capability; (ii... capital (e.g., portfolio growth rate). (2) An SBA Supervised Lender must keep its capital plan current...
Preparation, characterization, and luminescence of (SBA-15) immobilized pepsin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhai, Qing-Zhou; Sun, Si-Jia
2014-12-01
SBA-15 mesoporous silica was synthesized by hydrothermal method and its surface was methylated by treatment with methyltrimethoxysilane. Pepsin was immobilized on the obtained materials giving host-guest composite materials (SBA-15)-pepsin and (methylated SBA-15)-pepsin. The optimum conditions for preparation of these materials were established. Methylated SBA-15 (M-SBA-15) has improved immobilization efficiency of enzyme compared to initial SBA-15 silica. It was shown that with the gradual increase of NaCl solution ionic strength the immobilized amount of enzyme was reduced. Powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the host frameworks in the prepared host-guest composite materials are intact and the ordered structure was retained. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed fibrous morphologic characteristics of the SBA-15 and the immobilized pepsin composite materials. The average particle diameter of (SBA-15)-pepsin composite was 338 ± 10 and 343 ± 10 nm for (M-SBA-15)-pepsin. The low temperature N2 adsorption-desorption study at 77 K showed that the pore sizes and specific surface areas of the host-guest composite materials were smaller than those before the introduction of the enzyme, suggesting that the immobilized enzyme occupied a definite position in the host material pore channels. The UV-vis solid diffuse reflectance and luminescence studies showed that the enzyme was successfully immobilized on to the host material and that after the immobilization of enzyme on SBA-15 the conformation of pepsin macromolecule has not been changed.
Seib, Kate L; Brunelli, Brunella; Brogioni, Barbara; Palumbo, Emmanuelle; Bambini, Stefania; Muzzi, Alessandro; DiMarcello, Federica; Marchi, Sara; van der Ende, Arie; Aricó, Beatrice; Savino, Silvana; Scarselli, Maria; Comanducci, Maurizio; Rappuoli, Rino; Giuliani, Marzia M; Pizza, Mariagrazia
2011-02-01
Neisseria meningitidis is a commensal of the human nasopharynx but is also a major cause of septicemia and meningitis. The meningococcal factor H binding protein (fHbp) binds human factor H (fH), enabling downregulation of complement activation on the bacterial surface. fHbp is a component of two serogroup B meningococcal vaccines currently in clinical development. Here we characterize 12 fHbp subvariants for their level of surface exposure and ability to bind fH, to mediate serum resistance, and to induce bactericidal antibodies. Flow cytometry and Western analysis revealed that all strains examined expressed fHbp on their surface to different extents and bound fH in an fHbp-dependent manner. However, differences in fH binding did not always correlate with the level of fHbp expression, indicating that this is not the only factor affecting the amount of fH bound. To overcome the issue of strain variability in fHbp expression, the MC58ΔfHbp strain was genetically engineered to express different subvariants from a constitutive heterologous promoter. These recombinant strains were characterized for fH binding, and the data confirmed that each subvariant binds different levels of fH. Surface plasmon resonance revealed differences in the stability of the fHbp-fH complexes that ranged over 2 orders of magnitude, indicating that differences in residues between and within variant groups can influence fH binding. Interestingly, the level of survival in human sera of recombinant MC58 strains expressing diverse subvariants did not correlate with the level of fH binding, suggesting that the interaction of fHbp with fH is not the only function of fHbp that influences serum resistance. Furthermore, cross-reactive bactericidal activity was seen within each variant group, although the degree of activity varied, suggesting that amino acid differences within each variant group influence the bactericidal antibody response.
Block, Stan L; Christensen, Shane; Verma, Bikash; Xie, Fang; Keshavan, Pavitra; Dull, Peter M; Smolenov, Igor
2015-04-27
In a multi-center extension study, children 2-10 years of age, initially vaccinated with one or two doses (2-5 year-olds) or one dose (6-10 year-olds) of quadrivalent meningococcal CRM197-conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM), were assessed five years later for antibody persistence and booster response using serum bactericidal assay with human complement (hSBA). Children 7-10 and 11-15 years of age, who received MenACWY-CRM in the original study, and age-matched vaccine-naïve children, were enrolled in this extension study. After an initial blood draw, children received one dose of MenACWY-CRM as booster or primary dose, with a second blood draw 28 days later. hSBA titers decreased five years after primary vaccination, but were higher than in non-vaccinated controls against serogroups C, W and Y, with substantial proportions having titers ≥8: 7-22% for A, 32-57% for C, 74-83% for W, and 48-54% for Y. Previously-vaccinated children demonstrated booster responses to revaccination against all four serogroups. Responses to primary vaccination in vaccine-naïve controls were lower and similar to primary responses observed in the original study. All vaccinations were generally well tolerated, with no safety concern raised. Approximately half the children vaccinated as 2-10 year-olds maintained protective antibodies against serogroups C, W and Y five years later, but fewer did against serogroup A. Declining titers five years after vaccination and robust booster responses suggest that five years may be an appropriate interval to revaccinate children, subject to epidemiology and delivery considerations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
13 CFR 120.434 - What are SBA's requirements for loan pledges?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... satisfactory SBA performance, as determined by SBA in its discretion. The Lender's Risk Rating, among other factors, will be considered in determining satisfactory SBA performance. Other factors may include, but...); (d) All loan documents must be satisfactory to SBA and must include a multi-party agreement among SBA...
Price, Gregory A; Bash, Margaret C
2018-01-29
The Neisseria meningitidis factor H binding protein (FHbp) is an important virulence factor and vaccine antigen contained in both USA licensed serogroup B meningococcal vaccines. Recent studies in human factor H (hFH) transgenic mice suggest that hFH-FHbp interactions lower FHbp-elicited immunogenicity. To provide tools with which to characterize and potentially improve FHbp immunogenicity, we developed an FHbp-cholera holotoxin-like chimera vaccine expression system in Escherichia coli that utilizes cholera toxin B (CTB) as both a scaffold and adjuvant for FHbp. We developed FHbp-CTB chimeras using a wild-type (WT) FHbp and a low hFH-binding FHbp mutant R41S. Both chimeras bound to G M1 ganglioside and were recognized by the FHbp-specific monoclonal antibody JAR4. The R41S mutant had greatly reduced hFH binding compared to the WT FHbp-CTB chimera. WT and R41S FHbp-CTB chimeric antigens were compared to equimolar amounts of FHbp admixed with CTB or FHbp alone in mouse immunogenicity studies. The chimeras were significantly more immunogenic than FHbp alone or mixed with CTB, and elicited bactericidal antibodies against a panel of MenB isolates. This study demonstrates a unique and simple method for studying FHbp immunogenicity. The chimeric approach may facilitate studies of other protein-based antigens targeting pathogenic Neisseria and lay groundwork for the development of new protein based vaccines against meningococcal and gonococcal disease. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
13 CFR 120.464 - Reports to SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... submit to SBA a summary of any changes in the SBA Supervised Lender's organization or financing (within... reasons and documentation. The waiver decision of the appropriate Office of Capital Access official in...
13 CFR 120.464 - Reports to SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... of personal history on the form approved by SBA); (iii) Any change in capitalization, including such... a material change in financial condition may lead to enforcement action. (7) Other Reports. Each SBA...
13 CFR 120.464 - Reports to SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... of personal history on the form approved by SBA); (iii) Any change in capitalization, including such... a material change in financial condition may lead to enforcement action. (7) Other Reports. Each SBA...
13 CFR 120.464 - Reports to SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... of personal history on the form approved by SBA); (iii) Any change in capitalization, including such... a material change in financial condition may lead to enforcement action. (7) Other Reports. Each SBA...
13 CFR 120.464 - Reports to SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... of personal history on the form approved by SBA); (iii) Any change in capitalization, including such... a material change in financial condition may lead to enforcement action. (7) Other Reports. Each SBA...
Functionalized SBA-15 materials for bilirubin adsorption
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tang, Tao; Zhao, Yanling; Xu, Yao; Wu, Dong; Xu, Jun; Deng, Feng
2011-05-01
To investigate the driving force for bilirubin adsorption on mesoporous materials, a comparative study was carried out between pure siliceous SBA-15 and three functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous materials: CH 3-SBA-15 (MS), NH 2-SBA-15 (AS), and CH 3/NH 2-SBA-15 (AMS) that were synthesized by one-pot method. The obtained materials exhibited large surface areas (553-810 m 2/g) and pore size (6.6-7.1 nm) demonstrated by XRD and N 2-ad/desorption analysis. The SEM images showed that the materials had similar fiberlike morphology. The functionalization extent was calculated according to 29Si MAS NMR spectra and it was close to the designed value (10%). The synthesized mesoporous materials were used as bilirubin adsorbents and showed higher bilirubin adsorption capacities than the commercial active carbon. The adsorption capacities of amine functionalized samples AMS and AS were larger than those of pure siliceous SBA-15 and MS, indicating that electrostatic interaction was the dominant driving force for bilirubin adsorption on mesoporous materials. Increasing the ionic strength of bilirubin solution by adding NaCl would decrease the bilirubin adsorption capacity of mesoporous material, which further demonstrated that the electrostatic interaction was the dominant driving force for bilirubin adsorption. In addition, the hydrophobic interaction provided by methyl groups could promote the bilirubin adsorption.
75 FR 64368 - SBA North Florida District Advisory Council
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-10-19
... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SBA North Florida District Advisory Council AGENCY: U.S. Small Business Administration. ACTION: Notice of open Federal advisory committee meeting. SUMMARY: The SBA is... need for SBA programs, particularly within North Florida and for listening to what is currently...
76 FR 42760 - SBA Council on Underserved Communities Meeting
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-07-19
... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SBA Council on Underserved Communities Meeting AGENCY: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). ACTION: Notice of Federal advisory committee meeting. SUMMARY: The SBA is... meeting will be held at the U.S. Small Business Administration: 409 3rd St SW., Eisenhower Conference Room...
13 CFR 101.102 - Where is SBA's Headquarters located?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Where is SBA's Headquarters located? 101.102 Section 101.102 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.102 Where is SBA's Headquarters located? The Headquarters of SBA is at 409 3rd...
13 CFR 101.102 - Where is SBA's Headquarters located?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Where is SBA's Headquarters located? 101.102 Section 101.102 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.102 Where is SBA's Headquarters located? The Headquarters of SBA is at 409 3rd...
13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...
13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...
13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...
13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...
13 CFR 120.395 - What is SBA's collateral position?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false What is SBA's collateral position? 120.395 Section 120.395 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Special Purpose Loans Builders Loan Program § 120.395 What is SBA's collateral position? SBA will require...
13 CFR 120.150 - What are SBA's lending criteria?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What are SBA's lending criteria? 120.150 Section 120.150 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Policies Applying to All Business Loans Credit Criteria for Sba Loans § 120.150 What are SBA's lending...
13 CFR 120.150 - What are SBA's lending criteria?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What are SBA's lending criteria... Policies Applying to All Business Loans Credit Criteria for Sba Loans § 120.150 What are SBA's lending criteria? The applicant (including an Operating Company) must be creditworthy. Loans must be so sound as to...
13 CFR 120.220 - Fees that Lender pays SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... applies, the lender shall pay SBA an annual service fee equal to 0.5 percent of the outstanding balance of..., 2004. The lender shall pay SBA an annual service fee equal to 0.25 percent of the outstanding balance... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fees that Lender pays SBA. 120.220...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... reconsider SBA's initial decision to decline its application? (a) An applicant may request the AA/BD to..., including information and documentation regarding changed circumstances. (b) The AA/BD will issue a written decision within 45 days of SBA's receipt of the applicant's request. The AA/BD may either approve the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... reconsider SBA's initial decision to decline its application? (a) An applicant may request the AA/BD to..., including information and documentation regarding changed circumstances. (b) The AA/BD will issue a written decision within 45 days of SBA's receipt of the applicant's request. The AA/BD may either approve the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... reconsider SBA's initial decision to decline its application? (a) An applicant may request the AA/BD to..., including information and documentation regarding changed circumstances. (b) The AA/BD will issue a written decision within 45 days of SBA's receipt of the applicant's request. The AA/BD may either approve the...
Safety and immunogenicity of a CRM or TT conjugated meningococcal vaccine in healthy toddlers.
Bona, Gianni; Castiglia, Paolo; Zoppi, Giorgio; de Martino, Maurizio; Tasciotti, Annaelisa; D'Agostino, Diego; Han, Linda; Smolenov, Igor
2016-06-17
MenACWY-CRM (Menveo(®); GlaxoSmithKline) and MenACWY-TT (Nimenrix(®); Pfizer) are two meningococcal vaccines licensed in the European Union for use in both children and adults. While both vaccines target meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y, immunogenicity and reactogenicity of these quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines may differ due to differences in formulation processes and chemical structure. Yet data on the comparability of these two vaccines are limited. The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of one dose of either MenACWY-CRM or MenACWY-TT were evaluated in healthy toddlers aged 12-15 months. Immunogenicity was assessed using serum bactericidal antibody assays (SBA) with human (hSBA) and rabbit (rSBA) complement. A total of 202 children aged 12-15 months were enrolled to receive one dose of MenACWY-CRM or MenACWY-TT. Similar numbers of subjects reported solicited reactions within 7 days following either vaccination. Tenderness at the injection site was the most common local reaction. Systemic reactions reported were similar for both vaccines and mostly mild to moderate in severity: irritability, sleepiness and change in eating habits were most commonly reported. Immunogenicity at 1 month post-vaccination was generally comparable for both vaccines across serogroups. At 6 months post-vaccination antibody persistence against serogroups C, W, and Y was substantial for both vaccines, as measured by both assay methodologies. For serogroup A, hSBA titers declined in both groups, while rSBA titers remained high. Despite differences in composition, the MenACWY-CRM and MenACWY-TT vaccines have comparable reactogenicity and immunogenicity profiles. Immediate immune responses and short-term antibody persistence were largely similar between groups. Both vaccines were well-tolerated and no safety concerns were identified. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Sadarangani, Manish; Sell, Tim; Iro, Mildred A.; Snape, Matthew D.; Voysey, Merryn; Finn, Adam; Heath, Paul T.; Bona, Gianni; Esposito, Susanna; Diez-Domingo, Javier; Prymula, Roman; Odueyungbo, Adefowope; Toneatto, Daniela; Pollard, Andrew J.
2017-01-01
BACKGROUND: One schedule for the capsular group B meningococcal vaccine 4CMenB is 2 doses that are administered 2 months apart for children aged 12–23 months, with a booster dose 12–24 months later. Our objective was to provide data on persistence of human serum bactericidal antibody (hSBA) titres in children up to 4 years of age after initial doses at 12–24 months, and immunogenicity of a booster dose at 48 months of age compared with vaccine-naive children. METHODS: Children previously immunized, as part of a randomized controlled trial, with 2 doses of 4CMenB vaccine at 12–24 months of age received a booster at 4 years of age. Vaccine-naive age-matched toddlers received 2 doses of 4CMenB. Human serum bactericidal antibody titres against reference strains H44/76, 5/99, NZ98/254 and M10713 were evaluated before and after innoculation with 4CMenB vaccine in 4-year-old children. RESULTS: Of 332 children in the study, 123 had previously received 4CMenB and 209 were vaccine-naive controls. Before the booster, the proportions of participants (previously vaccinated groups compared with controls) with hSBA titres of 1:5 or more were as follows: 9%–11% v. 1% (H44/76), 84%–100% v. 4% (5/99), 0%–18% v. 0% (NZ98/254) and 59%–60% v. 60% (M10713). After 1 dose of 4CMenB in previously immunized children, the proportions of participants achieving hSBA titres of 1:5 or more were 100% (H44/76 and 5/99), 70%–100% (NZ98/254) and 90%–100% (M10713). INTERPRETATION: We found that waning of hSBA titres by 4 years of age occurred after 2 doses of 4CMenB vaccine administered at 12–24 months, and doses at 12–24 months have a priming effect on the immune system. A booster may be necessary to maintain hSBA titres of 1:5 or more among those children with increased disease risk. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT01717638 PMID:29038320
32 CFR 644.511 - Certificate of competency by SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Certificate of competency by SBA. 644.511 Section... Stone § 644.511 Certificate of competency by SBA. Section 8(b)(7) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 637(b)(7)) authorizes the SBA to certify the competency of a small business concern as to capacity and...
One-dimensional ferromagnetic array compound [Co3(SBA)2(OH)2(H2O)2]n, (SBA = 4-sulfobenzoate)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Honda, Zentaro; Nomoto, Naoyuki; Fujihara, Takashi; Hagiwara, Masayuki; Kida, Takanori; Sawada, Yuya; Fukuda, Takeshi; Kamata, Norihiko
2018-06-01
We report on the syntheses, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of the transition metal coordination polymer [Co3(SBA)2(OH)2(H2O)2]n, (SBA = 4-sulfobenzoate) in which CoO6 octahedra are linked through their edges, forming one-dimensional (1D) Co(II) arrays running along the crystal a-axis. These arrays are further perpendicularly bridged by SBA ligand to construct a three-dimensional framework. Its magnetic properties have been investigated, and ferromagnetic interactions within the arrays have been found. From heat capacity measurements, we have found that this compound exhibits a three-dimensional ferromagnetic phase transition at TC = 1.54 K, and the specific heat just above TC shows a Schottky anomaly which originates from an energy gap caused by uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. These results suggest that [Co3(SBA)2(OH)2(H2O)2]n consists of weakly coupled 1D ferromagnetic Ising arrays.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol Over Pt/Al-SBA-15 Catalysts.
Yu, Mi Jin; Park, Sung Hoon; Jeon, Jong-Ki; Ryu, Changkook; Sohn, Jung Min; Kim, Sang Chai; Park, Young-Kwon
2015-01-01
Upgrading of bio-oil through catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction was investigated for guaiacol as a model compound. A batch reactor was used for the reaction condition of 40 bar and 250 degrees C. The target product was cyclohexane. Pt/Al-SBA-15 with the Si/Al ratios of 20, 40, and 80 and Pt/HZSM-5 were used as the catalyst. The SBA-15 catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction analysis, and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia. The order of cyclohexane yield was Pt/Al-SBA-15 (Si/Al = 20) > Pt/Al-SBA-15(40) > Pt/Al-SBA-15 (80), indicating that the quantity of acid sites plays an important role in the HDO reaction. On the other hand, Pt/HZSM-5 led to a very low cyclohexane yield, in spite of its abundant strong acid sites, due to its small pore size.
13 CFR 130.810 - SBA review authority.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false SBA review authority. 130.810 Section 130.810 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT CENTERS § 130.810 SBA review authority. (a) Site visits. The AA/SBDCs, or a representative, on notice to...
13 CFR 130.810 - SBA review authority.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA review authority. 130.810 Section 130.810 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT CENTERS § 130.810 SBA review authority. (a) Site visits. The AA/SBDCs, or a representative, on notice to...
13 CFR 120.621 - SBA guarantee of an Individual Certificate.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA guarantee of an Individual Certificate. 120.621 Section 120.621 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market The Sba Guarantee of A Certificate § 120.621 SBA guarantee of an Individual...
21 CFR 1240.10 - Effective bactericidal treatment.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Effective bactericidal treatment. 1240.10 Section... DISEASES General Provisions § 1240.10 Effective bactericidal treatment. Whenever, under the provisions of this part, bactericidal treatment is required, it shall be accomplished by one or more of the following...
Cui, X L; Wu, X; Li, M Q
2016-12-06
Objective: To understand the level of bactericidal antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis and their rate of protection in children aged between 3 and 23 months, in Liuzhou, in 2012. Methods: Convenience sampling was performed in Liujiang, Rong'an and Sanjiang Counties from May through August, 2012. The inclusion criteria for 603 subjects were: Children aged between 3 and 23 months; no history of meningococcal meningitis; no vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C; more than 30 days from the last vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A. Demographic information and immunization history of the subjects were obtained using questionnaires. Venous blood samples (2.0 ml each) were collected and levels of Neisseria meningitides antibodies determined using a Serum Bactericidal Assay (SBA). The geometric mean titer (GMT) of serum bacterial antibodies was positive when it was greater than or equal to 1∶2 and protective when greater than 1∶8. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare differences in the positive and protective rates of serum antibodies of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A and Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C, among children with different demographic characteristics. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences in the GMT of serum antibodies of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A and Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C, among children with different demographic characteristics. Results: Of 603 subjects, 325 (53.9%) were female and 278 (46.1%) were male; 276 (45.8%), 143 (23.7%) and 184 (30.5%) subjects were administered, respectively, no treatment, 1 dose vaccine and 2 doses vaccine. The GMT of serum antibodies against group A Neisseria meningitidis was 1∶1.11, the positive rate was 7.6% (46) and the protective rate was 2.0% (12). The GMT of antibodies in children receiving 1 vaccine dose was 1∶1.16 and the protective rate was 3.5% (5), both values higher than those in children receiving 2
Re-examination of the Neisser—Wechsberg (antibody prozone) phenomenon
Muschel, L. H.; Gustafson, Linda; Larsen, Linda J.
1969-01-01
Although the Neisser—Wechsberg phenomenon resembles the inhibition of agglutination systems by excess antibody, the experimental results have indicated that with heat-inactivated antiserum the phenomenon results both from an excess of specific antibody and of non-specific anti-complementary activity. Complement (C) has been shown to be fixed in the presence of the excess antiserum which inhibits the bactericidal reaction. The inhibition was overcome by an excess of the third complement component factors indicating that the excess of antiserum interfered with the activation or function of the components acting at one of the late steps in the reaction sequence. The prozone phenomenon was relatively slight when unheated antiserum was used or when sensitized organisms were washed to remove serum substances unrelated to antibody. Non-specific anti-complementary activity, therefore, is a major contributor to the prozone phenomenon. Both IgM and IgG fractions of rabbit antisera elicited a prozone although the former had relatively greater bactericidal than inhibitory activity. PMID:5352361
Adsorption of pharmaceuticals onto trimethylsilylated mesoporous SBA-15.
Bui, Tung Xuan; Pham, Viet Hung; Le, Son Thanh; Choi, Heechul
2013-06-15
The adsorption of a complex mixture of 12 selected pharmaceuticals to trimethylsilylated mesoporous SBA-15 (TMS-SBA-15) has been investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The adsorption of pharmaceuticals to TMS-SBA-15 was highly dependent on the solution pH and pharmaceutical properties (i.e., hydrophobicity (logKow) and acidity (pKa)). Good log-log linear relationships between the adsorption (Kd) and pH-dependent octanol-water coefficients (Kow(pH)) were then established among the neutral, anionic, and cationic compounds, suggesting hydrophobic interaction as a primary driving force in the adsorption. In addition, the neutral species of each compound accounted for a major contribution to the overall compound adsorption onto TMS-SBA-15. The adsorption kinetics of pharmaceuticals was evaluated by the nonlinear first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The first-order model gave a better fit for five pharmaceuticals with lower adsorption capacity, whereas the pseudo-second-order model fitted better for seven pharmaceuticals having higher adsorption capacity. In the same group of properties, pharmaceuticals having higher adsorption capacity exhibited faster adsorption rates. The rate-limiting steps for adsorption of pharmaceuticals onto TMS-SBA-15 are boundary layer diffusion and intraparticle diffusion including diffusion in mesopores and micropores. In addition, the adsorption of pharmaceuticals to TMS-SBA-15 was not influenced by the change of initial pharmaceutical concentration (10-100μgL(-1)) and the presence of natural organic matter. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
13 CFR 101.200 - When does SBA hire private counsel?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false When does SBA hire private counsel? 101.200 Section 101.200 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Employment of Private Counsel § 101.200 When does SBA hire private counsel? (a) Business loans. SBA may hire...
13 CFR 101.100 - What is the purpose of SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What is the purpose of SBA? 101.100 Section 101.100 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.100 What is the purpose of SBA? The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) aids, counsels...
13 CFR 101.100 - What is the purpose of SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What is the purpose of SBA? 101.100 Section 101.100 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.100 What is the purpose of SBA? The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) aids, counsels...
13 CFR 101.200 - When does SBA hire private counsel?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false When does SBA hire private counsel? 101.200 Section 101.200 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Employment of Private Counsel § 101.200 When does SBA hire private counsel? (a) Business loans. SBA may hire...
13 CFR 120.620 - SBA guarantee of a Pool Certificate.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA guarantee of a Pool Certificate. 120.620 Section 120.620 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market The Sba Guarantee of A Certificate § 120.620 SBA guarantee of a Pool Certificate...
13 CFR 120.1719 - SBA's right to recover from Seller.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA's right to recover from Seller. 120.1719 Section 120.1719 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools § 120.1719 SBA's...
13 CFR 123.410 - Which loan requests will SBA fund?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Which loan requests will SBA fund? 123.410 Section 123.410 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loans § 123.410 Which loan requests will SBA fund? SBA will date stamp...
13 CFR 123.410 - Which loan requests will SBA fund?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Which loan requests will SBA fund? 123.410 Section 123.410 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loans § 123.410 Which loan requests will SBA fund? SBA will date stamp...
13 CFR 103.2 - Who may conduct business with SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Who may conduct business with SBA? 103.2 Section 103.2 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION STANDARDS FOR CONDUCTING BUSINESS WITH SBA § 103.2 Who may conduct business with SBA? (a) If you are an Applicant, a...
Rossi, Raffaella; Beernink, Peter T; Giuntini, Serena; Granoff, Dan M
2015-12-01
In 2013 and 2014, two U.S. universities had meningococcal serogroup B outbreaks (a total of 14 cases) caused by strains from two different clonal complexes. To control the outbreaks, students were immunized with a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine (Novartis) that was not yet licensed in the United States. The vaccine (referred to as MenB-4C) contains four components capable of eliciting bactericidal activity. Both outbreak strains had high expression levels of two of the vaccine antigens (subfamily B factor H binding protein [FHbp] and neisserial heparin binding antigen [NHba]); the university B outbreak strain also had moderate expression of a third antigen, NadA. We investigated the bactericidal activity of sera from mice immunized with FHbp, NHba, or NadA and sera from MenB-4C-immunized infant macaques and an adult human. The postimmunization bactericidal activity of the macaque or human serum against isolates from university B with FHbp identification (ID) 1 that exactly matched the vaccine FHbp sequence variant was 8- to 21-fold higher than that against isolates from university A with FHbp ID 276 (96% identity to the vaccine antigen). Based on the bactericidal activity of mouse antisera to FHbp, NadA, or NHba and macaque or human postimmunization serum that had been depleted of anti-FHbp antibody, the bactericidal activity against both outbreak strains largely or entirely resulted from antibodies to FHbp. Thus, despite the high level of strain expression of FHbp from a subfamily that matched the vaccine antigen, there can be large differences in anti-FHbp bactericidal activity induced by MenB-4C vaccination. Further, strains with moderate to high NadA and/or NHba expression can be resistant to anti-NadA or anti-NHba bactericidal activity elicited by MenB-4C vaccination. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Encapsulation of mangiferin in ordered mesoporous silica type SBA-15: synthesis and characterization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pontes Silva, Cássia Roberta; da Rocha Ferreira, Fabricia; Dresch Webler, Geovana; Osimar Sousa da Silva, Antônio; Caxico de Abreu, Fabiane; Fonseca, Eduardo J. S.
2017-06-01
SBA-15 ordered mesoporous silica were synthesized using the method reported by Zhao et al (1998 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 6024-36). The goal of this work is to study the encapsulation of mangiferin (MGN) into porous SBA-15. SBA-MGN composites were obtained from a mixture of SBA-15 and MGN. The structures of these materials were analyzed using different characterization techniques: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 adsorption-desorption measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), absorbance spectra and electrochemical assay. The isotherms of the adsorption/desorption for SBA-15 and SBA-MGN are type IV, showing that the ordered mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was maintained even after the incorporation of MGN. The decrease in the value of the specific surface area and the reduction in pore volume confirmed the incorporation of MGN at the surface and in the pores of SBA-15. The incorporation of MGN in SBA-15 aims to increase the solubility of mangiferin.
13 CFR 120.950 - SBA and CDC must appoint agents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false SBA and CDC must appoint agents... Development Company Loan Program (504) Debenture Sales and Service Agents § 120.950 SBA and CDC must appoint agents. SBA and the CDC must appoint the following agents to facilitate the sale and service of the...
13 CFR 120.950 - SBA and CDC must appoint agents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false SBA and CDC must appoint agents... Development Company Loan Program (504) Debenture Sales and Service Agents § 120.950 SBA and CDC must appoint agents. SBA and the CDC must appoint the following agents to facilitate the sale and service of the...
13 CFR 120.950 - SBA and CDC must appoint agents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA and CDC must appoint agents... Development Company Loan Program (504) Debenture Sales and Service Agents § 120.950 SBA and CDC must appoint agents. SBA and the CDC must appoint the following agents to facilitate the sale and service of the...
13 CFR 120.950 - SBA and CDC must appoint agents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false SBA and CDC must appoint agents... Development Company Loan Program (504) Debenture Sales and Service Agents § 120.950 SBA and CDC must appoint agents. SBA and the CDC must appoint the following agents to facilitate the sale and service of the...
13 CFR 120.950 - SBA and CDC must appoint agents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false SBA and CDC must appoint agents... Development Company Loan Program (504) Debenture Sales and Service Agents § 120.950 SBA and CDC must appoint agents. SBA and the CDC must appoint the following agents to facilitate the sale and service of the...
Lee, Hoan Jong; Chung, Moon-Hyun; Kim, Woo Joo; Hong, Young Jin; Choi, Kyong Min; Lee, Jina; Oh, Chi Eun; Welsch, Jo Anne; Kim, Kyung-Hyo; Hong, Ki Bae; Dagnew, Alemnew F; Bock, Hans; Dull, Peter M; Odrljin, Tatjana
2014-11-01
This phase III placebo-controlled study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of MenACWY-CRM vaccination in healthy Korean adolescents and adults. Serum bactericidal activity with human complement (hSBA) was measured before and 1 month after vaccination against all four meningococcal serogroups. The IgG concentration specific for serogroup W capsular polysaccharide was measured in a subset of subjects in a post-hoc analysis. Adverse reactions were monitored throughout the study. Four hundred and fifty subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive MenACWY-CRM (N=297) or a saline placebo (N=153). MenACWY-CRM induced a good immune response against all four serogroups, with seroprotection rates (hSBA titers ≥8) of 79%, 99%, 98%, and 94% for serogroups A, C, W, and Y, respectively. Seroresponse rates were high for serogroups A, C, and Y, i.e. 76%, 86%, and 69%, respectively; the rate for serogroup W was 28%. MenACWY-CRM vaccine induced serum bactericidal antibodies against all four serogroups in a majority of subjects regardless of their baseline hSBA titers. MenACWY-CRM was generally well tolerated with most reactions being transient and mild to moderate in severity. Findings of this first study of a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in Korean adults and adolescents demonstrated that a single dose of MenACWY-CRM was well tolerated and immunogenic, as indicated by the percentages of subjects with hSBA titers ≥8 (79%, 99%, 98%, and 94% of subjects) and geometric mean titers (48, 231, 147, and 107) against serogroups A, C, W, and Y, respectively, at 1 month post-vaccination.
Bui, Tung Xuan; Kang, Seo-Young; Lee, Sang-Hyup; Choi, Heechul
2011-10-15
Mesoporous silica SBA-15 and its postfunctionalized counterparts with hydroxymethyl (HM-SBA-15), aminopropyl (AP-SBA-15), and trimethylsilyl (TMS-SBA-15) were prepared and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, N(2) adsorption-desorption measurement, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The removal of a mixture of 12 selected pharmaceuticals was investigated by batch adsorption experiments onto SBA-15 and the grafted materials. SBA-15 showed to have moderate adsorption affinity with amino-containing (atenolol, trimethoprim) and hydrophobic pharmaceuticals, but it displayed minimal adsorption affinity toward hydrophilic compounds. HM-SBA-15 was analogous with SBA-15 in terms of the adsorption efficiency toward all pharmaceuticals. AP-SBA-15 exhibited an increase in the adsorption of two acidic compounds (clofibric acid, diclofenac) but a decrease in the adsorption of estrone and the two amino-containing compounds. Among the grafted materials, TMS-SBA-15 had the highest adsorption affinity toward most pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the adsorption of nine pharmaceuticals to TMS-SBA-15 was significantly higher than that to SBA-15; seven of which showed the removal percentages from 70.6% to 98.9% onto TMS-SBA-15. The number of pharmaceuticals showing high adsorption efficiency onto TMS-SBA-15 did not alter significantly as the pH changed in the range of 5.5-7.6. The results suggest that TMS-SBA-15 is a promising material for the removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous phase, especially for the treatment of wastewater from drug manufacturers. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bactericidal catechins damage the lipid bilayer.
Ikigai, H; Nakae, T; Hara, Y; Shimamura, T
1993-04-08
The mode of antibacterial action of, the green tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and (-)-epicatechin (EC) was investigated. Strong bactericidal EGCg caused leakage of 5,6-carboxyfluorescein from phosphatidylcholine liposomes (PC), but EC with very weak bactericidal activity caused little damage to the membrane. Phosphatidylserine and dicetyl phosphate partially protected the membrane from EGCg-mediated damage when reconstituted into the liposome membrane with PC. EGCg, but not EC, caused strong aggregation and NPN-fluorescence quenching of PC-liposomes and these actions were markedly lowered in the presence of negatively charged lipids. These results show that bactericidal catechins primarily act on and damage bacterial membranes. The observation that Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to bactericidal catechins than Gram-positive bacteria can be explained to some extent by the presence of negatively charged lipopolysaccharide.
13 CFR 108.1720 - Characteristics of SBA's guarantee.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Characteristics of SBA's guarantee. 108.1720 Section 108.1720 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM SBA Financial Assistance for NMVC Companies (Leverage) Miscellaneous...
Metal-loaded SBA-16-like silica - Correlation between basicity and affinity towards hydrogen
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ouargli-Saker, R.; Bouazizi, N.; Boukoussa, B.; Barrimo, Diana; Paola-Nunes-Beltrao, Ana-.; Azzouz, A.
2017-07-01
Nanoparticles of Cuo (CuNPs) and Feo (FeNPs) were dispersed in SBA-16-like silica, resulting metal-loaded materials (Cu-SBA-16 and Fe-SBA-16) with improved affinity towards hydrogen. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that MNP dispersion occurs mainly inside SBA-16 channels. MNP incorporation was found to confer affinity to the silica surface, since higher CO2 retention capacity (CRC) was registered Cu/SBA-16 and Fe/SBA-16. This was accompanied by a significant improvement of the affinity towards hydrogen, as supported by hydrogen adsorption tests. This was explained in terms of strong hydrogen interaction with MNP and lattice oxygen atoms. The results reported herein open new prospects for SBA-16 as potential adsorbents for hydrogen storage.
13 CFR 107.509 - Employment of SBA officials.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Employment of SBA officials. 107.509 Section 107.509 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Managing the Operations of a Licensee General Requirements § 107.509 Employment of SBA...
13 CFR 101.109 - Do SBA regulations include the section headings?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Do SBA regulations include the section headings? 101.109 Section 101.109 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.109 Do SBA regulations include the section headings? Yes. All SBA regulations must...
13 CFR 101.109 - Do SBA regulations include the section headings?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Do SBA regulations include the section headings? 101.109 Section 101.109 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.109 Do SBA regulations include the section headings? Yes. All SBA regulations must...
Klein, Nicola P; Habanec, Tomas; Kosina, Pavel; Shah, Nirmish R; Kolhe, Devayani; Miller, Jacqueline M; Hezareh, Marjan; Van der Wielen, Marie
2018-04-19
Individuals with functional or anatomic asplenia are at high risk for meningococcal disease. We evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of 1 and 2 doses of the quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, Y tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) in this high-risk population. This phase III, open-label, controlled, non-randomized study (NCT01641042) enrolled 1-17-year-olds with impaired splenic activity (high-risk group) and age-matched healthy controls (control group). We measured immune responses to MenACWY-TT by serum bactericidal activity assays using rabbit (rSBA) and human (hSBA) complement and in terms of antibodies against polysaccharides of the 4 vaccine serogroups. We evaluated vaccine response rates (VRRs) as 4-fold increases from pre-vaccination levels or titers ≥1:32 (rSBA)/≥1:8 (hSBA). We recorded solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) during 4 and 31 days post-vaccination, and serious AEs (SAEs) and new onset of chronic illnesses (NOCIs) throughout the study. The according-to-protocol cohort for immunogenicity included 40 participants per group. In both groups, the first MenACWY-TT dose induced rSBA VRRs of 92.5-100% and hSBA VRRs of 55.6-77.1% across vaccine serogroups. Following the second MenACWY-TT dose, all participants had high responses, with rSBA and hSBA VRRs of 73.0-100% across vaccine serogroups. rSBA and hSBA geometric mean titers for each serogroup increased in both groups (with different magnitudes, but ≥13.1-fold) compared with baseline levels. Polysaccharide antibody concentrations ≥2.0 μg/ml were detected in ≥84.4% of participants and were similar between groups. Incidences of solicited and unsolicited AEs were comparable between groups. We recorded SAEs in 4/43 participants in the high-risk group and 1/43 participants in the control group (none vaccine-related). No NOCIs were reported. In this descriptive study, MenACWY-TT induced similar functional and humoral immune responses and had a clinically
13 CFR 120.1850 - Will the Collateral be held by SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... Loan Program) § 120.1850 Will the Collateral be held by SBA? Yes, SBA or its expressly authorized agent... all Collateral for SISMBD Loans in a custodial account. Certificates held as Collateral must be in... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Will the Collateral be held by SBA...
13 CFR 121.101 - What are SBA size standards?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... SBA size standards? (a) SBA's size standards define whether a business entity is small and, thus... Industry Classification System (NAICS). (b) NAICS is described in the North American Industry Classification Manual-United States, which is available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285...
13 CFR 121.101 - What are SBA size standards?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... SBA size standards? (a) SBA's size standards define whether a business entity is small and, thus... Industry Classification System (NAICS). (b) NAICS is described in the North American Industry Classification Manual-United States, which is available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285...
The important and diverse roles of antibodies in the host response to Borrelia infections.
LaRocca, T J; Benach, J L
2008-01-01
Antibodies are of critical importance in the host response to tick-borne Borrelia species that cause relapsing fever and Lyme disease. Recent studies on the role of various B cell subsets in the host response to Borrelia, complement-independent, bactericidal antibodies, and diagnostics led to this review that focuses on the array of functions that antibodies to Borrelia can perform.
Sjöström, K; Darveau, R; Page, R; Whitney, C; Engel, D
1992-01-01
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been closely associated with early-onset, severe periodontitis, and such patients often have serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies reactive with antigens of this gram-negative pathogen. We examined the functionality and potential importance of these antibodies. The opsonic activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans of sera from 30 patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) and from 28 periodontally normal subjects was tested by using polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemiluminescence and bactericidal assays. Peak chemiluminescence values correlated strongly with killing observed in the PMN-dependent bactericidal assay (r = 0.88; P < 0.001). Neither the mean IgG titer nor the mean peak chemiluminescence differed significantly between the two groups. However, when the relationship between chemiluminescence and titer was examined, regression analysis showed that antibodies present in low-titer normal sera were significantly more effective at opsonizing A. actinomycetemcomitans than antibodies present in low-titer RPP patient sera (P = 0.04). Thus, periodontally normal individuals may be better able than RPP patients to clear A. actinomycetemcomitans in early stages of colonization, and anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans antibodies in RPP patients may be relatively ineffective in preventing infection by this organism. PMID:1398993
13 CFR 127.402 - How will SBA conduct an examination?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
....402 How will SBA conduct an examination? (a) Notification. No less than 5 business days before... and information related to the concern's EDWOSB or WOSB eligibility. SBA may draw an adverse inference...
13 CFR 120.413 - Advertisement of relationship with SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Advertisement of relationship with SBA. 120.413 Section 120.413 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Participation Criteria § 120.413 Advertisement of relationship with SBA. A Lender may...
13 CFR 107.560 - Subordination of SBA's creditor position.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Subordination of SBA's creditor position. 107.560 Section 107.560 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Managing the Operations of a Licensee Borrowing by Licensees from Non-Sba...
Bactericidal Action of Fresh Rabbit Blood Against Brucella abortus
Joos, Richard W.; Hall, Wendell H.
1968-01-01
A photometric method was used to measure the bactericidal kinetics for Brucella abortus of freshly drawn rabbit blood during the time before clotting. This antibrucellar activity varied between rabbits in different immunologic states. Nonimmunized rabbits had moderate bactericidal activity after a lag of about 2 min. The blood of some immunized rabbits gave an immediate and strong kill, but in certain other immunized rabbits, especially when hyperimmunized, the bactericidal activity was inhibited. It appeared that serum bactericidins and complement are sometimes as active in unclotted blood as they are in serum. However, this bactericidal activity can be either increased or neutralized by immunization. The prozone bactericidal inhibition phenomenon (Neisser-Wechsberg) found in immune serum may, in fact, reflect inhibition taking place in vivo. Inhibition of the bactericidal activity in blood can contribute to the persistence of chronic infections and individual variations in resistance. PMID:4971893
13 CFR 101.107 - What SBA forms are approved for public use?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What SBA forms are approved for public use? 101.107 Section 101.107 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.107 What SBA forms are approved for public use? (a) SBA uses forms approved by the...
Bactericidal activity of biomimetic diamond nanocone surfaces.
Fisher, Leanne E; Yang, Yang; Yuen, Muk-Fung; Zhang, Wenjun; Nobbs, Angela H; Su, Bo
2016-03-17
The formation of biofilms on implant surfaces and the subsequent development of medical device-associated infections are difficult to resolve and can cause considerable morbidity to the patient. Over the past decade, there has been growing recognition that physical cues, such as surface topography, can regulate biological responses and possess bactericidal activity. In this study, diamond nanocone-patterned surfaces, representing biomimetic analogs of the naturally bactericidal cicada fly wing, were fabricated using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition, followed by bias-assisted reactive ion etching. Two structurally distinct nanocone surfaces were produced, characterized, and the bactericidal ability examined. The sharp diamond nanocone features were found to have bactericidal capabilities with the surface possessing the more varying cone dimension, nonuniform array, and decreased density, showing enhanced bactericidal ability over the more uniform, highly dense nanocone surface. Future research will focus on using the fabrication process to tailor surface nanotopographies on clinically relevant materials that promote both effective killing of a broader range of microorganisms and the desired mammalian cell response. This study serves to introduce a technology that may launch a new and innovative direction in the design of biomaterials with capacity to reduce the risk of medical device-associated infections.
The synthesis of novel hybrid thiol-functionalized nano-structured SBA-15
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hoang, Van Duc; Phuong Dang, Tuyet; Khieu Dinh, Quang; Phu Nguyen, Huu; Vu, Anh Tuan
2010-09-01
Mesoporous thiol-functionalized SBA-15 has been directly synthesized by co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) with triblock copolymer P123 as-structure-directing agent under hydrothermal conditions. Surfactant removal was performed by Soxhlet ethanol extraction. These materials have been characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET model), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The main parameters, such as the initial molar ratio of MPTMS to TEOS, the time of adding MPTMS to synthesized gel and the Soxhlet ethanol extraction on the thiol functionalized SBA-15 with high thiol content and highly ordered hexagonal mesostructure, were investigated and evaluated. The adsorption capacity of the thiol-functionalized and non-functionalized SBA-15 materials for Pb2+ ion from aqueous solution was tested. It was found that the Pb2+ adsorption capacity of the thiol functionalized SBA-15 is three times higher than that of non-functionalized SBA-15.
13 CFR 121.103 - How does SBA determine affiliation?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
....103 How does SBA determine affiliation? (a) General Principles of Affiliation. (1) Concerns and... the Agricultural Marketing Act (12 U.S.C. 1141j), are not considered affiliated with the cooperative... agreements in principle) to have a present effect on the power to control a concern. SBA treats such options...
13 CFR 124.1008 - When will SBA not decide an SDB protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false When will SBA not decide an SDB... SDB protest? (a) SBA will not decide a protest as to disadvantaged status of any concern other than... protested concern's circumstances have materially changed since SBA certified it as an SDB, or that the...
13 CFR 124.1008 - When will SBA not decide an SDB protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false When will SBA not decide an SDB... SDB protest? (a) SBA will not decide a protest as to disadvantaged status of any concern other than... protested concern's circumstances have materially changed since SBA certified it as an SDB, or that the...
13 CFR 124.1008 - When will SBA not decide an SDB protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false When will SBA not decide an SDB... SDB protest? (a) SBA will not decide a protest as to disadvantaged status of any concern other than... protested concern's circumstances have materially changed since SBA certified it as an SDB, or that the...
13 CFR 124.1008 - When will SBA not decide an SDB protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false When will SBA not decide an SDB... SDB protest? (a) SBA will not decide a protest as to disadvantaged status of any concern other than... protested concern's circumstances have materially changed since SBA certified it as an SDB, or that the...
13 CFR 124.1008 - When will SBA not decide an SDB protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false When will SBA not decide an SDB... SDB protest? (a) SBA will not decide a protest as to disadvantaged status of any concern other than... protested concern's circumstances have materially changed since SBA certified it as an SDB, or that the...
13 CFR 101.103 - Where are SBA's field offices located?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... addresses, phone numbers and jurisdictions served is periodically published in the Federal Register. You can also obtain the address and phone number of an SBA office to serve you by calling 1-800-8-ASK-SBA or 1...
13 CFR 101.103 - Where are SBA's field offices located?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... addresses, phone numbers and jurisdictions served is periodically published in the Federal Register. You can also obtain the address and phone number of an SBA office to serve you by calling 1-800-8-ASK-SBA or 1...
13 CFR 101.103 - Where are SBA's field offices located?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... addresses, phone numbers and jurisdictions served is periodically published in the Federal Register. You can also obtain the address and phone number of an SBA office to serve you by calling 1-800-8-ASK-SBA or 1...
13 CFR 101.103 - Where are SBA's field offices located?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... addresses, phone numbers and jurisdictions served is periodically published in the Federal Register. You can also obtain the address and phone number of an SBA office to serve you by calling 1-800-8-ASK-SBA or 1...
13 CFR 101.103 - Where are SBA's field offices located?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... addresses, phone numbers and jurisdictions served is periodically published in the Federal Register. You can also obtain the address and phone number of an SBA office to serve you by calling 1-800-8-ASK-SBA or 1...
Stoof, Susanne P.; van der Klis, Fiona R. M.; van Rooijen, Debbie M.; Knol, Mirjam J.; Sanders, Elisabeth A. M.; Berbers, Guy A. M.
2014-01-01
Background Meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) specific antibody levels decline rapidly after a single primary MenC conjugate (MenCC) vaccination in preschool children. A second MenCC vaccination during (pre)adolescence might attain longer lasting individual and herd protection. We aimed to establish an appropriate age for a (pre)adolescent MenCC booster vaccination. Methods A phase-IV trial with healthy 10-year-olds (n = 91), 12-year-olds (n = 91) and 15-year-olds (n = 86) who were primed with a MenCC vaccine nine years earlier. All participants received a booster vaccination with the same vaccine. Serum bactericidal antibody assay titers (SBA, using baby rabbit complement), MenC-polysaccharide (MenC-PS) specific IgG, IgG subclass and avidity and tetanus-specific IgG levels were measured prior to (T0) and 1 month (T1) and 1 year (T2) after the booster. An SBA titer ≥8 was the correlate of protection. Results 258 (96.3%) participants completed all three study visits. At T0, 19% of the 10-year-olds still had an SBA titer ≥8, compared to 34% of the 12-year-olds (P = 0.057) and 45% of the 15-year-olds (P<0.001). All participants developed high SBA titers (GMTs>30,000 in all age groups) and MenC-PS specific IgG levels at T1. IgG levels mainly consisted of IgG1, but the contribution of IgG2 increased with age. At T2, 100% of participants still had an SBA titer ≥8, but the 15-year-olds showed the highest protective antibody levels and the lowest decay. Conclusion Nine years after primary MenCC vaccination adolescents develop high protective antibody levels in response to a booster and are still sufficiently protected one year later. Our results suggest that persistence of individual - and herd - protection increases with the age at which an adolescent booster is administered. Trial Registration EU Clinical Trials Database 2011-000375-13 Dutch Trial Register NTR3521 PMID:24963638
Lei, Di; Zheng, Qianwen; Wang, Yili; Wang, Hongjie
2015-02-01
A novel material, aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15 (NH2-Mn-SBA-15), was synthesized by bonding 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) onto manganese-loaded SBA-15 (Mn-SBA-15) and used as a Cu2+ adsorbent in aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the NH2-Mn-SBA-15. The ordered mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was remained after modification. The manganese oxides were mainly loaded on the internal surface of the pore channels while the aminopropyl groups were mainly anchored on the external surface of SBA-15. The adsorption of Cu2+ on NH2-Mn-SBA-15 was fitted well by the Langmuir equation and the maximum adsorption capacity of NH2-Mn-SBA-15 for Cu2+ was over two times higher than that of Mn-SBA-15 under the same conditions. The Elovich equation gave a good fit for the adsorption process of Cu2+ by NH2-Mn-SBA-15 and Mn-SBA-15. Both the loaded manganese oxides and the anchored aminopropyl groups were found to contribute to the uptake of Cu2+. The NH2-Mn-SBA-15 showed high selectivity for copper ions. Consecutive adsorption-desorption experiments showed that the NH2-Mn-SBA-15 could be regenerated by acid treatment without altering its properties. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.
13 CFR 108.1600 - SBA authority to issue and guarantee Trust Certificates.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... guarantee the timely payment of the principal and interest thereon. Any guarantee by SBA of such TC is limited to the principal and interest due on the Debentures in any Trust or Pool backing such TC. The full... of any TC. (b) SBA authority to arrange public or private fundings of Leverage. SBA in its discretion...
13 CFR 108.1600 - SBA authority to issue and guarantee Trust Certificates.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... guarantee the timely payment of the principal and interest thereon. Any guarantee by SBA of such TC is limited to the principal and interest due on the Debentures in any Trust or Pool backing such TC. The full... of any TC. (b) SBA authority to arrange public or private fundings of Leverage. SBA in its discretion...
Ishola, David A; Andrews, Nick; Waight, Pauline; Yung, Chee-Fu; Southern, Jo; Bai, Xilian; Findlow, Helen; Matheson, Mary; England, Anna; Hallis, Bassam; Findlow, Jamie; Borrow, Ray; Miller, Elizabeth
2015-08-01
Protection after meningococcal C (MenC) conjugate (MCC) vaccination in early childhood is short-lived. Boosting with a quadrivalent vaccine in teenage years, a high-risk period for MenC disease, should protect against additional serogroups but might compromise MenC response. The carrier protein in the primary MCC vaccine determines the response to MCC booster in toddlers, but the relationship between primary vaccine and booster given later is unclear. This study compared responses to a CRM-conjugated or tetanus toxoid (TT)-conjugated MenACWY vaccine in teenagers primed with different MCC vaccines at preschool age. Ninety-three teenagers (16-19 years), who were previously randomized at age 3-6 years to receive single-dose MCC-CRM or MCC-TT, were randomized to receive either MenACWY-CRM or MenACWY-TT booster. Serum bactericidal antibodies (SBA, protective titer ≥ 8) were measured before, 1 month and 6 or 9 months after boosting. Preboosting, MCC-TT-primed teenagers had significantly higher MenC SBA titers than those MCC-CRM-primed (P = 0.02). Postboosting, both MenACWY vaccines induced protective SBA titers to all 4 serogroups in most participants (≥ 98% at 1 month and ≥ 90% by 9 months postboost). The highest MenC SBA titers were seen in those MCC-TT-primed and MenACWY-TT-boosted [geometric mean titer (GMT) ~ 22,000] followed by those boosted with MenACWY-CRM irrespective of priming (GMT ~ 12,000) and then those MCC-CRM-primed and MenACWY-TT-boosted (GMT ~ 5500). The estimated postbooster MenC SBA decline beyond 1 month was ~40% as time since booster doubles. Both vaccines were well tolerated with no attributable serious adverse events. Both MenACWY vaccines safely induced protective sustained antibody responses against all targeted serogroups in MCC-primed teenagers.
13 CFR 120.413 - Advertisement of relationship with SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Advertisement of relationship with SBA. 120.413 Section 120.413 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Participation Criteria § 120.413 Advertisement of relationship with SBA. A Lender may refer in its advertising to its participation wit...
43 CFR 5441.1-3 - SBA set-aside sales.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false SBA set-aside sales. 5441.1-3 Section 5441... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) CONDUCT OF SALES Advertised Sales § 5441.1-3 SBA set-aside sales. Only bids of small business concerns which have filed a self-certification...
43 CFR 5441.1-3 - SBA set-aside sales.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false SBA set-aside sales. 5441.1-3 Section 5441... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) CONDUCT OF SALES Advertised Sales § 5441.1-3 SBA set-aside sales. Only bids of small business concerns which have filed a self-certification...
43 CFR 5441.1-3 - SBA set-aside sales.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false SBA set-aside sales. 5441.1-3 Section 5441... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) CONDUCT OF SALES Advertised Sales § 5441.1-3 SBA set-aside sales. Only bids of small business concerns which have filed a self-certification...
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wei, J. Q.; Chen, X. J.; Wang, P. F.; Han, Y. B.; Xu, J. C.; Hong, B.; Jin, H. X.; Jin, D. F.; Peng, X. L.; Li, J.; Yang, Y. T.; Ge, H. L.; Wang, X. Q.
2018-06-01
Mesoporous SBA-15 was used to anchor TiO2 nanoparticles into the mesopores to form high surface area TiO2/SBA-15 nanocomposites, and then the influence of mesoporous-structure on the photocatalytic performance was investigated. TiO2/SBA-15 nanocomposites possessed the high specific surface area and appropriate pore size, indicating the excellent adsorption performance. TiO2/SBA-15 nanocomposites exhibited the higher photocatalytic activity to degrade dyes (methylene blue: MB) than TiO2 (removing SBA-15), which should attributed to the excellent adsorption performance of the nanocomposites. MB was absorbed to form the higher concentration near TiO2/SBA-15 photocatalysts, and the photocatalytic degradation for MB was improved.
13 CFR 120.1500 - Types of enforcement actions-SBA Lenders.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Types of enforcement actions-SBA Lenders. 120.1500 Section 120.1500 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Risk-Based Lender Oversight Enforcement Actions § 120.1500 Types of enforcement actions—SBA...
13 CFR 127.402 - How will SBA conduct an examination?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How will SBA conduct an examination? 127.402 Section 127.402 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED SMALL BUSINESS FEDERAL CONTRACT ASSISTANCE PROCEDURES Eligibility Examinations § 127.402 How will SBA...
13 CFR 120.1718 - SBA's right to assume Seller's responsibilities.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA's right to assume Seller's responsibilities. 120.1718 Section 120.1718 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of SBA Secondary Market Guarantee Program for First Lien Position 504 Loan Pools...
Bismuth-embedded SBA-15 mesoporous silica for radioactive iodine capture and stable storage
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Jae Hwan; Cho, Yong-Jun; Shin, Jin Myeong; Yim, Man-Sung
2015-10-01
Efficient capture and stable storage of the long-lived iodine-129 (129I), released as off-gas from nuclear fuel reprocessing, have been of significant concern in the waste management field. In this study, bismuth-embedded SBA-15 mesoporous silica was firstly applied for iodine capture and storage. SBA-15 was functionalized with thiol (-SH) groups, followed by bismuth adsorption with Bi-S bonding, which was thermally treated to form Bi2S3 within SBA-15. The bismuth-embedded SBA-15s demonstrated high iodine loading capacities (up to 540 mg-I/g-sorbent), which benefitted from high surface area and porosity of SBA-15 as well as the formation of thermodynamically stable BiI3 compound. Iodine physisorption was effectively suppressed due to the large pores present in SBA-15, resulting in chemisorption as a main mechanism for iodine confinement. Furthermore, a chemically durable iodine-bearing material was made with a facile post-sorption process, during which the iodine-incorporated phase was changed from BiI3 to chemically durable Bi5O7I. Thus, our results showed that both efficient capture and stabilization of 129I would be possible with the bismuth-embedded SBA-15, in contrast to other sorbents mainly focused on iodine capture.
Physical-chemical properties of dental composites and adhesives containing silane-modified SBA-15.
Martim, Gedalias Custódio; Kupfer, Vicente Lira; Moisés, Murilo Pereira; Dos Santos, Andressa; Buzzetti, Paulo Henrique Maciel; Rinaldi, Andrelson Wellington; Rubira, Adley Forti; Girotto, Emerson Marcelo
2018-04-01
The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize mesoporous materials SBA-15 and SBA-15 modified with 3-(methacryloxy)-propyl-trimethoxysilane (MPS) to be used as inorganic filler in restorative dental composites and adhesives, and evaluate the main physical-chemical properties of the resulting material. The SBA-15 and SBA-15/MPS were characterized by FTIR, BET and X-Ray and combined with TEGDMA, bis-GMA and commercial spherical silica to produce dental composites. Afterwards, the mesoporous materials were combined with TEGDMA, bis-GMA and HEMA to make adhesives. To compare the results, composites and adhesives containing only commercial spherical silica were investigated. Some physical-chemical properties such as degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM), water sorption and solubility (W sp and W sl ), specific area (BET), and the leachable components were evaluated. The SBA-15/MPS can be used to prepare dental restorative materials, with some foreseeable advantages compared with pure SBA-15 dental materials and with improved properties compared with commercial spherical silica dental materials. An important improvement was that the dental materials based on modified SBA-15 presented a reduction of approximately 60% in leaching of unreacted monomers extracted by solvent compared to the control group. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
13 CFR 101.106 - Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Does Federal law apply to SBA... ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.106 Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities? (a) SBA... achieve national purposes. (b) The following are construed and enforced in accordance with Federal law— (1...
13 CFR 101.106 - Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Does Federal law apply to SBA... ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.106 Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities? (a) SBA... achieve national purposes. (b) The following are construed and enforced in accordance with Federal law— (1...
13 CFR 101.106 - Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Does Federal law apply to SBA... ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.106 Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities? (a) SBA... achieve national purposes. (b) The following are construed and enforced in accordance with Federal law— (1...
13 CFR 101.106 - Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Does Federal law apply to SBA... ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.106 Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities? (a) SBA... achieve national purposes. (b) The following are construed and enforced in accordance with Federal law— (1...
13 CFR 101.106 - Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Does Federal law apply to SBA... ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.106 Does Federal law apply to SBA programs and activities? (a) SBA... achieve national purposes. (b) The following are construed and enforced in accordance with Federal law— (1...
13 CFR 107.140 - SBA approval of initial Management Expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA approval of initial Management Expenses. 107.140 Section 107.140 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Qualifying for an SBIC License Organizing An Sbic § 107.140 SBA approval of...
13 CFR 120.1716 - Required SBA approval of servicing actions.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Required SBA approval of servicing actions. 120.1716 Section 120.1716 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS... § 120.1716 Required SBA approval of servicing actions. Seller shall not, without prior written consent...
Bactericidal activity of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) against Helicobacter pylori.
Shin, Il Shik; Masuda, Hideki; Naohide, Kinae
2004-08-01
In this study, the bactericidal activity of Korean and Japanese wasabi roots, stems and leaves against Helicobacter pylori were examined. Allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) in roots, stems and leaves of Korean wasabi were 0.75, 0.18 and 0.32 mg/g, respectively. AIT in roots, stems and leaves of Japanese wasabi were 1.18, 0.41 and 0.38 mg/g, respectively. All parts of wasabi showed bactericidal activities against H. pylori strain NCTC 11637, YS 27 and YS 50. The leaves of both wasabi showed the highest bactericidal activities with the minimum bactericidal concentration of 1.05-1.31 mg of dry weight/ml against three strains of H. pylori. The roots showed a little lower bactericidal activity with 2.09-4.17 mg of dry weight/ml against them. The main component related to antimicrobial activity in wasabi is well known to be AIT. In this study, the bactericidal activity of leaves was higher than that of roots, although AIT amount of leaves was lower than that of roots. These results suggest that certain components besides AIT in wasabi are effective in killing H. pylori.
13 CFR 123.513 - Does SBA require collateral on its Military Reservist EIDL?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
..., or both. SBA will not decline a loan if you do not have a particular amount of collateral so long as SBA is reasonably sure that you can repay the loan. If you refuse to pledge the available collateral... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Does SBA require collateral on its...
Immobilization of lipase and keratinase on functionalized SBA-15 nanostructured materials
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Le, Hy G.; Vu, Tuan A.; Tran, Hoa T. K.; Dang, Phuong T.
2013-12-01
SBA-15 nanostructured materials were synthesized via hydrothermal treatment and were functionalized with 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The obtained samples were characterized by different techniques such as XRD, BET, TEM, IR and DTA. After functionalization, it showed that these nanostrucrured materials still maintained the hexagonal pore structure of the parent SBA-15. The model enzyms chosen in this study were lipase and keratinase. Lipase was a biocatalyst for hydrolyzation of long chain triglycerides or methyl esters of long chain alcohols and fatty acids; keratinase is a proteolytic enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of keratin. The functionalized SBA-15 materials were used to immobilize lipase and keratinase, exhibiting higher activity than that of the unfunctionalized pure silica SBA-15 ones. This might be due to the enhancing of surface hydrophobicity upon functionalization. The surface functionalization of the nanostructured silicas with organic groups can favor the interaction between enzyme and the supports and consequently increasing the operational stability of the immobilized enzymes. The loading of lipase on functionalized SBA-15 materials was higher than that of keratinase. This might be rationalized by the difference in size of enzyms.
The Sequencing Bead Array (SBA), a Next-Generation Digital Suspension Array
Akhras, Michael S.; Pettersson, Erik; Diamond, Lisa; Unemo, Magnus; Okamoto, Jennifer; Davis, Ronald W.; Pourmand, Nader
2013-01-01
Here we describe the novel Sequencing Bead Array (SBA), a complete assay for molecular diagnostics and typing applications. SBA is a digital suspension array using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), to replace conventional optical readout platforms. The technology allows for reducing the number of instruments required in a laboratory setting, where the same NGS instrument could be employed from whole-genome and targeted sequencing to SBA broad-range biomarker detection and genotyping. As proof-of-concept, a model assay was designed that could distinguish ten Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes associated with cervical cancer progression. SBA was used to genotype 20 cervical tumor samples and, when compared with amplicon pyrosequencing, was able to detect two additional co-infections due to increased sensitivity. We also introduce in-house software Sphix, enabling easy accessibility and interpretation of results. The technology offers a multi-parallel, rapid, robust, and scalable system that is readily adaptable for a multitude of microarray diagnostic and typing applications, e.g. genetic signatures, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), structural variations, and immunoassays. SBA has the potential to dramatically change the way we perform probe-based applications, and allow for a smooth transition towards the technology offered by genomic sequencing. PMID:24116138
13 CFR 123.410 - Which loan requests will SBA fund?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... each application (loan request) as it is received. SBA will fund loan requests which meet the selection... allocated all available program funds. Multiple applications received on the same day will be ranked by a computer based random selection system to determine their funding order. SBA will notify you in writing of...
13 CFR 123.410 - Which loan requests will SBA fund?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... each application (loan request) as it is received. SBA will fund loan requests which meet the selection... allocated all available program funds. Multiple applications received on the same day will be ranked by a computer based random selection system to determine their funding order. SBA will notify you in writing of...
13 CFR 123.410 - Which loan requests will SBA fund?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... each application (loan request) as it is received. SBA will fund loan requests which meet the selection... allocated all available program funds. Multiple applications received on the same day will be ranked by a computer based random selection system to determine their funding order. SBA will notify you in writing of...
Different CO2 absorbents-modified SBA-15 sorbent for highly selective CO2 capture
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Xiuwu; Zhai, Xinru; Liu, Dongyang; Sun, Yan
2017-05-01
Different CO2 absorbents-modified SBA-15 materials are used as CO2 sorbent to improve the selectivity of CH4/CO2 separation. The SBA-15 sorbents modified by physical CO2 absorbents are very limited to increasing CO2 adsorption and present poor selectivity. However, the SBA-15 sorbents modified by chemical CO2 absorbents increase CO2 adsorption capacity obviously. The separation coefficients of CO2/CH4 increase in this case. The adsorption and regeneration properties of the SBA-15 sorbents modified by TEA, MDEA and DIPA have been compared. The SBA-15 modified by triethanolamine (TEA) presents better CO2/CH4 separation performance than the materials modified by other CO2 absorbents.
Sol Gel-Derived SBA-16 Mesoporous Material
Rivera-Muñoz, Eric M.; Huirache-Acuña, Rafael
2010-01-01
The aim of this article is to review current knowledge related to the synthesis and characterization of sol gel-derived SBA-16 mesoporous silicas, as well as a review of the state of the art in this issue, to take stock of knowledge about current and future applications. The ease of the method of preparation, the orderly structure, size and shape of their pores and control, all these achievable through simple changes in the method of synthesis, makes SBA-16 a very versatile material, potentially applicable in many areas of science and molecular engineering of materials. PMID:20957080
13 CFR 107.1570 - Distributions by Licensee-optional Distribution to private investors and SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... from Institutional Investors) below the minimum required under § 107.210, unless SBA approves the... Distribution to private investors and SBA. 107.1570 Section 107.1570 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... private investors and SBA. If you have outstanding Participating Securities or Earmarked Assets, you may...
13 CFR 107.1570 - Distributions by Licensee-optional Distribution to private investors and SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... from Institutional Investors) below the minimum required under § 107.210, unless SBA approves the... Distribution to private investors and SBA. 107.1570 Section 107.1570 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... private investors and SBA. If you have outstanding Participating Securities or Earmarked Assets, you may...
13 CFR 107.1570 - Distributions by Licensee-optional Distribution to private investors and SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... from Institutional Investors) below the minimum required under § 107.210, unless SBA approves the... Distribution to private investors and SBA. 107.1570 Section 107.1570 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... private investors and SBA. If you have outstanding Participating Securities or Earmarked Assets, you may...
13 CFR 107.1570 - Distributions by Licensee-optional Distribution to private investors and SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... from Institutional Investors) below the minimum required under § 107.210, unless SBA approves the... Distribution to private investors and SBA. 107.1570 Section 107.1570 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... private investors and SBA. If you have outstanding Participating Securities or Earmarked Assets, you may...
Effects of freezing on the bactericidal activity of human milk.
Takci, Sahin; Gulmez, Dolunay; Yigit, Sule; Dogan, Ozlem; Dik, Kezban; Hascelik, Gulsen
2012-08-01
Storage of human milk by freezing has been recommended for long-term storage. The present study analyzed the bactericidal activity of human milk on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and determined the changes in bactericidal activity following freezing at -20°C and -80°C for 1 month and 3 months. Forty-eight milk samples were collected from 48 lactating mothers. Each sample was divided into 10 aliquots. Two of the samples were processed immediately and the others were stored at both -20°C and -80°C until analysis after 1 month and 3 months of freezing. All of the fresh milk samples showed bactericidal activity against E coli and P aeruginosa. Freezing at -20°C for 1 month did not cause statistically significant alteration in bactericidal activity (P > 0.017), whereas storage for 3 months lowered the degree of bactericidal activity significantly (P < 0.017) against E coli. Bactericidal activity was protected when the samples were stored at -80°C. There was no statistically significant difference in the bactericidal activity of human milk against E coli between freezing at -20°C and -80°C for 1 month (P > 0.017); however, when milk was stored for 3 months, -80°C was significantly more protective (P < 0.017). Freezing at -20°C and -80°C for 1 month and 3 months did not cause any significant change in bactericidal activity against P aeruginosa (P > 0.05). Storage by freezing at -80°C is more appropriate to keep bactericidal capacity of stored human milk >1 month if affordable and available, especially in intensive care settings.
13 CFR 123.412 - What happens if SBA declines your business' pre-disaster mitigation loan request?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What happens if SBA declines your...' loan request, SBA will notify your business in writing giving specific reasons for decline. If your business disagrees with SBA's decision, it may respond in accordance with § 123.13. If SBA reverses its...
Functional Activity of Antibodies Directed towards Flagellin Proteins of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella
Boyd, Mary A.; Wang, Jin Y.; Tulapurkar, Mohan E.; Pasetti, Marcela F.; Levine, Myron M.; Simon, Raphael
2016-01-01
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are major causes of invasive bacterial infections in children under 5 years old in sub-Saharan Africa, with case fatality rates of ~20%. There are no licensed NTS vaccines for humans. Vaccines that induce antibodies against a Salmonella Typhi surface antigen, Vi polysaccharide, significantly protect humans against typhoid fever, establishing that immune responses to Salmonella surface antigens can be protective. Flagella proteins, abundant surface antigens in Salmonella serovars that cause human disease, are also powerful immunogens, but the functional capacity of elicited anti-flagellar antibodies and their role in facilitating bacterial clearance has been unclear. We examined the ability of anti-flagellar antibodies to mediate microbial killing by immune system components in-vitro and assessed their role in protecting mice against invasive Salmonella infection. Polyclonal (hyperimmune sera) and monoclonal antibodies raised against phase 1 flagellin proteins of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium facilitated bacterial uptake and killing of the homologous serovar pathogen by phagocytes. Polyclonal anti-flagellar antibodies accompanied by complement also achieved direct bacterial killing. Serum bactericidal activity was restricted to Salmonella serovars expressing the same flagellin used as immunogen. Notably, individual anti-flagellin monoclonal antibodies with complement were not bactericidal, but this biological activity was restored when different monoclonal anti-flagellin antibodies were combined. Passive transfer immunization with a monoclonal IgG antibody specific for phase 1 flagellin from S. Typhimurium protected mice against lethal challenge with a representative African invasive S. Typhimurium strain. These findings have relevance for the use of flagellin proteins in NTS vaccines, and confirm the role of anti-flagellin antibodies as mediators of protective immunity. PMID:26998925
32 CFR 644.512 - DA-SBA joint set-aside determination.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true DA-SBA joint set-aside determination. 644.512 Section 644.512 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL... Stone § 644.512 DA-SBA joint set-aside determination. Section 15 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C...
7 CFR 4290.509 - Employment of USDA or SBA officials.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Employment of USDA or SBA officials. 4290.509 Section... (âRBICâ) PROGRAM Managing the Operations of a RBIC General Requirements § 4290.509 Employment of USDA... of SBA or USDA within one year before such date; and (2) In that capacity, occupied a position or...
7 CFR 4290.509 - Employment of USDA or SBA officials.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Employment of USDA or SBA officials. 4290.509 Section... (âRBICâ) PROGRAM Managing the Operations of a RBIC General Requirements § 4290.509 Employment of USDA... professional services, any person who: (1) Served as an officer, attorney, agent, or employee of SBA or USDA...
7 CFR 4290.509 - Employment of USDA or SBA officials.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Employment of USDA or SBA officials. 4290.509 Section... (âRBICâ) PROGRAM Managing the Operations of a RBIC General Requirements § 4290.509 Employment of USDA... of SBA or USDA within one year before such date; and (2) In that capacity, occupied a position or...
7 CFR 4290.509 - Employment of USDA or SBA officials.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Employment of USDA or SBA officials. 4290.509 Section... (âRBICâ) PROGRAM Managing the Operations of a RBIC General Requirements § 4290.509 Employment of USDA... an officer, attorney, agent, or employee of SBA or USDA within one year before such date; and (2) In...
7 CFR 4290.509 - Employment of USDA or SBA officials.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Employment of USDA or SBA officials. 4290.509 Section... (âRBICâ) PROGRAM Managing the Operations of a RBIC General Requirements § 4290.509 Employment of USDA... professional services, any person who: (1) Served as an officer, attorney, agent, or employee of SBA or USDA...
Mg-MOF-74@SBA-15 hybrids: Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption properties
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Chakraborty, Anindita; Maji, Tapas Kumar, E-mail: tmaji@jncasr.ac.in
2014-12-01
Nanocrystals of Mg-MOF-74 have been immobilized into the mesopores of SBA-15 rods to fabricate Mg-MOF-74@SBA-15 hybrid materials. To furnish such composites, a relatively simple synthetic strategy has been adopted by direct dispersion of the metal-organic framework (MOF) precursors in SBA-15 matrix to prepare the hybrid materials in situ. The hybrid materials have been characterized using powder X-ray diffraction and several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, which suggest growth of the MOF nanocrystals inside the SBA-15 mesopores and the composites exhibit characteristics of both the components. N{sub 2} adsorption isotherms at 77 K reveal that the composites contain additional mesopores, compared tomore » only micropores of pristine MOF nanocrystals. In addition to such combination of both micro and mesoporosity, the composites also demonstrate significant CO{sub 2} adsorption at room temperature.« less
13 CFR 120.521 - What interest rate applies after SBA purchases its guaranteed portion?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What interest rate applies after... 504 Loans Sba's Purchase of A Guaranteed Portion § 120.521 What interest rate applies after SBA purchases its guaranteed portion? When SBA purchases the guaranteed portion of a fixed interest rate loan...
13 CFR 147.400 - What are my responsibilities as a(n) SBA awarding official?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... Awarding Officials § 147.400 What are my responsibilities as a(n) SBA awarding official? As a(n) SBA awarding official, you must obtain each recipient's agreement, as a condition of the award, to comply with...(n) SBA awarding official? 147.400 Section 147.400 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS...
Bermudez, Maria A; Sendon-Lago, Juan; Eiro, Noemi; Treviño, Mercedes; Gonzalez, Francisco; Yebra-Pimentel, Eva; Giraldez, Maria Jesus; Macia, Manuel; Lamelas, Maria Luz; Saa, Jorge; Vizoso, Francisco; Perez-Fernandez, Roman
2015-01-22
To evaluate the effect of conditioned medium from human uterine cervical stem cells (CM-hUCESCs) on corneal epithelial healing in a rat model of dry eye after alkaline corneal epithelial ulcer. We also tested the bactericidal effect of CM-hUCESCs. Dry eye was induced in rats by extraocular lacrimal gland excision, and corneal ulcers were produced using NaOH. Corneal histologic evaluation was made with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines. We also studied the bactericidal effect of CM-hUCESCs in vitro and on infected corneal contact lenses (CLs) using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. In addition, in order to investigate proteins from CM-hUCESCs that could mediate these effects, we carried out a human cytokine antibody array. After injury, dry eyes treated with CM-hUCESCs significantly improved epithelial regeneration and showed reduced corneal macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) and TNF-α mRNA expression as compared to untreated eyes and eyes treated with culture medium or sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic drops. In addition, we found in CM-hUCESCs high levels of proteins, such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2, fibroblast growth factor 6 and 7, urokinase receptor, and hepatocyte growth factor, that could mediate these effects. In vitro, CM-hUCESCs showed a clear bactericidal effect on both E. coli and S. epidermidis and CLs infected with S. epidermidis. Analyses of CM-hUCESCs showed elevated levels of proteins that could be involved in the bactericidal effect, such as the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligands 1, 6, 8, 10, and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 5 and 20. Treatment with CM-hUCESCs improved wound healing of alkali-injured corneas and showed a strong bactericidal effect on CLs. Patients using CLs and suffering from dry eye, allergies induced by commercial solutions, or small corneal injuries could benefit from this treatment
Santolaya, Maria Elena; O'Ryan, Miguel; Valenzuela, María Teresa; Prado, Valeria; Vergara, Rodrigo F; Muñoz, Alma; Toneatto, Daniela; Graña, Gabriela; Wang, Huajun; Dull, Peter M
2013-01-01
We previously demonstrated the immunogenicity and tolerability of the serogroup B meningococcal vaccine, 4CMenB (Bexsero®), in 11−17 y-olds randomized to receive 1, 2, or 3 doses at 1, 2, or 6 mo intervals. Participants in this extension study provided an additional blood sample 18−24 mo after last vaccine dose, to assess persistence of serum bactericidal activity with human complement (hSBA), and to compare with age-matched 4CMenB-naïve controls. In the original study, one month after one 4CMenB dose, 93% of subjects had seroprotective hSBA titers (≥4) against indicator serogroup B strains for individual vaccine antigens (fHbp, NadA and NZOMV), increasing to ~100% after two or three doses. After 18−24 mo, 62−73% of subjects given one dose had titers ≥4 against the three antigens, significantly lower rates than after two (77−94%) or three (86−97%) doses. Only proportions with titers ≥ 4 against NZOMV were significantly different between the two (77%) and three (90%, p < 0.0001) dose groups. These results confirm that two doses of 4CMenB, administered 1 to 6 mo apart, provide good levels of bactericidal activity against serogroup B meningococci, which were sustained at least 18−24 mo in over 64% of adolescents for all three tested vaccine-related antigens. PMID:23811804
Two Major Medicinal Honeys Have Different Mechanisms of Bactericidal Activity
Kwakman, Paulus H. S.; te Velde, Anje A.; de Boer, Leonie; Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Christina M. J. E.; Zaat, Sebastian A. J.
2011-01-01
Honey is increasingly valued for its antibacterial activity, but knowledge regarding the mechanism of action is still incomplete. We assessed the bactericidal activity and mechanism of action of Revamil® source (RS) honey and manuka honey, the sources of two major medical-grade honeys. RS honey killed Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 2 hours, whereas manuka honey had such rapid activity only against B. subtilis. After 24 hours of incubation, both honeys killed all tested bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but manuka honey retained activity up to higher dilutions than RS honey. Bee defensin-1 and H2O2 were the major factors involved in rapid bactericidal activity of RS honey. These factors were absent in manuka honey, but this honey contained 44-fold higher concentrations of methylglyoxal than RS honey. Methylglyoxal was a major bactericidal factor in manuka honey, but after neutralization of this compound manuka honey retained bactericidal activity due to several unknown factors. RS and manuka honey have highly distinct compositions of bactericidal factors, resulting in large differences in bactericidal activity. PMID:21394213
13 CFR 101.105 - Who may use SBA's official seal and for what purpose?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Who may use SBA's official seal... ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.105 Who may use SBA's official seal and for what purpose? (a) General. This section describes the official seal of the SBA and prescribes rules for its use. (b...
13 CFR 101.105 - Who may use SBA's official seal and for what purpose?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Who may use SBA's official seal... ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.105 Who may use SBA's official seal and for what purpose? (a) General. This section describes the official seal of the SBA and prescribes rules for its use. (b...
Hydroxyapatite/MCM-41 and SBA-15 Nano-Composites: Preparation, Characterization and Applications
Anunziata, Oscar A.; Martínez, Maria L.; Beltramone, Andrea R.
2009-01-01
Composites of hydroxyapatite (HaP) and highly ordered large pore mesoporous silica molecular sieves such as, Al-SBA-15 and Al-MCM-41 (denoted as SBA-15 and MCM-41, respectively) were developed, characterized by XRD, BET, FTIR, HRTEM and NMR-MAS, and applied to fluoride retention from contaminated water. The proposed procedure by a new route to prepare the HaP/SBA-15 and HaP/MCM-41, composites generates materials with aluminum only in tetrahedral coordination, according to the 27Al NMR-MAS results. Free OH- groups of HaP nanocrystals, within the hosts, allowed high capacity fluoride retention. The activity of fluoride retention using HaP/MCM-41 or HaP/SBA-15 was 1-2 orders of magnitude greater, respectively, than with pure HaP.
13 CFR 120.713 - Does SBA provide technical assistance to Intermediaries?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Does SBA provide technical assistance to Intermediaries? 120.713 Section 120.713 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Microloan Program § 120.713 Does SBA provide technical assistance to Intermediaries...
13 CFR 120.713 - Does SBA provide technical assistance to Intermediaries?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Does SBA provide technical assistance to Intermediaries? 120.713 Section 120.713 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Microloan Program § 120.713 Does SBA provide technical assistance to Intermediaries...
13 CFR 107.510 - SBA approval of Licensee's Investment Adviser/Manager.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false SBA approval of Licensee's Investment Adviser/Manager. 107.510 Section 107.510 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS... Compensation § 107.510 SBA approval of Licensee's Investment Adviser/Manager. You may employ an Investment...
Effect of Bromide-Hypochlorite Bactericides on Microorganisms1
Shere, Lewis; Kelley, Maurice J.; Richardson, J. Harold
1962-01-01
A new principle in compounding stable, granular bactericidal products led to unique combinations of a water-soluble inorganic bromide salt with a hypochlorite-type disinfectant of either inorganic or organic type. Microbiological results are shown for an inorganic bactericide composed of chlorinated trisodium phosphate containing 3.1% “available chlorine” and 2% potassium bromide, and for an organic bactericide formulated from sodium dichloroisocyanurate so as to contain 13.4% “available chlorine” and 8% potassium bromide. Comparison of these products with their nonbromide counterparts are reported for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus lactis, Aerobacter aerogenes, and Proteus vulgaris. Test methods employed were the Chambers test, the A.O.A.C. Germicidal and Detergent Sanitizer-Official test, and the Available Chlorine Germicidal Equivalent Concentration test. The minimal killing concentrations for the bromide-hypochlorite bactericides against this variety of organisms were reduced by a factor 2 to 24 times those required for similar hypochlorite-type disinfectants not containing the bromide. PMID:13977149
13 CFR 107.1230 - Draw-downs by Licensee under SBA's Leverage commitment.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... been no material adverse change in your financial condition since your last filing of SBA Form 468 (see... belief, you are in compliance with all provisions of the Act and SBA regulations (i.e., no unresolved...
2013-01-01
Background Catalytic deoxygenation is a prominent process for production of renewable fuels from vegetable oil. In this work, deoxygenation of technical grade methyl oleate to diesel fuel aliphatic hydrocarbons (C15 – C18) is evaluated with several parameters including temperature, hydrogen pressure and reaction time in a stirred batch reactor over Pd/SBA-15 catalysts. Results Two different SBA-15 morphologies i.e. spherelike and necklacelike structures have been synthesize as supports for Pd active metal. It is found that Pd dispersion on necklacelike SBA-15 is higher than that of spherelike SBA-15. Notably, higher Pd dispersion on necklacelike SBA-15 provides significant deoxygenation efficiency as compared to Pd/SBA-15-spherelike. Results show that H2 pressures greatly determine the total ester conversion and selectivity to C15 – C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons. Total ester conversions with 55< selectivity to n-heptadecane are achieved using Pd/SBA-15-necklacelike at 270°C and 60 bar H2 pressure within 6 h reaction time. Gas phase study reveals that formation of C17 is generated via indirect decarbonylation when the reaction time is prolonged. Conclusions Pd/SBA-15-necklacelike catalyst exhibits good catalytic performance with high selectivity to diesellike aliphatic hydrocarbons (C15 – C18). The physicochemical properties of the Pd supported on different SBA-15 morphologies influence the deoxygenation activity of the catalysts. Furthermore, the reaction pathways are governed by the H2 pressure as well as reaction duration. PMID:24011181
13 CFR 120.434 - What are SBA's requirements for loan pledges?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What are SBA's requirements for loan pledges? 120.434 Section 120.434 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Other Conveyances § 120.434 What are SBA's requirements for loan pledges? (a) Except...
13 CFR 126.304 - What must a concern submit to SBA?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... changes that could affect its eligibility. The concern must also submit any additional information... boundaries of an Indian reservation must use SBA's maps (located at https://eweb1.sba.gov/hubzone/internet... Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Land Titles and Records Office with jurisdiction over the concern's area...
13 CFR 107.650 - Requirement to report portfolio valuations to SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requirement to report portfolio valuations to SBA. 107.650 Section 107.650 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL... Reporting Requirements for Licensees § 107.650 Requirement to report portfolio valuations to SBA. You must...
Giuntini, Serena; Beernink, Peter T; Reason, Donald C; Granoff, Dan M
2012-01-01
Meningococcal factor H binding protein (fHbp) is a promising vaccine candidate. Anti-fHbp antibodies can bind to meningococci and elicit complement-mediated bactericidal activity directly. The antibodies also can block binding of the human complement down-regulator, factor H (fH). Without bound fH, the organism would be expected to have increased susceptibility to bacteriolysis. Here we describe bactericidal activity of two anti-fHbp mAbs with overlapping epitopes in relation to their different effects on fH binding and bactericidal activity. Both mAbs recognized prevalent fHbp sequence variants in variant group 1. Using yeast display and site-specific mutagenesis, binding of one of the mAbs (JAR 1, IgG3) to fHbp was eliminated by a single amino acid substitution, R204A, and was decreased by K143A but not by R204H or D142A. The JAR 1 epitope overlapped that of previously described mAb (mAb502, IgG2a) whose binding to fHbp was eliminated by R204A or R204H substitutions, and was decreased by D142A but not by K143A. Although JAR 1 and mAb502 appeared to have overlapping epitopes, only JAR 1 inhibited binding of fH to fHbp and had human complement-mediated bactericidal activity. mAb502 enhanced fH binding and lacked human complement-mediated bactericidal activity. To control for confounding effects of different mouse IgG subclasses on complement activation, we created chimeric mAbs in which the mouse mAb502 or JAR 1 paratopes were paired with human IgG1 constant regions. While both chimeric mAbs showed similar binding to fHbp, only JAR 1, which inhibited fH binding, had human complement-mediated bactericidal activity. The lack of human complement-mediated bactericidal activity by anti-fHbp mAb502 appeared to result from an inability to inhibit binding of fH. These results underscore the importance of inhibition of fH binding for anti-fHbp mAb bactericidal activity.
Antagonism between Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Antibiotics Is Prevalent
Lázár, Viktória; Papp, Balázs; Arnoldini, Markus; Abel zur Wiesch, Pia; Busa-Fekete, Róbert; Fekete, Gergely; Pál, Csaba; Ackermann, Martin; Bonhoeffer, Sebastian
2014-01-01
Combination therapy is rarely used to counter the evolution of resistance in bacterial infections. Expansion of the use of combination therapy requires knowledge of how drugs interact at inhibitory concentrations. More than 50 years ago, it was noted that, if bactericidal drugs are most potent with actively dividing cells, then the inhibition of growth induced by a bacteriostatic drug should result in an overall reduction of efficacy when the drug is used in combination with a bactericidal drug. Our goal here was to investigate this hypothesis systematically. We first constructed time-kill curves using five different antibiotics at clinically relevant concentrations, and we observed antagonism between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs. We extended our investigation by performing a screen of pairwise combinations of 21 different antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations, and we found that strong antagonistic interactions were enriched significantly among combinations of bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs. Finally, since our hypothesis relies on phenotypic effects produced by different drug classes, we recreated these experiments in a microfluidic device and performed time-lapse microscopy to directly observe and quantify the growth and division of individual cells with controlled antibiotic concentrations. While our single-cell observations supported the antagonism between bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs, they revealed an unexpected variety of cellular responses to antagonistic drug combinations, suggesting that multiple mechanisms underlie the interactions. PMID:24867991
13 CFR 102.39 - SBA's exempt Privacy Act systems of records.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA's exempt Privacy Act systems... DISCLOSURE AND PRIVACY Protection of Privacy and Access to Individual Records Under the Privacy Act of 1974 § 102.39 SBA's exempt Privacy Act systems of records. (a) Systems of records subject to investigatory...
Inoue, K; Yano, K; Amano, T
1974-12-01
When an antibody-sensitized, phospholipase A-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli B/SM was treated with complement in the absence of lysozyme, bacterial phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was liberated into the lipid fraction of the surrounding medium, but only traces of its degradation products were found in this fraction. Therefore, most of the degradation of bacterial PE to FFA and LPE observed in the usual immune bactericidal reaction (Inoue et al., 1974) must be the result of the action of bacterial phospholipase A which is activated or becomes accessible to its substrate on formation of lesions by complement. The mechanism of complement-mediated formation of membrane lesions is discussed on the basis of these results.
Walmsley, R S; Zhao, M H; Hamilton, M I; Brownlee, A; Chapman, P; Pounder, R E; Wakefield, A J; Lockwood, C M
1997-01-01
BACKGROUND: Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), a constituent of primary neutrophil granules, is a potent natural antibiotic and an antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) antigen in cases of vasculitis in which the target antigen is neither myeloperoxidase (MPO) nor proteinase-3 (PR3). AIM: To investigate BPI as a possible target antigen for ANCAs in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: ANCAs were detected by routine immunofluorescence (IIF) and solid phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed for antibodies to the purified neutrophil granule proteins; MPO, PR3, cathepsin-G, lactoferrin, and BPI in serum samples from 88 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (36 with Crohn's disease, 52 with ulcerative colitis). Thirty patients with bacterial enteritis acted as controls. RESULTS: Significantly more patients with ulcerative colitis were ANCA positive by IIF (60%) than patients with Crohn's disease (28%) or infectious enteritis (23%) (p < 0.001). IgG anti-BPI antibodies were present in 29% of patients with ulcerative colitis, 14% of patients with Crohn's disease, and 23% of patients with infectious enteritis, occurring in 44% of those patients with inflammatory bowel disease who were ANCA positive by IIF. Antibodies to other ANCA antigens were rare. The presence of ANCAs was not related to either disease activity or extent; presence of anti-BPI antibodies was significantly related to both a lower serum albumin concentration (p = 0.001) and a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.02) in patients with ulcerative colitis, and to colonic involvement in patients with Crohn's disease (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: BPI is a significant minority target antigen for ANCAs in inflammatory bowel disease that seems related to colonic Crohn's disease and disease activity in ulcerative colitis. Anti-BPI antibodies occur in infectious enteritis. PMID:9155585
Plested, Joyce S; Welsch, Jo Anne; Granoff, Dan M
2009-06-01
The binding of complement factor H (fH) to meningococci was recently found to be specific for human fH. Therefore, passive protective antibody activity measured in animal models of meningococcal bacteremia may overestimate protection in humans, since in the absence of bound fH, complement activation is not downregulated. We developed an ex vivo model of meningococcal bacteremia using nonimmune human blood to measure the passive protective activity of stored sera from 36 adults who had been immunized with an investigational meningococcal multicomponent recombinant protein vaccine. Before immunization, human complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity (SBA) titers of > or = 1:4 against group B strains H44/76, NZ98/254, and S3032 were present in 19, 11, and 8% of subjects, respectively; these proportions increased to 97, 22, and 36%, respectively, 1 month after dose 3 (P < 0.01 for H44/76 and S3032). Against the two SBA-resistant strains, NZ98/254 and S3032, passive protective titers of > or = 1:4 were present in 11 and 42% of sera before immunization, respectively, and these proportions increased to 61 and 94% after immunization (P < 0.001 for each strain). Most of the sera with SBA titers of <1:4 and passive protective activity showed a level of killing in the whole-blood assay (>1 to 2 log(10) decreases in CFU/ml during a 90-min incubation) similar to that of sera with SBA titers of > or = 1:4. In conclusion, passive protective activity was 2.6- to 2.8-fold more frequent than SBA after immunization. The ability of SBA-negative sera to kill Neisseria meningitidis in human blood where fH is bound to the bacteria provides further evidence that SBA titers of > or = 1:4 measured with human complement may underestimate meningococcal immunity.
13 CFR 127.502 - How will SBA identify and provide notice of the designated industries?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... notice of the designated industries? 127.502 Section 127.502 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... § 127.502 How will SBA identify and provide notice of the designated industries? SBA will post on its Internet Web site at http://www.sba.gov a list of NAICS Industry Subsector industries it designates under...
13 CFR 127.502 - How will SBA identify and provide notice of the designated industries?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... notice of the designated industries? 127.502 Section 127.502 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... § 127.502 How will SBA identify and provide notice of the designated industries? SBA will post on its Internet Web site at http://www.sba.gov a list of NAICS Industry Subsector industries it designates under...
Bactericidal activity of antibiotics against Legionella micdadei (Pittsburgh pneumonia agent).
Dowling, J N; Weyant, R S; Pasculle, A W
1982-01-01
The bactericidal activity of five antibiotics for Legionella micdadei was determined by the construction of time-kill curves. Erythromycin, rifampin, penicillin G, cephalothin, and gentamicin were bactericidal for L. micdadei at readily achievable concentrations. The minimal bactericidal concentrations, defined as those producing 99.9% killing within 24 h, were: erythromycin, 4.6; rifampin, 0.13; penicillin G, 0.25; cephalothin, 2.5; and gentamicin, 0.25 micrograms/ml. The ratios of the minimal bactericidal to minimal inhibitory concentrations for these antibiotics ranged from 1 to 8. Thus, the poor in vivo activity of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics against L. micdadei cannot be ascribed to a lack of killing by these agents. PMID:6927637
Zhou, Zheng; Hu, Taishan; Zhou, Xue; Wildum, Steffen; Garcia-Alcalde, Fernando; Xu, Zhiheng; Wu, Daitze; Mao, Yi; Tian, Xiaojun; Zhou, Yuan; Shen, Fang; Zhang, Zhisen; Tang, Guozhi; Najera, Isabel; Yang, Guang; Shen, Hong C.; Young, John A. T.; Qin, Ning
2017-01-01
Heteroaryldihydropyrimidine (HAP) and sulfamoylbenzamide (SBA) are promising non-nucleos(t)ide HBV replication inhibitors. HAPs are known to promote core protein mis-assembly, but the molecular mechanism of abnormal assembly is still elusive. Likewise, the assembly status of core protein induced by SBA remains unknown. Here we show that SBA, unlike HAP, does not promote core protein mis-assembly. Interestingly, two reference compounds HAP_R01 and SBA_R01 bind to the same pocket at the dimer-dimer interface in the crystal structures of core protein Y132A hexamer. The striking difference lies in a unique hydrophobic subpocket that is occupied by the thiazole group of HAP_R01, but is unperturbed by SBA_R01. Photoaffinity labeling confirms the HAP_R01 binding pose at the dimer-dimer interface on capsid and suggests a new mechanism of HAP-induced mis-assembly. Based on the common features in crystal structures we predict that T33 mutations generate similar susceptibility changes to both compounds. In contrast, mutations at positions in close contact with HAP-specific groups (P25A, P25S, or V124F) only reduce susceptibility to HAP_R01, but not to SBA_R01. Thus, HAP and SBA are likely to have distinctive resistance profiles. Notably, P25S and V124F substitutions exist in low-abundance quasispecies in treatment-naïve patients, suggesting potential clinical relevance. PMID:28205569
13 CFR 108.1710 - SBA authority to collect or compromise its claims.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA authority to collect or compromise its claims. 108.1710 Section 108.1710 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM SBA Financial Assistance for NMVC Companies (Leverage...
Pace, David; Khatami, Ameneh; Attard-Montalto, Simon; Voysey, Merryn; Finn, Adam; Faust, Saul N; Heath, Paul T; Borrow, Ray; Snape, Matthew D; Pollard, Andrew J
2016-12-07
Use of a polysaccharide vaccine challenge to demonstrate immunologic memory after priming with capsular group C meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MenCC) risks induction of immunologic hyporesponsiveness. For this reason, MenCC vaccines are now used as probes of immunologic memory, however, no studies have demonstrated their ability to distinguish primed from unprimed children. This study was part of a randomised controlled trial investigating the immunogenicity of a booster dose of the combined Haemophilus influenzae type b and MenC-tetanus toxoid vaccine (Hib-MenC-TT) in infants receiving reduced dose MenCC vaccine priming schedules (one MenC-CRM/MenC-TT or two MenC-CRM vaccine doses) compared with an unprimed group. Antibody kinetics were studied in a subset of 269 children by measuring changes in the MenC serum bactericidal antibody, using rabbit complement, (MenC rSBA) titres and MenC specific IgG memory B-cells before and at 6 and 28days following the 12month booster vaccination. At 6days after the 12monthMenCC vaccine, the rise in MenC rSBA titres and MenC specific IgG memory B-cells of the primed groups were significantly higher than the infant MenCC naïve group. Participants primed with one MenC-TT dose had the highest increase in MenC rSBA titres compared with all other groups. The MenC rSBA titres at the 28th compared with the 6th day after boosting was significantly higher in those primed with a single MenC-TT/MenC-CRM vaccine in infancy compared with those who were not primed or who were primed with two doses of the MenC-CRM vaccine. Immunologic memory can be demonstrated by a MenCC booster vaccination but is affected by the type and number of MenCC doses used for infant priming. The MenC rSBA responses can be used to demonstrate successful immunologic priming. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
13 CFR 126.305 - What format must the certification to SBA take?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What format must the certification to SBA take? 126.305 Section 126.305 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION... submit the required information in either a written or electronic application form provided by SBA. An...
13 CFR 108.510 - SBA approval of NMVC Company's Investment Adviser/Manager.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false SBA approval of NMVC Company's Investment Adviser/Manager. 108.510 Section 108.510 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS... and Compensation § 108.510 SBA approval of NMVC Company's Investment Adviser/Manager. You may employ...
13 CFR 120.433 - What are SBA's other requirements for sales and sales of participating interests?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... for sales and sales of participating interests? 120.433 Section 120.433 Business Credit and Assistance... requirements for sales and sales of participating interests? SBA requires the following: (a) The Lender must be... Lender has satisfactory SBA performance, as determined by SBA in its discretion. The Lender's Risk Rating...
13 CFR 120.433 - What are SBA's other requirements for sales and sales of participating interests?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... for sales and sales of participating interests? 120.433 Section 120.433 Business Credit and Assistance... requirements for sales and sales of participating interests? SBA requires the following: (a) The Lender must be... Lender has satisfactory SBA performance, as determined by SBA in its discretion. The Lender's Risk Rating...
Broderick, Michael P; Romero-Steiner, Sandra; Rajam, Gowrisankar; Johnson, Scott E; Milton, Andrea; Kim, Ellie; Choi, Lisa J; Radin, Jennifer M; Schmidt, Daniel S; Carlone, George M; Messonnier, Nancy; Faix, Dennis J
2016-08-01
Immunological responses to vaccination can differ depending on whether the vaccine is given alone or with other vaccines. This study was a retrospective evaluation of the immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine for serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) administered alone (n = 41) or concomitantly with other vaccines (n = 279) to U.S. military personnel (mean age, 21.6 years) entering the military between 2006 and 2008. Concomitant vaccines included tetanus/diphtheria (Td), inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), hepatitis vaccines, and various influenza vaccines, among others; two vaccine groups excluded Tdap and IPV. Immune responses were evaluated in baseline and postvaccination sera for Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y 1 to 12 months (mean, 4.96 months) following vaccination. Functional antibodies were measured by using a serum bactericidal antibody assay with rabbit complement (rSBA) and by measurement of serogroup-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The percentage of vaccinees reaching threshold levels (IgG concentration in serum, ≥2 μg/ml; rSBA titer, ≥8) corresponding to an immunologic response was higher postvaccination than at baseline (P < 0.001). Administration of MenACWY along with other vaccines was associated with higher geometric means of IgG concentrations and rSBA titers than those measured 4.60 months after a single dose of MenACWY. In addition, higher percentages of vaccinees reached the immunological threshold (range of odds ratios [ORs], 1.5 to 21.7) and more of them seroconverted (OR range, 1.8 to 4.8) when MenACWY was administered with any other vaccine than when administered alone. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the observed differences among groups in the immune response to MenACWY when given concomitantly with other vaccines to U.S. military personnel. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Romero-Steiner, Sandra; Rajam, Gowrisankar; Johnson, Scott E.; Milton, Andrea; Kim, Ellie; Choi, Lisa J.; Radin, Jennifer M.; Schmidt, Daniel S.; Carlone, George M.; Messonnier, Nancy; Faix, Dennis J.
2016-01-01
Immunological responses to vaccination can differ depending on whether the vaccine is given alone or with other vaccines. This study was a retrospective evaluation of the immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine for serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) administered alone (n = 41) or concomitantly with other vaccines (n = 279) to U.S. military personnel (mean age, 21.6 years) entering the military between 2006 and 2008. Concomitant vaccines included tetanus/diphtheria (Td), inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), hepatitis vaccines, and various influenza vaccines, among others; two vaccine groups excluded Tdap and IPV. Immune responses were evaluated in baseline and postvaccination sera for Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y 1 to 12 months (mean, 4.96 months) following vaccination. Functional antibodies were measured by using a serum bactericidal antibody assay with rabbit complement (rSBA) and by measurement of serogroup-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The percentage of vaccinees reaching threshold levels (IgG concentration in serum, ≥2 μg/ml; rSBA titer, ≥8) corresponding to an immunologic response was higher postvaccination than at baseline (P < 0.001). Administration of MenACWY along with other vaccines was associated with higher geometric means of IgG concentrations and rSBA titers than those measured 4.60 months after a single dose of MenACWY. In addition, higher percentages of vaccinees reached the immunological threshold (range of odds ratios [ORs], 1.5 to 21.7) and more of them seroconverted (OR range, 1.8 to 4.8) when MenACWY was administered with any other vaccine than when administered alone. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the observed differences among groups in the immune response to MenACWY when given concomitantly with other vaccines to U.S. military personnel. PMID:27280619
13 CFR 101.104 - What are the functions of SBA's field offices?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What are the functions of SBA's field offices? 101.104 Section 101.104 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.104 What are the functions of SBA's field offices? (a) Regional offices. Regional...
13 CFR 142.41 - How does SBA protect the rights of defendants?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How does SBA protect the rights of... CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Decisions and Appeals § 142.41 How does SBA protect the rights of defendants? These procedures separate the functions of the investigating official, reviewing official, and...
13 CFR 126.803 - How will SBA process a HUBZone status protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... appeal by the AA/GC&BD, or designee, pursuant to § 126.805. If SBA upholds the protest, SBA will... against it. If the AA/GCBD subsequently overturns the initial determination or dismissal, the contracting... suspended until an appellate decision is rendered. (iii) If the AA/GCBD affirms the initial determination...
13 CFR 126.803 - How will SBA process a HUBZone status protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... appeal by the AA/GC&BD, or designee, pursuant to § 126.805. If SBA upholds the protest, SBA will... against it. If the AA/GCBD subsequently overturns the initial determination or dismissal, the contracting... suspended until an appellate decision is rendered. (iii) If the AA/GCBD affirms the initial determination...
13 CFR 126.803 - How will SBA process a HUBZone status protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... appeal by the AA/GC&BD, or designee, pursuant to § 126.805. If SBA upholds the protest, SBA will... against it. If the AA/GCBD subsequently overturns the initial determination or dismissal, the contracting... suspended until an appellate decision is rendered. (iii) If the AA/GCBD affirms the initial determination...
Preliminary flight prototype potable water bactericide system
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Jasionowski, W. J.; Allen, E. T.
1973-01-01
The development, design, and testing of a preliminary flight prototype potable water bactericide system are described. The system is an assembly of upgraded canisters composed of: (1) A biological filter; (2) an activated charcoal and ion exchange resin canister; (3) a silver chloride canister, (4) a deionizer, (5) a silver bromide canister with a partial bypass, and (6) mock-up instrumentation and circuitry. The system exhibited bactericidal activity against 10 to the 9th power Pseudomonas aeruginosa and/or Type IIIa, and reduced Bacillus subtilis by up to 5 orders of magnitude in 24 hours at ambient temperatures with a 1 ppm silver ion dose. Four efficacy tests were performed with a AgBr canister dosing anticipated fuel cell water. Tests show that a 0.05 ppm silver ion dose was bactericidal against 3 plus or minus 1 x 10 to the 9th power (5 plus or minus 1 x 10,000/ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa and/or Type IIIa in 15 minutes or less.
13 CFR 127.604 - How will SBA process an EDWOSB or WOSB status protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED SMALL BUSINESS FEDERAL CONTRACT ASSISTANCE PROCEDURES Protests § 127.604 How will SBA... determination. SBA's determination is effective immediately and is final unless overturned by OHA on appeal...
13 CFR 107.1600 - SBA authority to issue and guarantee Trust Certificates.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... guarantee by SBA of such TC is limited to the principal and interest due on the Debentures or the Redemption Price of and Prioritized Payments on Participating Securities in any Trust or Pool backing such TC. The... guarantee of any TC. (b) Periodic exercise of authority. SBA will issue guarantees of Debentures and...
13 CFR 107.1600 - SBA authority to issue and guarantee Trust Certificates.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... guarantee by SBA of such TC is limited to the principal and interest due on the Debentures or the Redemption Price of and Prioritized Payments on Participating Securities in any Trust or Pool backing such TC. The... guarantee of any TC. (b) Periodic exercise of authority. SBA will issue guarantees of Debentures and...
13 CFR 142.41 - How does SBA protect the rights of defendants?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How does SBA protect the rights of defendants? 142.41 Section 142.41 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Decisions and Appeals § 142.41 How does SBA protect the rights of...
13 CFR 142.41 - How does SBA protect the rights of defendants?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false How does SBA protect the rights of defendants? 142.41 Section 142.41 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Decisions and Appeals § 142.41 How does SBA protect the rights of...
13 CFR 142.41 - How does SBA protect the rights of defendants?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false How does SBA protect the rights of defendants? 142.41 Section 142.41 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Decisions and Appeals § 142.41 How does SBA protect the rights of...
13 CFR 142.41 - How does SBA protect the rights of defendants?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false How does SBA protect the rights of defendants? 142.41 Section 142.41 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS Decisions and Appeals § 142.41 How does SBA protect the rights of...
Gill, Christopher J; Baxter, Roger; Anemona, Alessandra; Ciavarro, Giuseppe; Dull, Peter
2010-11-01
The persistence of human bactericidal activity (hSBA) responses in adolescents was assessed 22 months after vaccination with one dose of Menveo® (MenACWY-CRM; Novartis) or Menactra® (MCV4) (sanofi pasteur). The proportion of subjects with hSBA titers ≥8 was significantly higher among recipients of MenACWY-CRM than MCV4 for serogroups A, W-135 and Y.
Palmer, Christine D; Guinan, Eva C; Levy, Ofer
2011-08-01
BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein) is a 55 kDa anti-infective molecule expressed in neutrophil and eosinophil granules and on some epithelial cells. BPI's high affinity for the lipid A region of endotoxin targets its opsonizing, microbicidal and endotoxin-neutralizing activities towards Gram-negative bacteria. Several immunocompromised patient populations demonstrate BPI deficiency, including newborns, those with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (as in cystic fibrosis and HIV infection) and those exposed to radiochemotherapy. BPI may be replenished by administering agents that induce its expression or by administration of recombinant BPI congeners, potentially shielding BPI-deficient individuals against Gram-negative bacterial infection, endotoxemia and its toxic sequelae.
PHAGOCYTIN: A BACTERICIDAL SUBSTANCE FROM POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Hirsch, James G.
1956-01-01
A technique has been developed for collecting large numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from peritoneal exudates in rabbits. These cells are obtained essentially free from other cell types and from debris. When microphages so procured are disrupted by physical methods and extracted with aqueous salt solutions, the soluble fraction manifests striking bactericidal activity, especially on Gram-negative enteric bacilli. The susceptible microorganisms are not lysed. This bactericidal substance, which has been called phagocytin, appears to be limited in distribution mainly to the polymorphonuclear leucocyte. No phagocytin is present in extracts of rabbit heart, kidney, or skeletal muscle, and rabbit liver and spleen contain much less than do packed leucocytes. Extracts of human and of guinea pig microphages show less bactericidal activity than rabbit cell preparations. Similar extracts of rat and mouse polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain no demonstrable phagocytin. As indicated by its behavior on dialysis, on exposure to proteolytic enzymes, and on salt fractionation, phagocytin appears to be a protein with general properties characteristic of a globulin. It is clearly different from lysozyme and from properdin. Although phagocytin is reasonably stable at temperatures of 65°C. and lower for several hours, solutions of it gradually lose bactericidal activity on standing for prolonged periods at 4°C. This instability, and also the ease with which phagocytin is inactivated, presumably by adsorption, on exposure to a variety of materials, have thus far rendered fruitless efforts to isolate it. PMID:13319580
Bactericidal activity of glutaraldehyde-like compounds from olive products.
Medina, Eduardo; Brenes, Manuel; García, Aranzazu; Romero, Concepción; de Castro, Antonio
2009-12-01
The bactericidal effects of several olive compounds (nonenal, oleuropein, tyrosol, the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl elenolic acid either free [EDA] or linked to tyrosol [TyEDA] or to hydroxytyrosol [HyEDA]), other food phenolic compounds (catechin, epicatechin, eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, and carnosic acid), and commercial disinfectants (glutaraldehyde [GTA] and ortho-phthalaldehyde [OPA]), were tested against strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. It was found that the bactericidal activities of olive GTA-like compounds (EDA, HyEDA, and TyEDA) were greater than those exerted by several food phenolic substances. Surprisingly, these olive antimicrobials were as active as the synthetic biocides GTA and OPA against the four bacteria studied. Thus, it has been proposed that the bactericidal activity of the main olive antimicrobials is primarily due to their dialdehydic structure, which is similar to that of the commercial biocides GTA and OPA. Our results clearly reveal that olive GTA-like compounds possess a strong bactericidal activity even greater than that of other food phenolic compounds or synthetic biocides.
13 CFR 107.630 - Requirement for Licensees to file financial statements with SBA (Form 468).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... Form 468 must be audited by an independent public accountant acceptable to SBA. (2) Insurance requirement for public accountant. Unless SBA approves otherwise, your independent public accountant must...
Bactericidal Activity and Postantibiotic Effect of Levofloxacin against Anaerobes
Pendland, Susan L.; Diaz-Linares, Mariela; Garey, Kevin W.; Woodward, Jennifer G.; Ryu, Seonyoung; Danziger, Larry H.
1999-01-01
The bactericidal activity and postantibiotic effect (PAE) of levofloxacin against nine anaerobes were determined. Levofloxacin at concentrations of the MIC and twice the MIC was bactericidal at 24 h to five of nine and nine of nine strains, respectively. The PAE of levofloxacin following a 2-h exposure ranged from 0.06 to 2.88 h. PMID:10508042
13 CFR 126.307 - Where will SBA maintain the List of qualified HUBZone SBCs?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
...? Qualified HUBZone SBCs are identified by running a search on CCR/DSBS (http://dsbs.sba.gov/dsbs/dsp_dsbs.cfm) and are listed on the HUBZone Web page at https://eweb1.sba.gov/hubzone/internet/general/approved...
13 CFR 105.204 - Assistance to SBA employees or members of their household.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Assistance to SBA employees or members of their household. 105.204 Section 105.204 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS... their household. Without the prior written approval of the Standards of Conduct Committee, no SBA...
13 CFR 121.107 - How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... Applicability § 121.107 How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”? In determining the primary industry in which a concern or a concern combined with its affiliates is engaged, SBA considers the distribution of receipts, employees and costs of doing business among the different industries in which...
13 CFR 121.107 - How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... Applicability § 121.107 How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”? In determining the primary industry in which a concern or a concern combined with its affiliates is engaged, SBA considers the distribution of receipts, employees and costs of doing business among the different industries in which...
13 CFR 121.107 - How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... Applicability § 121.107 How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”? In determining the primary industry in which a concern or a concern combined with its affiliates is engaged, SBA considers the distribution of receipts, employees and costs of doing business among the different industries in which...
13 CFR 121.107 - How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... Applicability § 121.107 How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”? In determining the primary industry in which a concern or a concern combined with its affiliates is engaged, SBA considers the distribution of receipts, employees and costs of doing business among the different industries in which...
13 CFR 121.107 - How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... Applicability § 121.107 How does SBA determine a concern's “primary industry”? In determining the primary industry in which a concern or a concern combined with its affiliates is engaged, SBA considers the distribution of receipts, employees and costs of doing business among the different industries in which...
Phanikrishna Sharma, M V; Durga Kumari, V; Subrahmanyam, M
2008-11-01
Photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of pesticides are studied over TiO(2) supported mesoporous SBA-15 composite system using solar light. TiO(2) is immobilized over SBA-15 by solid sate dispersion method. The catalysts are characterized by XRD, surface area, UV-Vis diffused reflectance spectra, SEM and TEM. The detailed photocatalytic degradation studies are carried out over TiO(2), SBA-15 and different TiO(2) wt% supported SBA-15. The activity evaluation parameters such as catalyst amount, pH, and pollutant initial concentration are studied taking isoproturon as a model compound and established conditions for pesticide degradation. The optimum degradation is achieved over 10 wt% TiO(2)/SBA-15 within 30 min and the reaction is following pseudo-first order kinetics. The isoproturon mineralization is monitored with TOC reduction and it takes around 9h for disappearance. The commercial pesticide solutions containing imidacloprid and phosphamidon are also successfully degraded over these composites with the established conditions. The data indicates that 10 wt% TiO(2)/SBA-15 composite is an effective and highly active system for the pesticide degradations.
Silver ion bactericide system. [for Space Shuttle Orbiter potable water
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Jasionowski, W. J.; Allen, E. T.
1974-01-01
Description of a preliminary flight prototype system which uses silver ions as the bactericide to preserve sterility of the water used for human consumption and hygiene in the Space Shuttle Orbiter. The performance of silver halide columns for passively dosing fuel cell water with silver ions is evaluated. Tests under simulated Orbiter mission conditions show that silver ion doses of 0.05 ppm are bactericidal for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Type IIIa, the two bacteria found in Apollo potable water systems. The design of the Advance Prototype Silver Ion Water Bactericide System now under development is discussed.
13 CFR 126.201 - Who does SBA consider to own a HUBZone SBC?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... persons who are U.S. citizens. (b) Partnerships. SBA considers all partners, whether general or limited, to be owners in a partnership. (c) Sole proprietorships. The proprietor is the owner. (d) Limited liability companies. SBA considers each member to be an owner of a limited liability company. [69 FR 29422...
A novel dichromate-sensitive fluorescent nano-chemosensor using new functionalized SBA-15.
Hosseini, Morteza; Gupta, Vinod Kumar; Ganjali, Mohammad Reza; Rafiei-Sarmazdeh, Zahra; Faridbod, Farnoush; Goldooz, Hassan; Badiei, Ali Reza; Norouzi, Parviz
2012-02-17
A novel fluorescence nano-chemosensor for Cr(2)O(7)(2-) anion has been developed by assembly of fluorescent aluminum complex of 8-hydroxyquinoline (AlQ(x)) within the channels of modified SBA-15. SBA-SPS-AlQ(x) shows a fluorescence emission at 486 nm. The observed remarkable fluorescence of SBA-SPS-AlQ(x) quenches in presence of Cr(2)O(7)(2-) anion. The results showed that this fluorescent nano-material can be a useful chemo-sensor for determination of dichromate anions in aqueous solutions. The linear detecting range of fluorescent nano-chemosensor for Cr(2)O(7)(2-) anion was 0.16-2.9 μmol L(-1). The lowest limit of detection (LDL) was also found to be 0.2 ng mL(-1) in aqueous solutions. SBA-SPS-AlQ(x) showed selectively and sensitively fluorescent quenching response toward Cr(2)O(7)(2-) ion in comparison with I(3)(-), NO(3)(-), CN(-), CO(3)(2-), Br(-), Cl(-), F(-), H(2)PO(4)(-) and SO(4)(2-) ions, which was because of the higher stability of its inorganic complex with dichromate ion. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BROWNLEE, AA; LOCKWOOD, CM
1999-01-01
Heat treatment of normal sera to 56°C for 30 min, a common procedure for the inactivation of viruses, e.g. HIV, reveals the presence of antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasm antigens (ANCA), as detected by indirect immunofluorescence on ethanol-fixed human neutrophils and by antigen-specific ELISA for BPI. Reactivity was not seen to the other common vasculitis-associated antigens proteinase 3 (PR3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO). The effect of temperature was maximal at 56°C, with substantial antibody demonstrable after only 5 min at this temperature. In experiments using polyethylene glycol (PEG)6000 to remove immune complexes, the effect of heating could be abrogated by preincubation with 8% PEG, which suggested that these anti BPI antibodies might be complexed in sera. After passage of normal plasma over a protein G column, the acid-eluted fraction contained elevated levels of antibodies to BPI but not to other vasculitis-associated antigens such as PR3 or MPO, nor to glomerular basement membrane (GBM), the Goodpasture antigen which is recognized by the pathogenically important human antibodies shown to mediate nephritis in transfer experiments. Moreover the levels of anti-BPI in the IgG fraction could be augmented by preincubation with glycine pH 2.5 for 30 min. This anti-BPI activity could be inhibited by addition of the unbound material from the protein G column and this inhibitory material was not heat-labile at 56°C. The molecular specificity of this autoreactivity was confirmed using recombinant BPI in coincubation experiments and the epitope localized to the C or N terminal moieties by the use of recombinant fusion proteins. PMID:10403934
13 CFR 121.105 - How does SBA define “business concern or concern”?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... concern or concernâ? 121.105 Section 121.105 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION... Applicability § 121.105 How does SBA define “business concern or concern”? (a)(1) Except for small agricultural cooperatives, a business concern eligible for assistance from SBA as a small business is a business entity...
13 CFR 120.542 - Payment by SBA of legal fees and other expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... will not pay. (1) SBA will not pay legal fees or other costs that a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator... law. (ii) In connection with actions of a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator's outside counsel for... actions which solely benefit a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator and which do not benefit SBA, as...
13 CFR 120.542 - Payment by SBA of legal fees and other expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... will not pay. (1) SBA will not pay legal fees or other costs that a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator... law. (ii) In connection with actions of a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator's outside counsel for... actions which solely benefit a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator and which do not benefit SBA, as...
13 CFR 120.542 - Payment by SBA of legal fees and other expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... will not pay. (1) SBA will not pay legal fees or other costs that a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator... law. (ii) In connection with actions of a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator's outside counsel for... actions which solely benefit a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator and which do not benefit SBA, as...
13 CFR 120.542 - Payment by SBA of legal fees and other expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... will not pay. (1) SBA will not pay legal fees or other costs that a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator... law. (ii) In connection with actions of a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator's outside counsel for... actions which solely benefit a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator and which do not benefit SBA, as...
13 CFR 120.542 - Payment by SBA of legal fees and other expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... will not pay. (1) SBA will not pay legal fees or other costs that a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator... law. (ii) In connection with actions of a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator's outside counsel for... actions which solely benefit a Lender or Authorized CDC Liquidator and which do not benefit SBA, as...
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Reddy, M. Jaipal; Chu, Peter P.
A composite of mesoporous silica (SBA-15) with a polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer electrolyte is examined for use in various electrochemical devices. Incorporation of SBA-15 in a PEO:LiClO 4 polymer electrolyte facilitates salt dissociation, enhances ion conductivity, and improves miscibility between organic and inorganic moieties. Optimized conductivity is found at 10 wt.% SBA-15 composition, above this concentration the conductivity is reduced due to aggregation of a SBA-15:Li rich phase. Heating above melt temperature of PEO allows more of the polymer segments to interact with SBA-15. This results in a greater degree of disorder upon cooling, and the ion conductivity is enhanced. A 7Li MAS NMR study reveals three types of lithium-ion coordination. Two major types of conduction mechanism can be identified: one through conventional amorphous PEO; a second via hopping in a sequential manner by replacing the nearby vacancies ('holes') on the surface (both interior and exterior) of the SBA-15 channels.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
El-Nahhal, Issa M.; Salem, Jamil K.; Selmane, Mohamed; Kodeh, Fawzi S.; Ebtihan, Heba A.
2017-01-01
Zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were loaded into mesoporous silica SBA-15 by post-synthesis and direct methods. The structural properties were characterized using wide and small angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD & SXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2-adsorption desorption (BET). The WXRD showed that, the loaded zinc and copper oxides were present in crystalline forms (impregnation). The mesoporosity properties of SBA-15 silica were well maintained even after the introduction of metal oxide nanoparticles. BET analysis indicate that the impregnated and condensed ZnO and CuO supported SBA-15 nanocomposites have a lower surface area than that of its parent SBA-15.
13 CFR 107.1520 - How a Licensee computes and allocates Prioritized Payments to SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How a Licensee computes and allocates Prioritized Payments to SBA. 107.1520 Section 107.1520 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES SBA Financial Assistance for Licensees...
13 CFR 107.1560 - Distributions by Licensee-required Distributions to private investors and SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Distributions by Licensee-required Distributions to private investors and SBA. 107.1560 Section 107.1560 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES SBA Financial Assistance for Licensees...
13 CFR 107.1570 - Distributions by Licensee-optional Distribution to private investors and SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Distributions by Licensee-optional Distribution to private investors and SBA. 107.1570 Section 107.1570 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES SBA Financial Assistance for Licensees...
Sun, Qiangqiang; Wang, Yu; Li, Laisheng; Bing, Jishuai; Wang, Yingxin; Yan, Huihua
2015-04-09
Comparative experiments were conducted to investigate the catalytic ability of MnO(x)/SBA-15 for the ozonation of clofibric acid (CA) and its reaction mechanism. Compared with ozonation alone, the degradation of CA was barely enhanced, while the removal of TOC was significantly improved by catalytic ozonation (O3/MnO(x)/SBA-15). Adsorption of CA and its intermediates by MnO(x)/SBA-15 was proved unimportant in O3/MnO(x)/SBA-15 due to the insignificant adsorption of CA and little TOC variation after ceasing ozone in stopped-flow experiment. The more remarkably inhibition effect of sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) on the removal of TOC in catalytic ozonation than in ozonation alone elucidated that MnO(x)/SBA-15 facilitated the generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH), which was further verified by electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Highly dispersed MnO(x) on SBA-15 were believed to be the main active component in MnO(x)/SBA-15. Some intermediates were indentified and different degradation routes of CA were proposed in both ozonation alone and catalytic ozonation. The amounts of small molecular carboxylic acids (i.e., formic acid (FA), acetic acid (AA) and oxalic acid (OA)) generated in catalytic ozonation were lower than in ozonation alone, resulting from the generation of more OH. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bactericidal antibiotics induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in Mammalian cells.
Kalghatgi, Sameer; Spina, Catherine S; Costello, James C; Liesa, Marc; Morones-Ramirez, J Ruben; Slomovic, Shimyn; Molina, Anthony; Shirihai, Orian S; Collins, James J
2013-07-03
Prolonged antibiotic treatment can lead to detrimental side effects in patients, including ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and tendinopathy, yet the mechanisms underlying the effects of antibiotics in mammalian systems remain unclear. It has been suggested that bactericidal antibiotics induce the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacteria. We show that clinically relevant doses of bactericidal antibiotics-quinolones, aminoglycosides, and β-lactams-cause mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS overproduction in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that these bactericidal antibiotic-induced effects lead to oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids. Mice treated with bactericidal antibiotics exhibited elevated oxidative stress markers in the blood, oxidative tissue damage, and up-regulated expression of key genes involved in antioxidant defense mechanisms, which points to the potential physiological relevance of these antibiotic effects. The deleterious effects of bactericidal antibiotics were alleviated in cell culture and in mice by the administration of the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine or prevented by preferential use of bacteriostatic antibiotics. This work highlights the role of antibiotics in the production of oxidative tissue damage in mammalian cells and presents strategies to mitigate or prevent the resulting damage, with the goal of improving the safety of antibiotic treatment in people.
Rivoira, Luca; Appendini, Marta; Fiorilli, Sonia; Onida, Barbara; Del Bubba, Massimo; Bruzzoniti, Maria Concetta
2016-11-01
Glyphosate is a worldwide-used herbicide occurring in many monitoring campaigns. Efficient technologies are currently unavailable for glyphosate removal from waters. In this work, a SBA-15 mesoporous silica-based material (Fe-NH 2 -SBA-15) was synthesized and studied for the adsorption of glyphosate from waters. In order to promote specific interactions between the sorbent and glyphosate via phosphoric group, iron oxide nanoparticles were encapsulated and a surface functionalization with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was accomplished. The adsorption of glyphosate on Fe-NH 2 -SBA-15 was investigated as a function of (i) pH, (ii) ionic strength (I), and (iii) adsorbate to adsorbent ratio (C), using a two-level, three-factor experimental design. The experimental design allowed for understanding the effect of the abovementioned variables and for proposing experimental conditions for quantitative removal (pH = 2.1, I = 1⋅10 -2 M and C = 0.35) under both batch and dynamic conditions. Interaction mechanism between glyphosate and Fe-NH 2 -SBA-15 sorbent was elucidated by studying the adsorption behavior of sorbents derived from the intermediate stages of synthesis and by desorption tests. Fe-NH 2 -SBA-15 sorbent can be quantitatively regenerated by 12.5 mM NaOH, and can be reused at least for five adsorption/desorption cycles. Quantitative removal of glyphosate from inlet and effluent wastewaters from a wastewater treatment plant is shown.
Highly stable and regenerable Mn-based/SBA-15 sorbents for desulfurization of hot coal gas.
Zhang, F M; Liu, B S; Zhang, Y; Guo, Y H; Wan, Z Y; Subhan, Fazle
2012-09-30
A series of mesoporous xCuyMn/SBA-15 sorbents with different Cu/Mn atomic ratios were prepared by wet impregnation method and their desulfurization performance in hot coal gas was investigated in a fixed-bed quartz reactor in the range of 700-850°C. The successive nine desulfurization-regeneration cycles at 800°C revealed that 1Cu9Mn/SBA-15 presented high performance with durable regeneration ability due to the high dispersion of Mn(2)O(3) particles incorporated with a certain amount of copper oxides. The breakthrough sulfur capacity of 1Cu9Mn/SBA-15 observed 800°C is 13.8 g S/100g sorbents, which is remarkably higher than these of 40 wt%LaFeO(3)/SBA-15 (4.8 g S/100g sorbents) and 50 wt%LaFe(2)O(x)/MCM-41 (5.58 g S/100g sorbents) used only at 500-550°C. This suggested that the loading of Mn(2)O(3) active species with high thermal stability to SBA-15 support significantly increased sulfur capacity at relatively higher sulfidation temperature. The fresh and used xCuyMn/SBA-15 sorbents were characterized by means of BET, XRD, XPS, XAES, TG/DSC and HRTEM techniques, confirmed that the structure of the sorbents remained intact before and after hot coal gas desulfurization. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... diversity between management and ownership as required by § 108.150. (g) SBA remedies for events of default... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Events of default and SBA's... Company's Noncompliance With Terms of Leverage § 108.1810 Events of default and SBA's remedies for NMVC...
Eyer, H; Metz, H; Preac-Mursic, V
1975-11-21
Comparing examinations with Ampicillin sensitive and resistant bacteria-strains show that the bactericidal activity of serum is dependent on the bacteria-strains, on the Ampicillin sensitivity of the particular exciter and on the number of bacteria/ml (germ count). Bactericide effect could always be obtained with sensitive strains as a result of additional chemotherapy. With several resistant strains a bactericide effect could not be obtained in this case the continuous optimal Ampicillin addition was the decisive factor. Because of the extremely complicated process of the bactericide one should not make general conclusions from the individual experimental results.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Paul, Luna; Banerjee, Biplab; Bhaumik, Asim; Ali, Mahammad
2016-05-01
A new oxime-imine functionalized highly ordered mesoporous SBA-15 (SBA-15-NH2-DAMO) has been synthesized via post-synthesis functionalization of SBA-15 with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane followed by the Schiff base condensation with diacetylmonooxime, which was further reacted with Ni(ClO4)2 to yield the functionalized nickel catalyst SBA-15-NH2-DAMO-Ni. All the synthesized materials were thoroughly characterized using different characterization techniques. It was found that SBA-15-NH2-DAMO-Ni catalyzes the one-pot oxidation of olefins like styrene, cyclohexene, cyclooctene, 1-hexene and 1-octene to the corresponding benzaldehyde, cyclohexene-1-ol and cyclooctene-oxide, respectively under solvent-free conditions by using tert-butylhydroperoxide as oxidant.
SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica as Catalytic Support for Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts—Review
Huirache-Acuña, Rafael; Nava, Rufino; Peza-Ledesma, Carmen L.; Lara-Romero, Javier; Alonso-Núñez, Gabriel; Pawelec, Barbara; Rivera-Muñoz, Eric M.
2013-01-01
SBA-15 is an interesting mesoporous silica material having highly ordered nanopores and a large surface area, which is widely employed as catalyst supports, absorbents, drug delivery materials, etc. Since it has a lack of functionality, heteroatoms and organic functional groups have been incorporated by direct or post-synthesis methods in order to modify their functionality. The aim of this article is to review the state-of-the-art related to the use of SBA-15-based mesoporous systems as supports for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts. PMID:28788323
13 CFR 126.202 - Who does SBA consider to control a HUBZone SBC?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Who does SBA consider to control a HUBZone SBC? 126.202 Section 126.202 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION HUBZONE PROGRAM Requirements to be a Qualified HUBZone SBC § 126.202 Who does SBA consider to control a HUBZone SBC? Control means both the day-to-day...
32 CFR 644.508 - Agreement with Small Business Administration (SBA) on sale of timber.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Agreement with Small Business Administration (SBA..., Crops, and Embedded Gravel, Sand and Stone § 644.508 Agreement with Small Business Administration (SBA... development of a program of assistance for small concerns operating in the timber business. This agreement is...
13 CFR 107.1910 - Non-waiver of SBA's rights or terms of Leverage security.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Non-waiver of SBA's rights or terms of Leverage security. 107.1910 Section 107.1910 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Miscellaneous § 107.1910 Non-waiver of SBA's rights or terms...
13 CFR 107.1910 - Non-waiver of SBA's rights or terms of Leverage security.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Non-waiver of SBA's rights or terms of Leverage security. 107.1910 Section 107.1910 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Miscellaneous § 107.1910 Non-waiver of SBA's rights or terms...
13 CFR 108.1140 - NMVC Company's acceptance of SBA remedies under § 108.1810.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false NMVC Company's acceptance of SBA remedies under § 108.1810. 108.1140 Section 108.1140 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM SBA Financial Assistance for NMVC Companies (Leverage...
13 CFR 108.1910 - Non-waiver of SBA's rights or terms of Leverage security.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Non-waiver of SBA's rights or terms of Leverage security. 108.1910 Section 108.1910 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM Miscellaneous § 108.1910 Non-waiver of SBA's rights...
Adsorption and wetting characterization of hydrophobic SBA-15 silicas.
Bernardoni, Frank; Fadeev, Alexander Y
2011-04-15
This work describes adsorption and wetting characterization of hydrophobic ordered mesoporous silicas (OMSs) with the SBA-15 motif. Three synthetic approaches to prepare hydrophobic SBA-15 silicas were explored: grafting with (1) covalently-attached monolayers (CAMs) of C(n)H(2)(n+1)Si(CH(3))(2)N(CH(3))(2), (2) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of C(n)H(2)(n+1)Si(OEt)(3), and (3) direct ("one-pot") co-condensation of TEOS with C(n)H(2)(n+1)Si(OEt)(3) in presence of P123 (n=1-18). The materials prepared were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, TEM, and chemical analysis. The surface properties of the materials were assessed by water contact angles (CAs) and by BET C constants. The results showed that, while loadings of the alkyl groups (%C) were comparable, the surface properties and pore ordering of the materials prepared through different methods were quite different. The best quality hydrophobic surfaces were prepared for SBA-15 grafted with CAMs of alkylsilanes. For these materials, the water CAs were above ∼120°/100° (adv/rec) and BET C constants were in the range of ∼15-25, indicating uniform low-energy surfaces of closely packed alkyl groups on external and internal surfaces of the pores respectively. Moreover, surfaces grafted with the long-chained (C(12)-C(18)) silanes showed super-hydrophobic behavior (CAs∼150-180°) and extremely low adhesion for water. The pore uniformity of parental SBA-15 was largely preserved and the pore volume and pore diameter were consistent with the formation of a single layer of alkylsilyl groups inside the pores. Post-synthesis grafting of SBA-15 with SAMs worked not as well as CAMs: the surfaces prepared demonstrated lower water CAs and higher BET C constants, thereby indicating a small amount of accessible polar groups (Si-OH) related to packing constrains for SAMs supported on highly curved surfaces of mesopores. The co-condensation method produced substantially more disordered materials and less hydrophobic
Pandit, Alisha; Antin, Joseph H.; Walsh, Stephen R.; Huynh, Daisy; Ghobrial, Irene M.; Baden, Lindsey R.; Issa, Nicolas C.
2018-01-01
Immunization with the conjugated quadrivalent (serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135) meningococcal vaccine (MCV4) after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is recommended. However, immune responses to MCV4 have not been prospectively studied after HCT. We conducted a vaccine response study among 67 adults who received 1 MCV4 dose a year after autologous or allogeneic HCT from January to September 2014. Pre- and postvaccination serogroup serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers were measured a median of 57 days after vaccination. Serogroup-specific responses were defined as a fourfold increase in SBA titer with postvaccination titers ≥1:8. Prior to vaccination, 44 (65.7%) patients had no protective titers (<1:8) to any meningococcal serogroup, and 3 (4.5%) patients had protective titers to all 4 serogroups. The median serogroup-specific postvaccination SBA titers were 1:2048 for A, 1:64 for C, 1:128 for W-135, and 1:128 for Y (P < .001 for all pre- and postvaccination pairwise comparisons; similar among serogroups, Spearman ρ 0.5-0.6, P < .0001). Among serogroup-specific nonimmune patients prior to vaccination, serogroup-specific response rates were 76.9%, 65.5%, 51.7%, and 65% to serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y, respectively. One dose of MCV4 elicited protective titers in the majority of patients. These data suggest that a second vaccine dose may be beneficial. PMID:29871892
75 FR 13329 - Implications of Financial Accounting System (FAS) 166 on SBA Guaranteed Loan Programs
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-03-19
... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [Docket No. SBA-2010-0005] Implications of Financial Accounting... from the public on: (1) The effect that the accounting changes mandated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 166 have on SBA Lender and investor...
Bactericidal Antibiotics Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Damage in Mammalian Cells
Costello, James C.; Liesa, Marc; Morones-Ramirez, J Ruben; Slomovic, Shimyn; Molina, Anthony; Shirihai, Orian S.; Collins, James J.
2013-01-01
Prolonged antibiotic treatment can lead to detrimental side effects in patients, including ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and tendinopathy, yet the mechanisms underlying the effects of antibiotics in mammalian systems remain unclear. It has been suggested that bactericidal antibiotics induce the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacteria. We show that clinically relevant doses of bactericidal antibiotics—quinolones, aminoglycosides, and β-lactams—cause mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS overproduction in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that these bactericidal antibiotic–induced effects lead to oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids. Mice treated with bactericidal antibiotics exhibited elevated oxidative stress markers in the blood, oxidative tissue damage, and up-regulated expression of key genes involved in antioxidant defense mechanisms, which points to the potential physiological relevance of these antibiotic effects. The deleterious effects of bactericidal antibiotics were alleviated in cell culture and in mice by the administration of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine or prevented by preferential use of bacteriostatic antibiotics. This work highlights the role of antibiotics in the production of oxidative tissue damage in mammalian cells and presents strategies to mitigate or prevent the resulting damage, with the goal of improving the safety of antibiotic treatment in people. PMID:23825301
Following the mechanisms of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal action using Raman spectroscopy.
Bernatová, Silvie; Samek, Ota; Pilát, Zdeněk; Serý, Mojmír; Ježek, Jan; Jákl, Petr; Siler, Martin; Krzyžánek, Vladislav; Zemánek, Pavel; Holá, Veronika; Dvořáčková, Milada; Růžička, Filip
2013-10-24
Antibiotics cure infections by influencing bacterial growth or viability. Antibiotics can be divided to two groups on the basis of their effect on microbial cells through two main mechanisms, which are either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Bactericidal antibiotics kill the bacteria and bacteriostatic antibiotics suppress the growth of bacteria (keep them in the stationary phase of growth). One of many factors to predict a favorable clinical outcome of the potential action of antimicrobial chemicals may be provided using in vitro bactericidal/bacteriostatic data (e.g., minimum inhibitory concentrations-MICs). Consequently, MICs are used in clinical situations mainly to confirm resistance, and to determine the in vitro activities of new antimicrobials. We report on the combination of data obtained from MICs with information on microorganisms' "fingerprint" (e.g., DNA/RNA, and proteins) provided by Raman spectroscopy. Thus, we could follow mechanisms of the bacteriostatic versus bactericidal action simply by detecting the Raman bands corresponding to DNA. The Raman spectra of Staphylococcus epidermidis treated with clindamycin (a bacteriostatic agent) indeed show little effect on DNA which is in contrast with the action of ciprofloxacin (a bactericidal agent), where the Raman spectra show a decrease in strength of the signal assigned to DNA, suggesting DNA fragmentation.
13 CFR 123.11 - Does SBA require collateral for any of its disaster loans?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Does SBA require collateral for any of its disaster loans? 123.11 Section 123.11 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS...? Generally, SBA will not require that you pledge collateral to secure a disaster home loan or a physical...
Selective functionalization of the mesopores of SBA-15
Webb, Jonathan D.; Seki, Tomohiro; Goldston, Jennifer F.; ...
2014-10-23
In this study, a method has been developed that permits the highly selective functionalization of the interior and exterior surfaces of the ubiquitous mesoporous material, SBA-15. The key step is reloading the as-synthesized material with structure-directing agent, Pluronic ® P123, prior to selective functionalization of the external surface with a silylating agent. This new approach represents a significant improvement over literature procedures. Results from physisorption analyses as well as solid-state NMR permit a detailed, quantitative assessment of functionalized SBA-15. This work also provides insight into the stability of the silyl layer during extraction procedures – an issue often neglected inmore » other studies but of significant importance as decomposition of this layer could result in the introduction of new silanols and reduce the effectiveness of any selective grafting procedure.« less
Cu0-loaded SBA-15@ZnO with improved electrical properties and affinity towards hydrogen
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bouazizi, N.; Louhichi, S.; Ouargli, R.; Bargougui, R.; Vieillard, J.; Derf, F. Le; Azzouz, A.
2017-05-01
A core-shell material was prepared using SBA-15 crystallites as cores for the growth of a ZnO shell, followed by Cu0 dispersion. The resulting Cu/SBA-15@ZnO nanostructure displayed higher specific surface area (SSA) and higher number of smaller pores as compared to the starting materials. Dispersion of fine Cu0NPs induced a compaction of the host matrice and a marked decay of the hydrophilic character, explained in terms of the involvement of terminal hydroxyl groups in competitive sbnd HO:Cu interaction at the expense of H-bridges with water. Heating at 400-450 °C seems to trigger ZnO dehydroxylation with possible self-polycondensation and/or the formation of Si-O-Zn bridges. This is an additional explanation of the significant SSA increase and decrease in the average pore diameter. Both ZnO and Cu0NP incorporation induced shifts in the UV-vis absorption band towards higher wavelengths, indicating a decrease in the optical band gap energy and an improvement of the conductance properties. As compared to ZnO, Cu0NPs produced stronger improvement of the conductance, which was found to increase with higher frequencies. Cu/SBA-15@ZnO also displayed higher affinity towards hydrogen as compared to SBA-15@ZnO and SBA-15 at ambient conditions. These outstanding properties combined to an appreciable thermal stability are worth to be prone to deeper investigations, because they can open promising prospects for Cu/SBA-15@ZnO as sensor, electrode material, electrocatalyst and/or hydrogen capture matrice.
Selvaraj, M; Park, D-W; Kim, I; Kawi, S; Ha, C S
2012-08-28
Well hexagonally ordered NbSBA-15 catalysts synthesized by an efficient hydrothermal method were used, for the first time, for the selective synthesis of vitamin K(3) by liquid-phase oxidation of 2-methyl-1-naphthol (2MN1-OH) under various reaction conditions. The recyclable NbSBA-15 catalysts were also reused to find their catalytic activities. To investigate the leaching of non-framework niobium species on the surface of silica networks, the results of original and recyclable NbSBA-15 catalysts were correlated and compared. To find an optimum condition for the selective synthesis of vitamin K(3), the washed NbSBA-15(2.2pH) was extensively used in this reaction with various reaction parameters such as temperature, time and ratios of reactant (2M1N-OH to H(2)O(2)), and the obtained results were also demonstrated. Additionally, the liquid-phase oxidation of 2M1N-OH was carried out with different solvents to find the best solvent with a good catalytic activity. Based on the all catalytic studies, the vitamin K(3) selectivity (97.3%) is higher in NbSBA-15(2.2pH) than that of other NbSBA-15 catalysts, and the NbSBA-15(2.2pH) is found to be a highly active and eco-friendly heterogeneous catalyst for the selective synthesis of vitamin K(3).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... reconsider SBA's initial decision to decline its application? (a) An applicant may request the AA/BD to... pertinent to overcoming the reason(s) for the initial decline. (b) The AA/BD will issue a written decision within 45 days of the regional DPCE's receipt of the applicant's request. The AA/BD may either approve...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... reconsider SBA's initial decision to decline its application? (a) An applicant may request the AA/BD to... pertinent to overcoming the reason(s) for the initial decline. (b) The AA/BD will issue a written decision within 45 days of the regional DPCE's receipt of the applicant's request. The AA/BD may either approve...
Influence of nanoscale topology on bactericidal efficiency of black silicon surfaces
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Linklater, Denver P.; Khuong Duy Nguyen, Huu; Bhadra, Chris M.; Juodkazis, Saulius; Ivanova, Elena P.
2017-06-01
The nanostructuring of materials to create bactericidal and antibiofouling surfaces presents an exciting alternative to common methods of preventing bacterial adhesion. The fabrication of synthetic bactericidal surfaces has been inspired by the anti-wetting and anti-biofouling properties of insect wings, and other topologies found in nature. Black silicon is one such synthetic surfaces which has established bactericidal properties. In this study we show that time-dependent plasma etching of silicon wafers using 15, 30, and 45 min etching intervals, is able to produce different surface geometries with linearly increasing heights of approximately 280, 430, and 610 nm, respectively. After incubation on these surfaces with Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial cells it was established that smaller, more densely packed pillars exhibited the greatest bactericidal activity with 85% and 89% inactivation of bacterial cells, respectively. The decrease in the pillar heights, pillar cap diameter and inter-pillar spacing corresponded to a subsequent decrease in the number of attached cells for both bacterial species.
13 CFR 107.1700 - Transfer by SBA of its interest in Licensee's Leverage security.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Transfer by SBA of its interest in Licensee's Leverage security. 107.1700 Section 107.1700 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS... will be liable for all damage or loss which SBA may sustain by reason of such disposal, up to the...
Petitjean, O; Pangon, B; Brion, N; Tod, M; Chaplain, C; Le Gros, V; Louchahi, K; Allouch, P
1993-01-01
Pefloxacin pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal activities (SBA) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were compared after intravenous infusion of either a single 800-mg dose or twice-daily 400-mg doses into 16 healthy volunteers. Plasma pefloxacin concentrations were measured for up to 60 h, and SBAs were determined 1, 12, and 24 h after the start of the infusion. The mean areas under the concentration-versus-time curve for plasma were not different (138 versus 136 h.mg/liter). The mean clearances, volumes of distribution, and half-lives were also comparable. The mean (+/- standard deviation) maximal concentration after the 800-mg infusion was 12.11 +/- 1.35 versus 6.51 +/- 0.73 mg/liter after the first 400-mg infusion and 7.42 +/- 0.76 mg/liter after the second 400-mg infusion. Mean trough concentrations at 24 h were significantly different: 2.77 +/- 0.63 (800 mg) versus 1.93 +/- 0.49 (400 mg twice) mg/liter (P = 0.0007). Mean SBAs against E. coli after 800 mg of pefloxacin were higher than 1/128 (1 h), 1/32 (12 h), and 1/16 (24 h). Mean SBAs against S. aureus under the same conditions were higher than 1/64 (1 h), 1/16 (12 h), and 1/8 (24 h). Mean SBAs at 1 and 12 h were significantly higher after the 800-mg infusion than after the 400-mg infusion but were similar at 24 h for both regimens. Comparison of SBAs according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards criteria showed a similar adequacy at 24 h for both regimens against both strains. Administration of 800 mg of pefloxacin once a day is bioequivalent to 400 mg twice a day, and bactericidal activity of the 800-mg infusion is not less than that of two 400-mg infusions. PMID:8494368
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xu, Yun-qiang; Zhou, Guo-wei; Wu, Cui-cui; Li, Tian-duo; Song, Hong-bin
2011-05-01
Ordered mesoporous SBA-15 was prepared by hydrothermal process and was functionalized with(3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) by post-synthesis-grafting method. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), small-angle X-ray powder diffraction (SAXRD), N 2 adsorption-desorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results indicated that SBA-15 had a 2-dimensional hexagonal p6 mm mesoscopic structure and the mesoscopic structure was remained after the functionalization procedure. The activities of porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) immobilized in SBA-15 by physical adsorption and in APTES functionalized SBA-15 by chemical adsorption were studied by hydrolysis of triacetin. Chemically adsorbed PPL showed higher loading amount and catalytic activity comparing with physically adsorbed PPL. The stability of immobilized PPL against thermal and pH of reaction medium was significantly improved. Recycling experiments showed that chemically adsorbed PPL exhibited better reusability than physically adsorbed PPL.
13 CFR 126.307 - Where will SBA maintain the List of qualified HUBZone SBCs?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
...? Qualified HUBZone SBCs are identified by running a search on CCR/DSBS (http://dsbs.sba.gov/dsbs/dsp_dsbs.cfm) and are listed on the HUBZone Web page at https://eweb1.sba.gov/hubzone/internet/general/approved... Business Administration, 409 3rd Street, SW., Washington, DC 20416 or at [email protected]gov. [69 FR 29423, May...
13 CFR 126.307 - Where will SBA maintain the List of qualified HUBZone SBCs?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
...? Qualified HUBZone SBCs are identified by running a search on CCR/DSBS (http://dsbs.sba.gov/dsbs/dsp_dsbs.cfm) and are listed on the HUBZone Web page at https://eweb1.sba.gov/hubzone/internet/general/approved... Business Administration, 409 3rd Street, SW., Washington, DC 20416 or at [email protected]gov. [69 FR 29423, May...
13 CFR 126.307 - Where will SBA maintain the List of qualified HUBZone SBCs?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
...? Qualified HUBZone SBCs are identified by running a search on CCR/DSBS (http://dsbs.sba.gov/dsbs/dsp_dsbs.cfm) and are listed on the HUBZone Web page at https://eweb1.sba.gov/hubzone/internet/general/approved... Business Administration, 409 3rd Street, SW., Washington, DC 20416 or at [email protected]gov. [69 FR 29423, May...
Highly Dispersed and Active ReOx on Alumina-Modified SBA-15 Silica for 2-Butanol Dehydration
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
She, Xiaoyan; Kwak, Ja Hun; Sun, Junming
2012-05-23
SBA-15 silica supported rhenium catalysts were synthesized using solution-based atomic layer deposition method, and their activity and stability were studied in the acid-catalyzed 2-butanol dehydration. We find that ReOx/SBA-15 exhibited an extremely high initial activity but a fast deactivation for 2-butanol dehydration at 90-105 C. Fast deactivation was likely due to the sintering, sublimation, and reduction of rhenia as confirmed by TEM, elemental analysis, and in situ UV vis (DRS) measurements. To overcome these issues, ReOx/AlOx/SBA-15 catalysts with significantly improved stability were prepared by first modifying the surface identity of SBA-15 with alumina followed by dispersion of rhenia using atomicmore » layer deposition. The AlOx phase stabilizes the dispersion of small and uniform rhenia clusters (<2 nm) as as confirmed by TEM, STEM and UV-vis (DRS) characterizations. Additional 27Al MAS NMR characterization revealed that modification of the SBA-15 surface with alumina introduces a strong interaction between rhenia and alumina, which consequently improves the stability of supported rhenia catalysts by suppressing the sintering, sublimation, and reduction of rhenia albeit at a moderately reduced initial catalytic dehydration activity« less
Nanosize Fe x O y @SBA-3: A Comparative Study Between Conventional and Microwave Assisted Synthesis.
Barik, Sunita; Badamali, Sushanta K; Sahoo, Sagarika; Behera, Nandakishor; Dapurkar, Sudhir E
2018-01-01
The present study is focussed on development of highly dispersed nanosize iron oxide (FexOy) particles within the uniform mesopore channels of SBA-3. Herein we report a comparative study between conventional incipient wetness and microwave assisted synthesis routes adopted to devise nanoparticles. The developed materials are characterised by following X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, proton induced X-ray emission, diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Mesoporous siliceous SBA-3 was prepared at room temperature to obtain samples with good crystallinity and ordered pore structure. Pore channels of SBA-3 were used as nanoreactor for developing iron oxide nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles developed under microwave activation showed uniform distribution within the SBA-3 structure along with retaining the orderness of the pore architecture. On the contrary, iron oxides developed under incipient wetness method followed by conventional heating resulted in agglomeration of nanoparticles along with significant loss in SBA-3 pore structure. Proton induced X-ray emission studies revealed the extremely high purity of the samples and almost thrice higher amount of iron oxide particles are encapsulated within the host by microwave assisted preparation as compared to incipient/conventional heating method.
Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of aniline in wastewater using copper modified SBA-15 as catalyst.
Kong, Liming; Zhou, Xiang; Yao, Yuan; Jian, Panming; Diao, Guowang
2016-01-01
SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieves modified with copper (Cu-SBA-15) were prepared by pH-adjusting hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET, transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis and (29)Si MAS NMR. The pH of the synthesis gel has a significant effect on the amount and the dispersion of copper on SBA-15. The Cu-SBA-15(4.5) (where 4.5 denotes the pH value of the synthesis gel) modified with highly dispersed copper was used as catalyst for the oxidation of aniline by H2O2. The Cu-SBA-15(4.5) shows a higher catalytic activity compared to CuO on the surface of SBA-15. The influences of reaction conditions, such as initial pH of the aqueous solutions, temperature, as well as the dosages of H2O2 and catalyst were investigated. Under weakly alkaline aqueous solution conditions, the aniline conversion, the H2O2 decomposition and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal could be increased significantly compared to the acid conditions. The percentage of leaching Cu(2+) could be decreased from 45.0% to 3.66% when the initial pH of solution was increased from 5 to 10. The TOC removal could be enhanced with the increases of temperature, H2O2 and catalyst dosage, but the aniline conversion and H2O2 decomposition change slightly with further increasing dosage of catalyst and H2O2. At 343 K and pH 8.0, 100% aniline conversion and 66.9% TOC removal can be achieved under the conditions of 1.0 g/L catalyst and 0.05 mol/L H2O2 after 180 min. Although copper might be slightly leached from catalyst, the homogeneous Cu(2+) contribution to the whole catalytic activity is unimportant, and the highly dispersed copper on SBA-15 plays a dominant role.
Tunheim, G; Arnemo, M; Næss, L M; Fjeldheim, Å K; Nome, L; Bolstad, K; Aase, A; Mandiarote, A; González, H; González, D; García, L; Cardoso, D; Norheim, G; Rosenqvist, E
2013-12-09
Meningococci of serogroups A and W (MenA and MenW) are the main causes of epidemic bacterial meningitis outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study we prepared a detergent extracted outer membrane vesicle (dOMV) vaccine from representative African MenA and MenW strains, and compared the immunogenicity of this vaccine with existing meningococcal conjugate and polysaccharide (PS) vaccines in mice. NMRI mice were immunized with preclinical batches of the A+W dOMV vaccine, or with commercially available vaccines; a MenA conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac(®), Serum Institute of India), ACYW conjugate vaccine (Menveo(®), Novartis) or ACYW PS vaccine (Mencevax(®), GlaxoSmithKline). The mice received 2 doses of 1/10 or 1/50 of a human dose with a three week interval. Immune responses were tested in ELISA, serum bactericidal activity (SBA) and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) assays. High levels of IgG antibodies against both A and W dOMV were detected in mice receiving the A+W dOMV vaccine. High SBA titers against both MenA and MenW vaccine strains were detected after only one dose of the A+W dOMV vaccine, and the titers were further increased after the second dose. The SBA and OPA titers in mice immunized with dOMV vaccine were significantly higher than in mice immunized with the ACYW-conjugate vaccine or the PS vaccine. Furthermore, the A+W dOMV vaccine was shown to induce SBA and OPA titers against MenA of the same magnitude as the titers induced by the A-conjugate vaccine. In conclusion, the A+W dOMV vaccine induced high levels of functional antibodies to both MenA and MenW strains, levels that were shown to be higher or equal to the levels induced by licensed meningococcal vaccines. Thus, an A+W dOMV vaccine could potentially serve as an alternative or a supplement to existing conjugate and PS vaccines in the African meningitis belt. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Population-Level Persistence of Immunity 2 Years After the PsA-TT Mass-Vaccination Campaign in Mali.
Basta, Nicole E; Borrow, Ray; Berthe, Abdoulaye; Dembélé, Awa Traoré Eps; Onwuchekwa, Uma; Townsend, Kelly; Boukary, Rahamatou M; Mabey, Lesley; Findlow, Helen; Bai, Xilian; Sow, Samba O
2015-11-15
In 2010, Africa's first preventive meningococcal mass vaccination campaign was launched using a newly developed Neisseria meningitidis group A (NmA) polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine, PsA-TT (MenAfriVac), designed specifically for the meningitis belt. Given PsA-TT's recent introduction, the duration of protection against meningococcal group A is unknown. We conducted a household-based, age-stratified seroprevalence survey in Bamako, Mali, in 2012, 2 years after the vaccination campaign targeted all 1- to 29-year-olds. Randomly selected participants who had been eligible for PsA-TT provided a blood sample and responded to a questionnaire. Sera were analyzed to assess NmA-specific serum bactericidal antibody titers using rabbit complement (rSBA) and NmA-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proportion of participants putatively protected and the age group- and sex-specific rSBA geometric mean titers (GMTs) and IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were determined. Two years postvaccination, nearly all of the 800 participants (99.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 98.3%-99.7%) maintained NmA-specific rSBA titers ≥8, the accepted threshold for protection; 98.6% (95% CI, 97.8%-99.4%) had titers ≥128, and 89.5% (95% CI, 87.4%-91.6%) had titers ≥1024. The rSBA GMTs were significantly higher in females than in males aged <18 years at vaccination (P < .0001). NmA-specific IgG levels ≥2 µg/mL were found in 88.5% (95% CI, 86.3%-90.7%) of participants. Two years after PsA-TT introduction, a very high proportion of the population targeted for vaccination maintains high antibody titers against NmA. Assessing the duration of protection provided by PsA-TT is a priority for implementing evidence-based vaccination strategies. Representative, population-based seroprevalence studies complement clinical trials and provide this key evidence. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious
Zhou, Zhongxin; Wei, Dafu; Lu, Yanhua
2015-01-01
More information regarding the bactericidal properties of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) against clinically important antibiotic-resistant ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens needs to be provided for its uses in infection control. The bactericidal properties of PHMG and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) were compared based on their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations, and time-course-killing curves against clinically important antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. Results showed that PHMG exhibited significantly higher bactericidal activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, and ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacter spp. than CHG. A slight bactericidal advantage over CHG was obtained against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, ciprofloxacin- and levofloxacin-resistant Acinetobacter spp., and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In previous reports, PHMG had higher antimicrobial activity against almost all tested Gram-negative bacteria and several Gram-positive bacteria than CHG using MIC test. These studies support the further development of covalently bound PHMG in sterile-surface materials and the incorporation of PHMG in novel disinfectant formulas. © 2014 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Kelleher, S M; Habimana, O; Lawler, J; O' Reilly, B; Daniels, S; Casey, E; Cowley, A
2016-06-22
Recently, the surface of the wings of the Psaltoda claripennis cicada species has been shown to possess bactericidal properties and it has been suggested that the nanostructure present on the wings was responsible for the bacterial death. We have studied the surface-based nanostructure and bactericidal activity of the wings of three different cicadas (Megapomponia intermedia, Ayuthia spectabile and Cryptotympana aguila) in order to correlate the relationship between the observed surface topographical features and their bactericidal properties. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy performed in this study revealed that the tested wing species contained a highly uniform, nanopillar structure on the surface. The bactericidal properties of the cicada wings were investigated by assessing the viability of autofluorescent Pseudomonas fluorescens cells following static adhesion assays and targeted dead/live fluorescence staining through direct microscopic counting methods. These experiments revealed a 20-25% bacterial surface coverage on all tested wing species; however, significant bactericidal properties were observed in the M. intermedia and C. aguila species as revealed by the high dead:live cell ratio on their surfaces. The combined results suggest a strong correlation between the bactericidal properties of the wings and the scale of the nanotopography present on the different wing surfaces.
13 CFR 101.401 - What programs and activities of SBA are subject to this subpart?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What programs and activities of SBA are subject to this subpart? 101.401 Section 101.401 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Intergovernmental Partnership § 101.401 What programs and activities of SBA are...
13 CFR 101.401 - What programs and activities of SBA are subject to this subpart?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What programs and activities of SBA are subject to this subpart? 101.401 Section 101.401 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Intergovernmental Partnership § 101.401 What programs and activities of SBA are...
13 CFR 120.427 - Will SBA approve a securitization application from a capital impaired Securitizer?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Will SBA approve a securitization application from a capital impaired Securitizer? 120.427 Section 120.427 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Participating Lender Financings § 120.427 Will SBA approve a...
13 CFR 107.440 - Standards governing prior SBA approval for a proposed transfer of Control.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... approval for a proposed transfer of Control. 107.440 Section 107.440 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... Licensee; Transfer of License Changes in Control Or Ownership of Licensee § 107.440 Standards governing prior SBA approval for a proposed transfer of Control. SBA approval is contingent upon full disclosure...
48 CFR 619.804-3-70 - SBA acceptance under MOUs for acquisitions exceeding $100,000.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... System DEPARTMENT OF STATE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Contracting with the Small Business Administration (The 8(a) Program) 619.804-3-70 SBA acceptance under MOUs for acquisitions... contracting agency in writing within five working days of receipt of the offer. (b) The SBA may request, and...
Thomas, Edwin L.; Aune, Thomas M.
1978-01-01
The bactericidal action that results from lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of iodide or thiocyanate was studied, using Escherichia coli as the test organism. The susceptibility of intact cells to bactericidal action was compared with that of cells with altered cell envelopes. Exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, to lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or to osmotic shock were used to alter the cell envelope. Bactericidal action was greatly increased when the cells were exposed to the lactoperoxidase-peroxide-iodide system at low temperatures, low cell density, or after alteration of the cell envelope. When thiocyanate was substituted for iodide, bactericidal activity was observed only at low cell density or after osmotic shock. Low temperature and low cell density lowered the rate of destruction of peroxide by the bacteria. Therefore, competition for peroxide between the bacteria and lactoperoxidase may influence the extent of bactericidal action. Alteration of the cell envelope had only a small effect on the rate of destruction of peroxide. Instead, the increased susceptibility of these altered cells suggested that bactericidal action required permeation of a reagent through the cell envelope. In addition to altering the cell envelope, these procedures partly depleted cells of oxidizable substrates and sulfhydryl components. Adding an oxidizable substrate did not decrease the susceptibility of the altered cells. On the other hand, mild reducing agents such as sulfhydryl compounds did partly reverse bactericidal action when added after exposure of cells to the peroxidase systems. These studies indicate that alteration of the metabolism, structure, or composition of bacterial cells can greatly increase their susceptibility to peroxidase bactericidal action. PMID:348097
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Paul, Luna; Banerjee, Biplab; Bhaumik, Asim, E-mail: msab@iacs.res.in
2016-05-15
A new oxime–imine functionalized highly ordered mesoporous SBA-15 (SBA-15-NH{sub 2}-DAMO) has been synthesized via post-synthesis functionalization of SBA-15 with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane followed by the Schiff base condensation with diacetylmonooxime, which was further reacted with Ni(ClO{sub 4}){sub 2} to yield the functionalized nickel catalyst SBA-15-NH{sub 2}-DAMO-Ni. All the synthesized materials were thoroughly characterized using different characterization techniques. It was found that SBA-15-NH{sub 2}-DAMO-Ni catalyzes the one-pot oxidation of olefins like styrene, cyclohexene, cyclooctene, 1-hexene and 1-octene to the corresponding benzaldehyde, cyclohexene-1-ol and cyclooctene-oxide, respectively under solvent-free conditions by using tert-butylhydroperoxide as oxidant. - Graphical abstract: A new well characterized oxime–imine functionalized highlymore » ordered mesoporous SBA-15-NH{sub 2}-DAMO-Ni complex catalyzes the one-pot oxidation of olefins under solvent free mild conditions.« less
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
..., and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? 124.1011 Section 124.1011 Business Credit and... § 124.1011 What format, degree of specificity, and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? (a) Format. An SDB protest need not be in any specific format in order for SBA to consider it. (b...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
..., and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? 124.1011 Section 124.1011 Business Credit and... § 124.1011 What format, degree of specificity, and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? (a) Format. An SDB protest need not be in any specific format in order for SBA to consider it. (b...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
..., and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? 124.1011 Section 124.1011 Business Credit and... § 124.1011 What format, degree of specificity, and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? (a) Format. An SDB protest need not be in any specific format in order for SBA to consider it. (b...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
..., and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? 124.1011 Section 124.1011 Business Credit and... § 124.1011 What format, degree of specificity, and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? (a) Format. An SDB protest need not be in any specific format in order for SBA to consider it. (b...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
..., and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? 124.1011 Section 124.1011 Business Credit and... § 124.1011 What format, degree of specificity, and basis does SBA require to consider an SDB protest? (a) Format. An SDB protest need not be in any specific format in order for SBA to consider it. (b...
13 CFR 120.715 - Does SBA guarantee any loans an Intermediary obtains from another source?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Does SBA guarantee any loans an Intermediary obtains from another source? 120.715 Section 120.715 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Microloan Program § 120.715 Does SBA guarantee any loans an Intermediary obtains...
13 CFR 120.715 - Does SBA guarantee any loans an Intermediary obtains from another source?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Does SBA guarantee any loans an Intermediary obtains from another source? 120.715 Section 120.715 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Microloan Program § 120.715 Does SBA guarantee any loans an Intermediary obtains...
Factors Affecting Formation of Incomplete Vi Antibody in Mice
Gaines, Sidney; Currie, Julius A.; Tully, Joseph G.
1965-01-01
Gaines, Sidney (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), Julius A. Currie, and Joseph G. Tully. Factors affecting formation of incomplete Vi antibody in mice. J. Bacteriol. 90:635–642. 1965.—Single immunizing doses of purified Vi antigen elicited complete and incomplete Vi antibodies in BALB/c mice, but only incomplete antibody in Cinnamon mice. Three of six other mouse strains tested responded like BALB/c mice; the remaining three, like Cinnamon mice. Varying the quantity of antigen injected or the route of administration failed to stimulate the production of detectable complete Vi antibody in Cinnamon mice. Such antibody was evoked in these animals by multiple injections of Vi antigen or by inoculating them with Vi-containing bacilli or Vi-coated erythrocytes. The early protection afforded by serum from Vi-immunized BALB/c mice coincided with the appearance of incomplete Vi antibody, 1 day prior to the advent of complete antibody. Persistence of incomplete as well as complete antibody in the serum of immunized mice was demonstrated for at least 56 days after injection of 10 μg of Vi antigen. Incomplete Vi antibody was shown to have blocking ability, in vitro bactericidal activity, and the capability of protecting mice against intracerebral as well as intraperitoneal challenge with virulent typhoid bacilli. Production of incomplete and complete Vi antibodies was adversely affected by immunization with partially depolymerized Vi antigens. PMID:16562060
13 CFR 121.704 - When does SBA determine the size status of a business concern?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... Requirements for the Small Business Innovation Research (sbir) Program § 121.704 When does SBA determine the... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false When does SBA determine the size status of a business concern? 121.704 Section 121.704 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS...
13 CFR 108.660 - Other items required to be filed by NMVC Company with SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Other items required to be filed by NMVC Company with SBA. 108.660 Section 108.660 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS... other person who was required by SBA to complete a personal history statement, is charged with or...
13 CFR 123.412 - What happens if SBA declines your business' pre-disaster mitigation loan request?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... business' pre-disaster mitigation loan request? 123.412 Section 123.412 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loans § 123.412 What happens if SBA declines your business' pre-disaster mitigation loan request? If SBA declines your business...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Distributions by Licensee-permitted âtax Distributionsâ to private investors and SBA. 107.1550 Section 107.1550 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES SBA Financial Assistance for...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... NMVC Company-application procedure, amount, and term. 108.1200 Section 108.1200 Business Credit and... Assistance for NMVC Companies (Leverage) Conditional Commitments by Sba to Reserve Leverage for A Nmvc Company § 108.1200 SBA's Leverage commitment to a NMVC Company—application procedure, amount, and term. (a...
13 CFR 108.509 - Employment of SBA officials.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Employment of SBA officials. 108.509 Section 108.509 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM Managing the Operations of a NMVC Company General Requirements § 108.509...
Deng, Peng; Foxfire, Adam; Xu, Jianhong; Baird, Sonya M.; Jia, Jiayuan; Delgado, Keren H.; Shin, Ronald
2017-01-01
ABSTRACT Burkholderia contaminans MS14 was isolated from soil in Mississippi. When it is cultivated on nutrient broth-yeast extract agar, the colonies exhibit bactericidal activity against a wide range of plant-pathogenic bacteria. A bacteriostatic compound with siderophore activity was successfully purified and was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be ornibactin. Isolation of the bactericidal compound has not yet been achieved; therefore, the exact nature of the bactericidal compound is still unknown. During an attempt to isolate the bactericidal compound, an interesting relationship between the production of ornibactin and the bactericidal activity of MS14 was characterized. Transposon mutagenesis resulted in two strains that lost bactericidal activity, with insertional mutations in a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene for ornibactin biosynthesis and a luxR family transcriptional regulatory gene. Coculture of these two mutant strains resulted in restoration of the bactericidal activity. Furthermore, the addition of ornibactin to the NRPS mutant restored the bactericidal phenotype. It has been demonstrated that, in MS14, ornibactin has an alternative function, aside from iron sequestration. Comparison of the ornibactin biosynthesis genes in Burkholderia species shows diversity among the regulatory elements, while the gene products for ornibactin synthesis are conserved. This is an interesting observation, given that ornibactin is thought to have the same defined function within Burkholderia species. Ornibactin is produced by most Burkholderia species, and its role in regulating the production of secondary metabolites should be investigated. IMPORTANCE Identification of the antibacterial product from strain MS14 is not the key feature of this study. We present a series of experiments that demonstrate that ornibactin is directly involved in the bactericidal phenotype of MS14. This observation provides evidence for an alternative
Dai, Peng; Yan, Tao-Tao; Yu, Xin-Xin; Bai, Zhi-Man; Wu, Ming-Zai
2016-12-01
Different loadings of NiO/ZnO nanoparticles embedded in mesoporous silica (SBA-15) were prepared via a two-solvent method with the ordered hexagonal mesoporous structure of SBA-15 kept. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, diffusive reflective UV-vis spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption porosimetry were employed to characterize the nanocomposites. The results indicate that the ordered hexagonal mesoporous structure of SBA-15 is kept and the absorption band edges of the nanocomposites shift into the ultraviolet light regime. The photocatalytic activity of our samples for degradation of methylene orange was investigated under UV light irradiation, and the results show that the nanocomposites have higher photodegradation ability toward methylene orange than commercial pure P-25. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites was found to be dependent on both the adsorption ability of the SBA-15 and the photocatalytic activity of NiO-ZnO nanoparticles encapsulated in SBA-15. In addition, there is an optimal loading of NiO-ZnO nanoparticles. Too high or low loading will lower the photodegradation ability of the nanocomposites.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... status determinations in considering an SDB protest? 124.1013 Section 124.1013 Business Credit and... § 124.1013 How does SBA make disadvantaged status determinations in considering an SDB protest? (a... the contract until: (i) The SBA has made an SDB determination, or (ii) 15 working days have expired...
Bactericidal Effects and Mechanism of Action of Olanexidine Gluconate, a New Antiseptic
Iwata, Koushi; Nii, Takuya; Nakata, Hikaru; Tsubotani, Yoshie; Inoue, Yasuhide
2015-01-01
Olanexidine gluconate [1-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-5-octylbiguanide gluconate] (development code OPB-2045G) is a new monobiguanide compound with bactericidal activity. In this study, we assessed its spectrum of bactericidal activity and mechanism of action. The minimal bactericidal concentrations of the compound for 30-, 60-, and 180-s exposures were determined with the microdilution method using a neutralizer against 320 bacterial strains from culture collections and clinical isolates. Based on the results, the estimated bactericidal olanexidine concentrations with 180-s exposures were 869 μg/ml for Gram-positive cocci (155 strains), 109 μg/ml for Gram-positive bacilli (29 strains), and 434 μg/ml for Gram-negative bacteria (136 strains). Olanexidine was active against a wide range of bacteria, especially Gram-positive cocci, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and had a spectrum of bactericidal activity comparable to that of commercial antiseptics, such as chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine. In vitro experiments exploring its mechanism of action indicated that olanexidine (i) interacts with the bacterial surface molecules, such as lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid, (ii) disrupts the cell membranes of liposomes, which are artificial bacterial membrane models, (iii) enhances the membrane permeability of Escherichia coli, (iv) disrupts the membrane integrity of S. aureus, and (v) denatures proteins at relatively high concentrations (≥160 μg/ml). These results indicate that olanexidine probably binds to the cell membrane, disrupts membrane integrity, and its bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects are caused by irreversible leakage of intracellular components. At relatively high concentrations, olanexidine aggregates cells by denaturing proteins. This mechanism differs slightly from that of a similar biguanide compound, chlorhexidine. PMID:25987609
[Bactericidal activity of colloidal silver against grampositive and gramnegative bacteria].
Afonina, I A; Kraeva, L A; Tseneva, G Ia
2010-01-01
It was shown that colloidal silver solution prepared in cooperation with the A. F. Ioffe Physical Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, had significant bactericidal activity. Stable bactericidal effect on gramnegative microorganisms was observed after their 2-hour exposition in the solution of colloidal silver at a concentration of 10 ppm. Grampositive capsule-forming microorganisms were less susceptible to the colloidal silver solution: their death was observed after the 4-hour exposition in the solution.
[Bactericidal effect of soybean peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-potassium iodide system].
Jin, Jianling; Zhang, Weican; Li, Yu; Zhao, Yue; Wang, Fei; Gao, Peiji
2011-03-01
To study the bactericidal effect and the possible mechanisms of the three components system [soybean peroxidases (SBP)-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-potassium iodide (KI), SBP-H2O2-KI]. The inhibition and bactericidal effect of SBP-H2O2-KI system to bacteria was detected by OD600 and the number of live bacteria (CFU). The sensitivity was tested by comparing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bacterial cultures before and after cultured under sub-lethal dose of SBP-H2O2-KI system. Oxidizing activity groups were detected with physical and chemical methods in order to explain the bactericidal mechanisms of SBP-H2O2-KI system. SBP-H2O2-KI ternary system had rapid and high efficient bactericidal effect to a variety of bacterial strains in just several minutes. The MICs had no significant changes when bacterial cultures continuously cultured in sub-lethal dose of SBP-H2O2-KI system, and no resistance/tolerance mutant strains could be isolated from them. Both physical and chemical test results showed that no hydroxyl radical produced in SBP- H2O2-KI reaction system, chemical test results showed that no superoxide anion but a singlet oxygen and iodine produced in SBP-H2O2-KI reaction system. These results suggested that singlet oxygen and iodine or the iodine intermediate state may possible be the main sterilization factors for SBP-H2O2-KI system, and hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion not. In addition, the both characteristics of SBP-H2O2-KI system: rapid and high efficient bactericidal effect, and bacteria difficultly resisting to it, indicated it would have a good potential application in medical and plant protection area.
Wang, Dongxiang; Wang, Xiaoxing; Song, Chunshan
2017-11-17
Polyallylamine (PAA)-based molecular basket sorbents (MBS) have been studied for CO 2 capture in comparison with polyethylenimine (PEI)-based MBS. The characterizations including N 2 physisorption, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that PAA (M n =15 000) is more rigid and has more steric hindrance inside SBA-15 pores than PEI owing mainly to its different polymer structure. The effects of temperature and PAA loading on the CO 2 sorption capacity of PAA-based MBS have been examined by TGA by using 100 % CO 2 gas stream and compared with PEI/SBA-15. It was found that the capacity of the PAA/SBA-15 sorbent increased with increasing temperature. The optimum capacity of 88 mg CO2 g sorb -1 was obtained at 140 °C for PAA(50)/SBA-15 whereas the optimum sorption temperature was 75 and 90 °C for PEI-I(50)/SBA-15 (PEI-I, M n =423) and PEI-II(50)/SBA-15 (PEI-II, M n =25 000), respectively. The capacity initially increased with the increase of PAA loading and then dropped at high amine contents, owing to the increased diffusion barrier. The highest CO 2 capacity of 109 mg CO2 g sorb -1 was obtained at a PAA loading of 65 wt %, whereas the PAA(50)/SBA-15 sorbent gave the best amine efficiency of 0.23 mol CO2 mol N -1 . The effect of moisture was examined in a fixed-bed flow system with simulated flue gas containing 15 % CO 2 and 4.5 % O 2 in N 2 . It was found that the presence of moisture significantly enhanced CO 2 sorption over PAA(50)/SBA-15 and greatly improved its cyclic stability and regenerability. Compared with PEI/SBA-15, PAA/SBA-15 possesses a better thermal stability and higher resistance to oxidative degradation. However, the CO 2 sorption rate over the PAA(50)/SBA-15 sorbent was much slower. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Latorre, I.; Hwang, S.
2013-12-01
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) has been widely used as plasticizer in the manufacturing of polymeric materials to enhance flexibility, transparency and softness, particularly, in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production. Several studies elucidated that DEHP could be linked to hepatocellular tumors and pre-term birth and may be a developmental and reproductive toxicant. Arsenic (As) contamination has been widespread in the environment and because of its toxicity and prevalence in nature; it also has become a significant environmental health concern. Most solid waste materials containing DEHP and As(III) are disposed of in landfills and may migrate to groundwater and soil environments representing a threat to human receptors. Therefore, the application of adsorption-Fenton oxidation process with Fe adsorbed to SBA-15 matrix was assessed for simultaneous remediation of DEHP and As(III). Three sequences were run to assess the regeneration efficiency of the SBA-15. A response surface methodology was employed to optimize adsorption and Fenton regeneration. Adsorption optimization was evaluated with regard to SBA-15 doses and the extent of As(III) and Fe concentrations. Optimization of Fenton regeneration, in addition, assessed initial H2O2 concentration. Global optimization for maximum reduction of DEHP and As(III) was performed by D-Optimal. Highest adsorption of DEHP (90-95%) and As (40-95%) into the SBA-15 was predicted at 1.16 mM Fe, 18.74 mg SBA-15 and 3.71 mg/L As(III). Highest reduction of As (78-99%) and DEHP (90-97%) was predicted with 0.50 mM Fe, 22 mg SBA-15, 3.02 mg/L As(III) and 22.50 mM H2O2. Global optimal treatments were validated and SBA-15 regenerated material was characterized via SEM and XPS. The efficiency of DEHP and As(III) remediation by adsorption-Fenton oxidation process, applying optimal treatment combinations, was evaluated using leachate from a lab scale bioreactor monofill (i.e., filled with PVC materials). Capability of As(III) and DEHP
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... continued business operations of former Participants does SBA require? 124.603 Section 124.603 Business... What reports regarding the continued business operations of former Participants does SBA require... continued business operations, contracts, and financial condition for a period of three years following the...
Autthanit, Chaowat; Jongsomjit, Bunjerd
2018-02-01
The present work deals with the catalytic performance of SBA-15 supported catalysts in the gas phase catalytic dehydration of ethanol in the temperature range of 200 to 400°C. The SBA-15 support was incorporated on a zirconium (Zr) and bimetal of zirconium and lanthanum (Zr-La) prepared by sol-gel (SG) and hydrothermal (HT) methods. The catalysts were characterized by means of N 2 physisorption, SEM/EDX, and NH 3 -TPD. The experimental results demonstrated that the Zr-La/SBA-15-HT exhibited the highest catalytic activity. Ethanol conversion and ethylene selectivity were found to increase with increased reaction temperature. The best catalytic results were achieved for Zr-La/SBA-15-HT indicating values of ethanol conversion and ethylene yield of ca. 84% and 80%, respectively at 400°C. The most important parameter influencing their catalytic properties appears to be the interaction between metal and support depending on different methods. The metal dispersion inside the siliceous matrix of SBA-15 has a direct influence on their surface acidity. Meanwhile, the performance of these SBA-15 supported catalysts in ethanol dehydration is also related with the alteration of surface acidity caused by the introduction of Zr and Zr-La.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... business loan request meets the selection criteria of § 123.409 but SBA is unable to fund it because SBA has already allocated all program funds? 123.411 Section 123.411 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loans § 123.411 What if SBA...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... business loan request meets the selection criteria of § 123.409 but SBA is unable to fund it because SBA has already allocated all program funds? 123.411 Section 123.411 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loans § 123.411 What if SBA...
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Dai, Sheng; Hagaman, Edward; Ma, Zhen
2010-01-01
The introduction of mesoporous silicas in the 1990s has offered new opportunities for the engineering of ordered catalytic nanoreactors, but the acid properties of mesoporous silicas are rather poor. Herein, mesoporous silica (SBA-15) surfaces were functionalized by zirconium phosphate via two methods recently developed in our group. Zr(OPr){sub 4} and POCl{sub 3} were used as appropriate precursors in both methods. The main difference between these methods lies in whether Zr(OPr){sub 4} is grafted onto SBA-15 first and POCl{sub 3} second (method 1) or the grafting process takes place in one pot, with SBA-15, Zr(OPr){sub 4}, and POCl{sub 3} altogether (methodmore » 2). More zirconium phosphate could be grafted by repeating the above procedures. The materials were characterized by ICP-OES, XRD, N{sub 2} adsorption-desorption, TEM, {sup 31}P and {sup 29}Si MAS NMR, and NH{sub 3}-TPD, and their applications in catalytic isopropanol dehydration, cumene cracking, and metal-ion adsorption were demonstrated. Aluminum phosphate-modified SBA-15 samples could be obtained via these two methods as well. This work enriches the family of metal phosphate-functionalized mesoporous silicas as new solid acid catalysts.« less
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hoo, P. Y.; Abdullah, A. Z.; Shuit, S. H.; Teoh, Y. P.; Ng, Q. H.; Kunasundari, B.
2018-03-01
The exploitation of the super acidity of heteropolyacids incorporated heterogeneous catalysts was only feasible if the heterogeneity of these catalysts was assured. To maintain the catalyst heterogeneity in polar medium, a novel two-step modification method was proposed to synthesize the highly active, yet stable heterogeneous catalyst, catered for selective esterification of monoglyceride. The surficial, structural and acidity properties of the modified catalysts were investigated via crucial characterization methods (N2 BET, HRTEM, and FTIR). The collective evidences verified the predicted formation of calcium oxides (CaO) on the mesopores surfaces of the SBA-15 support after the first modification, and the successful subsequent 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPW) functionalization. The superior stability of the synthesized catalysts (10wt%-HPW/CaSBA-15) was demonstrated (negligible change in both conversion – 75% and yield – 70%), without the need for catalyst regeneration. Such result was attributed to the strong interaction between HPW and SBA-15 via calcium bridging. Being alkaline in nature, calcium oxides in the inner pores readily reacted with highly acidic HPW introduced in the subsequent wetness incipient step, forming insoluble HPW acid sites on inner pore walls of SBA-15 via the calcium bridging. This modification deemed promising and other alkaline metals should be explored in the future.
Ramoraswi, Nteseng O; Ndungu, Patrick G
2015-12-01
Mesoporous silica, specifically SBA-15, acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes and a hybrid nanocomposite of SBA-15 coated onto the sidewalls acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared and used as supports for anatase TiO2. Sol-gel methods were adapted for the synthesis of selected supports and for coating the materials with selected wt% loading of titania. Physical and chemical properties of the supports and catalyst composite materials were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The photo-activity of the catalyst composites were evaluated on the decolorisation of methylene blue as a model pollutant. Coating CNTs with SBA-15 improved the thermal stability and textural properties of the nanotubes. All supported titania composites had high surface areas (207-301 m(2)/g), altered band gap energies and reduced TiO2 crystallite sizes. The TiO2/SBA-CNT composite showed enhanced photo-catalytic properties and activity than the TiO2/SBA-15 and TiO2/CNT composites. In addition, an interesting observation was noted with the TiO2/SBA-15 nanocomposites, which had a significantly greater photo-catalytic activity than the TiO2/CNT nanocomposites in spite of the high electron-hole recombination phenomena observed with the photoluminescence results. Discussions in terms of morphological, textural and physical-chemical aspects to account for the result are presented.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ramoraswi, Nteseng O.; Ndungu, Patrick G.
2015-10-01
Mesoporous silica, specifically SBA-15, acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes and a hybrid nanocomposite of SBA-15 coated onto the sidewalls acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared and used as supports for anatase TiO2. Sol-gel methods were adapted for the synthesis of selected supports and for coating the materials with selected wt% loading of titania. Physical and chemical properties of the supports and catalyst composite materials were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The photo-activity of the catalyst composites were evaluated on the decolorisation of methylene blue as a model pollutant. Coating CNTs with SBA-15 improved the thermal stability and textural properties of the nanotubes. All supported titania composites had high surface areas (207-301 m2/g), altered band gap energies and reduced TiO2 crystallite sizes. The TiO2/SBA-CNT composite showed enhanced photo-catalytic properties and activity than the TiO2/SBA-15 and TiO2/CNT composites. In addition, an interesting observation was noted with the TiO2/SBA-15 nanocomposites, which had a significantly greater photo-catalytic activity than the TiO2/CNT nanocomposites in spite of the high electron-hole recombination phenomena observed with the photoluminescence results. Discussions in terms of morphological, textural and physical-chemical aspects to account for the result are presented.
Adsorptive removal of selected pharmaceuticals by mesoporous silica SBA-15.
Bui, Tung Xuan; Choi, Heechul
2009-09-15
The removal of five selected pharmaceuticals, viz., carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen was examined by batch sorption experiments onto a synthesized mesoporous silica SBA-15. SBA-15 was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N(2) adsorption-desorption measurement, and point of zero charge (PZC) measurement. Pharmaceutical adsorption kinetics was rapid and occurred on a scale of minutes, following a pseudo-second-order rate expression. Adsorption isotherms were best fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model. High removal rates of individual pharmaceuticals were achieved in acidic media (pH 3-5) and reached 85.2% for carbamazepine, 88.3% for diclofenac, 93.0% for ibuprofen, 94.3% for ketoprofen, and 49.0% for clofibric acid at pH 3 but decreased with increase in pH. SBA-15 also showed high efficiency for removal of a mixture of 5 pharmaceuticals. Except for clofibric acid (35.6%), the removal of pharmaceuticals in the mixture ranged from 75.2 to 89.3%. Based on adsorption and desorption results, the mechanism of the selected pharmaceuticals was found to be a hydrophilic interaction, providing valuable information for further studies to design materials for the purpose. The results of this study suggest that mesoporous-silica-based materials are promising adsorbents for removing pharmaceuticals from not only surface water but also wastewater of pharmaceutical industrial manufactures.
13 CFR 120.536 - Servicing and liquidation actions that require the prior written consent of SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... that require the prior written consent of SBA. (a) Actions by Lenders and CDCs. Except as otherwise provided in a Supplemental Guarantee Agreement with a Lender or an Agreement with a CDC, SBA must give its prior written consent before a Lender or CDC takes any of the following actions: (1) Increases the...
13 CFR 120.536 - Servicing and liquidation actions that require the prior written consent of SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... that require the prior written consent of SBA. (a) Actions by Lenders and CDCs. Except as otherwise provided in a Supplemental Guarantee Agreement with a Lender or an Agreement with a CDC, SBA must give its prior written consent before a Lender or CDC takes any of the following actions: (1) Increases the...
13 CFR 120.536 - Servicing and liquidation actions that require the prior written consent of SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... that require the prior written consent of SBA. (a) Actions by Lenders and CDCs. Except as otherwise provided in a Supplemental Guarantee Agreement with a Lender or an Agreement with a CDC, SBA must give its prior written consent before a Lender or CDC takes any of the following actions: (1) Increases the...
13 CFR 120.536 - Servicing and liquidation actions that require the prior written consent of SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... that require the prior written consent of SBA. (a) Actions by Lenders and CDCs. Except as otherwise provided in a Supplemental Guarantee Agreement with a Lender or an Agreement with a CDC, SBA must give its prior written consent before a Lender or CDC takes any of the following actions: (1) Increases the...
13 CFR 120.536 - Servicing and liquidation actions that require the prior written consent of SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... that require the prior written consent of SBA. (a) Actions by Lenders and CDCs. Except as otherwise provided in a Supplemental Guarantee Agreement with a Lender or an Agreement with a CDC, SBA must give its prior written consent before a Lender or CDC takes any of the following actions: (1) Increases the...
13 CFR 108.1700 - Transfer by SBA of its interest in a NMVC Company's Leverage security.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Transfer by SBA of its interest in a NMVC Company's Leverage security. 108.1700 Section 108.1700 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... be liable for all damage or loss which SBA may sustain by reason of such disposal, up to the amount...
Deng, Peng; Foxfire, Adam; Xu, Jianhong; Baird, Sonya M; Jia, Jiayuan; Delgado, Keren H; Shin, Ronald; Smith, Leif; Lu, Shi-En
2017-04-15
Burkholderia contaminans MS14 was isolated from soil in Mississippi. When it is cultivated on nutrient broth-yeast extract agar, the colonies exhibit bactericidal activity against a wide range of plant-pathogenic bacteria. A bacteriostatic compound with siderophore activity was successfully purified and was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be ornibactin. Isolation of the bactericidal compound has not yet been achieved; therefore, the exact nature of the bactericidal compound is still unknown. During an attempt to isolate the bactericidal compound, an interesting relationship between the production of ornibactin and the bactericidal activity of MS14 was characterized. Transposon mutagenesis resulted in two strains that lost bactericidal activity, with insertional mutations in a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene for ornibactin biosynthesis and a luxR family transcriptional regulatory gene. Coculture of these two mutant strains resulted in restoration of the bactericidal activity. Furthermore, the addition of ornibactin to the NRPS mutant restored the bactericidal phenotype. It has been demonstrated that, in MS14, ornibactin has an alternative function, aside from iron sequestration. Comparison of the ornibactin biosynthesis genes in Burkholderia species shows diversity among the regulatory elements, while the gene products for ornibactin synthesis are conserved. This is an interesting observation, given that ornibactin is thought to have the same defined function within Burkholderia species. Ornibactin is produced by most Burkholderia species, and its role in regulating the production of secondary metabolites should be investigated. IMPORTANCE Identification of the antibacterial product from strain MS14 is not the key feature of this study. We present a series of experiments that demonstrate that ornibactin is directly involved in the bactericidal phenotype of MS14. This observation provides evidence for an alternative function for
Bactericidal activity of cerumen.
Chai, T J; Chai, T C
1980-01-01
Freshly collected cerumen (dry form) suspended at a concentration of 3% in glycerol-sodium bicarbonate buffer showed bactericidal activity against some strains of bacteria tested. This suspension reduced the viability of Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli K-12, and Serratia marcescens by more than 99%, whereas the viability of two Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, E. coli K-1, Streptococcus, and two Staphylococcus aureus isolates of human origin was reduced by 30 to 80%. The results support the hypothesis that cerumen functions to kill certain foreign organisms which enter the ear canal. Images PMID:7447422
Bactericidal activity of tracheal antimicrobial peptide against respiratory pathogens of cattle.
Taha-Abdelaziz, Khaled; Perez-Casal, José; Schott, Courtney; Hsiao, Jason; Attah-Poku, Samuel; Slavić, Durđa; Caswell, Jeff L
2013-04-15
Tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) is a β-defensin produced by mucosal epithelial cells of cattle. Although effective against several human pathogens, the activity of this bovine peptide against the bacterial pathogens that cause bovine respiratory disease have not been reported. This study compared the antibacterial effects of synthetic TAP against Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma bovis. Bactericidal activity against M. bovis was not detected. In contrast, the Pasteurellaceae bacteria showed similar levels of susceptibility to that of Escherichia coli, with 0.125μg TAP inhibiting growth in a radial diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.56-6.25μg/ml in a bactericidal assay. Significant differences among isolates were not observed. Sequencing of exon 2 of the TAP gene from 23 cattle revealed a prevalent non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) A137G, encoding either serine or asparagine at residue 20 of the mature peptide. The functional effect of this SNP was tested against M. haemolytica using synthetic peptides. The bactericidal effect of the asparagine-containing peptide was consistently higher than the serine-containing peptide. Bactericidal activities were similar for an acapsular mutant of M. haemolytica compared to the wild type. These findings indicate that the Pasteurellaceae bacteria that cause bovine respiratory disease are susceptible to killing by bovine TAP and appear not to have evolved resistance, whereas M. bovis appears to be resistant. A non-synonymous SNP was identified in the coding region of the TAP gene, and the corresponding peptides vary in their bactericidal activity against M. haemolytica. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Du, Jinlong; Shi, Chunwei; Wu, Wenyuan; Bian, Xue; Chen, Ping; Cui, Qingzhu; Cui, Zhixuan
2017-12-01
Composite molecular sieves, FAU/SBA-15, having core-shell structure were synthesized. The synthesized composite sieves were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), pyrolysis fourier transform infrared (Py-FTIR) spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption spectra (NH3-TPD), UV Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other techniques. XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, mass spectrometry, NMR and EDS results showed that the composite molecular sieve contained two pore channels. Py-FTIR results showed that the addition of HY molecular sieves improved the acidity of the composite zeolite. The crystallization mechanism during the growth of FAU/SBA-15 shell was deduced from the influence of crystallization time on the synthesis of FAU/SBA-15 core-shell structured composite molecular sieve. HY dissociated partially in H2SO4 solution, and consisted of secondary structural units. This framework structure was more stable than its presence in the isolated form on the same ring or in the absence of Al. Thus it played a guiding role and connected with SBA-15 closely through the Si-O bond. This resulted in the gradual covering of the exterior surface of FAU phase by SBA-15 molecular sieves. The presence of SBA-15 restricted the formation of the other high mass components and increased the selectivity towards ethylbenzene.
Du, Jinlong; Shi, Chunwei; Wu, Wenyuan; Bian, Xue; Chen, Ping; Cui, Qingzhu; Cui, Zhixuan
2017-01-01
Abstract Composite molecular sieves, FAU/SBA-15, having core-shell structure were synthesized. The synthesized composite sieves were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), pyrolysis fourier transform infrared (Py-FTIR) spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption spectra (NH3-TPD), UV Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other techniques. XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, mass spectrometry, NMR and EDS results showed that the composite molecular sieve contained two pore channels. Py-FTIR results showed that the addition of HY molecular sieves improved the acidity of the composite zeolite. The crystallization mechanism during the growth of FAU/SBA-15 shell was deduced from the influence of crystallization time on the synthesis of FAU/SBA-15 core-shell structured composite molecular sieve. HY dissociated partially in H2SO4 solution, and consisted of secondary structural units. This framework structure was more stable than its presence in the isolated form on the same ring or in the absence of Al. Thus it played a guiding role and connected with SBA-15 closely through the Si-O bond. This resulted in the gradual covering of the exterior surface of FAU phase by SBA-15 molecular sieves. The presence of SBA-15 restricted the formation of the other high mass components and increased the selectivity towards ethylbenzene. PMID:29383044
Yoneda, M; Maeda, K; Aono, M
1990-01-01
The direct effects of the culture supernatant of oral microorganisms on the bactericidal activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were investigated. The bactericidal activity of PMNs, which were preincubated with the supernatant of Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius, Bacteroides melaninogenicus or phosphate-buffered saline, was examined by counting the surviving bacteria. B. gingivalis-treated PMNs were found to have a diminished ability for killing bacteria in the presence or absence of serum. The chemiluminescence response of PMNs, which were preincubated with the culture supernatant of B. gingivalis, was strikingly reduced compared with that of PMNs preincubated with phosphate-buffered saline or other bacterial culture supernatants. The production of superoxide anion (O2-) by PMNs stimulated with either formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or phorbol myristate acetate was reduced in both cases after the PMNs were preincubated with the culture supernatant of B. gingivalis. However, it was observed that there was more reduction in superoxide anion (O2-) production stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine compared with that stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate. These results suggest that B. gingivalis releases a factor which interferes with the bactericidal activity of PMNs by modulating the generation of reactive oxygen species. These suppressive effects on bactericidal activity may be important in the pathogenesis of this microorganism. PMID:2153632
13 CFR 140.2 - What is a debt and how can the SBA collect it through offset?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... from fees, leases, rents, royalties, services, sales of real or personal property, overpayments, fines... the debtor agrees in writing to a greater percentage. (ii) SBA also may collect against travel... additional action against the debtor to collect the debt at the same time or in sequence. When SBA makes...
13 CFR 107.1140 - Licensee's acceptance of SBA remedies under §§ 107.1800 through 107.1820.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Licensee's acceptance of SBA remedies under §§ 107.1800 through 107.1820. 107.1140 Section 107.1140 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES SBA Financial Assistance for Licensees...
Grafted chromium 13-membered dioxo-macrocyclic complex into aminopropyl-based nanoporous SBA-15
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tarlani, Aliakbar; Joharian, Monika; Narimani, Khashayar; Muzart, Jacques; Fallah, Mahtab
2013-07-01
In a new approach, chromium (III) tetraaza dioxo ligand was grafted onto functionalized SBA-15 after four step reactions by using coordinating ability of anchored amino functionalized SBA-15. After the termination of each step, the obtained product was characterized by FT-IR, low-angle X-ray diffraction (LA-XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH)) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and used as catalyst for the efficient and regioselective alcoholysis of styrene oxide to 2-alkoxy-1-phenylethanol product at ambient temperature.
Lu, Meng-Meng; Wang, Qiu-Jing; Chang, Zhi-Min; Wang, Zheng; Zheng, Xiao; Shao, Dan; Dong, Wen-Fei; Zhou, Yan-Min
2017-01-01
Combination of chlorhexidine (CHX) and silver ions could engender synergistic bactericidal effect and improve the bactericidal efficacy. It is highly desired to develop an efficient carrier for the antiseptics codelivery targeting infection foci with acidic microenvironment. In this work, monodisperse mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) nanospheres were successfully developed as an ideal carrier for CHX and nanosilver codelivery through a facile and environmentally friendly method. The CHX-loaded, silver-decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Ag-MSNs@CHX) exhibited a pH-responsive release manner of CHX and silver ions simultaneously, leading to synergistically antibacterial effect against both gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli . Moreover, the effective antibacterial concentration of Ag-MSNs@CHX showed less cytotoxicity on normal cells. Given their synergistically bactericidal ability and good biocompatibility, these nanoantiseptics might have effective and broad clinical applications for bacterial infections.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... Chief, Office of Technology. If the protest involves the size status of a concern that SBA has certified... of privacy or confidentiality, because SBA will not disclose information obtained in the course of a...
Efficient low-temperature soot combustion by bimetallic Ag-Cu/SBA-15 catalysts.
Wen, Zhaojun; Duan, Xinping; Hu, Menglin; Cao, Yanning; Ye, Linmin; Jiang, Lilong; Yuan, Youzhu
2018-02-01
In this study, the effects of copper (Cu) additive on the catalytic performance of Ag/SBA-15 in complete soot combustion were investigated. The soot combustion performance of bimetallic Ag-Cu/SBA-15 catalysts was higher than that of monometallic Ag and Cu catalysts. The optimum catalytic performance was acquired with the 5Ag 1 -Cu 0.1 /SBA-15 catalyst, on which the soot combustion starts at T ig =225°C with a T 50 =285°C. The temperature for 50% of soot combustion was lower than that of conventional Ag-based catalysts to more than 50°C (Aneggi et al., 2009). Physicochemical characterizations of the catalysts indicated that addition of Cu into Ag could form smaller bimetallic Ag-Cu nanolloy particles, downsizing the mean particle size from 3.7nm in monometallic catalyst to 2.6nm in bimetallic Ag-Cu catalyst. Further experiments revealed that Ag and Cu species elicited synergistic effects, subsequently increasing the content of surface active oxygen species. As a result, the structure modifications of Ag by the addition of Cu strongly intensified the catalytic performance. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Glass composite waste forms for iodine confined in bismuth-embedded SBA-15
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Jae Hwan; Park, Hwan Seo; Ahn, Do-Hee; Yim, Man-Sung
2016-11-01
The aim of this study was to stabilize bismuth-embedded SBA-15 that captured iodine gas by fabrication of monolithic waste forms. The iodine containing waste was mixed with Bi2O3 (a stabilizing additive) and low-temperature sintering glass followed by pelletizing and the sintering process to produce glass composite materials. Iodine volatility during the sintering process was significantly affected by the ratio of Bi2O3 and the glass composition. It was confirmed that BiI3, the main iodine phase within bismuth-embedded SBA-15, was effectively transformed to the mixed phases of Bi5O7I and BiOI. The initial leaching rates of iodine from the glass composite waste forms ranged 10-3-10-2 g/m2 day, showing the stability of the iodine phases encapsulated by the glassy networks. It was also observed that common groundwater anions (e.g., chloride, carbonate, sulfite, and fluoride) elevated the iodine leaching rate by anion exchange reactions. The present results suggest that the glass composite waste form of bismuth-embedded SBA-15 could be a candidate material for stable storage of 129I.
Pathak, Satya P; Gopal, K
2012-07-01
The purpose of this study is the development of a suitable process for the disinfection of drinking water by evaluating bactericidal efficacy of silver ions from silver electrodes. A prototype of a silver ioniser with silver electrodes and control unit has been fabricated. Silver ions from silver electrodes in water samples were estimated with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A fresh culture of Escherichia coli (1.75 × 10(3) c.f.u./ml) was exposed to 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 ppb of silver ions in 100 ml of autoclaved tap water for 60 min. The effect of different pH and temperatures on bactericidal efficacy was observed at constant silver ion concentration (5 ppb) and contact time of 30 min. The maximum bactericidal activity (100%) was observed at 20 ppb of silver ion concentration indicating total disinfection after 20 min while minimum bactericidal activity (25%) was observed after 10 min at 01 ppb of silver ions. Likewise, 100% bactericidal activity was noticed with 2, 5 and 10 ppb of silver ions after 60, 50 and 40 min, respectively. Bactericidal activity at pH 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 was observed at 79.9%, 79.8%, 80.5%, 100% and 100%, respectively, whereas it was 80.4%, 88.3%, 100%, 100% and 100% at 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C and 50°C, respectively. The findings of this study revealed that very low concentrations of silver ions at pH 8-9 and temperature >20°C have bactericidal efficacy for total disinfection of drinking water. Silver ionisation is suitable for water disinfection and an appropriate alternative to chlorination which forms carcinogenic disinfection by-products.
Nishimura, Hidekazu
2012-11-01
Several Japanese companies sell electrical devices advertised as effective in inactivating viruses and killing bacteria by releasing special materials, e.g., Plasmacluster ions, Nanoe particle and minus ions, into the air. These companies claim that their devices killed bacteria on plates in their own experiments. We tested device effectiveness using the same experiments from the Plasmacluster ioniser SHARP Co., Japan, the Nanoe generator Panasonic Co., Japan, and the Vion KING JIM Co., Japan, to test their advertising claims. Bactericidal ability on agar plate was tested, using Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Enterococcus faecalis as follows: the medium containing a certain amount of each bacterium was put onto an agar plate and smeared. Plates were kept in a closed chamber (inner volume 14.4 m3) or a glove box (inner volume 0.2 m), with one of the devices run for 2 hours. Plates not exposed to any device were used as controls. Each plate was retrieved and put in an incubator to count the number of bacterial colonies formed on the plate. There was no significant difference in the number of colonies on plates exposed to devices compared to control, in the number for all devices, or in all bacteria tested in experiments in the 14.4 m3 chamber. These results strongly suggest that these devices have almost no bactericidal effect, at least in space exceeding this volume. Colony formation was suppressed in the glove box in all devices and in all bacteria tested except P. aeruginosa, although the degree of suppression differed among experiments. The colony formation suppression mechanism was analyzed, and indicated that:colony formation did not change even after the removal of Plasmacluster ions, Nanoe particles, or negative ions from the air, while colony formation was decreased drastically by the removal of ozone from space, which was revealed to be generated inevitably during device operation. These results strongly suggest that the
Acevedo, Reinaldo; Zayas, Caridad; Norheim, Gunnstein; Fernández, Sonsire; Cedré, Barbara; Aranguren, Yisabel; Cuello, Maribel; Rodriguez, Yaimara; González, Humberto; Mandiarote, Aleida; Pérez, Marylin; Hernández, Maritza; Hernández-Cedeño, Mabel; González, Domingo; Brorson, Sverre-Henning; Rosenqvist, Einar; Naess, Lisbeth; Tunheim, Gro; Cardoso, Daniel; García, Luis
2017-07-01
Meningococcal disease is caused mainly by serogroups A, B, C, Y, W of N. meningitidis. However, numerous cases of meningitis caused by serogroup X N. meningitidis (MenX) have recently been reported in several African countries. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines against this pathogen and most of the MenX cases have been caused by meningococci from clonal complex (c.c) 181. Detergent extracted meningococcal outer membrane vesicle (dOMV) vaccines have previously shown to be safe and effective against epidemics of serogroup B meningococcal disease in all age groups. The aim of this work is therefore to obtain, characterize and evaluate the vaccine potential of dOMVs derived from a MenX strain (OMVx). Three experimental lots of OMVx were prepared by deoxycholate extraction from the MenX strain BF 2/97. Size and morphology of the vesicles was determined by Dynamic Light Scattering and electron microscopy, whereas the antigenic composition was characterized by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. OMVx were thereafter adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide (OMVx/AL) and two doses of OMVx were administered s.c. to groups of Balb/c mice three weeks apart. The immunogenicity and functional antibody activities in sera were evaluated by ELISA (anti-OMVx specific IgG responses) and serum bactericidal activity (SBA) assay. The size range of OMVx was shown to be between 90 and 120nm, whereas some of the antigens detected were the outer membrane proteins PorA, OpcA and RmpM. The OMVx/AL elicited high anti-OMVx antibody responses with bactericidal activity and no bactericidal activity was observed in the control group of no immunised mice. The results demonstrate that OMVx are immunogenic and could form part of a future vaccine to prevent the majority of meningococcal disease in the African meningitis belt. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Events of default and SBA's... Noncompliance With Terms of Leverage § 107.1810 Events of default and SBA's remedies for Licensee's... time of their issuance. (b) Automatic events of default. The occurrence of one or more of the events in...
13 CFR 123.108 - How do the SBA disaster loan program and the FEMA grant programs interact?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false How do the SBA disaster loan program and the FEMA grant programs interact? 123.108 Section 123.108 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Home Disaster Loans § 123.108 How do the SBA disaster loan...
13 CFR 123.108 - How do the SBA disaster loan program and the FEMA grant programs interact?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false How do the SBA disaster loan program and the FEMA grant programs interact? 123.108 Section 123.108 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Home Disaster Loans § 123.108 How do the SBA disaster loan...
13 CFR 123.108 - How do the SBA disaster loan program and the FEMA grant programs interact?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How do the SBA disaster loan program and the FEMA grant programs interact? 123.108 Section 123.108 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Home Disaster Loans § 123.108 How do the SBA disaster loan...
13 CFR 123.108 - How do the SBA disaster loan program and the FEMA grant programs interact?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false How do the SBA disaster loan program and the FEMA grant programs interact? 123.108 Section 123.108 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Home Disaster Loans § 123.108 How do the SBA disaster loan...
Effect of amine functionalization of spherical MCM-41 and SBA-15 on controlled drug release
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Szegedi, A., E-mail: szegedi@chemres.h; Popova, M.; Goshev, I.
2011-05-15
MCM-41 and SBA-15 silica materials with spherical morphology and different particle sizes were synthesized and modified by post-synthesis method with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). A comparative study of the adsorption and release of a model drug, ibuprofen, were carried out. The modified and drug loaded mesoporous materials were characterized by XRD, TEM, N{sub 2} physisorption, thermal analysis, elemental analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. Surface modification with amino groups resulted in high degree of ibuprofen loading and slow rate of release for MCM-41, whereas it was the opposite for SBA-15. The adsorbed drug content and the delivery rate can be predetermined by the choicemore » of mesoporous material with the appropriate structural characteristics and surface functionality. -- Graphical Abstract: Ibuprofen delivery from the parent and amino-modified spherical MCM-41 materials with 100 nm (small) and 500 nm (large) particle sizes. Display Omitted Highlights: {yields} Spherical type MCM-41 and SBA-15 with different particle sizes were modified by APTES. {yields} Adsorption and release rate of ibuprofen were compared. {yields} High degree of ibuprofen loading, slow release rate for MCM-41, the opposite for SBA-15. {yields} MCM-41 with 100 nm particles was more stable and showed slower release rate« less
Deschner, Thomas; Klimpel, Michael; Tafipolsky, Maxim; Scherer, Wolfgang; Törnroos, Karl W; Anwander, Reiner
2012-06-28
Magnesium silylamide complexes Mg[N(SiHMe(2))(2)](2)(THF)(2) and Mg[N(SiPhMe(2))(2)](2) were synthesized according to transsilylamination and alkane elimination protocols, respectively, utilizing Mg[N(SiMe(3))(2)](2)(THF)(2) and [Mg(n-Bu)](2) as precursors. Cage-like periodic mesoporous silica SBA-1 was treated with donor solvent-free dimeric [Mg{N(SiHMe(2))(2)}(2)](2), [Mg{N(SiMe(3))(2)}(2)](2) and monomeric Mg[N(SiPhMe(2))(2)](2), producing hybrid materials [Mg(NR(2))(2)]@SBA-1 with magnesium located mainly at the external surface. Consecutive grafting of [Mg{N(SiHMe(2))(2)}(2)](2) and [Fe(II){N(SiHMe(2))(2)}(2)](2) onto SBA-1 led to heterobimetallic hybrid materials which exhibit complete consumption of the isolated surface silanol groups, evidencing intra-cage surface functionalization. All materials were characterized by DRIFT spectroscopy, nitrogen physisorption and elemental analysis.
O'Mahony, Rachel; Al-Khtheeri, Huda; Weerasekera, Deepaka; Fernando, Neluka; Vaira, Dino; Holton, John; Basset, Christelle
2005-12-21
To investigate the bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of 25 plants against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Twenty-five plants were boiled in water to produce aqueous extracts that simulate the effect of cooking. The bactericidal activity of the extracts was assessed by a standard kill-curve with seven strains of H. pylori. The anti-adhesive property was assessed by the inhibition of binding of four strains of FITC-labeled H. pylori to stomach sections. Of all the plants tested, eight plants, including Bengal quince, nightshade, garlic, dill, black pepper, coriander, fenugreek and black tea, were found to have no bactericidal effect on any of the isolates. Columbo weed, long pepper, parsley, tarragon, nutmeg, yellow-berried nightshade, threadstem carpetweed, sage and cinnamon had bactericidal activities against H. pylori, but total inhibition of growth was not achieved in this study. Among the plants that killed H. pylori, turmeric was the most efficient, followed by cumin, ginger, chilli, borage, black caraway, oregano and liquorice. Moreover, extracts of turmeric, borage and parsley were able to inhibit the adhesion of H. pylori strains to the stomach sections. Several plants that were tested in our study had bactericidal and/or anti-adhesive effects on H. pylori. Ingestion of the plants with anti-adhesive properties could therefore provide a potent alternative therapy for H. pylori infection, which overcomes the problem of resistance associated with current antibiotic treatment.
13 CFR 120.434 - What are SBA's requirements for loan pledges?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... factors, will be considered in determining satisfactory SBA performance. Other factors may include, but... default rate, purchase rate and loss rate), loan volume to the extent that it impacts performance measures...
A whole blood bactericidal assay for tuberculosis.
Wallis, R S; Palaci, M; Vinhas, S; Hise, A G; Ribeiro, F C; Landen, K; Cheon, S H; Song, H Y; Phillips, M; Dietze, R; Ellner, J J
2001-04-15
The bactericidal activity of orally administered antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs was determined in a whole blood culture model of intracellular infection in which microbial killing reflects the combined effects of drug and immune mechanisms. Rifampin (Rif) was the most active compound studied and reduced the number of viable bacilli by >4 logs. Isoniazid (INH), 2 quinolones, and pyrazinamide (PZA) showed intermediate levels of activity. Ethambutol exerted only a bacteristatic effect; amoxicillin/clavulanate was inactive. The combination of INH-Rif-PZA showed strong activity against 11 drug-sensitive isolates (mean, -3.8 log) but no activity against 12 multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The combination of levofloxacin-PZA-ethambutol had intermediate bactericidal activity against MDR isolates (mean, -1.2 log) but failed to equal that of INH-Rif-PZA against sensitive isolates (P<.001). The whole blood BACTEC method (Becton Dickinson) may be useful for the early clinical evaluation of new anti-TB drugs and in the management of individual patients.
13 CFR 120.1830 - What are the terms and conditions of an SBA loan to an SISMBD?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... Market Broker-Dealers (SISMBD Loan Program) § 120.1830 What are the terms and conditions of an SBA loan... seventy-five percent (75%) of the total dollar amount of an SISMBD's purchases in the SBA Secondary Market... Director of the Secondary Market Lending Authority may approve a higher SISMBD Loan amount if he/she...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... based on expertise and ability to fulfill the purposes of the Act. (2) SBA will evaluate organizational... communication capabilities (or potential for same). SBA will also evaluate data collection capabilities... product to the field. (d) Applications for Discretionary Grants will be evaluated based on the goals and...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... based on expertise and ability to fulfill the purposes of the Act. (2) SBA will evaluate organizational... communication capabilities (or potential for same). SBA will also evaluate data collection capabilities... product to the field. (d) Applications for Discretionary Grants will be evaluated based on the goals and...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... based on expertise and ability to fulfill the purposes of the Act. (2) SBA will evaluate organizational... communication capabilities (or potential for same). SBA will also evaluate data collection capabilities... product to the field. (d) Applications for Discretionary Grants will be evaluated based on the goals and...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... based on expertise and ability to fulfill the purposes of the Act. (2) SBA will evaluate organizational... communication capabilities (or potential for same). SBA will also evaluate data collection capabilities... product to the field. (d) Applications for Discretionary Grants will be evaluated based on the goals and...
13 CFR 121.103 - How does SBA determine affiliation?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... business ventures for joint profit over a two year period, for which purpose they combine their efforts, property, money, skill, or knowledge, but not on a continuing or permanent basis for conducting business... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How does SBA determine affiliation...
The bactericidal effect of surface micro-discharge plasma under different ambient conditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shimizu, T.; Zimmermann, J. L.; Morfill, G. E.
2011-02-01
A series of experiments on the bactericidal properties of plasmas using a surface micro-discharge (SMD) device in an atmosphere under different ambient temperatures and humidities was carried out. This plasma dispenser was developed for use as a disinfection system in private and public places (hospitals, medical practices, etc). The bactericidal effect is due to the interplay of the plasma and the chemical products produced via interactions with O2/N2 and H2O vapour in air. To use this device in different countries and therefore under various ambient conditions, it is important to understand its behaviour and efficiency, especially with respect to air temperature and humidity. The experimental results obtained in this study show that the bactericidal properties of the SMD plasma dispenser are not sensitive to the different temperatures and humidities.
13 CFR 106.503 - Are there types of Gifts which SBA may not solicit and/or accept?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... of or for (or use cash Gifts to purchase or engage in) the following: (a) Alcohol products; (b... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Are there types of Gifts which SBA... ADMINISTRATION COSPONSORSHIPS, FEE AND NON-FEE BASED SBA-SPONSORED ACTIVITIES AND GIFTS Gifts § 106.503 Are there...
Salcedo, Jaime; Gormaz, Maria; López-Mendoza, Maria C; Nogarotto, Elisabetta; Silvestre, Dolores
2015-04-01
Lyophilization appears to be a viable method for storing human milk, assuring no microbiological contamination and preserving its health benefits and antibacterial properties. The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the effects of different storage methods (lyophilization and freezing at -20°C and -80°C) and maternal factors (gestational length or time postpartum) upon the microbiological contents and bactericidal activity of human milk. The possible relation between bactericidal activity and the content of certain nutrients and functional components is also investigated. Microbiological content, bactericidal activity, sialic acid, and ganglioside contents, as well as protein, fat, and lactose concentrations were assessed in 125 human milk samples from 65 healthy donors in the Human Milk Bank of La Fe (Valencia, Spain). Lyophilization and storage at -80°C significantly reduced the content of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms and Staphylococcus epidermidis when compared with storage at -20°C. Bactericidal activity was not significantly modified by lyophilization when compared with freezing at either -20°C or -80°C. Bactericidal activity was not correlated with fat, protein, or lactose content, but was significantly correlated to ganglioside content. The bactericidal activity was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in mature milk and in milk from women with term delivery than in milk from early lactation (days 1-7 postpartum) and milk from women with preterm delivery, respectively. Lyophilization and storage at -80°C of human milk yields similar results and are superior to storage at -20C with regard to microbial and bactericidal capacities, being a feasible alternative for human milk banks.
13 CFR 121.1006 - When will a size protest be referred to an SBA Government Contracting Area Office?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... referred to an SBA Government Contracting Area Office? 121.1006 Section 121.1006 Business Credit and... size protest be referred to an SBA Government Contracting Area Office? (a) A contracting officer who... Contracting Area Office serving the area in which the headquarters of the offeror is located. (b) A...
LED array designing and its bactericidal effect researching on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fang, Jing; Xing, Jin; Gao, Liucun; Shen, Benjian; Kang, Hongxiang; Jie, Liang; Peng, Chen
2015-10-01
Lights with some special waveband and output power density have a bactericidal effect to some special bacteria. In this paper, the bactericidal effect of light at wavelength of 470 nm on P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) is researched with different irradiation dose. The light source is a LED array which is obtained by incoherent combine of 36 LEDs with emitting wavelength of 470 nm. The P. aeruginosa suspension is exposed with the LED array at the light power density of 100 mW/cm2 with exposures time of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 min, respectively. The numbers of CFU are then determined by serial dilutions on LB agar plates. The bactericidal effect research results of 470 nm LED on P. aeruginosa show that the killing ratio increases with increasing of the exposure time. For the 80 min irradiation, as much as 92.4% reduction of P. aeruginosa is achieved. The results indicate that, in vitro, 470-nm lights produce dose dependent bactericidal effects on P. aeruginosa.
13 CFR 107.1710 - SBA authority to collect or compromise its claims.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES SBA Financial Assistance for Licensees (Leverage) Miscellaneous... consideration as it deems reasonable, collect or compromise all claims relating to Preferred or Participating...
2002-01-01
Based Preservation Systems and Probiotic Bacteria. In Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. M. P. Doyle, L.R. Beuchat and T.J. Montville...Microarray Bactericidal Testing of Natural Products Against Yersinia intermedia and Bacillus anthracis I.J. Fry1, F.K. Lee2, A. Turetsky2 and J.J...effective protection against biological warfare agents (BWA’s), natural products with a historical record of bactericidal efficacy such as
Study on catalytic properties and carbon deposition of Ni-Cu/SBA-15 for cyclohexane dehydrogenation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xia, Zhijun; Liu, Huayan; Lu, Hanfeng; Zhang, Zekai; Chen, Yinfei
2017-11-01
A series of Ni-Cu supported on SBA-15 were prepared by impregnation, and used as catalysts in cyclohexane dehydrogenation for hydrogen production. The results indicated that the addition of Cu into Ni changes the crystal structure of metal Ni, and forms Ni-Cu alloy. Thus, Cu improves the reduction properties of Ni. Conversely, Ni stables and disperses metal Cu. With the space limitation of the ordered channels and high surface area of SBA-15, the bimetallic Ni-Cu/SBA-15 catalysts expose large amounts of selective active sites composed uniformly with Ni and Cu. Therefore, they present not only excellent catalytic performance for cyclohexane dehydrogenation, but also low coke formation. The in-situ DRIFT studies have shown the vinyl species, indicating the existence of alkenes in the reactive intermediates. Additionally, the strong absorption of benzene on the metal could induce benzene was dehydrogenated further to carbon.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Has SBA waived any of the public participation exemptions of the Administrative Procedure Act? 101.108 Section 101.108 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.108 Has SBA waived any of the public...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Has SBA waived any of the public participation exemptions of the Administrative Procedure Act? 101.108 Section 101.108 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION Overview § 101.108 Has SBA waived any of the public...
13 CFR 108.1640 - SBA access to records of the CRA, Brokers, Dealers and Pool or Trust assemblers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA access to records of the CRA, Brokers, Dealers and Pool or Trust assemblers. 108.1640 Section 108.1640 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM SBA Financial Assistance for...
13 CFR 120.1720 - SBA's right to review Pool Loan documents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... may constitute a material failure to comply with the Program Rules and Regulations and may lead to an... Program and may restrict further sales under the Program until SBA determines that the Seller has provided...
13 CFR 121.102 - How does SBA establish size standards?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How does SBA establish size standards? 121.102 Section 121.102 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS SIZE REGULATIONS Size Eligibility Provisions and Standards Provisions of General Applicability...
13 CFR 121.102 - How does SBA establish size standards?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How does SBA establish size standards? 121.102 Section 121.102 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS SIZE REGULATIONS Size Eligibility Provisions and Standards Provisions of General Applicability...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... diversity between management and ownership as required by § 108.150. (g) SBA remedies for events of default... fraudulent under the terms of 11 U.S.C. 548. (3) Willful conflicts of interest. You willfully violate § 108... section. (1) Excessive Management Expenses. Without the prior written consent of SBA, you incur Management...
Perrett, Kirsten P; McVernon, Jodie; Richmond, Peter C; Marshall, Helen; Nissen, Michael; August, Allison; Percell, Sandra; Toneatto, Daniela; Nolan, Terry
2015-09-22
For decades, a broadly effective vaccine against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB) has remained elusive. Recently, a four-component recombinant vaccine (4CMenB) has been developed and is now approved in Europe, Canada, Australia and some Latin American countries. This phase III, randomized study evaluated the lot consistency, early immune responses and the safety profile of 4CMenB in 11 to 17-year-old adolescents in Australia and Canada (NCT01423084). In total, 344 adolescents received two doses of one of 2 lots of 4CMenB, 1-month apart. Immunogenicity was assessed before, 2-weeks and 1-month following the second vaccination. Serum bactericidal activity using human complement (hSBA) was measured against three reference strains 44/76-SL, 5/99 and NZ98/254, selected to express one of the vaccine antigens; Neisseria adhesin A (NadA), factor H binding protein (fHbp) and porin A (PorA) containing outer membrane vesicle (OMV), respectively. Responses to the Neisseria heparin binding antigen (NHBA) were assessed with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Local and systemic reactions were recorded for 7 days following each vaccination; unsolicited adverse events were monitored throughout the study. Immunological equivalence of the two lots of 4CMenB was established at 1-month. At baseline, ≤7% of participants had hSBA titers ≥5 to all three reference strains. Two weeks following the second dose of 4CMenB, all participants had hSBA titers ≥5 against fHbp and NadA compared with 84-96% against the PorA reference strains. At 1-month, corresponding proportions were 99%, 100% and 70-79%, respectively. Both lots were generally well tolerated and had similar adverse event profiles. Two doses of 4CMenB had an acceptable safety profile and induced a robust immune response in adolescents. Peak antibody responses were observed at 14 days following vaccination. While a substantial non-uniform antigen-dependent early decline in antibody titers was seen thereafter, a
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bhadra, Chris M.; Werner, Marco; Baulin, Vladimir A.; Truong Khanh, Vi; Kobaisi, Mohammad Al; Nguyen, Song Ha; Balcytis, Armandas; Juodkazis, Saulius; Wang, James Y.; Mainwaring, David E.; Crawford, Russell J.; Ivanova, Elena P.
2018-06-01
One of the major challenges faced by the biomedical industry is the development of robust synthetic surfaces that can resist bacterial colonization. Much inspiration has been drawn recently from naturally occurring mechano-bactericidal surfaces such as the wings of cicada ( Psaltoda claripennis) and dragonfly ( Diplacodes bipunctata) species in fabricating their synthetic analogs. However, the bactericidal activity of nanostructured surfaces is observed in a particular range of parameters reflecting the geometry of nanostructures and surface wettability. Here, several of the nanometer-scale characteristics of black silicon (bSi) surfaces including the density and height of the nanopillars that have the potential to influence the bactericidal efficiency of these nanostructured surfaces have been investigated. The results provide important evidence that minor variations in the nanoarchitecture of substrata can substantially alter their performance as bactericidal surfaces.[Figure not available: see fulltext.
Catalytic Synthesis of n-Butyl Oleate by Cerium Complex Doped Y/SBA-15 Composite Molecular Sieve
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shi, Chunwei; Bian, Xue; Wu, Yongfu; Cong, Yufeng; Pei, Mingyuan
2018-01-01
Cerium ion was successfully incorporated into Y/SBA-15 micro-mesoporous molecular sieves via the hydrothermal synthesis method to give a series of composite materials. The prepared materials were thoroughly characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and differential thermo gravimetric analysis (TG-DTG). The results showed that the prepared composite materials retained the highly ordered mesoporous two-dimensional hexagonal structure of SBA-15 and the octagonal structure of Y. The catalyst Ce-Y/SBA-15 was prepared and characterized, then the esterification of n-butanol and oleic acid was studied with bismuth phosphotungstate as a catalyst. Using this model reaction, the effects of Ce-HY/SBA-15, molar ratio of alcohol to oleic acid, amount of catalysts, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The experimental results show that the optimal reaction conditions were: 1.8:1 molar ratio of alcohol to acid, 5 % catalyst amount (based on weight of oleic acid), 4 h reaction time and reflux conditions. Under these conditions, the yield of esterification was 90.6 %. The results suggest that the addition of Ce can effectively improve the catalytic properties of composite molecular sieves.
13 CFR 120.1400 - Grounds for enforcement actions-SBA Lenders.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Grounds for enforcement actions-SBA Lenders. 120.1400 Section 120.1400 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Risk-Based Lender Oversight Enforcement Actions § 120.1400 Grounds for enforcement actions...
Bactericidal activity and post-antibiotic effect of ozenoxacin against Propionibacterium acnes.
Kanayama, Shoji; Okamoto, Kazuaki; Ikeda, Fumiaki; Ishii, Ritsuko; Matsumoto, Tatsumi; Hayashi, Naoki; Gotoh, Naomasa
2017-06-01
Ozenoxacin, a novel non-fluorinated topical quinolone, is used for the treatment of acne vulgaris in Japan. We investigated bactericidal activity and post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of ozenoxacin against Propionibacterium acnes, a major causative bacterium of acne vulgaris. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ozenoxacin against 3 levofloxacin-susceptible strains (MIC of levofloxacin; ≤4 μg/mL) and 3 levofloxacin-resistant strains (MIC of levofloxacin; ≥8 μg/mL) ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 μg/mL and from 0.25 to 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. These MICs of ozenoxacin were almost the same or lower than nadifloxacin and clindamycin. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of ozenoxacin against the levofloxacin-susceptible and -resistant strains were from 0.06 to 8 μg/mL and from 0.5 to 4 μg/mL, respectively. These MBCs were lower than those of nadifloxacin and clindamycin. In time-kill assay, ozenoxacin at 1/4, 1 and 4 times the respective MIC against both levofloxacin-susceptible and -resistant strains showed a concentration-dependent bactericidal activity. Ozenoxacin at 4 times the MICs against the levofloxacin-susceptible strains showed more potent and more rapid onset of bactericidal activity compared to nadifloxacin and clindamycin at 4 times the respective MICs. The PAEs of ozenoxacin at 4 times the MICs against the levofloxacin-susceptible strains were from 3.3 to 17.1 h, which were almost the same or longer than nadifloxacin and clindamycin. In contrast, the PAEs were hardly induced by any antimicrobial agents against the levofloxacin-resistant strains. The present findings suggest that ozenoxacin has a potent bactericidal activity against both levofloxacin-susceptible and -resistant P. acnes, and a long-lasting PAE against levofloxacin-susceptible P. acnes. Copyright © 2017 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Kawamura, Kumiko; Sakuma, Ayaka; Nakamura, Yuka; Oguri, Tomoko; Sato, Natsumi; Kido, Nobuo
2012-07-01
To develop a novel low-temperature plasma sterilizer using pure N(2) gas as a plasma source, we evaluated bactericidal ability of a prototype apparatus provided by NGK Insulators. After determination of the sterilizing conditions without the cold spots, the D value of the BI of Geobacillus stearothermophilus endospores on the filter paper was determined as 1.9 min. However, the inactivation efficiency of BI carrying the same endospores on SUS varied to some extent, suggesting that the bactericidal effect might vary by materials of sterilized instruments. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were also exposed to the N(2) gas plasma and confirmed to be inactivated within 30 min. Through the evaluation of bactericidal efficiency in a sterilization bag, we concluded that the UV photons in the plasma and the high-voltage pulse to generate the gas plasma were not concerned with the bactericidal effect of the N(2) gas plasma. Bactericidal effect might be exhibited by activated nitrogen atoms or molecular radicals. © 2012 The Societies and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.
Solid-State Kinetic Investigations of Nonisothermal Reduction of Iron Species Supported on SBA-15
2017-01-01
Iron oxide catalysts supported on nanostructured silica SBA-15 were synthesized with various iron loadings using two different precursors. Structural characterization of the as-prepared FexOy/SBA-15 samples was performed by nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction, DR-UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. An increasing size of the resulting iron species correlated with an increasing iron loading. Significantly smaller iron species were obtained from (Fe(III), NH4)-citrate precursors compared to Fe(III)-nitrate precursors. Moreover, smaller iron species resulted in a smoother surface of the support material. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) of the FexOy/SBA-15 samples with H2 revealed better reducibility of the samples originating from Fe(III)-nitrate precursors. Varying the iron loading led to a change in reduction mechanism. TPR traces were analyzed by model-independent Kissinger method, Ozawa, Flynn, and Wall (OFW) method, and model-dependent Coats-Redfern method. JMAK kinetic analysis afforded a one-dimensional reduction process for the FexOy/SBA-15 samples. The Kissinger method yielded the lowest apparent activation energy for the lowest loaded citrate sample (Ea ≈ 39 kJ/mol). Conversely, the lowest loaded nitrate sample possessed the highest apparent activation energy (Ea ≈ 88 kJ/mol). For samples obtained from Fe(III)-nitrate precursors, Ea decreased with increasing iron loading. Apparent activation energies from model-independent analysis methods agreed well with those from model-dependent methods. Nucleation as rate-determining step in the reduction of the iron oxide species was consistent with the Mampel solid-state reaction model. PMID:29230346
Granoff, Dan M.; Costa, Isabella; Konar, Monica; Giuntini, Serena; Van Rompay, Koen K. A.; Beernink, Peter T.
2015-01-01
Background. The meningococcal vaccine antigen, factor H (FH)–binding protein (FHbp), binds human complement FH. In human FH transgenic mice, binding decreased protective antibody responses. Methods. To investigate the effect of primate FH binding, we immunized rhesus macaques with a 4-component serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB). Serum FH in 6 animals bound strongly to FHbp (FHbp-FHhigh) and, in 6 animals, bound weakly to FHbp (FHbp-FHlow). Results. There were no significant differences between the respective serum bactericidal responses of the 2 groups against meningococcal strains susceptible to antibody to the NadA or PorA vaccine antigens. In contrast, anti-FHbp bactericidal titers were 2-fold lower in FHbp-FHhigh macaques against a strain with an exact FHbp match to the vaccine (P = .08) and were ≥4-fold lower against 4 mutants with other FHbp sequence variants (P ≤ .005, compared with FHbp-FHlow macaques). Unexpectedly, postimmunization sera from all 12 macaques enhanced FH binding to meningococci. In contrast, serum anti-FHbp antibodies elicited by 4CMenB in mice whose mouse FH did not bind to the vaccine antigen inhibited FH binding. Conclusions. Binding of FH to FHbp decreases protective anti-FHbp antibody responses of macaques to 4CMenB. Even low levels of FH binding skew the antibody repertoire to FHbp epitopes outside of the FH-binding site, which enhance FH binding. PMID:25676468
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What action will SBA take if a... 120.426 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Participating Lender Financings § 120.426 What action will SBA take if a securitizer transfers the subordinated...
Fungi and bacteria. [fungicide and bactericide measures for spacecraft in tropical regions
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Daniels, G. E.
1973-01-01
Spacecraft equipment is usually protected from fungi and bacteria by incorporating a fungicide-bactericide in the material, by a fungicide-bactericide spray, or by reducing the relative humidity to a degree where growth will not take place. A unique method to protect delicate, expensive bearings in equipment was to maintain a pressure (with dry air or nitrogen) slightly above the outside atmosphere (few millibars) within the working parts of the equipment, thus preventing fungi from entering equipment.
Saez-Llorens, Xavier; Aguilera Vaca, Diana Catalina; Abarca, Katia; Maho, Emmanuelle; Graña, Maria Gabriela; Heijnen, Esther; Smolenov, Igor; Dull, Peter M
2015-01-01
This phase 2 study assessed the immunogenicity, safety, and reactogenicity of investigational formulations of meningococcal ABCWY vaccines, consisting of recombinant proteins (rMenB) and outer membrane vesicle (OMV) components of a licensed serogroup B vaccine, combined with components of a licensed quadrivalent meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM). A total of 495 healthy adolescents were randomized to 6 groups to receive 2 doses (Months 0, 2) of one of 4 formulations of rMenB antigens, with or without OMV, combined with MenACWY-CRM, or 2 doses of rMenB alone or one dose of MenACWY-CRM then a placebo. Immunogenicity was assessed by serum bactericidal assay with human complement (hSBA) against serogroups ACWY and serogroup B test strains; solicited reactions and any adverse events (AEs) were assessed. Two MenABCWY vaccinations elicited robust ACWY immune responses, with higher seroresponse rates than one dose of MenACWY-CRM. Bactericidal antibody responses against the rMenB antigens and OMV components were highest in subjects who received 2 doses of OMV-containing MenABCWY formulations, with ≥68% of subjects achieving hSBA titers ≥5 against each of the serogroup B test strains. After the first dose, solicited local reaction rates were higher in the MenABCWY or rMenB groups than the MenACWY-CRM group, but similar across groups after the second dose, consisting mainly of transient injection site pain. Fever (≥38.0°C) was rare and there were no vaccine-related serious AEs. In conclusion, investigational MenABCWY formulations containing OMV components elicited highly immunogenic responses against meningococcal serogroups ACWY, as well as serogroup B test strains, with an acceptable safety profile. [NCT01210885] PMID:25969894
Mohan, Ketha V K; Rao, Shilpakala Sainath; Atreya, Chintamani D
2010-01-01
A single cost-effective pathogen inactivation approach would help to improve the safety of our nation's blood supply. Several methods and technologies are currently being studied to help reduce bacterial contamination of blood components. There is clearly need for simple and easy-to-use pathogen inactivation techniques specific to plasma, platelets (PLTs), and red blood cells. In this report, we introduce a novel proof of concept: using known therapeutic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as bactericidal agents for room temperature-stored PLT concentrates (PCs). Nine synthetic AMPs, four from PLT microbicidal protein-derived peptides (PD1-4) and five Arg-Trp (RW) repeat peptides containing one to five repeats, were tested for bactericidal activity in plasma and PC samples spiked with Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus. A 3-log reduction of viable bacteria was considered as the bactericidal activity of a given peptide. In both plasma alone and PCs, RW3 peptide demonstrated bactericidal activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae; PD4 and RW2 against P. aeruginosa; and RW4 against K. pneumoniae. The activity of each of these four peptides against the remaining bacterial species in the test panel resulted in less than a 3-log reduction in the number of viable bacteria and hence considered ineffective. These findings suggest a new approach to improving the safety of blood components, demonstrating the potential usefulness of screening therapeutic AMPs against selected bacteria to identify suitable bactericidal agents for stored plasma, PCs, and other blood products.
Campbell, Helen; Andrews, Nick; Borrow, Ray; Trotter, Caroline; Miller, Elizabeth
2010-01-01
Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccines were licensed in the United Kingdom more than 10 years ago based on correlates of protection that had previously been established for serogroup C-containing polysaccharide vaccines by using the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay. These correlates of protection were subsequently validated against postlicensure estimates of observed vaccine effectiveness up to 7 to 9 months after the administration of the MCC vaccine. Vaccine effectiveness was, however, shown to fall significantly more than 1 year after the administration of a 3-dose course in infancy. Despite this finding, the marked impact on serogroup C disease has been sustained, with the lowest recorded incidence (0.02 case per 100,000 population) in the 2008-2009 epidemiological year, mainly due to the indirect herd immunity effect of the vaccine in reducing carriage. Updated estimates of vaccine effectiveness through 30 June 2009 confirmed high short-term protection after vaccination in infancy, at 97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91% to 99%), falling to 68% (95% CI, −63% to 90%) more than a year after vaccination. The observed vaccine effectiveness more than 12 months postvaccination was consistent with measured declining SBA levels, but confidence intervals were imprecise; vaccine effectiveness estimates were consistent with SBA titers of 1:4 or 1:8 as correlates of long-term protection after a primary course in infants. Modeling suggested that protection against carriage persists for at least 3 years and predicted the stabilization of serogroup C disease at low levels (fewer than 50 cases per year) up to 2015-2016. PMID:20219881
Campbell, Helen; Andrews, Nick; Borrow, Ray; Trotter, Caroline; Miller, Elizabeth
2010-05-01
Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccines were licensed in the United Kingdom more than 10 years ago based on correlates of protection that had previously been established for serogroup C-containing polysaccharide vaccines by using the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay. These correlates of protection were subsequently validated against postlicensure estimates of observed vaccine effectiveness up to 7 to 9 months after the administration of the MCC vaccine. Vaccine effectiveness was, however, shown to fall significantly more than 1 year after the administration of a 3-dose course in infancy. Despite this finding, the marked impact on serogroup C disease has been sustained, with the lowest recorded incidence (0.02 case per 100,000 population) in the 2008-2009 epidemiological year, mainly due to the indirect herd immunity effect of the vaccine in reducing carriage. Updated estimates of vaccine effectiveness through 30 June 2009 confirmed high short-term protection after vaccination in infancy, at 97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91% to 99%), falling to 68% (95% CI, -63% to 90%) more than a year after vaccination. The observed vaccine effectiveness more than 12 months postvaccination was consistent with measured declining SBA levels, but confidence intervals were imprecise; vaccine effectiveness estimates were consistent with SBA titers of 1:4 or 1:8 as correlates of long-term protection after a primary course in infants. Modeling suggested that protection against carriage persists for at least 3 years and predicted the stabilization of serogroup C disease at low levels (fewer than 50 cases per year) up to 2015-2016.
Modified SBA-15 as the carrier for metoprolol and papaverine: Adsorption and release study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moritz, MichaŁ; łaniecki, Marek
2011-07-01
A series of modified SBA-15 materials were applied in drug delivery systems. The internal surface of siliceous hexagonal structure of SBA-15 was modified with different amount of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and oxidized in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The sulfonated material was loaded with metoprolol tartrate or papaverine hydrochloride. Both drugs indicated strong chemical interaction with modified mesoporous surface. The characteristic of the obtained materials was performed with XRD and DRUV-vis spectrometry, themogravimetry and nitrogen adsorption (BET) measurements. The obtained results show that modification of the mesoporous materials leads towards significant decrease of the drug delivery rate.
13 CFR 127.402 - How will SBA conduct an examination?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... examination? 127.402 Section 127.402 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED... an EDWOSB or WOSB. However, SBA reserves the right to conduct a site visit without prior notification... personal income tax returns (including all schedules and W-2 forms) for the women claiming economic...
13 CFR 127.402 - How will SBA conduct an examination?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... examination? 127.402 Section 127.402 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED... an EDWOSB or WOSB. However, SBA reserves the right to conduct a site visit without prior notification... personal income tax returns (including all schedules and W-2 forms) for the women claiming economic...
13 CFR 127.402 - How will SBA conduct an examination?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... examination? 127.402 Section 127.402 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED... an EDWOSB or WOSB. However, SBA reserves the right to conduct a site visit without prior notification... personal income tax returns (including all schedules and W-2 forms) for the women claiming economic...
7 CFR 4290.504 - Equipment of USDA or SBA officials.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Equipment of USDA or SBA officials. 4290.504 Section 4290.504 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL BUSINESS... (âRBICâ) PROGRAM Managing the Operations of a RBIC General Requirements § 4290.504 Equipment of USDA...
7 CFR 4290.504 - Equipment of USDA or SBA officials.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Equipment of USDA or SBA officials. 4290.504 Section 4290.504 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL BUSINESS... (âRBICâ) PROGRAM Managing the Operations of a RBIC General Requirements § 4290.504 Equipment of USDA...
Hou, Yanfei; Nakahashi, Mutsumi; Mawatari, Kazuaki; Shimohata, Takaaki; Uebanso, Takashi; Harada, Yumi; Tsunedomi, Akari; Emoto, Takahiro; Akutagawa, Masatake; Kinouchi, Yohsuke; Takahashi, Akira
2016-01-01
The presence of antibiotics in the environment and their subsequent impact on the development of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria has raised concerns globally. Consequently, much research is focused on a method to produce a better disinfectant. We have established a disinfectant system using UVA-LED that inactivates pathogenic bacteria. We assessed the bactericidal efficiency of a combination of UVA-LED and antibiotics against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Combined use of antibiotic drugs and UVA irradiation was more bactericidal than UVA irradiation or antibacterial drugs alone. The bactericidal synergy was observed at low concentrations of each drug that are normally unable to kill the bacteria. This combination has the potential to become a sterilization technology.
13 CFR 108.140 - SBA approval of initial Management Expenses.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA approval of initial Management Expenses. 108.140 Section 108.140 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM Qualifications for the NMVC Program Organizing A Nmvc Company § 108.140...
Bactericidal Activity of Usnic Acid-Loaded Electrospun Fibers.
Araújo, Evando S; Pereira, Eugênia C; da Costa, Mateus M; da Silva, Nicácio H; de Oliveira, Helinando P
2016-01-01
Usnic acid has been progressively reported in the literature as one of the most important lichen metabolites characterized by a rich diversity of applications such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal and antiviral agent. Particularly, antimicrobial activity of usnic acid can be improved by encapsulation of active molecules in enteric electrospun fibers, allowing the controlled release of active molecule at specific pH. Few relevant patents to the topic have been reviewed and cited. Bactericidal activity of usnic acid-loaded electrospun fibers of Eudragit L-100 and polyvinylpyrrolidone was examined against Staphylococcus aureus using inhibition hales methodology. The controlled release of active material at high pH is established after 10 minutes of interaction with media and results in reasonable activity against S. aureus, as detected by inhibition hales. The strong biological activity of usnic acid-loaded electrospun fibers provides a promising application for corresponding material as a bactericidal agent for wound healing treatment.
13 CFR 107.510 - SBA approval of Licensee's Investment Adviser/Manager.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... Investment Adviser/Manager. 107.510 Section 107.510 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Managing the Operations of a Licensee Management and... management contract. SBA's approval of an Investment Adviser/Manager for one Licensee does not indicate...
Mellaerts, Randy; Jammaer, Jasper A G; Van Speybroeck, Michiel; Chen, Hong; Van Humbeeck, Jan; Augustijns, Patrick; Van den Mooter, Guy; Martens, Johan A
2008-08-19
The ordered mesoporous silica material SBA-15 was loaded with the model drugs itraconazole and ibuprofen using three different procedures: (i) adsorption from solution, (ii) incipient wetness impregnation, and (iii) heating of a mixture of drug and SBA-15 powder. The location of the drug molecules in the SBA-15 particles and molecular interactions were investigated using nitrogen adsorption, TGA, DSC, DRS UV-vis, and XPS. The in vitro release of hydrophobic model drugs was evaluated in an aqueous environment simulating gastric fluid. The effectiveness of the loading method was found to be strongly compound dependent. Incipient wetness impregnation using a concentrated itraconazole solution in dichloromethane followed by solvent evaporation was most efficient for dispersing itraconazole in SBA-15. The itraconazole molecules were located on the mesopore walls and inside micropores of the mesopore walls. When SBA-15 was loaded by slurrying it in a diluted itraconazole solution from which the solvent was evaporated, the itraconazole molecules ended up in the mesopores that they plugged locally. At a loading of 30 wt %, itraconazole exhibited intermolecular interactions inside the mesopores revealed by UV spectroscopy and endothermic events traced with DSC. The physical mixing of itraconazole and SBA-15 powder followed by heating above the itraconazole melting temperature resulted in formulations in which glassy itraconazole particles were deposited externally on the SBA-15 particles. Loading with ibuprofen was successful with each of the three loading procedures. Ibuprofen preferably is positioned inside the micropores. In vitro release experiments showed fast release kinetics provided the drug molecules were evenly deposited over the mesoporous surface.
Tylewska-Wierzbanowska, Stanisława; Rogulska, Urszula; Lewandowska, Grażyna; Chmielewski, Tomasz
2017-07-06
The aim of our studies was to invent a reliable method for detection of the bactericidal activity of disinfectants against Borrelia burgdorferi in suspension (in vitro) and in cell line cultures (in vivo). In the suspension method, 0.01% octenidine at 20°C and 35°C was bactericidal to Borrelia afzeli; Borrelia garini, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto after 5 minutes treatment. Increase of the temperature to 35°C speed up the bactericidal effect to 1 minute. The bactericidal action of octenidine towards B. burgdorferi spirochetes growing in fibroblasts was less effective and needed a longer time to kill them than in the suspension.
A Cleavage-potentiated Fragment of Tear Lacritin Is Bactericidal*
McKown, Robert L.; Coleman Frazier, Erin V.; Zadrozny, Kaneil K.; Deleault, Andrea M.; Raab, Ronald W.; Ryan, Denise S.; Sia, Rose K.; Lee, Jae K.; Laurie, Gordon W.
2014-01-01
Antimicrobial peptides are important as the first line of innate defense, through their tendency to disrupt bacterial membranes or intracellular pathways and potentially as the next generation of antibiotics. How they protect wet epithelia is not entirely clear, with most individually inactive under physiological conditions and many preferentially targeting Gram-positive bacteria. Tears covering the surface of the eye are bactericidal for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Here we narrow much of the bactericidal activity to a latent C-terminal fragment in the prosecretory mitogen lacritin and report that the mechanism combines membrane permeabilization with rapid metabolic changes, including reduced levels of dephosphocoenzyme A, spermidine, putrescine, and phosphatidylethanolamines and elevated alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, glycine, lysine, serine, glutamate, cadaverine, and pyrophosphate. Thus, death by metabolic stress parallels cellular attempts to survive. Cleavage-dependent appearance of the C-terminal cationic amphipathic α-helix is inducible within hours by Staphylococcus epidermidis and slowly by another mechanism, in a chymotrypsin- or leupeptin protease-inhibitable manner. Although bactericidal at low micromolar levels, within a biphasic 1–10 nm dose optimum, the same domain is mitogenic and cytoprotective for epithelia via a syndecan-1 targeting mechanism dependent on heparanase. Thus, the C terminus of lacritin is multifunctional by dose and proteolytic processing and appears to play a key role in the innate protection of the eye, with wider potential benefit elsewhere as lacritin flows from exocrine secretory cells. PMID:24942736
Johnston, William; Essink, Brandon; Kirstein, Judith; Forleo-Neto, Eduardo; Percell, Sandra; Han, Linda; Keshavan, Pavitra; Smolenov, Igor
2016-01-01
We compared the immunogenicity, safety and 1-year antibody persistence of a single-dose and a 2-dose series of a licensed meningococcal ACWY-CRM conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM) in 2- to 10-year-old children. In this phase III, multicenter, observer-blind study, children aged 2-5 years (n = 359) and 6-10 years (n = 356) were randomized 1:1 to receive 2 doses of MenACWY-CRM (ACWY2) or 1 dose of placebo followed by 1 dose of MenACWY-CRM (ACWY1), 2 months apart. Immunogenicity was measured using serum bactericidal activity with human complement (hSBA). Primary outcomes were to assess the immunologic noninferiority and superiority of ACWY2 versus ACWY1. One-month after the second dose, the hSBA seroresponse in ACWY2 was noninferior to ACWY1 for all 4 serogroups, in both age cohorts, and was superior for serogroups C and Y in the 2- to 5-year-old age cohort and for serogroup Y in the 6- to 10-year-old age cohort. Overall, 90%-99% of subjects in ACWY2 and 65%-96% in ACWY1 had hSBA titers ≥ 8; geometric mean titers were 1.8- to 6.4-fold higher in ACWY2 than ACWY1 across serogroups. At 1 year postvaccination, geometric mean titers declined, and the differences between ACWY2 and ACWY1 remained significant for serogroups A and C in the 2- to 5-year-old age cohort and for serogroups C and Y in the 6- to 10-year-old age cohort. The safety profile of MenACWY-CRM was similar in both groups. The single dose and 2-dose MenACWY-CRM series were immunogenic and well tolerated. Although antibody responses were greater after 2 doses, especially in the 2- to 5-year-old age cohort, this difference was less pronounced at 1 year postvaccination.
Evaluation of bactericidal effect of three antiseptics on bacteria isolated from wounds.
Kumara, D U A; Fernando, S S N; Kottahachchi, J; Dissanayake, D M B T; Athukorala, G I D D A D; Chandrasiri, N S; Damayanthi, K W N; Hemarathne, M H S L; Pathirana, A A
2015-01-01
Antiseptics are widely used in wound management to prevent or treat wound infections due to their proven wound healing properties regardless of their cytotoxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the bactericidal effects of three antiseptics on pathogens known to cause wound infections. The study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital and a university microbiology laboratory in Sri Lanka in 2013. The three acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid and boric acid) in increasing concentration (0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) were tested against bacterial suspensions equivalent to 0.5 McFarland standard. The Bacteria isolates used were isolated from wound and standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There were 33 (68.8%) Coliforms, 10 (20.8%) Pseudomonas species, and 5 (10.4%) strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Acetic acid at concentration of 0.5% inhibited growth of 37 (77%) and 42 (87.5%) of tested isolates when exposed for 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. However 100% inhibition was achieved at four hours. At a concentration of 0.75%, 40 (83.3%) and 44 (91.7%) were inhibited when exposed for 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, with 100% inhibition at 4 hours. At concentration of 1%, 46 (95.8%) inhibition was seen at 30 minutes and 100% inhibition at 60 minutes. Ascorbic acid, at 0.5% and 0.75 % concentrations, inhibited growth of 45(93.7%) and 47(97.9%) of isolates respectively when exposed for 30 minutes. At these two concentrations, 100% inhibition was achieved when exposed for one hour. At 1% concentration, 100% inhibition was achieved at 30 minutes. Boric acid did not show bactericidal effect at concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75 % and 1%. Pseudomonas species were inhibited at 30 minutes by 0.5% acetic acid. Bactericidal effect against all the standard strains was seen with three acids at each concentration tested from 30 minutes onwards Ascorbic acid was bactericidal for all organisms tested within the shortest exposure time
Peptide fragments of a beta-defensin derivative with potent bactericidal activity.
Reynolds, Natalie L; De Cecco, Martin; Taylor, Karen; Stanton, Chloe; Kilanowski, Fiona; Kalapothakis, Jason; Seo, Emily; Uhrin, Dusan; Campopiano, Dominic; Govan, John; Macmillan, Derek; Barran, Perdita; Dorin, Julia R
2010-05-01
Beta-defensins are known to be both antimicrobial and able to chemoattract various immune cells. Although the sequences of paralogous genes are not highly conserved, the core defensin structure is retained. Defb14-1C(V) has bactericidal activity similar to that of its parent peptide (murine beta-defensin Defb14) despite all but one of the canonical six cysteines being replaced with alanines. The 23-amino-acid N-terminal half of Defb14-1C(V) is a potent antimicrobial while the C-terminal half is not. Here, we use a library of peptide derivatives to demonstrate that the antimicrobial activity can be localized to a particular region. Overlapping fragments of the N-terminal region were tested for their ability to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We demonstrate that the most N-terminal fragments (amino acids 1 to 10 and 6 to 17) are potent antimicrobials against Gram-negative bacteria whereas fragments based on sequence more C terminal than amino acid 13 have very poor activity against both Gram-positive and -negative types. We further test a series of N-terminal deletion peptides in both their monomeric and dimeric forms. We find that bactericidal activity is lost against both Gram types as the deletion region increases, with the point at which this occurs varying between bacterial strains. The dimeric form of the peptides is more resistant to the peptide deletions, but this is not due just to increased charge. Our results indicate that the primary sequence, together with structure, is essential in the bactericidal action of this beta-defensin derivative peptide and importantly identifies a short fragment from the peptide that is a potent bactericide.
13 CFR 142.9 - When will SBA issue a complaint?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... complaint? SBA will issue a complaint: (a) If the Attorney General (or designee) approves the referral of the allegations for adjudication; and (b) In a case of submission of false claims, if the amount of money or the value of property or services demanded or requested in a false claim, or a group of related...
EFFECT OF INORGANIC CATIONS ON BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF ANIONIC SURFACTANTS
Voss, J. G.
1963-01-01
Voss, J. G. (Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio). Effect of inorganic cations on bactericidal activity of anionic surfactants. J. Bacteriol. 86:207–211. 1963.—The bactericidal effectiveness of two alkyl benzene sulfonates and of three other types of anionic surfactants against Staphylococcus aureus is increased in the presence of low concentrations of divalent cations, especially alkaline earths and metals of group IIB of the periodic table. The cations may act by decreasing the negative charge at the cell surface and increasing adsorption of the surfactant anions, leading to damage to the cytoplasmic membrane and death of the cell. Increased adsorption of surfactant is also found with Escherichia coli, but does not lead to death of the cell. PMID:14058942
13 CFR 108.650 - Requirement to report portfolio valuations to SBA.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requirement to report portfolio valuations to SBA. 108.650 Section 108.650 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM Recordkeeping, Reporting, and Examination Requirements for NMVC...
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Albayati, Talib M.; Doyle, Aidan M.
2015-02-01
Alkali metals and their hydroxides, Na, NaOH, Li, and LiOH, were encapsulated onto SBA-15 nanoporous material as highly active catalysts for the production of biodiesel fuel from sunflower oil. The incipient wetness impregnation method was adopted for the prepared catalysts. The characterization properties of the catalysts and unmodified SBA-15 were determined using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, EDAX, nitrogen adsorption-desorption porosimetry (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Transesterification was conducted in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure and 65 °C. The catalysts were highly active with yields of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in the range 96-99 %. Na/SBA-15 catalyst was reused for seven consecutive cycles under the same reaction conditions; the yield to FAME on the final cycle was 96 %. This study shows that the alkali metals and their hydroxides supported on SBA-15-based catalyst are excellent catalysts for the biodiesel reaction.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Valentine, Jenny L.; Chen, Linxiao; Perregaux, Emily C.
The development of antibodies against specific glycan epitopes poses a significant challenge due to difficulties obtaining desired glycans at sufficient quantity and purity, and the fact that glycans are usually weakly immunogenic. To address this challenge, we leveraged the potent immunostimulatory activity of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to deliver designer glycan epitopes to the immune system. This approach involved heterologous expression of two clinically important glycans, namely polysialic acid (PSA) and Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T antigen) in hypervesiculating strains of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli. The resulting glycOMVs displayed structural mimics of PSA or T antigen on their surfaces, and induced highmore » titers of glycan-specific IgG antibodies following immunization in mice. In the case of PSA glycOMVs, serum antibodies potently killed Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB), whose outer capsule is PSA, in a serum bactericidal assay. These findings demonstrate the potential of glycOMVs for inducing class-switched, humoral immune responses against glycan antigens.« less
Valentine, Jenny L.; Chen, Linxiao; Perregaux, Emily C.; ...
2016-06-23
The development of antibodies against specific glycan epitopes poses a significant challenge due to difficulties obtaining desired glycans at sufficient quantity and purity, and the fact that glycans are usually weakly immunogenic. To address this challenge, we leveraged the potent immunostimulatory activity of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to deliver designer glycan epitopes to the immune system. This approach involved heterologous expression of two clinically important glycans, namely polysialic acid (PSA) and Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T antigen) in hypervesiculating strains of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli. The resulting glycOMVs displayed structural mimics of PSA or T antigen on their surfaces, and induced highmore » titers of glycan-specific IgG antibodies following immunization in mice. In the case of PSA glycOMVs, serum antibodies potently killed Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB), whose outer capsule is PSA, in a serum bactericidal assay. These findings demonstrate the potential of glycOMVs for inducing class-switched, humoral immune responses against glycan antigens.« less
Li, Zhonglei; Tan, Jun; Shao, Lei; Dong, Xiaojing; Ye, Richard D; Chen, Daijie
2017-05-01
Inducing production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important criterion to distinguish the bactericidal antibiotics from bacteriostatic antibiotics. Selenoenzymes were generally recognized to be a powerful antioxidant capable of scavenging free radicals, protecting the cells from the harmful effects of ROS. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the selenium (Se)-mediated protection in reversing antibiotic sensitivity and the role of selenoenzymes in alleviating the negative effects of oxidative stress. The cellular antioxidant activity of Se-enriched bacteria was analyzed, as well as intracellular ROS production and elimination when Se-enriched bacteria in the presence of various antibiotics. Compared to complete inhibition of the parental strain by bactericidal antibiotics, it only exhibited slight and reversible inhibition of Se-enriched Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 at the same conditions, which indicated that intracellular selenium provided substantial protection against antibiotics. ROS generation caused by bactericidal antibiotics was confirmed by fluorescence spectrophotometry using 2', 7'-dichloro- uorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) as substrate. The time course experiments of pretreatment with selenium showed significant decrease of ROS level at 2h. In summary, the present study provides experimental evidence supporting selenoenzymes has good scavenging effect to ROS and can protect bacteria from oxidative stress injury induced by bactericidal antibiotics. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Cheng, Dandan; Liu, Yue; Wang, Haiqiang; Weng, Xiaole; Wu, Zhongbiao
2015-12-01
In this study, a series of polyetherimide/SBA-15: 2-D hexagonal P6mm, Santa Barbara USA (PEI/SBA-15) adsorbents modified by phosphoric ester based surfactants (including tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEP) and trimethyl phosphonoacetate (TMPA)) were prepared for CO2 adsorption. Experimental results indicated that the addition of TEP and BEP had positive effects on CO2 adsorption capacity over PEI/SBA-15. In particular, the CO2 adsorption amount could be improved by around 20% for 45PEI-5TEP/SBA-15 compared to the additive-free adsorbent. This could be attributed to the decrease of CO2 diffusion resistance in the PEI bulk network due to the interactions between TEP and loaded PEI molecules, which was further confirmed by adsorption kinetics results. In addition, it was also found that the cyclic performance of the TEP-modified adsorbent was better than the surfactant-free one. This could be due to two main reasons, based on the results of in situ DRIFT and TG-DSC tests. First and more importantly, adsorbed CO2 species could be desorbed more rapidly over TEP-modified adsorbent during the thermal desorption process. Furthermore, the enhanced thermal stability after TEP addition ensured lower degradation of amine groups during adsorption/desorption cycles. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Juan; Chen, Minmin; Zhao, Xiqiu; Zhang, Min; Mao, Jinxiang; Cao, Xichuan; Zhang, Zhuoqi
2018-01-01
SBA-15 mesoporous silicate was synthesized and functionalized with 3-aminopropyl organic groups through a post-synthesis method. The materials were characterized consecutively by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption analysis and solid-state magic-angle spinning 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR). Human c-myc anti-sense oligodeoxyneucleotide (AS-ODN) was selected as a model molecule to be loaded onto the surface of bare and functionalized SBA-15 via different loading conditions. It has been found that the amount of AS-ODN incorporated into the porous matrix is strongly dependent on the surface properties, pH of the loading solvent and AS-ODN concentration. The release behaviour of AS-ODN from modified SBA-15 materials was also investigated and depended on conditions chosen. Cellular uptake of the eluted AS-ODN into Hela cells was observed by fluorescent microscopy. The materials showed excellent cytocompatibility. The AS-ODN keeps full transfection and expression activities indicating its structural integrity. The functionalized SBA-15 is an excellent prospect as a biomedical material candidate for the future.
The Promotion of Critical Thinking Skills in School-Based Assessment (SBA)
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Kamarulzaman, Wirawani; Kamarulzaman, Wirawahida
2016-01-01
The new curriculum introduced in the Malaysian primary students; the Primary School Standard Curriculum (Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Rendah-KSSR) together with the school-based assessment (SBA) is a step taken by the Malaysian government to encourage thinking skills to students, specifically critical thinking skills. The study explores teachers'…
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mainwaring, David E.; Nguyen, Song Ha; Webb, Hayden; Jakubov, Timur; Tobin, Mark; Lamb, Robert N.; Wu, Alex H.-F.; Marchant, Richard; Crawford, Russell J.; Ivanova, Elena P.
2016-03-01
While insect wings are widely recognised as multi-functional, recent work showed that this extends to extensive bactericidal activity brought about by cell deformation and lysis on the wing nanotopology. We now quantitatively show that subtle changes to this topography result in substantial changes in bactericidal activity that are able to span an order of magnitude. Notably, the chemical composition of the lipid nanopillars was seen by XPS and synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy to be similar across these activity differences. Modelling the interaction between bacterial cells and the wing surface lipids of 3 species of dragonflies, that inhabit similar environments, but with distinctly different behavioural repertoires, provided the relationship between surface structure and antibacterial functionality. In doing so, these principal behavioural patterns correlated with the demands for antimicrobial efficiency dictated by differences in their foraging strategies. This work now reveals a new feature in the design elegance of natural multi-functional surfaces as well providing insights into the bactericidal mechanism underlying inherently antimicrobial materials, while suggesting that nanotopology is related to the evolutionary development of a species through the demands of its behavioural repertoire. The underlying relationship between the processes of wetting, adhesion and capillarity of the lipid nanopillars and bactericidal efficiency suggests new prospects for purely mechano-responsive antibacterial surfaces.While insect wings are widely recognised as multi-functional, recent work showed that this extends to extensive bactericidal activity brought about by cell deformation and lysis on the wing nanotopology. We now quantitatively show that subtle changes to this topography result in substantial changes in bactericidal activity that are able to span an order of magnitude. Notably, the chemical composition of the lipid nanopillars was seen by XPS and synchrotron
13 CFR 140.3 - What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset? 140.3 Section 140.3 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEBT COLLECTION Offset § 140.3 What rights do you have when SBA tries to...
13 CFR 140.3 - What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset? 140.3 Section 140.3 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEBT COLLECTION Offset § 140.3 What rights do you have when SBA tries to...
13 CFR 140.3 - What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset? 140.3 Section 140.3 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEBT COLLECTION Offset § 140.3 What rights do you have when SBA tries to...
13 CFR 140.3 - What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset? 140.3 Section 140.3 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEBT COLLECTION Offset § 140.3 What rights do you have when SBA tries to...
13 CFR 140.3 - What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false What rights do you have when SBA tries to collect a debt from you through offset? 140.3 Section 140.3 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEBT COLLECTION Offset § 140.3 What rights do you have when SBA tries to...
Influence of Scaffold Size on Bactericidal Activity of Nitric Oxide Releasing Silica Nanoparticles
Carpenter, Alexis W.; Slomberg, Danielle L.; Rao, Kavitha S.; Schoenfisch, Mark H.
2011-01-01
A reverse microemulsion synthesis was used to prepare amine functionalized silica nanoparticles of three distinct sizes (i.e., 50, 100, and 200 nm) with identical amine concentrations. The resulting hybrid nanoparticles, consisting of N-(6 aminohexyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane, were highly monodisperse in size. N-diazeniumdiolate nitric oxide (NO) donors were subsequently formed on secondary amines while controlling reaction conditions to keep the total amount of nitric oxide (NO) released constant for each particle size. The bactericidal efficacy of the NO releasing nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased with decreasing particle size. Additionally, smaller diameter nanoparticles were found to associate with the bacteria at a faster rate and to a greater extent than larger particles. Neither control (non-NO-releasing) nor NO releasing particles exhibited toxicity towards L929 mouse fibroblasts at concentrations above their respective minimum bactericidal concentrations. This study represents the first investigation of the bactericidal efficacy of NO-releasing silica nanoparticles as a function of particle size. PMID:21842899
Izac, Jerilyn R; Oliver, Lee D; Earnhart, Christopher G; Marconi, Richard T
2017-05-31
The lipoprotein OspA is produced by the Lyme disease spirochetes primarily in unfed ticks. OspA production is down-regulated by the blood meal and it is not produced in mammals except for possible transient production during late stage infection in patients with Lyme arthritis. Vaccination with OspA elicits antibody (Ab) that can target spirochetes in the tick midgut during feeding and inhibit transmission to mammals. OspA was the primary component of the human LYMErix™ vaccine. LYMErix™ was available from 1998 to 2002 but then pulled from the market due to declining sales as a result of unsubstantiated concerns about vaccination induced adverse events and poor efficacy. It was postulated that a segment of OspA that shares sequence similarity with a region in human LFA-1 and may trigger putative autoimmune events. While evidence supporting such a link has not been demonstrated, most efforts to move forward with OspA as a vaccine component have sought to eliminate this region of concern. Here we identify an OspA linear epitope localized within OspA amino acid residues 221-240 (OspA 221-240 ) that lacks the OspA region suggested to elicit autoimmunity. A peptide consisting of residues 221-240 was immunogenic in mice. Ab raised against OspA 221-240 peptide surface labeled B. burgdorferi in IFAs and displayed potent Ab mediated-complement dependent bactericidal activity. BLAST analyses identified several variants of OspA 221-240 and a closely related sequence in OspB. It is our hypothesis that integration of the OspA 221-240 epitope into a multivalent-OspC based chimeric epitope based vaccine antigen (chimeritope) could result in a subunit vaccine that protects against Lyme disease through synergistic mechanisms. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Cai, Chun; Zhang, Hui; Zhong, Xin; Hou, Liwei
2014-12-01
Mesoporous silica SBA-15 supported iron and cobalt catalysts (Fe-Co/SBA-15) were prepared and used in the electrochemical (EC) enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate (PDS, S2O8(2-)) process for the removal of Orange II. The effects of some important reaction parameters such as initial pH, current density, PDS concentration and dosage of Fe-Co/SBA-15 catalysts were investigated. The results showed that the decolorization efficiency was not significantly affected by the initial pH value, and it did increase with the higher PDS concentration, current density and Fe-Co/SBA-15 dosage. Both the sulfate radical (SO4(·-)) and the hydroxyl radical (OH) are considered as the primary reactive oxidants for the Orange II decolorization. The Fe-Co/SBA-15 catalyst maintained its high activity during repeated batch experiments. The intermediate products were identified by GC-MS analysis and a plausible degradation pathway is proposed accordingly. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were 52.1% and 31.9%, respectively after 60 min of reaction time but reached 82.9% and 51.5%, respectively when the reaction time was extended to 24 h. Toxicity tests with activated sludge indicated that the toxicity of the solution increased during the first 30 min and then decreased as the oxidation proceeded. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
13 CFR 120.470 - What are SBA's additional requirements for SBLCs?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... requirements for SBLCs? 120.470 Section 120.470 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Small Business Lending Companies (sblc) § 120.470 What are SBA's additional... follow. (a) Lending. An SBLC may only make: (1) Loans under section 7(a) (except section 7(a)(13) of the...
13 CFR 120.470 - What are SBA's additional requirements for SBLCs?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... requirements for SBLCs? 120.470 Section 120.470 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Small Business Lending Companies (sblc) § 120.470 What are SBA's additional... follow. (a) Lending. An SBLC may only make: (1) Loans under section 7(a) (except section 7(a)(13) of the...
13 CFR 120.470 - What are SBA's additional requirements for SBLCs?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... requirements for SBLCs? 120.470 Section 120.470 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Small Business Lending Companies (sblc) § 120.470 What are SBA's additional... follow. (a) Lending. An SBLC may only make: (1) Loans under section 7(a) (except section 7(a)(13) of the...
13 CFR 120.470 - What are SBA's additional requirements for SBLCs?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... requirements for SBLCs? 120.470 Section 120.470 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Small Business Lending Companies (sblc) § 120.470 What are SBA's additional... follow. (a) Lending. An SBLC may only make: (1) Loans under section 7(a) (except section 7(a)(13) of the...
13 CFR 120.470 - What are SBA's additional requirements for SBLCs?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... requirements for SBLCs? 120.470 Section 120.470 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Lenders Small Business Lending Companies (sblc) § 120.470 What are SBA's additional... follow. (a) Lending. An SBLC may only make: (1) Loans under section 7(a) (except section 7(a)(13) of the...
Pore-expanded SBA-15 sulfonic acid silicas for biodiesel synthesis.
Dacquin, J P; Lee, A F; Pirez, C; Wilson, K
2012-01-07
Here we present the first application of pore-expanded SBA-15 in heterogeneous catalysis. Pore expansion over the range 6-14 nm confers a striking activity enhancement towards fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) synthesis from triglycerides (TAG), and free fatty acid (FFA), attributed to improved mass transport and acid site accessibility. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012
The bactericidal activity of glutaraldehyde-impregnated polyurethane.
Sehmi, Sandeep K; Allan, Elaine; MacRobert, Alexander J; Parkin, Ivan
2016-10-01
Although glutaraldehyde is known to be bactericidal in solution, its potential use to create novel antibacterial polymers suitable for use in healthcare environments has not been evaluated. Here, novel materials were prepared in which glutaraldehyde was either incorporated into polyurethane using a simple "swell-encapsulation-shrink" method (hereafter referred to as "glutaraldehyde-impregnated polyurethane"), or simply applied to the polymer surface (hereafter referred to as "glutaraldehyde-coated polyurethane"). The antibacterial activity of glutaraldehyde-impregnated and glutaraldehyde-coated polyurethane samples was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Glutaraldehyde-impregnated polyurethane resulted in a 99.9% reduction in the numbers of E. coli within 2 h and a similar reduction of S. aureus within 1 h, whereas only a minimal reduction in bacterial numbers was observed when the biocide was bound to the polymer surface. After 15 days, however, the bactericidal activity of the impregnated material was substantially reduced presumably due to polymerization of glutaraldehyde. Thus, although glutaraldehyde retains antibacterial activity when impregnated into polyurethane, activity is not maintained for extended periods of time. Future work should examine the potential of chemical modification of glutaraldehyde and/or polyurethane to improve the useful lifespan of this novel antibacterial polymer. © 2016 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Dahlberg, T
1981-01-01
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was adapted to detect serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin A, and secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide in humans. I studied serum samples from 92 healthy children of various ages, 50 healthy adults, 24 patients with various H. influenzae type b infections, and 16 patients with clinical signs of epiglottis and cellulitis suspected to be caused by H. influenzae type b. The mean antibody titers of the sera from healthy children increased with age and reached adult levels in children more than 6 years old. A significant antibody response to capsular polysaccharide was observed in serum samples from the majority of patients with infections due to H. influenzae type b and in 4 of 16 patients with clinical signs of epiglottis and cellulitis. In addition to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the antibody responses of patients were tested by a bactericidal assay. When the two methods were compared, there was no evident correlation (r, about 0.22). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was further adapted to test secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies specific to capsular polysaccharide in nasopharynx secretions and in milk samples from lactating women. Antibodies were detected in 12 of 24 secretions and 9 of 11 milk samples. PMID:7019237
Hsu, H. S.; Mayo, Donald R.
1973-01-01
The fate of virulent Salmonella typhimurium within macrophages of guinea pigs was assessed by a suspended cell culture procedure. The present study confirmed that macrophages of normal guinea pigs were capable of inactivating the ingested salmonellae. Macrophages of previously infected guinea pigs were not endowed with any significant increase in their ability to eliminate the ingested pathogen. However, the immune macrophages were observed to clump together tightly when they were exposed to salmonellae. This phenomenon was attributed to the presence of specific cytophilic antibodies on the immune macrophages. When immune macrophages were inactivated with Merthiolate, they agglutinated with both the H and the O antigens of S. typhimurium, but not with the O antigens of other species of Salmonella nor with the O antigens of Escherichia coli. Cytophilic antibodies could be eluted from immune macrophages by incubation in the absence of immune serum. Conversely, cytophilic antibodies could be passively transferred onto normal macrophages by incubation in the presence of immune serum. Furthermore, using immune serum previously adsorbed with the O antigens of S. typhimurium, cytophilic antibodies against the H antigens alone could be transferred onto normal macrophages, or those against the O antigens alone could be eluted from immune macrophages. These data suggest that immune macrophages possess specific cytophilic antibodies against both the H and the O antigens of S. typhimurium. It is proposed that the presence of cytophilic antibodies on immune macrophages represents an expression of antibacterial cellular immunity by enhanced clumping and phagocytic activities of the macrophages. PMID:4579899
13 CFR 125.27 - How will SBA process an SDVO protest?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... send the contracting officer and the protester a notice of dismissal, citing the reason(s) for the dismissal. The dismissal notice must also advise the protester of his/her right to appeal the dismissal to... protestable allegations, SBA will: (1) Notify the protested concern of the protest and of its right to submit...
Arguedas, A; Soley, C; Loaiza, C; Rincon, G; Guevara, S; Perez, A; Porras, W; Alvarado, O; Aguilar, L; Abdelnour, A; Grunwald, U; Bedell, L; Anemona, A; Dull, P M
2010-04-19
This Phase III study evaluates an investigational quadrivalent meningococcal CRM(197) conjugate vaccine, MenACWY-CRM (Novartis Vaccines), when administered concomitantly or sequentially with two other recommended adolescent vaccines; combined tetanus, reduced diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap), and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. In this single-centre study, 1620 subjects 11-18 years of age, were randomized to three groups (1:1:1) to receive MenACWY-CRM concomitantly or sequentially with Tdap and HPV. Meningococcal serogroup-specific serum bactericidal assay using human complement (hSBA), and antibodies to Tdap antigens and HPV virus-like particles were determined before and 1 month after study vaccinations. Proportions of subjects with hSBA titres > or =1:8 for all four meningococcal serogroups (A, C, W-135, Y) were non-inferior for both concomitant and sequential administration. Immune responses to Tdap and HPV antigens were comparable when these vaccines were given alone or concomitantly with MenACWY-CRM. All vaccines were well tolerated; concomitant or sequential administration did not increase reactogenicity. MenACWY-CRM was well tolerated and immunogenic in subjects 11-18 years of age, with comparable immune responses to the four serogroups when given alone or concomitantly with Tdap or HPV antigens. This is the first demonstration that these currently recommended adolescent vaccines could be administered concomitantly without causing increased reactogenicity. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
13 CFR 127.403 - What happens if SBA verifies the concern's eligibility?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What happens if SBA verifies the concern's eligibility? 127.403 Section 127.403 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED SMALL BUSINESS FEDERAL CONTRACT ASSISTANCE PROCEDURES Eligibility Examinations § 127...
Zhao, Jinlei
2014-01-01
Monosaccharides available in the extracellular milieu of Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be transported into the cytoplasm, or via the periplasmic sugar binding protein, ChvE, play a critical role in controlling virulence gene expression. The ChvE-MmsAB ABC transporter is involved in the utilization of a wide range of monosaccharide substrates but redundant transporters are likely given the ability of a chvE-mmsAB deletion strain to grow, albeit more slowly, in the presence of particular monosaccharides. In this study, a putative ABC transporter encoded by the gxySBA operon is identified and shown to be involved in the utilization of glucose, xylose, fucose, and arabinose, which are also substrates for the ChvE-MmsAB ABC transporter. Significantly, GxySBA is also shown to be the first characterized glucosamine ABC transporter. The divergently transcribed gene gxyR encodes a repressor of the gxySBA operon, the function of which can be relieved by a subset of the transported sugars, including glucose, xylose, and glucosamine, and this substrate-induced expression can be repressed by glycerol. Furthermore, deletion of the transporter can increase the sensitivity of the virulence gene expression system to certain sugars that regulate it. Collectively, the results reveal a remarkably diverse set of substrates for the GxySBA transporter and its contribution to the repression of sugar sensitivity by the virulence-controlling system, thereby facilitating the capacity of the bacterium to distinguish between the soil and plant environments. PMID:24957625
Brumbaugh, Gordon W; Herman, James D; Clancy, Julianne S; Burden, Kyland I; Barry, Tracie; Simpson, R B; López, Hector Sumano
2002-01-01
To evaluate chemotactic, phagocytic, and bactericidal activities of bovine and porcine alveolar macrophages (AM) exposed to tilmicosin. 12 healthy calves and 12 healthy pigs. Lungs were obtained immediately after euthanasia; AM were collected by means of bronchoalveolar lavage and density gradient centrifugation. Chemotactic activity was evaluated by exposing AM to lipopolysaccharide or macrophage inhibitory peptide during incubation with tilmicosin. Phagocytic activity was evaluated by incubating AM with tilmicosin for 24 hours and then with tilmicosin-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. Bactericidal activity was evaluated by incubating AM with tilmicosin (0, 10, or 20 microg/ml for bovine AM; 0 or 10 microg/ml or 10 microg/ml but washed free of tilmicosin for porcine AM) and then with Mannheimia haemolytica (bovine AM) or with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae or Pasteurella multocida (porcine AM). Tilmicosin had no significant effects on chemotactic or phagocytic activities of bovine or porcine AM. The time-course of bactericidal activity was best described by polynomial equations. Time to cessation of bacterial growth and area under the time versus bacterial number curve were significantly affected by incubation of AM with tilmicosin. Results show that bactericidal activity of bovine and porcine AM was enhanced by tilmicosin, but not in proportion to the reported ability of AM to concentrate tilmicosin intracellularly. With or without exposure to tilmicosin, the time-course of bactericidal activity of bovine AM against M haemolytica and of porcine AM against A pleuropneumoniae or P multocida was too complex to be reduced to a simple linear equation.
Thwaites, M; Hall, D; Shinabarger, D; Serio, A W; Krause, K M; Marra, A; Pillar, C
2018-06-04
The next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin, in development for infections due to multi-drug resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae, was evaluated alongside comparators for bactericidal activity in minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill (TK) assays against MDR Enterobacteriaceae isolates with characterized aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance mechanisms. Overall, plazomicin and colistin were the most potent, with plazomicin demonstrating an MBC 50/90 of 0.5/4 μg/mL and sustained 3-log 10 kill against MDR Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. Copyright © 2018 Thwaites et al.
Peptide Fragments of a β-Defensin Derivative with Potent Bactericidal Activity ▿
Reynolds, Natalie L.; De Cecco, Martin; Taylor, Karen; Stanton, Chloe; Kilanowski, Fiona; Kalapothakis, Jason; Seo, Emily; Uhrin, Dusan; Campopiano, Dominic; Govan, John; Macmillan, Derek; Barran, Perdita; Dorin, Julia R.
2010-01-01
β-Defensins are known to be both antimicrobial and able to chemoattract various immune cells. Although the sequences of paralogous genes are not highly conserved, the core defensin structure is retained. Defb14-1CV has bactericidal activity similar to that of its parent peptide (murine β-defensin Defb14) despite all but one of the canonical six cysteines being replaced with alanines. The 23-amino-acid N-terminal half of Defb14-1CV is a potent antimicrobial while the C-terminal half is not. Here, we use a library of peptide derivatives to demonstrate that the antimicrobial activity can be localized to a particular region. Overlapping fragments of the N-terminal region were tested for their ability to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We demonstrate that the most N-terminal fragments (amino acids 1 to 10 and 6 to 17) are potent antimicrobials against Gram-negative bacteria whereas fragments based on sequence more C terminal than amino acid 13 have very poor activity against both Gram-positive and -negative types. We further test a series of N-terminal deletion peptides in both their monomeric and dimeric forms. We find that bactericidal activity is lost against both Gram types as the deletion region increases, with the point at which this occurs varying between bacterial strains. The dimeric form of the peptides is more resistant to the peptide deletions, but this is not due just to increased charge. Our results indicate that the primary sequence, together with structure, is essential in the bactericidal action of this β-defensin derivative peptide and importantly identifies a short fragment from the peptide that is a potent bactericide. PMID:20176896
13 CFR 107.450 - Notification to SBA of pledge of Licensee's shares.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Notification to SBA of pledge of Licensee's shares. 107.450 Section 107.450 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Changes in Ownership, Control, or Structure of Licensee; Transfer of...
13 CFR 108.510 - SBA approval of NMVC Company's Investment Adviser/Manager.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... Investment Adviser/Manager. 108.510 Section 108.510 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS... and Compensation § 108.510 SBA approval of NMVC Company's Investment Adviser/Manager. You may employ an Investment Adviser/Manager who will be subject to the supervision of your board of directors...
Moore, Harold L; Twardowski, Zbylut J
2003-10-01
Soft, cuffed indwelling catheters are used for hemodialysis access and intravenous infusions. The majority of these catheters are removed as a result of infection caused by contamination of the catheter hub during the connection/disconnection procedures. To prevent clot formation in the lumen, these catheters are routinely "locked" with heparin or some other anticoagulant. None of the anticoagulants commonly used as locking solutions demonstrates any significant bactericidal properties. The primary goal of this study was the development of a catheter locking method that retains anticoagulant properties at the catheter tip and bactericidal properties at the catheter hub. The second goal was to find a solution that possesses excellent bactericidal properties but is not detrimental in the event of injection into the patient's blood stream. The bactericidal properties of acidified, concentrated saline (ACS) were compared to concentrated trisodium citrate and to commonly used bactericidal agents such as povidone iodine, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. In preliminary studies, the rate of diffusion of solutes was measured in glass tubes. In another set of experiments, the mixing of two solutions (anticoagulant and bactericide) separated by an air bubble ("air-bubble method") was observed in stationary and moving systems. The final series of studies compared the bactericidal properties of ACS to other bactericidal solutions mentioned above. The solutions diffused swiftly in the glass tubes, and by the third day, both solutions were mixed. The air-bubble method prevented mixing in both stationary and moving systems. The bactericidal properties of ACS were superior to all other tested solutions. The proposed method of catheter locking with anticoagulant at the catheter tip and ACS at the catheter hub separated by an air bubble is a promising technique and clinical studies are warranted.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Baghban, Ali; Doustkhah, Esmail; Rostamnia, Sadegh
2018-04-01
Catalytic behavior of perchloric acid when supported to mesoporous silica SBA-15 (SBA-15/HClO4) was investigated as a heterogeneous Bronsted acid. Its reactivity and leaching possibility were studied in cascade ring opening-cyclocondensation sequence of diketene and alcohol with aldehyde in the presence of either of urea or ammonium acetate. Results showed that this catalyst can be highly recyclable for several cycles.
Functionalization of SBA-15 mesoporous silica by Cu-phosphonate units: Probing of synthesis route
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Laskowski, Lukasz, E-mail: lukasz.laskowski@kik.pcz.pl; Czestochowa University of Technology, Institute of Physics, Al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-201 Czestochowa; Laskowska, Magdalena, E-mail: magdalena.laskowska@onet.pl
2014-12-15
Mesoporous silica SBA-15 containing propyl-copper phosphonate units was investigated. The structure of mesoporous samples was tested by N{sub 2} isothermal sorption (BET and BHJ analysis), TEM microscopy and X-Ray scattering. Quantitative analysis EDX has given information about proportions between component atoms in the sample. Quantitative elemental analysis has been carried out to support EDX. To examine bounding between copper atoms and phosphonic units the Raman spectroscopy was carried out. As a support of Raman scattering, the theoretical calculations were made based on density functional theory, with the B3LYP method. By comparison of the calculated vibrational spectra of the molecule withmore » experimental results, distribution of the active units inside silica matrix has been determined. - Graphical abstract: The present study is devoted to mesoporous silica SBA-15 containing propyl-copper phosphonate units. The species were investigated to confirm of synthesis procedure correctness by the micro-Raman technique combined with DFT numerical simulations. Complementary research was carried out to test the structure of mesoporous samples. - Highlights: • SBA-15 silica functionalized with propyl-copper phosphonate units was synthesized. • Synthesis efficiency probed by Raman study supported with DFT simulations. • Homogenous distribution of active units was proved. • Synthesis route enables precise control of distance between copper ions.« less
13 CFR 120.110 - What businesses are ineligible for SBA business loans?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
..., instructing, counseling or indoctrinating religion or religious beliefs, whether in a religious or secular... interest; (p) Businesses which: (1) Present live performances of a prurient sexual nature; or (2) Derive... presentation of any depictions or displays, of a prurient sexual nature; (q) Unless waived by SBA for good...
13 CFR 120.110 - What businesses are ineligible for SBA business loans?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
..., instructing, counseling or indoctrinating religion or religious beliefs, whether in a religious or secular... interest; (p) Businesses which: (1) Present live performances of a prurient sexual nature; or (2) Derive... presentation of any depictions or displays, of a prurient sexual nature; (q) Unless waived by SBA for good...
13 CFR 120.110 - What businesses are ineligible for SBA business loans?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
..., instructing, counseling or indoctrinating religion or religious beliefs, whether in a religious or secular... interest; (p) Businesses which: (1) Present live performances of a prurient sexual nature; or (2) Derive... presentation of any depictions or displays, of a prurient sexual nature; (q) Unless waived by SBA for good...
13 CFR 120.110 - What businesses are ineligible for SBA business loans?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
..., instructing, counseling or indoctrinating religion or religious beliefs, whether in a religious or secular... interest; (p) Businesses which: (1) Present live performances of a prurient sexual nature; or (2) Derive... presentation of any depictions or displays, of a prurient sexual nature; (q) Unless waived by SBA for good...
13 CFR 120.110 - What businesses are ineligible for SBA business loans?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
..., instructing, counseling or indoctrinating religion or religious beliefs, whether in a religious or secular... interest; (p) Businesses which: (1) Present live performances of a prurient sexual nature; or (2) Derive... presentation of any depictions or displays, of a prurient sexual nature; (q) Unless waived by SBA for good...
Hasan, Jafar; Webb, Hayden K; Truong, Vi Khanh; Pogodin, Sergey; Baulin, Vladimir A; Watson, Gregory S; Watson, Jolanta A; Crawford, Russell J; Ivanova, Elena P
2013-10-01
The nanopattern on the surface of Clanger cicada (Psaltoda claripennis) wings represents the first example of a new class of biomaterials that can kill bacteria on contact based solely on its physical surface structure. As such, they provide a model for the development of novel functional surfaces that possess an increased resistance to bacterial contamination and infection. Their effectiveness against a wide spectrum of bacteria, however, is yet to be established. Here, the bactericidal properties of the wings were tested against several bacterial species, possessing a range of combinations of morphology and cell wall type. The tested species were primarily pathogens, and included Bacillus subtilis, Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Planococcus maritimus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Staphylococcus aureus. The wings were found to consistently kill Gram-negative cells (i.e., B. catarrhalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and P. fluorescens), while Gram-positive cells (B. subtilis, P. maritimus, and S. aureus) remained resistant. The morphology of the cells did not appear to play any role in determining cell susceptibility. The bactericidal activity of the wing was also found to be quite efficient; 6.1 ± 1.5 × 10(6) P. aeruginosa cells in suspension were inactivated per square centimeter of wing surface after 30-min incubation. These findings demonstrate the potential for the development of selective bactericidal surfaces incorporating cicada wing nanopatterns into the design.
13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...
13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...
13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...
13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...
13 CFR 124.1006 - Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? 124.1006 Section 124.1006 Business Credit and Assistance... § 124.1006 Can SBA initiate a review of the SDB status of a firm claiming to be an SDB? SBA may initiate an SDB determination on any firm that has been certified to be an SDB by a procuring agency or that...
Pharmacokinetics and bactericidal activity of cefuroxime axetil.
Ginsburg, C M; McCracken, G H; Petruska, M; Olson, K
1985-01-01
The pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil were studied in 10 adult volunteers aged 24 to 31 years (mean age, 27), 22 infants and children aged 11 to 68 months (mean age, 33 months), and 11 children aged 7 years, 7 months to 12 years, 3 months (mean age, 11 years, 1 month). Mean peak plasma concentrations of cefuroxime occurred between 90 and 120 min in all study patients and were independent of the fasting or feeding status. The areas under the concentration-time curves were significantly higher in adult volunteers who received cefuroxime axetil with milk than in those who received the drug while fasting or with applesauce. The bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil was significantly enhanced in children by the concomitant ingestion of cefuroxime axetil and infant formula or whole milk. The areas under the concentration-time curves were 25 to 88% higher when cefuroxime axetil and milk were administered simultaneously than when the same dose was given to all fasting patients. The plasma bactericidal activities of cefuroxime against beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus at the time of peak plasma concentrations were independent of feeding status and were similar in adults and in children. Against these strains, 52% of the children and 38% of the adults had peak bactericidal levels of 1:8 or greater. PMID:3878129
Understanding bactericidal performance on ambient light activated TiO2-InVO4 nanostructured films.
He, Ziming; Xu, Qingchi; Tan, Timothy Thatt Yang
2011-12-01
TiO(2)-InVO(4) nanostructured films were coated onto glass substrates and systematically investigated for their bactericidal activities using Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the model bacterium under ambient light illumination. The uniform TiO(2)-InVO(4) nanostructured films were prepared using titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) as the precursor via a simple sol-gel approach. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was used as a surfactant to ensure uniform dispersion of InVO(4) and a sacrificial pore-inducing agent, generating nanostructured films. Compared to unmodified TiO(2) film, the current TiO(2)-InVO(4) films exhibited enhanced bactericidal activities under ambient light illumination. Bacterial cell "photo-fixation" was demonstrated to be crucial in enhancing the bactericidal activity. A bacterial-nanostructured surface interaction mechanism was proposed for the current ambient-light activated nanostructured film.
Bactericidal efficacy of elevated pH on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria
Starliper, Clifford E.; Watten, Barnaby J.
2013-01-01
Ship ballast water is a recognized medium for transfer and introductions of nonindigenous species. There is a need for new ballast water treatment methods that effectively and safely eliminate or greatly minimize movements of these species. The present study employed laboratory methods to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of increased pH (pH 10.0–12.0) for exposure durations of up to 72 h to kill a variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including fish pathogens (Aeromonas spp., Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Serratia liquefaciens, Carnobacterium sp.), other common aquatic-inhabitant bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp.) and indicators listed in International Maritime Organization D2 Standards; namely, Vibrio cholera (an environmental isolate from fish), Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Volumes of 5 N NaOH were added to tryptic soy broth to obtain desired pH adjustments. Viable cells were determined after 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Initial (0 h) cell numbers ranged from 3.40 × 104 cfu/mL for Bacillus sp. to 2.44 × 107 cfu/mL for E. faecalis. The effective endpoints of pH and treatment duration necessary to realize 100% bactericidal effect varied; however, all bacteria tested were killed within 72 h at pH 12.0 or lower. The lowest parameters examined, 4 h at pH 10.0, were bactericidal to V. cholera, E. ictaluri, three of four isolates of E. coli, and (three of four) Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Bactericidal effect was attained at pH 10.0 within 12 h for the other A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and within 24 h for P. fluorescens, and the remaining E. coli.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
González, Julio; Wang, Jin An; Chen, Lifang; Manríquez, Maria; Salmones, José; Limas, Roberto; Arellano, Ulises
2018-07-01
A set of MoO3/SBA-15 mesoporous catalysts were characterized with a variety of spectroscopic techniques and their crystalline structures were refined with Rietveld method. Oxygen defect concentration, crystallite size, phase composition, surface acidity, mesoporous regularity, and textural properties were reported. Both α-MoO3 and β-MoO3 phases coexisted but α-MoO3 was predominated. Oxygen defects were created in the orthorhombic structure and its concentration decreased from 3.08% for the 20 wt%MoO3/SBA-15 to 0.55% for the 25 wt%MoO3/SBA-15. All the MoO3/SBA-15 catalysts chiefly contained a big number of Lewis acid sites originating from oxygen defects in MoO3 crystals. In the absence of formic acid, the oxidation of 4,6-dibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) in a model diesel was almost proportional to the number of Lewis acid sites. In the presence of formic acid, 4,6-DMDBT oxidation was significantly affected by the formation of surface peroxometallic complex and Lewis acidity. Formic acid addition could improve the ODS efficiency by promoting peroxometallic complex formation and enhancing oxidant stability. Under the optimal reaction condition using the best 15 and 20 wt%MoO3/SBA-15 catalysts, more than 99% 4,6-DMDBT could be removed at 70 °C within 30 min. This work confirmed that 4,6-DMDBT oxidation is a texture and particle size sensitive and Lewis acidity dependent reaction. This work also shows that crystalline structure refinement combination with experiments can gain new insights in the design of heterogeneous nanocatalysts and help to better understand the catalytic behavior in the oxidative desulfurization reactions.
13 CFR 123.511 - How will SBA disburse Military Reservist EIDL funds?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... DISASTER LOAN PROGRAM Military Reservist Economic Injury Disaster Loans § 123.511 How will SBA disburse Military Reservist EIDL funds? Funds will be disbursed only after the essential employee has been called to active duty, and you have provided a copy of the essential employee's official call-up orders for active...
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Samsudin, Norsamsinar; Rengasamy, Premila A/P; Jizat, Jessnor Elmy Mat; Wahid, Hariyaty Ab; Jalil, Norasibah Abdul
2014-01-01
Education is a major catalyst in the development of the country. School Based Assessment (SBA) is a new transformation in Malaysian education that required subject teachers to conduct formative assessment during teaching and learning process according to the procedures by Malaysian Examination Syndicate (MES). Thus, teachers play an important role…
13 CFR 120.223 - Subsidy recoupment fee payable to SBA by Borrower.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Subsidy recoupment fee payable to SBA by Borrower. 120.223 Section 120.223 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Policies Specific to 7(a) Loans Fees for Guaranteed Loans § 120.223 Subsidy recoupment fee...
Whole blood bactericidal activity during treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Wallis, Robert S; Vinhas, Solange A; Johnson, John L; Ribeiro, Fabíola C; Palaci, Moisés; Peres, Renata L; Sá, Ricardo T; Dietze, Reynaldo; Chiunda, Allan; Eisenach, Kathleen; Ellner, Jerrold J
2003-01-15
The timely evaluation of new drugs that can be used to shorten tuberculosis (TB) treatment will require surrogate markers for relapse. This study examined bactericidal activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in whole blood culture (whole blood bactericidal activity; WBA) during TB treatment. In the absence of chemotherapy, immune mechanisms in patient blood resulted in bacteriostasis, whereas administration of oral chemotherapy resulted in bacillary killing. Total WBA per dose was greater during the intensive phase of treatment than during the continuation phase (mean, -2.32 vs. -1.67 log(10) cfu-days, respectively; P<.001). Cumulative WBA throughout treatment was greater in subjects whose sputum cultures converted to negative by the eighth week of treatment than in those for whom conversion was delayed (mean, -365 vs. -250 log(10) cfu-days; P=.04) and correlated with the rate of decrease of sputum colony-forming unit counts during the first 4 weeks of treatment (P=.018), both of which are indicative of prognosis. These findings indicate that measurement of WBA may have a role in assessing the sterilizing activity of new anti-TB drugs.
Findlow, Jamie; Bai, Xilian; Findlow, Helen; Newton, Emma; Kaczmarski, Ed; Miller, Elizabeth; Borrow, Ray
2015-06-26
Safety precautions for laboratory staff working with meningococci should primarily rely on laboratory procedures preventing exposure to aerosols containing viable meningococci. Despite this, vaccination is a key component of protection in the occupational setting. In the UK in 2009, there were no licensed vaccines for meningococcal capsular group B or conjugate vaccines for capsular groups A, C, W and Y. We therefore undertook a Phase II trial in laboratory workers to investigate the safety and immunogenicity of a four component group B vaccine (4CMenB) and a quadrivalent group A, C, W and Y conjugate vaccine (ACWY-CRM). Enrolment was open to staff aged 18-65 years at the Public Health Laboratory, Manchester who may have had a potential occupational exposure risk to meningococci. 4CMenB was administered at 0, 2 and 6 months in the non-dominant arm and ACWY-CRM concomitantly at 0 months in the dominant arm. Pre- and post-vaccination blood samples were taken and analysed by the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay against A, C, W and Y strains and a panel of seven diverse group B strains. Diary cards were used to record any local and systemic reactions following each vaccination. In total, 38 staff were enrolled and received initial vaccinations with 31 completing the trial per protocol. Both vaccines were proven safe, with local reactogenicity being more commonly reported following 4CMenB than ACWY-CRM. High proportions of subjects had putative protective SBA titres pre-vaccination, with 61-84 and 61-87% protected against A, C, W and Y strains and diverse MenB strains, respectively. Post-vaccination, SBA titres increased with 95-100 and 90-100% of subjects with protective SBA titres against A, C, W and Y strains and diverse MenB strains, respectively. These data suggest that 4CMenB and ACWY-CRM are safe when administered concomitantly and have the potential to enhance protection for laboratory workers. www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00962624. Crown