19 CFR 123.65 - Domestic baggage transiting Canada or Mexico between ports in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Domestic baggage transiting Canada or Mexico... PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CBP RELATIONS WITH CANADA AND MEXICO Baggage § 123.65 Domestic baggage transiting Canada or Mexico between ports in the United States. (a...

19 CFR 123.65 - Domestic baggage transiting Canada or Mexico between ports in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Domestic baggage transiting Canada or Mexico... PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CBP RELATIONS WITH CANADA AND MEXICO Baggage § 123.65 Domestic baggage transiting Canada or Mexico between ports in the United States. (a...

19 CFR 123.65 - Domestic baggage transiting Canada or Mexico between ports in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Domestic baggage transiting Canada or Mexico... MEXICO Baggage § 123.65 Domestic baggage transiting Canada or Mexico between ports in the United States... transported from one port in the United States to another through Canada or through Mexico in accord with the...

19 CFR 123.64 - Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... between ports in Canada or in Mexico. 123.64 Section 123.64 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER... MEXICO Baggage § 123.64 Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico. (a) Procedure. Baggage in transit from point to point in Canada or Mexico through the United States...

49 CFR 374.307 - Baggage service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... REGULATIONS Adequacy of Intercity Motor Common Carrier Passenger Service § 374.307 Baggage service. (a... travel on the same schedule. Such baggage must then be placed on the next available bus to its...

3. INTERIOR OF SOUTH BAGGAGE PASSAGE LOOKING EAST, SHOWING ROOF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. INTERIOR OF SOUTH BAGGAGE PASSAGE LOOKING EAST, SHOWING ROOF OF WOOD, GLASS, AND STEEL (TARRED ON EXTERIOR, PAINTED ON INTERIOR) - Pennsylvania Railroad Station, South Baggage Passage & Canopy, 1101 Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA

Evaluation of a bar-code system to detect unaccompanied baggage

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1988-02-01

The objective of the Unaccompanied Baggage Detection System (UBDS) Project has : been to gain field experience with a system designed to identify passengers who : check baggage for a flight and subsequently fail to board that flight. In the first : p...

49 CFR 374.403 - Notice of passenger's ability to declare excess value on baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... value on baggage. 374.403 Section 374.403 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS PASSENGER CARRIER REGULATIONS Notice of and Procedures for Baggage Excess Value...

49 CFR 1544.203 - Acceptance and screening of checked baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Acceptance and screening of checked baggage. 1544... SECURITY: AIR CARRIERS AND COMMERCIAL OPERATORS Operations § 1544.203 Acceptance and screening of checked... its authorized aircraft operator representative. (c) Screening of checked baggage. Except as provided...

14 CFR 25.858 - Cargo or baggage compartment smoke or fire detection systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... detection systems. 25.858 Section 25.858 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Construction Fire Protection § 25.858 Cargo or baggage compartment smoke or fire detection systems. If... must be met for each cargo or baggage compartment with those provisions: (a) The detection system must...

50 CFR 14.15 - Personal baggage and household effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Personal baggage and household effects. 14... Designated Ports § 14.15 Personal baggage and household effects. (a) Any person may import into or export from the United States at any Customs port wildlife products or manufactured articles that are not...

50 CFR 14.15 - Personal baggage and household effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Personal baggage and household effects. 14... Designated Ports § 14.15 Personal baggage and household effects. (a) Any person may import into or export from the United States at any Customs port wildlife products or manufactured articles that are not...

50 CFR 14.15 - Personal baggage and household effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Personal baggage and household effects. 14... Designated Ports § 14.15 Personal baggage and household effects. (a) Any person may import into or export from the United States at any Customs port wildlife products or manufactured articles that are not...

50 CFR 14.15 - Personal baggage and household effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Personal baggage and household effects. 14... Designated Ports § 14.15 Personal baggage and household effects. (a) Any person may import into or export from the United States at any Customs port wildlife products or manufactured articles that are not...

50 CFR 14.15 - Personal baggage and household effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Personal baggage and household effects. 14... Designated Ports § 14.15 Personal baggage and household effects. (a) Any person may import into or export from the United States at any Customs port wildlife products or manufactured articles that are not...

14 CFR 121.589 - Carry-on baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... (c) and (d). (c) No certificate holder may allow an airplane to take off or land unless each article... holder may allow the boarding of carry-on baggage on an airplane unless each passenger's baggage has been... program in its operations specifications. In addition, no passenger may board an airplane if his/her carry...

Risk of subacromial shoulder disorder in airport baggage handlers: combining duration and intensity of musculoskeletal shoulder loads.

PubMed

Møller, Sanne Pagh; Brauer, Charlotte; Mikkelsen, Sigurd; Alkjær, Tine; Koblauch, Henrik; Pedersen, Ellen Bøtker; Simonsen, Erik B; Thygesen, Lau Caspar

2018-04-01

Musculoskeletal shoulder load among baggage handlers measured by combining duration and intensity based on biomechanical and epidemiological information may be a stronger predictor of subacromial shoulder disorders than baggage handler seniority. In 2012, a cohort of baggage handlers employed at Copenhagen Airport in 1990-2012, and a cohort of unskilled otherwise employed men answered a survey. Self-reported information on work tasks during employment in the airport in combination with work task specific biomechanically modelled forces in the shoulder joint was used to estimate shoulder load. Exposure measures were accumulated shoulder abduction moment, accumulated shoulder compression force, accumulated supraspinatus force and baggage handler seniority. The outcome was subacromial shoulder disorder registered in the Danish National Patient Register. When analyses were adjusted by all confounders except age, exposure variables showed close to significant associations with subacromial shoulder disorder. Results could not confirm our hypothesis that combined information on work task duration and shoulder load intensity was stronger associated with subacromial shoulder disorder than seniority. Practitioner Summary: In this study we sought to identify if the exposure to work-related musculoskeletal shoulder loading including duration and intensity among baggage handlers was associated with subacromial shoulder disorder. We found that there was an association but this was not stronger than that between baggage handler seniority and subacromial shoulder disorder.

19 CFR 148.73 - Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense. 148.73 Section 148.73 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND... operated by or for the Department of Defense shall execute written baggage declarations. (b) Exemptions...

19 CFR 148.73 - Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense. 148.73 Section 148.73 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND... operated by or for the Department of Defense shall execute written baggage declarations. (b) Exemptions...

19 CFR 148.73 - Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense. 148.73 Section 148.73 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND... operated by or for the Department of Defense shall execute written baggage declarations. (b) Exemptions...

19 CFR 148.73 - Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense. 148.73 Section 148.73 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND... operated by or for the Department of Defense shall execute written baggage declarations. (b) Exemptions...

19 CFR 148.73 - Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Baggage on carriers operated by the Department of Defense. 148.73 Section 148.73 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND... operated by or for the Department of Defense shall execute written baggage declarations. (b) Exemptions...

14 CFR 135.87 - Carriage of cargo including carry-on baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... anticipated flight and ground conditions, or for carry-on baggage, it is restrained so as to prevent its... located in a position that obscures any passenger's view of the “seat belt” sign, “no smoking” sign, or... prevent articles of baggage stowed under it from sliding under crash impacts severe enough to induce the...

41 CFR 303-70.301 - Are there any limitations on the baggage we may transport?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Are there any limitations on the baggage we may transport? 303-70.301 Section 303-70.301 Public Contracts and Property... on the baggage we may transport? Yes. You may only transport government property and the employee's...

41 CFR 303-70.301 - Are there any limitations on the baggage we may transport?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Are there any limitations on the baggage we may transport? 303-70.301 Section 303-70.301 Public Contracts and Property... on the baggage we may transport? Yes. You may only transport government property and the employee's...

41 CFR 301-12.2 - What baggage expenses may my agency pay?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What baggage expenses may my agency pay? 301-12.2 Section 301-12.2 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Travel... § 301-12.2 What baggage expenses may my agency pay? Your agency may reimburse expenses related to...

31 CFR 537.511 - Importation of accompanied baggage and household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular officials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... products of Burma as accompanied baggage or household effects, provided that such products are not intended... household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular officials. 537.511 Section 537.511 Money and Finance... Policy § 537.511 Importation of accompanied baggage and household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular...

31 CFR 537.511 - Importation of accompanied baggage and household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular officials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... products of Burma as accompanied baggage or household effects, provided that such products are not intended... household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular officials. 537.511 Section 537.511 Money and Finance... Policy § 537.511 Importation of accompanied baggage and household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular...

31 CFR 537.511 - Importation of accompanied baggage and household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular officials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... products of Burma as accompanied baggage or household effects, provided that such products are not intended... and household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular officials. 537.511 Section 537.511 Money and... Policy § 537.511 Importation of accompanied baggage and household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular...

31 CFR 537.511 - Importation of accompanied baggage and household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular officials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... products of Burma as accompanied baggage or household effects, provided that such products are not intended... household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular officials. 537.511 Section 537.511 Money and Finance... Policy § 537.511 Importation of accompanied baggage and household effects of U.S. diplomatic and consular...

19 CFR 123.64 - Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... between ports in Canada or in Mexico. 123.64 Section 123.64 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CBP RELATIONS WITH CANADA AND MEXICO Baggage § 123.64 Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico. (a...

19 CFR 123.64 - Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... between ports in Canada or in Mexico. 123.64 Section 123.64 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CBP RELATIONS WITH CANADA AND MEXICO Baggage § 123.64 Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico. (a...

19 CFR 123.64 - Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... between ports in Canada or in Mexico. 123.64 Section 123.64 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CBP RELATIONS WITH CANADA AND MEXICO Baggage § 123.64 Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico. (a...

19 CFR 123.64 - Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... between ports in Canada or in Mexico. 123.64 Section 123.64 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CBP RELATIONS WITH CANADA AND MEXICO Baggage § 123.64 Baggage in transit through the United States between ports in Canada or in Mexico. (a...

Investigating existing medical CT segmentation techniques within automated baggage and package inspection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Megherbi, Najla; Breckon, Toby P.; Flitton, Greg T.

2013-10-01

3D Computed Tomography (CT) image segmentation is already well established tool in medical research and in routine daily clinical practice. However, such techniques have not been used in the context of 3D CT image segmentation for baggage and package security screening using CT imagery. CT systems are increasingly used in airports for security baggage examination. We propose in this contribution an investigation of the current 3D CT medical image segmentation methods for use in this new domain. Experimental results of 3D segmentation on real CT baggage security imagery using a range of techniques are presented and discussed.

When and Why Threats Go Undetected: Impacts of Event Rate and Shift Length on Threat Detection Accuracy During Airport Baggage Screening.

PubMed

Meuter, Renata F I; Lacherez, Philippe F

2016-03-01

We aimed to assess the impact of task demands and individual characteristics on threat detection in baggage screeners. Airport security staff work under time constraints to ensure optimal threat detection. Understanding the impact of individual characteristics and task demands on performance is vital to ensure accurate threat detection. We examined threat detection in baggage screeners as a function of event rate (i.e., number of bags per minute) and time on task across 4 months. We measured performance in terms of the accuracy of detection of Fictitious Threat Items (FTIs) randomly superimposed on X-ray images of real passenger bags. Analyses of the percentage of correct FTI identifications (hits) show that longer shifts with high baggage throughput result in worse threat detection. Importantly, these significant performance decrements emerge within the first 10 min of these busy screening shifts only. Longer shift lengths, especially when combined with high baggage throughput, increase the likelihood that threats go undetected. Shorter shift rotations, although perhaps difficult to implement during busy screening periods, would ensure more consistently high vigilance in baggage screeners and, therefore, optimal threat detection and passenger safety. © 2015, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Methodology to Improve Aviation Security With Terrorist Using Aircraft as a Weapon

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

STATEMENT Approval for public release;distribution is unlimited 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words ) The aviation industry... Electronic Baggage Screening Program EDS Explosive Detection System EMMI Energy, Matter, Material wealth, and Information ETD Explosives Trace...12 All checked baggage in the United States has been subjected to 100% screening since December 2003 under TSA’s Electronic Baggage Screening

A Cohort Study on Meniscal Lesions among Airport Baggage Handlers.

PubMed

Mikkelsen, Sigurd; Brauer, Charlotte; Pedersen, Ellen Bøtker; Alkjær, Tine; Koblauch, Henrik; Simonsen, Erik Bruun; Helweg-Larsen, Karin; Thygesen, Lau Caspar

2016-01-01

Meniscal lesions are common and may contribute to the development of knee arthrosis. A few case-control and cross-sectional studies have identified knee-straining work as risk factors for meniscal lesions, but exposure-response relations and the role of specific exposures are uncertain, and previous results may be sensitive to reporting and selection bias. We examined the relation between meniscal lesions and cumulative exposure to heavy lifting in a prospective register-based study with complete follow-up and independent information on exposure and outcome. We established a cohort of unskilled men employed at Copenhagen Airport or in other companies in the metropolitan Copenhagen area from 1990 to 2012 (the Copenhagen Airport Cohort). The cohort at risk included 3,307 airport baggage handlers with heavy lifting and kneeling or squatting work tasks and 63,934 referents with a similar socioeconomic background and less knee-straining work. Baggage handlers lifted suitcases with an average weight of approximately 15 kg, in total approximately five tonnes during a 9-hour workday. The cohort was followed in the National Patient Register and Civil Registration System. The outcome was a first time hospital diagnosis or surgery of a meniscal lesion. Baggage handlers had a higher incidence of meniscal lesions than the referents. Within baggage handlers spline regression showed that the incidence rate ratio was 1.91 (95% confidence interval: 1.29-2.84) after five years as a baggage handler and then decreased slowly to reach unity after approximately 30 years, adjusted for effects of potential confounders. This relation between baggage handling and meniscal lesions was present for work on the apron which involves lifting in a kneeling or squatting position, but not in the baggage hall, which only involves lifting in standing positions. The results support that long-term heavy lifting in a kneeling or squatting position is a risk factor for the development of symptomatic meniscal lesions.

Three-dimensional imaging of hold baggage for airport security

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolokytha, S.; Speller, R.; Robson, S.

2014-06-01

This study describes a cost-effective check-in baggage screening system, based on "on-belt tomosynthesis" (ObT) and close-range photogrammetry, that is designed to address the limitations of the most common system used, conventional projection radiography. The latter's limitations can lead to loss of information and an increase in baggage handling time, as baggage is manually searched or screened with more advanced systems. This project proposes a system that overcomes such limitations creating a cost-effective automated pseudo-3D imaging system, by combining x-ray and optical imaging to form digital tomograms. Tomographic reconstruction requires a knowledge of the change in geometry between multiple x-ray views of a common object. This is uniquely achieved using a close range photogrammetric system based on a small network of web-cameras. This paper presents the recent developments of the ObT system and describes recent findings of the photogrammetric system implementation. Based on these positive results, future work on the advancement of the ObT system as a cost-effective pseudo-3D imaging of hold baggage for airport security is proposed.

Airport baggage handling--where do human factors fit in the challenges that airports put on a baggage system?

PubMed

Lenior, O N M

2012-01-01

The challenges put on large baggage systems by airports can be summarized as: handling a high number of bags in a short period of time, in a limited space, with all sorts of disruptions, whilst complying with stringent regulation upon security, sustainability and health and safety. The aim of this company case study is to show in the different project phases--as indicated in the system ergonomic approach--how the human factors specialist can play a major part in tackling these challenges. By describing different projects in terms of scope, organization, human factors topics covered, phases and lessons learned, the importance of Human-Computer Interaction, automation as well as manual handling and work organization in baggage is addressed.

A review of automated image understanding within 3D baggage computed tomography security screening.

PubMed

Mouton, Andre; Breckon, Toby P

2015-01-01

Baggage inspection is the principal safeguard against the transportation of prohibited and potentially dangerous materials at airport security checkpoints. Although traditionally performed by 2D X-ray based scanning, increasingly stringent security regulations have led to a growing demand for more advanced imaging technologies. The role of X-ray Computed Tomography is thus rapidly expanding beyond the traditional materials-based detection of explosives. The development of computer vision and image processing techniques for the automated understanding of 3D baggage-CT imagery is however, complicated by poor image resolutions, image clutter and high levels of noise and artefacts. We discuss the recent and most pertinent advancements and identify topics for future research within the challenging domain of automated image understanding for baggage security screening CT.

31 CFR 560.507 - Accompanied baggage authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the United States directly or indirectly from Iran are authorized to import into the United States... Iran are authorized to export from the United States accompanied baggage normally incident to travel...

31 CFR 560.507 - Accompanied baggage authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the United States directly or indirectly from Iran are authorized to import into the United States... Iran are authorized to export from the United States accompanied baggage normally incident to travel...

Full-Shift Trunk and Upper Arm Postures and Movements Among Aircraft Baggage Handlers.

PubMed

Wahlström, Jens; Bergsten, Eva; Trask, Catherine; Mathiassen, Svend Erik; Jackson, Jennie; Forsman, Mikael

2016-10-01

The present study assessed full-shift trunk and upper arm postural exposure amplitudes, frequencies, and durations among Swedish airport baggage handlers and aimed to determine whether exposures differ between workers at the ramp (loading and unloading aircraft) and baggage sorting areas. Trunk and upper arm postures were measured using inclinometers during three full work shifts on each of 27 male baggage handlers working at a large Swedish airport. Sixteen of the baggage handlers worked on the ramp and 11 in the sorting area. Variables summarizing postures and movements were calculated, and mean values and variance components between subjects and within subject (between days) were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood algorithms in a one-way random effect model. In total, data from 79 full shifts (651h) were collected with a mean recording time of 495min per shift (range 319-632). On average, baggage handlers worked with the right and left arm elevated >60° for 6.4% and 6.3% of the total workday, respectively. The 90th percentile trunk forward projection (FP) was 34.1°, and the 50th percentile trunk movement velocity was 8° s(-1). For most trunk (FP) and upper arm exposure variables, between-subject variability was considerable, suggesting that the flight baggage handlers were not a homogeneously exposed group. A notable between-days variability pointed to the contents of the job differing on different days. Peak exposures (>90°) were higher for ramp workers than for sorting area workers (trunk 0.6% ramp versus 0.3% sorting; right arm 1.3% ramp versus 0.7% sorting). Trunk and upper arm postures and movements among flight baggage handlers measured by inclinometry were similar to those found in other jobs comprising manual material handling, known to be associated with increased risks for musculoskeletal disorders. The results showed that full-shift trunk (FP) and, to some extent, peak arm exposures were higher for ramp workers compared with sorting workers. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.

14 CFR 27.787 - Cargo and baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Design and Construction Personnel and Cargo... for its placarded maximum weight of contents and for the critical load distributions at the... authorized weight of cargo and baggage at the critical loading distribution. (d) If cargo compartment lamps...

Copenhagen Airport Cohort: air pollution, manual baggage handling and health

PubMed Central

Møller, Karina Lauenborg; Brauer, Charlotte; Mikkelsen, Sigurd; Loft, Steffen; Simonsen, Erik B; Koblauch, Henrik; Bern, Stine Hvid; Alkjær, Tine; Hertel, Ole; Becker, Thomas; Larsen, Karin Helweg; Bonde, Jens Peter; Thygesen, Lau Caspar

2017-01-01

Purpose Copenhagen Airport Cohort 1990–2012 presents a unique data source for studies of health effects of occupational exposure to air pollution (ultrafine particles) and manual baggage handling among airport employees. We describe the extent of information in the cohort and in the follow-up based on data linkage to the comprehensive Danish nationwide health registers. In the cohort, all information is linked to the personal identification number that also is used in Denmark Statistics demographic and socioeconomic databases and in the nationwide health registers. Participants The cohort covers 69 175 men in unskilled positions. The exposed cohort includes men in unskilled jobs employed at Copenhagen Airport in the period 1990–2012 either as baggage handlers or in other outdoor work. The reference cohort includes men in unskilled jobs working in the greater Copenhagen area. Findings to date The cohort includes environmental Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in Copenhagen Airport, information on job function/task for each calendar year of employment between 1990 and 2012, exposure to air pollution at residence, average weight of baggage lifted per day and lifestyle. By linkage to registers, we retrieved socioeconomic and demographic data and data on healthcare contacts, drug subscriptions, incident cancer and mortality. Future plans The size of the cohort and the completeness of the register-based follow-up allow a more accurate assessment of the possible health risks of occupational exposure to ultrafine particles and manual baggage handling at airports than in previous studies. We plan to follow the cohort for the incidence of ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular disease, lung and bladder cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and further for associations between heavy manual baggage handling and musculoskeletal disorders. Trial registration number 2012–41–0199. PMID:28478397

49 CFR 1546.203 - Acceptance and screening of checked baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... foreign air carrier must refuse to transport any individual's checked baggage or property if the...) TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY FOREIGN AIR... deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each foreign air carrier must use the procedures...

14 CFR 234.6 - Baggage-handling statistics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Baggage-handling statistics. 234.6 Section 234.6 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (AVIATION... statistics. Each reporting carrier shall report monthly to the Department on a domestic system basis...

14 CFR 234.6 - Baggage-handling statistics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Baggage-handling statistics. 234.6 Section 234.6 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (AVIATION... statistics. Each reporting carrier shall report monthly to the Department on a domestic system basis...

The Carrier's Liability for Damage Caused by Delay in International Air Transport

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Kang Bin

2003-01-01

Delay in the air transport occurs when passengers, baggage or cargo do not arrive at their destination at the time indicated in the contract of carriage. The causes of delay in the carriage of passengers are booking errors or double booking, delayed departure of aircraft, incorrect information regarding the time of departure, failure to land at the scheduled destination and changes in flight schedule or addition of extra landing stops. Delay in the carriage of baggage or cargo may have different causes: no reservation, lack of space, failure to load the baggage or cargo at the right place, or to deliver the covering documents at the right place. The Montreal Convention of 1999 Article 19 provides that 'The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, baggage or cargo. Nevertheless, the carder shall not be liable for damage occasioned by delay if it proves that it and its servants and agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for it or them to take such measures'. The Montreal Convention Article 22 provides liability limits of the carrier in case of delay for passengers and their baggage and for cargo. In the carriage of persons, the liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to 4,150 SDR. In the carriage of baggage, the liability of the carrier is limited to 1,000 SDR for each passenger unless a special declaration as to the value of the baggage has been made. In the carriage of cargo, the liability of the carrier is limited to 17 SDR per kilogram unless a special declaration as to the value of the cargo has been made. The Montreal Convention Article 19 has shortcomings: it is silent on the duration of the liability for carriage,andit does not make any distinction between persons and good. It does not give any indication concerning the circumstances to be taken into account in cases of delay, and about the length of delay. In conclusion, it is desirable to define the period of carriage with accuracy, and to insert the word 'unreasonable' in Article 19.

49 CFR 374.401 - Minimum permissible limitations for baggage liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS PASSENGER CARRIER REGULATIONS Notice of and Procedures for Baggage Excess Value Declaration § 374... permit the passenger, for an additional charge, to declare a value in excess of the limited amount, and...

19 CFR 122.44 - Crew baggage declaration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Crew baggage declaration. 122.44 Section 122.44 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS Aircraft Entry and Entry Documents; Electronic Manifest Requirements for...

14 CFR 27.855 - Cargo and baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Cargo and baggage compartments. 27.855 Section 27.855 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... failure would affect safe operation, unless those items are protected so that— (1) They cannot be damaged...

14 CFR 27.855 - Cargo and baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Cargo and baggage compartments. 27.855 Section 27.855 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... failure would affect safe operation, unless those items are protected so that— (1) They cannot be damaged...

7 CFR 330.212 - Movement of plant pests by baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Movement of plant pests by baggage. 330.212 Section 330.212 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FEDERAL PLANT PEST REGULATIONS; GENERAL; PLANT PESTS; SOIL...

7 CFR 330.212 - Movement of plant pests by baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Movement of plant pests by baggage. 330.212 Section 330.212 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FEDERAL PLANT PEST REGULATIONS; GENERAL; PLANT PESTS; SOIL...

7 CFR 330.212 - Movement of plant pests by baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Movement of plant pests by baggage. 330.212 Section 330.212 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FEDERAL PLANT PEST REGULATIONS; GENERAL; PLANT PESTS; SOIL...

7 CFR 330.212 - Movement of plant pests by baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Movement of plant pests by baggage. 330.212 Section 330.212 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FEDERAL PLANT PEST REGULATIONS; GENERAL; PLANT PESTS; SOIL...

7 CFR 330.212 - Movement of plant pests by baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Movement of plant pests by baggage. 330.212 Section 330.212 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FEDERAL PLANT PEST REGULATIONS; GENERAL; PLANT PESTS; SOIL...

14 CFR 91.523 - Carry-on baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Carry-on baggage. 91.523 Section 91.523 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC... severe enough to induce the ultimate inertia forces specified in § 25.561(b)(3) of this chapter, or the...

14 CFR 91.523 - Carry-on baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Carry-on baggage. 91.523 Section 91.523 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC... severe enough to induce the ultimate inertia forces specified in § 25.561(b)(3) of this chapter, or the...

14 CFR 91.523 - Carry-on baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Carry-on baggage. 91.523 Section 91.523 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC... severe enough to induce the ultimate inertia forces specified in § 25.561(b)(3) of this chapter, or the...

14 CFR 91.523 - Carry-on baggage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Carry-on baggage. 91.523 Section 91.523 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC... severe enough to induce the ultimate inertia forces specified in § 25.561(b)(3) of this chapter, or the...

7 CFR 318.13-10 - Inspection of baggage, other personal effects, and cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATE OF HAWAII AND TERRITORIES QUARANTINE NOTICES Regulated Articles From Hawaii and the Territories § 318.13-10 Inspection of baggage... for movement by aircraft from Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana...

19 CFR 162.6 - Search of persons, baggage, and merchandise.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Search of persons, baggage, and merchandise. 162.6 Section 162.6 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INSPECTION, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE Inspection, Examination, and Search...

15 CFR 740.14 - Baggage (BAG).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... carriers to take to any destination, as personal baggage, the classes of commodities, software and... reexport any of the following commodities or software for personal use of the individuals or members of... leaving the United States who are U.S. persons, as defined in paragraph (b)(4)(i), may export or reexport...

15 CFR 740.14 - Baggage (BAG).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... carriers to take to any destination, as personal baggage, the classes of commodities, software and... reexport any of the following commodities or software for personal use of the individuals or members of... leaving the United States who are U.S. persons, as defined in paragraph (b)(4)(i), may export or reexport...

15 CFR 740.14 - Baggage (BAG).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... carriers to take to any destination, as personal baggage, the classes of commodities, software and... reexport any of the following commodities or software for personal use of the individuals or members of... leaving the United States who are U.S. persons, as defined in paragraph (b)(4)(i), may export or reexport...

15 CFR 740.14 - Baggage (BAG).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... carriers to take to any destination, as personal baggage, the classes of commodities, software and... reexport any of the following commodities or software for personal use of the individuals or members of... leaving the United States who are U.S. persons, as defined in paragraph (b)(4)(i), may export or reexport...

31 CFR 545.507 - Accompanied baggage authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Accompanied baggage authorized. 545.507 Section 545.507 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... that are necessary for personal use incident to travel, that are not intended for any other person or...

31 CFR 538.511 - Accompanied baggage authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Accompanied baggage authorized. 538.511 Section 538.511 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... only articles that are necessary for personal use incident to travel, are not intended for any other...

31 CFR 538.511 - Accompanied baggage authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Accompanied baggage authorized. 538.511 Section 538.511 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... only articles that are necessary for personal use incident to travel, are not intended for any other...

31 CFR 560.507 - Accompanied baggage authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Accompanied baggage authorized. 560.507 Section 560.507 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... for personal use incident to travel, not intended for any other person or for sale, and are not...

31 CFR 538.511 - Accompanied baggage authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Accompanied baggage authorized. 538.511 Section 538.511 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... only articles that are necessary for personal use incident to travel, are not intended for any other...

31 CFR 538.511 - Accompanied baggage authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Accompanied baggage authorized. 538.511 Section 538.511 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... only articles that are necessary for personal use incident to travel, are not intended for any other...

31 CFR 538.511 - Accompanied baggage authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Accompanied baggage authorized. 538.511 Section 538.511 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... only articles that are necessary for personal use incident to travel, are not intended for any other...

22 CFR 63.5 - Grants to foreign participants to study.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... travel in a privately owned vehicle, reimbursement will be accordance with the provisions of the Federal Travel Regulations. (b) Excess baggage. Excess baggage as deemed necessary by the Agency. (c) Per diem allowance. Per diem allowance in lieu of subsistence expenses while traveling (1) from point of entry in the...

22 CFR 63.5 - Grants to foreign participants to study.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... travel in a privately owned vehicle, reimbursement will be accordance with the provisions of the Federal Travel Regulations. (b) Excess baggage. Excess baggage as deemed necessary by the Agency. (c) Per diem allowance. Per diem allowance in lieu of subsistence expenses while traveling (1) from point of entry in the...

75 FR 21716 - Agency Information Collection; Activity Under OMB Review; Airline Service Quality Performance...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-26

... large certificated air carriers to file ``On-Time Flight Performance Reports'' and ``Mishandled-Baggage... On-Time Flight Performance Reports to identify problem areas within the air traffic control system... concerning their chances of on-time flights and the rate of mishandled baggage by the 18 largest scheduled...

7 CFR 318.13-10 - Inspection of baggage, other personal effects, and cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the airport security checkpoint or the aircraft boarding gate, at the time they pass through the... in the public areas of the airport. When an inspector has inspected and passed such baggage or..., or aircraft provides space and facilities on the means of conveyance, pier, or airport that are...

7 CFR 318.13-10 - Inspection of baggage, other personal effects, and cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the airport security checkpoint or the aircraft boarding gate, at the time they pass through the... in the public areas of the airport. When an inspector has inspected and passed such baggage or..., or aircraft provides space and facilities on the means of conveyance, pier, or airport that are...

7 CFR 318.13-10 - Inspection of baggage, other personal effects, and cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the airport security checkpoint or the aircraft boarding gate, at the time they pass through the... in the public areas of the airport. When an inspector has inspected and passed such baggage or..., or aircraft provides space and facilities on the means of conveyance, pier, or airport that are...

7 CFR 318.13-10 - Inspection of baggage, other personal effects, and cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the airport security checkpoint or the aircraft boarding gate, at the time they pass through the... in the public areas of the airport. When an inspector has inspected and passed such baggage or..., or aircraft provides space and facilities on the means of conveyance, pier, or airport that are...

77 FR 6520 - Airworthiness Directives; BAE SYSTEMS (OPERATIONS) LIMITED Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-08

... baggage bay fire bottles that can be misassembled such that two squib electrical connectors can be cross... fire in one of the baggage bays, could result in the fire extinguishing agent being discharged into a... 146 and AVRO 146-RJ aeroplanes can be misassembled such that two squib electrical connectors can be...

Profile of international air passengers intercepted with illegal animal products in baggage at Guarulhos and Galeão airports in Brazil.

PubMed

de Melo, Cristiano Barros; Pinheiro de Sá, Marcos Eielson; Alves, Flaviane Faria; McManus, Concepta; Aragão, Lucas Fernandes; Belo, Bruno Benin; Campani, Paulo Ricardo; da Matta Ribeiro, Antonio Cavalcanti; Seabra, Christina Isoldi; Seixas, Luiza

2014-01-01

Protection against biological material entering a country or region through airports is important because, through them, infectious agents can quickly reach exotic destinations and be disseminated. Illegal products of animal origin may contain hazardous infectious agents that can compromise animal and public health. The aim of this study was to identify associations between possession of illegal animal products in baggage and demographic characteristics of the passengers, as well as characteristics of their travel plans in the two main Brazilian international airports. A total of 457 passengers were divided into two groups: passengers identified as carrying illegal animal products and control. Passengers identified as carrying illegal animal products not stated on the accompanied baggage declaration completed a questionnaire, to aid in profiling. Nationality, origin, age and residency of passengers were analyzed using chi square, logistic regression and odds ratios. Passengers from Eastern Europe were the most likely to enter with animal products as were those aged between 35 and 55 years. When evaluating the departure point, the highest frequency was seen in those coming from Portugal. Passenger group, reasons for travel, amount and type of baggage were available only for passengers identified as carrying illegal animal products, noting that they prefer traveling alone, for leisure, bringing few bags. Such information can contribute to the early identification of passengers that have illegal animal products in baggage at Brazilian airports.

Psychosocial Work Factors and Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study among Swedish Flight Baggage Handlers

PubMed Central

Mathiassen, S. E.; Vingård, E.

2015-01-01

Objective. Flight baggage handlers sort and load luggage to airplanes. This study aimed at investigating associations between psychosocial exposures and low back and shoulder musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among Swedish flight baggage handlers. Methods. A questionnaire addressing MSDs (Standardized Nordic Questionnaire) and psychosocial factors (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, COPSOQ) was answered by 525 baggage handlers in six Swedish airports. Results. Low back (LBP) and shoulder pain (SP) were reported by 70% and 60%, respectively. Pain was reported to interfere with work (PIW) by 30% (low back) and 18% (shoulders), and intense pain (PINT) occurred in 34% and 28% of the population. Quality of leadership was the most dissatisfying psychosocial factor, while the most positive was social community at work. Low ratings in the combined domain Work organization and job content were significantly associated with PIW in both low back and shoulders (Adjusted Hazard Ratios 3.65 (95% CI 1.67–7.99) and 2.68 (1.09–6.61)) while lower ratings in the domain Interpersonal relations and leadership were associated with PIW LBP (HR 2.18 (1.06–4.49)) and PINT LBP and SP (HRs 1.95 (1.05–3.65) and 2.11 (1.08–4.12)). Conclusion. Severity of pain among flight baggage handlers was associated with psychosocial factors at work, suggesting that they may be a relevant target for intervention in this occupation. PMID:26558282

Copenhagen Airport Cohort: air pollution, manual baggage handling and health.

PubMed

Møller, Karina Lauenborg; Brauer, Charlotte; Mikkelsen, Sigurd; Loft, Steffen; Simonsen, Erik B; Koblauch, Henrik; Bern, Stine Hvid; Alkjær, Tine; Hertel, Ole; Becker, Thomas; Larsen, Karin Helweg; Bonde, Jens Peter; Thygesen, Lau Caspar

2017-05-06

Copenhagen Airport Cohort 1990-2012 presents a unique data source for studies of health effects of occupational exposure to air pollution (ultrafine particles) and manual baggage handling among airport employees. We describe the extent of information in the cohort and in the follow-up based on data linkage to the comprehensive Danish nationwide health registers. In the cohort, all information is linked to the personal identification number that also is used in Denmark Statistics demographic and socioeconomic databases and in the nationwide health registers. The cohort covers 69 175 men in unskilled positions. The exposed cohort includes men in unskilled jobs employed at Copenhagen Airport in the period 1990-2012 either as baggage handlers or in other outdoor work. The reference cohort includes men in unskilled jobs working in the greater Copenhagen area. The cohort includes environmental Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in Copenhagen Airport, information on job function/task for each calendar year of employment between 1990 and 2012, exposure to air pollution at residence, average weight of baggage lifted per day and lifestyle. By linkage to registers, we retrieved socioeconomic and demographic data and data on healthcare contacts, drug subscriptions, incident cancer and mortality. The size of the cohort and the completeness of the register-based follow-up allow a more accurate assessment of the possible health risks of occupational exposure to ultrafine particles and manual baggage handling at airports than in previous studies. We plan to follow the cohort for the incidence of ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular disease, lung and bladder cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and further for associations between heavy manual baggage handling and musculoskeletal disorders. number 2012-41-0199. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Airline Baggage as a Pathway for Alien Insect Species Invading the United States

Treesearch

Andrew M. Liebhold; Timothy T. Work; Deborah G. McCullough; Joseph F. Cavey; Joseph F. Cavey

2006-01-01

Invasions by non-indigenous species are a problem of increasing magnitude and threaten the stability of the world's ecosystems and economies. Despite the enormity of this problem, relatively little is known about the importance of various invasion pathways. Using historical records of interceptions of alien insects in air passenger baggage by USDA inspectors, we...

14 CFR 382.131 - Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... mobility aids and other assistive devices? 382.131 Section 382.131 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE... BASIS OF DISABILITY IN AIR TRAVEL Stowage of Wheelchairs, Other Mobility Aids, and Other Assistive Devices § 382.131 Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices? With...

14 CFR 382.131 - Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... mobility aids and other assistive devices? 382.131 Section 382.131 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE... BASIS OF DISABILITY IN AIR TRAVEL Stowage of Wheelchairs, Other Mobility Aids, and Other Assistive Devices § 382.131 Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices? With...

14 CFR 382.131 - Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... mobility aids and other assistive devices? 382.131 Section 382.131 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE... BASIS OF DISABILITY IN AIR TRAVEL Stowage of Wheelchairs, Other Mobility Aids, and Other Assistive Devices § 382.131 Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices? With...

49 CFR 175.10 - Exceptions for passengers, crewmembers, and air operators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... mobility aid equipped with a lithium ion battery, when carried as checked baggage, provided— (i) The lithium ion battery must be of a type that successfully passed each test in the UN Manual of Tests and... the movement of baggage, mail, service items, or other cargo; (v) Where a lithium ion battery-powered...

49 CFR 175.10 - Exceptions for passengers, crewmembers, and air operators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... mobility aid equipped with a lithium ion battery, when carried as checked baggage, provided— (i) The lithium ion battery must be of a type that successfully passed each test in the UN Manual of Tests and... the movement of baggage, mail, service items, or other cargo; (v) Where a lithium ion battery-powered...

49 CFR 1540.111 - Carriage of weapons, explosives, and incendiaries by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... property— (1) When performance has begun of the inspection of the individual's person or accessible... in checked baggage or in baggage carried in an inaccessible cargo hold under § 1562.23 of this... carried in a hard-sided container; and (iv) The container in which it is carried is locked, and only the...

49 CFR 1540.111 - Carriage of weapons, explosives, and incendiaries by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... property— (1) When performance has begun of the inspection of the individual's person or accessible... in checked baggage or in baggage carried in an inaccessible cargo hold under § 1562.23 of this... carried in a hard-sided container; and (iv) The container in which it is carried is locked, and only the...

49 CFR 1540.111 - Carriage of weapons, explosives, and incendiaries by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... property— (1) When performance has begun of the inspection of the individual's person or accessible... in checked baggage or in baggage carried in an inaccessible cargo hold under § 1562.23 of this... carried in a hard-sided container; and (iv) The container in which it is carried is locked, and only the...

49 CFR 1540.111 - Carriage of weapons, explosives, and incendiaries by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... property— (1) When performance has begun of the inspection of the individual's person or accessible... in checked baggage or in baggage carried in an inaccessible cargo hold under § 1562.23 of this... carried in a hard-sided container; and (iv) The container in which it is carried is locked, and only the...

49 CFR 1540.111 - Carriage of weapons, explosives, and incendiaries by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... property— (1) When performance has begun of the inspection of the individual's person or accessible... in checked baggage or in baggage carried in an inaccessible cargo hold under § 1562.23 of this... carried in a hard-sided container; and (iv) The container in which it is carried is locked, and only the...

19 CFR 4.33 - Diversion of cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) Unlading at other than original port of destination. A vessel may unlade cargo or baggage at an alternative port of entry to the port of original destination if: (1) It is compelled by any cause to put into the alternative port and the director of that port issues a permit for the unlading of cargo or baggage; or (2) As...

14 CFR 382.131 - Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices? 382.131 Section 382.131 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE... BASIS OF DISABILITY IN AIR TRAVEL Stowage of Wheelchairs, Other Mobility Aids, and Other Assistive...

14 CFR 382.131 - Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Do baggage liability limits apply to mobility aids and other assistive devices? 382.131 Section 382.131 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE... BASIS OF DISABILITY IN AIR TRAVEL Stowage of Wheelchairs, Other Mobility Aids, and Other Assistive...

A Preliminary Investigation of the Reinforcement Function of Signal Detections in Simulated Baggage Screening: Further Support for the Vigilance Reinforcement Hypothesis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hogan, Lindsey C.; Bell, Matthew; Olson, Ryan

2009-01-01

The vigilance reinforcement hypothesis (VRH) asserts that errors in signal detection tasks are partially explained by operant reinforcement and extinction processes. VRH predictions were tested with a computerized baggage screening task. Our experiment evaluated the effects of signal schedule (extinction vs. variable interval 6 min) and visual…

14 CFR 399.85 - Notice of baggage fees and other fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

....85 Notice of baggage fees and other fees. (a) If a U. S. or foreign air carrier has a website... disclose any increase in its fee for carry-on or first and second checked bags and any change in the first and second checked bags or carry-on allowance for a passenger on the homepage of that website (e.g...

14 CFR 399.85 - Notice of baggage fees and other fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

....85 Notice of baggage fees and other fees. (a) If a U. S. or foreign air carrier has a website... disclose any increase in its fee for carry-on or first and second checked bags and any change in the first and second checked bags or carry-on allowance for a passenger on the homepage of that website (e.g...

14 CFR 399.85 - Notice of baggage fees and other fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

....85 Notice of baggage fees and other fees. (a) If a U. S. or foreign air carrier has a website... disclose any increase in its fee for carry-on or first and second checked bags and any change in the first and second checked bags or carry-on allowance for a passenger on the homepage of that website (e.g...

Working alone or in the presence of others: exploring social facilitation in baggage X-ray security screening tasks.

PubMed

Yu, Rui-feng; Wu, Xin

2015-01-01

This study investigated whether the mere presence of a human audience would evoke a social facilitation effect in baggage X-ray security screening tasks. A 2 (target presence: present vs. absent) ×  2 (task complexity: simple vs. complex) ×  2 (social presence: alone vs. human audience) within-subject experiment simulating a real baggage screening task was conducted. This experiment included 20 male participants. The participants' search performance in this task was recorded. The results showed that the presence of a human audience speeded up responses in simple tasks and slowed down responses in complex tasks. However, the social facilitation effect produced by the presence of a human audience had no effect on response accuracy. These findings suggested that the complexity of screening tasks should be considered when designing work organisation modes for security screening tasks. Practitioner summary: This study investigated whether the presence of a human audience could evoke a social facilitation effect in baggage X-ray security screening tasks. An experimental simulation was conducted. The results showed that the presence of a human audience facilitated the search performance of simple tasks and inhibited the performance of complex tasks.

Is airport baggage inspection just another medical image?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gale, Alastair G.; Mugglestone, Mark D.; Purdy, Kevin J.; McClumpha, A.

2000-04-01

A similar inspection situation to medical imaging appears to be that of the airport security screener who examines X-ray images of passenger baggage. There is, however, little research overlap between the two areas. Studies of observer performance in examining medical images have led to a conceptual model which has been used successfully to understand diagnostic errors and develop appropriate training strategies. The model stresses three processes of; visual search, detection of potential targets, and interpretation of these areas; with most errors being due to the latter two factors. An initial study is reported on baggage inspection, using several brief image presentations, to examine the applicability of such a medical model to this domain. The task selected was the identification of potential Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). Specifically investigated was the visual search behavior of inspectors. It was found that IEDs could be identified in a very brief image presentation, with increased presentation time this performance improved. Participants fixated on IEDs very early on and sometimes concentrated wholly on this part of the baggage display. When IEDs were missed this was mainly due to interpretative factors rather than visual search or IED detection. It is argued that the observer model can be applied successfully to this scenario.

Environmental assessment of the thermal neutron activation explosive detection system for concourse use at US airports

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jones, C.G.

1990-08-01

This document is an environmental assessment of a system designed to detect the presence of explosives in checked airline baggage or cargo. The system is meant to be installed at the concourse or lobby ticketing areas of US commercial airports and uses a sealed radioactive source of californium-252 to irradiate baggage items. The major impact of the use of this system arises from direct exposure of the public to scattered or leakage radiation from the source and to induced radioactivity in baggage items. Under normal operation and the most likely accident scenarios, the environmental impacts that would be created bymore » the proposed licensing action would not be significant. 44 refs., 19 figs., 18 tabs.« less

Finite-Time Performance of Local Search Algorithms: Theory and Application

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-10

security devices deployed at airport security checkpoints are used to detect prohibited items (e.g., guns, knives, explosives). Each security device...security devices are deployed, the practical issue of determining how to optimally use them can be difficult. For an airport security system design...checked baggage), explosive detection systems (designed to detect explosives in checked baggage), and detailed hand search by an airport security official

Impact of Self-Reported Biases and Familiarity in a Baggage Screening Context

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

Defense, or the United States Government. This material is declared a work of the United States Government and is not subject to copyright...literature explains that material which elicits an emotional response from a person is commonly assumed to be more accurately recognized than... material which does not elicit an emotional response (Bessette-Symons, 2008). The extent of the baggage screener’s emotional interest in weapons such as

A Case Study on the Walking Speed of Pedestrian at the Bus Terminal Area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Firdaus Mohamad Ali, Mohd; Salleh Abustan, Muhamad; Hidayah Abu Talib, Siti; Abustan, Ismail; Rahman, Noorhazlinda Abd; Gotoh, Hitoshi

2018-03-01

Walking speed is one of the factors in understanding the pedestrian walking behaviours. Every pedestrian has different level of walking speed that are regulated by some factors such as gender and age. This study was conducted at a bus terminal area with two objectives in which the first one was to determine the average walking speed of pedestrian by considering the factors of age, gender, people with and without carrying baggage; and the second one was to make a comparison of the average walking speed that considered age as the factor of comparison between pedestrian at the bus terminal area and crosswalk. Demographic factor of pedestrian walking speed in this study are gender and age consist of male, female, and 7 groups of age categories that are children, adult men and women, senior adult men and women, over 70 and disabled person. Data of experiment was obtained by making a video recording of the movement of people that were walking and roaming around at the main lobby for 45 minutes by using a camcorder. Hence, data analysis was done by using software named Human Behaviour Simulator (HBS) for analysing the data extracted from the video. The result of this study was male pedestrian walked faster than female with the average of walking speed 1.13m/s and 1.07m/s respectively. Averagely, pedestrian that walked without carrying baggage had higher walking speed compared to pedestrian that were carrying baggage with the speed of 1.02m/s and 0.70m/s respectively. Male pedestrian walks faster than female because they have higher level of stamina and they are mostly taller than female pedestrian. Furthermore, pedestrian with baggage walks slower because baggage will cause distractions such as pedestrian will have more weight to carry and people tend to walk slower.

Watch your language: Power words at the human-nature interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Norgaard, Richard B.

2016-02-01

Words are integral to thinking and communicating. Words also carry old baggage. The Anthropocene necessitates new thinking and communication at the human-nature interface. Words like progress, natural, and thresholds are pervasive in both scientific and policy discourse, but carry baggage that will likely slow understanding of the Anthropocene and appropriate adaptation. The dynamic systems thinking with emergent properties of ecology needs to replace the efficiency and growth framework of economics. Diversity and resilience are productive and less historically burdened words.

Age and automation interact to influence performance of a simulated luggage screening task.

PubMed

Wiegmann, Douglas; McCarley, Jason S; Kramer, Arthur F; Wickens, Christopher D

2006-08-01

An experiment examined the impact of automation on young and old adults' abilities to detect threat objects in a simulated baggage-screening task. Younger and older adult participants viewed X-ray images of cluttered baggage, 20% of which contained a hidden knife. Some participants were provided an automated aid with a hit rate of 0.90 and a false alarm rate of 0.25. The aid provided assistance to participants in one of three forms: a text message that appeared before the stimulus image; a text message that appeared following the stimulus image; or a spatial cue concurrent with the stimulus image. Control participants performed the task with no assistance from an aid. Spatial cuing improved performance for both age groups. Text cuing improved young adults' performance, but had no benefit for older participants. Effects were similar whether the text cue preceded or followed the search stimulus itself. Results indicate that spatial cuing rather than text alerts may be more effective in aiding performance during a baggage screening task and such benefits are likely to occur regardless of operator age.

Limited view angle iterative CT reconstruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kisner, Sherman J.; Haneda, Eri; Bouman, Charles A.; Skatter, Sondre; Kourinny, Mikhail; Bedford, Simon

2012-03-01

Computed Tomography (CT) is widely used for transportation security to screen baggage for potential threats. For example, many airports use X-ray CT to scan the checked baggage of airline passengers. The resulting reconstructions are then used for both automated and human detection of threats. Recently, there has been growing interest in the use of model-based reconstruction techniques for application in CT security systems. Model-based reconstruction offers a number of potential advantages over more traditional direct reconstruction such as filtered backprojection (FBP). Perhaps one of the greatest advantages is the potential to reduce reconstruction artifacts when non-traditional scan geometries are used. For example, FBP tends to produce very severe streaking artifacts when applied to limited view data, which can adversely affect subsequent processing such as segmentation and detection. In this paper, we investigate the use of model-based reconstruction in conjunction with limited-view scanning architectures, and we illustrate the value of these methods using transportation security examples. The advantage of limited view architectures is that it has the potential to reduce the cost and complexity of a scanning system, but its disadvantage is that limited-view data can result in structured artifacts in reconstructed images. Our method of reconstruction depends on the formulation of both a forward projection model for the system, and a prior model that accounts for the contents and densities of typical baggage. In order to evaluate our new method, we use realistic models of baggage with randomly inserted simple simulated objects. Using this approach, we show that model-based reconstruction can substantially reduce artifacts and improve important metrics of image quality such as the accuracy of the estimated CT numbers.

Natural Gas Use On Minibuses, Engaged In The Carriage Of Passengers And Baggage On The Regular Routes, As A Measure For Decrease In Harmful Environment Effects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chikishev, E.; Chikisheva, A.; Anisimov, I.; Chainikov, D.

2017-01-01

The paper deals with an option of increase the compressed natural gas use as a motor fuel for diesel minibuses to reduce emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. In terms of the Russian company LTD "WTC Automobilist", carrying passengers and baggage on regular routes by minibuses, the calculation of the park's natural gas needs is promoted. A mini CNG RS with optimal performance is suggested. The approximate payback period of the natural gas equipment installation on all buses of company and introduction into service period of mini CNG RS are calculated.

An explosives detection system for airline security using coherent x-ray scattering technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Madden, Robert W.; Mahdavieh, Jacob; Smith, Richard C.; Subramanian, Ravi

2008-08-01

L-3 Communications Security and Detection Systems (SDS) has developed a new system for automated alarm resolution in airline baggage Explosive Detection Systems (EDS) based on coherent x-ray scattering spectroscopy. The capabilities of the system were demonstrated in tests with concealed explosives at the Transportation Security Laboratory and airline passenger baggage at Orlando International Airport. The system uses x-ray image information to identify suspicious objects and performs targeted diffraction measurements to classify them. This extra layer of detection capability affords a significant reduction in the rate of false alarm objects that must presently be resolved by opening passenger bags for hand inspection.

Passenger baggage object database (PBOD)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gittinger, Jaxon M.; Suknot, April N.; Jimenez, Edward S.; Spaulding, Terry W.; Wenrich, Steve A.

2018-04-01

Detection of anomalies of interest in x-ray images is an ever-evolving problem that requires the rapid development of automatic detection algorithms. Automatic detection algorithms are developed using machine learning techniques, which would require developers to obtain the x-ray machine that was used to create the images being trained on, and compile all associated metadata for those images by hand. The Passenger Baggage Object Database (PBOD) and data acquisition application were designed and developed for acquiring and persisting 2-D and 3-D x-ray image data and associated metadata. PBOD was specifically created to capture simulated airline passenger "stream of commerce" luggage data, but could be applied to other areas of x-ray imaging to utilize machine-learning methods.

Photon and neutron interrogation techniques for chemical explosives detection in air cargo: A critical review

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Runkle, Robert C.; White, Timothy A.; Miller, Erin A.

Scanning cargo transported via aircraft ("air cargo") for explosive threats is a problem that, at present, lacks a comprehensive technical solution. While explosives detection in the baggage-scanning domain has a rich history that sheds light on potential solutions for air cargo, baggage scanning differs in several ways and thus one cannot look to the present array of technologies. Some contemporary solutions, like trace analysis, are not readily applied to cargo due to sampling challenges while the larger geometry of air cargo makes others less effective. This review article examines an array of interrogation techniques using photons and neutrons as incidentmore » particles. We first present a summary of the signatures and observables explosives provide and review how they have been exploited in baggage scanning. Following this is a description of the challenges posed by the air cargo application space. After considering interrogation sources, methods focused on transmission imaging, sub-surface examination and elemental characterization are described. It is our goal to shed light on the technical promise of each method while largely deferring questions that revolve around footprint, safety and conduct of operations. Our overarching intent is that a comprehensive understanding of potential techniques will foster development of a comprehensive solution.« less

A review of X-ray explosives detection techniques for checked baggage.

PubMed

Wells, K; Bradley, D A

2012-08-01

In recent times, the security focus for civil aviation has shifted from hijacking in the 1980s, towards deliberate sabotage. X-ray imaging provides a major tool in checked baggage inspection, with various sensitive techniques being brought to bear in determining the form, and density of items within luggage as well as other material dependent parameters. This review first examines the various challenges to X-ray technology in securing a safe system of passenger transportation. An overview is then presented of the various conventional and less conventional approaches that are available to the airline industry, leading to developments in state-of-the-art imaging technology supported by enhanced machine and observer-based decision making principles. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Risk factors and visual fatigue of baggage X-ray security screeners: a structural equation modelling analysis.

PubMed

Yu, Rui-Feng; Yang, Lin-Dong; Wu, Xin

2017-05-01

This study identified the risk factors influencing visual fatigue in baggage X-ray security screeners and estimated the strength of correlations between those factors and visual fatigue using structural equation modelling approach. Two hundred and five X-ray security screeners participated in a questionnaire survey. The result showed that satisfaction with the VDT's physical features and the work environment conditions were negatively correlated with the intensity of visual fatigue, whereas job stress and job burnout had direct positive influences. The path coefficient between the image quality of VDT and visual fatigue was not significant. The total effects of job burnout, job stress, the VDT's physical features and the work environment conditions on visual fatigue were 0.471, 0.469, -0.268 and -0.251 respectively. These findings indicated that both extrinsic factors relating to VDT and workplace environment and psychological factors including job burnout and job stress should be considered in the workplace design and work organisation of security screening tasks to reduce screeners' visual fatigue. Practitioner Summary: This study identified the risk factors influencing visual fatigue in baggage X-ray security screeners and estimated the strength of correlations between those factors and visual fatigue. The findings were of great importance to the workplace design and the work organisation of security screening tasks to reduce screeners' visual fatigue.

14 CFR 23.787 - Baggage and cargo compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and... critical load distributions at the appropriate maximum load factors corresponding to the flight and ground...

Securing Cabin Baggage Act

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Lipinski, Daniel [D-IL-3

2009-06-15

House - 06/17/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on Transportation Security and Infrastructure Protection. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

49 CFR 1544.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... must be able to efficiently and thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and... the screening equipment monitor the appropriate imaging standard specified in the aircraft operator's...

49 CFR 1544.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... must be able to efficiently and thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and... the screening equipment monitor the appropriate imaging standard specified in the aircraft operator's...

49 CFR 1544.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... must be able to efficiently and thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and... the screening equipment monitor the appropriate imaging standard specified in the aircraft operator's...

49 CFR 1544.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... must be able to efficiently and thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and... the screening equipment monitor the appropriate imaging standard specified in the aircraft operator's...

49 CFR 1544.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... must be able to efficiently and thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and... the screening equipment monitor the appropriate imaging standard specified in the aircraft operator's...

49 CFR 387.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... household goods, unaccompanied baggage, or used automobiles. (c) Motor vehicle means any vehicle, machine... following combinations will be regarded as one motor vehicle: (1) A tractor that draws a trailer or...

49 CFR 387.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... household goods, unaccompanied baggage, or used automobiles. (c) Motor vehicle means any vehicle, machine... following combinations will be regarded as one motor vehicle: (1) A tractor that draws a trailer or...

49 CFR 387.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... household goods, unaccompanied baggage, or used automobiles. (c) Motor vehicle means any vehicle, machine... following combinations will be regarded as one motor vehicle: (1) A tractor that draws a trailer or...

14 CFR 29.853 - Compartment interiors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... electrical wire and cable insulation, and for small parts (such as knobs, handles, rollers, fasteners, clips... in a common housing, seat belts, shoulder harnesses, and cargo and baggage tiedown equipment...

14 CFR 29.853 - Compartment interiors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... electrical wire and cable insulation, and for small parts (such as knobs, handles, rollers, fasteners, clips... in a common housing, seat belts, shoulder harnesses, and cargo and baggage tiedown equipment...

14 CFR 29.853 - Compartment interiors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... electrical wire and cable insulation, and for small parts (such as knobs, handles, rollers, fasteners, clips... in a common housing, seat belts, shoulder harnesses, and cargo and baggage tiedown equipment...

Ergonomic assessment of airport shuttle driver tasks using an ergonomic analysis toolset.

PubMed

Çakıt, Erman

2018-06-01

This study aimed to (a) evaluate strength requirements and lower back stresses during lifting and baggage handling tasks with the 3D Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP) and (b) provide additional analyses using rapid entire body assessment (REBA) and the NASA task load index (TLX) to assess the risks associated with the tasks. Four healthy female shuttle drivers of good health aged between 55 and 60 years were observed and interviewed in an effort to determine the tasks required of their occupations. The results indicated that lifting bags and placing them in a shuttle were high risk for injury and possible changes should be further investigated. The study concluded there was a potential for injury associated with baggage storing and retrieval tasks of a shuttle driver.

Airport trial of a system for the mass screening of baggage or cargo

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bennett, Gordon; Sleeman, Richard; Davidson, William R.; Stott, William R.

1994-10-01

An eight month trial of a system capable of checking every bag from a particular flight for the presence of narcotics has been carried out at a major UK airport. The British Aerospace CONDOR tandem mass-spectrometer system, fitted with a real-time sampler, was used to check in-coming baggage for a range of illegal drugs. Because of the rapid sampling and analysis capability of this instrument, it was possible to check every bag from a flight without delay to the passengers. During the trial a very large number of bags, from flights from various parts of the world, were sampled. A number of detections were made, which resulted in a number of seizures and the apprehension of a number of smugglers.

4. BASEMENT WALL BENEATH SOUTH PASSAGE SHOWING STEAM TUNNEL OPENING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. BASEMENT WALL BENEATH SOUTH PASSAGE SHOWING STEAM TUNNEL OPENING IN SOUTH WALL. - Pennsylvania Railroad Station, South Baggage Passage & Canopy, 1101 Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA

49 CFR 1546.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and other objects subject to screening. (5... operating screening equipment must be able to distinguish on the screening equipment monitor the appropriate...

49 CFR 1546.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and other objects subject to screening. (5... operating screening equipment must be able to distinguish on the screening equipment monitor the appropriate...

49 CFR 1546.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and other objects subject to screening. (5... operating screening equipment must be able to distinguish on the screening equipment monitor the appropriate...

49 CFR 1546.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and other objects subject to screening. (5... operating screening equipment must be able to distinguish on the screening equipment monitor the appropriate...

49 CFR 1546.405 - Qualifications of screening personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, cargo, and other objects subject to screening. (5... operating screening equipment must be able to distinguish on the screening equipment monitor the appropriate...

50 CFR 20.36 - Tagging requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... leave any migratory game birds at any place (other than at his personal abode), or in the custody of... such birds were killed. Migratory game birds being transported in any vehicle as the personal baggage...

50 CFR 20.36 - Tagging requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... leave any migratory game birds at any place (other than at his personal abode), or in the custody of... such birds were killed. Migratory game birds being transported in any vehicle as the personal baggage...

50 CFR 20.36 - Tagging requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... leave any migratory game birds at any place (other than at his personal abode), or in the custody of... such birds were killed. Migratory game birds being transported in any vehicle as the personal baggage...

50 CFR 20.36 - Tagging requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... leave any migratory game birds at any place (other than at his personal abode), or in the custody of... such birds were killed. Migratory game birds being transported in any vehicle as the personal baggage...

50 CFR 20.36 - Tagging requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... leave any migratory game birds at any place (other than at his personal abode), or in the custody of... such birds were killed. Migratory game birds being transported in any vehicle as the personal baggage...

14 CFR 29.855 - Cargo and baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... will not create a fire hazard. (c) The design and sealing of inaccessible compartments must be adequate...) Required crew emergency exits must be accessible under all cargo loading conditions. (3) Sources of heat...

14 CFR 29.855 - Cargo and baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... will not create a fire hazard. (c) The design and sealing of inaccessible compartments must be adequate...) Required crew emergency exits must be accessible under all cargo loading conditions. (3) Sources of heat...

Flight service evaluation of composite components on the Bell helicopter model 206L

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, Henry

1993-01-01

This is the final report on the advanced composite components which were placed in service on the 206L LongRanger helicopters in the continental United States, Canada, and Alaska. This report covers all test data which was gathered, as well as maintenance histories of the parts. The previous reports describe the fabrication, service experiences, and test data through 1986. This report contains information from these references, as well as data gathered after 1986. The status of the 40 sets of components is discussed. Each set consisted of a vertical fin, forward fairing, litter door, and baggage door. Almost 500,000 flight hours were accumulated on the 160 parts, with the high-time part accumulating 14,687 flight hours. Over 60 percent of the parts were destructively tested to measure strength and stiffness retention over the course of the program. The vertical fins had the greatest strength retention followed by the litter doors. The baggage doors had the poorest retention of strength. There was very little difference in property retention between the four primary operating regions: Northwest U.S., Southwest U.S., Gulf of Mexico Coastal Region, and the Northeast U.S. and Eastern Canada Region. The field problems have ranged from two lightning-struck fins to significant delaminations in the baggage doors. There was only one environmentally related field incident, in which the glass windows on the litter doors were found to loosen due to high temperatures experienced in the southwest region.

On determining specifications and selections of alternative technologies for airport checked-baggage security screening.

PubMed

Feng, Qianmei

2007-10-01

Federal law mandates that every checked bag at all commercial airports be screened by explosive detection systems (EDS), explosive trace detection systems (ETD), or alternative technologies. These technologies serve as critical components of airport security systems that strive to reduce security risks at both national and global levels. To improve the operational efficiency and airport security, emerging image-based technologies have been developed, such as dual-energy X-ray (DX), backscatter X-ray (BX), and multiview tomography (MVT). These technologies differ widely in purchasing cost, maintenance cost, operating cost, processing rate, and accuracy. Based on a mathematical framework that takes into account all these factors, this article investigates two critical issues for operating screening devices: setting specifications for continuous security responses by different technologies; and selecting technology or combination of technologies for efficient 100% baggage screening. For continuous security responses, specifications or thresholds are used for classifying threat items from nonthreat items. By investigating the setting of specifications on system security responses, this article assesses the risk and cost effectiveness of various technologies for both single-device and two-device systems. The findings provide the best selection of image-based technologies for both single-device and two-device systems. Our study suggests that two-device systems outperform single-device systems in terms of both cost effectiveness and accuracy. The model can be readily extended to evaluate risk and cost effectiveness of multiple-device systems for airport checked-baggage security screening.

44. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST; MBE BUILDING, THIRD FLOOR, CONDUCTORS' LOCKER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

44. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST; MBE BUILDING, THIRD FLOOR, CONDUCTORS' LOCKER ROOM LAVATORY (Dobson) - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Mail, Baggage, & Express Building, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

42. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST; MBE BUILDING, THIRD FLOOR, CONDUCTORS' LOCKER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

42. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST; MBE BUILDING, THIRD FLOOR, CONDUCTORS' LOCKER ROOM INTERIOR (Dobson) - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Mail, Baggage, & Express Building, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

43. VIEW TO NORTHEAST; MBE BUILDING, THIRD FLOOR, CONDUCTORS' LOCKER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. VIEW TO NORTHEAST; MBE BUILDING, THIRD FLOOR, CONDUCTORS' LOCKER ROOM INTERIOR (Dobson) - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Mail, Baggage, & Express Building, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

Bed Bugs and Schools

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Bed bugs have long been a pest – feeding on blood, causing itchy bites and generally irritating their human hosts. They are successful hitchhikers, and can move from an infested site to furniture, bedding, baggage, boxes, and clothing.

49 CFR 374.303 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... provided by or for a carrier at or near which buses pick up or discharge passengers. (d) Terminal means a..., and peak morning and evening operations. (h) Baggage means property a passenger takes with him for his...

49 CFR 374.303 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... provided by or for a carrier at or near which buses pick up or discharge passengers. (d) Terminal means a..., and peak morning and evening operations. (h) Baggage means property a passenger takes with him for his...

49 CFR 374.303 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... provided by or for a carrier at or near which buses pick up or discharge passengers. (d) Terminal means a..., and peak morning and evening operations. (h) Baggage means property a passenger takes with him for his...

49 CFR 374.303 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... provided by or for a carrier at or near which buses pick up or discharge passengers. (d) Terminal means a..., and peak morning and evening operations. (h) Baggage means property a passenger takes with him for his...

49 CFR 374.303 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... provided by or for a carrier at or near which buses pick up or discharge passengers. (d) Terminal means a..., and peak morning and evening operations. (h) Baggage means property a passenger takes with him for his...

78 FR 60186 - Airworthiness Directives; AgustaWestland S.p.A. (Agusta) Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-01

... avionics bay and the baggage compartment resulting from an Auto Transformer Rectifier Unit internal circuit... resulting in failure of the FIPS Auto Transformer Rectifier Unit to contain the internal circuit overload...

19 CFR 122.48 - Air cargo manifest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... aircraft, except that a more complete description of the cargo shipped may be provided by attaching to the... air express or freight shall be manifested as other air express or freight. (e) Accompanied baggage in...

49 CFR 175.25 - Notification at air passenger facilities of hazardous materials restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... restrictions on hazardous materials in baggage. (d) Signage. When the check in process is not conducted... permitted and forbidden hazardous materials may be completed through signage (electronic or otherwise...

15. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST; EAST BACK MBE BUILDING, THIRD AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST; EAST BACK MBE BUILDING, THIRD AND SECOND FLOORS; GASOLINE PUMPS CENTER (Dobson) - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Mail, Baggage, & Express Building, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

19 CFR 148.0 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... carriers engaged in international traffic, for military and civilian employees of the United States, for certain evacuees, and for certain personnel of foreign governments and international organizations..., declaration and entry, and examination of baggage, and collection of duties and taxes. ...

35. VIEW TO NORTHWEST; DETAIL, VOLUTE AT BASE OF VEHICULAR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

35. VIEW TO NORTHWEST; DETAIL, VOLUTE AT BASE OF VEHICULAR RAMP FROM LIGHTING PYLON (Asano) - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Mail, Baggage, & Express Building, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

20 CFR 429.205 - What is not allowable under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... receipts, insurance policies, baggage checks, and bank books, is not compensable. Loss of a thesis, or... incidental expenses (such as loss of use, interest, carrying charges, cost of lodging or food while awaiting...

32 CFR 751.5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... vehicles (POV's), mobile homes, and boats. (e) Intangible property. Property that has no intrinsic..., baggage checks, insurance policies, money orders, and travelers checks. (f) Vehicles. Include automobiles..., boats, boat trailers, bicycles, and aircraft. Mobile homes and other property used as dwelling places...

32 CFR 751.5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... vehicles (POV's), mobile homes, and boats. (e) Intangible property. Property that has no intrinsic..., baggage checks, insurance policies, money orders, and travelers checks. (f) Vehicles. Include automobiles..., boats, boat trailers, bicycles, and aircraft. Mobile homes and other property used as dwelling places...

32 CFR 751.5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... vehicles (POV's), mobile homes, and boats. (e) Intangible property. Property that has no intrinsic..., baggage checks, insurance policies, money orders, and travelers checks. (f) Vehicles. Include automobiles..., boats, boat trailers, bicycles, and aircraft. Mobile homes and other property used as dwelling places...

32 CFR 751.5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... vehicles (POV's), mobile homes, and boats. (e) Intangible property. Property that has no intrinsic..., baggage checks, insurance policies, money orders, and travelers checks. (f) Vehicles. Include automobiles..., boats, boat trailers, bicycles, and aircraft. Mobile homes and other property used as dwelling places...

32 CFR 751.5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... vehicles (POV's), mobile homes, and boats. (e) Intangible property. Property that has no intrinsic..., baggage checks, insurance policies, money orders, and travelers checks. (f) Vehicles. Include automobiles..., boats, boat trailers, bicycles, and aircraft. Mobile homes and other property used as dwelling places...

14 CFR 158.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Definitions. 158.3 Section 158.3 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS... airport to support aeronautical operations and related activities. Baggage tugs, belt loaders, cargo...

14 CFR 158.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Definitions. 158.3 Section 158.3 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS... airport to support aeronautical operations and related activities. Baggage tugs, belt loaders, cargo...

Assessment of Operational Automated Guideway Systems - Airtrans (Phase I)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-09-01

This report presents the results of an evaluation study of AIRTRANS, a unique, automated guideway system located at the Dallas/Fort Worth Airport. AIRTRANS was designed to move passengers, employees, baggage, mail, trash and supplies. The newest and ...

PATHOGEN MONITORING - OLD BAGGAGE FROM THE LAST MILLENIUM

EPA Science Inventory

This presentation discusses the fallacy of relying upon pathogen monitoring techniques to protect public health. Emphasis will be placed on protozoan monitoring methods and the inherent difficulties associated with these procedures. Several case studies will be presented. It will...

PATHOGEN MONITORING - OLD BAGGAGE FROM THE LAST MILLENIUM

EPA Science Inventory

Pathogen monitoring has concerned microbiologists for nearly a century. Over several years, numerous factors have inflated the value of pathogen monitoring for public health protection and led to such developments as the promulgation of the Information Collection Rule (ICR). Eigh...

50. VIEW TO EAST; SOUTH END OF MBE BUILDING, FIRST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

50. VIEW TO EAST; SOUTH END OF MBE BUILDING, FIRST FLOOR; SAFE, DOOR OPEN ELECTRONIC FLASH INTERIOR ILLUMINATION (Andersen) - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Mail, Baggage, & Express Building, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

39. VIEW TO NORTHEAST; WEST FRONT MBE BUILDING, FIRST FLOOR, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

39. VIEW TO NORTHEAST; WEST FRONT MBE BUILDING, FIRST FLOOR, FRED HARVEY NEWSSTAND STOREROOM (AREA BURNED BY VANDALS) (Dobson) - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Mail, Baggage, & Express Building, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

14 CFR 158.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... passenger by other parties. Ground support equipment means service and maintenance equipment used at an airport to support aeronautical operations and related activities. Baggage tugs, belt loaders, cargo loaders, forklifts, fuel trucks, lavatory trucks, and pushback tractors are among the types of vehicles...

36 CFR 7.43 - Natchez Trace Parkway.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Trailers. Trailers are permitted when used non-commercially to transport baggage, camping equipment, horses... written permission when transporting people for special recreational or educational purposes. (7) Towed... exceed 55 feet in length. (d) Beer and alcoholic beverages. The possession of beer or any alcoholic...

52. VIEW TO EAST; SOUTH END OF MBE BUILDING, SECOND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

52. VIEW TO EAST; SOUTH END OF MBE BUILDING, SECOND FLOOR; HIGHLY ALTERED INTERIOR OFFICE SPACE, FORMERLY REGIONAL OFFICES OF REA (Andersen) - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Mail, Baggage, & Express Building, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

14 CFR 254.6 - Periodic adjustments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS DOMESTIC BAGGAGE LIABILITY § 254.6 Periodic adjustments. The Department of Transportation will... the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers as of July of each review year to calculate the...

Border and Transportation Security: Overview of Congressional Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-17

railways, airways, and waterways. While in the immediate aftermath of 9/11 efforts primarily concentrated on an expanded federal role in aviation ... security (in particular on the heightened screening of passengers and baggage), increasingly attention is being turned towards other modes of transportation.

Automation in airport security X-ray screening of cabin baggage: Examining benefits and possible implementations of automated explosives detection.

PubMed

Hättenschwiler, Nicole; Sterchi, Yanik; Mendes, Marcia; Schwaninger, Adrian

2018-10-01

Bomb attacks on civil aviation make detecting improvised explosive devices and explosive material in passenger baggage a major concern. In the last few years, explosive detection systems for cabin baggage screening (EDSCB) have become available. Although used by a number of airports, most countries have not yet implemented these systems on a wide scale. We investigated the benefits of EDSCB with two different levels of automation currently being discussed by regulators and airport operators: automation as a diagnostic aid with an on-screen alarm resolution by the airport security officer (screener) or EDSCB with an automated decision by the machine. The two experiments reported here tested and compared both scenarios and a condition without automation as baseline. Participants were screeners at two international airports who differed in both years of work experience and familiarity with automation aids. Results showed that experienced screeners were good at detecting improvised explosive devices even without EDSCB. EDSCB increased only their detection of bare explosives. In contrast, screeners with less experience (tenure < 1 year) benefitted substantially from EDSCB in detecting both improvised explosive devices and bare explosives. A comparison of all three conditions showed that automated decision provided better human-machine detection performance than on-screen alarm resolution and no automation. This came at the cost of slightly higher false alarm rates on the human-machine system level, which would still be acceptable from an operational point of view. Results indicate that a wide-scale implementation of EDSCB would increase the detection of explosives in passenger bags and automated decision instead of automation as diagnostic aid with on screen alarm resolution should be considered. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Deconstructive Pedagogy and Ideological Demystification in Post-Colonial Pakistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mansoor, Asma; Malik, Samina

2016-01-01

With post-colonial Pakistan inheriting the British colonial ideological and governmental apparatus, the English literature curriculum implemented at the university level in Pakistan carried the interpellatory baggage of its colonial past. Our interdisciplinary exploration focuses on using deconstructive pedagogy to demystify and subvert the…

75 FR 13340 - Notice of Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) Approvals and Disapprovals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-19

...--design and construction. Terminal facility improvements--design and construction. Runway pavement overlay... Collection at CHS and Use at CHS: Upgrade police radio communications. Design flight/baggage information... expansion--design. Standardize airfield signage. Restripe airfield taxiway and ramp edge. Improve airport...

14 CFR 221.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... display tariff material in either electronic or paper media. Record means an electronic tariff data set... baggage, and including such associated data as arbitraries, footnotes, routings, and fare class... specific area of a record used for a particular category of data. Filer means an air carrier, foreign air...

14 CFR 221.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... display tariff material in either electronic or paper media. Record means an electronic tariff data set... baggage, and including such associated data as arbitraries, footnotes, routings, and fare class... specific area of a record used for a particular category of data. Filer means an air carrier, foreign air...

14 CFR 221.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... display tariff material in either electronic or paper media. Record means an electronic tariff data set... baggage, and including such associated data as arbitraries, footnotes, routings, and fare class... specific area of a record used for a particular category of data. Filer means an air carrier, foreign air...

14 CFR 221.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... display tariff material in either electronic or paper media. Record means an electronic tariff data set... baggage, and including such associated data as arbitraries, footnotes, routings, and fare class... specific area of a record used for a particular category of data. Filer means an air carrier, foreign air...

14 CFR 221.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... display tariff material in either electronic or paper media. Record means an electronic tariff data set... baggage, and including such associated data as arbitraries, footnotes, routings, and fare class... specific area of a record used for a particular category of data. Filer means an air carrier, foreign air...

19 CFR 122.112 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS Transit Air Cargo Manifest (TACM) Procedures § 122.112 Definitions. The following definitions apply in this subpart: (a) Transit air cargo. “Transit air cargo” is cargo, including manifested baggage, transported under the requirements of this subpart. (b) Port of arrival. The “port of...

19 CFR 122.111 - Application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS Transit Air Cargo Manifest (TACM) Procedures § 122.111 Application. Cargo (including manifested baggage) which arrives and is transported under Customs control in, through, or from, the U.S. may be transported in bond under this subpart. If cargo is not transported under this subpart...

14 CFR 121.314 - Cargo and baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... sidewall liner panels which are constructed of: (1) Glass fiber reinforced resin; (2) Materials which meet... converted or retrofitted with appropriate detection and suppression systems, each certificate holder must submit written progress reports to the FAA that contain the information specified below. (i) The serial...

14 CFR 121.314 - Cargo and baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... sidewall liner panels which are constructed of: (1) Glass fiber reinforced resin; (2) Materials which meet... converted or retrofitted with appropriate detection and suppression systems, each certificate holder must submit written progress reports to the FAA that contain the information specified below. (i) The serial...

14 CFR 25.787 - Stowage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Personnel and Cargo Accommodations § 25.787 Stowage compartments. (a) Each compartment for the stowage of cargo, baggage, carry-on articles, and... to compartments located below, or forward, of all occupants in the airplane. If the airplane has a...

76 FR 41726 - Reporting Ancillary Airline Passenger Revenues

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-15

... mishandled bags per unit of checked bags. Fees for checked baggage have changed consumer behavior regarding... delivery services, et cetera. The Department wants to make airline pricing more transparent to consumers..., Commercial Aviation--Consumers Could Benefit from Better Information about Airline-Imposed Fees and...

47. VIEW TO WEST; SOUTH END OF MBE BUILDING, FIRST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

47. VIEW TO WEST; SOUTH END OF MBE BUILDING, FIRST FLOOR; FORMER PACKAGE HANDLING AREA ADJACENT TO FORMER PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAILWAY TERMINAL (Andersen) - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Mail, Baggage, & Express Building, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

19 CFR 122.50 - General order merchandise.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. Failure to provide such notification may...-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify Customs of the unentered... merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as qualified to receive general...

19 CFR 4.37 - General order.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. Failure to provide... appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify Customs of the... and unentered merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as qualified...

19 CFR 122.50 - General order merchandise.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. Failure to provide such notification may...-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify Customs of the unentered... merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as qualified to receive general...

19 CFR 4.37 - General order.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. Failure to provide... appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify Customs of the... and unentered merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as qualified...

19 CFR 123.10 - General order merchandise.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... shall be provided in writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system... any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify... unreleased and unentered merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as...

19 CFR 123.10 - General order merchandise.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... shall be provided in writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system... any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify... unreleased and unentered merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as...

Stress-induced cortisol secretion impairs detection performance in x-ray baggage screening for hidden weapons by screening novices.

PubMed

Thomas, Livia; Schwaninger, Adrian; Heimgartner, Nadja; Hedinger, Patrik; Hofer, Franziska; Ehlert, Ulrike; Wirtz, Petra H

2014-09-01

Aviation security strongly depends on screeners' performance in the detection of threat objects in x-ray images of passenger bags. We examined for the first time the effects of stress and stress-induced cortisol increases on detection performance of hidden weapons in an x-ray baggage screening task. We randomly assigned 48 participants either to a stress or a nonstress group. The stress group was exposed to a standardized psychosocial stress test (TSST). Before and after stress/nonstress, participants had to detect threat objects in a computer-based object recognition test (X-ray ORT). We repeatedly measured salivary cortisol and X-ray ORT performance before and after stress/nonstress. Cortisol increases in reaction to psychosocial stress induction but not to nonstress independently impaired x-ray detection performance. Our results suggest that stress-induced cortisol increases at peak reactivity impair x-ray screening performance. Copyright © 2014 Society for Psychophysiological Research.

Transforming Ourselves through the Power of Mediated Instruction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guadarrama, Irma N., Ed.; Kirksey, Lockie, Ed.

1996-01-01

A collection of essays on English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) and bilingual education focuses on issues in making curricula meaningful for teachers and students. Articles include: "Critical Mediation: When Teachers and Students Connect in the 'Ecliptic Zone'" (Irma N. Guadarrama); "Reflecting on Ideological Baggage: Latino…

49 CFR Appendix A to Part 1511 - Aviation Security Infrastructure Fee

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... costs of checkpoint screening personnel. 2. Salary, benefits, overtime, retirement and other costs of exit lane monitors. 3. Salary, benefits, overtime, retirement and other costs of cargo screeners. 4. Salary, benefits, overtime, retirement and other costs of checked baggage screeners. 5. Salary, benefits...

49 CFR 1245.6 - Cross reference to standard occupational classification manual.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...: Manager Lodging House 1351. Restaurant Manager 1351. Dining Car Supv. 5211, and 1473. Dinning car Steward 5211. 514Transportation and Dining Service Inspectors: Instructor Chef 5214. Restaurant Inspector 828. Freight Service Inspector 828. Baggage Inspector 828. 515Waiters and Kitchen Helpers (Restaurant and...

55. Photograph of Original Plan (original plans in the possession ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

55. Photograph of Original Plan (original plans in the possession of the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal Corporation) BAGGAGE AND EXPRESS UNITY, STREET LEVEL FLOOR PLAN, SECTION III - Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Tracks & Shed, 800 North Alameda Street, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

Airport offsite passenger service facilities : an option for improving landside access. Volume II, Access characteristics and travel demand.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-01-01

Offsite airport facilities provide ground transportation, baggage and passenger check in, and other transportation services to departing air passengers from a remote location. The purpose of this study was to develop models to determine the airports ...

75 FR 1302 - Hazardous Materials: Transportation of Lithium Batteries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-11

... Names D. Watt Hours Versus Equivalent Lithium Content E. Design Type Testing F. Elimination of... in a passenger's checked baggage). 3. Non-compliance--includes faulty design of the battery (cells or... of Tests and Criteria. The group concluded that while the design type tests outlined in the UN Manual...

Fantastic Fauve Faces

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nessom, Jennifer

2010-01-01

The wonderful book, "How Are You Peeling? Foods with Moods" by Saxton Freymann and Joost Elffers inspired a lesson on feelings and expressions for this author's second-grade students. Many students at her school have difficult lives and lots of emotional baggage, resulting in behavioral problems at school. Using the example of Fauvist portraits by…

22 CFR 123.17 - Exports of firearms and ammunition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., receivers (frames) or complete breech mechanisms when the total value does not exceed $100 wholesale in any... effects, whether accompanied or unaccompanied (but not mailed); and (3) They must be for that person's...; (2) The body armor is with the U.S. person's baggage or effects, whether accompanied or unaccompanied...

A bill to prohibit air carriers from charging fees for carry-on baggage and to require disclosure of passenger fees, and for other purposes.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Sen. Cardin, Benjamin L. [D-MD

2010-04-12

Senate - 04/12/2010 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

31 CFR 537.514 - Importation of certain personal and household effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., 2003, is authorized to import into the United States personal and household effects that are products... household effects that are products of Burma, including accompanied baggage and articles for family use... household effects. 537.514 Section 537.514 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and...

31 CFR 537.514 - Importation of certain personal and household effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., 2003, is authorized to import into the United States personal and household effects that are products... household effects that are products of Burma, including accompanied baggage and articles for family use... household effects. 537.514 Section 537.514 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and...

31 CFR 537.514 - Importation of certain personal and household effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., 2003, is authorized to import into the United States personal and household effects that are products... household effects that are products of Burma, including accompanied baggage and articles for family use... household effects. 537.514 Section 537.514 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and...

31 CFR 537.514 - Importation of certain personal and household effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., 2003, is authorized to import into the United States personal and household effects that are products... household effects that are products of Burma, including accompanied baggage and articles for family use... household effects. 537.514 Section 537.514 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and...

19 CFR 148.111 - Written declaration for unaccompanied articles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Written declaration for unaccompanied articles... of the United States § 148.111 Written declaration for unaccompanied articles. The baggage... covers articles which do not accompany him and: (a) The articles are entitled to free entry under the $1...

19 CFR 148.111 - Written declaration for unaccompanied articles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Written declaration for unaccompanied articles... of the United States § 148.111 Written declaration for unaccompanied articles. The baggage... covers articles which do not accompany him and: (a) The articles are entitled to free entry under the $1...

19 CFR 148.111 - Written declaration for unaccompanied articles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Written declaration for unaccompanied articles... of the United States § 148.111 Written declaration for unaccompanied articles. The baggage... covers articles which do not accompany him and: (a) The articles are entitled to free entry under the $1...

19 CFR 148.111 - Written declaration for unaccompanied articles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Written declaration for unaccompanied articles... of the United States § 148.111 Written declaration for unaccompanied articles. The baggage... covers articles which do not accompany him and: (a) The articles are entitled to free entry under the $1...

31 CFR 560.524 - Household goods and personal effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (a) The exportation from the United States to Iran of household and personal effects, including baggage and articles for family use, of persons departing the United States to relocate in Iran is... from Iran. [60 FR 47063, Sept. 11, 1995, as amended at 65 FR 25643, May 3, 2000] ...

31 CFR 560.524 - Household goods and personal effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (a) The exportation from the United States to Iran of household and personal effects, including baggage and articles for family use, of persons departing the United States to relocate in Iran is... from Iran. [60 FR 47063, Sept. 11, 1995, as amended at 65 FR 25643, May 3, 2000] ...

32 CFR 842.31 - Claims payable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence. (i) Claims for..., or power outages which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence... jettisoned baggage, clothing worn at the time of an incident, and reasonable amounts of money, jewelry, and...

32 CFR 842.31 - Claims payable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence. (i) Claims for..., or power outages which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence... jettisoned baggage, clothing worn at the time of an incident, and reasonable amounts of money, jewelry, and...

32 CFR 842.31 - Claims payable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence. (i) Claims for..., or power outages which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence... jettisoned baggage, clothing worn at the time of an incident, and reasonable amounts of money, jewelry, and...

32 CFR 842.31 - Claims payable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence. (i) Claims for..., or power outages which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence... jettisoned baggage, clothing worn at the time of an incident, and reasonable amounts of money, jewelry, and...

32 CFR 842.31 - Claims payable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence. (i) Claims for..., or power outages which last for an extended period of time. The claimant must be free of negligence... jettisoned baggage, clothing worn at the time of an incident, and reasonable amounts of money, jewelry, and...

76 FR 70809 - Notice of Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) Approvals and Disapprovals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-15

.... Pavement condition index airfield inspection. Brief Description of Withdrawn Projects: Safety management... 1U19R and 7R/25L intersection repaving, construction. Perimeter road bridge over Howell Avenue, design. Inline baggage security, construction. Gate D56 improvements, design and construction. Snow removal...

Contemporary criticisms of the received wilderness idea

Treesearch

J. Baird Callicott

2000-01-01

Names are important. The name “wilderness” is fraught with historical baggage obfuscating the most important role of wilderness areas for contemporary conservation. The received wilderness idea has been and remains a tool of androcentrism, racism, colonialism, and genocide. It privileges virile and primitive recreation, because the...

49 CFR 1544.213 - Use of explosives detection systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... inspection of photographic equipment and film. (1) At locations at which an aircraft operator or TSA uses an... and advise them to remove all X-ray, scientific, and high-speed film from checked baggage before... photographic equipment and film packages without exposure to an explosives detection system. (2) If the...

19 CFR 148.16 - Amendment of declaration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... (a) Before examination. A passenger shall be permitted to add an article to his declaration if, before examination of his baggage has begun, the fact that the article has not been declared is brought to the attention of the examining officer by the passenger. (b) After examination is begun. A...

Bits of Baggage and Wanderers' Tales: Towards the Construction of a New Theoretical Framework for Comparative Adult Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arthur, Lore

2001-01-01

Reviews the history of comparative adult education and the multiple pathways afforded by postmodernism and poststructuralism. Concludes that comparative adult education should avoid bipolar constructs and include exploration of the following: analysis, forces, power, genre, communication, interculturality, knowledge construction, evaluation, and…

A World of Difference.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lodish, Richard

1993-01-01

We all come to the human family--and our schools--with different kinds of intellectual baggage and different kinds of lingo to describe it. "Underprivileged" to one becomes "over-exploited" to another; the same goes for "multiculturalism" versus "ethnocentrism." We all must learn to share perceptions honestly and respect these differences. (MLH)

49 CFR 1511.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... calendar year in which it ends, e.g., fiscal year 2002 is the year beginning October 1, 2001, and ending... State of the United States. Passenger aircraft means an aircraft that is used to transport passengers in air transportation. Property means mail, cargo, carry-on and checked baggage, and any other articles...

19 CFR 122.51 - Aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS International Traffic Permit § 122.51..., baggage and merchandise at the entry airport, commercial aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S. may be allowed to proceed to other airports in the U.S. without permit. ...

19 CFR 122.51 - Aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS International Traffic Permit § 122.51..., baggage and merchandise at the entry airport, commercial aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S. may be allowed to proceed to other airports in the U.S. without permit. ...

19 CFR 122.51 - Aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS International Traffic Permit § 122.51..., baggage and merchandise at the entry airport, commercial aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S. may be allowed to proceed to other airports in the U.S. without permit. ...

19 CFR 122.51 - Aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS International Traffic Permit § 122.51..., baggage and merchandise at the entry airport, commercial aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S. may be allowed to proceed to other airports in the U.S. without permit. ...

19 CFR 122.51 - Aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS International Traffic Permit § 122.51..., baggage and merchandise at the entry airport, commercial aircraft of domestic origin registered in the U.S. may be allowed to proceed to other airports in the U.S. without permit. ...

14 CFR 25.855 - Cargo or baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25... applicable test criteria prescribed in part I of appendix F of this part or other approved equivalent methods... movement of cargo in the compartment, and (2) Their breakage or failure will not create a fire hazard. (f...

14 CFR 25.855 - Cargo or baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25... applicable test criteria prescribed in part I of appendix F of this part or other approved equivalent methods... movement of cargo in the compartment, and (2) Their breakage or failure will not create a fire hazard. (f...

14 CFR 25.855 - Cargo or baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25... applicable test criteria prescribed in part I of appendix F of this part or other approved equivalent methods... movement of cargo in the compartment, and (2) Their breakage or failure will not create a fire hazard. (f...

14 CFR 25.855 - Cargo or baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25... applicable test criteria prescribed in part I of appendix F of this part or other approved equivalent methods... movement of cargo in the compartment, and (2) Their breakage or failure will not create a fire hazard. (f...

14 CFR 25.855 - Cargo or baggage compartments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25... applicable test criteria prescribed in part I of appendix F of this part or other approved equivalent methods... movement of cargo in the compartment, and (2) Their breakage or failure will not create a fire hazard. (f...

14 CFR 23.853 - Passenger and crew compartment interiors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... instruments in a common housing, seatbelts, shoulder harnesses, and cargo and baggage tiedown equipment... portions of appendix F of this part or by other approved equivalent methods. (v) Except for electrical wire cable insulation, and for small parts (such as knobs, handles, rollers, fasteners, clips, grommets, rub...

14 CFR 23.853 - Passenger and crew compartment interiors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... instruments in a common housing, seatbelts, shoulder harnesses, and cargo and baggage tiedown equipment... portions of appendix F of this part or by other approved equivalent methods. (v) Except for electrical wire cable insulation, and for small parts (such as knobs, handles, rollers, fasteners, clips, grommets, rub...

Teachers Offering Healthy Escape Options for Teenagers in Pain

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaywell, Joan F.

2005-01-01

"[T]wenty-five percent of today's teenagers have inordinate emotional baggage beyond the normal angst of adolescence." This burden can lead to unhealthy escapes, including substance abuse, sexual activity, violence, eating disorders, and suicide. One healthy escape, however, lies in books, where students can read about teenagers living in painful…

14 CFR 298.30 - Public disclosure of policy on consumer protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS EXEMPTIONS FOR AIR TAXI AND COMMUTER AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS... protection. (a) Every air taxi and commuter air carrier shall cause to be displayed continuously in a..., containing a statement setting forth the air taxi and commuter air carrier's policy on baggage liability and...

19 CFR 148.84 - Special treatment for returning individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special treatment for returning individuals. 148... and International Organizations and Special Treatment for Returning Individuals § 148.84 Special... United States from abroad: (1) Shall not have his or her baggage and effects admitted free of duty...

75 FR 67639 - Airworthiness Directives; Piaggio Aero Industries S.p.A Model PIAGGIO P-180 Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-03

...: Compass mismatch (up to loss of heading information) were reported by operators, due to ferro-magnetic... invite comments on the overall regulatory, economic, environmental, and energy aspects of this proposed..., due to ferro-magnetic masses (like the telescopic Tow-Bar) stowed in the baggage compartment. A...

22 CFR 123.17 - Exports of firearms and ammunition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Exports of firearms and ammunition. 123.17... FOR THE EXPORT OF DEFENSE ARTICLES § 123.17 Exports of firearms and ammunition. (a) Except as provided... officer is made; (2) The firearms and accompanying ammunition must be with the U.S. person's baggage or...

22 CFR 123.17 - Exports of firearms and ammunition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Exports of firearms and ammunition. 123.17... FOR THE EXPORT OF DEFENSE ARTICLES § 123.17 Exports of firearms and ammunition. (a) Except as provided... officer is made; (2) The firearms and accompanying ammunition must be with the U.S. person's baggage or...

22 CFR 123.17 - Exports of firearms, ammunition, and personal protective gear.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Exports of firearms, ammunition, and personal..., ammunition, and personal protective gear. (a) Port Directors of U.S. Customs and Border Protection shall... firearms and accompanying ammunition to be exported is with the individual's baggage or effects, whether...

22 CFR 123.17 - Exports of firearms, ammunition, and personal protective gear.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Exports of firearms, ammunition, and personal... REGULATIONS LICENSES FOR THE EXPORT OF DEFENSE ARTICLES § 123.17 Exports of firearms, ammunition, and personal...; (2) The firearms and accompanying ammunition to be exported is with the individual's baggage or...

Embracing Racism: Understanding Its Pervasiveness & Persistence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Gary L.

2012-01-01

The legacy of slavery and racism in America and the history of what John C. Calhoun and other Southern leaders of the 1800s called "our peculiar institution" has not gone unnoticed. Neither has the psychological damage that remains as baggage carried by the descendents of both the slave and the slave owner (Berry & Blassingame, 1982;…

77 FR 43141 - Air Carrier Hazardous Materials Passenger Notification Requirements: Acceptable Means of Compliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-23

... organizations for inclusion in a future FAA advisory circular on passenger notification. Q11. Lithium batteries... occurring in passenger baggage. Yet, the current language in Sec. 175.25 does not mention lithium batteries... of information regarding lithium battery hazards in passenger notifications. The FAA and PHMSA...

14 CFR 382.127 - What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What procedures apply to stowage of battery... What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids? (a) Whenever baggage compartment... a passenger's battery-powered wheelchair or other similar mobility device, including the battery, as...

75 FR 79077 - Notice of Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) Approvals and Disapprovals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-17

... rehabilitation, phase I Airfield sweeper Airfield pavement markings Airport operations area security improvements... Collection and Use at a $3.00 PFC Level: Permanent in-line baggage system design Terminal 3 security... the FAA to design and construct the South Air Traffic Control Tower. In addition, due to the complex...

49 CFR 175.10 - Exceptions for passengers, crewmembers, and air operators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... words “Battery, wet, with wheelchair.” (17) A lithium ion battery-powered wheelchair or other mobility aid as follows: (i) A wheelchair or other mobility aid equipped with a lithium ion battery, when carried as checked baggage, provided— (A) The lithium ion battery must be of a type that successfully...

19 CFR 162.65 - Penalties for failure to manifest narcotic drugs or marihuana.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... or marihuana. 162.65 Section 162.65 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF... Substances, Narcotics, and Marihuana § 162.65 Penalties for failure to manifest narcotic drugs or marihuana. (a) Cargo or baggage containing unmanifested narcotic drugs or marihuana. When a package of regular...

19 CFR 162.65 - Penalties for failure to manifest narcotic drugs or marihuana.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... or marihuana. 162.65 Section 162.65 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF... Substances, Narcotics, and Marihuana § 162.65 Penalties for failure to manifest narcotic drugs or marihuana. (a) Cargo or baggage containing unmanifested narcotic drugs or marihuana. When a package of regular...

49 CFR 175.10 - Exceptions for passengers, crewmembers, and air operators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... words “Battery, wet, with wheelchair.” (17) A lithium ion battery-powered wheelchair or other mobility aid as follows: (i) A wheelchair or other mobility aid equipped with a lithium ion battery, when carried as checked baggage, provided— (A) The lithium ion battery must be of a type that successfully...

19 CFR 4.30 - Permits and special licenses for unlading and lading.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... which transits the Panama Canal and no cargo, baggage, or other article shall be laden on a vessel... in paper form or by electronic transmission through a Customs-approved electronic data interchange system, the submission of an electronic manifest for the cargo in this regard, as opposed to a paper...

7 CFR 318.13-11 - Posting of warning notice and distribution of baggage declarations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATE OF HAWAII AND TERRITORIES QUARANTINE NOTICES Regulated Articles From Hawaii and the Territories § 318.13-11 Posting of warning notice... surface craft moving to Guam, the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, or American Samoa from Hawaii...

14 CFR 382.127 - What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What procedures apply to stowage of battery... What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids? (a) Whenever baggage compartment... a passenger's battery-powered wheelchair or other similar mobility device, including the battery, as...

14 CFR 382.127 - What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false What procedures apply to stowage of battery... What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids? (a) Whenever baggage compartment... a passenger's battery-powered wheelchair or other similar mobility device, including the battery, as...

14 CFR 382.127 - What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false What procedures apply to stowage of battery... What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids? (a) Whenever baggage compartment... a passenger's battery-powered wheelchair or other similar mobility device, including the battery, as...

14 CFR 382.127 - What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false What procedures apply to stowage of battery... What procedures apply to stowage of battery-powered mobility aids? (a) Whenever baggage compartment... a passenger's battery-powered wheelchair or other similar mobility device, including the battery, as...

Taking It with You: Teacher Education and the Baggage of Cultural Dialogue

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frkovich, Ann

2015-01-01

This case study contributes to counterpoints made to world culture theory and underscores that at the micro, classroom-level, rural Chinese teachers in a reform-oriented professional development course, and reform-oriented U.S. teacher trainers, understand educational reform, and the realities of education in these two cultures, very differently.…

Electric Ground Support Equipment Advanced Battery Technology Demonstration Project at the Ontario Airport

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tyler Gray; Jeremy Diez; Jeffrey Wishart

2013-07-01

The intent of the electric Ground Support Equipment (eGSE) demonstration is to evaluate the day-to-day vehicle performance of electric baggage tractors using two advanced battery technologies to demonstrate possible replacements for the flooded lead-acid (FLA) batteries utilized throughout the industry. These advanced battery technologies have the potential to resolve barriers to the widespread adoption of eGSE deployment. Validation testing had not previously been performed within fleet operations to determine if the performance of current advanced batteries is sufficient to withstand the duty cycle of electric baggage tractors. This report summarizes the work performed and data accumulated during this demonstration inmore » an effort to validate the capabilities of advanced battery technologies. This report summarizes the work performed and data accumulated during this demonstration in an effort to validate the capabilities of advanced battery technologies. The demonstration project also grew the relationship with Southwest Airlines (SWA), our demonstration partner at Ontario International Airport (ONT), located in Ontario, California. The results of this study have encouraged a proposal for a future demonstration project with SWA.« less

FAA bulk technology overview for explosives detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Novakoff, Alan K.

1993-04-01

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the leading federal agency responsible for encouraging and fostering the development of a safe, secure, and efficient national airspace system (NAS). Our goal is to establish an operating environment that ensures a threat-free system to preclude acts of terrorism and fatalities. As part of the process to meet this goal, our research and development activities continually search for technologies to ensure aviation security. Recent acts of terrorism against the aviation community have demonstrated an increasing level of sophistication in the design and deployment of explosive devices. In order to prevent the introduction of explosives onto an aircraft they must be detected prior to passenger and baggage loading. The Bulk Detection program is one method of developing a number of technologies that 'see' into and 'alarm' on suspect baggage. These detection devices must be capable of providing this serve with a confidence commensurate with the state-of-the- art available today. This program utilizes the expertise of government agencies, universities and industries working toward constructing their plans and executing their designs to produce the best available equipment.

Radar Doppler Processing with Nonuniform Sampling.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doerry, Armin W.

2017-07-01

Conventional signal processing to estimate radar Doppler frequency often assumes uniform pulse/sample spacing. This is for the convenience of t he processing. More recent performance enhancements in processor capability allow optimally processing nonuniform pulse/sample spacing, thereby overcoming some of the baggage that attends uniform sampling, such as Doppler ambiguity and SNR losses due to sidelobe control measures.

14 CFR Appendix B to Part 43 - Recording of Major Repairs and Major Alterations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... inspected. (d) For extended-range fuel tanks installed within the passenger compartment or a baggage... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Recording of Major Repairs and Major... to Part 43—Recording of Major Repairs and Major Alterations (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b...

15 CFR 740.14 - Baggage (BAG).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... to Country Groups D:1, D:2, D:3, D:4, or E:1. (See Supplement No. 1 of this part). (e) Special... or reexport encryption commodities and software to any destination not in Country Group E:1 of... United States as defined by 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(20) (except a national of a country listed in Country Group...

19 CFR 148.90 - Foreign military personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... baggage and effects of persons on duty in the United States as members of the armed forces of any foreign... member of the armed forces of any foreign country on duty in the United States, for his personal use or... consumption for the official use of members of the armed forces of any foreign country on duty in the United...

19 CFR 148.90 - Foreign military personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... baggage and effects of persons on duty in the United States as members of the armed forces of any foreign... member of the armed forces of any foreign country on duty in the United States, for his personal use or... consumption for the official use of members of the armed forces of any foreign country on duty in the United...

National Strategy for Combating Terrorism: Prospects and Implications

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-12-01

America’s security, to bolster America’s economic prosperity, and to promote democracy and human rights...their canine explosives detection programs. Customs increased searches of passengers, baggage, and cargo leaving the US. Finally, the ATF was...The Bush strategy is built around three goals: political and economic freedom, peaceful relations with other states, and respect for human dignity

The Law Enforcement Approach to Combating Terrorism: An Analysis of US Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-06-01

which originated in Frankfurt, Germany, had landed in London’s Heathrow Airport and then taken off again at 6:25 PM, bound for New York’s JFK ... Airport . At 7:15 PM, as it climbed to 31,000 feet over the Scottish countryside, the bomb detonated. The explosion occurred in the forward baggage

77 FR 1388 - Lists of Regions Classified With Respect to Certain Animal Diseases and States Approved To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-10

...'s stores, airplane meals, and baggage containing pork or pork products, other than those articles... specified regions. (a) The meat of ruminants or swine, and other animal products, and ship stores, airplane... all parts of the carcass of any ruminant or swine, other than meat and articles regulated under part...

78 FR 14913 - Domestic Baggage Liability

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-08

...,500 x 1.355], which yields $3,387.50. (The base amount of $2,500 in the formula was the minimum... was the CPI-U for July 2012, and 168.8 was the CPI-U for December 1999. The CPI-U data are from the...), the Department required the amount of compensation due to passengers in instances of denied boarding...

14 CFR 221.106 - Notice of limited liability for baggage; alternative consolidated notice of liability limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... valuable articles. See the notice with your tickets or consult your airline or travel agent for further... the responsibility of each carrier to insure that travel agents authorized to sell air transportation... to travel agents specified in paragraph (c) of this section may be waived by the Department upon...

75 FR 63192 - Intent To Request Renewal From OMB of One Current Public Collection of Information: Air Cargo...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-14

... programs, security threat assessments (STA), known shipper data via the Known Shipper Management System... baggage, and other articles, that will be carried aboard a passenger aircraft; and (2) to establish a system to screen, inspect, report, or otherwise ensure the security of all cargo that is to be...

41 CFR 302-7.4 - Who pays for shipping professional books, papers, and equipment (PBP&E)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... professional books, papers, and equipment (PBP&E)? 302-7.4 Section 302-7.4 Public Contracts and Property...-TRANSPORTATION AND TEMPORARY STORAGE OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS, PROFESSIONAL BOOKS, PAPERS, AND EQUIPMENT, (PBP&E) AND BAGGAGE ALLOWANCE General Rules § 302-7.4 Who pays for shipping professional books, papers, and equipment...

15 CFR 758.1 - The Shipper's Export Declaration (SED) or Automated Export System (AES) record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... that relate to EAR License Exceptions: (1) License Exception Baggage (BAG), as set forth in § 740.14 of.... See 15 CFR 30.53 of the FTSR; (5) License Exception Technology and Software Under Restriction (TSR... entered on the loading document (e.g., Cargo Declaration, manifest, bill of lading, (master) air waybill...

15 CFR 758.1 - The Shipper's Export Declaration (SED) or Automated Export System (AES) record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... that relate to EAR License Exceptions: (1) License Exception Baggage (BAG), as set forth in § 740.14 of.... See 15 CFR 30.53 of the FTSR; (5) License Exception Technology and Software Under Restriction (TSR... entered on the loading document (e.g., Cargo Declaration, manifest, bill of lading, (master) air waybill...

The Stuff of Legend, or Unpacking Cultural Baggage? Introducing First-Year English Literature and Humanities Students to Foundational Literary Texts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beyer, Charlotte

2013-01-01

This article explores teaching and learning perspectives in relation to a first-year English Literature module on foundational literary texts and considers the value of certain assessment modes. The essay discusses methodological and pedagogical questions and argues that the module provides a contextual platform from which first-year students are…

Transportation of Personal Property and Related Services

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-09-15

Silver Flatware and Holloware, includes Silver Plate and Stainless Steel Flatware and Holloware...combustibles. (2) Aircraft. (3) Tax free cigarettes. (4) Air tanks under pressure. (5) Property for resale or commercial use rather than for use by the...accompanied and free on their ticket. Additional items may be needed when the TDY assignment is for an extended period or when the free baggage

19 CFR 18.13 - Procedure; manifest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Procedure; manifest. 18.13 Section 18.13 Customs... TRANSPORTATION IN BOND AND MERCHANDISE IN TRANSIT Shipment of Baggage in Bond § 18.13 Procedure; manifest. (a...-121, 35 FR 8222, May 26, 1970; T.D. 77-241, 42 FR 54937, Oct. 12, 1977; T.D. 87-75, 52 FR 20067, May...

19 CFR 18.13 - Procedure; manifest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Procedure; manifest. 18.13 Section 18.13 Customs... TRANSPORTATION IN BOND AND MERCHANDISE IN TRANSIT Shipment of Baggage in Bond § 18.13 Procedure; manifest. (a...-121, 35 FR 8222, May 26, 1970; T.D. 77-241, 42 FR 54937, Oct. 12, 1977; T.D. 87-75, 52 FR 20067, May...

19 CFR 18.13 - Procedure; manifest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Procedure; manifest. 18.13 Section 18.13 Customs... TRANSPORTATION IN BOND AND MERCHANDISE IN TRANSIT Shipment of Baggage in Bond § 18.13 Procedure; manifest. (a...-121, 35 FR 8222, May 26, 1970; T.D. 77-241, 42 FR 54937, Oct. 12, 1977; T.D. 87-75, 52 FR 20067, May...

19 CFR 18.13 - Procedure; manifest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Procedure; manifest. 18.13 Section 18.13 Customs... TRANSPORTATION IN BOND AND MERCHANDISE IN TRANSIT Shipment of Baggage in Bond § 18.13 Procedure; manifest. (a...-121, 35 FR 8222, May 26, 1970; T.D. 77-241, 42 FR 54937, Oct. 12, 1977; T.D. 87-75, 52 FR 20067, May...

19 CFR 18.13 - Procedure; manifest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Procedure; manifest. 18.13 Section 18.13 Customs... TRANSPORTATION IN BOND AND MERCHANDISE IN TRANSIT Shipment of Baggage in Bond § 18.13 Procedure; manifest. (a...-121, 35 FR 8222, May 26, 1970; T.D. 77-241, 42 FR 54937, Oct. 12, 1977; T.D. 87-75, 52 FR 20067, May...

41 CFR 303-70.305 - What relocation expenses must we authorize for the immediate family under §§ 303-70.303 and 303...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES 70-AGENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAYMENT OF EXPENSES CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES Transportation of Immediate Family Members, Baggage, and Household... station. (c) Temporary quarters not to exceed 60 days, to be paid at the per diem rate for an...

41 CFR 303-70.305 - What relocation expenses must we authorize for the immediate family under §§ 303-70.303 and 303...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES 70-AGENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAYMENT OF EXPENSES CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES Transportation of Immediate Family Members, Baggage, and Household... station. (c) Temporary quarters not to exceed 60 days, to be paid at the per diem rate for an...

41 CFR 303-70.305 - What relocation expenses must we authorize for the immediate family under §§ 303-70.303 and 303...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES 70-AGENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAYMENT OF EXPENSES CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES Transportation of Immediate Family Members, Baggage, and Household... station. (c) Temporary quarters not to exceed 60 days, to be paid at the per diem rate for an...

41 CFR 303-70.305 - What relocation expenses must we authorize for the immediate family under §§ 303-70.303 and 303...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES 70-AGENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAYMENT OF EXPENSES CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES Transportation of Immediate Family Members, Baggage, and Household... station. (c) Temporary quarters not to exceed 60 days, to be paid at the per diem rate for an...

Still Crazy after All These Years: Race in the Chicago School System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Payne, Charles

2006-01-01

In this speech, given at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) College of Education on April 22, 2005, Professor Payne discusses the complexity of race relations in the Chicago School System. He begins by defining the racial baggage carried by both white and black individuals in the school system, and continues to address the following…

41 CFR 302-7.305 - When must my agency ship my UAB?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false When must my agency ship my UAB? 302-7.305 Section 302-7.305 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Travel... Baggage Allowance § 302-7.305 When must my agency ship my UAB? Your agency must ship your UAB in time to...

76 FR 31499 - Lists of Regions Classified With Respect to Certain Animal Diseases and States Approved To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-01

... specified regions. (a) The meat of ruminants or swine, and other animal products, and ship stores, airplane... all parts of the carcass of any ruminant or swine, other than meat and articles regulated under part.... (a) The pork or pork products and ship's stores, airplane meals, and baggage containing pork or pork...

Mapping the Color Space of Saccadic Selectivity in Visual Search

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Xu, Yun; Higgins, Emily C.; Xiao, Mei; Pomplun, Marc

2007-01-01

Color coding is used to guide attention in computer displays for such critical tasks as baggage screening or air traffic control. It has been shown that a display object attracts more attention if its color is more similar to the color for which one is searching. However, what does "similar" precisely mean? Can we predict the amount of attention…

Implementation of an ergonomics intervention in a Swedish flight baggage handling company—A process evaluation

PubMed Central

Mathiassen, Svend Erik; Larsson, Johan; Kwak, Lydia

2018-01-01

Objective To conduct a process evaluation of the implementation of an ergonomics training program aimed at increasing the use of loading assist devices in flight baggage handling. Methods Feasibility related to the process items recruitment, reach, context, dose delivered (training time and content); dose received (participants’ engagement); satisfaction with training; intermediate outcomes (skills, confidence and behaviors); and barriers and facilitators of the training intervention were assessed by qualitative and quantitative methods. Results Implementation proved successful regarding dose delivered, dose received and satisfaction. Confidence among participants in the training program in using and talking about devices, observed use of devices among colleagues, and internal feedback on work behavior increased significantly (p<0.01). Main facilitators were self-efficacy, motivation, and perceived utility of training among the trainees. Barriers included lack of peer support, opportunities to observe and practice behaviors, and follow-up activities; as well as staff reduction and job insecurity. Conclusions In identifying important barriers and facilitators for a successful outcome, this study can help supporting the effectiveness of future interventions. Our results suggest that barriers caused by organizational changes may likely be alleviated by recruiting motivated trainees and securing strong organizational support for the implementation. PMID:29513671

Microbiological detection of bacteria in animal products seized in baggage of international air passengers to Brazil.

PubMed

de Melo, Cristiano Barros; de Sá, Marcos Eielson Pinheiro; Sabino, Valéria Mourão; de Fatima Boechat-Fernandes, Maria; Santiago, Marco Túlio; Schwingel, Fábio Fraga; Freitas, Cleverson; Magioli, Carlos Alberto; Cabral-Pinto, Sergio; McManus, Concepta; Seixas, Luiza

2015-01-01

Airline travel favours the transmission of diseases, given the short time it takes to travel long distances. In this study, animal products without health certificates seized in international air passengers' baggage at Guarulhos (GRU) and Galeão (GIG) airports in Brazil underwent a microbiological evaluation. Analyses (1610) were carried out on 322 seizures to test for the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms, as well as Staphylococcus aureus counts and the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella. Most seizures analysed showed coliform contamination and coliforms were present above acceptable limits in 83.4% (40/48) of the products that had some type of contamination. The second most prevalent microorganism found was L. monocytogenes in 22.9% (11/48) and S. aureus was cultivated in 14.58% (7/48) of seizures. Among the items seized in the present work, Salmonella was found in one seizure of pig sausage. Contamination of animal products with microbiological pathogens of importance to public health and indicators of the bad quality of the food were shown in the present study. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Studies on the properties of an epithermal-neutron hydrogen analyzer.

PubMed

Papp, A; Csikai, J

2010-09-01

Systematic investigations have proved the advantages of the Epithermal Neutron Analyzer (ETNA) for bulk hydrogen analysis as compared to the thermal neutron techniques. Results can contribute, for example, to the design and construction of instruments needed for the detection and identification of plastic anti-personnel landmines, explosives hidden in airline baggage and cargo containers via hydrogen contents as an indicator of their presence.

Review of the Literature Related to Screening Airline Passenger Baggage.

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-10-01

11 billion passengers and their carry-on items have passed through airport security checkpoints. According to the Federal Aviation Administration...Aviation Security establishes security requirements, inspects airline and airport security operations, and issues civil penalties for noncompliance with...operations areas and provide law enforcement support for the screening system and overall airport security requirements (FAA, 1991). The FAA’s role in aviation

41 CFR 303-70.503 - What relocation expenses must we authorize for the immediate family under §§ 303-70.501 and 303...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES 70-AGENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAYMENT OF EXPENSES CONNECTED WITH THE DEATH OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES AND FAMILY MEMBERS Transportation of Immediate Family Members, Baggage...) Temporary quarters subsistence expense (TQSE) not to exceed 60 days, to be paid at the per diem rate for an...

19 CFR 159.10 - Notice of liquidation and date of liquidation for informal, mail, and baggage entries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... the merchandise is released under such an entry free of duty; and (3) The date a free entry is...-rate quota, because of a missing document which, if for free entry, is not produced prior to the... liquidation appearing on the receipt issued for any money collected on the entry will be voided. When the...

19 CFR 159.10 - Notice of liquidation and date of liquidation for informal, mail, and baggage entries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... the merchandise is released under such an entry free of duty; and (3) The date a free entry is...-rate quota, because of a missing document which, if for free entry, is not produced prior to the... liquidation appearing on the receipt issued for any money collected on the entry will be voided. When the...

19 CFR 159.10 - Notice of liquidation and date of liquidation for informal, mail, and baggage entries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... the merchandise is released under such an entry free of duty; and (3) The date a free entry is...-rate quota, because of a missing document which, if for free entry, is not produced prior to the... liquidation appearing on the receipt issued for any money collected on the entry will be voided. When the...

19 CFR 159.10 - Notice of liquidation and date of liquidation for informal, mail, and baggage entries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... when the merchandise is released under such an entry free of duty; and (3) The date a free entry is...-rate quota, because of a missing document which, if for free entry, is not produced prior to the... liquidation appearing on the receipt issued for any money collected on the entry shall be voided. When the...

19 CFR 159.10 - Notice of liquidation and date of liquidation for informal, mail, and baggage entries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... the merchandise is released under such an entry free of duty; and (3) The date a free entry is...-rate quota, because of a missing document which, if for free entry, is not produced prior to the... liquidation appearing on the receipt issued for any money collected on the entry will be voided. When the...

An evaluation of a weightlifting belt and back injury prevention training class for airline baggage handlers.

PubMed

Reddell, C R; Congleton, J J; Dale Huchingson, R; Montgomery, J F

1992-10-01

This study evaluated the efficacy of a commercially available weightlifting belt in relation to reduction of lumbar injury incident rate and severity of injuries over an 8-month period. The study used 642 baggage handlers working for a major airline company as participants. Four treatment groups were randomly selected: a group receiving the belt only, a group receiving a 1 h training class only, a group receiving both a belt and a 1 h training class, and a control group receiving nothing. Two treatment groups were added which contained participants who discontinued use of the belt prior to the end of an 8-month study period. Results indicated that there were no significant differences for total lumbar injury incident rate, restricted workday case injury incident rate, lost workdays and restricted workdays rate, and worker's compensation rates. There was, however, a marginal significant difference for lost workday case injury incident rate. Groups with participants who wore the belt for a while then discontinued its use had a higher lost day case injury incident rate than did either the group receiving training only or the control group. Compliance was an overriding factor as the belt questionnaire response indicated that 58% of participants in the belt groups discontinued use of the belt before the end of 8 months. Comments made on the survey forms indicated that the belt was too hot. Similarly, comments suggested that the belt rubbed, pinched, and bruised ribs. Based on these results, the weightlifting belt used for this study cannot be recommended for use in aid of lifting during daily work activities of baggage handlers. Results indicate that use of the belts may, in fact, increase the risk of injury when not wearing a belt following a period of wearing a belt. As industries are experimenting with the use of belts, it is recommended that great care be taken in any further evaluation and close attention directed towards injuries which occur when not wearing the belt following a period of wearing the belt (ie, off-the-job injuries).

Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-10-12

passengers and over one million pieces of carry-on baggage daily. A major revision of the regulation that established basic airport security requirements...Crimes- Prevented - The number of hijacking attempts or other crimes against civil aviation prevented or deterred by airline and airport security procedures...from doing so by airline and airport security procedures. This makes a total of 74 possible hijackings or related crimes that may have been prevented

The Aboriginal Practical Experience and Its Impact on Pre-Service Teacher's Decisions about Living and Working in Remote in Indigenous Communities in Australia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jay, Jenny; Moss, Lynette; Cherednichenko, Brenda

2009-01-01

In June 2008, 10 pre-service teachers and 2 teacher educators from Edith Cowan University (ECU) participated in an existing community education program in rural and remote Indigenous communities in central Australia. From an intrepid start with a mountain of overloaded baggage and camping cutlery setting off the scanning machine at the airport,…

Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-10-26

12 IX. CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY ACTIONS . . . . . . 14 X . MPIANCE M EN4FOW . ........ 20 X . U . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . 21 EXHIBITS 1...Screening Results 10. Weapon Detection Devices 11. X -Ray Baggage Inspection Systems 12. Basic Policies 13. Regulatory Impact 14. FAA Sponsored Explosive...WERE APPROVED FOR MORE THAN 200 AIRPORTS. D . TESTING WAS BEGUN ON A NEW C MPUTER PROGRAM FOR HE X -RAY ABSORPTION SYSTEM DEVELOPED TO DTECT BMBS IN

Aspects of image recognition in Vivid Technologies' dual-energy x-ray system for explosives detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eilbert, Richard F.; Krug, Kristoph D.

1993-04-01

The Vivid Rapid Explosives Detection Systems is a true dual energy x-ray machine employing precision x-ray data acquisition in combination with unique algorithms and massive computation capability. Data from the system's 960 detectors is digitally stored and processed by powerful supermicro-computers organized as an expandable array of parallel processors. The algorithms operate on the dual energy attenuation image data to recognize and define objects in the milieu of the baggage contents. Each object is then systematically examined for a match to a specific effective atomic number, density, and mass threshold. Material properties are determined by comparing the relative attenuations of the 75 kVp and 150 kVp beams and electronically separating the object from its local background. Other heuristic algorithms search for specific configurations and provide additional information. The machine automatically detects explosive materials and identifies bomb components in luggage with high specificity and throughput, X-ray dose is comparable to that of current airport x-ray machines. The machine is also configured to find heroin, cocaine, and US currency by selecting appropriate settings on-site. Since January 1992, production units have been operationally deployed at U.S. and European airports for improved screening of checked baggage.

Hepatic transporter drug-drug interactions: an evaluation of approaches and methodologies.

PubMed

Williamson, Beth; Riley, Robert J

2017-12-01

Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) continue to account for 5% of hospital admissions and therefore remain a major regulatory concern. Effective, quantitative prediction of DDIs will reduce unexpected clinical findings and encourage projects to frontload DDI investigations rather than concentrating on risk management ('manage the baggage') later in drug development. A key challenge in DDI prediction is the discrepancies between reported models. Areas covered: The current synopsis focuses on four recent influential publications on hepatic drug transporter DDIs using static models that tackle interactions with individual transporters and in combination with other drug transporters and metabolising enzymes. These models vary in their assumptions (including input parameters), transparency, reproducibility and complexity. In this review, these facets are compared and contrasted with recommendations made as to their application. Expert opinion: Over the past decade, static models have evolved from simple [I]/k i models to incorporate victim and perpetrator disposition mechanisms including the absorption rate constant, the fraction of the drug metabolised/eliminated and/or clearance concepts. Nonetheless, models that comprise additional parameters and complexity do not necessarily out-perform simpler models with fewer inputs. Further, consideration of the property space to exploit some drug target classes has also highlighted the fine balance required between frontloading and back-loading studies to design out or 'manage the baggage'.

Rapid simulation of X-ray transmission imaging for baggage inspection via GPU-based ray-tracing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Qian; Stoian, Razvan-Ionut; Coccarelli, David S.; Greenberg, Joel A.; Vera, Esteban; Gehm, Michael E.

2018-01-01

We present a pipeline that rapidly simulates X-ray transmission imaging for arbitrary system architectures using GPU-based ray-tracing techniques. The purpose of the pipeline is to enable statistical analysis of threat detection in the context of airline baggage inspection. As a faster alternative to Monte Carlo methods, we adopt a deterministic approach for simulating photoelectric absorption-based imaging. The highly-optimized NVIDIA OptiX API is used to implement ray-tracing, greatly speeding code execution. In addition, we implement the first hierarchical representation structure to determine the interaction path length of rays traversing heterogeneous media described by layered polygons. The accuracy of the pipeline has been validated by comparing simulated data with experimental data collected using a heterogenous phantom and a laboratory X-ray imaging system. On a single computer, our approach allows us to generate over 400 2D transmission projections (125 × 125 pixels per frame) per hour for a bag packed with hundreds of everyday objects. By implementing our approach on cloud-based GPU computing platforms, we find that the same 2D projections of approximately 3.9 million bags can be obtained in a single day using 400 GPU instances, at a cost of only 0.001 per bag.

41 CFR 302-7.21 - If my HHG shipment includes an item for which a weight additive is assessed by the HHG carrier (e...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... includes an item for which a weight additive is assessed by the HHG carrier (e.g., boat, trailer... BAGGAGE ALLOWANCE General Rules § 302-7.21 If my HHG shipment includes an item for which a weight additive... payment? (a) No, you will not be responsible for the shipping charges that result from a weight additive...

Investigation of Hazards of Helicopter Operations and Root Causes of Helicopter Accidents

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-07-01

pressure of perceived economic necessity o qet-home-xtis All of these factors have a similar result when applied to the flight * planning and preflight...visibility for see and avoid 5) Increased baggage space and improved access B. HUMAN FACTORS 1) Improved ECU ( cooling & heating ) 2) Reduced interior noise...Atlantic City, New Jersey 08405 Jim Knoetgen Federal Aviation Administration (212) 995-3390 Eastern Region JFK Airport Jamaica, New York 11430 Ed

Proof-of-principle contraband detection system for nonintrusive inspection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sredniawski, Joseph J.; Debiak, T.; Kamykowski, E.; Rathke, John E.; Schmor, P.; Milton, Bill; Stanford, G.; Rogers, Joel; Boyd, J.; Brondo, J.

1997-02-01

A proof-of-principle (POP) contraband detection system (CDS), is under construction at Northrop Grumman's Advanced Technology and Development Center. We employ gamma resonance absorption to detect nitrogen or chlorine in explosives and certain forms of illegal drugs. Using tomography, 3D images of the total density and selected element density are generated. These characteristics together may be utilized with considerable confidence in determining if contraband is present in baggage or cargo. The CDS employs a high current DC electrostatic accelerator that provides a beam of proton sat either 1.75 or 1.89 MeV. These high energy particles impinge upon a target coated with 13C or 34S. The resultant resonant gamma rays are preferentially absorbed in either 14N or 35Cl. Because of the penetrating power of the gamma rays, this approach can be utilized for inspection of fully loaded aircraft containers such as the LD3. With proper design for handling baggage and with certain CDS design features not present in the POP, throughputs approaching 2000 bags/hour are estimated. Furthermore, the technology being developed for the CDS accelerator may have other applications such as for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy or Neutron Radiography. Our current program calls for testing of the POP CDS by late 1996. This paper presents the overall design, and characteristics of the CDS POP and the status of the program.

Intelligent building system for airport

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ancevic, M.

1997-11-01

The Munich airport uses a state-of-the-art intelligent building management system to control systems such as HVAC, runway lights, baggage handling, etc. Planning the new Munich II international airport provided a unique opportunity to use the latest state-of-the-art technical systems, while integrating their control through a single intelligent building management system. Opened in 1992, the airport is Germany`s second-largest airport after Frankfurt. The airport is staffed by 16,000 employees and can handle 17 million passengers a year. The sprawling site encompasses more than 120 buildings. The airport`s distributed control system is specifically designed to optimize the complex`s unique range of functions,more » while providing a high degree of comfort, convenience and safety for airport visitors. With the capacity to control 200,000 points, this system controls more than 112,000 points and integrates 13 major subsystems from nine different vendors. It provides convenient, accessible control of everything including the complex`s power plant, HVAC Control, the terminal`s people-moving functions, interior lighting controls, runway lights, baggage forwarding systems, elevators, and boarding bridges. The airport was named 1993 intelligent building of the year by the Intelligent Buildings Institute Foundation. Its building management system is a striking example of the degree to which a building complex`s functions can be integrated for greater operational control and efficiency.« less

Accelerator-Detector Complex for Photonuclear Detection of Hidden Explosives Final Report CRADA No. TC2065.0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lowdermilk, W. H.; Brothers, L. J.

This was a collaborative effort by Lawrence Livermore National Security (formerly the University of California)/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Valley Forge Composite Technologies, Inc., and the following Russian Institutes: P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute (LPI), Innovative Technologies Center.(AUO CIT), Central Design Bureau-Almas (CDB Almaz), Moscow Instrument Automation Research Institute, and Institute for High Energy Physics (IBEP) to develop equipment and procedures for detecting explosive materials concealed in airline checked baggage and cargo.

Job Tenure Factors for Airline Passenger Baggage Screeners.

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-10-01

Wanted to learn something new 3.0 4.0 4.0 19. Like working with co-workers companionship) 3.0 3.5 4.0 20. Doing airport security work - 4.0 3.0 21...importantly, airport security personnel found considerable gratification in the importance of their work, were very proud of the work they perform, and had...limited contact with people would cause them to become dissatisfied and leave. A number of examples of "isolated" work stations in airport security were

Analysis of Factors that have Influenced Outcomes of Battles and Wars: A Data Base of Battles and Engagements. Volume 2. Wars from 1600 through 1800. Part 1. Wars of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-06-01

of Christian’s force and capturing all of the Danish artillery and baggage. Christian fled to his stronghold of Holstein with the reumnts of his army...events that led to Yorktow began. Sources: C.) C. 13. 184 TIE NERICAN REV IONARY WAR Cow , 17 J _m,,,y 1781 Early in the morning of 17 Jumzy, Prigadier

X-ray diffraction imaging with the Multiple Inverse Fan Beam topology: principles, performance and potential for security screening.

PubMed

Harding, G; Fleckenstein, H; Kosciesza, D; Olesinski, S; Strecker, H; Theedt, T; Zienert, G

2012-07-01

The steadily increasing number of explosive threat classes, including home-made explosives (HMEs), liquids, amorphous and gels (LAGs), is forcing up the false-alarm rates of security screening equipment. This development can best be countered by increasing the number of features available for classification. X-ray diffraction intrinsically offers multiple features for both solid and LAGs explosive detection, and is thus becoming increasingly important for false-alarm and cost reduction in both carry-on and checked baggage security screening. Following a brief introduction to X-ray diffraction imaging (XDI), which synthesizes in a single modality the image-forming and material-analysis capabilities of X-rays, the Multiple Inverse Fan Beam (MIFB) XDI topology is described. Physical relationships obtaining in such MIFB XDI components as the radiation source, collimators and room-temperature detectors are presented with experimental performances that have been achieved. Representative X-ray diffraction profiles of threat substances measured with a laboratory MIFB XDI system are displayed. The performance of Next-Generation (MIFB) XDI relative to that of the 2nd Generation XRD 3500TM screener (Morpho Detection Germany GmbH) is assessed. The potential of MIFB XDI, both for reducing the exorbitant cost of false alarms in hold baggage screening (HBS), as well as for combining "in situ" liquid and solid explosive detection in carry-on luggage screening is outlined. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reversals of national fortune, and social science methodologies.

PubMed

Diamond, Jared

2014-12-16

Among non-European regions colonized by Europeans, regions that were relatively richer five centuries ago (like Mexico, Peru, and India) tend to be poorer today, while regions that originally were relatively poorer (like the United States, Chile, and Australia) tend now to be richer. Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (abbreviated AJR) established the generality of this reversal of fortune. Chanda, Cook, and Putterman (abbreviated CCP) have now reanalyzed it, taking as a unit of analysis populations rather than geographic regions. That is, India's population was Indian 500 y ago and is still overwhelmingly Indian today, whereas the United States' population was Native American 500 years ago but is overwhelmingly Old World (especially European) today. Reversals of fortune disappeared when CCP analyzed populations rather than geographic regions: for instance, the geographic region of the modern United States has become relatively richer since AD 1500, but the predominantly European population now occupying the United States was already relatively rich in AD 1500. Evidently, European colonists carried ingredients of wealth with them. I discuss the biological and cultural baggage transported by European immigrants and associated with wealth. Among that baggage, AJR emphasize institutions, CCP emphasize social capital, and I identify many different elements only loosely coupled to each other. This paper discusses the problem, especially acute in the social sciences, of "operationalizing" intuitive concepts (such as mass, temperature, wealth, and innovation) so that they can be measured. Basic concepts tend to be harder to define, operationalize, and measure in the social sciences than in the laboratory sciences.

75 FR 78262 - Intent To Request Approval From OMB of One New Public Collection of Information: Airport...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-15

...The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) invites public comment on a new Information Collection Request (ICR) (abstracted below) that we will submit to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for approval in compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA). The ICR describes the nature of the information collection and its expected burden. The collection involves the airport operator submitting a Statement of Interest (SOI) and a Federalization Request Letter (FRL) to request that TSA provide passenger and baggage screening services, that is, ``Federalization'' of an airport.

Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-03-31

Passenger Screening Results 12. Scope of Civil Aviation Security Program 13. Basic Policies 14. Explosives Detection Dog Teams 15. Explosives Detection... policies guiding the program recognize airline responsibilities for the safety of passengers, baggage and cargo in their care as well as for the...U *i * (U U Los -7 .cn cf) 1-4 ~~LL _m e- Hf LMU 0- u,-C -oL -ccJLL LII -~ LLIOL 0 _ CL. LLJ cr-L LCnIJ C ~ ~ CnCD C. ) &j 2ic- nc r JL AJ -L JC C.- L

Aviation Security: Slow Progress in Addressing Long-Standing Screener Performance Problems

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-03-16

aviation security , in particular airport screeners. Securing an air transportation system the size of this nation’s-with hundreds of airports, thousands of aircraft, and tens of thousands of flights daily carrying millions of passengers and pieces of baggage-is a difficult task. Events over the past decade have shown that the threat of terrorism against the United States is an ever-present danger. Aviation is an attractive target for terrorists, and because the air transportation system is critical to the nation’s well-being, protecting it is an important

Reversals of national fortune, and social science methodologies

PubMed Central

Diamond, Jared

2014-01-01

Among non-European regions colonized by Europeans, regions that were relatively richer five centuries ago (like Mexico, Peru, and India) tend to be poorer today, while regions that originally were relatively poorer (like the United States, Chile, and Australia) tend now to be richer. Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (abbreviated AJR) established the generality of this reversal of fortune. Chanda, Cook, and Putterman (abbreviated CCP) have now reanalyzed it, taking as a unit of analysis populations rather than geographic regions. That is, India's population was Indian 500 y ago and is still overwhelmingly Indian today, whereas the United States' population was Native American 500 years ago but is overwhelmingly Old World (especially European) today. Reversals of fortune disappeared when CCP analyzed populations rather than geographic regions: for instance, the geographic region of the modern United States has become relatively richer since AD 1500, but the predominantly European population now occupying the United States was already relatively rich in AD 1500. Evidently, European colonists carried ingredients of wealth with them. I discuss the biological and cultural baggage transported by European immigrants and associated with wealth. Among that baggage, AJR emphasize institutions, CCP emphasize social capital, and I identify many different elements only loosely coupled to each other. This paper discusses the problem, especially acute in the social sciences, of “operationalizing” intuitive concepts (such as mass, temperature, wealth, and innovation) so that they can be measured. Basic concepts tend to be harder to define, operationalize, and measure in the social sciences than in the laboratory sciences. PMID:25385597

Hidden explosives detector employing pulsed neutron and x-ray interrogation

DOEpatents

Schultz, F.J.; Caldwell, J.T.

1993-04-06

Methods and systems for the detection of small amounts of modern, highly-explosive nitrogen-based explosives, such as plastic explosives, hidden in airline baggage. Several techniques are employed either individually or combined in a hybrid system. One technique employed in combination is X-ray imaging. Another technique is interrogation with a pulsed neutron source in a two-phase mode of operation to image both nitrogen and oxygen densities. Another technique employed in combination is neutron interrogation to form a hydrogen density image or three-dimensional map. In addition, deliberately-placed neutron-absorbing materials can be detected.

Detection of chemical contraband using spectroscopic microwave imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Falconer, David G.; Watters, David G.

1994-02-01

We have developed and demonstrated a microwave technique for detecting high explosives, illegal drugs, and other chemical contraband in checked airline baggage. Our technique isolates suspicious materials using microwave tomography and identifies chemical contraband using microwave spectroscopy. Measurements in the frequency range 2 - 18 GHz indicate that microwave energy will penetrate nonmetallic suitcases and that contraband materials feature distinct dielectric spectra at these wavelengths. We have also formed microwave images of a soft-sided suitcase and its contents. After manually segmenting the microwave imagery, we successfully identified chemical simulants for both high explosives and illegal drugs.

Darwin: German mystic or French rationalist?

PubMed

Ghiselin, Michael T

2015-01-01

The notion that Charles Darwin embraced the German Romantic tradition seems plausible, given the early influence of Alexander von Humboldt. But this view fails to do justice to other scientific traditions. Darwin was a protégé of the Englishman John Stevens Henslow and was a follower of the Scott Charles Lyell. He had important debts to French scientists, notably Henri Milne-Edwards, Etienne and Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and Alphonse de Candolle. Many Germans were quite supportive of Darwin, but not all of these were encumbered by idealistic metaphysical baggage. Both Darwin and Anton Dohrn treated science as very much a cosmopolitan enterprise.

Hidden explosives detector employing pulsed neutron and x-ray interrogation

DOEpatents

Schultz, Frederick J.; Caldwell, John T.

1993-01-01

Methods and systems for the detection of small amounts of modern, highly-explosive nitrogen-based explosives, such as plastic explosives, hidden in airline baggage. Several techniques are employed either individually or combined in a hybrid system. One technique employed in combination is X-ray imaging. Another technique is interrogation with a pulsed neutron source in a two-phase mode of operation to image both nitrogen and oxygen densities. Another technique employed in combination is neutron interrogation to form a hydrogen density image or three-dimensional map. In addition, deliberately-placed neutron-absorbing materials can be detected.

Occupational Exposure to Ultrafine Particles among Airport Employees - Combining Personal Monitoring and Global Positioning System

PubMed Central

Møller, Karina Lauenborg; Thygesen, Lau Caspar; Schipperijn, Jasper; Loft, Steffen; Bonde, Jens Peter; Mikkelsen, Sigurd; Brauer, Charlotte

2014-01-01

Background Exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) has been linked to cardiovascular and lung diseases. Combustion of jet fuel and diesel powered handling equipment emit UFP resulting in potentially high exposure levels among employees working at airports. High levels of UFP have been reported at several airports, especially on the apron, but knowledge on individual exposure profiles among different occupational groups working at an airport is lacking. Purpose The aim of this study was to compare personal exposure to UFP among five different occupational groups working at Copenhagen Airport (CPH). Method 30 employees from five different occupational groups (baggage handlers, catering drivers, cleaning staff and airside and landside security) at CPH were instructed to wear a personal monitor of particle number concentration in real time and a GPS device. The measurements were carried out on 8 days distributed over two weeks in October 2012. The overall differences between the groups were assessed using linear mixed model. Results Data showed significant differences in exposure levels among the groups when adjusted for variation within individuals and for effect of time and date (p<0.01). Baggage handlers were exposed to 7 times higher average concentrations (geometric mean, GM: 37×103 UFP/cm3, 95% CI: 25–55×103 UFP/cm3) than employees mainly working indoors (GM: 5×103 UFP/cm3, 95% CI: 2–11×103 UFP/cm3). Furthermore, catering drivers, cleaning staff and airside security were exposed to intermediate concentrations (GM: 12 to 20×103 UFP/cm3). Conclusion The study demonstrates a strong gradient of exposure to UFP in ambient air across occupational groups of airport employees. PMID:25203510

Occupational exposure to ultrafine particles among airport employees--combining personal monitoring and global positioning system.

PubMed

Møller, Karina Lauenborg; Thygesen, Lau Caspar; Schipperijn, Jasper; Loft, Steffen; Bonde, Jens Peter; Mikkelsen, Sigurd; Brauer, Charlotte

2014-01-01

Exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) has been linked to cardiovascular and lung diseases. Combustion of jet fuel and diesel powered handling equipment emit UFP resulting in potentially high exposure levels among employees working at airports. High levels of UFP have been reported at several airports, especially on the apron, but knowledge on individual exposure profiles among different occupational groups working at an airport is lacking. The aim of this study was to compare personal exposure to UFP among five different occupational groups working at Copenhagen Airport (CPH). 30 employees from five different occupational groups (baggage handlers, catering drivers, cleaning staff and airside and landside security) at CPH were instructed to wear a personal monitor of particle number concentration in real time and a GPS device. The measurements were carried out on 8 days distributed over two weeks in October 2012. The overall differences between the groups were assessed using linear mixed model. Data showed significant differences in exposure levels among the groups when adjusted for variation within individuals and for effect of time and date (p<0.01). Baggage handlers were exposed to 7 times higher average concentrations (geometric mean, GM: 37×103 UFP/cm(3), 95% CI: 25-55 × 10(3) UFP/cm(3)) than employees mainly working indoors (GM: 5 × 10(3) UFP/cm(3), 95% CI: 2-11 × 103 UFP/cm(3)). Furthermore, catering drivers, cleaning staff and airside security were exposed to intermediate concentrations (GM: 12 to 20 × 10(3) UFP/cm(3)). The study demonstrates a strong gradient of exposure to UFP in ambient air across occupational groups of airport employees.

[Academic resonances of the intellectual baggage brought by Augusto Pi Suñer to Venezuela (1939-1962].

PubMed

Frechilla, Juan José Martín

2010-01-01

The article read over the intellectual connection between two physiologists, the Catalan exiled Augusto Pi Suñer in 1939 and the Venezuelan Francisco De Venanzi beyond their common research subject like as: the academic insertion of the biological sciences and the related debate with the natural sciences; the scientific development and the necessity to attract the human resources for it; the publication of the project results by owner institutional reviews; the legal establishment at the highest govern level to development the scientific research. All of these subjects were developed when the scientific community in Venezuela are confirming her institutional organization.

Dichlorvos vapour disinsection of aircraft

PubMed Central

Jensen, Jens A.; Flury, Vincent P.; Schoof, Herbert F.

1965-01-01

The authors describe the testing of an automatic aircraft disinsection system permanently installed on a commercial DC-6B passenger aircraft. An air-compressor forces ambient cabin air, partially saturated with dichlorvos vapour at a set concentration, through the cabin, cockpit and baggage compartments of the aircraft for 30 minutes. Insecticide concentrations and insect mortality were observed in post-overhaul check flights, and insect mortality and passenger reactions were observed on scheduled flights between Miami, Florida, and Nassau, Bahamas. The results showed satisfactory biological efficiency. The passengers were unaware of the disinsection process and showed no signs of discomfort. ImagesFIG. 1FIG. 2FIG. 3 PMID:14310904

Performance assessment of small-package-class nonintrusive inspection systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spradling, Michael L.; Hyatt, Roger

1997-02-01

The DoD Counterdrug Technology Development Program has addressed the development and demonstration of technology to enhance nonintrusive inspection of small packages such as passenger baggage, commercially delivered parcels, and breakbulk cargo items. Within the past year they have supported several small package-class nonintrusive inspection system performance assessment activities. All performance assessment programs involved the use of a red/blue team concept and were conducted in accordance with approved assessment protocols. This paper presents a discussion related to the systematic performance assessment of small package-class nonintrusive inspection technologies, including transmission, backscatter and computed tomography x-ray imaging, and protocol-related considerations for the assessment of these systems.

Cost Benefit Analysis Modeling Tool for Electric vs. ICE Airport Ground Support Equipment – Development and Results

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

James Francfort; Kevin Morrow; Dimitri Hochard

2007-02-01

This report documents efforts to develop a computer tool for modeling the economic payback for comparative airport ground support equipment (GSE) that are propelled by either electric motors or gasoline and diesel engines. The types of GSE modeled are pushback tractors, baggage tractors, and belt loaders. The GSE modeling tool includes an emissions module that estimates the amount of tailpipe emissions saved by replacing internal combustion engine GSE with electric GSE. This report contains modeling assumptions, methodology, a user’s manual, and modeling results. The model was developed based on the operations of two airlines at four United States airports.

Paper trails, trailing behind: improving informed consent to IVF through multimedia applications

PubMed Central

Madeira, Jody Lyneé; Andraka-Christou, Barbara

2016-01-01

Though intended to educate patients on the risks, benefits, side effects and alternatives within medical treatment, informed consent documents may have unanticipated consequences for patients. Patients may regard these forms as little more than a ritual to access treatment. Or patients may perceive that these forms exist to protect doctors rather than to contribute to a meaningful, patient-protective educational interaction. To rehabilitate the informed consent project, this essay considers the baggage that informed consent documents have acquired through practical use, explores patients' and providers' lived experience of informed consent, and considers whether a multimedia consent application would be a viable solution to the various difficulties that currently erode perceptions of and confidence in the informed consent process. PMID:27774231

Radioactivities of Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) materials: Baggage and bonanzas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Alan R.; Hurley, Donna L.

1992-01-01

Radioactivities in materials onboard the returned Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite were studied by a variety of techniques. Among the most powerful is low-background Ge-semiconductor detector gamma-ray spectrometry, illustrated here by results obtained at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's (LBL) Low Background Facilities. The observed radioactivities are of two origins: those radionuclides produced by nuclear reactions with the radiation field in orbit, and radionuclides present initially as 'contaminants' in materials used for construction of the spacecraft and experimental assemblies. In the first category are experiment-related monitor foils and tomato seeds, and such spacecraft materials as aluminum, stainless steel, and titanium. In the second category are aluminum, beryllium, titanium, vanadium, and some special glasses.

The temporolimbic system theory of paranoid schizophrenia.

PubMed

Casanova, M F

1997-01-01

The hippocampus serves as a funnel for heavily processed sensory information that has converged at the entorhinal cortex. Lesions of the hippocampus do not alter incoming sensory or motor information but, rather, alter their integration with our baggage of emotional experiences and social values. According to Bogerts, such a lesion would be ideally situated to result in laboriously processed sensory information that is out of context to our outside environment. In this regard, Bogerts describes the pathological findings of a patient with a gross delusional disorder. The salient finding at autopsy was a developmental lesion in the left posterior parahippocampal gyrus. Although a number of lesions have been described in the brains of patients with schizophrenia, Bogerts believes that those in the limbic system appear critical to the expression of paranoid symptoms.

Simulation study of pedestrian flow in a station hall during the Spring Festival travel rush

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Lei; Zhang, Qian; Cai, Yun; Zhang, Jianlin; Ma, Qingguo

2013-05-01

The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. How can passengers go home smoothly and quickly during the Spring Festival travel rush, especially when emergencies of terrible winter weather happen? By modifying the social force model, we simulated the pedestrian flow in a station hall. The simulation revealed casualties happened when passengers escaped from panic induced by crowd turbulence. The results suggest that passenger numbers, ticket checking patterns, baggage volumes, and anxiety can affect the speed of passing through the waiting corridor. Our approach is meaningful in understanding the feature of a crowd moving and can be served to reproduce mass events. Therefore, it not only develops a realistic modeling of pedestrian flow but also is important for a better preparation of emergency management.

AsMA Medical Guidelines for Air Travel: stresses of flight.

PubMed

Thibeault, Claude; Evans, Anthony D

2015-05-01

Medical Guidelines for Airline Travel provide information that enables healthcare providers to properly advise patients who plan to travel by air. Modern commercial aircraft are very safe and, in most cases, reasonably comfortable. However, all flights, short or long haul, impose stresses on passengers. Preflight stresses include airport commotion on the ground such as carrying baggage, walking long distances, getting to the gate on time, and being delayed. In-flight stresses include acceleration, vibration (including turbulence), noise, lowered barometric pressure, variations of temperature and humidity, and fatigue among others. Healthy passengers normally tolerate these stresses quite well; however, there is the potential for passengers to become ill during or after the flight due to these stresses, especially for those with pre-existing medical conditions and reduced physiological reserves.

Development of a simple, self-contained flight test data acquisition system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Renz, R. R. L.

1981-01-01

A low cost flight test data acquisition system, applicable to general aviation airplanes, was developed which meets criteria for doing longitudinal and lateral stability analysis. Th package consists of (1) a microprocessor controller and data acquisition module; (2) a transducer module; and (3) a power supply module. The system is easy to install and occupies space in the cabin or baggage compartment of the airplane. All transducers are contained in these modules except the total pressure tube, static pressure air temperature transducer, and control position transducers. The NASA-developed MMLE program was placed on a microcomputer on which all data reduction is done. The flight testing program undertaken proved both the flight testing hardware and the data reduction method to be applicable to the current field of general aviation airplanes.

Trichinella spp. imported with live animals and meat.

PubMed

Pozio, Edoardo

2015-09-30

Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are widely distributed throughout the world in omnivorous and carnivorous animals (mammals, birds, and reptiles) and in incidental hosts. To prevent the transmission of these zoonotic parasites to humans, meat samples from Trichinella spp. susceptible animals are tested at the slaughterhouse or in game processing plants. The aim of the present review was to collect documented cases on Trichinella infected animals, meat, or meat derived products which reached the international trade or were illegally introduced from one to another country in personal baggage. In the course of the last 60 years in the international literature, there have been 43 reports of importation of Trichinella spp. infected animals or meat, most of which (60%, 26/43) related to live horses or their meat. Meat or meat derived products from pigs, wild boar and bears, account only for 18.6% (8/43), 4.7% (3/43), and 14.3% (6/43), respectively. However, only live horses or their meat intended for human consumption, meat from a single wild boar, and live polar bears caught in the wild for zoos, were imported through the international market; whereas, meat from pigs, wild boars and bears were illegally introduced in a country in personal baggage. Trichinella infected animals or meat which were officially or illegally introduced in a country were the source of 3443 Trichinella infections in humans in a 40-year period (1975-2014). Most of these infections (96.8%) have been linked to horsemeat consumption, whereas meat from pigs, wild boars and bears accounted only for 2.2%, 0.7% and 0.3% of cases, respectively. This review shows the Trichinella spp. risk in the international animal and meat trade has been linked mainly to horses and only one time to wild boar, if they carcasses are not adequately tested, whereas pigs and other wild animals or their derived products infected with Trichinella spp. are unlikely to reach the international market by the official animal and meat trade. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oral Trauma and Tooth Avulsion Following Explosion of E-Cigarette.

PubMed

Rogér, James M; Abayon, Maricelle; Elad, Sharon; Kolokythas, Antonia

2016-06-01

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes), or personal vaporizers, were introduced in 2003 and have been available in the United States since 2007. In addition to the health and safety concerns of the aerosol delivery of nicotine through E-cigarettes, during the past 8 years, reports of explosions and fires caused by the E-cigarette devices have led the US Fire Administration to evaluate the safety of these devices. These explosions have been observed frequently enough that the US Department of Transportation has recently banned E-cigarette devices in checked baggage aboard airplanes. This report contributes to existing knowledge about the hazards related to E-cigarettes by describing oral hard and soft tissue injuries from an E-cigarette explosion. Copyright © 2016 The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Flight service evaluation of composite components on the Bell Helicopter model 206L: Design, fabrication and testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zinberg, H.

1982-01-01

The design, fabrication, and testing phases of a program to obtain long term flight service experience on representative helicopter airframe structural components operating in typical commercial environments are described. The aircraft chosen is the Bell Helicopter Model 206L. The structural components are the forward fairing, litter door, baggage door, and vertical fin. The advanced composite components were designed to replace the production parts in the field and were certified by the FAA to be operable through the full flight envelope of the 206L. A description of the fabrication process that was used for each of the components is given. Static failing load tests on all components were done. In addition fatigue tests were run on four specimens that simulated the attachment of the vertical fin to the helicopter's tail boom.

Why Brains Are Not Computers, Why Behaviorism Is Not Satanism, and Why Dolphins Are Not Aquatic Apes.

PubMed

Barrett, Louise

2016-05-01

Modern psychology has, to all intents and purposes, become synonymous with cognitive psychology, with an emphasis on the idea that the brain is a form of computer, whose job is to take in sensory input, process information, and produce motor output. This places the brain at a remove from both the body and environment and denies the intimate connection that exists between them. As a result, a great injustice is done to both human and nonhuman animals: On the one hand, we fail to recognize the distinctive nature of nonhuman cognition, and on the other hand, we continue to promote a somewhat misleading view of human psychological capacities. Here, I suggest a more mutualistic, embodied, enactive view might allow us to ask more interesting questions about how animals of all kinds come to know their worlds, in ways that avoid the (inevitable) anthropocentric baggage of the cognitivist viewpoint.

Elementary Particles and the Universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwarz, John H.

2005-07-01

1. Excess baggage J. Hartle; 2. Through the clouds E. Witten; 3. Covariant foundations of the superparticle L. Brink; 4. Chiral symmetry and confinement T. Goldman; 5. The original fifth interaction Y. Neeman; 6. The mass hierarchy of leptons and quarks H. Fritzsch; 7. Spacetime duality in string theory J. H. Schwarz; 8. Symmetry and quasi-symmetry Y. Nambu; 9. On an exceptional non-associative superspace M. Gunaydin; 10. Algebra of reparametrization-invariant and normal ordered operators in open string field theory P. Ramond; 11. Superconductivity of an ideal charged boson system T. D. Lee; 12. Some remarks on the symmetry approach to nuclear rotational motion L. C. Biedebharn and P. Truini; 13. Uncomputability, intractability and the efficiency of heat engines S. Lloyd; 14. The new mathematical physics I. Singer; 15. For the birds V. Telegdi; 16. Gell-Mann's approach to physics A. Salam; 17. Remarks M. Goldberger.

[Air transport biomechanical risk: reduced mobility passengers' handling].

PubMed

Draicchio, F; Campoli, G; Silvetti, A; Badellino, E; Forzano, F; Ranavolo, A; Iavicoli, S; Campagna, G; Raffaele, G; Gismondi, M

2012-01-01

As the airport traffic increases there is a continuous increase of passengers with different motor disabilities. Disabled passenger's assistance causes a biomechanical overload in airport workers. Some disabled passengers are classified by IATA as WCHC (wheel chair in cabin or Charlie). Our study, was performed in one of the most important Italian airport on Charlie passengers (about 10% of all assistances). We identified four critical points: 1) wheelchair and baggage moving (unstable load), 2) inclined ramps with worker's backwards steps and braked wheelchair to prevent passenger tipping or falling, 3) transfer from standard wheelchair to bicycle wheelchair, specifically designed for the aisle; 4.) transfer from bicycle wheelchair to aircraft seat. The last two points required sometimes to lift passengers over the armrest and positioning them on a window side seat, causing a serious increase of biomechanical load. For each critical point we have proposed technical and organizational measures to reduce airport worker's biomechanical risk.

Posture and performance: sitting vs. standing for security screening.

PubMed

Drury, C G; Hsiao, Y L; Joseph, C; Joshi, S; Lapp, J; Pennathur, P R

2008-03-01

A classification of the literature on the effects of workplace posture on performance of different mental tasks showed few consistent patterns. A parallel classification of the complementary effect of performance on postural variables gave similar results. Because of a lack of data for signal detection tasks, an experiment was performed using 12 experienced security operators performing an X-ray baggage-screening task with three different workplace arrangements. The current workplace, sitting on a high chair viewing a screen placed on top of the X-ray machine, was compared to a standing workplace and a conventional desk-sitting workplace. No performance effects of workplace posture were found, although the experiment was able to measure performance effects of learning and body part discomfort effects of workplace posture. There are implications for the classification of posture and performance and for the justification of ergonomics improvements based on performance increases.

Design, modeling and testing of a one-way energy harvesting backpack

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mi, Jia; Xu, Lin; Zhu, Ziheng; Liu, Mingyi; Zuo, Lei

2018-04-01

During trips and outdoor adventures, there are a lot of electric equipment and thus power supply for those devices is critical. At the same time, the burden on shoulders from heavy baggage is substantial. This paper presents a one-way energy harvesting backpack with ball-screw mechanism to generate electricity with high efficiency and reliability, while relieves the burden on shoulders. The one-way energy harvesting method only harvests negative work from human body and potentially reduce metabolic cost while carrying backpack. Simulations show that 4.5W of electrical energy can be obtained from human walking. Bench test results indicate this system can obtain an average power of 7.3 W with excitation of 2Hz and 25mm direct drive. Treadmill test to verify the performance of burden relieve on shoulders indicates this one-way design combing with elastic support strap can reduce the force on shoulders, which reduce fatigue in human.

Automated X-ray image analysis for cargo security: Critical review and future promise.

PubMed

Rogers, Thomas W; Jaccard, Nicolas; Morton, Edward J; Griffin, Lewis D

2017-01-01

We review the relatively immature field of automated image analysis for X-ray cargo imagery. There is increasing demand for automated analysis methods that can assist in the inspection and selection of containers, due to the ever-growing volumes of traded cargo and the increasing concerns that customs- and security-related threats are being smuggled across borders by organised crime and terrorist networks. We split the field into the classical pipeline of image preprocessing and image understanding. Preprocessing includes: image manipulation; quality improvement; Threat Image Projection (TIP); and material discrimination and segmentation. Image understanding includes: Automated Threat Detection (ATD); and Automated Contents Verification (ACV). We identify several gaps in the literature that need to be addressed and propose ideas for future research. Where the current literature is sparse we borrow from the single-view, multi-view, and CT X-ray baggage domains, which have some characteristics in common with X-ray cargo.

Microorganisms detection on substrates using QCL spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Padilla-Jiménez, Amira C.; Ortiz-Rivera, William; Castro-Suarez, John R.; Ríos-Velázquez, Carlos; Vázquez-Ayala, Iris; Hernández-Rivera, Samuel P.

2013-05-01

Recent investigations have focused on the improvement of rapid and accurate methods to develop spectroscopic markers of compounds constituting microorganisms that are considered biological threats. Quantum cascade lasers (QCL) systems have revolutionized many areas of research and development in defense and security applications, including his area of research. Infrared spectroscopy detection based on QCL was employed to acquire mid infrared (MIR) spectral signatures of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Escherichia coli (Ec) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se), which were used as biological agent simulants of biothreats. The experiments were carried out in reflection mode on various substrates such as cardboard, glass, travel baggage, wood and stainless steel. Chemometrics statistical routines such as principal component analysis (PCA) regression and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to the recorded MIR spectra. The results show that the infrared vibrational techniques investigated are useful for classification/detection of the target microorganisms on the types of substrates studied.

Transferring x-ray based automated threat detection between scanners with different energies and resolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caldwell, M.; Ransley, M.; Rogers, T. W.; Griffin, L. D.

2017-10-01

A significant obstacle to developing high performance Deep Learning algorithms for Automated Threat Detection (ATD) in security X-ray imagery, is the difficulty of obtaining large training datasets. In our previous work, we circumvented this problem for ATD in cargo containers, using Threat Image Projection and data augmentation. In this work, we investigate whether data scarcity for other modalities, such as parcels and baggage, can be ameliorated by transforming data from one domain so that it approximates the appearance of another. We present an ontology of ATD datasets to assess where transfer learning may be applied. We define frameworks for transfer at the training and testing stages, and compare the results for both methods against ATD where a common data source is used for training and testing. Our results show very poor transfer, which we attribute to the difficulty of accurately matching the blur and contrast characteristics of different scanners.

Effective Climate Communication with Difficult Audiences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Denning, S.

2015-12-01

Climate communication is often fraught with ideological baggage ("noise") that makes it very difficult to connect to audiences. In these cases, it is helpful to use "best practices" known from other fields of communication. Engaging audiences with authenticity, using plain language, respecting cultural and political differences, and a sprinkling of humor can go a long way toward establishing a connection. It's important to avoid common but polarizing tropes from popular media, and often quite helpful to frame climate issues in novel or unexpected ways that cut across entrenched political discourse. Emerging social science research Beyond ideology, climate change is Simple, Serious, and Solvable. Effective communication of these three key ideas can succeed when the science argument is carefully framed to avoid attack of the audience's ethical identity. Simple arguments from common sense and everyday experience are more successful than data. Serious consequences to values that resonate with the audience can be avoided by solutions that don't threaten those values.

Metacognitive gimmicks and their use by upper level physics students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

White, Gary; Sikorski, Tiffany-Rose; Landay, Justin

2017-01-01

We report on the initial phases of a study of three particular metacognitive gimmicks that upper-level physics students can use as a tool in their problem-solving kit, namely: checking units for consistency, discerning whether limiting cases match physical intuition, and computing numerical values for reasonable-ness. Students in a one semester Griffiths electromagnetism course at a small private urban university campus are asked to respond to explicit prompts that encourage adopting these three methods for checking answers to physics problems, especially those problems for which an algebraic expression is part of the final answer. We explore how, and to what extent, these students adopt these gimmicks, as well as the time development of their use. While the term ``gimmick'' carries with it some pejorative baggage, we feel it describes the essential nature of the pedagogical idea adequately in that it gets attention, is easy for the students to remember, and represents, albeit perhaps in a surface way, some key ideas about which professional physicists care.

Older adult falls at a metropolitan airport: 2009-2010.

PubMed

Howland, Jonathan; Bibi, Salma; English, James; Dyer, Sophia; Peterson, Elizabeth W

2012-04-01

We investigated falls at a metropolitan airport to determine fall incidence, identify potential causes of these falls, and suggest opportunities for mitigation. We used deidentified incident reports of all falls requiring EMS response that occurred at the airport during 2009 and 2010. On average, one fall occurred every 2.3days. Ninety-six percent (96%) of falls occurred in terminals. Of all falls, 44% occurred on escalators, making escalators the most common location. Seventy-two percent (72%) of fallers were females; 43% were ≥65years; 92% of all falls resulted in a documented injury; 37% of falls resulted in transport to hospital emergency departments. Escalator fall risks include carrying bags (due to changes in baggage fees), using cells phones, not using handrails, and compromised strength and balance. Diverting at-risk passengers to elevators could significantly reduce the overall falls. Interventions targeting escalator falls have the greatest promise for reducing falls at this airport. Copyright © 2012 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

76 FR 45181 - Enhancing Airline Passenger Protections: Limited Delay of Effective Date for Certain Provisions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-28

...The Department of Transportation is delaying the effective date for certain requirements adopted in an April 25, 2011 final rule on enhancing airline passenger protections. Specifically, the Department is delaying the effective date from August 23, 2011 to January 24, 2012, for requirements pertaining to baggage fees, post purchase price increases, flight status changes and holding a reservation without payment for twenty-four hours. The Department is also delaying the effective date from October 24, 2011 to January 24, 2012 for requirements pertaining to full fare advertising. The effective date remains August 23, 2011 for all the other requirements in the April 25, 2011 final rule, including the requirement not to permit an international flight to remain on the tarmac at a U.S. airport for more than four hours without allowing passengers to deplane, the requirement increasing the denied boarding compensation airlines must pay to passengers bumped from flights, and the requirement to disclose prominently all fees for optional aviation services on carriers' Web sites.

Negative workplace behaviours: an ethical dilemma for nurse managers.

PubMed

Lindy, Cheryl; Schaefer, Florence

2010-04-01

To discover nurse managers' perception of negative workplace behaviours (bullying) encountered by staff on their unit. Background Negative workplace behaviour is a worldwide phenomenon happening in all types of work settings. Absent from the literature were studies specific to the nurse managers' perception on this topic. A phenomenological qualitative research methodology was used to gain insight into the perceptions of nurse managers about negative workplace behaviours that they have observed or addressed. Nurse Managers described their perceptions of, and experiences pertaining to, instances of negative workplace behaviour. Six themes emerged from the data analysis: 'that's just how she is', 'they just take it', 'a lot of things going on', 'old baggage', 'three sides to a story' and 'a management perspective'. Nurse Managers had observed, experienced and/or had received reports of negative workplace behaviours. While some felt comfortable addressing the behaviour, others experienced ethical dilemmas when trying to treat all fairly. The results of the present study provide guidance for nurse managers to address negative workplace behaviours occurring on their units.

Strength capability while kneeling.

PubMed

Haslegrave, C M; Tracy, M F; Corlett, E N

1997-12-01

Work sometimes has to be carried out kneeling, particularly where jobs are performed in confined spaces as is common for miners, aircraft baggage handlers and maintenance workers. In order to assess the risks in performing forceful tasks under such conditions, data is needed on strength capabilities of kneeling subjects. A study was undertaken to measure isometric strength in single-handed exertions for male subjects and to investigate the effects on this of task layout factors (direction of force exertion, reach distance, height of the workpiece and orientation relative to the subject's sagittal plane). The data has been tabulated to show the degree to which strength may be reduced in different situations and analysis of the task factors showed their influence to be complex with direction of exertion and reach distance having the greatest effect. The results also suggest that exertions are weaker when subjects are kneeling on two knees than when kneeling on one knee, although this needs to be confirmed by direct experimental comparison.

Radioactivities of Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) materials: Baggage and bonanzas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Alan R.; Hurley, Donna L.

1991-01-01

Radioactivities in materials onboard the returned Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite were studied by a variety of techniques. Among the most powerful is low background Ge semiconductor detector gamma ray spectrometry. The observed radioactivities are of two origins: those radionuclides produced by nuclear reactions with the radiation field in orbit and radionuclides present initially as contaminants in materials used for construction of the spacecraft and experimental assemblies. In the first category are experiment related monitor foils and tomato seeds, and such spacecraft materials as Al, stainless steel, and Ti. In the second category are Al, Be, Ti, Va, and some special glasses. Consider that measured peak-area count rates from both categories range from a high value of about 1 count per minute down to less than 0.001 count per minute. Successful measurement of count rates toward the low end of this range can be achieved only through low background techniques, such as used to obtain the results presented here.

Excess Baggage for Birds: Inappropriate Placement of Tags on Gannets Changes Flight Patterns

PubMed Central

Vandenabeele, Sylvie P.; Grundy, Edward; Friswell, Michael I.; Grogan, Adam; Votier, Stephen C.; Wilson, Rory P.

2014-01-01

Devices attached to flying birds can hugely enhance our understanding of their behavioural ecology for periods when they cannot be observed directly. For this, scientists routinely attach units to either birds' backs or their tails. However, inappropriate payload distribution is critical in aircraft and, since birds and planes are subject to the same laws of physics during flight, we considered aircraft aerodynamic constraints to explain flight patterns displayed by northern gannets Sula bassana equipped with (small ca. 14 g) tail- and back-mounted accelerometers and (larger ca. 30 g) tail-mounted GPS units. Tail-mounted GPS-fitted birds showed significantly higher cumulative numbers of flap-glide cycles and a higher pitch angle of the tail than accelerometer-equipped birds, indicating problems with balancing inappropriately placed weights with knock-on consequences relating to energy expenditure. These problems can be addressed by carefully choosing where to place tags on birds according to the mass of the tags and the lifestyle of the subject species. PMID:24671007

Radioactivities of Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) materials: Baggage and bonanzas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Alan R.; Hurley, Donna L.

1991-06-01

Radioactivities in materials onboard the returned Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite were studied by a variety of techniques. Among the most powerful is low background Ge semiconductor detector gamma ray spectrometry. The observed radioactivities are of two origins: those radionuclides produced by nuclear reactions with the radiation field in orbit and radionuclides present initially as contaminants in materials used for construction of the spacecraft and experimental assemblies. In the first category are experiment related monitor foils and tomato seeds, and such spacecraft materials as Al, stainless steel, and Ti. In the second category are Al, Be, Ti, Va, and some special glasses. Consider that measured peak-area count rates from both categories range from a high value of about 1 count per minute down to less than 0.001 count per minute. Successful measurement of count rates toward the low end of this range can be achieved only through low background techniques, such as used to obtain the results presented here.

Stochastic Modeling of Airlines' Scheduled Services Revenue

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamed, M. M.

1999-01-01

Airlines' revenue generated from scheduled services account for the major share in the total revenue. As such, predicting airlines' total scheduled services revenue is of great importance both to the governments (in case of national airlines) and private airlines. This importance stems from the need to formulate future airline strategic management policies, determine government subsidy levels, and formulate governmental air transportation policies. The prediction of the airlines' total scheduled services revenue is dealt with in this paper. Four key components of airline's scheduled services are considered. These include revenues generated from passenger, cargo, mail, and excess baggage. By addressing the revenue generated from each schedule service separately, air transportation planners and designers arc able to enhance their ability to formulate specific strategies for each component. Estimation results clearly indicate that the four stochastic processes (scheduled services components) are represented by different Box-Jenkins ARIMA models. The results demonstrate the appropriateness of the developed models and their ability to provide air transportation planners with future information vital to the planning and design processes.

Stochastic Modeling of Airlines' Scheduled Services Revenue

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamed, M. M.

1999-01-01

Airlines' revenue generated from scheduled services account for the major share in the total revenue. As such, predicting airlines' total scheduled services revenue is of great importance both to the governments (in case of national airlines) and private airlines. This importance stems from the need to formulate future airline strategic management policies, determine government subsidy levels, and formulate governmental air transportation policies. The prediction of the airlines' total scheduled services revenue is dealt with in this paper. Four key components of airline's scheduled services are considered. These include revenues generated from passenger, cargo, mail, and excess baggage. By addressing the revenue generated from each schedule service separately, air transportation planners and designers are able to enhance their ability to formulate specific strategies for each component. Estimation results clearly indicate that the four stochastic processes (scheduled services components) are represented by different Box-Jenkins ARIMA models. The results demonstrate the appropriateness of the developed models and their ability to provide air transportation planners with future information vital to the planning and design processes.

Airport Viz - a 3D Tool to Enhance Security Operations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koch, Daniel B

2006-01-01

In the summer of 2000, the National Safe Skies Alliance (NSSA) awarded a project to the Applied Visualization Center (AVC) at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) to develop a 3D computer tool to assist the Federal Aviation Administration security group, now the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), in evaluating new equipment and procedures to improve airport checkpoint security. A preliminary tool was demonstrated at the 2001 International Aviation Security Technology Symposium. Since then, the AVC went on to construct numerous detection equipment models as well as models of several airports. Airport Viz has been distributed by the NSSA to amore » number of airports around the country which are able to incorporate their own CAD models into the software due to its unique open architecture. It provides a checkpoint design and passenger flow simulation function, a layout design and simulation tool for checked baggage and cargo screening, and a means to assist in the vulnerability assessment of airport access points for pedestrians and vehicles.« less

Flight service evaluation of composite components on Bell 206L and Sikorsky S-76 helicopters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baker, D. J.

1983-01-01

Progress on two programs to evaluate composite structural components in flight service on commercial helicopters is described. Thirty-six ship sets of composite components that include the litter door, baggage door, forward fairing, and vertical fin were installed on Bell Model 206L helicopters that are operating in widely different climatic areas. Four horizontal stabilizers and ten tail rotor spars that are production components on the S-76 helicopter were tested after prescribed periods of service to determine the effects of the operating environment on their performance. Concurrent with the flight evaluation, specimens from materials used to fabricate the components were exposed in ground racks and tested at specified intervals to determine the effects of outdoor environments. Results achieved from 14,000 hours of accumulated service on the 206L components, tests on a S-76 horizontal stabilizer after 1600 hours of service, tests on a S-76 tail rotor spar after 2300 hours service, and two years of ground based exposure of material coupons are reported.

Excess baggage for birds: inappropriate placement of tags on gannets changes flight patterns.

PubMed

Vandenabeele, Sylvie P; Grundy, Edward; Friswell, Michael I; Grogan, Adam; Votier, Stephen C; Wilson, Rory P

2014-01-01

Devices attached to flying birds can hugely enhance our understanding of their behavioural ecology for periods when they cannot be observed directly. For this, scientists routinely attach units to either birds' backs or their tails. However, inappropriate payload distribution is critical in aircraft and, since birds and planes are subject to the same laws of physics during flight, we considered aircraft aerodynamic constraints to explain flight patterns displayed by northern gannets Sula bassana equipped with (small ca. 14 g) tail- and back-mounted accelerometers and (larger ca. 30 g) tail-mounted GPS units. Tail-mounted GPS-fitted birds showed significantly higher cumulative numbers of flap-glide cycles and a higher pitch angle of the tail than accelerometer-equipped birds, indicating problems with balancing inappropriately placed weights with knock-on consequences relating to energy expenditure. These problems can be addressed by carefully choosing where to place tags on birds according to the mass of the tags and the lifestyle of the subject species.

Passive millimeter-wave imaging for concealed article detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lovberg, John A.; Galliano, Joseph A., Jr.; Clark, Stuart E.

1997-02-01

Passive-millimeter-wave imaging (PMI) provides a powerful sensing tool for law enforcement, allowing an unobtrusive means for detecting concealed weapons, explosives, or contraband on persons or in baggage. Natural thermal emissions at millimeter wavelengths from bodies, guns, explosives, and other articles pass easily through clothing or other concealment materials, where they can be detected and converted into conventional 2-dimensional images. A new implementation of PMI has demonstrated a large-area, near- real-time staring capability for personnel inspection at standoff ranges of greater than 10 meters. In this form, PMI does not require operator cuing based on subjective 'profiles' of suspicious appearance or behaviors, which may otherwise be construed as violations of civil rights. To the contrary, PMI detects and images heat generated by any object with no predisposition as to its nature or function (e.g. race or gender of humans). As a totally passive imaging tool, it generates no radio-frequency or other radiation which might raise public health concerns. Specifics of the new PMI architecture are presented along with a host of imaging data representing the current state- of-the-art.

You Can Lead a Horse to Water but You Can't Make It Drink

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Fontenay, Alain Bourdeau; de Fontenay, Eric Bourdeau

It is easy to outline a new strategy. To succeed in its implementation is another matter, especially where there is a large historical baggage. There is no question that the music sector has been facing a major challenge since the 1990s and that it correctly places peer-to-peer as the core issue. It is also obvious that the music industry’s strategy has been steadfast in defending today’s institutions and the associated “illegality” of peer-to-peer. That has meant that it has marshaled, very successfully, huge resources to ensure that the “illegality” remains unchallenged. That has meant making sure that institutions were preserved if not reinforced to establish the “illegality” of the activities of peer-to-peer networks as well as those of file sharers of copyrighted materials. In its management of peer-to-peer, the music industry has been exceptionally successful in the court, success that can only have reinforced the music industry’s instinctual culture of defending the existing nature of copyrights. The same does not hold for the music industry’s business performance.

Compiling knowledge-based systems from KEE to Ada

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Filman, Robert E.; Bock, Conrad; Feldman, Roy

1990-01-01

The dominant technology for developing AI applications is to work in a multi-mechanism, integrated, knowledge-based system (KBS) development environment. Unfortunately, systems developed in such environments are inappropriate for delivering many applications - most importantly, they carry the baggage of the entire Lisp environment and are not written in conventional languages. One resolution of this problem would be to compile applications from complex environments to conventional languages. Here the first efforts to develop a system for compiling KBS developed in KEE to Ada (trademark). This system is called KATYDID, for KEE/Ada Translation Yields Development Into Delivery. KATYDID includes early prototypes of a run-time KEE core (object-structure) library module for Ada, and translation mechanisms for knowledge structures, rules, and Lisp code to Ada. Using these tools, part of a simple expert system was compiled (not quite automatically) to run in a purely Ada environment. This experience has given us various insights on Ada as an artificial intelligence programming language, potential solutions of some of the engineering difficulties encountered in early work, and inspiration on future system development.

Air Charter - The Business Airline of the Future...But, Does the Business Traveler Know?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaps, Robert W.; Gardner, Robin C.; Hartung, Jeffrey W.

2001-01-01

Historically, FAR Part 121 commercial carriers have provided efficient, economical and safe air transportation for corporate and business users. Recently, however, corporate and business travelers find their travel plans disrupted by delays, bankruptcies, poor service, lost baggage, fare increases, labor strikes and other systemic difficulties that degrade their travel experience to unsatisfactory levels. This article examines these Part 121 service delivery problems and, utilizing a tripartite investigative methodology, examines an alternative air transport mode: FAR Part 135 on-demand charter travel products. This long extant segment of our national air transportation system is set prime to support increased demand for charter services. Corporate and business travelers are set prime to utilize viable, cost effective alternatives to commercial travel products. Two research questions emerge. First is whether corporate and business travelers are aware of Part 135 travel alternatives. Second is whether Part 135 charter service providers are aware of this latent demand and are effectively targeting this demand segment in their marketing efforts. The three-part surveys employed to investigate these questions examined demand side

The Airline Quality Rating 2003

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bowen, Brent D.; Headley, Dean E.

2003-01-01

The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) was developed and first announced in early 1991 as an objective method of comparing airline quality on combined multiple performance criteria. This current report, the Airline Quality Rating 2003, reflects monthly Airline Quality Rating scores for 2002. AQR scores for the calendar year 2002 are based on 15 elements that focus on airline performance areas important to air travel consumers. The Airline Quality Rating 2003 is a summary of month-by-month quality ratings for the 10 largest U.S. airlines operating during 2002. Using the Airline Quality Rating system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of ontime arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, airlines comparative performance for the calendar year of 2002 is reported. This research monograph contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for domestic airline operations for the 12-month period of 2002, and industry average results. Also, comparative Airline Quality Rating data for 2001 are included for each airline to provide historical perspective regarding performance quality in the industry.

Pedestrian Detection by Laser Scanning and Depth Imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barsi, A.; Lovas, T.; Molnar, B.; Somogyi, A.; Igazvolgyi, Z.

2016-06-01

Pedestrian flow is much less regulated and controlled compared to vehicle traffic. Estimating flow parameters would support many safety, security or commercial applications. Current paper discusses a method that enables acquiring information on pedestrian movements without disturbing and changing their motion. Profile laser scanner and depth camera have been applied to capture the geometry of the moving people as time series. Procedures have been developed to derive complex flow parameters, such as count, volume, walking direction and velocity from laser scanned point clouds. Since no images are captured from the faces of pedestrians, no privacy issues raised. The paper includes accuracy analysis of the estimated parameters based on video footage as reference. Due to the dense point clouds, detailed geometry analysis has been conducted to obtain the height and shoulder width of pedestrians and to detect whether luggage has been carried or not. The derived parameters support safety (e.g. detecting critical pedestrian density in mass events), security (e.g. detecting prohibited baggage in endangered areas) and commercial applications (e.g. counting pedestrians at all entrances/exits of a shopping mall).

The Airline Quality Rating 2002

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bowen, Brent D.; Headley, Dean E.

2002-01-01

The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) was developed and first announced in early 1991 as an objective method of comparing airline quality on combined multiple performance criteria. This current report, Airline Quality Rating 2002, reflects monthly Airline Quality Rating scores for 2001. AQR scores for the calendar year 2001 are based on 15 elements that focus on airline performance areas important to air travel consumers. The Airline Quality Rating 2002 is a summary of month-by-month quality ratings for the 11 largest U.S. airlines operating during 2001. Using the Airline Quality Rating system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, airlines comparative performance for the calendar year of 2001 is reported. This research monograph contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for domestic airline operations for the 12-month period of 2001, and industry average results. Also, comparative Airline Quality Rating data for 2000 are included for each airline to provide historical perspective regarding performance quality in the industry.

The Airline Quality Rating 1999

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bowen, Brent D.; Headley, Dean E.

1999-01-01

The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) was developed and first announced in early 1991 as an objective method of comparing airline performance on combined multiple criteria. This current report, Airline Quality Rating 1999, reflects an updated approach to calculating monthly Airline Quality Rating scores for 1998. AQR scores for the calendar year 1998 are based on 15 elements that focus on airline performance areas important to air travel consumers. The Airline Quality Rating is a summary of month-by-month quality ratings for the ten major U.S. airlines operating during 1998. Using the Airline Quality Rating system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, major airlines comparative performance for the calendar year 1998 is reported. This research monograph contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for major airlines domestic operations for the 12 month period of 1998, and industry average results. Also, comparative Airline Quality Rating data for 1997, using the updated criteria, are included to provide a reference point regarding quality in the industry.

The Airline Quality Rating 2004

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bowen, Brent D.; Headley, Dean E.

2004-01-01

The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) was developed and first announced in early 1991 as an objective method of comparing airline quality on combined multiple performance criteria. This current report, the Airline Quality Rating 2004, reflects monthly Airline Quality Rating scores for 2003. AQR scores far the calendar year 2003 are based on 15 elemnts in four major areas that focus on airline performance aspects important to air travel consumers. The Airline Quality Rating 2004 is a summary of month-by-month quality ratings for U.S. airlines that have at least 1% of domestic passenger volume during 2003. Using the Airline Quality Rating system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, airlines comparative performance for the calendar year of 2003 is reported. This research monograph contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for domestic airline operations for the 12-month period of 2003, and industry results. Also, comparative Airline Quality Rating data for 2002 are included, where available, to provide historical perspective

The Airline Quality Rating 2001

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bowen, Brent D.; Headley, Dean E.

2001-01-01

The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) was developed and first announced in early 1991 as an objective method of comparing airline quality on combined multiple performance criteria. This current report, Airline Quality Rating 2001, reflects monthly Airline Quality Rating scores for 2000. AQR scores for the calendar year 2000 are based on 15 elements that focus on airline performance areas important to air travel consumers. The Airline Quality Rating 2001 is a summary of month-by-month quality ratings for the ten major U.S. airlines operating during 2000. Using the Airline Quality Rating system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, major airlines comparative performance for the calendar year of 2000 is reported. This research monograph contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for major airlines domestic operations for the 12 month period of 2000, and industry average results. Also, comparative Airline Quality Rating data for 1999 are included for each airline to provide historical perspective regarding performance quality in the industry.

Identifying changing aviation threat environments within an adaptive Homeland Security Advisory System.

PubMed

Lee, Adrian J; Jacobson, Sheldon H

2012-02-01

A critical component of aviation security consists of screening passengers and baggage to protect airports and aircraft from terrorist threats. Advancements in screening device technology have increased the ability to detect these threats; however, specifying the operational configurations of these devices in response to changes in the threat environment can become difficult. This article proposes to use Fisher information as a statistical measure for detecting changes in the threat environment. The perceived risk of passengers, according to prescreening information and behavior analysis, is analyzed as the passengers sequentially enter the security checkpoint. The alarm responses from the devices used to detect threats are also analyzed to monitor significant changes in the frequency of threat items uncovered. The key results are that this information-based measure can be used within the Homeland Security Advisory System to indicate changes in threat conditions in real time, and provide the flexibility of security screening detection devices to responsively and automatically adapt operational configurations to these changing threat conditions. © 2012 Society for Risk Analysis. All rights reserved.

Insect control in socialist China and the corporate United States: the act of comparison, the tendency to forget, and the construction of difference in 1970s U.S.-Chinese scientific exchange.

PubMed

Schmalzer, Sigrid

2013-06-01

In 1975, a delegation of U.S. entomologists traveled to socialist China to observe Chinese insect control science. Their overwhelmingly positive reports highlighted in relief the pernicious effects of pesticide corporations on U.S. agriculture; some entomologists hoped this would goad the United States to catch up to China in environmentally sensible insect control practices. Of course, insect control in socialist China carried its own political baggage, some of which-for example, mass mobilization and self-reliance--the state made highly visible to visitors, and some of which--for example, harsh treatment of scientists--it sought to obscure. For both the U.S. and the Chinese participants, the act of comparison itself was of primary significance in the exchange, allowing them to construct socialist Chinese science as refreshingly different from U.S. science. At the same time, however, this construction of difference meant forgetting the much longer transnational history in which U.S. and Chinese entomology had been intertwined.

Impact of GDP Information Technology in Developing of Regional Central Business (Case 50 Airports IT City Development in Indonesia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suyono, Joko; Sukoco, Agus; Ikhsan Setiawan, M.; Suhermin; Rahim, Robbi

2017-12-01

Indonesia a great number of populations and demand of air transportation services keep increasing by the year in line with the increasing of population and welfare its people. Need for telematics solutions to support goods transport and distribution in cities is mainly due to the complexity of the processes taking place in urban transport systems and the importance of the optimisation of transport operations via ensuring adequate availability of linear and point infrastructure, while reducing the adverse impacts of the transport system on the environment. Efficient infrastructure supports economic growth, improves quality of life, and it is important for national security. Impact of GDP Information Technology in developing of Regional Central Business especially SME Business, are very large correlations and very significant supported by Passenger Arrival and Departure, Baggage Loaded and Unloaded, Cargo Loaded and Unloaded, Separated regional asset, Grant, Capital Expenditure, Investment of Regional Gov., GDP Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing, GDP Manufacturing, GDP Electricity-Gas, GDP Water supply- Sewerage-Waste Management-Remediation Activities, GDP Financial-Insurance Activities, GDP Business Activities, GDP Public Administration and Defense-Compulsory Social Security, GDP Education and GDP Other Services Activities

Making sense of behavioral irregularities of great apes.

PubMed

Fabrega, Horacio

2006-01-01

Psychopathology, mental illness, and psychiatric treatment are concepts relevant to modern medicine and medical psychology and replete with cumbersome intellectual and literary baggage. They bear the imprint of suppositions, world views, and general beliefs and values exemplified in the science, history, and general culture of Anglo European societies. The study in higher apes of phenomena addressed by such concepts raises conceptual dilemmas, usually termed speciesism and anthropomorphism, not unlike those encountered in comparative human studies of similar phenomena across cultures and historical periods, namely, ethnocentrism and anachronism. The authors' synthesis of literature and their analysis of the implications of higher ape psychopathology represent an epistemically compelling account that broadens the scope of the comparative study of behavioral irregularities, a topic that provides a different slant for examining challenging questions in evolutionary biology and primatology, such as cognition, self awareness, intentional behavior, culture and behavioral traditions, social intelligence, sickness and healing, and altruism. Theoretical and empirical study of this topic expands formulation and can help provide informative answers about human evolution as well as essential features of human psychiatric syndromes, with potential practical implications. The study of psychopathology of higher apes and other non human primates represents an appropriate focus for neuroscience and bio-behavioral sciences.

Cognitive assessment and health education in children from two different cultures.

PubMed

Sivaramakrishnan, M; Arocha, J F; Patel, V L

1998-09-01

This paper presents research aimed at investigating high level comprehension and problem solving processes in children in two different countries, India and Colombia. To this end, we use a series of health-related cognitive tasks as assessment tools. In one study, we also examine children's performance on these cognitive tasks, in relation to their nutritional status and parasitic load. The ages of the children tested ranged from 2 through 14 years. The tasks were designed to assess comprehension of sequences, organization of concepts, understanding of health routines (hygiene practices) and evaluation of hypothesis and evidence. The results show that children approach the different tasks with a baggage of beliefs and local knowledge of the world which determines their reasoning process, their comprehension and their problems solving. The results are discussed in terms of cognitive assessment approaches, as applied to classroom instruction. Given that children construct their understanding of reality based on what they already know and that education does not take this into account, we recommend that assessment tools should be devised that can tap prior knowledge and understanding, such that this can be analyzed and understood in relation to knowledge taught in the classroom. Current educational assessment fails in such an endeavor.

Individual differences in the calibration of trust in automation.

PubMed

Pop, Vlad L; Shrewsbury, Alex; Durso, Francis T

2015-06-01

The objective was to determine whether operators with an expectancy that automation is trustworthy are better at calibrating their trust to changes in the capabilities of automation, and if so, why. Studies suggest that individual differences in automation expectancy may be able to account for why changes in the capabilities of automation lead to a substantial change in trust for some, yet only a small change for others. In a baggage screening task, 225 participants searched for weapons in 200 X-ray images of luggage. Participants were assisted by an automated decision aid exhibiting different levels of reliability. Measures of expectancy that automation is trustworthy were used in conjunction with subjective measures of trust and perceived reliability to identify individual differences in trust calibration. Operators with high expectancy that automation is trustworthy were more sensitive to changes (both increases and decreases) in automation reliability. This difference was eliminated by manipulating the causal attribution of automation errors. Attributing the cause of automation errors to factors external to the automation fosters an understanding of tasks and situations in which automation differs in reliability and may lead to more appropriate trust. The development of interventions can lead to calibrated trust in automation. © 2014, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Sickness pattern among air travellers: review of 735 cases at the Oman airport.

PubMed

Singh, Bhupi

2002-07-01

The medical records of air travellers (passengers and crew) seeking emergency medical assistance at the Airport Emergency Clinic, Seeb International Airport, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, during a 1-yr period were analyzed to determine the sickness pattern among them. The study revealed that 67% of the passengers seeking medical assistance were aged between 21 and 45 yr, and the majority (63.8%) was male. Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, injuries (sustained during journey), and otitic barotrauma/baro-otalgia accounted for more than half (51.9%) of the cases. The most common type of injury among passengers was cuts and bruises in the scalp area, but most injuries (34.7%) occurred on airport premises, not as the result of baggage falling in-flight. Lack of aerobridges is responsible for significant number of lower limb injuries to passengers. Such data highlight the need for an injury-free environment in the airports. Barotrauma was the most common cause of aircrew unfitness to continue the flight, and usually resulted in a forced layover for the concerned aircrew. The data may be useful for planning and developing medical facilities at commercial airports. Need for a safe, non-injurious environment at the airports is highlighted.

High speed civil transport

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

This report discusses the design and marketability of a next generation supersonic transport. Apogee Aeronautics Corporation has designated its High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT): Supercruiser HS-8. Since the beginning of the Concorde era, the general consensus has been that the proper time for the introduction of a next generation Supersonic Transport (SST) would depend upon the technical advances made in the areas of propulsion (reduction in emissions) and material composites (stronger, lighter materials). It is believed by many in the aerospace industry that these beforementioned technical advances lie on the horizon. With this being the case, this is the proper time to begin the design phase for the next generation HSCT. The design objective for a HSCT was to develop an aircraft that would be capable of transporting at least 250 passengers with baggage at a distance of 5500 nmi. The supersonic Mach number is currently unspecified. In addition, the design had to be marketable, cost effective, and certifiable. To achieve this goal, technical advances in the current SST's must be made, especially in the areas of aerodynamics and propulsion. As a result of these required aerodynamic advances, several different supersonic design concepts were reviewed.

The Airline Quality Rating 2004

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fink, Mary M. (Editor); Bowen, Brent D.; Headley, Dean E.

2004-01-01

The Airline Quality Rating (AQR) was developed and first announced in early 1991 as an objective method of comparing airline quality on combined multiple performance criteria. This current report, the Airline Quality Rating 2004, reflects monthly Airline Quality Rating scores for 2003. AQR scores for the calendar year 2003 are based on 15 elements in four major areas that focus on airline performance aspects important to air travel consumers. The Airline Quality Rating 2004 is a summary of month-by-month quality ratings for U.S. airlines that have at least 1 % of domestic passenger volume during 2003. Using the Airline Quality Rating system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, airlines comparative performance for the calendar year of 2003 is reported. This research monograph contains a brief summary of the AQR methodology, detailed data and charts that track comparative quality for domestic airline operations for the 12-month period of 2003, and industry results. Also, comparative Airline Quality Rating data for 2002 are included, where available, to provide historical perspective regarding performance quality in the industry.

Lessons learned in the execution of advanced x-ray material discrimination (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Young, Sharene

2017-05-01

Advanced X-ray Material Discrimination (AXMD) or BAA 13-05 was a broad agency announcement which was initiated in order to develop solutions to the following problem. The emergence of improvised explosive threats and their use by terrorists has placed many challenges on the aviation security screening layers. EDS and AT X-ray equipment have been presented with considerable challenges in developing a broad detection capability for improvised explosive threats during security screening of checked bags and carry-on items. Technologies are needed that increase the measurement or mathematical discrimination between improvised explosive threats and stream-of-commerce clutter in checked baggage and carry-on items. Conventional EDS utilizes two basic discriminating signatures: effective atomic number and density of screened objects. R and D is needed to identify additional discriminating signatures between improvised explosive threats and stream-of commerce clutter to improve detection capability with reduced false alarm rates. DHS S and T EXD along with stakeholders at the TSA, TSL, and the UK Home Office have been successful in funding efforts to address and potentially provide operational solutions which can be deployed as part of the Next Generation of X-ray Technologies.

Analyzing commercial flight crewmember perceptions' regarding airline security effectiveness, morale, and professionalism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belanger, James Durham

Since the formation of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) following the September 11, 2001 terrorist's attacks few studies involving commercial flight crewmember perceptions' of the organization's efficacy have been conducted, nor has there been any research into the effects on crewmember morale and professionalism resulting from their interactions with the TSA. This researcher surveyed 624 flight crewmembers, using a multiple-choice instrument to ascertain both their perceptions of TSA effectiveness involving an array of security issues, in addition to how crewmember interactions with the TSA may have affected their morale and professionalism. A 2-sample t-test measured the difference in the means of pilots and flight attendants regarding the study's scope, as did 2-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD comparisons, which factored in gender. The study found that crewmembers indicated some confidence in the areas of passenger and baggage screening and the Armed Pilot Program, with less confidence regarding ancillary personnel screening, airport perimeter security, and in both crewmember anti-terrorist training and human error issues. Statistical testing indicated varying differences in sample means concerning all study related issues. Finally, crewmembers indicated some effects on morale and professionalism, with a majority indicating a negative effect on both.

Weasel works SA-150: Design study of a 100 to 150 passenger transport aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alkema, Kevin; Comeaux, Michael; Gilbert, Timothy; Para, Victor; Toepfer, George

1993-01-01

As the year 2000 rapidly approaches, the airlines are faced with an extremely competitive and environmentally restrictive marketplace. In order to survive, commercial air carriers will need to find new ways to lower their direct operating costs, increase load factors and comply with tightening federal and international constraints. The SA-150 has been designed to meet these demands by focusing on the areas of aerodynamic efficiency, an improved level of passenger comfort, and a limited application of advanced technology. The SA-150 has been optimized for a 500 nmi. mission to help the airlines meet the challenges of the short haul, quick turnaround flight. With a maximum capacity of 124 passengers, and full baggage, the SA-150 is also capable of covering a range of 1500 nmi. This additional range capability will provide the airlines with flexibility when scheduling their routes. The aircraft features a 'V' tail, fly-by-wire system and is powered by two turbofans mounted under a twelve aspect ratio wing. The SA-150 will have an initial production run of 800 units and have a purchase price of $37.7 million in 1993 dollars.

Advanced millimeter-wave security portal imaging techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheen, David M.; Bernacki, Bruce E.; McMakin, Douglas L.

2012-03-01

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) imaging is rapidly gaining acceptance as a security tool to augment conventional metal detectors and baggage x-ray systems for passenger screening at airports and other secured facilities. This acceptance indicates that the technology has matured; however, many potential improvements can yet be realized. The authors have developed a number of techniques over the last several years including novel image reconstruction and display techniques, polarimetric imaging techniques, array switching schemes, and high-frequency high-bandwidth techniques. All of these may improve the performance of new systems; however, some of these techniques will increase the cost and complexity of the mm-wave security portal imaging systems. Reducing this cost may require the development of novel array designs. In particular, RF photonic methods may provide new solutions to the design and development of the sequentially switched linear mm-wave arrays that are the key element in the mm-wave portal imaging systems. Highfrequency, high-bandwidth designs are difficult to achieve with conventional mm-wave electronic devices, and RF photonic devices may be a practical alternative. In this paper, the mm-wave imaging techniques developed at PNNL are reviewed and the potential for implementing RF photonic mm-wave array designs is explored.

Evaluation of Composite Components on the Bell 206L and Sikorsky S-76 Helicopters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baker, Donald J.

1990-01-01

Progress on two programs to evaluate structural composite parts in flight service on Bell 206L and Sikorsky S-76 commercial helicopters is described. Forty ship sets of composite parts that include the litter door, baggage door, forward fairing, and vertical fin were installed on Bell Model 206L helicopters that are operating in widely different climates. Part installation started in 1981 and selected parts are being removed and tested at prescribed intervals over a 10 yr evaluation. Four horizontal stabilizers and eleven tail rotor spars that are production parts on the S-76 helicopter are being tested after prescribed periods of service to determine the effects of the operating environment on their performance. Concurrent with the flight evaluation, materials used to fabricate the parts are being exposed in ground racks and tested at specified intervals to determine the effects of outdoor environments. Results achieved from 123,000 hrs of accumulated service on the Bell 206L parts and 53,000 hrs on the Sikorsky S-76 parts are reported. Seventy-eight Bell 206L parts were removed and tested statically. Results of 7 yrs of ground exposure of materials used to make the Bell 206L parts are presented.

Semantic Representation and Scale-Up of Integrated Air Traffic Management Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keller, Richard M.; Ranjan, Shubha; Wei, Mei Y.; Eshow, Michelle M.

2016-01-01

Each day, the global air transportation industry generates a vast amount of heterogeneous data from air carriers, air traffic control providers, and secondary aviation entities handling baggage, ticketing, catering, fuel delivery, and other services. Generally, these data are stored in isolated data systems, separated from each other by significant political, regulatory, economic, and technological divides. These realities aside, integrating aviation data into a single, queryable, big data store could enable insights leading to major efficiency, safety, and cost advantages. In this paper, we describe an implemented system for combining heterogeneous air traffic management data using semantic integration techniques. The system transforms data from its original disparate source formats into a unified semantic representation within an ontology-based triple store. Our initial prototype stores only a small sliver of air traffic data covering one day of operations at a major airport. The paper also describes our analysis of difficulties ahead as we prepare to scale up data storage to accommodate successively larger quantities of data -- eventually covering all US commercial domestic flights over an extended multi-year timeframe. We review several approaches to mitigating scale-up related query performance concerns.

Analog Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) information can be more effective than binary marks.

PubMed

Cunningham, Corbin A; Drew, Trafton; Wolfe, Jeremy M

2017-02-01

In socially important visual search tasks, such as baggage screening and diagnostic radiology, experts miss more targets than is desirable. Computer-aided detection (CAD) programs have been developed specifically to improve performance in these professional search tasks. For example, in breast cancer screening, many CAD systems are capable of detecting approximately 90% of breast cancer, with approximately 0.5 false-positive detections per image. Nevertheless, benefits of CAD in clinical settings tend to be small (Birdwell, 2009) or even absent (Meziane et al., 2011; Philpotts, 2009). The marks made by a CAD system can be "binary," giving the same signal to any location where the signal is above some threshold. Alternatively, a CAD system presents an analog signal that reflects strength of the signal at a location. In the experiments reported, we compare analog and binary CAD presentations using nonexpert observers and artificial stimuli defined by two noisy signals: a visible color signal and an "invisible" signal that informed our simulated CAD system. We found that analog CAD generally yielded better overall performance than binary CAD. The analog benefit is similar at high and low target prevalence. Our data suggest that the form of the CAD signal can directly influence performance. Analog CAD may allow the computer to be more helpful to the searcher.

Is floral specialization an evolutionary dead-end? Pollination system transitions in Ruellia (Acanthaceae).

PubMed

Tripp, Erin A; Manos, Paul S

2008-07-01

Pollination systems frequently reflect adaptations to particular groups of pollinators. Such systems are indicative of evolutionary specialization and have been important in angiosperm diversification. We studied the evolution of pollination systems in the large genus Ruellia. Phylogenetic analyses, morphological ordinations, ancestral state reconstructions, and a character mapping simulation were conducted to reveal key patterns in the direction and lability of floral characters associated with pollination. We found significant floral morphological differences among species that were generally associated with different groups of floral visitors. Floral evolution has been highly labile and also directional. Some specialized systems such as hawkmoth or bat pollination are likely evolutionary dead-ends. In contrast, specialized pollination by hummingbirds is clearly not a dead-end. We found evidence for multiple reverse transitions from presumed ancestral hummingbird pollination to more derived bee or insect pollination. These repeated origins of insect pollination from hummingbird-pollinated ancestors have not evolved without historical baggage. Flowers of insect-pollinated species derived from hummingbird-pollinated ancestors are morphologically more similar to hummingbird flowers than they are to other more distantly related insect-pollinated flowers. Finally, some pollinator switches were concomitant with changes in floral morphology that are associated with those pollinators. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that some transitions have been adaptive in the evolution of Ruellia.

Sun protective behaviour of vacationers spending holidays in the tropics and subtropics.

PubMed

Reinau, D; Achermann, C; Arnet, N; Meier, C R; Hatz, C; Surber, C

2014-10-01

The development of malignant melanoma has been associated with intense episodic sun exposure, as it typically occurs during holidays in high ultraviolet (UV)-index countries. To investigate sun protective behaviour and sunburn experience of vacationers spending holidays in the tropics or subtropics. Using standardized face-to-face interviews, we conducted cross-sectional surveys among air passengers waiting in the departure or the baggage claim area at the Airport Basel-Mulhouse (Switzerland/France), and among vacationers waiting for pretravel health advice at a travel clinic in Basel (Switzerland). We completed 533, 324 and 308 interviews with departing air passengers, returning air passengers and vacationers at the travel clinic, respectively. The interviews revealed widespread misconceptions about how to prepare the skin for the sun before holidays (e.g. pretanning in the solarium). At the holiday destination, almost all respondents used sunscreen, whereas wearing protective clothing and seeking shade were less practised. Among the returning air passengers, 44% had got sunburnt during their holiday stay. The sunburn rate among returning vacationers was alarmingly high. Skin cancer prevention campaigns and pretravel health advice should tackle misconceptions regarding the preparation of the skin for the sun, and emphasize the significance of covering up and seeking shade. © 2014 British Association of Dermatologists.

Change of search time and non-search time in X-ray baggage screening due to training.

PubMed

Koller, Saskia M; Drury, Colin G; Schwaninger, Adrian

2009-06-01

As found in studies of aircraft structural inspection, the time used for judging if a part of an aircraft shows tiny cracks is composed of search time, used for actively scanning, and non-search time, used for matching and decision while fixating a region of interest (Drury et al. 1997). These findings can be applied to detection of threats by X-ray screening of passenger bags at airports. To investigate whether search time and non-search time change when an experienced screener is given additional training in recognising threat objects in passenger bags, data from a European airport were analysed. A comparison of detection performance and reaction time between two large groups of screeners, one trained for 6 months, shows a large impact of training on overall performance and on both search and non-search components of the task. There was also a small but consistent decline in performance measures with screener age. This study shows a way to localise the effect of training on threat detection performance for aviation security screening. Analysis of the time needed for screening each passenger bag showed that training had a significant effect, particularly on the non-search part of the searching process (i.e. identification, recognition, decision, response execution, etc.).

Detection of explosives, shielded nuclear materials and other hazardous substances in cargo containers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuznetsov, Andrey; Evsenin, Alexey; Vakhtin, Dmitry; Gorshkov, Igor; Osetrov, Oleg; Kalinin, Valery

2006-05-01

Nanosecond Neutron Analysis / Associated Particles Technique (NNA/APT) has been used to create devices for detection of explosives, radioactive and heavily shielded nuclear materials in cargo containers. Explosives and other hazardous materials are detected by analyzing secondary high-energy gamma-rays form reactions of fast neutrons with the materials inside the container. Depending on the dimensions of the inspected containers, the detecting system consists of one or several detection modules, each of which contains a small neutron generator with built-in position sensitive detector of associated alpha-particles and several scintillator-based gamma-ray detectors. The same gamma-ray detectors are used to detect unshielded radioactive and nuclear materials. Array of several detectors of fast neutrons is used to detect neutrons from spontaneous and induced fission of nuclear materials. These neutrons can penetrate thick layers of lead shielding, which can be used to conceal gamma-radioactivity from nuclear materials. Coincidence and timing analysis allows one to discriminate between fission neutrons and scattered probing neutrons. Mathematical modeling by MCNP5 code was used to estimate the sensitivity of the device and its optimal configuration. Capability of the device to detect 1 kg of explosive imitator inside container filled with suitcases and other baggage items has been confirmed experimentally. First experiments with heavily shielded nuclear materials have been carried out.

State of the Art and Development Trends of the Digital Radiography Systems for Cargo Inspection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Udod, V.; Van, J.; Osipov, S.; Chakhlov, S.; Temnik, A.

2016-01-01

Increasing requirements for technical parameters of inspection digital radiography systems are caused by increasing incidences of terrorism, drug trafficking and explosives via variety of transport. These requirements have determined research for new technical solutions that enable to ensure the safety of passengers and cargos in real-time. The main efforts in the analyzed method of testing are aimed at the creation of new and modernization of operated now systems of digital radiography as a whole and their main components and elements in particular. The number of these main components and elements includes sources of X-ray recording systems and transformation of radiometric information as well as algorithms and software that implements these algorithms for processing, visualization and results interpretation of inspection. Recent developments of X-ray units and betatrons used for inspection of small- and large-sized objects that are made from different materials are deserve special attention. The most effective X-ray detectors are a line and a radiometric detector matrix based on various scintillators. The most promising methods among the algorithms of material identification of testing objects are dual-energy methods. The article describes various models of digital radiography systems applied in Russia and abroad to inspection of baggage, containers, vehicles and large trucks.

Requirements and approach for a space tourism launch system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Penn, Jay P.; Lindley, Charles A.

2003-01-01

Market surveys suggest that a viable space tourism industry will require flight rates about two orders of magnitude higher than those required for conventional spacelift. Although enabling round-trip cost goals for a viable space tourism business are about 240/pound (529/kg), or 72,000/passenger round-trip, goals should be about 50/pound (110/kg) or approximately 15,000 for a typical passenger and baggage. The lower price will probably open space tourism to the general population. Vehicle reliabilities must approach those of commercial aircraft as closely as possible. This paper addresses the development of spaceplanes optimized for the ultra-high flight rate and high reliability demands of the space tourism mission. It addresses the fundamental operability, reliability, and cost drivers needed to satisfy this mission need. Figures of merit similar to those used to evaluate the economic viability of conventional commercial aircraft are developed, including items such as payload/vehicle dry weight, turnaround time, propellant cost per passenger, and insurance and depreciation costs, which show that infrastructure can be developed for a viable space tourism industry. A reference spaceplane design optimized for space tourism is described. Subsystem allocations for reliability, operability, and costs are made and a route to developing such a capability is discussed. The vehicle's ability to satisfy the traditional spacelift market is also shown.

Investigating the Intertwinement of Knowledge, Value, and Experience of Upper Secondary Students' Argumentation Concerning Socioscientific Issues

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rundgren, Carl-Johan; Eriksson, Martin; Rundgren, Shu-Nu Chang

2016-12-01

This study aims to explore students' argumentation and decision-making relating to an authentic socioscientific issue (SSI)—the problem of environmental toxins in fish from the Baltic Sea. A multi-disciplinary instructional module, designed in order to develop students' skills to argue about complex SSI, was successfully tested. Seven science majors in the final year of their upper secondary studies participated in this study. Their argumentation and decision-making processes were followed closely, and data were collected during multiple stages of the instructional module: group discussions were audio recorded, the participants wrote reports on their decision making, and postexercise interviews were conducted with individual students. The analysis focused on the skill of evaluation demonstrated by the students during the exercise and the relationships between the knowledge, values, and experiences that they used in their argumentation. Even though all of the students had access to the same information and agreed on the factual aspects of the issue, they came to different decisions. All of the students took counter-arguments and the limitations of their claims into account and were able to extend their claims where appropriate. However, their decisions differed depending on their background knowledge, values, and experiences (i.e., their intellectual baggage). The implication to SSI teaching and learning is discussed.

950 keV X-Band Linac For Material Recognition Using Two-Fold Scintillator Detector As A Concept Of Dual-Energy X-Ray System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Kiwoo; Natsui, Takuya; Hirai, Shunsuke

2011-06-01

One of the advantages of applying X-band linear accelerator (Linac) is the compact size of the whole system. That shows us the possibility of on-site system such as the custom inspection system in an airport. As X-ray source, we have developed X-band Linac and achieved maximum X-ray energy 950 keV using the low power magnetron (250 kW) in 2 {mu}s pulse length. The whole size of the Linac system is 1x1x1 m{sup 3}. That is realized by introducing X-band system. In addition, we have designed two-fold scintillator detector in dual energy X-ray concept. Monte carlo N-particle transport (MCNP) code wasmore » used to make up sensor part of the design with two scintillators, CsI and CdWO4. The custom inspection system is composed of two equipments: 950 keV X-band Linac and two-fold scintillator and they are operated simulating real situation such as baggage check in an airport. We will show you the results of experiment which was performed with metal samples: iron and lead as targets in several conditions.« less

Prescribing pork in Israel.

PubMed

Vered, Ronit

2010-01-01

Both Judaism and Islam have prohibited eating pork and its products for thousands of years. Scholars have proposed several reasons for the ban to which both religions almost totally adhere. Pork, and the refusal to eat it, possesses powerful cultural baggage for Jews. Israel has legislated two related laws: the Pork Law in 1962, that bans the rearing and slaughter of pigs across the country, and the Meat Law of 1994, prohibiting all imports of nonkosher meats into Israel. While not abounding, Israeli pork-eaters certainly exist, and a small number of pig-breeding farms operate in the country, mostly in Christian villages. The influx of Russian immigrants in the 1990s helped boost sales of pork, but the force of the taboo remains so powerful that many secular Israelis still eschew pork dishes, while willing to eat less charged nonkosher items such as shellfish. A porchetta feast recently held in the Muslim-Jewish town of Jaffa, defied the religious and cultural taboo. It was a celebration of a book by Dr. Eli Landau, The White Book, which is the first Hebrew-language collection of pork recipes. Fearing repercussions, Israeli publishers unanimously refused to publish it and the book chain stores declined to display it. As a result, Landau published it himself.

Explosive Detection in Aviation Applications Using CT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martz, H E; Crawford, C R

2011-02-15

CT scanners are deployed world-wide to detect explosives in checked and carry-on baggage. Though very similar to single- and dual-energy multi-slice CT scanners used today in medical imaging, some recently developed explosives detection scanners employ multiple sources and detector arrays to eliminate mechanical rotation of a gantry, photon counting detectors for spectral imaging, and limited number of views to reduce cost. For each bag scanned, the resulting reconstructed images are first processed by automated threat recognition algorithms to screen for explosives and other threats. Human operators review the images only when these automated algorithms report the presence of possible threats.more » The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has requirements for future scanners that include dealing with a larger number of threats, higher probability of detection, lower false alarm rates and lower operating costs. One tactic that DHS is pursuing to achieve these requirements is to augment the capabilities of the established security vendors with third-party algorithm developers. A third-party in this context refers to academics and companies other than the established vendors. DHS is particularly interested in exploring the model that has been used very successfully by the medical imaging industry, in which university researchers develop algorithms that are eventually deployed in commercial medical imaging equipment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss opportunities for third-parties to develop advanced reconstruction and threat detection algorithms.« less

Novel data visualizations of X-ray data for aviation security applications using the Open Threat Assessment Platform (OTAP)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gittinger, Jaxon M.; Jimenez, Edward S.; Holswade, Erica A.; Nunna, Rahul S.

2017-02-01

This work will demonstrate the implementation of a traditional and non-traditional visualization of x-ray images for aviation security applications that will be feasible with open system architecture initiatives such as the Open Threat Assessment Platform (OTAP). Anomalies of interest to aviation security are fluid, where characteristic signals of anomalies of interest can evolve rapidly. OTAP is a limited scope open architecture baggage screening prototype that intends to allow 3rd-party vendors to develop and easily implement, integrate, and deploy detection algorithms and specialized hardware on a field deployable screening technology [13]. In this study, stereoscopic images were created using an unmodified, field-deployed system and rendered on the Oculus Rift, a commercial virtual reality video gaming headset. The example described in this work is not dependent on the Oculus Rift, and is possible using any comparable hardware configuration capable of rendering stereoscopic images. The depth information provided from viewing the images will aid in the detection of characteristic signals from anomalies of interest. If successful, OTAP has the potential to allow for aviation security to become more fluid in its adaptation to the evolution of anomalies of interest. This work demonstrates one example that is easily implemented using the OTAP platform, that could lead to the future generation of ATR algorithms and data visualization approaches.

Analog Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) information can be more effective than binary marks

PubMed Central

Cunningham, Corbin A.; Drew, Trafton; Wolfe, Jeremy M.

2017-01-01

In socially important visual search tasks such as baggage screening and diagnostic radiology, experts miss more targets than is desirable. Computer Aided Detection (CAD) programs have been developed specifically to help improve performance in these professional search tasks. For example, in breast cancer screening, many CAD systems are capable of detecting approximately 90% of breast cancer, with approximately 0.5 false positive detections per image. Nevertheless, benefits of CAD in clinical settings tend to be small (Birdwell, 2009) or even absent (Meziane et al., 2011; Philpotts, 2009). The marks made by a CAD system can be “Binary”, giving the same signal to any location where the signal is above some threshold. Alternatively, a CAD system present an Analog signal that reflected strength of the signal at a location. In the experiments reported here, we compare analog and binary CAD presentations using non-expert observers and artificial stimuli defined by two noisy signals: a visible color signal and an "invisible" signal that informed our simulated CAD system. We found that analog CAD generally yielded better overall performance than binary CAD. The analog benefit is similar at high and low target prevalence. Our data suggest that the form of the CAD signal can directly influence performance. Analog CAD may allow the computer to be more helpful to the searcher. PMID:27928658

Cross-Cultural Perspectives of Service Quality and Risk in Air Transportation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cunningham, Lawrence F.; Young, Clifford E.; Lee, Moonkyu

2002-01-01

This study compares US and Korean customers in terms of their perceptions of airline service quality based on SERVPERF and industry-based measures, as well as their perceptions of risks involved in the airline choice. SERVPERF is a set of multi-dimensional measures of customer evaluations of service quality. The results indicate that: (1) US passengers are generally more satisfied with their airline service than Korean customers on most of the SERVPERF dimensions; (2) Koreans are generally more satisfied with the bumping procedures whereas US participants feel more satisfied with the airline's baggage handling, operations/safety, and connections; and (3) US participants perceive higher levels of performance and financial risks whereas Koreans feel greater social risk in choosing an airline. This study also examines the SERVPERF, industry-based measure, and perceived risk in predicting customer satisfaction with, and intention to repatronize the airline. The results suggest that US customers consider service reliability, in-flight comfort, and connections as the key factors determining satisfaction with airline service whereas Korean passengers generally regard reliability, assurance, and risk factors as predictors of satisfaction. The determining factors of customer intention to repatronize the airline are reliability and empathy for US, and reliability and overall risk for Korean customers. The study demonstrates the applicability of SERVPERF as a cross-cultural tool and indicates the importance of perceived risk in cross-cultural studies.

Air System Information Management

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Filman, Robert E.

2004-01-01

I flew to Washington last week, a trip rich in distributed information management. Buying tickets, at the gate, in flight, landing and at the baggage claim, myriad messages about my reservation, the weather, our flight plans, gates, bags and so forth flew among a variety of travel agency, airline and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) computers and personnel. By and large, each kind of information ran on a particular application, often specialized to own data formats and communications network. I went to Washington to attend an FAA meeting on System-Wide Information Management (SWIM) for the National Airspace System (NAS) (http://www.nasarchitecture.faa.gov/Tutorials/NAS101.cfm). NAS (and its information infrastructure, SWIM) is an attempt to bring greater regularity, efficiency and uniformity to the collection of stovepipe applications now used to manage air traffic. Current systems hold information about flight plans, flight trajectories, weather, air turbulence, current and forecast weather, radar summaries, hazardous condition warnings, airport and airspace capacity constraints, temporary flight restrictions, and so forth. Information moving among these stovepipe systems is usually mediated by people (for example, air traffic controllers) or single-purpose applications. People, whose intelligence is critical for difficult tasks and unusual circumstances, are not as efficient as computers for tasks that can be automated. Better information sharing can lead to higher system capacity, more efficient utilization and safer operations. Better information sharing through greater automation is possible though not necessarily easy.

Electronic tagging and integrated product intelligence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swerdlow, Martin; Weeks, Brian

1996-03-01

The advent of 'intelligent,' electronic data bearing tags is set to revolutionize the way industrial and retail products are identified and tracked throughout their life cycles. The dominant system for unique identification today is the bar code, which is based on printed symbology and regulated by the International Article Numbering Association. Bar codes provide users with significant operational advantages and generate considerable added value to packaging companies, product manufacturers, distributors and retailers, across supply chains in many different sectors, from retailing, to baggage handling and industrial components, e.g., for vehicles or aircraft. Electronic tags offer the potential to: (1) record and store more complex data about the product or any modifications which occur during its life cycle; (2) access (and up-date) stored data in real time in a way which does not involve contact with the product or article; (3) overcome the limitations imposed by systems which rely on line-of-sight access to stored data. Companies are now beginning to consider how electronic data tags can be used, not only to improve the efficiency of their supply chain processes, but also to revolutionize the way they do business. This paper reviews the applications and business opportunities for electronic tags and outlines CEST's strategy for achieving an 'open' standard which will ensure that tags from different vendors can co-exist on an international basis.

Promoting stair climbing: intervention effects generalize to a subsequent stair ascent.

PubMed

Webb, Oliver J; Eves, Frank F

2007-01-01

Studies report a significant increase in stair use when message prompts are introduced at the "point of choice" between stairs and escalators. Climbing one set of stairs, however, will not confer meaningful health dividends. Therefore, this study examined whether exposure to point of choice prompts also encouraged individuals to climb the next set of stairs that they encountered. Interrupted time-series design. Two separate stair/escalator pairings within a U.K. shopping mall (the "intervention" site and the "generalization" site), separated by a 25-m long atrium. Subjects. Ascending pedestrians (intervention site n = 29,713; generalization site n = 47,553). Two weeks of baseline monitoring were followed by a 13-week intervention in which banners carrying health promotion messages were introduced at the intervention site only. At both sites observers inconspicuously recorded pedestrians' methods of ascent, along with their gender, age, ethnicity, and baggage. Banners increased stair climbing at the intervention site by 161%. Results also suggested a simultaneous increase of up to 143% at the generalization site, where no prompt was in place. At both sites stair use remained significantly elevated 5 weeks after the banners were removed. It appears that exposure to point of choice prompts can encourage pedestrians to climb stairs when they are encountered in a subsequent setting. Consequently stair-climbing interventions are likely to engage the public in more physical activity than previously realized.

Student Attitudes, Student Anxieties, and How to Address Them; A handbook for science teachers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kastrup, Helge

2016-02-01

This book is based on a commitment to teaching science to everybody. What may work for training professional scientists does not work for general science education. Students bring to the classrooms preconceived attitudes, as well as the emotional baggage called 'science anxiety'. Students may regard science as cold, unfriendly, and even inherently hostile and biased against women. This book has been designed to deal with each of these issues and results from research in both Denmark and the USA. The first chapter discusses student attitudes towards science and the second discusses science anxiety. The connection between the two is discussed before the introduction of constructivism as a pedagogy that can aid science learning if it also addresses attitudes and anxieties. Much of the book elucidates what the authors have learned as science teachers and science education researchers. They studied various groups including university students majoring in the sciences, mathematics, humanities, social sciences, business, nursing, and education; high-school students; teachers' seminary students; science teachers at all levels from middle school through college; and science administrators. The insights of these groups constitute the most important feature of the book, and by sharing them, the authors hope to help their fellow science teachers to understand student attitudes about science, to recognize the connections between these and science anxiety, and to see how a pedagogy that takes these into account can improve science learning.

Wings versus legs in the avian bauplan: development and evolution of alternative locomotor strategies.

PubMed

Heers, Ashley M; Dial, Kenneth P

2015-02-01

Wings have long been regarded as a hallmark of evolutionary innovation, allowing insects, birds, and bats to radiate into aerial environments. For many groups, our intuitive and colloquial perspective is that wings function for aerial activities, and legs for terrestrial, in a relatively independent manner. However, insects and birds often engage their wings and legs cooperatively. In addition, the degree of autonomy between wings and legs may be constrained by tradeoffs, between allocating resources to wings versus legs during development, or between wing versus leg investment and performance (because legs must be carried as baggage by wings during flight and vice versa). Such tradeoffs would profoundly affect the development and evolution of locomotor strategies, and many related aspects of animal ecology. Here, we provide the first evaluation of wing versus leg investment, performance and relative use, in birds-both across species, and during ontogeny in three precocial species with different ecologies. Our results suggest that tradeoffs between wing and leg modules help shape ontogenetic and evolutionary trajectories, but can be offset by recruiting modules cooperatively. These findings offer a new paradigm for exploring locomotor strategies of flying organisms and their extinct precursors, and thereby elucidating some of the most spectacular diversity in animal history. © 2014 The Author(s). Evolution © 2014 The Society for the Study of Evolution.

Lightning Impacts on Airports - Challenges of Balancing Safety & Efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steiner, Matthias; Deierling, Wiebke; Nelson, Eric; Stone, Ken

2013-04-01

Thunderstorms and lightning pose a safety risk to personnel working outdoors, such as people maintaining airport grounds (e.g., mowing grass or repairing runway lighting) or servicing aircraft on ramps (handling baggage, food service, refueling, tugging and guiding aircraft from/to gates, etc.). Since lightning strikes can cause serious injuries or death, it is important to provide timely alerts to airport personnel so that they can get to safety when lightning is imminent. This presentation discusses the challenges and uncertainties involved in using lightning information and stakeholder procedures to ensure safety of outdoor personnel while keeping ramp operations as efficient as possible considering thunderstorm impacts. The findings presented are based on extensive observations of airline operators under thunderstorm impacts. These observations reveal a complex picture with substantial uncertainties related to the (1) source of lightning information (e.g., sensor type, network, data processing) used to base ramp closure decisions on, (2) uncertainties involved in the safety procedures employed by various stakeholders across the aviation industry (yielding notably different rules being applied by multiple airlines even at a single airport), and (3) human factors issues related to the use of decision support tools and the implementation of safety procedures. This research is supported by the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the FAA.

Space tourism optimized reusable spaceplane design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Penn, J.P.; Lindley, C.A.

Market surveys suggest that a viable space tourism industry will require flight rates about two orders of magnitude higher than those required for conventional spacelift. Although enabling round-trip cost goals for a viable space tourism business are about {dollar_sign}240 per pound ({dollar_sign}529/kg), or {dollar_sign}72,000 per passenger round-trip, goals should be about {dollar_sign}50 per pound ({dollar_sign}110/kg) or approximately {dollar_sign}15,000 for a typical passenger and baggage. The lower price will probably open space tourism to the general population. Vehicle reliabilities must approach those of commercial aircraft as closely as possible. This paper addresses the development of spaceplanes optimized for the ultra-high flightmore » rate and high reliability demands of the space tourism mission. It addresses the fundamental operability, reliability, and cost drivers needed to satisfy this mission need. Figures of merit similar to those used to evaluate the economic viability of conventional commercial aircraft are developed, including items such as payload/vehicle dry weight, turnaround time, propellant cost per passenger, and insurance and depreciation costs, which show that infrastructure can be developed for a viable space tourism industry. A reference spaceplane design optimized for space tourism is described. Subsystem allocations for reliability, operability, and costs are made and a route to developing such a capability is discussed. The vehicle{close_quote}s ability to also satisfy the traditional spacelift market is shown. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}« less

CZT sensors for Computed Tomography: from crystal growth to image quality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iniewski, K.

2016-12-01

Recent advances in Traveling Heater Method (THM) growth and device fabrication that require additional processing steps have enabled to dramatically improve hole transport properties and reduce polarization effects in Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) material. As a result high flux operation of CZT sensors at rates in excess of 200 Mcps/mm2 is now possible and has enabled multiple medical imaging companies to start building prototype Computed Tomography (CT) scanners. CZT sensors are also finding new commercial applications in non-destructive testing (NDT) and baggage scanning. In order to prepare for high volume commercial production we are moving from individual tile processing to whole wafer processing using silicon methodologies, such as waxless processing, cassette based/touchless wafer handling. We have been developing parametric level screening at the wafer stage to ensure high wafer quality before detector fabrication in order to maximize production yields. These process improvements enable us, and other CZT manufacturers who pursue similar developments, to provide high volume production for photon counting applications in an economically feasible manner. CZT sensors are capable of delivering both high count rates and high-resolution spectroscopic performance, although it is challenging to achieve both of these attributes simultaneously. The paper discusses material challenges, detector design trade-offs and ASIC architectures required to build cost-effective CZT based detection systems. Photon counting ASICs are essential part of the integrated module platforms as charge-sensitive electronics needs to deal with charge-sharing and pile-up effects.

The case of the team-spirit tailspin.

PubMed

Foster, R D

1991-01-01

Richard Johnson, newly appointed president of Century Airlines, knew the company's survival depended on customer service, which in turn depended on motivated employees. So he created the Century Spirit program to build team spirit by encouraging employee participation, individual initiative, and open communication. Among the program's early successes was a newspaper started by a group of flight attendants. The Plane Truth published information about benefits and work conditions as well as feature stories and humorous articles. It quickly became popular not only with flight attendants but also with pilots, machinists, and baggage handlers. As time went on, though, the Plane Truth began to run articles critical of the company. When management cut back workers' hours, the newspaper questioned what sacrifices the executives were making. When technical services released figures showing long turnaround times, the paper questioned the machinists' work ethic. Worried that customers might see the newspaper, Richard Johnson wanted to cancel it. The president of the flight attendants union also wanted to see it go because it was stirring up trouble with the machinists. Joan Raffin, Century's human resources director, was asked to stop the publication. But she hesitated. She knew that employee morale was on the brink, but she didn't know whether the newspaper was venting workers' frustrations and reinforcing team spirit or stirring up old animosities and bringing the whole company down. Was it creating more tension than unity or vice versa? Experts on organizational change, motivation, and management analyze the situation and make recommendations for what Joan Raffin should do.

Effect of emerging technology on a convertible, business/interceptor, supersonic-cruise jet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beissner, F. L., Jr.; Lovell, W. A.; Robins, A. W.; Swanson, E. E.

1986-01-01

This study was initiated to assess the feasibility of an eight-passenger, supersonic-cruise long range business jet aircraft that could be converted into a military missile carrying interceptor. The baseline passenger version has a flight crew of two with cabin space for four rows of two passenger seats plus baggage and lavatory room in the aft cabin. The ramp weight is 61,600 pounds with an internal fuel capacity of 30,904 pounds. Utilizing an improved version of a current technology low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, range is 3,622 nautical miles at Mach 2.0 cruise and standard day operating conditions. Balanced field takeoff distance is 6,600 feet and landing distance is 5,170 feet at 44,737 pounds. The passenger section from aft of the flight crew station to the aft pressure bulkhead in the cabin was modified for the interceptor version. Bomb bay type doors were added and volume is sufficient for four advanced air-to-air missiles mounted on a rotary launcher. Missile volume was based on a Phoenix type missile with a weight of 910 pounds per missile for a total payload weight of 3,640 pounds. Structural and equipment weights were adjusted and result in a ramp weight of 63,246 pounds with a fuel load of 30,938 pounds. Based on a typical intercept mission flight profile, the resulting radius is 1,609 nautical miles at a cruise Mach number of 2.0.

Firing up the front line.

PubMed

Katzenbach, J R; Santamaria, J A

1999-01-01

For many organizations, achieving competitive advantage means eliciting superior performance from employees on the front line--the burger flippers, hotel room cleaners, and baggage handlers whose work has an enormous effect on customers. That's no easy task. Front line workers are paid low wages, have scant hope of advancement, and--not surprisingly--often care little about the company's performance. But then how do some companies succeed in engaging the emotional energy of rank-and-file workers? A team of researchers at McKinsey & Company and the Conference Board recently explored that question and discovered that one highly effective route is demonstrated by the U.S. Marine Corps. The Marines' approach to motivation follows the "mission, values, and pride" path, which researchers say is practical and relevant for the business world. More specifically, the authors say the Marines follow five practices: they over-invest in cultivating core value; prepare every person to lead, including front line supervisors; learn when to create teams and when to create single-leader work groups; attend to all employees, not just the top half; and encourage self-discipline as a way of building pride. The authors admit there are critical differences between the Marines and most businesses. But using vivid examples from companies such as KFC and Marriott International, the authors illustrate how the Marines' approach can be translated for corporate use. Sometimes, the authors maintain, minor changes in a company's standard operating procedure can have a powerful effect on front line pride and can result in substantial payoffs in company performance.

Effects of response bias and judgment framing on operator use of an automated aid in a target detection task.

PubMed

Rice, Stephen; McCarley, Jason S

2011-12-01

Automated diagnostic aids prone to false alarms often produce poorer human performance in signal detection tasks than equally reliable miss-prone aids. However, it is not yet clear whether this is attributable to differences in the perceptual salience of the automated aids' misses and false alarms or is the result of inherent differences in operators' cognitive responses to different forms of automation error. The present experiments therefore examined the effects of automation false alarms and misses on human performance under conditions in which the different forms of error were matched in their perceptual characteristics. Young adult participants performed a simulated baggage x-ray screening task while assisted by an automated diagnostic aid. Judgments from the aid were rendered as text messages presented at the onset of each trial, and every trial was followed by a second text message providing response feedback. Thus, misses and false alarms from the aid were matched for their perceptual salience. Experiment 1 found that even under these conditions, false alarms from the aid produced poorer human performance and engendered lower automation use than misses from the aid. Experiment 2, however, found that the asymmetry between misses and false alarms was reduced when the aid's false alarms were framed as neutral messages rather than explicit misjudgments. Results suggest that automation false alarms and misses differ in their inherent cognitive salience and imply that changes in diagnosis framing may allow designers to encourage better use of imperfectly reliable automated aids.

Isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses from raw poultry products illegally imported to Japan by international flight passengers.

PubMed

Shibata, A; Hiono, T; Fukuhara, H; Sumiyoshi, R; Ohkawara, A; Matsuno, K; Okamatsu, M; Osaka, H; Sakoda, Y

2018-04-01

The transportation of poultry and related products for international trade contributes to transboundary pathogen spread and disease outbreaks worldwide. To prevent pathogen incursion through poultry products, many countries have regulations about animal health and poultry product quarantine. However, in Japan, animal products have been illegally introduced into the country in baggage and confiscated at the airport. Lately, the number of illegally imported poultry and the incursion risk of transboundary pathogens through poultry products have been increasing. In this study, we isolated avian influenza viruses (AIVs) from raw poultry products illegally imported to Japan by international passengers. Highly (H5N1 and H5N6) and low (H9N2 and H1N2) pathogenic AIVs were isolated from raw chicken and duck products carried by flight passengers. H5 and H9 isolates were phylogenetically closely related to viruses isolated from poultry in China, and haemagglutinin genes of H5N1 and H5N6 isolates belonged to clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4, respectively. Experimental infections of H5 and H9 isolates in chickens and ducks demonstrated pathogenicity and tissue tropism to skeletal muscles. To prevent virus incursion by poultry products, it is important to encourage the phased cleaning based on the disease control and eradication and promote the reduction in contamination risk in animal products. © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Observational learning and workplace safety: the effects of viewing the collective behavior of multiple social models on the use of personal protective equipment.

PubMed

Olson, Ryan; Grosshuesch, Ariel; Schmidt, Sara; Gray, Mary; Wipfli, Bradley

2009-10-01

The current project evaluated the effects of the collective behavior of multiple social models on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Prior to completing a simulated baggage-screening task, participants (N=64) watched a scripted training video that included three confederate trainees. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four manipulations, where different proportions of confederates were shown putting on over-ear sound mufflers before starting the task (0, 1, 2, or 3). White noise played at 70 decibels in the test room, and PPE use was observed unobtrusively through a lab window at five time intervals. The mean intervals of PPE use generally increased as the number of positive social models increased (0=0.63, 1=0.50, 2=1.25, 3=3.06), and differences between groups were significant [chi(2) (3, N=64)=14.92, p<.01, eta(2)=0.24]. The results suggest that the aggregate prevalence of safety behavior within work groups may be an important determinant of initial PPE use by new employees. Results suggest that new hires are likely to use PPE at a rate that is proportional to the collective PPE use observed among their peers. Safety leaders should regularly measure the collective level of PPE use at job sites and encourage majority usage through appropriate interventions such as increasing the availability or quality of PPE, training, or positive reinforcement for compliance.

Evaluation of composite components on the Bell 206L and Sikorsky S-76 helicopters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baker, Donald J.

1990-01-01

Progress on two programs to evaluate structural composite components in flight service on Bell 206L and Sikorsky S-76 commercial helicopters is described. Forty ship sets of composite components that include the litter door, baggage door, forward fairing, and vertical fin have been installed on Bell Model 206L helicopters that are operating in widely different climates. Component installation started in 1981 and selected components were removed and tested at prescribed intervals over a ten year evaluation. Four horizontal stabilizers and eleven tail rotor spars that are production components on the S-76 helicopter were tested after prescribed periods of service to determine the effects of the operating environment on their performance. Concurrent with the flight evaluation, materials used to fabricate the components were exposed in ground racks and tested at specified intervals to determine the effects of outdoor environments. Results achieved from 123,000 hours of accumulated service on the Bell 206L components and 53,000 hours on the Sikorsky S-76 components are reported. Seventy-eight Bell 206L components were removed and tested statically. Results of seven years of ground exposure of materials used to fabricate the Bell 206L components are presented. Results of tests on four Sikorsky S-76 horizontal stabilizers and eleven tail rotor spars are also presented. Panels of material used to fabricate the Sikorsky S-76 components that were exposed for six years were tested and results are presented.

Estimation and detection information trade-off for x-ray system optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cushing, Johnathan B.; Clarkson, Eric W.; Mandava, Sagar; Bilgin, Ali

2016-05-01

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) systems perform complex imaging tasks to detect and estimate system parameters, such as a baggage imaging system performing threat detection and generating reconstructions. This leads to a desire to optimize both the detection and estimation performance of a system, but most metrics only focus on one of these aspects. When making design choices there is a need for a concise metric which considers both detection and estimation information parameters, and then provides the user with the collection of possible optimal outcomes. In this paper a graphical analysis of Estimation and Detection Information Trade-off (EDIT) will be explored. EDIT produces curves which allow for a decision to be made for system optimization based on design constraints and costs associated with estimation and detection. EDIT analyzes the system in the estimation information and detection information space where the user is free to pick their own method of calculating these measures. The user of EDIT can choose any desired figure of merit for detection information and estimation information then the EDIT curves will provide the collection of optimal outcomes. The paper will first look at two methods of creating EDIT curves. These curves can be calculated using a wide variety of systems and finding the optimal system by maximizing a figure of merit. EDIT could also be found as an upper bound of the information from a collection of system. These two methods allow for the user to choose a method of calculation which best fits the constraints of their actual system.

Performance analysis of model based iterative reconstruction with dictionary learning in transportation security CT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haneda, Eri; Luo, Jiajia; Can, Ali; Ramani, Sathish; Fu, Lin; De Man, Bruno

2016-05-01

In this study, we implement and compare model based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) with dictionary learning (DL) over MBIR with pairwise pixel-difference regularization, in the context of transportation security. DL is a technique of sparse signal representation using an over complete dictionary which has provided promising results in image processing applications including denoising,1 as well as medical CT reconstruction.2 It has been previously reported that DL produces promising results in terms of noise reduction and preservation of structural details, especially for low dose and few-view CT acquisitions.2 A distinguishing feature of transportation security CT is that scanned baggage may contain items with a wide range of material densities. While medical CT typically scans soft tissues, blood with and without contrast agents, and bones, luggage typically contains more high density materials (i.e. metals and glass), which can produce severe distortions such as metal streaking artifacts. Important factors of security CT are the emphasis on image quality such as resolution, contrast, noise level, and CT number accuracy for target detection. While MBIR has shown exemplary performance in the trade-off of noise reduction and resolution preservation, we demonstrate that DL may further improve this trade-off. In this study, we used the KSVD-based DL3 combined with the MBIR cost-minimization framework and compared results to Filtered Back Projection (FBP) and MBIR with pairwise pixel-difference regularization. We performed a parameter analysis to show the image quality impact of each parameter. We also investigated few-view CT acquisitions where DL can show an additional advantage relative to pairwise pixel difference regularization.

Data collection costs in industrial environments for three occupational posture exposure assessment methods

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Documentation of posture measurement costs is rare and cost models that do exist are generally naïve. This paper provides a comprehensive cost model for biomechanical exposure assessment in occupational studies, documents the monetary costs of three exposure assessment methods for different stakeholders in data collection, and uses simulations to evaluate the relative importance of cost components. Methods Trunk and shoulder posture variables were assessed for 27 aircraft baggage handlers for 3 full shifts each using three methods typical to ergonomic studies: self-report via questionnaire, observation via video film, and full-shift inclinometer registration. The cost model accounted for expenses related to meetings to plan the study, administration, recruitment, equipment, training of data collectors, travel, and onsite data collection. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using simulated study parameters and cost components to investigate the impact on total study cost. Results Inclinometry was the most expensive method (with a total study cost of € 66,657), followed by observation (€ 55,369) and then self report (€ 36,865). The majority of costs (90%) were borne by researchers. Study design parameters such as sample size, measurement scheduling and spacing, concurrent measurements, location and travel, and equipment acquisition were shown to have wide-ranging impacts on costs. Conclusions This study provided a general cost modeling approach that can facilitate decision making and planning of data collection in future studies, as well as investigation into cost efficiency and cost efficient study design. Empirical cost data from a large field study demonstrated the usefulness of the proposed models. PMID:22738341

Enhanced Images for Checked and Carry-on Baggage and Cargo Screening

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Woodell, Glenn; Rahman, Zia-ur; Jobson, Daniel J.; Hines, Glenn

2004-01-01

The current X-ray systems used by airport security personnel for the detection of contraband, and objects such as knives and guns that can impact the security of a flight, have limited effect because of the limited display quality of the X-ray images. Since the displayed images do not possess optimal contrast and sharpness, it is possible for the security personnel to miss potentially hazardous objects. This problem is also common to other disciplines such as medical Xrays, and can be mitigated, to a large extent, by the use of state-of-the-art image processing techniques to enhance the contrast and sharpness of the displayed image. The NASA Langley Research Center's Visual Information Processing Group has developed an image enhancement technology that has direct applications to this problem of inadequate display quality. Airport security X-ray imaging systems would benefit considerably by using this novel technology, making the task of the personnel who have to interpret the X-ray images considerably easier, faster, and more reliable. This improvement would translate into more accurate screening as well as minimizing the screening time delays to airline passengers. This technology, Retinex, has been optimized for consumer applications but has been applied to medical X-rays on a very preliminary basis. The resultant technology could be incorporated into a new breed of commercial x-ray imaging systems which would be transparent to the screener yet allow them to see subtle detail much more easily, reducing the amount of time needed for screening while greatly increasing the effectiveness of contraband detection and thus public safety.

Enhanced Images for Checked and Carry-on Baggage and Cargo Screening

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Woodell, Glen; Rahman, Zia-ur; Jobson, Daniel J.; Hines, Glenn

2004-01-01

The current X-ray systems used by airport security personnel for the detection of contraband, and objects such as knives and guns that can impact the security of a flight, have limited effect because of the limited display quality of the X-ray images. Since the displayed images do not possess optimal contrast and sharpness, it is possible for the security personnel to miss potentially hazardous objects. This problem is also common to other disciplines such as medical X-rays, and can be mitigated, to a large extent, by the use of state-of-the-art image processing techniques to enhance the contrast and sharpness of the displayed image. The NASA Langley Research Centers Visual Information Processing Group has developed an image enhancement technology that has direct applications to this problem of inadequate display quality. Airport security X-ray imaging systems would benefit considerably by using this novel technology, making the task of the personnel who have to interpret the X-ray images considerably easier, faster, and more reliable. This improvement would translate into more accurate screening as well as minimizing the screening time delays to airline passengers. This technology, Retinex, has been optimized for consumer applications but has been applied to medical X-rays on a very preliminary basis. The resultant technology could be incorporated into a new breed of commercial x-ray imaging systems which would be transparent to the screener yet allow them to see subtle detail much more easily, reducing the amount of time needed for screening while greatly increasing the effectiveness of contraband detection and thus public safety.

Neutron Resonance Radiography for Explosives Detection: Technical Challenges

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Raas, W L; Blackburn, B; Boyd, E

2005-11-09

Fast Neutron Resonance Radiography (NRR) has recently become a focus of investigation as a supplement to conventional x-ray systems as a non-invasive, non-destructive means of detecting explosive material concealed in checked luggage or cargo containers at airports. Using fast (1-6 MeV) neutrons produced by the D(d,n){sup 3}He reaction, NRR provides both an imaging capability and the ability to determine the chemical composition of materials in baggage or cargo. Elemental discrimination is achieved by exploiting the resonance features of the neutron cross-section for oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen. Simulations have shown the effectiveness of multiple-element NRR through Monte Carlo transport methods;more » this work is focused on the development of a prototype system that will incorporate an accelerator-based neutron source and a neutron detection and imaging system to demonstrate the realistic capabilities of NRR in distinguishing the elemental components of concealed objects. Preliminary experiments have exposed significant technical difficulties unapparent in simulations, including the presence of image contamination from gamma ray production, the detection of low-fluence fast neutrons in a gamma field, and the mechanical difficulties inherent in the use of thin foil windows for gas cell confinement. To mitigate these concerns, a new gas target has been developed to simultaneously reduce gamma ray production and increase structural integrity in high flux gas targets. Development of a neutron imaging system and neutron counting based on characteristic neutron pulse shapes have been investigated as a means of improving signal to noise ratios, reducing irradiation times, and increasing the accuracy of elemental determination.« less

Limits in decision making arise from limits in memory retrieval.

PubMed

Giguère, Gyslain; Love, Bradley C

2013-05-07

Some decisions, such as predicting the winner of a baseball game, are challenging in part because outcomes are probabilistic. When making such decisions, one view is that humans stochastically and selectively retrieve a small set of relevant memories that provides evidence for competing options. We show that optimal performance at test is impossible when retrieving information in this fashion, no matter how extensive training is, because limited retrieval introduces noise into the decision process that cannot be overcome. One implication is that people should be more accurate in predicting future events when trained on idealized rather than on the actual distributions of items. In other words, we predict the best way to convey information to people is to present it in a distorted, idealized form. Idealization of training distributions is predicted to reduce the harmful noise induced by immutable bottlenecks in people's memory retrieval processes. In contrast, machine learning systems that selectively weight (i.e., retrieve) all training examples at test should not benefit from idealization. These conjectures are strongly supported by several studies and supporting analyses. Unlike machine systems, people's test performance on a target distribution is higher when they are trained on an idealized version of the distribution rather than on the actual target distribution. Optimal machine classifiers modified to selectively and stochastically sample from memory match the pattern of human performance. These results suggest firm limits on human rationality and have broad implications for how to train humans tasked with important classification decisions, such as radiologists, baggage screeners, intelligence analysts, and gamblers.

Gaining hope and self-confidence-An interview study of women's experience of treatment by art therapy for severe fear of childbirth.

PubMed

Wahlbeck, Helén; Kvist, Linda J; Landgren, Kajsa

2017-10-31

Fear of childbirth is a serious problem that can have negative effects on both women and babies and to date treatment options are limited. The aim of this study was to elucidate the experience of undergoing art therapy in women with severe fear of childbirth. Nineteen women residing in Sweden, who had undergone art therapy for severe fear of childbirth, were interviewed during 2011-2013 about their experiences of the treatment. All women had received both support from a specialist team of midwives and treatment by an art therapist who was also a midwife. The women were interviewed three months after giving birth. The transcribed interviews were analysed with a phenomenological hermeneutical method. A main theme and three themes emerged from the analysis. The main theme was Gaining hope and self confidence. The three themes were; Carrying heavy baggage, Creating images as a catalyst for healing and Gaining new insights and abilities. Through the use of images and colours the women gained access to difficult emotions and the act of painting helped them visualize these emotions and acted as a catalyst for the healing process. Art therapy was well accepted by the women. Through sharing their burden of fear by creating visible images, they gained hope and self-confidence in the face of their impending childbirth. The results may contribute to knowledge about the feasibility of treating fear of childbirth by art therapy. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Bioethical and Other Philosophical Considerations in Positive Psychiatry.

PubMed

Singh, Ajai R; Singh, Shakuntala A

2016-01-01

The paper begins by asserting the need for bioethical and related philosophical considerations in the emerging subspecialty Positive Psychiatry. Further discussion proceeds after offering operational definitions of the concepts fundamental to the field - Bioethics, Positive Psychology, Positive Psychiatry and Positive Mental Health - with their conceptual analysis to show their areas of connect and disconnect. It then studies the implications of positive and negative findings in the field, and presents the Positive Psychosocial Factors (PPSFs) like Resilience, Optimism, Personal Mastery, Wisdom, Religion/Spirituality, Social relationships and support, Engagement in pleasant events etc. It then evaluates them on the basis of the 4-principled bioethical model of Beneficence, Non-malfeasance, Autonomy and Justice (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009[5], 2013[6]), first offering a brief clarification of these principles and then their bioethical analysis based on the concepts of 'Common Morality', 'Specific Morality', 'Specification', 'Balancing' and 'Double Effects'. The paper then looks into the further development of the branch by studying the connectivity, synergy and possible antagonism of the various Positive Psychosocial Factors, and presents technical terms in place of common terms so that they carry least baggage. It also takes note of the salient points of caution and alarm that many incisive analysts have presented about further development in the related field of Positive Mental Health. Finally, the paper looks at where, and how, the field is headed, and why, if at all, it is proper it is headed there, based on Aristotle's concept of the four causes - Material, Efficient, Formal and Final. Suitable case vignettes are presented all through the write-up to clarify concepts.

Limits in decision making arise from limits in memory retrieval

PubMed Central

Giguère, Gyslain; Love, Bradley C.

2013-01-01

Some decisions, such as predicting the winner of a baseball game, are challenging in part because outcomes are probabilistic. When making such decisions, one view is that humans stochastically and selectively retrieve a small set of relevant memories that provides evidence for competing options. We show that optimal performance at test is impossible when retrieving information in this fashion, no matter how extensive training is, because limited retrieval introduces noise into the decision process that cannot be overcome. One implication is that people should be more accurate in predicting future events when trained on idealized rather than on the actual distributions of items. In other words, we predict the best way to convey information to people is to present it in a distorted, idealized form. Idealization of training distributions is predicted to reduce the harmful noise induced by immutable bottlenecks in people’s memory retrieval processes. In contrast, machine learning systems that selectively weight (i.e., retrieve) all training examples at test should not benefit from idealization. These conjectures are strongly supported by several studies and supporting analyses. Unlike machine systems, people’s test performance on a target distribution is higher when they are trained on an idealized version of the distribution rather than on the actual target distribution. Optimal machine classifiers modified to selectively and stochastically sample from memory match the pattern of human performance. These results suggest firm limits on human rationality and have broad implications for how to train humans tasked with important classification decisions, such as radiologists, baggage screeners, intelligence analysts, and gamblers. PMID:23610402

Learning-Based Object Identification and Segmentation Using Dual-Energy CT Images for Security.

PubMed

Martin, Limor; Tuysuzoglu, Ahmet; Karl, W Clem; Ishwar, Prakash

2015-11-01

In recent years, baggage screening at airports has included the use of dual-energy X-ray computed tomography (DECT), an advanced technology for nondestructive evaluation. The main challenge remains to reliably find and identify threat objects in the bag from DECT data. This task is particularly hard due to the wide variety of objects, the high clutter, and the presence of metal, which causes streaks and shading in the scanner images. Image noise and artifacts are generally much more severe than in medical CT and can lead to splitting of objects and inaccurate object labeling. The conventional approach performs object segmentation and material identification in two decoupled processes. Dual-energy information is typically not used for the segmentation, and object localization is not explicitly used to stabilize the material parameter estimates. We propose a novel learning-based framework for joint segmentation and identification of objects directly from volumetric DECT images, which is robust to streaks, noise and variability due to clutter. We focus on segmenting and identifying a small set of objects of interest with characteristics that are learned from training images, and consider everything else as background. We include data weighting to mitigate metal artifacts and incorporate an object boundary field to reduce object splitting. The overall formulation is posed as a multilabel discrete optimization problem and solved using an efficient graph-cut algorithm. We test the method on real data and show its potential for producing accurate labels of the objects of interest without splits in the presence of metal and clutter.

Ion sieving and desalination: Energy penalty for excess baggage

DOE PAGES

Devanathan, Ram

2017-04-03

Here, more than a billion people do not have access to clean water globally and millions of people die every year from water borne diseases. Human activity has resulted in depletion of groundwater, seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, pollution of water resources, ecological damage, and resultant threats to the world’s freshwater, food supply, security, and prosperity. To address this challenge, there is a pressing need to produce clean water from seawater, brackish groundwater, and waste water. Current desalination methods are energy intensive and produce adverse environmental impact. At the same time, energy production consumes large quantities of water and createsmore » waste water that needs to be treated with further energy input. Water treatment with membranes that separate water molecules from ions, pathogens and pollutants has been proposed as an energy-efficient solution to the fresh water crisis. Recently, membranes based on carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide (GO) have garnered considerable interest for their potential in desalination. Of these, GO membranes hold the promise of inexpensive production on a large scale but swell when immersed in water. The swollen membrane allows not only water molecules but also ions, such as Na + and Mg 2+, to pass through. Abraham and coworkers show that the interlayer spacing in a GO laminar membrane can be tuned to a certain value and then fixed by physically restraining the membrane from swelling. When the authors reduced the spacing systematically in steps from 9.8 Å to 7.4 Å, the ion permeation rate was reduced by two orders of magnitude while the water permeation rate was only halved.« less

Optimizing convergence rates of alternating minimization reconstruction algorithms for real-time explosive detection applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bosch, Carl; Degirmenci, Soysal; Barlow, Jason; Mesika, Assaf; Politte, David G.; O'Sullivan, Joseph A.

2016-05-01

X-ray computed tomography reconstruction for medical, security and industrial applications has evolved through 40 years of experience with rotating gantry scanners using analytic reconstruction techniques such as filtered back projection (FBP). In parallel, research into statistical iterative reconstruction algorithms has evolved to apply to sparse view scanners in nuclear medicine, low data rate scanners in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) [5, 7, 10] and more recently to reduce exposure to ionizing radiation in conventional X-ray CT scanners. Multiple approaches to statistical iterative reconstruction have been developed based primarily on variations of expectation maximization (EM) algorithms. The primary benefit of EM algorithms is the guarantee of convergence that is maintained when iterative corrections are made within the limits of convergent algorithms. The primary disadvantage, however is that strict adherence to correction limits of convergent algorithms extends the number of iterations and ultimate timeline to complete a 3D volumetric reconstruction. Researchers have studied methods to accelerate convergence through more aggressive corrections [1], ordered subsets [1, 3, 4, 9] and spatially variant image updates. In this paper we describe the development of an AM reconstruction algorithm with accelerated convergence for use in a real-time explosive detection application for aviation security. By judiciously applying multiple acceleration techniques and advanced GPU processing architectures, we are able to perform 3D reconstruction of scanned passenger baggage at a rate of 75 slices per second. Analysis of the results on stream of commerce passenger bags demonstrates accelerated convergence by factors of 8 to 15, when comparing images from accelerated and strictly convergent algorithms.

Data collection costs in industrial environments for three occupational posture exposure assessment methods.

PubMed

Trask, Catherine; Mathiassen, Svend Erik; Wahlström, Jens; Heiden, Marina; Rezagholi, Mahmoud

2012-06-27

Documentation of posture measurement costs is rare and cost models that do exist are generally naïve. This paper provides a comprehensive cost model for biomechanical exposure assessment in occupational studies, documents the monetary costs of three exposure assessment methods for different stakeholders in data collection, and uses simulations to evaluate the relative importance of cost components. Trunk and shoulder posture variables were assessed for 27 aircraft baggage handlers for 3 full shifts each using three methods typical to ergonomic studies: self-report via questionnaire, observation via video film, and full-shift inclinometer registration. The cost model accounted for expenses related to meetings to plan the study, administration, recruitment, equipment, training of data collectors, travel, and onsite data collection. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using simulated study parameters and cost components to investigate the impact on total study cost. Inclinometry was the most expensive method (with a total study cost of € 66,657), followed by observation (€ 55,369) and then self report (€ 36,865). The majority of costs (90%) were borne by researchers. Study design parameters such as sample size, measurement scheduling and spacing, concurrent measurements, location and travel, and equipment acquisition were shown to have wide-ranging impacts on costs. This study provided a general cost modeling approach that can facilitate decision making and planning of data collection in future studies, as well as investigation into cost efficiency and cost efficient study design. Empirical cost data from a large field study demonstrated the usefulness of the proposed models.

I-ImaS: intelligent imaging sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griffiths, J.; Royle, G.; Esbrand, C.; Hall, G.; Turchetta, R.; Speller, R.

2010-08-01

Conventional x-radiography uniformly irradiates the relevant region of the patient. Across that region, however, there is likely to be significant variation in both the thickness and pathological composition of the tissues present, which means that the x-ray exposure conditions selected, and consequently the image quality achieved, are a compromise. The I-ImaS concept eliminates this compromise by intelligently scanning the patient to identify the important diagnostic features, which are then used to adaptively control the x-ray exposure conditions at each point in the patient. In this way optimal image quality is achieved throughout the region of interest whilst maintaining or reducing the dose. An I-ImaS system has been built under an EU Framework 6 project and has undergone pre-clinical testing. The system is based upon two rows of sensors controlled via an FPGA based DAQ board. Each row consists of a 160 mm × 1 mm linear array of ten scintillator coated 3T CMOS APS devices with 32 μm pixels and a readable array of 520 × 40 pixels. The first sensor row scans the patient using a fraction of the total radiation dose to produce a preview image, which is then interrogated to identify the optimal exposure conditions at each point in the image. A signal is then sent to control a beam filter mechanism to appropriately moderate x-ray beam intensity at the patient as the second row of sensors follows behind. Tests performed on breast tissue sections found that the contrast-to-noise ratio in over 70% of the images was increased by an average of 15% at an average dose reduction of 9%. The same technology is currently also being applied to baggage scanning for airport security.

Bioethical and Other Philosophical Considerations in Positive Psychiatry

PubMed Central

Singh, Ajai R.; Singh, Shakuntala A.

2016-01-01

The paper begins by asserting the need for bioethical and related philosophical considerations in the emerging subspecialty Positive Psychiatry. Further discussion proceeds after offering operational definitions of the concepts fundamental to the field – Bioethics, Positive Psychology, Positive Psychiatry and Positive Mental Health - with their conceptual analysis to show their areas of connect and disconnect. It then studies the implications of positive and negative findings in the field, and presents the Positive Psychosocial Factors (PPSFs) like Resilience, Optimism, Personal Mastery, Wisdom, Religion/Spirituality, Social relationships and support, Engagement in pleasant events etc. It then evaluates them on the basis of the 4-principled bioethical model of Beneficence, Non-malfeasance, Autonomy and Justice (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009[5], 2013[6]), first offering a brief clarification of these principles and then their bioethical analysis based on the concepts of ‘Common Morality’, ‘Specific Morality’, ‘Specification’, ‘Balancing’ and ‘Double Effects’. The paper then looks into the further development of the branch by studying the connectivity, synergy and possible antagonism of the various Positive Psychosocial Factors, and presents technical terms in place of common terms so that they carry least baggage. It also takes note of the salient points of caution and alarm that many incisive analysts have presented about further development in the related field of Positive Mental Health. Finally, the paper looks at where, and how, the field is headed, and why, if at all, it is proper it is headed there, based on Aristotle's concept of the four causes - Material, Efficient, Formal and Final. Suitable case vignettes are presented all through the write-up to clarify concepts. PMID:28031624

Giant pandas are not an evolutionary cul-de-sac: evidence from multidisciplinary research.

PubMed

Wei, Fuwen; Hu, Yibo; Yan, Li; Nie, Yonggang; Wu, Qi; Zhang, Zejun

2015-01-01

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is one of the world's most endangered mammals and remains threatened by environmental and anthropogenic pressure. It is commonly argued that giant pandas are an evolutionary cul-de-sac because of their specialized bamboo diet, phylogenetic changes in body size, small population, low genetic diversity, and low reproductive rate. This notion is incorrect, arose from a poor understanding or appreciation of giant panda biology, and is in need of correction. In this review, we summarize research across morphology, ecology, and genetics to dispel the idea, once and for all, that giant pandas are evolutionary dead-end. The latest and most advanced research shows that giant pandas are successful animals highly adapted to a specialized bamboo diet via morphological, ecological, and genetic adaptations and coadaptation of gut microbiota. We also debunk misconceptions around population size, population growth rate, and genetic variation. During their evolutionary history spanning 8 My, giant pandas have survived diet specialization, massive bamboo flowering and die off, and rapid climate oscillations. Now, they are suffering from enormous human interference. Fortunately, continued conservation effort is greatly reducing impacts from anthropogenic interference and allowing giant panda populations and habitat to recover. Previous ideas of a giant panda evolutionary cul-de-sac resulted from an unsystematic and unsophisticated understanding of their biology and it is time to shed this baggage and focus on the survival and maintenance of this high-profile species. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Anxiety and health problems related to air travel.

PubMed

McIntosh, I B; Swanson, V; Power, K G; Raeside, F; Dempster, C

1998-12-01

A significant proportion of air travelers experience situational anxiety and physical health problems. Take-off and landing are assumed to be stressful, but anxiety related to other aspects of the air travel process, anxiety coping strategies, and in-flight health problems have not previously been investigated. We aimed to investigate frequency of perceived anxiety at procedural stages of air travel, individual strategies used to reduce such anxiety, and frequency of health problems on short-haul and long-haul flights. A questionnaire measuring the occurrence and frequency of the above was administered to two samples of intending travelers during a 3 month period to: (a) 138 travel agency clients, and (b) 100 individuals attending a hospital travel clinic. Of the 238 respondents, two thirds were women. Take-off and landing were a perceived source of anxiety for about 40% of respondents, flight delays for over 50%, and customs and baggage reclaim for a third of individuals. Most frequent anxiety-reduction methods included alcohol and cigarette use, and distraction or relaxation techniques. Physical health problems related to air travel were common, and there was a strong relationship between such problems and frequency of anxiety. Travel agency clients reported more anxiety but not more physical health symptoms overall than travel clinic clients. Women reported greater air-travel anxiety, and more somatic symptoms than men. Significant numbers of air travelers report perceived anxiety related to aspects of travel, and this is associated with health problems during flights. Airlines and travel companies could institute specific measures, including improved information and communication, to reassure clients and thereby diminish anxiety during stages of air-travel. Medical practitioners and travel agencies should also be aware of the potential stresses of air travel and the need for additional information and advice.

Effect of training and lifting equipment for preventing back pain in lifting and handling: systematic review

PubMed Central

2008-01-01

Objectives To determine whether advice and training on working techniques and lifting equipment prevent back pain in jobs that involve heavy lifting. Data sources Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, Cochrane Back Group’s specialised register, CINAHL, Nioshtic, CISdoc, Science Citation Index, and PsychLIT were searched up to September-November 2005. Review methods The primary search focused on randomised controlled trials and the secondary search on cohort studies with a concurrent control group. Interventions aimed to modify techniques for lifting and handling heavy objects or patients and including measurements for back pain, consequent disability, or sick leave as the main outcome were considered for the review. Two authors independently assessed eligibility of the studies and methodological quality of those included. For data synthesis, we summarised the results of studies comparing similar interventions. We used odds ratios and effect sizes to combine the results in a meta-analysis. Finally, we compared the conclusions of the primary and secondary analyses. Results Six randomised trials and five cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Two randomised trials and all cohort studies were labelled as high quality. Eight studies looked at lifting and moving patients, and three studies were conducted among baggage handlers or postal workers. Those in control groups received no intervention or minimal training, physical exercise, or use of back belts. None of the comparisons in randomised trials (17 720 participants) yielded significant differences. In the secondary analysis, none of the cohort studies (772 participants) had significant results, which supports the results of the randomised trials. Conclusions There is no evidence to support use of advice or training in working techniques with or without lifting equipment for preventing back pain or consequent disability. The findings challenge current widespread practice of advising workers on correct lifting technique. PMID:18244957

Using multidimensional scaling to quantify similarity in visual search and beyond

PubMed Central

Godwin, Hayward J.; Fitzsimmons, Gemma; Robbins, Arryn; Menneer, Tamaryn; Goldinger, Stephen D.

2017-01-01

Visual search is one of the most widely studied topics in vision science, both as an independent topic of interest, and as a tool for studying attention and visual cognition. A wide literature exists that seeks to understand how people find things under varying conditions of difficulty and complexity, and in situations ranging from the mundane (e.g., looking for one’s keys) to those with significant societal importance (e.g., baggage or medical screening). A primary determinant of the ease and probability of success during search are the similarity relationships that exist in the search environment, such as the similarity between the background and the target, or the likeness of the non-targets to one another. A sense of similarity is often intuitive, but it is seldom quantified directly. This presents a problem in that similarity relationships are imprecisely specified, limiting the capacity of the researcher to examine adequately their influence. In this article, we present a novel approach to overcoming this problem that combines multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses with behavioral and eye-tracking measurements. We propose a method whereby MDS can be repurposed to successfully quantify the similarity of experimental stimuli, thereby opening up theoretical questions in visual search and attention that cannot currently be addressed. These quantifications, in conjunction with behavioral and oculomotor measures, allow for critical observations about how similarity affects performance, information selection, and information processing. We provide a demonstration and tutorial of the approach, identify documented examples of its use, discuss how complementary computer vision methods could also be adopted, and close with a discussion of potential avenues for future application of this technique. PMID:26494381

The effects of two types of sleep deprivation on visual working memory capacity and filtering efficiency.

PubMed

Drummond, Sean P A; Anderson, Dane E; Straus, Laura D; Vogel, Edward K; Perez, Veronica B

2012-01-01

Sleep deprivation has adverse consequences for a variety of cognitive functions. The exact effects of sleep deprivation, though, are dependent upon the cognitive process examined. Within working memory, for example, some component processes are more vulnerable to sleep deprivation than others. Additionally, the differential impacts on cognition of different types of sleep deprivation have not been well studied. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of one night of total sleep deprivation and 4 nights of partial sleep deprivation (4 hours in bed/night) on two components of visual working memory: capacity and filtering efficiency. Forty-four healthy young adults were randomly assigned to one of the two sleep deprivation conditions. All participants were studied: 1) in a well-rested condition (following 6 nights of 9 hours in bed/night); and 2) following sleep deprivation, in a counter-balanced order. Visual working memory testing consisted of two related tasks. The first measured visual working memory capacity and the second measured the ability to ignore distractor stimuli in a visual scene (filtering efficiency). Results showed neither type of sleep deprivation reduced visual working memory capacity. Partial sleep deprivation also generally did not change filtering efficiency. Total sleep deprivation, on the other hand, did impair performance in the filtering task. These results suggest components of visual working memory are differentially vulnerable to the effects of sleep deprivation, and different types of sleep deprivation impact visual working memory to different degrees. Such findings have implications for operational settings where individuals may need to perform with inadequate sleep and whose jobs involve receiving an array of visual information and discriminating the relevant from the irrelevant prior to making decisions or taking actions (e.g., baggage screeners, air traffic controllers, military personnel, health care providers).

Smaller, Lower-Power Fast-Neutron Scintillation Detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patel, Jagdish; Blaes, Brent

2008-01-01

Scintillation-based fast-neutron detectors that are smaller and less power-hungry than mainstream scintillation-based fast-neutron detectors are undergoing development. There are numerous applications for such detectors in monitoring fast-neutron fluxes from nuclear reactors, nuclear materials, and natural sources, both on Earth and in outer space. A particularly important terrestrial application for small, low-power, portable fast-neutron detectors lies in the requirement to scan for nuclear materials in cargo and baggage arriving at international transportation facilities. The present development of miniature, low-power scintillation-based fast-neutron detectors exploits recent advances in the fabrication of avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Basically, such a detector includes a plastic scintillator, typically between 300 and 400 m thick with very thin silver mirror coating on all its faces except the one bonded to an APD. All photons generated from scintillation are thus internally reflected and eventually directed to the APD. This design affords not only compactness but also tight optical coupling for utilization of a relatively large proportion of the scintillation light. The combination of this tight coupling and the avalanche-multiplication gain (typically between 750 and 1,000) of the APD is expected to have enough sensitivity to enable monitoring of a fast-neutron flux as small as 1,000 cm(exp -2)s(exp -1). Moreover, pulse-height analysis can be expected to provide information on the kinetic energies of incident neutrons. It has been estimated that a complete, fully developed fast-neutron detector of this type, would be characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 10 cm or less, a mass of no more than about 0.5 kg, and a power demand of no more than a few watts.

Analysis of Seasonal Risk for Importation of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), via Air Passenger Traffic Arriving in Florida and California

PubMed Central

Szyniszewska, A. M.; Leppla, N. C.; Huang, Z.; Tatem, A. J.

2016-01-01

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is one of the most economically damaging pests in the world and has repeatedly invaded two major agricultural states in the United States, Florida and California, each time requiring costly eradication. The Mediterranean fruit fly gains entry primarily in infested fruit carried by airline passengers and, since Florida and California each receive about 13 million international passengers annually, the risk of Mediterranean fruit fly entering the United States is potentially very high. The risk of passengers bringing the pest into Florida or California from Mediterranean fruit fly-infested countries was determined with two novel models, one estimated seasonal variation in airline passenger number and the other defined the seasonal and spatial variability in Mediterranean fruit fly abundance. These models elucidated relationships among the risk factors for Mediterranean fruit fly introduction, such as amount of passenger traffic, routes traveled, season of travel, abundance of Mediterranean fruit fly in countries where flights departed, and risk of the pest arriving at destination airports. The risk of Mediterranean fruit fly being introduced into Florida was greatest from Colombia, Brazil, Panama, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador during January–August, whereas primarily the risk to California was from Brazil, Panama, Colombia, and Italy in May–August. About three times more Mediterranean fruit flies were intercepted in passenger baggage at airports in Florida than California, although the data were compromised by a lack of systematic sampling and other limitations. Nevertheless, this study achieved the goal of analyzing available data on seasonal passenger flow and Mediterranean fruit fly population levels to determine when surveillance should be intensified at key airports in Florida and California. PMID:27594703

Recognition of partially occluded threat objects using the annealed Hopefield network

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kim, Jung H.; Yoon, Sung H.; Park, Eui H.; Ntuen, Celestine A.

1992-01-01

Recognition of partially occluded objects has been an important issue to airport security because occlusion causes significant problems in identifying and locating objects during baggage inspection. The neural network approach is suitable for the problems in the sense that the inherent parallelism of neural networks pursues many hypotheses in parallel resulting in high computation rates. Moreover, they provide a greater degree of robustness or fault tolerance than conventional computers. The annealed Hopfield network which is derived from the mean field annealing (MFA) has been developed to find global solutions of a nonlinear system. In the study, it has been proven that the system temperature of MFA is equivalent to the gain of the sigmoid function of a Hopfield network. In our early work, we developed the hybrid Hopfield network (HHN) for fast and reliable matching. However, HHN doesn't guarantee global solutions and yields false matching under heavily occluded conditions because HHN is dependent on initial states by its nature. In this paper, we present the annealed Hopfield network (AHN) for occluded object matching problems. In AHN, the mean field theory is applied to the hybird Hopfield network in order to improve computational complexity of the annealed Hopfield network and provide reliable matching under heavily occluded conditions. AHN is slower than HHN. However, AHN provides near global solutions without initial restrictions and provides less false matching than HHN. In conclusion, a new algorithm based upon a neural network approach was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the automated inspection of threat objects from x-ray images. The robustness of the algorithm is proved by identifying occluded target objects with large tolerance of their features.

Characterization of illegal food items and identification of foodborne pathogens brought into the European Union via two major German airports.

PubMed

Beutlich, Janine; Hammerl, Jens Andre; Appel, Bernd; Nöckler, Karsten; Helmuth, Reiner; Jöst, Kristine; Ludwig, Marie-Luise; Hanke, Christine; Bechtold, Dirk; Mayer-Scholl, Anne

2015-09-16

Foods of animal origin brought illegally from third party countries into the European Community pose a risk for the introduction of diseases. This can lead to animal disease outbreaks with significant economic and social costs and subsequent severe trade restrictions. Further, disease outbreaks in humans due to illegally imported foods of animal origin have been described, yet, there are very few studies examining the potential human health impact. Passenger baggage is the most likely route by which illegal products enter a country. Therefore, the volume and geographic origin of foods of animal origin introduced illegally into Germany via the Frankfurt International Airport and Berlin-Schönefeld Airport by passenger luggage were characterized. Further, the occurrence of foodborne zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and Brucella spp. and the microbial quality of the foods were analysed by total bacterial count. Between 2012 and 2013, a total of 663 food items were seized from 296 passengers arriving in Germany from 35 different departure countries. The majority of confiscates (51%) originated from Turkey and Russia. A selection of 474 samples was subjected to microbiological analyses. Twenty-three food products tested positive for at least one of the pathogens analysed. The majority of the contaminated foods were meat (33%) or meat products (42%), and milk products (21%). Considering that only a small fraction of arriving passengers is subjected to airport custom controls and only a small number of confiscated foods could be analysed during this study, further investigations are needed to understand the public health risks posed by illegally introduced food items. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A new proof-of-principle contraband detection system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sredniawski, J.J.; Debiak, T.; Kamykowski, E.

1995-12-01

A new concept for a CDS has been developed under a Phase I ARPA funded program; it uses gamma resonance absorption (GRA) to detect certain illegal drugs that may be transported in man-portable containers. A high detection probability for heroin and cocaine is possible with a device that is also searching for explosives. Elemental detection of both N and Cl is utilized, and with tomography, a 3D density image of the elements is generated. Total density image is also developed. These two together may be used with considerable confidence in determining if heroin or cocaine is present in the interrogatedmore » containers in a small quantity (1 kg). The CDS employs a high current ({ge}10 mA) DC accelerator that produces a beam of 1.75 or 1.89 MeV protons. These protons impact a target with coatings of {sup 13}C and {sup 34}S. Depending on the coating, the resultant resonant gamma rays are preferentially absorbed in either {sup 14}N or {sup 35}Cl. The resonant gammas come off the target in a conical fan at 80.7{degree} for N and 82{degree} for Cl; a common array of segmented BGO detectors is used over an arc of 53{degree} to provide input to an imaging subsystem. The tomography makes use of rotation and vertical translation of a baggage carousel holding typically 18 average sized bags for batch processing of the contents. The single proton accelerator and target can supply multiple detection stations with the appropriate gammas, a feature that may lead to very high throughput potential approaching 2000 bags/hr. Each detection station can operate somewhat independently from the others. This paper presents the overall requirements, design, operating principles, and characteristics of the CDS proof-of-principle device developed in the Phase I program.« less

Conservation science in a terrorist age: the impact of airport security screening on the viability and DNA integrity of frozen felid spermatozoa.

PubMed

Gloor, Kayleen T; Winget, Doug; Swanson, William F

2006-09-01

In response to growing terrorism concerns, the Transportation Security Administration now requires that all checked baggage at U.S. airports be scanned through a cabinet x-ray system, which may increase risk of radiation damage to transported biologic samples and other sensitive genetic material. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of these new airport security regulations on the viability and DNA integrity of frozen felid spermatozoa. Semen was collected from two domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) and one fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), cryopreserved in plastic freezing straws, and transferred into liquid nitrogen dry shippers for security screening. Treatment groups included frozen samples from each male scanned once or three times using a Transportation Security Administration-operated cabinet x-ray system, in addition to non-scanned samples (i.e., negative control) and samples previously scanned three times and exposed to five additional high-intensity x-ray bursts (i.e., positive control). Dosimeters placed in empty dry shippers were used to quantify radiation exposure. Following treatment, straws were thawed and spermatozoa analyzed for post-thaw motility (percentage motile and rate of progressive movement), acrosome status, and DNA integrity using single-cell gel electrophoresis (i.e., the comet assay). Dosimeter measurements determined that each airport screening procedure produced approximately 16 mrem of radiation exposure. Our results indicated that all levels of radiation exposure adversely affected (P < 0.05) post-thaw sperm motility, but the percentage of acrosome-intact spermatozoa did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatment groups. Results also showed that the amount of double-stranded DNA damage was greater (P < 0.05) in sperm samples from both cat species scanned three times compared to samples scanned once or negative controls. Findings suggest that new airport security measures may cause radiation-induced damage to frozen spermatozoa and other valuable biologic samples transported on passenger aircraft and that alternative modes of sample transportation should be used whenever possible.

Bomb/no bomb: From multivariate analysis to artificial neural systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shea, Patrick; Liu, Felix; Yedidia, Barak

1992-05-01

Systems for the detection of explosives hidden in checked airline baggage have been under development at the Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) for the FAA since 1985. In May of 1987, the first prototype was fielded for testing at San Francisco International Airport. In 1989, the first production unit was field at JFK Airport in New York. Since than, over 550,000 bags have been screened by SAIC units around the world. The system uses thermal neutron activation (TNA) to detect the presence of explosives. In this technique a suitcase on a conveyor belt moves past a source and an array of detectors. Neutrons from the source easily penetrate the luggage, and are absorbed by all of the materials present. Different elements will emit different energy gamma rays after absorbing these neutrons (much like fluorescence). These gamma rays are of a high enough energy that they easily penetrate the luggage, and are detected by a detector array which surrounds the cavity enclosing the suitcase and conveyor belt. The detectors record the number of gamma rays observed at each energy. The number of gamma rays of a characteristic energy which are observed depends on the amount of the element present, its location, the number of neutrons present, and the probability that the element will capture a thermal neutron and emit the gamma ray. Since this probability is a known constant for any particular element, and the number of neutrons present and the number of characteristic gamma rays are measured, the amount of each element and its location can, in theory, be determined from the array of signals. Commercial and military explosives, such as are used by terrorists, have several characteristics which distinguish them from most objects in luggage. On of these characteristics is a high density of nitrogen. A description of the decision algorithms is presented, and the artificial neural system (ANS) is discussed. On-line experience and decision surfaces are also covered.

Analysis of Seasonal Risk for Importation of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), via Air Passenger Traffic Arriving in Florida and California.

PubMed

Szyniszewska, A M; Leppla, N C; Huang, Z; Tatem, A J

2016-12-01

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is one of the most economically damaging pests in the world and has repeatedly invaded two major agricultural states in the United States, Florida and California, each time requiring costly eradication. The Mediterranean fruit fly gains entry primarily in infested fruit carried by airline passengers and, since Florida and California each receive about 13 million international passengers annually, the risk of Mediterranean fruit fly entering the United States is potentially very high. The risk of passengers bringing the pest into Florida or California from Mediterranean fruit fly-infested countries was determined with two novel models, one estimated seasonal variation in airline passenger number and the other defined the seasonal and spatial variability in Mediterranean fruit fly abundance. These models elucidated relationships among the risk factors for Mediterranean fruit fly introduction, such as amount of passenger traffic, routes traveled, season of travel, abundance of Mediterranean fruit fly in countries where flights departed, and risk of the pest arriving at destination airports. The risk of Mediterranean fruit fly being introduced into Florida was greatest from Colombia, Brazil, Panama, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador during January-August, whereas primarily the risk to California was from Brazil, Panama, Colombia, and Italy in May-August. About three times more Mediterranean fruit flies were intercepted in passenger baggage at airports in Florida than California, although the data were compromised by a lack of systematic sampling and other limitations. Nevertheless, this study achieved the goal of analyzing available data on seasonal passenger flow and Mediterranean fruit fly population levels to determine when surveillance should be intensified at key airports in Florida and California. © The Authors 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Exploring the Full Spectrum: the Power of Combining Art and Science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Camnasio, Sara; Fonda, Enrico

2016-01-01

Science is publicly perceived as a challenging discipline open only to a small elite of extremely intelligent individuals. Its historic deficiency of women and racial minorities has helped to keep it on a outwardly unreachable pedestal far higher than the public's reach. One way we can pull science out its stiff academic walls is to incorporate it into an artistic performance. I have produced a multi-disciplinary performance event, called "The View From Nowhere", which combined dance, physics and philosophy, all in one evening. The event is part of a long-term series which will attempt to translate scientific concepts into a diverse range of works by international choreographers. Because of the success of this series, both in the public feedback as well as in the amount of educational baggage acquired by the participants, I analyzed the structure of my own event and compared it to other existing ones to generate a model for multidisciplinary collaborations between the arts and the sciences. I will present a general structure for building collaborations between artists and scientists, more specifically in the context of visual, sound and performance art. From outlining the psychological aspects of human learning and their relationship with science communication, to discussing the potential of art as educational medium, I will discuss how science-inspired performances along with a pedagogy of the topic by a scientist allows a wider pool of people to have access to topics which are normally difficult to grasp in a traditional academic context. I will also be presenting the outline of a current APS-funded, long-term project which aims to build artistic collaborations between researchers in fluid dynamics from NYU, Georgia Tech, and University of Maryland and international artists which will result in an exhibit on the topic of quantum fluids at the New York City art venue Pioneer Works.

Ultrashort pulse lasers applied to propulsion/control in space- and atmospheric-flight

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kremeyer, Kevin

2008-05-01

An impulse measurement device and analysis package was conceived, designed, constructed, tested, and demonstrated to be capable of: measuring nanoNewton-seconds to milliNewton-seconds of impulse due to laser-ablation; being transported as carry-on baggage; set-up and tear-down times of less than an hour; target exchange times of less than two minutes (targets can be ablated at multiple positions for thousands of shots); measurements in air and in vacuum; error of just a few percent; repeatability over a wide range of potential systematic error sources; and time between measurements, including ring-down and analysis, of less than 30 seconds. The instrument consists of a cantilever (i.e. leaf spring), whose time-dependent displacement/oscillation is measured and analyzed to determine the impulse imparted by a laser pulse to a target. These shapes are readily/commercially available, and any target material can be used, provided it can be fashioned in the form of a cantilever, or as a coating/film/tape, suitable for mounting on a cantilever of known geometry. The instrument was calibrated both statically and dynamically, and measurements were performed on brass, steel, and Aluminum, using laser pulses of ~7ns, ~500ps, and ~500fs. The results agree well with those published in the literature, with surface effects, atmosphere, and pre-/post-pulses demonstrating interesting effects and indicating areas for further study. In addition to exploring space-propulsion applications, measurements were performed to explore the strong beneficial effects of depositing lines of energy ahead of supersonic and hypersonic vehicles. This deposition creates a low-density channel, through which a vehicle can travel with dramatically reduced drag. Temperature and pressure are both also reduced on the front surfaces of the vehicle, while density and pressure are increased at the vehicle base. When applied off-center, this technique can be used to control the vehicle, employing the entire body as the control surface and eliminating the need for actuators. Numerical results for drag-reduction, temperature-reduction, and control forces are indicated here.

Recent trends in specialty pharma business model.

PubMed

Ku, Mannching Sherry

2015-12-01

The recent rise of specialty pharma is attributed to its flexible, versatile, and open business model while the traditional big pharma is facing a challenging time with patent cliff, generic threat, and low research and development (R&D) productivity. These multinational pharmaceutical companies, facing a difficult time, have been systematically externalizing R&D and some even establish their own corporate venture capital so as to diversify with more shots on goal, with the hope of achieving a higher success rate in their compound pipeline. Biologics and clinical Phase II proof-of-concept (POC) compounds are the preferred licensing and collaboration targets. Biologics enjoys a high success rate with a low generic biosimilar threat, while the need is high for clinical Phase II POC compounds, due to its high attrition/low success rate. Repurposing of big pharma leftover compounds is a popular strategy but with limitations. Most old compounds come with baggage either in lackluster clinical performance or short in patent life. Orphan drugs is another area which has gained popularity in recent years. The shorter and less costly regulatory pathway provides incentives, especially for smaller specialty pharma. However, clinical studies on orphan drugs require a large network of clinical operations in many countries in order to recruit enough patients. Big pharma is also working on orphan drugs starting with a small indication, with the hope of expanding the indication into a blockbuster status. Specialty medicine, including orphan drugs, has become the growth engine in the pharmaceutical industry worldwide. Big pharma is also keen on in-licensing technology or projects from specialty pharma to extend product life cycles, in order to protect their blockbuster drug franchises. Ample opportunities exist for smaller players, even in the emerging countries, to collaborate with multinational pharmaceutical companies provided that the technology platforms or specialty medicinal products are what the big pharma wants. The understanding of intellectual properties and international drug regulations are the key for specialty pharma to have a workable strategy for product registration worldwide. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Conceptualising global health: theoretical issues and their relevance for teaching

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background There has long been debate around the definition of the field of education, research and practice known as global health. In this article we step back from attempts at definition and instead ask what current definitions tell us about the evolution of the field, identifying gaps and points of debate and using these to inform discussions of how global health might be taught. Discussion What we now know as global health has its roots in the late 19th century, in the largely colonial, biomedical pursuit of ‘international health’. The twentieth century saw a change in emphasis of the field towards a much broader conceptualisation of global health, encompassing broader social determinants of health and a truly global focus. The disciplinary focus has broadened greatly to include economics, anthropology and political science, among others. There have been a number of attempts to define the new field of global health. We suggest there are three central areas of contention: what the object of knowledge of global health is, the types of knowledge to be used and around the purpose of knowledge in the field of global health. We draw a number of conclusions from this discussion. First, that definitions should pay attention to differences as well as commonalities in different parts of the world, and that the definitions of global health themselves depend to some extent on the position of the definer. Second, global health’s core strength lies in its interdisciplinary character, in particular the incorporation of approaches from outside biomedicine. This approach recognises that political, social and economic factors are central causes of ill health. Last, we argue that definition should avoid inclusion of values. In particular we argue that equity, a key element of many definitions of global health, is a value-laden concept and carries with it significant ideological baggage. As such, its widespread inclusion in the definitions of global health is inappropriate as it suggests that only people sharing these values may be seen as ‘doing’ global health. Nevertheless, discussion of values should be a key part of global health education. Summary Our discussions lead us to emphasise the importance of an approach to teaching global health that is flexible, interdisciplinary and acknowledges the different interpretations and values of those practising and teaching the field. PMID:23148788

Information management in the emergency department.

PubMed

Taylor, Todd B

2004-02-01

Information system planning for the ED is complex and new to emergency medicine, despite being used in other industries for many years. It has been estimated that less than 15% of EDs have comprehensive EDIS currently in place. The manner in which administration is approached in large part determines the success in obtaining appropriate institutional support for an EDIS. Active physician and nurse involvement is essential in the process if the new system is to be accepted at the user level. In the ED, large volumes of information are collected, collated,interpreted, and acted on immediately. Effective information management therefore is key to the successful operation of any ED. Although computerized information systems have tremendous potential for improving information management, such systems are often underused or implemented in such a way that they increase the workload on caregivers and staff. This is counter productive and should be avoided. In developing and implementing EDIS one should be careful not to automate poorly designed manual processes. Examples are ED tracking systems that require staff to manually relocate patients in the system. This task probably is completed only when the ED volume is low and "worked around" when the department is busy. Information from such a system is, therefore, flawed; at best useless and at worst counter productive. Alternatively, systems are available that can track patients automatically through the ED by way of infrared sensors similar to those used in baggage-tracking systems that have been in place in airports for years. In the automated (computerized) ED, we must have zero-fault-tolerant,enterprise-wide, hospital information networked systems that prevent unnecessary duplication of tasks, assist in tracking and entering data, and ultimately help analyze the information on a minute-to-minute basis. Such systems only reach their potential when they are fully integrated, including legacy systems, rather than stand alone proprietary EDIS. Further,a modular approach in which individual components are connected to a flexible computer backbone is ideal.Finally, good clinical content is key to virtually every aspect of the EDIS. Much of this content is yet to be developed and what is available still needs to be adapted to the EDIS environment. Daunting as it may be, an EDIS implementation properly accomplished results in better patient care, improved staff productivity, and a satisfying work environment (Box 3).

Carbon Nanotube Based Nanotechnology for NASA Mission Needs and Societal Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Jing; Meyyappan, M.

2011-01-01

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties and unique electronic properties and therefore, have received much attention for more than a decade now for a variety of applications ranging from nanoelectronics, composites to meeting needs in energy, environmental and other sectors. In this talk, we focus on some near term potential of CNT applications for both NASA and other Agency/societal needs. The most promising and successful application to date is a nano chem sensor at TRL 6 that uses a 16-256 sensor array in the construction of an electronic nose. Pristine, doped, functionalized and metal-loaded SWCNTs are used as conducting materials to provide chemical variation across the individual elements of the sensor array. This miniaturized sensor has been incorporated in an iPhone for homeland security applications. Gases and vapors relevant to leak detection in crew vehicles, biomedical, mining, chemical threats, industrial spills and others have been demonstrated. SWCNTs also respond to radiation exposure via a change in conductivity and therefore, a similar strategy is being pursued to construct a radiation nose to identify radiation sources (gamma, protons, neutrons, X-ray, etc.) with their energy levels. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) grown using plasma enhanced CVD typically are vertical, individual, freestanding structures and therefore, are ideal for construction of nanoelectrodes. A nanoelectrode array (NEA) can be the basis for an affinity-based biosensor to meet the needs in applications such as lab-on-a-chip, environmental monitoring, cancer diagnostics, biothreat monitoring, water and food safety and others. A couple of demonstrations including detection of e-coli and ricin will be discussed. The NEA is also useful for implantation in the brain for deep brain stimulation and neuroengineering applications. Miniaturization of payload such as science instrumentation and power sources is critical to reduce launch costs. High current density (greater than 100 mA/per square centimeters) field emission capabilities of CNTs can be exploited for construction of electron gun for electron microscopy and X-ray tubes for spectrometers and baggage screening. A CNT pillar array configuration has been demonstrated, not only meeting the high current density needs but more importantly providing long term emitter stability. Finally, supercapacitors hold the promise to combine the high energy density of a battery with the high power density of capacitors. Traditional graphite electrodes have not delivered this promise yet. A novel design and processing approach using MWCNTs has shown a record 550 F/g capacitance along with significant device endurance. This supercapacitor is suitable for railgun launch application for NASA, powering rovers and robots, consumer electronics and future hybrid vehicles.

Formalization of the classification pattern: survey of classification modeling in information systems engineering.

PubMed

Partridge, Chris; de Cesare, Sergio; Mitchell, Andrew; Odell, James

2018-01-01

Formalization is becoming more common in all stages of the development of information systems, as a better understanding of its benefits emerges. Classification systems are ubiquitous, no more so than in domain modeling. The classification pattern that underlies these systems provides a good case study of the move toward formalization in part because it illustrates some of the barriers to formalization, including the formal complexity of the pattern and the ontological issues surrounding the "one and the many." Powersets are a way of characterizing the (complex) formal structure of the classification pattern, and their formalization has been extensively studied in mathematics since Cantor's work in the late nineteenth century. One can use this formalization to develop a useful benchmark. There are various communities within information systems engineering (ISE) that are gradually working toward a formalization of the classification pattern. However, for most of these communities, this work is incomplete, in that they have not yet arrived at a solution with the expressiveness of the powerset benchmark. This contrasts with the early smooth adoption of powerset by other information systems communities to, for example, formalize relations. One way of understanding the varying rates of adoption is recognizing that the different communities have different historical baggage. Many conceptual modeling communities emerged from work done on database design, and this creates hurdles to the adoption of the high level of expressiveness of powersets. Another relevant factor is that these communities also often feel, particularly in the case of domain modeling, a responsibility to explain the semantics of whatever formal structures they adopt. This paper aims to make sense of the formalization of the classification pattern in ISE and surveys its history through the literature, starting from the relevant theoretical works of the mathematical literature and gradually shifting focus to the ISE literature. The literature survey follows the evolution of ISE's understanding of how to formalize the classification pattern. The various proposals are assessed using the classical example of classification; the Linnaean taxonomy formalized using powersets as a benchmark for formal expressiveness. The broad conclusion of the survey is that (1) the ISE community is currently in the early stages of the process of understanding how to formalize the classification pattern, particularly in the requirements for expressiveness exemplified by powersets, and (2) that there is an opportunity to intervene and speed up the process of adoption by clarifying this expressiveness. Given the central place that the classification pattern has in domain modeling, this intervention has the potential to lead to significant improvements.

Explorative Observations of the Urban Climate System in the Rotterdam Metropolis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jacobs, C. M.; van Hove, L. W.; Heusinkveld, B. G.; Steeneveld, G.; van Heerwaarden, C.; Elbers, J. A.

2009-12-01

Until recently, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect was thought to be relatively unimportant for Dutch conditions since The Netherlands are located in the mild Cfb climate, close to the sea. This view altered after the heat waves of 2003 and 2006 that caused an excess mortality between 1400 and 2200. The excess mortality was found in the cities in particular. Climate projections show that also in The Netherlands heat waves will likely become more frequent in the next decades, which may form an important threat to the livability in urban areas. However, information regarding UHI in Dutch cities is completely lacking, both from observational and model perspective, which hampers the design of suitable adaptation and heat mitigation strategies. In this study, an assessment of the intensity of UHI in the city of Rotterdam is made. The main aim is to assess whether or not heat stress already is or will be a critical issue in the Rotterdam area. Traverse measurements were performed in the city using two cargo bicycles as a mobile platform, equipped specifically for urban meteorology measurements. The cargo bicycles allow manoeuvring easily through the narrow streets in the city. They are equipped with a thermometer, a humidity sensor, a 2-dimensional sonic anemometer and a set of radiation sensors to measure solar radiation and infrared radiation exchange from six directions. The data are recorded at 1 Hz, and connected with concurrent GPS readings. The instruments are powered by a solar panel mounted on the baggage carrier. Measurements were performed along two previously determined routes through a number of characteristic urban districts, including an industrial area, an older residential area, a city park and the harbour area. The routes were photographed at fixed intervals from 50 cm above the ground with a fisheye lens pointing upwards. The observations were carried out during four 1-2h time intervals on 6 August 2009, a warm day with a maximum temperature of near 30°C. Data from the traverse measurements were compared with recordings from Zestienhoven, a nearby synoptic weather station outside the urban area. Satellite images and city maps were used to support the analyses. Furthermore, mesoscale model simulations for the Rotterdam area were performed. Preliminary results show that during daytime the city centre was 2 K warmer than Zestienhoven while the city park along the route was 2.4 K cooler. The air temperature perceived by humans was estimated to be 28°C at Zestienhoven and about 34°C in the city centre. During the late evening (22-24 LT), the city centre was ~5 K warmer than Zestienhoven and again, some locations near green spaces in the city were about 2 °C cooler. The difference in temperature between the city and the countryside amounted to more than 7 K during nocturnal hours. The preliminary results clearly demonstrate the existence of a considerable UHI in the city of Rotterdam and confirm the important role of green spaces in mitigating heat stress. The presentation will further highlight the measuring strategy and results from our analyses.

An Integrated 0-1 Hour First-Flash Lightning Nowcasting, Lightning Amount and Lightning Jump Warning Capability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mecikalski, John; Jewett, Chris; Carey, Larry; Zavodsky, Brad; Stano, Geoffrey

2015-01-01

Lightning one of the most dangerous weather-related phenomena, especially as many jobs and activities occur outdoors, presenting risk from a lightning strike. Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning represents a considerable safety threat to people at airfields, marinas, and outdoor facilities-from airfield personnel, to people attending outdoor stadium events, on beaches and golf courses, to mariners, as well as emergency personnel. Holle et al. (2005) show that 90% of lightning deaths occurred outdoors, while 10% occurred indoors despite the perception of safety when inside buildings. Curran et al. (2000) found that nearly half of fatalities due to weather were related to convective weather in the 1992-1994 timeframe, with lightning causing a large component of the fatalities, in addition to tornadoes and flash flooding. Related to the aviation industry, CG lightning represents a considerable hazard to baggage-handlers, aircraft refuelers, food caterers, and emergency personnel, who all become exposed to the risk of being struck within short time periods while convective storm clouds develop. Airport safety protocols require that ramp operations be modified or discontinued when lightning is in the vicinity (typically 16 km), which becomes very costly and disruptive to flight operations. Therefore, much focus has been paid to nowcasting the first-time initiation and extent of lightning, both of CG and of any lightning (e.g, in-cloud, cloud-to-cloud). For this project three lightning nowcasting methodologies will be combined: (1) a GOESbased 0-1 hour lightning initiation (LI) product (Harris et al. 2010; Iskenderian et al. 2012), (2) a High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) lightning probability and forecasted lightning flash density product, such that a quantitative amount of lightning (QL) can be assigned to a location of expected LI, and (3) an algorithm that relates Pseudo-GLM data (Stano et al. 2012, 2014) to the so-called "lightning jump" (LJ) methodology (Shultz et al. 2011) to monitor lightning trends and to anticipate/forecast severe weather (hail > or =2.5 cm, winds > or =25 m/s, tornadoes). The result will be a time-continuous algorithm that uses GOES satellite, radar fields, and HRRR model fields to nowcast first-flash LI and QL, and subsequently monitors lightning trends on a perstorm basis within the LJ algorithm for possible severe weather occurrence out to > or =3 hours. The LI-QL-LJ product will also help prepare the operational forecast community for Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) data expected in late 2015, as these data are monitored for ongoing convective storms. The LI-QL-LJ product will first predict where new lightning is highly probable using GOES imagery of developing cumulus clouds, followed by n analysis of NWS (dual-polarization) radar indicators (reflectivity at the -10 C altitude) of lightning occurrence, to increase confidence that LI is immanent. Once lightning is observed, time-continuous lightning mapping array and Pseudo-GLM observations will be analyzed to assess trends and the severe weather threat as identified by trends in lightning (i.e. LJs). Additionally, 5- and 15-min GOES imagery will then be evaluated on a per-storm basis for overshooting and other cloud-top features known to be associated with severe storms. For the processing framework, the GOES-R 0-1 hour convective initiation algorithm's output will be developed within the Warning Decision Support System - Integrated Information (WDSS-II) tracking tool, and merged with radar and lightning (LMA/Psuedo-GLM) datasets for active storms. The initial focus of system development will be over North Alabama for select lightning-active days in summer 2014, yet will be formed in an expandable manner. The lightning alert tool will also be developed in concert with National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters to meet their needs for real-time, accurate first-flash LI and timing, as well as anticipated lightning trends, amounts, continuation and cessation, so to provide key situational awareness and decision support information. The NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center will provide important logistical and collaborative support and training, involving interactions with the NWS and broader user community.

Assessment of the potential for karst in the Rustler Formation at the WIPP site.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lorenz, John Clay

2006-01-01

This report is an independent assessment of the potential for karst dissolution in evaporitic strata of the Rustler Formation at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site. Review of the available data suggests that the Rustler strata thicken and thin across the area in depositional patterns related to lateral variations in sedimentary accommodation space and normal facies changes. Most of the evidence that has been offered for the presence of karst in the subsurface has been used out of context, and the different pieces are not mutually supporting. Outside of Nash Draw, definitive evidence for the development of karst inmore » the Rustler Formation near the WIPP site is limited to the horizon of the Magenta Member in drillhole WIPP-33. Most of the other evidence cited by the proponents of karst is more easily interpreted as primary sedimentary structures and the localized dissolution of evaporitic strata adjacent to the Magenta and Culebra water-bearing units. Some of the cited evidence is invalid, an inherited baggage from studies made prior to the widespread knowledge of modern evaporite depositional environments and prior to the existence of definitive exposures of the Rustler Formation in the WIPP shafts. Some of the evidence is spurious, has been taken out of context, or is misquoted. Lateral lithologic variations from halite to mudstone within the Rustler Formation under the WIPP site have been taken as evidence for the dissolution of halite such as that seen in Nash Draw, but are more rationally explained as sedimentary facies changes. Extrapolation of the known karst features in Nash Draw eastward to the WIPP site, where conditions are and have been significantly different for half a million years, is unwarranted. The volumes of insoluble material that would remain after dissolution of halite would be significantly less than the observed bed thicknesses, thus dissolution is an unlikely explanation for the lateral variations from halite to mudstone and siltstone. Several surficial depressions at WIPP, suggested to be sinkholes, do not have enough catchment area to form a sinkhole, and holes drilled to investigate the subsurface strata do not support a sinkhole interpretation. Surface drainage across the WIPP site is poorly developed because it has been disrupted by migrating sand dunes and because precipitation is not focused by defined catchment areas in this region of low precipitation and low-dip bedding, not because it has been captured by sinkholes. There are no known points of discharge from the Rustler Formation at WIPP that would indicate the presence of a subsurface karst drainage system. The existing drillholes across the WIPP site, though small in diameter, are sufficient to assess the probability of karst development along the horizontal fractures that are common in the Rustler Formation, and the area of investigation has been augmented significantly by the mapping of four large-diameter shafts excavated into the WIPP repository. The general absence of dissolution, karsting, and related conduits is corroborated by the pumping tests which have interrogated large volumes of the Rustler Formation between drillholes. Diffusion calculations suggest that separate isotopic signatures for the water found in the fractures and the water found in the pores of the matrix rock between fractures are unlikely, thus the isotopic evidence for ancient Rustler formation waters is valid. Geophysical techniques show a number of anomalies, but the anomalies do not overlap to portray consistent and mutually supporting patterns that can be definitively related to karst void space at any given location. The coincidence of the Culebra and Magenta potentiometric heads between Nash Draw and the WIPP site is the inevitable intersection of two non-parallel surfaces rather than an indication of karst-related hydraulic communication between the two units. The proponents of karst in the Rustler Formation at the WIPP site tend to mix data, to take data out of context, and to offer theory as fact. They do not analyze the data or synthesize it into a rigorous, mutually supporting framework. They assume that the existence of an anomaly rather than the specific characteristics of that anomaly proves the existence of intra-stratal karst in the Rustler Formation. In most cases, the interpretations of karst offered are non-unique interpretations of data for which more plausible interpretations exist.« less

The Courage to Teach: Exploring the Inner Landscape of a Teacher's Life (by Parker J. Palmer)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hurt Middlecamp, Reviewed By Catherine

1999-12-01

Most of us would willingly - perhaps even passionately - tackle the question of what we should teach our students. Similarly, we are likely to engage in a conversation about how we teach and our preferences for organizing classroom time and structures. Although the question of why we teach may be raised less often (and perhaps with a hint of sarcasm), this too is a question to which most can offer a thoughtful response. An entirely different matter, however, is the question of who is the person teaching. This who involves the inner realms of one's heart, mind, and soul. How does our identity affect the teaching and learning processes? As we teach, what paths are we following intellectually, emotionally, or even spiritually? How do these paths influence our relationship to our content and to our students? With an engaging honesty, Parker Palmer pursues these questions in The Courage to Teach: Exploring the Inner Landscape of A Teacher's Life. At the outset he points out (p 4): I have no quarrel with the what or how or why questions - except when they are posed as the only questions worth asking. All of them can yield important insights into teaching and learning. But none of them opens up the territory I want to explore in this book: the inner landscape of the teaching self. One might well question why those of us teaching chemistry should be interested in examining ourselves as part of the teaching equation. Isn't scientific knowledge supposed to be as objective as we can make it? Isn't it better for us to check our emotional or intellectual baggage at the classroom door, rather than to taint the content with our biases? Or perhaps more directly stated, is it not more practical and a better use of our time to simply deal with the realities of the day-to-day classroom issues? Admittedly these are fair questions. However, to become stuck on them is to miss the opportunities for reflection and growth as teachers that Palmer's book offers. Simply put, people teach. Without putting the human factor into the teaching equation, you miss one of the key variables. In the early chapters, Palmer offers the readers simple statements to entice them to delve more deeply into his later discussions. "Good teaching cannot be reduced to technique; good teaching comes from the identity and integrity of the teacher," or, "Bad teachers distance themselves from the subject they are teaching - and in the process, from their students," or ultimately, "Only one resource is at my immediate command: my identity, my selfhood, my sense of this 'I' who teaches - without which I have no sense of the 'Thou' who learns." Readers can expect to find both ideas and a personal honesty on Palmer's part that inspires one to accept human limitations and evokes a gentle chuckle at our good days...and at our bad ones as well. Palmer has strong credentials to write about the self as teacher. In recent years, he has been a visiting faculty member at Beloit College, Berea College, and Georgetown University. Over past few decades, he has written extensively on the teaching and learning process, including To Know as We Are Known: Education as a Spiritual Journey (1983). He holds a Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley and has lived and taught in a variety of settings and communities around the globe. Woven through his writings is a sense of both the human and the spiritual dimensions of being a teacher. Thus, those who most might appreciate his reflections are comfortable with language drawn from spiritual traditions. Palmer spent a number of years as teacher and writer-in-residence at Pendle Hill, a Quaker community in Pennsylvania, and the respect and appreciation that he holds for silence and reflection come through in his writing. Expect to find no religious dogma or prescriptions in what he offers. What might those of us who teach chemistry expect to gain from this book? One possibility offered at the start is his examination of fear as a part of human nature that affects our teaching. Chapter 3 is entitled "A Culture of Fear: Education and the Disconnected Life". He admits his own anxieties and their consequences (p 29): Driven by my fear, ...I strive to make my on-stage performance slicker and smoother - and in the process make it less and less likely that my students will learn anything other than how to cover up and show off. I conceal my own fear and am unable to weave the fabric of connectedness that teaching and learning require. He poses to the reader the question of how we can transcend fear and reconnect with reality for the sake of teaching and learning. As we train our teaching staff members and future chemistry teachers, both directly (by what we say) and indirectly (by who we are), a discussion of this fear within might set the tone for more honest dialogue about ourselves as teachers. Another possibility is his discussion of the concept of paradox in teaching in learning. In Chapter 6, entitled "The Hidden Wholeness: Paradox in Teaching and Learning", he notes that our tendency to categorize and divide can have severe consequences. For example, we separate head from heart, facts from feelings, theory from practice, and teaching from learning. As a result, we may produce "minds that do not know how to feel and hearts that do not know how to think" or "teachers who talk but do not listen and students who listen but do not talk." Quoting Niels Bohr, he points out "the opposite of a true statement is a false statement, but the opposite of a profound truth can be another profound truth." Palmer explains (p 66): Paradoxical thinking requires that we embrace a view of the world in which opposites are joined, so that we can see the world clearly and see it whole. ...The result is a world more complex and confusing than the one made simplistic by either/or thought - but that simplicity is merely the dullness of death. When we think things together, we reclaim the life force in the world, in our students, in ourselves. As we teach our courses, we might similarly reflect on the consequences of the categories we use. For example, in using the categories majors and non-majors, we may not be recognizing the strengths that both bring. In viewing science as distinct from other fields, we may lose the real-world connections of science to society. And in focusing on finding "the answer" to textbook and exam questions, we may miss the possibility of there being several (or no) possible answers. In the final chapters, Palmer writes about community and what we can gain by both teaching in community and learning from our colleagues in community. In regard to the latter, he notes the "privatization" of what we do, that is, our tendency to teach solo and out of collegial sight. As a result, we have little or no shared experience related to our teaching and therefore don't tend to speak with our colleagues about what happened or needs to happen next. He points out (p 144) that When any function is privatized, the most likely outcome is that people will perform it conservatively, refusing to stray far from the silent consensus on what "works"even when it clearly does not. In Palmer's opinion, teaching at the college level has evolved slowly because of its privatization. If we were to engage in "good talk about good teaching", this would "enhance both our professional practice and the selfhood from which it comes." He views these conversations as a "professional obligation" that we should expect of ourselves and of others. In these chapters, the reader will find practical suggestions for how a more public discourse about teaching could be accomplished. As one might guess, I have been a fan of Palmer's books over the years. His writings have withstood the test of time and continue to offer thoughtful reflections to any interested in the art of teaching in its many dimensions. As might be expected, my copy of this book has had no time to gather dust on my shelf, as it keeps making the rounds. If by now somebody hasn't loaned you a copy of The Courage to Teach, you might want to get your own. More likely than not, there will be a hole in your bookshelf where it belongs.

Book Review:

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fulling, S. A.

2006-05-01

Bryce Seligman DeWitt (1923 2004), a friend and mentor to many, was a towering figure in the development of the quantum theories of gravity and gauge fields. To appreciate his uniqueness, one must recall the history through which he lived. From DeWitt's birth date through 1965, general relativity (GR) was considered to have so few empirically testable predictions that its practitioners in English-speaking countries were largely banished to mathematics departments. When the discoveries of cosmological background radiation, quasars and pulsars made it clear that GR does model important science at astronomical scales, the theory still appeared remote from the microcosmic concerns of most research physicists. Every course on elementary-particle physics began by listing the four fundamental forces of nature; then the lecturer would cross off the line 'gravitational' and say 'we will have no more to say about that one'. As recently as 1980, high-energy theorists lecturing on phase transitions in the early universe often started their timelines with a cartoon of a dragon to represent the unknowable initial subnanosecond. The isolation of GR from the rest of theoretical physics was intensified by the special nature of its mathematical tools. Particle physicists could recognize that condensed-matter people were doing quantum field theory; nuclear and molecular physicists used the same quantum mechanics. In the early days, the heavily indexed tensors of GR betokened a kinship with continuum mechanics (similarly exiled to engineering departments), but when relativists fell under the spell of index-free differential forms and algebraic topology, their isolation became complete. But only briefly: by around 1976 non-Abelian gauge theories had become the core of the standard model even as they were increasingly explicitly expounded in terms of the geometry and topology of Lie groups and fibre bundles. By 1985 the superstring revolution was under way, and soon the professors were saying that gravity was not only an honourable member of the forces of nature, but ultimately the source of them all. It has become a cliche that the unification of relativity with quantum theory is the central problem of contemporary physics. In the 1950s, before strings, non-Abelian monopoles, or even quasars, Bryce DeWitt was applying the quantum-field-theoretical methods and conceptual framework of his mentor, Julian Schwinger, to gravity. His central insight was that the conceptual and technical problems of quantum gravity were closely analogous to those of gauge theories. He developed a unified, relentlessly abstract, and highly personal vision of the fundamentals of physical theory. It was, and is, expressed in idiosyncratic and condensed notation often different from the languages of mainstream field theorists, traditional relativists, and mathematicians alike. In short, he has never been easy reading. His ideas were systematically presented in famous lecture series at the Les Houches summer schools on Relativity, Groups and Topology in 1963 [1] and 1983 [2], the book Supermanifolds [3], and a number of (relatively) shorter expositions that have been widely read. By the middle 1970s the methods that he had developed mainly for gravity were widely recognized as very useful for Yang Mills gauge theories, and his work had become part of the mainstream. Now, another 20 years after the second Les Houches, we have this final testament of Bryce DeWitt's ideas. At over 1000 pages in two volumes in a fabric-covered slipcase, it is the sort of work usually described as 'magisterial' (meaning, perhaps, 'no one has yet succeeded in reading it all the way through'). Over the years, of course, DeWitt learned many new things and thought of ways to say the old things better. Accordingly, the new books consist of reworkings of the most important parts of the older writings together with some new material. Oxford University Press is to be thanked and congratulated for the care it has lavished on this set, which is an important monument and reference but presumably not a moneymaker. Every university library must buy it, but probably few individuals will, at least not in the near term when most of those with the seniority (i.e., cash) to make the purchase already own, or have read, the Les Houches lectures. What remains to be seen is to what extent a later generation will discover it as a valuable resource. Parts I and II develop the basic classical and quantum kinematics of fields and other dynamical systems. The presentation is conducted in the utmost generality, allowing for dynamical quantities that may be anticommuting (supernumbers) and theories subject to the most general possible gauge symmetry— in fact, such symmetries are called 'invariant flows' to emphasize that they may not form a gauge group in the conventional sense. The basic ingredients are action functionals and the Peierls bracket, a manifestly covariant replacement for the Poisson bracket and equal-time commutation relations. Nothing was more central to the DeWitt gospel than these, and the book begins with a paragraph of condemnation of Hamiltonians and canonical formulations with constraints as dysfunctional nineteenth-century baggage. For DeWitt the logical progression is Peierls bracket → Schwinger action principle → Feynman functional integral although he points out that the historical development was in the opposite order. The word 'global' in the title, presumably chosen to avoid duplicating the second Les Houches lectures, refers to this overall framework.The word is somewhat misleading, since in many respects DeWitt's work entails a concentration on local over global quantities. For example, chapter 2 states forcefully that local gauge symmetries are both more fundamental and more ubiquitous than global symmetries. It must be pointed out that the Peierls Schwinger DeWitt approach, despite some advantages over initial-value formulations, has some troubles of its own. In particular, it has never completely escaped from the arena of scattering theory, the paradigm of conventional particle physics. One is naturally led to study matrix elements between an 'in-vacuum' and an 'out-vacuum' though such concepts are murky in situations, such as big bangs and black holes, where the ambient geometry is not asymptotically static in the far past and future. The newest material in the treatise appears in two chapters in part II devoted to the interpretation of quantum theory, incorporating some unpublished work of David Deutsch on the meaning of probability in physics. Such discussions are unavoidably polemical; DeWitt takes a firm stand ('Everett's ['many worlds'] interpretation has been adopted by the author out of practical necessity: he knows of no other [acceptable one]'), but he acknowledges that 'each physicist has his own manner of understanding quantum mechanics', and the philosophical differences have little import for how theories are applied in practice. In the end DeWitt's many-world theory comes out very similar to the more recent 'decoherent histories' approach, which (in some versions, at least) attributes physical reality to quantities whose measurements can be predicted with certainty—thereby having as much kinship with hidden-variable theories as with the extreme Everett view. I recall a conversation with Bryce in which he said (in paraphrase) 'there is a deeper reality underneath the quantum reality. [In that sense Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen were right.] But it is not the classical reality. [That is, a naive hidden-variable picture does not apply at the microscopic level.]' This occurred probably in the late 1970s, long after DeWitt became a public partisan of the Everett interpretation and long before this book, so I do not believe that it represents a wavering of his faith in many worlds, just a nuance in what that meant to him. Parts III through V apply the formalism in depth to successively more difficult classes of systems: quantum mechanics, linear (free) fields, and interacting fields. DeWitt's characteristic tools of effective actions, heat kernels, and ghost fields are developed. Chapters 26 and 31 outline new approaches developed in collaboration with DeWitt's recent students C Molina-Paris and C Y Wang, respectively. The first of these is a ghost-free formulation of gauge theory built on ideas of G A Vilkovisky. The second is a systematic attempt (following J Schwinger, L V Keldysh, and others) to replace the in-out matrix elements by expectation values in a single (initial) state. Most of parts VI and VII consist of special topics, such as anomalies, particle creation by external fields, Unruh acceleration temperature, black holes, and Euclideanization. Chapter 30, on black holes and Hawking radiation, will be very familiar to readers of DeWitt's influential review article [4]. Chapter 28, on anomalies, makes a careful distinction (missing from many treatments) between 'critical' anomalies, which render equations of motion inconsistent in the (would-be) quantum theory, and harmless anomalies that merely invalidate predictions that would classically follow from certain symmetries. The trace anomalies in the stress tensor of matter and the axial-current anomaly in quantum electrodynamics are harmless. Examples of critical anomalies are the chiral anomaly of a spinor field coupled to a non-Abelian gauge field and the anomaly in the conservation law of the stress tensor of certain pathological theories [5]. DeWitt's chapter calculates the trace and chiral anomalies in detail. The axial anomaly is mentioned only in a one-line summary (and not defined or indexed—generally speaking, I found the book's long index surprisingly unhelpful), and the Alvarez Witten anomaly is not mentioned at all. The last two chapters of part VII treat the most important particular quantum field theories. Chapter 34 develops many of the textbook predictions of quantum eletrodynamics from DeWitt's starting point. Chapter 35 covers Yang Mills fields and quantum gravity. The discussion of gravity is surprisingly brief, in view of DeWitt's lifelong preoccupation with that subject. One gathers that he came to accept that quantization of ordinary GR was a nonrenormalizable dead end and he did not feel able to delve into modern alternatives such as string theory. He rejects renormalizable fourth-order modifications of four-dimensional gravity because he could not stomach unfriendly ghosts (states of negative norm or unboundedly negative energy) nor the technical difficulties of integrating such theories into the functional-integral formalism (see pp 866 7). Finally, there is part VIII, entitled 'Examples. Simple Exercises in the Use of the Global Formalism'. It consists of 25 short chapters numbered separately from those of the main text. The preface recommends reading these and the main text in parallel. Most valuable in my opinion is a string of successively more complicated fermionic models, from which one can, with effort, come to understand the book's concern with anticommuting quantities. Hidden in an appendix (p 1001) is a crucial motivational paragraph: Super Hilbert spaces are generalizations of ordinary Hilbert spaces, designed so as to enable one to consider quantum systems with supernumber-valued parameters (e.g., a-type external sources) which, themselves, are introduced in order to present, in a compact algebraic way, certain relationships between real physical amplitudes. Real physics is restricted to the ordinary Hilbert space that fits inside the super Hilbert space. That is, anticommuting classical quantities (a-numbers) serve to fit anticommuting quantum fields naturally into the formalism of actions and functional integrals. Ultimately, the quantum theory of a conventional fermion field is expressible in the same spinors and Dirac matrices as before supersymmetry was invented. On the other hand, since products of two a-numbers are commuting objects, the full algebra of supernumbers includes an infinite hierarchy of positive even degree in addition to the ordinary real or complex numbers at degree 0 and the anticommuting things of odd degree. DeWitt calls all the even supernumbers 'c-numbers'; quantities of degree 0 are 'body' and those of all positive degrees are 'soul'. For consistency this parallel spirit world must be carried along even when the theory is purely bosonic; but it can be shown that the c-number soul makes no net contribution to the integrals that arise in field-theoretic calculations, and in the end it seems that the reader is not misled by interpreting 'c-number' in the traditional way in most contexts. This seems a high price to pay for the existence of classical fermion fields. The supernumber examples continue up through spin-3/2 fields, but there is no discussion anywhere of full supergravity. As part VIII progresses, the examples become less pedagogical and more a catalogue of formulas for particular field theories. Filling in the details of these calculations will indeed be strenuous exercises for the diligent student. Is this treatise a textbook, a reference, or something else? Certainly it is not intended for a beginner. The author says that it is 'in no sense a reference book', that it is intended 'to tie up loose ends', and that 'the selection of topics is idiosyncratic'. Bibliographical citations are sparse, although scrupulous in giving credit for the ideas of others. As I've noted, often one is surprised at what topics are not treated. Nevertheless, this wide-ranging and deep picture of the fundamental structure of our universe is awe-inspiring. Bryce DeWitt was uncommonly lucky in being able to complete a comprehensive statement of his world view right at the end of his life. We, also, are lucky to have it. We and our successors should revere it, even as we sift it critically for those ideas that should survive as principles of the theoretical physics of the future. References DeWitt B 1964 Dynamical theory of groups and fields Relativity, Groups and Topology ed C DeWitt and B DeWitt (London: Gordon and Breach) pp 585 820 (Republished as DeWitt B S 1965 Dynamical Theory of Groups and Fields (London: Gordon and Breach)) DeWitt B 1984 The spacetime approach to quantum field theory Relativity, Groups and Topology II ed BS DeWitt and R Stora (Amersterdam: North-Holland) pp381 738 DeWitt B 1984 Supermanifolds (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) DeWitt B 1975 Phys. Rep. 19 295 357 Alvarez-Gaumé L and Witten E 1983 Nucl. Phys. B 234 269 330