Simulated Exercise Physiology Laboratories.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morrow, James R., Jr.; Pivarnik, James M.

This book consists of a lab manual and computer disks for either Apple or IBM hardware. The lab manual serves as "tour guide" for the learner going through the various lab experiences. The manual contains definitions, proper terminology, and other basic information about physiological principles. It is organized so a step-by-step procedure may be…

A photoelectric skylight polarimeter.

PubMed

Hariharan, T A; Sekera, Z

1966-09-01

A photoelectric skylight polarimeter to measure directly the Stokes parameters for plane polarized light is described. The basic principle of the instrument consists in the simultaneous measurement of the intensity of light (in the chosen spectral region) transmitted by polarizers oriented in four specific directions. The main features and performance characteristics of the instrument are briefly discussed.

Seat-of-the-Pants Parenting and Action Research

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schader, Robin

2010-01-01

As a young parent, the author hoped to find ideas, like recipes, that she could immediately put to use. In reality, it is a handful of basic good parenting principles that are especially useful when raising children with exceptional abilities. The author highlights five important elements of parenting that have consistently popped up in her…

Apprentice Heating Systems Specialist, 11-1. Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.

This military-developed text consists of four volumes of materials for use by those studying to become apprentice heating system specialists. Covered in the individual volumes are the following topics: related subjects (basic electricity, electrical controls, pipe and copper tubing, the principles of heating, fuels, and fuel systems); heating…

Basic Needs and the Development of Interest and Intrinsic Motivational Orientations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Krapp, Andreas

2005-01-01

From the perspective of the ''person-object-theory of interest'' (POI) the development of interest and interest-related motivational orientations can be explained at the level of functional principles by referring to a dual regulation system that consists of both, cognitive-rational and partly subconscious emotional control mechanisms. Within this…

The Bernese Program against Victimization in Kindergarten and Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alsaker, Francoise D.; Valkanover, Stefan

2012-01-01

The Bernese Program against Victimization in Kindergarten and Elementary School was designed to be adaptable to the very different situations and needs encountered by teachers in kindergarten and elementary school. The basic principle of the program is to enhance teachers' ability to address bullying. The program consists of six modules, each…

"Sexual Health Assessment" for Mental Health and Medical Practitioners: Teaching Notes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barratt, Barnaby B.; Rand, Marsha A.

2009-01-01

The importance of including sexual health assessment (SHA) within the biopsychosocial evaluations of mental health and medical practice is discussed, and various protocols available in the extant literature are reviewed. Six principles for SHA are presented as well as a model protocol consisting of six basic lines of questioning with specific…

75 FR 56911 - Request for Public Comment on the United States Standards for Corn

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-17

... corn marketing and define U.S. corn quality in the domestic and global marketplace. They define commonly used industry terms; contain basic principles governing the application of standards such as the... at any point in the marketing chain. These tests yield rapid, reliable, and consistent results. In...

Geometric principles for constructing radar panoramas of the surface of Venus: Hypsometric features of the Moon and terrestrial planets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rzhiga, O. N.; Tyuflin, Y. S.; Belenkiy, Y. G.; Rodionova, Z. F.; Dekhtyareva, K. I.

1986-01-01

The physographic curves of the moon and terrestrial planets, drawn both for the entire surface as a whole and for individual hemispheres, were compared to discover the common consistencies and individual features in the distribution of hypsometric levels. In 1983 to 1984 the automated interplanetary stations (AMS) Venera 15 and 16 made radar maps of the planet Venus. The synthesized images are the basic initial material for photogrammetric and catrographic processing to create maps of the Venus surface. These principles are discussed.

The Principle of Energetic Consistency

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cohn, Stephen E.

2009-01-01

A basic result in estimation theory is that the minimum variance estimate of the dynamical state, given the observations, is the conditional mean estimate. This result holds independently of the specifics of any dynamical or observation nonlinearity or stochasticity, requiring only that the probability density function of the state, conditioned on the observations, has two moments. For nonlinear dynamics that conserve a total energy, this general result implies the principle of energetic consistency: if the dynamical variables are taken to be the natural energy variables, then the sum of the total energy of the conditional mean and the trace of the conditional covariance matrix (the total variance) is constant between observations. Ensemble Kalman filtering methods are designed to approximate the evolution of the conditional mean and covariance matrix. For them the principle of energetic consistency holds independently of ensemble size, even with covariance localization. However, full Kalman filter experiments with advection dynamics have shown that a small amount of numerical dissipation can cause a large, state-dependent loss of total variance, to the detriment of filter performance. The principle of energetic consistency offers a simple way to test whether this spurious loss of variance limits ensemble filter performance in full-blown applications. The classical second-moment closure (third-moment discard) equations also satisfy the principle of energetic consistency, independently of the rank of the conditional covariance matrix. Low-rank approximation of these equations offers an energetically consistent, computationally viable alternative to ensemble filtering. Current formulations of long-window, weak-constraint, four-dimensional variational methods are designed to approximate the conditional mode rather than the conditional mean. Thus they neglect the nonlinear bias term in the second-moment closure equation for the conditional mean. The principle of energetic consistency implies that, to precisely the extent that growing modes are important in data assimilation, this term is also important.

5 CFR 551.401 - Basic principles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Basic principles. 551.401 Section 551.401 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PAY ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT Hours of Work General Provisions § 551.401 Basic principles. (a) All time...

Basic methods for measuring the reflectance color of iron oxides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pospisil, Jaroslav; Hrdy, Jan; Hrdy Jan, Jr.

2007-06-01

The main contribution of the present article consists in coherent description and interpretation of the principles of basic measuring methods and colorimeters for color classification and evaluation of light reflecting samples containing iron oxides. The chosen relevant theoretical background is based on the CIE tristimulus colorimetric system (X,Y,Z), the CIE colorimetric system (L*,a*,b*) and the Munsell colorimetric system (H,V,C). As an example of color identification and evaluation, some specific mathematical and graphical relationships between the soil redness rate and the corresponding hematite content are shown.

Do Racial and Gender Disparities Exist in Newer Glaucoma Treatments?

MedlinePlus

... 2019 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 02: Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology 2018-2019 Basic and ... 2019 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 02: Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology Print 2018-2019 Basic ...

Risk terminology primer: Basic principles and a glossary for the wildland fire management community

Treesearch

Matthew P. Thompson; Tom Zimmerman; Dan Mindar; Mary Taber

2016-01-01

Risk management is being increasingly promoted as an appropriate method for addressing wildland fire management challenges. However, a lack of a common understanding of risk concepts and terminology is hindering effective application. In response, this General Technical Report provides a set of clear, consistent, understandable, and usable definitions for terms...

Progressions of Qualitative Models as a Foundation for Intelligent Learning Environments. Report No. 6277.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White, Barbara Y.; Frederiksen, John R.

This report discusses the importance of presenting qualitative, causally consistent models in the initial stages of learning so that students can gain an understanding of basic electrical circuit concepts and principles that builds on their preexisting ways of reasoning about physical phenomena, and it argues that tutoring environments must help…

Supervisor's Manual: Great Falls Transition Project, a Cooperative Model for Least Restrictive Employment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White, Stephen; And Others

The manual is intended to provide employment supervisors with skills to enable them to motivate and provide any needed support to workers with disabilities. The material is organized into seven short sessions with most of the material consisting of basic principles for communicating and instructing persons with disabilities and case study problems…

A pilot study designed to acquaint medical educators with basic pedagogic principles.

PubMed

McLeod, P J; Brawer, J; Steinert, Y; Chalk, C; McLeod, A

2008-02-01

Faculty development activities in medical schools regularly target teaching behaviours but rarely address basic pedagogic principles underlying those behaviours. Although many teachers have an intuitive or tacit knowledge of basic pedagogic principles, overt knowledge of fundamental educational principles is rare. We conducted a short-term pilot study designed to transform teachers' tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge of pedagogic principles. We hypothesized that conscious awareness of these principles will positively influence their teaching effectiveness. The intervention included a workshop, provision of a workbook on pedagogic principles and free access to educational consultants. For the intervention, we chose a purposive sample of experienced teachers at our medical school. Evaluation of the impact of the intervention using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews revealed three notable findings; 1. Participants were surprised to discover the existence of an extensive body of pedagogic science underlying teaching and learning. 2. They were enthusiastic about the intervention and expressed interest in learning more about basic pedagogic principles. 3. The knowledge acquired had an immediate impact on their teaching.

10 Tips to Reduce Your Chance of Losing Vision from the Most Common Cause of Blindness

MedlinePlus

... 2019 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 02: Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology 2018-2019 Basic and ... 2019 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 02: Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology Print 2018-2019 Basic ...

Suicide prevention strategies in Japan: a 15-year review (1998-2013).

PubMed

Takeshima, Tadashi; Yamauchi, Takashi; Inagaki, Masatoshi; Kodaka, Manami; Matsumoto, Toshihiko; Kawano, Kenji; Katsumata, Yotaro; Fujimori, Maiko; Hisanaga, Ayaka; Takahashi, Yoshitomo

2015-02-01

Suicide is a global public health problem and solutions to it can be found only through a global dialog. The suicide rate in Japan has been alarming, but Japan has made substantial efforts to reduce this rate, making prevention a high priority. This report reviews the developmental stages of a comprehensive policy of suicide prevention in Japan from 1998 to 2013. Our review suggests that suicide prevention activities were facilitated by the 2006 Basic Act for Suicide Prevention and the 2007 General Principles of Suicide Prevention Policy. Along with the establishment of a Special Fund program for local governments, the Basic Act and General Principles led to the development of a comprehensive and multi-sector approach to suicide prevention. Suicide rates in Japan, especially among middle-aged men, decreased consistently after 2009, suggesting that the initiatives were effective. Continuous monitoring is needed to evaluate Japan's suicide prevention policy.

Professional Ethics in Astronomy: The AAS Ethics Statement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marvel, Kevin B.

2013-01-01

It is fundamental to the advancement of science that practicing scientists adhere to a consistent set of professional ethical principles. Recent violations of these principles have led a decreased trust in the process of science and scientific results. Although astronomy is less in the spotlight on these issues than medical science or climate change research, it is still incumbent on the field to follow sound scientific process guided by basic ethical guidelines. The American Astronomical Society, developed a set of such guidelines in 2010. This contribution summarizes the motivation and process by which the AAS Ethics Statement was produced.

In search of a metatheory for cognitive development (or, Piaget is dead and I don't feel so good myself).

PubMed

Bjorklund, D F

1997-02-01

With the waning of influence of Piaget's theory and the shortcomings of information-processing perspectives of cognitive growth, cognitive developmentalists lack a common set of broad, overarching principles and assumptions--a metatheory--to guide their research. Developmental biology is suggested as metatheory for cognitive development. Although it is important for developmentalists to understand proximal biological causes (e.g., brain development), most important for such a metatheory is an evolutionary perspective. Some basic principles of evolutionary psychology are introduced, and examples of contemporary research and theory consistent with these ideas are provided.

Variable focus photographic lens without mechanical movements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Jiabi; Peng, Runling; Zhuang, Songlin

2007-09-01

A novel design of a zoom lens system without motorized movements is proposed. The lens system consists of a fixed lens and two double-liquid variable-focus lenses. The liquid lenses, made out of two immiscible liquids, are based on the principle of electrowetting: an effect controlling the wetting properties of a liquid on a solid by modifying the applied voltage at the solid-liquid interface. The structure and principle of the lens system are introduced in this paper. And detailed calculations and simulation examples are presented to predict how two liquid lenses are related to meet the basic requirements of zoom lenses.

Towards an emergent model of solitonic particles from non-trivial vacuum structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gillard, Adam B.; Gresnigt, Niels G.

2017-12-01

We motivate and introduce what we refer to as the principles of Lie-stability and Hopf-stability and see what the physical theories must look like. Lie-stability is needed on the classical side and Hopf-stability is needed on the quantum side. We implement these two principles together with Lie-deformations consistent with basic constraints on the classical kinematical variables to arrive at the form of a theory that identifies standard model fermions with quantum solitonic trefoil knotted flux tubes which emerge from a flux tube vacuum network. Moreover, twisted unknot fluxtubes form natural dark matter candidates

A Complete Workout for All Runners: From the Novice to the Experienced

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andrews-Little, Donya; Crowley, Charles; Jackson, E. Newton

2014-01-01

Many people grew up on the principle that a good workout consists of three basic components: warm-up, conditioning bout/activity, and cool-down. For those who participated in competitive athletics, the warm-up period seemed just as long as the activity or workout itself; but it was and remains the most important part of any workout. This article…

Using Adult Learning Principles in Adult Basic and Literacy Education. Practice Application Brief.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Imel, Susan

Adult basic and literacy education (ABLE) is a complex undertaking that serves diverse learners with a variety of needs. Although no definitive list of adult education principles exists in the literature, the following principles have been identified in multiple sources devoted to principles of effective adult education: involve learners in…

Matching in an undisturbed natural human environment.

PubMed

McDowell, J J; Caron, Marcia L

2010-05-01

Data from the Oregon Youth Study, consisting of the verbal behavior of 210 adolescent boys determined to be at risk for delinquency (targets) and 210 of their friends (peers), were analyzed for their conformance to the complete family of matching theory equations in light of recent findings from the basic science, and using recently developed analytic techniques. Equations of the classic and modern theories of matching were fitted as ensembles to rates and time allocations of the boys' rule-break and normative talk obtained from conversations between pairs of boys. The verbal behavior of each boy in a conversation was presumed to be reinforced by positive social responses from the other boy. Consistent with recent findings from the basic science, the boys' verbal behavior was accurately described by the modern but not the classic theory of matching. These findings also add support to the assertion that basic principles and processes that are known to govern behavior in laboratory experiments also govern human social behavior in undisturbed natural environments.

Making an Adjustable C-Clamp. Kit No. 603. Instructor's Manual [and] Student Learning Activity Manual. [Revised.] T & I--Metalwork.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White, Jim; Alexander, Larry

This student activity kit consists of a programmed, self-instructional learning guide and an accompanying instructor's manual for use in teaching trade and industrial education students how to make an adjustable C-clamp. The student guide contains step-by-step instructions in the following areas: basic layout principles; use of a hack saw, file,…

WWC Review of the Report "The Effects of POWERSOURCE[C] Intervention on Student Understanding of Basic Mathematical Principles". What Works Clearinghouse Single Study Review

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

What Works Clearinghouse, 2013

2013-01-01

The study examined the impact of "POWERSOURCE"[C], an intervention consisting of formative assessments, instructional resources, and professional development designed to help teachers provide individual instruction to their students in Algebra I. This study took place in seven districts in Arizona and California during the 2007-08 school…

An Innovative Approach to Science Instruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McNamara, Bernard; Burnham, Chris; Bridges, Bill

1994-12-01

This paper reports on the results of a multi-year NSF project aimed at undergraduate instruction in astronomy. Its goal is to help incoming university students, particularly from minority groups, develop critical thinking skills and a better understanding of basic scientific principles. The project employs the techniques of ``Writing Across the Curriculum" to counter student math and science anxiety. It employs a workbook consisting of four sections: (1) basic skills exercises, (2) an evolving cosmology, (3) chapter reading responses, and (4) an astronomical scrapbook. Experience with this workbook in introductory astronomy classes at NMSU is discussed, along with suggestions on how the exercises can be incorporated into beginning astronomy classes at other universities.

Lectures series in computational fluid dynamics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thompson, Kevin W.

1987-01-01

The lecture notes cover the basic principles of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). They are oriented more toward practical applications than theory, and are intended to serve as a unified source for basic material in the CFD field as well as an introduction to more specialized topics in artificial viscosity and boundary conditions. Each chapter in the test is associated with a videotaped lecture. The basic properties of conservation laws, wave equations, and shock waves are described. The duality of the conservation law and wave representations is investigated, and shock waves are examined in some detail. Finite difference techniques are introduced for the solution of wave equations and conservation laws. Stability analysis for finite difference approximations are presented. A consistent description of artificial viscosity methods are provided. Finally, the problem of nonreflecting boundary conditions are treated.

The feasibility and effectiveness of Catch It, an innovative CBT smartphone app.

PubMed

Kinderman, Peter; Hagan, Paul; King, Sophie; Bowman, James; Chahal, Jasprit; Gan, Li; McKnight, Rebecca; Waldon, Charlotte; Smith, Matthew; Gilbertson, John; Tai, Sara

2016-05-01

The widespread use of smartphones makes effective therapies such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) potentially accessible to large numbers of people. This paper reports the usage data of the first trial of Catch It, a new CBT smartphone app. Uptake and usage rates, fidelity of user responses to CBT principles, and impact on reported negative and positive moods were assessed. A relatively modest proportion of people chose to download the app. Once used, the app tended to be used more than once, and 84% of the user-generated content was consistent with the basic concepts of CBT. There were statistically significant reductions in negative mood intensity and increases in positive mood intensity. Smartphone apps have potential beneficial effects in mental health through the application of basic CBT principles. More research with randomised controlled trial designs should be conducted. None. © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.

Basic Principles of Animal Science. Reprinted.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Florida State Dept. of Education, Tallahassee.

The reference book is designed to fulfill the need for organized subject matter dealing with basic principles of animal science to be incorporated into the high school agriculture curriculum. The material presented is scientific knowledge basic to livestock production. Five units contain specific information on the following topics: anatomy and…

Coping with the Bounds: Speculations on Nonlinearity in Military Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-08-01

organizing criticality, cellular automata, solitons, and so on–because they all globally share this property . Nonlinearity reflects the science of the...Why does it matter? One rea- son for emphasizing nonlinearity is that it constitutes the well-established mathematical property underlying and making...have some hints as to what those principles might be.3 Complex adaptive systems, or cas, contain seven basic attributes. These consist of four properties

Thrombocytopenia

MedlinePlus

... EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: ... EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: ...

CADDIS Volume 4. Data Analysis: Basic Principles & Issues

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Use of inferential statistics in causal analysis, introduction to data independence and autocorrelation, methods to identifying and control for confounding variables, references for the Basic Principles section of Data Analysis.

The einstein equivalence principle, intrinsic spin and the invariance of constitutive equations in continuum mechanics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Speziale, Charles G.

1988-01-01

The invariance of constitutive equations in continuum mechanics is examined from a basic theoretical standpoint. It is demonstrated the constitutive equations which are not form invariant under arbitrary translational accelerations of the reference frame are in violation of the Einstein equivalane principle. Furthermore, by making use of an analysis based on statistical mechanics, it is argued that any frame-dependent terms in constitutive equations must arise from the intrinsic spin tensor and are negligible provided that the ratio of microscopic to macroscopic time scales is extremely small. The consistency of these results with existing constitutive theories is discussed in detail along with possible avenues of future research.

A new submarine oil-water separation system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Wen-Bin; Liu, Bo-Hong

2017-12-01

In order to solve the oil field losses of environmental problems and economic benefit caused by the separation of lifting production liquid to offshore platforms in the current offshore oil production, from the most basic separation principle, a new oil-water separation system has been processed of adsorption and desorption on related materials, achieving high efficiency and separation of oil and water phases. And the submarine oil-water separation device has been designed. The main structure of the device consists of gas-solid phase separation device, period separating device and adsorption device that completed high efficiency separation of oil, gas and water under the adsorption and desorption principle, and the processing capacity of the device is calculated.

Programmers, professors, and parasites: credit and co-authorship in computer science.

PubMed

Solomon, Justin

2009-12-01

This article presents an in-depth analysis of past and present publishing practices in academic computer science to suggest the establishment of a more consistent publishing standard. Historical precedent for academic publishing in computer science is established through the study of anecdotes as well as statistics collected from databases of published computer science papers. After examining these facts alongside information about analogous publishing situations and standards in other scientific fields, the article concludes with a list of basic principles that should be adopted in any computer science publishing standard. These principles would contribute to the reliability and scientific nature of academic publications in computer science and would allow for more straightforward discourse in future publications.

Module Cluster: TTP-001.00 (GSC) Reinforcement Principles for Classroom Use.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brent, George

The purpose of this module cluster is to enable students to define the basic operant terms, to state the basic operant principles, to read operant measurement charts, and to use operant principles in elementary classrooms with both social and academic behaviors. It is intended for use by teacher education students with the cooperation of an…

Nondestructive Testing Eddy Current Basic Principles RQA/M1-5330.12 (V-I).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Huntsville, AL. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center.

As one in the series of programmed instruction handbooks, prepared by the U.S. space program, home study material is presented in this volume concerning familiarization and orientation on basic eddy current principles. The subject is presented under the following headings: Basic Eddy Current Concepts, Eddy Current Generation and Distribution,…

Dynamic sealing principles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zuk, J.

1976-01-01

The fundamental principles governing dynamic sealing operation are discussed. Different seals are described in terms of these principles. Despite the large variety of detailed construction, there appear to be some basic principles, or combinations of basic principles, by which all seals function, these are presented and discussed. Theoretical and practical considerations in the application of these principles are discussed. Advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and application examples of various conventional and special seals are presented. Fundamental equations governing liquid and gas flows in thin film seals, which enable leakage calculations to be made, are also presented. Concept of flow functions, application of Reynolds lubrication equation, and nonlubrication equation flow, friction and wear; and seal lubrication regimes are explained.

Teaching nuclear science: A cosmological approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Viola, V.E.

1994-10-01

Theories of the origin of the chemical elements can be used effectively to provide a unifying theme in teaching nuclear phenomena to chemistry students. By tracing the element-producing steps that are thought to characterize the chemical evolution of the universe, one can introduce the basic principles of nuclear nomenclature, structure, reactions, energetics, and decay kinetics in a self-consistent context. This approach has the additional advantage of giving the student a feeling for the origin of the elements and their relative abundances in the solar system. Further, one can logically introduce all of the basic forces and particles of nature, asmore » well as the many analogies between nuclear and atomic systems. The subjects of heavy-element synthesis, dating, and the practical applications of nuclear phenomena fit naturally in this scheme. Within the nucleosynthesis framework it is possible to modify the presentation of nuclear behavior to suit the audience--ranging from an emphasis on description for the beginning student to a quantitative theoretical approach for graduate students. The subject matter is flexible in that the basic principles can be condensed into a few lecture as part of a more general course of expanded into an entire course. The following sections describe this approach, with primary emphasis on teaching at the elementary level.« less

New Simulation Methods to Facilitate Achieving a Mechanistic Understanding of Basic Pharmacology Principles in the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grover, Anita; Lam, Tai Ning; Hunt, C. Anthony

2008-01-01

We present a simulation tool to aid the study of basic pharmacology principles. By taking advantage of the properties of agent-based modeling, the tool facilitates taking a mechanistic approach to learning basic concepts, in contrast to the traditional empirical methods. Pharmacodynamics is a particular aspect of pharmacology that can benefit from…

Medical ethics: four principles plus attention to scope.

PubMed

Gillon, R

1994-07-16

The "four principles plus scope" approach provides a simple, accessible, and culturally neutral approach to thinking about ethical issues in health care. The approach, developed in the United States, is based on four common, basic prima facie moral commitments--respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice--plus concern for their scope of application. It offers a common, basic moral analytical framework and a common, basic moral language. Although they do not provide ordered rules, these principles can help doctors and other health care workers to make decisions when reflecting on moral issues that arise at work.

Group Membership, Group Change, and Intergroup Attitudes: A Recategorization Model Based on Cognitive Consistency Principles.

PubMed

Roth, Jenny; Steffens, Melanie C; Vignoles, Vivian L

2018-01-01

The present article introduces a model based on cognitive consistency principles to predict how new identities become integrated into the self-concept, with consequences for intergroup attitudes. The model specifies four concepts (self-concept, stereotypes, identification, and group compatibility) as associative connections. The model builds on two cognitive principles, balance-congruity and imbalance-dissonance, to predict identification with social groups that people currently belong to, belonged to in the past, or newly belong to. More precisely, the model suggests that the relative strength of self-group associations (i.e., identification) depends in part on the (in)compatibility of the different social groups. Combining insights into cognitive representation of knowledge, intergroup bias, and explicit/implicit attitude change, we further derive predictions for intergroup attitudes. We suggest that intergroup attitudes alter depending on the relative associative strength between the social groups and the self, which in turn is determined by the (in)compatibility between social groups. This model unifies existing models on the integration of social identities into the self-concept by suggesting that basic cognitive mechanisms play an important role in facilitating or hindering identity integration and thus contribute to reducing or increasing intergroup bias.

Group Membership, Group Change, and Intergroup Attitudes: A Recategorization Model Based on Cognitive Consistency Principles

PubMed Central

Roth, Jenny; Steffens, Melanie C.; Vignoles, Vivian L.

2018-01-01

The present article introduces a model based on cognitive consistency principles to predict how new identities become integrated into the self-concept, with consequences for intergroup attitudes. The model specifies four concepts (self-concept, stereotypes, identification, and group compatibility) as associative connections. The model builds on two cognitive principles, balance–congruity and imbalance–dissonance, to predict identification with social groups that people currently belong to, belonged to in the past, or newly belong to. More precisely, the model suggests that the relative strength of self-group associations (i.e., identification) depends in part on the (in)compatibility of the different social groups. Combining insights into cognitive representation of knowledge, intergroup bias, and explicit/implicit attitude change, we further derive predictions for intergroup attitudes. We suggest that intergroup attitudes alter depending on the relative associative strength between the social groups and the self, which in turn is determined by the (in)compatibility between social groups. This model unifies existing models on the integration of social identities into the self-concept by suggesting that basic cognitive mechanisms play an important role in facilitating or hindering identity integration and thus contribute to reducing or increasing intergroup bias. PMID:29681878

Basic principles, methodology, and applications of remote sensing in agriculture

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moreira, M. A. (Principal Investigator); Deassuncao, G. V.

1984-01-01

The basic principles of remote sensing applied to agriculture and the methods used in data analysis are described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of developing a methodology that may help crop forecast, basic concepts of spectral signatures of vegetation, the methodology of the LANDSAT data utilization in agriculture, and the remote sensing program application of INPE (Institute for Space Research) in agriculture.

Measuring Networking as an Outcome Variable in Undergraduate Research Experiences

PubMed Central

Hanauer, David I.; Hatfull, Graham

2015-01-01

The aim of this paper is to propose, present, and validate a simple survey instrument to measure student conversational networking. The tool consists of five items that cover personal and professional social networks, and its basic principle is the self-reporting of degrees of conversation, with a range of specific discussion partners. The networking instrument was validated in three studies. The basic psychometric characteristics of the scales were established by conducting a factor analysis and evaluating internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha. The second study used a known-groups comparison and involved comparing outcomes for networking scales between two different undergraduate laboratory courses (one involving a specific effort to enhance networking). The final study looked at potential relationships between specific networking items and the established psychosocial variable of project ownership through a series of binary logistic regressions. Overall, the data from the three studies indicate that the networking scales have high internal consistency (α = 0.88), consist of a unitary dimension, can significantly differentiate between research experiences with low and high networking designs, and are related to project ownership scales. The ramifications of the networking instrument for student retention, the enhancement of public scientific literacy, and the differentiation of laboratory courses are discussed. PMID:26538387

The feasibility and effectiveness of Catch It, an innovative CBT smartphone app

PubMed Central

Hagan, Paul; King, Sophie; Bowman, James; Chahal, Jasprit; Gan, Li; McKnight, Rebecca; Waldon, Charlotte; Smith, Matthew; Gilbertson, John; Tai, Sara

2016-01-01

Background The widespread use of smartphones makes effective therapies such as cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) potentially accessible to large numbers of people. Aims This paper reports the usage data of the first trial of Catch It, a new CBT smartphone app. Method Uptake and usage rates, fidelity of user responses to CBT principles, and impact on reported negative and positive moods were assessed. Results A relatively modest proportion of people chose to download the app. Once used, the app tended to be used more than once, and 84% of the user-generated content was consistent with the basic concepts of CBT. There were statistically significant reductions in negative mood intensity and increases in positive mood intensity. Conclusions Smartphone apps have potential beneficial effects in mental health through the application of basic CBT principles. More research with randomised controlled trial designs should be conducted. Declaration of interest None. Copyright and usage © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. PMID:27703777

The architecture of personality.

PubMed

Cervone, David

2004-01-01

This article presents a theoretical framework for analyzing psychological systems that contribute to the variability, consistency, and cross-situational coherence of personality functioning. In the proposed knowledge-and-appraisal personality architecture (KAPA), personality structures and processes are delineated by combining 2 principles: distinctions (a) between knowledge structures and appraisal processes and (b) among intentional cognitions with varying directions of fit, with the latter distinction differentiating among beliefs, evaluative standards, and aims. Basic principles of knowledge activation and use illuminate relations between knowledge and appraisal, yielding a synthetic account of personality structures and processes. Novel empirical data illustrate the heuristic value of the knowledge/appraisal distinction by showing how self-referent and situational knowledge combine to foster cross-situational coherence in appraisals of self-efficacy.

Detailed gravity anomalies from GEOS-3 satellite altimetry data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gopalapillai, G. S.; Mourad, A. G.

1978-01-01

A technique for deriving mean gravity anomalies from dense altimetry data was developed. A combination of both deterministic and statistical techniques was used. The basic mathematical model was based on the Stokes' equation which describes the analytical relationship between mean gravity anomalies and geoid undulations at a point; this undulation is a linear function of the altimetry data at that point. The overdetermined problem resulting from the excessive altimetry data available was solved using Least-Squares principles. These principles enable the simultaneous estimation of the associated standard deviations reflecting the internal consistency based on the accuracy estimates provided for the altimetry data as well as for the terrestrial anomaly data. Several test computations were made of the anomalies and their accuracy estimates using GOES-3 data.

Theory and application of drilling fluid hydraulics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Whittaker, A.

1985-01-01

The objectives of this book are (1) to serve as a reasonably comprehensive text on the subject of drilling hydraulics and (2) to provide the field geologist with a quick reference to drilling hydraulics calculations. Chapter 1 introduces the basic principles of fluid properties, and Chapter 2 presents the general principles of fluid hydraulics. Chapters 3 through 10 analyze specific hydraulic considerations of the drilling process, such as viscometric measurements, pressure losses, swab and surge pressures, cuttings transport and hydraulic optimization. The units and nomenclature are consistent throughout the manual. Equations are given generally in consistent S.I. units; some commonmore » expressions are also given in oilfield units. Nomenclature is explained after every equation when necessary, and a comprehensive list of the nomenclature used is given in Appendix A. Units are listed in Appendix B. In Appendix C, all the important equations are given in both S.I. and oilfield units. Appendix D contains example hydraulics calculations.« less

A CAL Program to Teach the Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering--A Change from the Traditional Approach.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dewhurst, D. G.; And Others

1989-01-01

An interactive computer-assisted learning program written for the BBC microcomputer to teach the basic principles of genetic engineering is described. Discussed are the hardware requirements software, use of the program, and assessment. (Author/CW)

Typewriting Methodology 1977: Eight Basic Principles for Good Results

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winger, Fred E.

1977-01-01

The eight basic principles of teaching methodology discussed are as follows: Stress position and technique, stress skill building, stress the pretest/practice/posttest method, stress action research, stress true production skills, stress good proofreading skills, stress performance goals, and stress individualized instruction. (TA)

AGARD Flight Test Instrumentation Series. Volume 1, Issue 2. Basic Principles of Flight Test Instrumentation Engineering (Introduction Generale aux Principles de Base de l’Instrumentation des Essais en Vol)

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-03-01

evaluation of its anticipated value. If the program can be accomplished using conventional techniques , this should be seriously considered. Development or...the direct frequency generating principles such as, pulse tachos, turbine flowmeters, and encoders, also Doppler and laser techniques used for...CERAMIC BLOCK Figure 5.3. The basic concepts of the laser ring gyro (LRG). The principle depends upon the guidance of two beams of laser light around an

Medical ethics: four principles plus attention to scope.

PubMed Central

Gillon, R.

1994-01-01

The "four principles plus scope" approach provides a simple, accessible, and culturally neutral approach to thinking about ethical issues in health care. The approach, developed in the United States, is based on four common, basic prima facie moral commitments--respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice--plus concern for their scope of application. It offers a common, basic moral analytical framework and a common, basic moral language. Although they do not provide ordered rules, these principles can help doctors and other health care workers to make decisions when reflecting on moral issues that arise at work. Images p184-a p187-a PMID:8044100

TRAINING IN INDUSTRY--THE MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

BASS, BERNARD M.; VAUGHAN, JAMES A.

THE PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING BEHAVIOR DERIVED THROUGH LABORATORY STUDY CAN BE EXTENDED TO EXPLAIN MUCH OF THE COMPLEX LEARNING REQUIRED IN INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROGRAMS. A REVIEW OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN LEARNING INTRODUCES FOUR BASIC CONCEPTS--DRIVE, STIMULUS, RESPONSE, AND REINFORCER--AND DISCUSSES CLASSICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING…

Designing User-Computer Dialogues: Basic Principles and Guidelines.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harrell, Thomas H.

This discussion of the design of computerized psychological assessment or testing instruments stresses the importance of the well-designed computer-user interface. The principles underlying the three main functional elements of computer-user dialogue--data entry, data display, and sequential control--are discussed, and basic guidelines derived…

Knowledge Elicitation: Phase 1 Final Report. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-01

34 i.e., superficial features such as type of apparatus, while experts rely on basic principles of physics (e.g., conservation of energy ) and generic...process. This last part of the model would typically consist of descriptions of the impact of the process on one or more of the objects. Figure 3-4...goals. The elicitor is probing for an underlying mental model. 9. Expert: To kill him before he can take any action that would impact on our forces. 10

Economics, ecologics, and mechanics: The dynamics of responding under conditions of varying motivation

PubMed Central

Killeen, Peter R.

1995-01-01

The mechanics of behavior developed by Killeen (1994) is extended to deal with deprivation and satiation and with recovery of arousal at the beginning of sessions. The extended theory is validated against satiation curves and within-session changes in response rates. Anomalies, such as (a) the positive correlation between magnitude of an incentive and response rates in some contexts and a negative correlation in other contexts and (b) the greater prominence of incentive effects when magnitude is varied within the session rather than between sessions, are explained in terms of the basic interplay of drive and incentive motivation. The models are applied to data from closed economies in which changes of satiation levels play a key role in determining the changes in behavior. Relaxation of various assumptions leads to closed-form models for response rates and demand functions in these contexts, ones that show reasonable accord with the data and reinforce arguments for unit price as a controlling variable. The central role of deprivation level in this treatment distinguishes it from economic models. It is argued that traditional experiments should be redesigned to reveal basic principles, that ecologic experiments should be redesigned to test the applicability of those principles in more natural contexts, and that behavioral economics should consist of the applications of these principles to economic contexts, not the adoption of economic models as alternatives to behavioral analysis. PMID:16812776

Declaration of Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cosman, J. W.

1989-01-01

Education does not flourish in prisons because of prevailing notions about the punitive and retributive purposes of prisons. The United Nations is considering a Declaration of Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners that is intended to bring education to the forefront of criminal justice policy. (SK)

The Stock Market and Economic Principles: A Curriculum Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Savino, Ronald J.

This paper outlines how to teach macroeconomic principles through mock stock market investing while helping students develop economic awareness, interest, and comprehension on a more sophisticated level. The basic textbook is "The Economy Today" (B. R. Schiller). After two weeks of teaching basic economic concepts and vocabulary, such as…

Behavior Modification: Basic Principles. Third Edition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, David L.; Axelrod, Saul

2005-01-01

This classic book presents the basic principles of behavior emphasizing the use of preventive techniques as well as consequences naturally available in the home, business, or school environment to change important behaviors. This book, and its companion piece, "Measurement of Behavior," represents more than 30 years of research and strategies in…

Basic principles of variable speed drives

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loewenthal, S. H.

1973-01-01

An understanding of the principles which govern variable speed drive operation is discussed for successful drive application. The fundamental factors of torque, speed ratio, and power as they relate to drive selection are discussed. The basic types of variable speed drives, their operating characteristics and their applications are also presented.

Kuhn's Paradigm and Example-Based Teaching of Newtonian Mechanics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whitaker, M. A. B.

1980-01-01

Makes a recommendation for more direct teaching of the basic principles of mechanics. Contends that students currently learn mechanics in terms of standard examples. This causes difficulty when the student is confronted with a problem that can be solved from basic principles, but which does not fit a standard category. (GS)

5 CFR 551.401 - Basic principles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... direction of the agency is “hours of work.” Such time includes: (1) Time during which an employee is required to be on duty; (2) Time during which an employee is suffered or permitted to work; and (3) Waiting... FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT Hours of Work General Provisions § 551.401 Basic principles. (a) All time...

New Principles and Basic Approaches for the Curricula of Engineering Degree Courses.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gargione, Luiz Antonio

This paper presents new principles and basic approaches for the curricula of engineering degree courses. The accentuated evolution of engineering, the fast technological transformations and, still, the impact provoked by government regulations in the field of education in Brazil have called attention to these issues. Following these changes, it…

Chapter 4. Basic considerations for range and wildland revegetation and restoration

Treesearch

Richard Stevens

2004-01-01

Plummer and others (1968) proposed 10 principles to follow when planning and implementing rangeland revegetation programs. These principles - or basic considerations for rangeland managers - are applicable to most sites in the Western United States (Jordan 1981; Merkel and Herbal 1973), and many projects in the Intermountain area have been conducted successfully by...

Uniqueness of Zinc as a Bioelement: Principles and Applications in Bioinorganic Chemistry--III.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ochiai, Ei-Ichiro

1988-01-01

Attempts to delineate certain basic principles and applications of bioinorganic chemistry to oxidation-reduction reactions. Examines why zinc(II) is so uniquely suited to enzymated reactions of the acid-base type. Suggests the answer may be in the natural abundance and the basic physicochemical properties of zinc(II). (MVL)

Effect of an intervention based on basic Buddhist principles on the spiritual well-being of patients with terminal cancer.

PubMed

Chimluang, Janya; Thanasilp, Sureeporn; Akkayagorn, Lanchasak; Upasen, Ratchaneekorn; Pudtong, Noppamat; Tantitrakul, Wilailuck

2017-12-01

To evaluate the effect of an intervention based on basic Buddhist principles on the spiritual well-being of patients with terminal cancer. This quasi-experimental research study had pre- and post-test control groups. The experimental group received conventional care and an intervention based on basic Buddhist principles for three consecutive days, including seven activities based on precept activities, concentration activities and wisdom activities. The control group received conventional care alone. Forty-eight patients participated in this study: 23 in the experimental group and 25 in the control group. Their mean age was 53 (standard deviation 10) years. The spiritual well-being of participants in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of participants in the control group at the second post-test (P < 0.05). An intervention based on basic Buddhist principles improved the spiritual well-being of patients with terminal cancer. This result supports the beneficial effects of implementing this type of intervention for patients with terminal cancer. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Basic principles of a flexible astronomical data processing system in UNIX environment.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verkhodanov, O. V.; Erukhimov, B. L.; Monosov, M. L.; Chernenkov, V. N.; Shergin, V. S.

Methods of construction of a flexible system for astronomical data processing (FADPS) are described. An example of construction of such a FADPS for continuum radiometer data of the RATAN-600 is presented. The Job Control Language of this system is the Job Control Language of OS UNIX. It is shown that using basic commands of the data processing system (DPS) a user, knowing basic principles of Job in OS UNIX, can create his own mini-DPS. Examples of such mini-DPSs are presented.

The Basic Principles and Methods of the System Approach to Compression of Telemetry Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levenets, A. V.

2018-01-01

The task of data compressing of measurement data is still urgent for information-measurement systems. In paper the basic principles necessary for designing of highly effective systems of compression of telemetric information are offered. A basis of the offered principles is representation of a telemetric frame as whole information space where we can find of existing correlation. The methods of data transformation and compressing algorithms realizing the offered principles are described. The compression ratio for offered compression algorithm is about 1.8 times higher, than for a classic algorithm. Thus, results of a research of methods and algorithms showing their good perspectives.

Using the Child's Environment To Teach at Home and School. ERIC/CSMEE Digest.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heimlich, Joe E.

This digest details how global concepts of environmental education, the basic principles of ecology, and the importance of environmental responsibility can be made concrete for children at home and at school. Topics discussed are: basic principles of ecology, "What is the home?"--teaching environment through the home, and living and the…

Using "Basic Principles" to Understand Complex Science: Nicotine Smoke Chemistry and Literature Analogies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seeman, Jeffrey I.

2005-01-01

The chemical and physical properties of nicotine and its carboxylic acid salts found in tobacco provided as an interesting example to understand basic principles of complex science. The result showed that the experimental data used were inconsistent to the conclusion made, and the transfer of nicotine smoke from tobacco to smoke cannot be…

Principles of project management

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

The basic principles of project management as practiced by NASA management personnel are presented. These principles are given as ground rules and guidelines to be used in the performance of research, development, construction or operational assignments.

What deserves our respect? Reexamination of respect for autonomy in the context of the management of chronic conditions.

PubMed

Enzo, Aya; Okita, Taketoshi; Asai, Atsushi

2018-05-29

The global increase in patients with chronic conditions has led to increased interest in ethical issues regarding such conditions. A basic biomedical principle-respect for autonomy-is being reexamined more critically in its clinical implications. New accounts of this basic principle are being proposed. While new accounts of respect for autonomy do underpin the design of many public programs and policies worldwide, addressing both chronic disease management and health promotion, the risk of applying such new accounts to clinical setting remain understudied. However, the application of new accounts of respect for autonomy to clinical settings could support disrespectful attitudes toward or undue interference with patients with chronic conditions. Reconsidering autonomy and respect using Kantian accounts, this paper proposes respect for persons as an alternative basic bioethical principle to respect for autonomy. Unlike the principle of respect for persons in the Belmont Report, our principle involves respecting any patient's decisions, behaviors, emotions, or life-style regardless of his or her "autonomous" capabilities. Thus, attitudes toward patients should be no different irrespective of the assessment of their decisional or executive capabilities.

There is no silver bullet--a guide to low-level data transforms and normalisation methods for microarray data.

PubMed

Kreil, David P; Russell, Roslin R

2005-03-01

To overcome random experimental variation, even for simple screens, data from multiple microarrays have to be combined. There are, however, systematic differences between arrays, and any bias remaining after experimental measures to ensure consistency needs to be controlled for. It is often difficult to make the right choice of data transformation and normalisation methods to achieve this end. In this tutorial paper we review the problem and a selection of solutions, explaining the basic principles behind normalisation procedures and providing guidance for their application.

Principles of survey development for telemedicine applications.

PubMed

Demiris, George

2006-01-01

Surveys can be used in the evaluation of telemedicine applications but they must be properly designed, consistent and accurate. The purpose of the survey and the resources available will determine the extent of testing that a survey instrument should undergo prior to its use. The validity of an instrument is the correspondence between what is being measured and what was intended to be measured. The reliability of an instrument describes the 'consistency' or 'repeatability' of the measurements made with it. Survey instruments should be designed and tested following basic principles of survey development. The actual survey administration also requires consideration, for example data collection and processing, as well as the interpretation of the findings. Surveys are of two different types. Either they are self-administered, or they are administered by interview. In the latter case, they may be administered by telephone or in a face-to-face meeting. It is important to design a survey instrument based on a detailed definition of what it intends to measure and to test it before administering it to the larger sample.

Implications of Liebig’s law of the minimum for tree-ring reconstructions of climate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stine, A. R.; Huybers, P.

2017-11-01

A basic principle of ecology, known as Liebig’s Law of the Minimum, is that plant growth reflects the strongest limiting environmental factor. This principle implies that a limiting environmental factor can be inferred from historical growth and, in dendrochronology, such reconstruction is generally achieved by averaging collections of standardized tree-ring records. Averaging is optimal if growth reflects a single limiting factor and noise but not if growth also reflects locally variable stresses that intermittently limit growth. In this study a collection of Arctic tree ring records is shown to follow scaling relationships that are inconsistent with the signal-plus-noise model of tree growth but consistent with Liebig’s Law acting at the local level. Also consistent with law-of-the-minimum behavior is that reconstructions based on the least-stressed trees in a given year better-follow variations in temperature than typical approaches where all tree-ring records are averaged. Improvements in reconstruction skill occur across all frequencies, with the greatest increase at the lowest frequencies. More comprehensive statistical-ecological models of tree growth may offer further improvement in reconstruction skill.

Avoid violence, rioting, and outrage; approach celebration, delight, and strength: Using large text corpora to compute valence, arousal, and the basic emotions.

PubMed

Westbury, Chris; Keith, Jeff; Briesemeister, Benny B; Hofmann, Markus J; Jacobs, Arthur M

2015-01-01

Ever since Aristotle discussed the issue in Book II of his Rhetoric, humans have attempted to identify a set of "basic emotion labels". In this paper we propose an algorithmic method for evaluating sets of basic emotion labels that relies upon computed co-occurrence distances between words in a 12.7-billion-word corpus of unselected text from USENET discussion groups. Our method uses the relationship between human arousal and valence ratings collected for a large list of words, and the co-occurrence similarity between each word and emotion labels. We assess how well the words in each of 12 emotion label sets-proposed by various researchers over the past 118 years-predict the arousal and valence ratings on a test and validation dataset, each consisting of over 5970 items. We also assess how well these emotion labels predict lexical decision residuals (LDRTs), after co-varying out the effects attributable to basic lexical predictors. We then demonstrate a generalization of our method to determine the most predictive "basic" emotion labels from among all of the putative models of basic emotion that we considered. As well as contributing empirical data towards the development of a more rigorous definition of basic emotions, our method makes it possible to derive principled computational estimates of emotionality-specifically, of arousal and valence-for all words in the language.

Acupressure for Educators: An Illustrated Workbook for the Practice of Simple Acupressure Techniques. Experiencing Energy. Third Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

St. John, Jeanne

The guidelines are intended to familiarize educators with the basics of acupressure and to suggest ways in which the principles may help relieve anxiety and stress in school students. Eight energy exercises are introduced, followed by a review of the basic principles of energy and guidelines for giving and receiving acupressure. Illustrations of…

Communicative Skills: A Selected Bibliography. Revised.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-01

Bibliography CONTENTS Communicating Person-to-Person ....................... 1 Public Speaking ...................................... 3 Basic Principles...34Microphones: What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You." ARMED FORCES COMPTROLLER, Vol. 35, Spring 1990, pp. 35- 36. (Periodical) Machan , Dyan. "Do You...August 1985, pp. 35-41. (Periodical) BASIC PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR CLEAR WRITING "’Badly’ She, Wrote." TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL, Vol. 43

Basic Principles of Lyophilization, Part 1.

PubMed

Akers, Michael J

2015-01-01

The achievement of a high-quality lyophilized (freeze-dried) dosage form involves the combination of optimal formulation design and optimal freeze-dry cycle design. This 2-part article describes how this can be done. Part 1 discusses the basic principles and procedures of lyophilization up to a discussion on the different stages of lyophilization. The stages of lyophilization are discussed in part 2.

Cost Reporting at a Navy Branch Clinic

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-03-01

John Wiley & Sons, 1991. 15 Horngren , Charles, Cost Accounting -=A Managerial Emphasis, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1982...traditionally reported under a partial cost reporting system. By applying basic principles of managerial accounting , a full cost reporting system is...traditionally reported under a partial cost reporting system. By applying basic principles of managerial accounting , a proposed full cost reporting

On the Principles of English Teaching Reform in Higher Vocational Colleges Based on "The Basic Requirements of English Curriculum Teaching in Higher Vocational Colleges"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liu, Huijun; Ning, Yida

2017-01-01

English teaching reform is critical for the cultivation of skilled talents and the development of national economy. The paper attempts to analyze the guidance principles of English teaching reform in the higher vocational colleges underlying "The Basic Requirements of English Curriculum Teaching in Higher Vocational Colleges",…

Using the Chemistry of Fireworks to Engage Students in Learning Basic Chemical Principles: A Lesson in Eco-Friendly Pyrotechnics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steinhauser, Georg; Klapotke, Thomas M.

2010-01-01

Fascination with fireworks and pyrotechnics can be used for educational purposes. Several aspects of pyrochemistry such as redox reactions, flame colors, or the theory of combustion can be incorporated in the curriculum to illustrate some basic chemical principles, guaranteeing a lesson that will be engaging and memorable. Beyond classic…

The Notion of Scientific Knowledge in Biology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morante, Silvia; Rossi, Giancarlo

2016-03-01

The purpose of this work is to reconsider and critically discuss the conceptual foundations of modern biology and bio-sciences in general, and provide an epistemological guideline to help framing the teaching of these disciplines and enhancing the quality of their presentation in High School, Master and Ph.D. courses. After discussing the methodological problems that arise in trying to construct a sensible and useful scientific approach applicable to the study of living systems, we illustrate what are the general requirements that a workable scheme of investigation should meet to comply with the principles of the Galilean method. The amazing success of basic physics, the Galilean science of election, can be traced back to the development of a radically " reductionistic" approach in the interpretation of experiments and a systematic procedure tailored on the paradigm of " falsifiability" aimed at consistently incorporating new information into extended models/theories. The development of bio-sciences seems to fit with neither reductionism (the deeper is the level of description of a biological phenomenon the more difficult looks finding general and simple laws), nor falsifiability (not always experiments provide a yes-or-no answer). Should we conclude that biology is not a science in the Galilean sense? We want to show that this is not so. Rather in the study of living systems, the novel interpretative paradigm of " complexity" has been developed that, without ever conflicting with the basic principles of physics, allows organizing ideas, conceiving new models and understanding the puzzling lack of reproducibility that seems to affect experiments in biology and in other modern areas of investigation. In the delicate task of conveying scientific concepts and principles to students as well as in popularising bio-sciences to a wider audience, it is of the utmost importance for the success of the process of learning to highlight the internal logical consistency of biology and its compliance with the fundamental laws of physics.

Inhalers and nebulizers: basic principles and preliminary measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Misik, Ondrej; Lizal, Frantisek; Asl, Vahid Farhikhteh; Belka, Miloslav; Jedelsky, Jan; Elcner, Jakub; Jicha, Miroslav

2018-06-01

Inhalers are hand-held devices which are used for administration of therapeutic aerosols via inhalation. Nebulizers are larger devices serving for home and hospital care using inhaled medication. This contribution describes the basic principles of dispersion of aerosol particles used in various types of inhalers and nebulizers, and lists the basic physical mechanisms contributing to the deposition of inhaled particles in the human airways. The second part of this article presents experimental setup, methodology and preliminary results of particle size distributions produced by several selected inhalers and nebulizers.

The Impact of Emotion on Learners' Application of Basic Science Principles to Novel Problems.

PubMed

McConnell, Meghan M; Monteiro, Sandra; Pottruff, Molly M; Neville, Alan; Norman, Geoff R; Eva, Kevin W; Kulasegaram, Kulamakan

2016-11-01

Training to become a physician is an emotionally laden experience. Research in cognitive psychology indicates that emotions can influence learning and performance, but the materials used in such research (e.g., word lists) rarely reflect the complexity of material presented in medical school. The present study examined whether emotions influence learning of basic science principles. Fifty-five undergraduate psychology students were randomly assigned to write about positive, negative, or neutral life events for nine minutes. Participants were then taught three physiological concepts, each in the context of a single organ system. Testing consisted of 13 clinical cases, 7 presented with the same concept/organ system pairing used during training ("near transfer") and 6 with novel pairings ("far transfer"). Testing was repeated after one week with 13 additional cases. Forty-nine students provided complete data. Higher test scores were found when the concept/organ system pairing was held constant (near transfer = 51% correct vs. far = 33%; P < .001). Emotion condition influenced participants' overall performance, with individuals in the neutral condition (50.1%) performing better than those in the positive (38.2%, P < .05) and negative (37.7%, P < .001) emotion conditions. These data suggest that regardless of whether the emotion is positive or negative, mild affective states can impair learning of basic science concepts by novices. Demands on working memory and subsequent cognitive load provide a potential explanation. Future work will examine the extent to which these findings generalize to medical trainees.

Characteristics of medical teachers using student-centered teaching methods.

PubMed

Kim, Kyong-Jee; Hwang, Jee-Young

2017-09-01

This study investigated characteristics of medical teachers who have adopted student-centered teaching methods into their teaching. A 24-item questionnaire consisted of respondent backgrounds, his or her use of student-centered teaching methods, and awareness of the school's educational objectives and curricular principles was administered of faculty members at a private medical school in Korea. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were conducted to compare faculty use of student-centered approaches across different backgrounds and awareness of curricular principles. Overall response rate was 70% (N=140/200), approximately 25% (n=34) of whom were using student-centered teaching methods. Distributions in the faculty use of student-centered teaching methods were significantly higher among basic sciences faculty (versus clinical sciences faculty), with teaching experiences of over 10 years (versus less than 10 years), and who were aware of the school's educational objectives and curricular principles. Our study indicates differences in medical faculty's practice of student-centered teaching across disciplines, teaching experiences, and their understanding of the school's educational objectives curricular principles. These findings have implications for faculty development and institutional support to better promote faculty use of student-centered teaching approaches.

Fuzzy logic

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zadeh, Lofti A.

1988-01-01

The author presents a condensed exposition of some basic ideas underlying fuzzy logic and describes some representative applications. The discussion covers basic principles; meaning representation and inference; basic rules of inference; and the linguistic variable and its application to fuzzy control.

Peripheral coding of taste

PubMed Central

Liman, Emily R.; Zhang, Yali V.; Montell, Craig

2014-01-01

Five canonical tastes, bitter, sweet, umami (amino acid), salty and sour (acid) are detected by animals as diverse as fruit flies and humans, consistent with a near universal drive to consume fundamental nutrients and to avoid toxins or other harmful compounds. Surprisingly, despite this strong conservation of basic taste qualities between vertebrates and invertebrates, the receptors and signaling mechanisms that mediate taste in each are highly divergent. The identification over the last two decades of receptors and other molecules that mediate taste has led to stunning advances in our understanding of the basic mechanisms of transduction and coding of information by the gustatory systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. In this review, we discuss recent advances in taste research, mainly from the fly and mammalian systems, and we highlight principles that are common across species, despite stark differences in receptor types. PMID:24607224

Basic governing equations for the flight regimes of aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, J.-H.

1984-01-01

The basic governing equations for the low-density, high-enthalpy flow regimes expected in the shock layers over the heat shields of the proposed aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles are derived by combining and extending existing theories. The conservation equations are derived from gas kinetic principles for a four-component ionized gas consisting of neutral molecules, neutral atoms, singly ionized ions, and electrons, assuming a continuum flow. The differences among translational-rotational, vibrational, and electron temperatures are accounted for, as well as chemical nonequilibrium and electric-charge separation. Expressions for convective and viscous fluxes, transport properties, and the terms representing interactions among various energy modes are given explicitly. The expressions for the rate of electron-vibration energy transfer, which violates the Landau-Teller conditions, is derived by solving the system of master equations accounting for the multiple-level transitions.

Basic Governing Equations for the Flight Regimes of Aeroassisted Orbital Transfer Vehicles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Jong-Hun

1985-01-01

The basic governing equations for the low-density, high-enthalpy flow regimes expected in the shock layers over the heat shields of the proposed aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles are derived by combining and extending existing theories. The conservation equations are derived from gas kinetic principles for a four-component ionized gas consisting of neutral molecules, neutral atoms, singly ionized ions, and electrons, assuming a continuum flow. The differences among translational-rotational, vibrational, and electron temperatures are accounted for, as well as chemical nonequilibrium and electric-charge separation. Expressions for convective and viscous fluxes, transport properties, and the terms representing interactions among various energy modes are explicitly given. The expressions for the rate of electron-vibration energy transfer, which violates the Landau-Teller conditions, are derived by solving the system of master equations accounting for the multiple-level transitions.

Costing interventions in primary care.

PubMed

Kernick, D

2000-02-01

Against a background of increasing demands on limited resources, studies that relate benefits of health interventions to the resources they consume will be an important part of any decision-making process in primary care, and an accurate assessment of costs will be an important part of any economic evaluation. Although there is no such thing as a gold standard cost estimate, there are a number of basic costing concepts that underlie any costing study. How costs are derived and combined will depend on the assumptions that have been made in their derivation. It is important to be clear what assumptions have been made and why in order to maintain consistency across comparative studies and prevent inappropriate conclusions being drawn. This paper outlines some costing concepts and principles to enable primary care practitioners and researchers to have a basic understanding of costing exercises and their pitfalls.

Basic hydraulic principles of open-channel flow

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jobson, Harvey E.; Froehlich, David C.

1988-01-01

The three basic principles of open-channel-flow analysis--the conservation of mass, energy, and momentum--are derived, explained, and applied to solve problems of open-channel flow. These principles are introduced at a level that can be comprehended by a person with an understanding of the principles of physics and mechanics equivalent to that presented in the first college level course of the subject. The reader is assumed to have a working knowledge of algebra and plane geometry as well as some knowledge of calculus. Once the principles have been derived, a number of example applications are presented that illustrate the computation of flow through culverts and bridges, and over structures, such as dams and weirs. Because resistance to flow is a major obstacle to the successful application of the energy principle to open-channel flow, procedures are outlined for the rational selection of flow resistance coefficients. The principle of specific energy is shown to be useful in the prediction of water-surface profiles both in the qualitative and quantitative sense. (USGS)

Risk communication basics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Corrado, P.G.

In low-trust, high-concern situations, 50% of your credibility comes from perceived empathy and caring, demonstrated in the first 30 s you come in contact with someone. There is no second chance for a first impression. These and other principles contained in this paper provide you with a basic level of understanding of risk communication. The principles identified are time-tested caveats and will assist you in effectively communicating technical information.

Basic principles of management for cervical spine trauma.

PubMed

O'Dowd, J K

2010-03-01

This article reviews the basic principles of management of cervical trauma. The technique and critical importance of careful assessment is described. Instability is defined, and the incidence of a second injury is highlighted. The concept of spinal clearance is discussed. Early reduction and stabilisation techniques are described, and the indications, and approach for surgery reviewed. The importance of the role of post-injury rehabilitation is identified.

General medicine and surgery for dental practitioners: part 2. Medical emergencies in dental practice: the drug box, equipment and basic principles of management.

PubMed

Greenwood, M; Meechan, J G

2014-06-13

Dental practitioners need knowledge of the diagnosis and management of medical emergencies. This paper deals with the general aspects of emergency treatment including basic management principles which are applicable to all emergencies. The next paper in this series, part 3, deals with more specific aspects of medical emergency management.

JPRS Report, China, Handbook of Military Knowledge for Commanders

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-07

Chemical and Biological Weapons Chapter I Nuclear Weapons (178) A. Summary Statement on Nuclear Weapons (178) 1. Basic Principles of Nuclear...199) 1. Basic Principles of Protection Against Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Weapons* (199) 2. Maior Actions For Protection Against Nuclear...people’s bodies through the digestive tract. Skin contact. Biological warfare agents may enter the body directly through the skin , mucous membranes or

Implementation workshop of WHO guidelines on evaluation of malaria vaccines: Current regulatory concepts and issues related to vaccine quality, Pretoria, South Africa 07 Nov 2014.

PubMed

Ho, Mei Mei; Baca-Estrada, Maria; Conrad, Christoph; Karikari-Boateng, Eric; Kang, Hye-Na

2015-08-26

The current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant malaria vaccines targeting the pre-erythrocytic and blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum were adopted by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in 2012 to provide guidance on the quality, nonclinical and clinical aspects of recombinant malaria vaccines. A WHO workshop was organised to facilitate implementation into African (national/regional) regulatory practices, of the regulatory evaluation principles outlined in the guidelines regarding quality aspects. The workshop was used also to share knowledge and experience on regulatory topics of chemistry, manufacturing and control with a focus on vaccines through presentations and an interactive discussion using a case study approach. The basic principles and concepts of vaccine quality including consistency of production, quality control and manufacturing process were presented and discussed in the meeting. By reviewing and practicing a case study, better understanding on the relationship between consistency of production and batch release tests of an adjuvanted pre-erythrocytic recombinant malaria vaccine was reached. The case study exercise was considered very useful to understand regulatory evaluation principles of vaccines and a suggestion was made to WHO to provide such practices also through its Global Learning Opportunities for Vaccine Quality programme. Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gamma-Ray Telescope and Uncertainty Principle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shivalingaswamy, T.; Kagali, B. A.

2012-01-01

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is one of the important basic principles of quantum mechanics. In most of the books on quantum mechanics, this uncertainty principle is generally illustrated with the help of a gamma ray microscope, wherein neither the image formation criterion nor the lens properties are taken into account. Thus a better…

A mechanism producing power law etc. distributions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Heling; Shen, Hongjun; Yang, Bin

2017-07-01

Power law distribution is playing an increasingly important role in the complex system study. Based on the insolvability of complex systems, the idea of incomplete statistics is utilized and expanded, three different exponential factors are introduced in equations about the normalization condition, statistical average and Shannon entropy, with probability distribution function deduced about exponential function, power function and the product form between power function and exponential function derived from Shannon entropy and maximal entropy principle. So it is shown that maximum entropy principle can totally replace equal probability hypothesis. Owing to the fact that power and probability distribution in the product form between power function and exponential function, which cannot be derived via equal probability hypothesis, can be derived by the aid of maximal entropy principle, it also can be concluded that maximal entropy principle is a basic principle which embodies concepts more extensively and reveals basic principles on motion laws of objects more fundamentally. At the same time, this principle also reveals the intrinsic link between Nature and different objects in human society and principles complied by all.

Establishing ethics in an organization by using principles.

PubMed

Hawks, Val D; Benzley, Steven E; Terry, Ronald E

2004-04-01

Laws, codes, and rules are essential for any community, public or private, to operate in an orderly and productive fashion. Without laws and codes, anarchy and chaos abound and the purpose and role of the organization is lost. However, danger is significant, and damage serious and far-reaching when individuals or organizations become so focused on rules, laws, and specifications that basic principles are ignored. This paper discusses the purpose of laws, rules, and codes, to help understand basic principles. With such an understanding an increase in the level of ethical and moral behavior can be obtained without imposing detailed rules.

The job of 'ethics committees'.

PubMed

Moore, Andrew; Donnelly, Andrew

2015-11-13

What should authorities establish as the job of ethics committees and review boards? Two answers are: (1) review of proposals for consistency with the duly established and applicable code and (2) review of proposals for ethical acceptability. The present paper argues that these two jobs come apart in principle and in practice. On grounds of practicality, publicity and separation of powers, it argues that the relevant authorities do better to establish code-consistency review and not ethics-consistency review. It also rebuts bad code and independence arguments for the opposite view. It then argues that authorities at present variously specify both code-consistency and ethics-consistency jobs, but most are also unclear on this issue. The paper then argues that they should reform the job of review boards and ethics committees, by clearly establishing code-consistency review and disestablishing ethics-consistency review, and through related reform of the basic orientation, focus, name, and expertise profile of these bodies and their actions. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

[A basic health care center. Care oriented at the community].

PubMed

Marquilles Bonet, C; Quesada Santaulaira, L; Florensa Roca, C; Piñol Jové, M A; Cruz Esteve, I; Rodríguez Rosich, A

1997-01-01

Principle problems of a basic health care area (Lérida) are identified. This area, which has a patient case load of 22,244 people, was studied during the winter of 1993-94 by using information from various sources. Results indicate that the population of this community are basically young, urban, have a high cultural and social level, and are mostly employed. The principle causes of mortality are the same as in the rest of Cataluña. Diseases that cause the most working days lost to illness are: respiratory, mental and bone-joint problems. The most frequent diseases seen in the clinic are: hypertension, respiratory infections, endocrine and mental. An overall look at the state of health of these patients show that the principle problems are: tobacco use, high blood pressure, arthritis, lumbago, depression, stroke, diabetes and breast cancer.

An ion-pair principle for enantioseparations of basic analytes by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis using the di-n-butyl L-tartrate-boric acid complex as chiral selector.

PubMed

Wang, Li-Juan; Liu, Xiu-Feng; Lu, Qie-Nan; Yang, Geng-Liang; Chen, Xing-Guo

2013-04-05

A chiral recognition mechanism of ion-pair principle has been proposed in this study. It rationalized the enantioseparations of some basic analytes using the complex of di-n-butyl l-tartrate and boric acid as the chiral selector in methanolic background electrolytes (BGEs) by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE). An approach of mass spectrometer (MS) directly confirmed that triethylamine promoted the formation of negatively charged di-n-butyl l-tartrate-boric acid complex chiral counter ion with a complex ratio of 2:1. And the negatively charged counter ion was the real chiral selector in the ion-pair principle enantioseparations. It was assumed that triethylamine should play its role by adjusting the apparent acidity (pH*) of the running buffer to a higher value. Consequently, the effects of various basic electrolytes including inorganic and organic ones on the enantioseparations in NACE were investigated. The results showed that most of the basic electrolytes tested were favorable for the enantioseparations of basic analytes using di-n-butyl l-tartrate-boric acid complex as the chiral ion-pair selector. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The NASA planning process, appendix D. [as useful planning approach for solving urban problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Annett, H. A.

1973-01-01

The planning process is outlined which NASA used in making some fundamental post-Apollo decisions concerning the reuseable space shuttle and the orbiting laboratory. It is suggested that the basic elements and principles of the process, when combined, form a useful planning approach for solving urban problems. These elements and principles are defined along with the basic strengths of the planning model.

Previniendo el Uso de Drogas entre Ninos y Adolescentes: Una Guia Basada en Investigaciones (Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents: A Research-Based Guide).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sloboda, Zili; David, Susan L.

This question and answer guide provides an overview of the research on the origins and pathways of drug abuse, the basic principles derived from effective drug abuse prevention research, and the application of research results to the prevention of drug use among young people. The basic principles derived from drug abuse prevention research are…

Basic principles of management for cervical spine trauma

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

This article reviews the basic principles of management of cervical trauma. The technique and critical importance of careful assessment is described. Instability is defined, and the incidence of a second injury is highlighted. The concept of spinal clearance is discussed. Early reduction and stabilisation techniques are described, and the indications, and approach for surgery reviewed. The importance of the role of post-injury rehabilitation is identified. PMID:19701655

On Ruch's Principle of Decreasing Mixing Distance in classical statistical physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Busch, Paul; Quadt, Ralf

1990-10-01

Ruch's Principle of Decreasing Mixing Distance is reviewed as a statistical physical principle and its basic suport and geometric interpretation, the Ruch-Schranner-Seligman theorem, is generalized to be applicable to a large representative class of classical statistical systems.

Prosthetic EMG control enhancement through the application of man-machine principles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Simcox, W. A.

1977-01-01

An area in medicine that appears suitable to man-machine principles is rehabilitation research, particularly when the motor aspects of the body are involved. If one considers the limb, whether functional or not, as the machine, the brain as the controller and the neuromuscular system as the man-machine interface, the human body is reduced to a man-machine system that can benefit from the principles behind such systems. The area of rehabilitation that this paper deals with is that of an arm amputee and his prosthetic device. Reducing this area to its man-machine basics, the problem becomes one of attaining natural multiaxis prosthetic control using Electromyographic activity (EMG) as the means of communication between man and prothesis. In order to use EMG as the communication channel it must be amplified and processed to yield a high information signal suitable for control. The most common processing scheme employed is termed Mean Value Processing. This technique for extracting the useful EMG signal consists of a differential to single ended conversion to the surface activity followed by a rectification and smoothing.

Nuclear power and the market value of the shares of electric utilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lyons, Joseph T.

The most basic principle of security valuation is that market prices are determined by investors' expectations of the firm's performance in the future. These expectations are generally understood to be related to the risk that investors will bear by holding the firm's equity. There is considerable evidence that financial statements prepared in accordance with accrual-based accounting standards consistent with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) have information content relevant to the establishment of market prices. In 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 143, "Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations," changing the accounting standards that must be used to prepare financial statements. This paper investigates the effect that investment in nuclear power has on the market value of electric utilities and the impact on the securities markets of the significant changes in financial statement presentation mandated by this new standard.

Fully achromatic nulling interferometer (FANI) for high SNR exoplanet characterization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hénault, François

2015-09-01

Space-borne nulling interferometers have long been considered as the best option for searching and characterizing extrasolar planets located in the habitable zone of their parent stars. Solutions for achieving deep starlight extinction are now numerous and well demonstrated. However they essentially aim at realizing an achromatic central null in order to extinguish the star. In this communication is described a major improvement of the technique, where the achromatization process is extended to the entire fringe pattern. Therefore higher Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and appreciable simplification of the detection system should result. The basic principle of this Fully achromatic nulling interferometer (FANI) consists in inserting dispersive elements along the arms of the interferometer. Herein this principle is explained and illustrated by a preliminary optical system design. The typical achievable performance and limitations are discussed and some initial tolerance requirements are also provided.

Problems for clinical judgement: 5. Principles of influence in medical practice

PubMed Central

Redelmeier, Donald A.; Cialdini, Robert B.

2002-01-01

THE BASIC SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY HAS IDENTIFIED specific ingrained responses that are fundamental elements of human nature, underpin common influence strategies and may apply in medical settings. People feel a sense of obligation to repay a perceived debt. A request becomes more attractive when preceded by a marginally worse request. The drive to act consistently will persist even if demands escalate. Peer pressure is intense when people face uncertainty. The image of the requester influences the attractiveness of a request. Authorities have power beyond their expertise. Opportunities appear more valuable when they appear less available. These 7 responses were discovered decades ago in psychology research and seem intuitively understood in the business world, but they are rarely discussed in medical texts. An awareness of these principles can provide a framework for physicians to help patients change their behaviour and to understand how others in society sometime alter patients' choices. PMID:12126325

Metal-Insulator-Metal-Based Plasmonic Metamaterial Absorbers at Visible and Infrared Wavelengths: A Review.

PubMed

Ogawa, Shinpei; Kimata, Masafumi

2018-03-20

Electromagnetic wave absorbers have been investigated for many years with the aim of achieving high absorbance and tunability of both the absorption wavelength and the operation mode by geometrical control, small and thin absorber volume, and simple fabrication. There is particular interest in metal-insulator-metal-based plasmonic metamaterial absorbers (MIM-PMAs) due to their complete fulfillment of these demands. MIM-PMAs consist of top periodic micropatches, a middle dielectric layer, and a bottom reflector layer to generate strong localized surface plasmon resonance at absorption wavelengths. In particular, in the visible and infrared (IR) wavelength regions, a wide range of applications is expected, such as solar cells, refractive index sensors, optical camouflage, cloaking, optical switches, color pixels, thermal IR sensors, IR microscopy and gas sensing. The promising properties of MIM-PMAs are attributed to the simple plasmonic resonance localized at the top micropatch resonators formed by the MIMs. Here, various types of MIM-PMAs are reviewed in terms of their historical background, basic physics, operation mode design, and future challenges to clarify their underlying basic design principles and introduce various applications. The principles presented in this review paper can be applied to other wavelength regions such as the ultraviolet, terahertz, and microwave regions.

Metal-Insulator-Metal-Based Plasmonic Metamaterial Absorbers at Visible and Infrared Wavelengths: A Review

PubMed Central

Ogawa, Shinpei; Kimata, Masafumi

2018-01-01

Electromagnetic wave absorbers have been investigated for many years with the aim of achieving high absorbance and tunability of both the absorption wavelength and the operation mode by geometrical control, small and thin absorber volume, and simple fabrication. There is particular interest in metal-insulator-metal-based plasmonic metamaterial absorbers (MIM-PMAs) due to their complete fulfillment of these demands. MIM-PMAs consist of top periodic micropatches, a middle dielectric layer, and a bottom reflector layer to generate strong localized surface plasmon resonance at absorption wavelengths. In particular, in the visible and infrared (IR) wavelength regions, a wide range of applications is expected, such as solar cells, refractive index sensors, optical camouflage, cloaking, optical switches, color pixels, thermal IR sensors, IR microscopy and gas sensing. The promising properties of MIM-PMAs are attributed to the simple plasmonic resonance localized at the top micropatch resonators formed by the MIMs. Here, various types of MIM-PMAs are reviewed in terms of their historical background, basic physics, operation mode design, and future challenges to clarify their underlying basic design principles and introduce various applications. The principles presented in this review paper can be applied to other wavelength regions such as the ultraviolet, terahertz, and microwave regions. PMID:29558454

[Trampoline therapy with brain-injured children and adolescents (author's transl)].

PubMed

Erichsen, H; Böttcher, H

1976-05-01

Trampoline therapy is a useful part of the medical rehabilitation treatment of brain-injured children and adolescents, if the basic principles of accident prevention are observed. The therapy should only consist of systematically organised exercise series and be carried out by adequately trained sport teachers, medical paedagogues or physical therapists. In the "Jugendwerk Gailingen" an improvement of the standing balance and movement co-ordination was achieved in more than 20 patients with hemiparesis and tetraparesis. Only little progress was achieved in atactic and athetoid patients. It is important to stress the positive psychological effects of the trampoline therapy.

A poroelastic medium saturated by a two-phase capillary fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shelukhin, V. V.

2014-09-01

By Landau's approach developed for description of superfluidity of 2He, we derive a mathematical model for a poroelastic medium saturated with a two-phase capillary fluid. The model describes a three-velocity continuum with conservation laws which obey the basic principles of thermodynamics and which are consistent with the Galilean transformations. In contrast to Biot' linear theory, the equations derived allow for finite deformations. As the acoustic analysis reveals, there is one more longitudinal wave in comparison with the poroelastic medium saturated with a one-phase fluid. We prove that such a result is due to surface tension.

The Structuring Principle: Political Socialization and Belief Systems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Searing, Donald D.; And Others

1973-01-01

Assesses the significance of data on childhood political learning to political theory by testing the structuring principle,'' considered one of the central assumptions of political socialization research. This principle asserts that basic orientations acquired during childhood structure the later learning of specific issue beliefs.'' The…

Streamlining the Acquisition Process: Should Program Directors be Granted Contracting Authority

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

relationship between program directors and contracting officers contradicts basic management principles. One of Fayol’s principles of management is that...Franklin, Stephen G. Principles of Management , Eighth Edition. Homewood, II: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1982. Thybony, William W. Government Contracting based

32 CFR Appendix A to Part 272 - Principles for the Conduct and Support of Basic Research

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Research A Appendix A to Part 272 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (CONTINUED) MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATION AND SUPPORT OF BASIC RESEARCH BY THE... Research 1. Basic research is an investment. The DoD Components are to view and manage basic research...

Mathematical foundations of biomechanics.

PubMed

Niederer, Peter F

2010-01-01

The aim of biomechanics is the analysis of the structure and function of humans, animals, and plants by means of the methods of mechanics. Its foundations are in particular embedded in mathematics, physics, and informatics. Due to the inherent multidisciplinary character deriving from its aim, biomechanics has numerous connections and overlapping areas with biology, biochemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology, along with clinical medicine, so its range is enormously wide. This treatise is mainly meant to serve as an introduction and overview for readers and students who intend to acquire a basic understanding of the mathematical principles and mechanics that constitute the foundation of biomechanics; accordingly, its contents are limited to basic theoretical principles of general validity and long-range significance. Selected examples are included that are representative for the problems treated in biomechanics. Although ultimate mathematical generality is not in the foreground, an attempt is made to derive the theory from basic principles. A concise and systematic formulation is thereby intended with the aim that the reader is provided with a working knowledge. It is assumed that he or she is familiar with the principles of calculus, vector analysis, and linear algebra.

The QTP family of consistent functionals and potentials in Kohn-Sham density functional theory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jin, Yifan; Bartlett, Rodney J., E-mail: bartlett@qtp.ufl.edu

This manuscript presents the second, consistent density functional in the QTP (Quantum Theory Project) family, that is, the CAM-QTP(01). It is a new range-separated exchange-correlation functional in which the non-local exchange contribution is 100% at large separation. It follows the same basic principles of this family that the Kohn-Sham eigenvalues of the occupied orbitals approximately equal the vertical ionization energies, which is not fulfilled by most of the traditional density functional methods. This new CAM-QTP(01) functional significantly improves the accuracy of the vertical excitation energies especially for the Rydberg states in the test set. It also reproduces many other propertiesmore » such as geometries, reaction barrier heights, and atomization energies.« less

Computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound imaging: basic principles, glossary of terms, and patient safety.

PubMed

Cogbill, Thomas H; Ziegelbein, Kurt J

2011-02-01

The basic principles underlying computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound are reviewed to promote better understanding of the properties and appropriate applications of these 3 common imaging modalities. A glossary of frequently used terms for each technique is appended for convenience. Risks to patient safety including contrast-induced nephropathy, radiation-induced malignancy, and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis are discussed. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Understanding the Magic of the Bicycle; Basic scientific explanations to the two-wheeler's mysterious and fascinating behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Connolly, Joseph W.

The bicycle is a common, yet unique mechanical contraption in our world. In spite of this, the bike's physical and mechanical principles are understood by a select few. You do not have to be a genius to join this small group of people who understand the physics of cycling. This is your guide to fundamental principles (such as Newton's laws) and the book provides intuitive, basic explanations for the bicycle's behaviour. Each concept is introduced and illustrated with simple, everyday examples. Although cycling is viewed by most as a fun activity, and almost everyone acquires the basic skills at a young age, few understand the laws of nature that give magic to the ride. This is a closer look at some of these fun, exhilarating, and magical aspects of cycling. In the reading, you will also understand other physical principles such as motion, force, energy, power, heat, and temperature.

Medical Ultrasound Imaging.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hughes, Stephen

2001-01-01

Explains the basic principles of ultrasound using everyday physics. Topics include the generation of ultrasound, basic interactions with material, and the measurement of blood flow using the Doppler effect. (Author/MM)

Basic Photographic Standards for Abdominal Contouring Procedures and Abdominoplasty/Lipectomy.

PubMed

Dietl, Marion; Kompatscher, Peter

2018-05-07

Standardized reliable medical photographic documentation should be made by every plastic surgeon for valid comparisons of preoperative and post-operative illustrations. However, photographic documentation in aesthetic surgery has also an important medico-legal impact as if not performed accurately it can result in severe legal ramifications. Therefore, we evaluated and redefined the existing photographic standards for abdominal contouring procedures and abdominoplasty/lipectomy further, to achieve consistent detailed photographs without any corresponding distortion or distraction. The results of the modification in standardized photographic documentation in aesthetic abdominoplasty and lipectomy are based on the basic principles of photography in plastic and aesthetic surgery and are presented in this article.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Chemistry Cube Game - Exploring Basic Principles of Chemistry by Turning Cubes.

PubMed

Müller, Markus T

2018-02-01

The Chemistry Cube Game invites students at secondary school level 1 and 2 to explore basic concepts of chemistry in a playful way, either as individuals or in teams. It consists of 15 different cubes, 9 cubes for different acids, their corresponding bases and precursors, and 6 cubes for different reducing and oxidising agents. The cubes can be rotated in those directions indicated. Each 'allowed' vertical or horizontal rotation of 90° stands for a chemical reaction or a physical transition. Two different games and playing modes are presented here: First, redox chemistry is introduced for the formation of salts from elementary metals and non-metals. Second, the speciation of acids and bases at different pH-values is shown. The cubes can be also used for games about environmental chemistry such as the carbon and sulphur cycle, covering the topic of acid rain, or the nitrogen cycle including ammoniac synthesis, nitrification and de-nitrification.

A Lemon Cell Battery for High-Power Applications

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Muske, Kenneth R.; Nigh, Christopher W.; Weinstein, Randy D.

2007-01-01

The use of lemon cell battery to run an electric DC motor is demonstrated for chemistry students. This demonstration aids the students in understanding principles behind the design and construction of the lemon cell battery and principles governing the electric DC motor and other basic principles.

``Physics with a Smile''-Explaining Phenomena with a Qualitative Problem-Solving Strategy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mualem, Roni; Eylon, Bat-Sheva

2007-03-01

Various studies indicate that high school physics students and even college students majoring in physics have difficulties in qualitative understanding of basic concepts and principles of physics.1-5 For example, studies carried out with the Force Concept Inventory (FCI)1,6 illustrate that qualitative tasks are not easy to solve even at the college level. Consequently, "conceptual physics" courses have been designed to foster qualitative understanding, and advanced high school physics courses as well as introductory college-level courses strive to develop qualitative understanding. Many physics education researchers emphasize the importance of acquiring some qualitative understanding of basic concepts in physics as early as middle school or in the context of courses that offer "Physics First" in the ninth grade before biology or chemistry.7 This trend is consistent with the call to focus the science curriculum on a small number of basic concepts and ideas, and to instruct students in a more "meaningful way" leading to better understanding. Studies7-10 suggest that familiar everyday contexts (see Fig. 1) are useful in fostering qualitative understanding.

Adopting Basic Principles of the United Nations Academic Impact Initiative (UNAI): Can Cultural Differences Be Predicted from Value Orientations and Globalization?

PubMed Central

Nechtelberger, Andrea; Renner, Walter; Nechtelberger, Martin; Supeková, Soňa Chovanová; Hadjimarkou, Maria; Offurum, Chino; Ramalingam, Panchalan; Senft, Birgit; Redfern, Kylie

2017-01-01

The United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) Initiative has set forth 10 Basic Principles for higher education. In the present study, a 10 item self-report questionnaire measuring personal endorsement of these principles has been tested by self-report questionnaires with university and post-graduate students from Austria, China, Cyprus, India, Nigeria, and Slovakia (total N = 976, N = 627 female, mean age 24.7 years, s = 5.7). Starting from the assumptions of Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), we expected that personal attitudes toward the UNAI Basic Principles would be predicted by endorsement of various moral foundations as suggested by MFT and by the individual's degree of globalization. Whereas for the Austrian, Cypriot, and Nigerian sub- samples this assumption was largely confirmed, for the Chinese, Indian, and Slovak sub- samples only small amounts of the variance could be explained by regression models. All six sub-samples differed substantially with regard to their overall questionnaire responses: by five discriminant functions 83.6% of participants were classified correctly. We conclude that implementation of UNAI principles should adhere closely to the cultural requirements of the respective society and, where necessary should be accompanied by thorough informational campaigns about UN educational goals. PMID:29180977

Adopting Basic Principles of the United Nations Academic Impact Initiative (UNAI): Can Cultural Differences Be Predicted from Value Orientations and Globalization?

PubMed

Nechtelberger, Andrea; Renner, Walter; Nechtelberger, Martin; Supeková, Soňa Chovanová; Hadjimarkou, Maria; Offurum, Chino; Ramalingam, Panchalan; Senft, Birgit; Redfern, Kylie

2017-01-01

The United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) Initiative has set forth 10 Basic Principles for higher education. In the present study, a 10 item self-report questionnaire measuring personal endorsement of these principles has been tested by self-report questionnaires with university and post-graduate students from Austria, China, Cyprus, India, Nigeria, and Slovakia (total N = 976, N = 627 female, mean age 24.7 years, s = 5.7). Starting from the assumptions of Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), we expected that personal attitudes toward the UNAI Basic Principles would be predicted by endorsement of various moral foundations as suggested by MFT and by the individual's degree of globalization. Whereas for the Austrian, Cypriot, and Nigerian sub- samples this assumption was largely confirmed, for the Chinese, Indian, and Slovak sub- samples only small amounts of the variance could be explained by regression models. All six sub-samples differed substantially with regard to their overall questionnaire responses: by five discriminant functions 83.6% of participants were classified correctly. We conclude that implementation of UNAI principles should adhere closely to the cultural requirements of the respective society and, where necessary should be accompanied by thorough informational campaigns about UN educational goals.

A Curriculum Guide for Electricity/Electronics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rouse, Bill, Comp.

This curriculum guide is designed to upgrade the secondary electrical trades program in Mississippi by broadening its scope to incorporate basic electronic principles. Covered in the individual chapters of the guide are the following courses: basic electricity (occupational information, basic physics, circuit fundamentals, resistance and Ohm's…

Basic Electronics I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robertson, L. Paul

Designed for use in basic electronics programs, this curriculum guide is comprised of twenty-nine units of instruction in five major content areas: Orientation, Basic Principles of Electricity/Electronics, Fundamentals of Direct Current, Fundamentals of Alternating Current, and Applying for a Job. Each instructional unit includes some or all of…

The Aristotelian Principle and Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pekarsky, Daniel

1980-01-01

For the Aristotelian principle to become operative, certain principles must be met. Individuals should be free from anxiety about satisfying basic needs. They cannot enjoy complexity in their lives beyond a certain point. To have satisfying lives, individuals should engage in both passive and active enjoyments, leading from a lower to a higher…

CEP's Eleven Principles of Effective Character Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lickona, Tom; Schaps, Eric; Lewis, Catherine

2007-01-01

There is no single script for effective character education, but there are some important basic principles. This document presents eleven principles that schools and other groups can use to plan a character education effort and to evaluate available character education programs: (1) Promotes core ethical values and supportive performance values as…

Using Design Principles to Teach Technical Communication.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Markel, Mike

1995-01-01

Compares the writing of two students--a competent writer and a weak one--in a technical communication course before and after discussion of design principles. Finds that a basic understanding of design principles helped them improve document macrostructure but had little effect on document microstructure. Suggests that integrating document design…

Organizing to Manage Base-Level Service Contracts in the 1990s.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-01

management of service contracts is the present day organizational structure. The structure is flawed and violates basic principles of management . Until the...are classic principles of management . To state the principle I will quote Ernest Dale: "Authority should be commensurate with responsibility. That is

Principles and application of shock-tubes and shock tunnels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ried, R. C.; Clauss, H. G., Jr.

1963-01-01

The principles, theoretical flow equations, calculation techniques, limitations and practical performance characteristics of basic and high performance shock tubes and shock tunnels are presented. Selected operating curves are included.

Eosinophil count - absolute

MedlinePlus

... BS, Burks AW, et al, eds. Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice . 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; ... HE, Weitz JI, Anastasi J, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; ...

Basic Understanding of Earth Tunneling by Melting : Volume 1. Basic Physical Principles.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-07-01

A novel technique, which employs the melting of rocks and soils as a means of excavating or tunneling while simultaneously generating a glass tunnel lining and/or primary support, was studied. The object of the study was to produce a good basic under...

The maximum entropy production principle: two basic questions.

PubMed

Martyushev, Leonid M

2010-05-12

The overwhelming majority of maximum entropy production applications to ecological and environmental systems are based on thermodynamics and statistical physics. Here, we discuss briefly maximum entropy production principle and raises two questions: (i) can this principle be used as the basis for non-equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics and (ii) is it possible to 'prove' the principle? We adduce one more proof which is most concise today.

A Chemistry Lesson at Three Mile Island.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mammano, Nicholas J.

1980-01-01

Details the procedures used in utilizing the hydrogen bubble incident at Three Mile Island to relate these basic chemical principles to nuclear chemistry: gas laws, Le Chatelier's principle and equilibrium, and stoichiometry. (CS)

Supply-demand balance in outward-directed networks and Kleiber's law

PubMed Central

Painter, Page R

2005-01-01

Background Recent theories have attempted to derive the value of the exponent α in the allometric formula for scaling of basal metabolic rate from the properties of distribution network models for arteries and capillaries. It has recently been stated that a basic theorem relating the sum of nutrient currents to the specific nutrient uptake rate, together with a relationship claimed to be required in order to match nutrient supply to nutrient demand in 3-dimensional outward-directed networks, leads to Kleiber's law (b = 3/4). Methods The validity of the supply-demand matching principle and the assumptions required to prove the basic theorem are assessed. The supply-demand principle is evaluated by examining the supply term and the demand term in outward-directed lattice models of nutrient and water distribution systems and by applying the principle to fractal-like models of mammalian arterial systems. Results Application of the supply-demand principle to bifurcating fractal-like networks that are outward-directed does not predict 3/4-power scaling, and evaluation of water distribution system models shows that the matching principle does not match supply to demand in such systems. Furthermore, proof of the basic theorem is shown to require that the covariance of nutrient uptake and current path length is 0, an assumption unlikely to be true in mammalian arterial systems. Conclusion The supply-demand matching principle does not lead to a satisfactory explanation for the approximately 3/4-power scaling of mammalian basal metabolic rate. PMID:16283939

Supply-demand balance in outward-directed networks and Kleiber's law.

PubMed

Painter, Page R

2005-11-10

Recent theories have attempted to derive the value of the exponent alpha in the allometric formula for scaling of basal metabolic rate from the properties of distribution network models for arteries and capillaries. It has recently been stated that a basic theorem relating the sum of nutrient currents to the specific nutrient uptake rate, together with a relationship claimed to be required in order to match nutrient supply to nutrient demand in 3-dimensional outward-directed networks, leads to Kleiber's law (b = 3/4). The validity of the supply-demand matching principle and the assumptions required to prove the basic theorem are assessed. The supply-demand principle is evaluated by examining the supply term and the demand term in outward-directed lattice models of nutrient and water distribution systems and by applying the principle to fractal-like models of mammalian arterial systems. Application of the supply-demand principle to bifurcating fractal-like networks that are outward-directed does not predict 3/4-power scaling, and evaluation of water distribution system models shows that the matching principle does not match supply to demand in such systems. Furthermore, proof of the basic theorem is shown to require that the covariance of nutrient uptake and current path length is 0, an assumption unlikely to be true in mammalian arterial systems. The supply-demand matching principle does not lead to a satisfactory explanation for the approximately 3/4-power scaling of mammalian basal metabolic rate.

Rethinking the Formula: Suggestions for Improving Basic Course Texts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robie, Harry

There are three arguments against the usefulness of present basic course textbooks in speech communication. First, there are certain inherent forces that will always drive textbook publishers toward the production of textbooks unsuitable for the basic course: "mentioning" (mentioning every principle ever heard of by potential users of…

Training Course for Power Operating Personnel. Lesson No. 6: Alternating-Current Generator Excitation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of the Interior, Denver, CO. Engineering and Research Center.

Subjects covered in this text are controlling the hydroelectric generator, generator excitation, basic principles of direct current generation, direction of current flow, basic alternating current generator, alternating and direct current voltage outputs, converting alternating current to direct current, review of the basic generator and…

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 21

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. Learn about types of labels.

Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education. Engine Principles, 8-3. Edition 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.

This individualized, self-paced course for independent study in engine principles has been adapted from military curriculum materials for vocational education use. The course provides the student with basic information on engine principles including different kinds of combustion engines, lubrication systems, and cooling systems. It is organized…

Introduction to Therapeutic and Counseling Principles: A Manual for Human Service Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alaska State Dept. of Health and Social Services, Juneau. Div. of Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities.

This manual introduces some of the essential principles of counseling. It is geared toward the training and education of those who have not had significant prior counseling experiences and is not comprehensive. These topics are discussed, focusing on basic, introductory material: (1) general principles of human behavior and motivation including…

Legality Principle of Crimes and Punishments in Iranian Legal System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Habibzadeh, Mohammad Ja'far

2006-01-01

The Principle of legality of crimes and punishments (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege) refers to the fact that an act is not considered a crime and deserves no punishment, unless the Legislator determines and announces the criminal title and its penalty before. The legality principle protects individual security by ensuring basic individual…

77 FR 27509 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board; Order Approving Proposed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-10

... Principle; (2) Role of the Underwriter/Conflicts of Interest; (3) Representations to Issuers; (4) Required... municipal securities.'' See Interpretive Notice at endnote 1. A. Basic Fair Dealing Principle The... made in a fair and balanced manner based on principles of fair dealing and good faith. \\11\\ The...

Essentials of finance for occupational physicians.

PubMed

Miller, K; Fallon, L F

2001-01-01

Comprehending the principles of finance is paramount to understanding the way an organization chooses to generate and use its financial resources. Financial principles may be employed in the same way a physician reviews fundamental systems to gauge a person s health. Just as basic anatomical and physiological components are used to assess the health of an individual, basic financial elements exist to ascertain the health of an organization. This chapter explains risk assessment, accounts receivable management, inventory, depreciation, capital formation, ratio analysis, and more.

A Data Definition Language for GLAD (Graphic Language for Databases).

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-06-20

basic premises. These principles state that a DBMS interface must be descriptive, powerful, easy-to use and easy to learn . This thesis proposes a data...basic premises. These principles state that a DBMS interface must be descriptive, powerful, easy to use and easy to learn . This thesis proposes a data...criteria will be the most successful. 9 If a system is hard to learn , of those capable of mastering the system few may be willing to expend the time and

Basic physics of ultrasound imaging.

PubMed

Aldrich, John E

2007-05-01

The appearance of ultrasound images depends critically on the physical interactions of sound with the tissues in the body. The basic principles of ultrasound imaging and the physical reasons for many common artifacts are described.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 20

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. This section focuses on supplemental labeling.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 22

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. Learn about what labels require review.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 18

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. This section discusses the types of labels.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 26

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. Learn about mandatory and advisory label statements.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 19

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. This section covers supplemental distributor labeling.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 15

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. Learn about the consequences of improper labeling.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 14

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. Learn about positive effects from proper labeling.

Basic Concepts and Principles of Marketing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beder, Hal

1986-01-01

Presents an overview of marketing concepts and principles. These include (1) organizational objectives, (2) exchange, (3) value, (4) market segmentation, (5) market position, (6) consumer analysis, (7) product, (8) promotion, (9) place, and (10) price. (CH)

ENVIRONMENTAL HYDRAULICS

EPA Science Inventory

The thermal, chemical, and biological quality of water in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and near coastal areas is inseparable from a consideration of hydraulic engineering principles: therefore, the term environmental hydraulics. In this chapter we discuss the basic principles of w...

Chapter 16: text mining for translational bioinformatics.

PubMed

Cohen, K Bretonnel; Hunter, Lawrence E

2013-04-01

Text mining for translational bioinformatics is a new field with tremendous research potential. It is a subfield of biomedical natural language processing that concerns itself directly with the problem of relating basic biomedical research to clinical practice, and vice versa. Applications of text mining fall both into the category of T1 translational research-translating basic science results into new interventions-and T2 translational research, or translational research for public health. Potential use cases include better phenotyping of research subjects, and pharmacogenomic research. A variety of methods for evaluating text mining applications exist, including corpora, structured test suites, and post hoc judging. Two basic principles of linguistic structure are relevant for building text mining applications. One is that linguistic structure consists of multiple levels. The other is that every level of linguistic structure is characterized by ambiguity. There are two basic approaches to text mining: rule-based, also known as knowledge-based; and machine-learning-based, also known as statistical. Many systems are hybrids of the two approaches. Shared tasks have had a strong effect on the direction of the field. Like all translational bioinformatics software, text mining software for translational bioinformatics can be considered health-critical and should be subject to the strictest standards of quality assurance and software testing.

Automated Static Culture System Cell Module Mixing Protocol and Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kleis, Stanley J.; Truong, Tuan; Goodwin, Thomas J,

2004-01-01

This report is a documentation of a fluid dynamic analysis of the proposed Automated Static Culture System (ASCS) cell module mixing protocol. The report consists of a review of some basic fluid dynamics principles appropriate for the mixing of a patch of high oxygen content media into the surrounding media which is initially depleted of oxygen, followed by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of this process for the proposed protocol over a range of the governing parameters. The time histories of oxygen concentration distributions and mechanical shear levels generated are used to characterize the mixing process for different parameter values.

What is it to practise good medical ethics? A Muslim's perspective.

PubMed

Serour, G I

2015-01-01

Good medical ethics should aim at ensuring that all human beings enjoy the highest attainable standard of health. With the development of medical technology and health services, it became necessary to expand the four basic principles of medical ethics and link them to human rights. Despite the claim of the universality of those ethical principles, their perception and application in healthcare services are inevitably influenced by the religious background of the societies in which those services are provided. This paper highlights the methodology and principles employed by Muslim jurists in deriving rulings in the field of medical ethics, and it explains how ethical principles are interpreted through the lens of Islamic theory. The author explains how, as a Muslim obstetrician-gynaecologist with a special interest in medical ethics, including international consideration of reproductive ethics issues, he attempts to 'practise good medical ethics' by applying internationally accepted ethical principles in various healthcare contexts, in ways that are consistent with Islamic principles, and he identifies the evidence supporting his approach. He argues that healthcare providers have a right to respect for their conscientious convictions regarding both undertaking and not undertaking the delivery of lawful procedures. However, he also argues that withholding evidence-based medical services based on the conscientious objection of the healthcare provider is unethical as patients have the right to be referred to services providing such treatment. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Application of basic principles of physics to head and neck MR angiography: troubleshooting for artifacts.

PubMed

Pandey, Shilpa; Hakky, Michael; Kwak, Ellie; Jara, Hernan; Geyer, Carl A; Erbay, Sami H

2013-05-01

Neurovascular imaging studies are routinely used for the assessment of headaches and changes in mental status, stroke workup, and evaluation of the arteriovenous structures of the head and neck. These imaging studies are being performed with greater frequency as the aging population continues to increase. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic imaging techniques are helpful in this setting. However, mastering these techniques requires an in-depth understanding of the basic principles of physics, complex flow patterns, and the correlation of MR angiographic findings with conventional MR imaging findings. More than one imaging technique may be used to solve difficult cases, with each technique contributing unique information. Unfortunately, incorporating findings obtained with multiple imaging modalities may add to the diagnostic challenge. To ensure diagnostic accuracy, it is essential that the radiologist carefully evaluate the details provided by these modalities in light of basic physics principles, the fundamentals of various imaging techniques, and common neurovascular imaging pitfalls. ©RSNA, 2013.

GPU Acceleration of the Locally Selfconsistent Multiple Scattering Code for First Principles Calculation of the Ground State and Statistical Physics of Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eisenbach, Markus

The Locally Self-consistent Multiple Scattering (LSMS) code solves the first principles Density Functional theory Kohn-Sham equation for a wide range of materials with a special focus on metals, alloys and metallic nano-structures. It has traditionally exhibited near perfect scalability on massively parallel high performance computer architectures. We present our efforts to exploit GPUs to accelerate the LSMS code to enable first principles calculations of O(100,000) atoms and statistical physics sampling of finite temperature properties. Using the Cray XK7 system Titan at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility we achieve a sustained performance of 14.5PFlop/s and a speedup of 8.6 compared to the CPU only code. This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Material Sciences and Engineering Division and by the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing. This work used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725.

Micro-electromembrane extraction across free liquid membranes. Instrumentation and basic principles.

PubMed

Kubáň, Pavel; Boček, Petr

2014-06-13

A micro-electromembrane extraction (μ-EME) technique using electrically induced transfer of charged analytes across free liquid membranes (FLMs) was presented. A disposable extraction unit was proposed and it was made of a short segment of transparent perfluoroalkoxy tubing, which was successively filled with three liquid plugs serving as acceptor solution, FLM and donor solution. These plugs formed a three-phase extraction system, which was precisely defined, that was stable and required μL to sub-μL volumes of all respective solutions. Basic instrumental set-up and extraction principles of μ-EME were examined using an anionic and a cationic dye, 4,5-dihydroxy-3-(p-sulfophenylazo)-2,7-naphthalene disulfonic acid trisodium salt (SPADNS) and crystal violet, respectively. Transfers of the charged dyes from donor into acceptor solutions across FLMs consisting of 1-pentanol were visualized by a microscope camera and quantitative measurements were performed by UV-vis spectrophotometry. The effects of operational parameters of μ-EME system were comprehensively investigated and experimental measurements were accompanied with theoretical calculations. Extraction recoveries above 60% were achieved for 5min μ-EME of 1mM SPADNS at 100V with repeatability values below 5%. Selectivity of FLMs was additionally examined by capillary electrophoretic analyses of acceptor solutions and the potential of FLMs for μ-EME pretreatment of samples with artificial complex matrices was demonstrated. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Science ethics education part II: changes in attitude toward scientific fraud among medical researchers after a short course in science ethics.

PubMed

Vuckovic-Dekic, L; Gavrilovic, D; Kezic, I; Bogdanovic, G; Brkic, S

2012-01-01

To determine the impact of the short science ethics courses on the knowledge of basic principles of responsible conduct of research (RCR), and on the attitude toward scientific fraud among young biomedical researchers. A total of 361 attendees of the course on science ethics answered a specially designed anonymous multiple- choice questionnaire before and after a one-day course in science ethics. The educational course consisted of 10 lectures: 1) Good scientific practice - basic principles; 2) Publication ethics; 3) Scientific fraud - fabrication, falsification, plagiarism; 4) Conflict of interests; 5) Underpublishing; 6) Mentorship; 7) Authorship; 8) Coauthorship; 9) False authorship; 10) Good scientific practice - ethical codex of science. In comparison to their answers before the course, a significantly higher (p<0.001) number of students qualified their knowledge of science ethics as sufficient after the course was completed. That the wrongdoers deserve severe punishment for all types of scientific fraud, including false authorship, thought significantly (p<0.001) more attendees than before the course, while notably fewer attendees (p<0.001) would give or accept undeserved authorship Even a short course in science ethics had a great impact on the attendees, enlarging their knowledge of responsible conduct of research and changing their previous, somewhat opportunistic, behavior regarding the reluctance to react publicly and punish the wrongdoers.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 24

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. This page is about which labels require review.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 17

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. See an overview of the importance of labels.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 29

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. This page is a quiz on Module 1.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 27

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. See examples of mandatory and advisory label statements.

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 23

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. Lists types of labels that do not require review.

BACTEROLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER

EPA Science Inventory

This presentation will focus on basic elements of water bacteriology. The presentation will be part of a seminar entitled, "Microbiology 101." This seminar is designed to provide general information regarding various microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, virus, protozoa. Basic principl...

Integrating Computer Spreadsheet Modeling into a Microeconomics Curriculum: Principles to Managerial.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clark, Joy L.; Hegji, Charles E.

1997-01-01

Notes that using spreadsheets to teach microeconomics principles enables learning by doing in the exploration of basic concepts. Introduction of increasingly complex topics leads to exploration of theory and managerial decision making. (SK)

The Cyclical Relationship Approach in Teaching Basic Accounting Principles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Golen, Steven

1981-01-01

Shows how teachers can provide a more meaningful presentation of various accounting principles by illustrating them through a cyclical relationship approach. Thus, the students see the entire accounting relationship as a result of doing business. (CT)

AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL MAINTENANCE 2. UNIT III, AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS--HYDRAULICS (PART I).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Human Engineering Inst., Cleveland, OH.

THIS MODULE OF A 25-MODULE COURSE IS DESIGNED TO INTRODUCE BASIC HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES AND PROVIDE AN UNDERSTANDING OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSIONS USED IN DIESEL POWERED VEHICLES. TOPICS ARE WHY USE HYDRAULICS, REVIEWING BASIC PHYSICS LAWS IN RELATION TO HYDRAULICS, UNDERSTANDING THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM, AND DEVELOPING A BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM. THE MODULE…

32 CFR Appendix A to Part 272 - Principles for the Conduct and Support of Basic Research

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... those agencies' investments as appropriate. 5. Merit review is used to select basic research projects... Research A Appendix A to Part 272 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (CONTINUED) MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATION AND SUPPORT OF BASIC RESEARCH BY THE...

Research-Based Reading Instruction in an Adult Basic Education Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perin, Dolores; Greenberg, Daphne

2007-01-01

There is a growing emphasis in adult basic education on research-based reading instruction. Using Kruidenier's (2002) framework of principles and trends, we describe research-based techniques found during a visit to an adult basic education program. We also describe how the program moved to research-based instruction, and the factors that seem…

High frequency x-ray generator basics.

PubMed

Sobol, Wlad T

2002-02-01

The purpose of this paper is to present basic functional principles of high frequency x-ray generators. The emphasis is put on physical concepts that determine the engineering solutions to the problem of efficient generation and control of high voltage power required to drive the x-ray tube. The physics of magnetically coupled circuits is discussed first, as a background for the discussion of engineering issues related to high-frequency power transformer design. Attention is paid to physical processes that influence such factors as size, efficiency, and reliability of a high voltage power transformer. The basic electrical circuit of a high frequency generator is analyzed next, with focus on functional principles. This section investigates the role and function of basic components, such as power supply, inverter, and voltage doubler. Essential electronic circuits of generator control are then examined, including regulation of voltage, current and timing of electrical power delivery to the x-ray tube. Finally, issues related to efficient feedback control, including basic design of the AEC circuitry are reviewed.

Combating Obesity in the Beginning: Incorporating Wellness and Exercise Principles in Teacher Education Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cavallini, M. Felicia; Wendt, Janice C.; Rice, Desmond

2007-01-01

Schools have the potential to foster healthy behaviors among youths through sound health and physical education programs. Teacher candidates who are being certified through teacher preparation programs should take a course on basic wellness and exercise principles, in order to prepare themselves to teach those principles to all school faculty…

The Impact of Authentic Leadership on Ethical Behavior

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-25

56 APPENDIX C - INFORMED CONSENT AND SURVEY INSTRUMENT ...................57 APPENDIX D - DOD PRINCIPLES OF...BEHAVIOR 1 UNCLASSIFIED Chapter 1 Introduction The U.S. Army has been a principled organization since its inception...George H. W. Bush signed Executive Order 12674 on April 12, 1989. This set out 14 basic principles of ethical conduct that Department of Defense

An Analysis of Statements of the Multiplication Principle in Combinatorics, Discrete, and Finite Mathematics Textbooks

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lockwood, Elise; Reed, Zackery; Caughman, John S.

2017-01-01

The multiplication principle serves as a cornerstone in enumerative combinatorics. The principle underpins many basic counting formulas and provides students with a critical element of combinatorial justification. Given its importance, the way in which it is presented in textbooks is surprisingly varied. In this paper, we analyze a number of…

A Concise Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swanson, Mark S.

2018-02-01

Assuming a background in basic classical physics, multivariable calculus, and differential equations, A Concise Introduction to Quantum Mechanics provides a self-contained presentation of the mathematics and physics of quantum mechanics. The relevant aspects of classical mechanics and electrodynamics are reviewed, and the basic concepts of wave-particle duality are developed as a logical outgrowth of experiments involving blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, and electron diffraction. The Copenhagen interpretation of the wave function and its relation to the particle probability density is presented in conjunction with Fourier analysis and its generalization to function spaces. These concepts are combined to analyze the system consisting of a particle confined to a box, developing the probabilistic interpretation of observations and their associated expectation values. The Schrödinger equation is then derived by using these results and demanding both Galilean invariance of the probability density and Newtonian energy-momentum relations. The general properties of the Schrödinger equation and its solutions are analyzed, and the theory of observables is developed along with the associated Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Basic applications of wave mechanics are made to free wave packet spreading, barrier penetration, the simple harmonic oscillator, the Hydrogen atom, and an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. In addition, Dirac notation, elements of Hilbert space theory, operator techniques, and matrix algebra are presented and used to analyze coherent states, the linear potential, two state oscillations, and electron diffraction. Applications are made to photon and electron spin and the addition of angular momentum, and direct product multiparticle states are used to formulate both the Pauli exclusion principle and quantum decoherence. The book concludes with an introduction to the rotation group and the general properties of angular momentum.

Positron Emission Tomography: Principles, Technology, and Recent Developments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ziegler, Sibylle I.

2005-04-01

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medical imaging technique for quantitative measurement of physiologic parameters in vivo (an overview of principles and applications can be found in [P.E. Valk, et al., eds. Positron Emission Tomography. Basic Science and Clinical Practice. 2003, Springer: Heidelberg]), based on the detection of small amounts of posi-tron-emitter-labelled biologic molecules. Various radiotracers are available for neuro-logical, cardiological, and oncological applications in the clinic and in research proto-cols. This overview describes the basic principles, technology, and recent develop-ments in PET, followed by a section on the development of a tomograph with ava-lanche photodiodes dedicated for small animal imaging as an example of efforts in the domain of high resolution tomographs.

Retrocausal Effects As A Consequence of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics Refined To Accommodate The Principle Of Sufficient Reason

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stapp, Henry P.

2011-11-01

The principle of sufficient reason asserts that anything that happens does so for a reason: no definite state of affairs can come into being unless there is a sufficient reason why that particular thing should happen. This principle is usually attributed to Leibniz, although the first recorded Western philosopher to use it was Anaximander of Miletus. The demand that nature be rational, in the sense that it be compatible with the principle of sufficient reason, conflicts with a basic feature of contemporary orthodox physical theory, namely the notion that nature's response to the probing action of an observer is determined by pure chance, and hence on the basis of absolutely no reason at all. This appeal to pure chance can be deemed to have no rational fundamental place in reason-based Western science. It is argued here, on the basis of the other basic principles of quantum physics, that in a world that conforms to the principle of sufficient reason, the usual quantum statistical rules will naturally emerge at the pragmatic level, in cases where the reason behind nature's choice of response is unknown, but that the usual statistics can become biased in an empirically manifest way when the reason for the choice is empirically identifiable. It is shown here that if the statistical laws of quantum mechanics were to be biased in this way then the basically forward-in-time unfolding of empirical reality described by orthodox quantum mechanics would generate the appearances of backward-time-effects of the kind that have been reported in the scientific literature.

A Model to Measure Bombardier/Navigator Performance during Radar Navigation in Device 2F114, A-6E Weapon System Trainer.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-03-01

systems, sub- systems, equipment, weapons, tactics, missions, etc. Concepts and Principles - Fundamental truths, ideas, opinions and thoughts formed from...verification, etc. Grasping the meaning of concepts and principles , i.e., understanding the basic principles of infrared and radar detection. Understanding...concepts, principles , procedures, etc.). Analysis A demonstration of a learned process of breaking down material (i.e., data, other information) into

Data Banks; Bibliography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

van der Aa, H. J., Comp.; And Others

This 249 item, mostly annotated bibliography cites literature on the general themes of basic principles, hardware, software and application studies of data bases. The broad categories are principles, development possibilities, organizational design, bibliographies, economic aspects, data structure-design, file organization, programing, aviation,…

Label Review Training: Module 1: Label Basics, Page 16

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This module of the pesticide label review training provides basic information about pesticides, their labeling and regulation, and the core principles of pesticide label review. Learn about the importance of labels and the role in enforcement.

Reviews, Software.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Science Teacher, 1988

1988-01-01

Reviews two software programs for Apple series computers. Includes "Orbital Mech," a basic planetary orbital simulation for the Macintosh, and "START: Stimulus and Response Tools for Experiments in Memory, Learning, Cognition, and Perception," a program that demonstrates basic psychological principles and experiments. (CW)

Arthropod surveillance programs: Basic components, strategies, and analysis

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Effective entomological surveillance planning stresses a careful consideration of methodology, trapping technologies, and analysis techniques. Herein, the basic principles and technological components of arthropod surveillance plans are described, as promoted in the symposium “Advancements in arthro...

Design principles of a microtubule polymerase

PubMed Central

Geyer, Elisabeth A; Miller, Matthew P; Brautigam, Chad A; Biggins, Sue

2018-01-01

Stu2/XMAP215 microtubule polymerases use multiple tubulin-binding TOG domains and a lattice-binding basic region to processively promote faster elongation. How the domain composition and organization of these proteins dictate polymerase activity, end localization, and processivity is unknown. We show that polymerase activity does not require different kinds of TOGs, nor are there strict requirements for how the TOGs are linked. We identify an unexpected antagonism between the tubulin-binding TOGs and the lattice-binding basic region: lattice binding by the basic region is weak when at least two TOGs engage tubulins, strong when TOGs are empty. End-localization of Stu2 requires unpolymerized tubulin, at least two TOGs, and polymerase competence. We propose a ‘ratcheting’ model for processivity: transfer of tubulin from TOGs to the lattice activates the basic region, retaining the polymerase at the end for subsequent rounds of tubulin binding and incorporation. These results clarify design principles of the polymerase. PMID:29897335

What can robots tell us about brains? A synthetic approach towards the study of learning and problem solving.

PubMed

Voegtlin, T; Verschure, P F

1999-01-01

This paper argues for the development of synthetic approaches towards the study of brain and behavior as a complement to the more traditional empirical mode of research. As an example we present our own work on learning and problem solving which relates to the behavioral paradigms of classical and operant conditioning. We define the concept of learning in the context of behavior and lay out the basic methodological requirements a model needs to satisfy, which includes evaluations using robots. In addition, we define a number of design principles neuronal models should obey to be considered relevant. We present in detail the construction of a neural model of short- and long-term memory which can be applied to an artificial behaving system. The presented model (DAC4) provides a novel self-consistent implementation of these processes, which satisfies our principles. This model will be interpreted towards the present understanding of the neuronal substrate of memory.

Freedom in nature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hájíček, P.

2009-09-01

The paper starts with the proposal that the cause of the apparent insolubility of the free-will problem are several popular but strongly metaphysical notions and hypotheses. To reduce the metaphysics, some ideas are borrowed from physics. A concept of event causality is discussed. The importance of Hume’s Principle of Causality is stressed and his Principle of Causation is weakened. The key concept of the paper, the so-called relative freedom, is also suggested by physics. It is a kind of freedom that can be observed everywhere in nature. Turning to biology, incomplete knowledge is defined for all organisms. They cope with the problem by Popper’s trial and error processes. One source of their success is the relative freedom of choice from the basic option ranges: mutations, motions and neural connections. Finally, the conjecture is adopted that communicability can be used as a criterion of consciousness and free will is defined as a conscious version of relative freedom. The resulting notion is logically self-consistent and it describes an observable phenomenon that agrees with our experience.

The Evolution and Development of Neural Superposition

PubMed Central

Agi, Egemen; Langen, Marion; Altschuler, Steven J.; Wu, Lani F.; Zimmermann, Timo

2014-01-01

Visual systems have a rich history as model systems for the discovery and understanding of basic principles underlying neuronal connectivity. The compound eyes of insects consist of up to thousands of small unit eyes that are connected by photoreceptor axons to set up a visual map in the brain. The photoreceptor axon terminals thereby represent neighboring points seen in the environment in neighboring synaptic units in the brain. Neural superposition is a special case of such a wiring principle, where photoreceptors from different unit eyes that receive the same input converge upon the same synaptic units in the brain. This wiring principle is remarkable, because each photoreceptor in a single unit eye receives different input and each individual axon, among thousands others in the brain, must be sorted together with those few axons that have the same input. Key aspects of neural superposition have been described as early as 1907. Since then neuroscientists, evolutionary and developmental biologists have been fascinated by how such a complicated wiring principle could evolve, how it is genetically encoded, and how it is developmentally realized. In this review article, we will discuss current ideas about the evolutionary origin and developmental program of neural superposition. Our goal is to identify in what way the special case of neural superposition can help us answer more general questions about the evolution and development of genetically “hard-wired” synaptic connectivity in the brain. PMID:24912630

The evolution and development of neural superposition.

PubMed

Agi, Egemen; Langen, Marion; Altschuler, Steven J; Wu, Lani F; Zimmermann, Timo; Hiesinger, Peter Robin

2014-01-01

Visual systems have a rich history as model systems for the discovery and understanding of basic principles underlying neuronal connectivity. The compound eyes of insects consist of up to thousands of small unit eyes that are connected by photoreceptor axons to set up a visual map in the brain. The photoreceptor axon terminals thereby represent neighboring points seen in the environment in neighboring synaptic units in the brain. Neural superposition is a special case of such a wiring principle, where photoreceptors from different unit eyes that receive the same input converge upon the same synaptic units in the brain. This wiring principle is remarkable, because each photoreceptor in a single unit eye receives different input and each individual axon, among thousands others in the brain, must be sorted together with those few axons that have the same input. Key aspects of neural superposition have been described as early as 1907. Since then neuroscientists, evolutionary and developmental biologists have been fascinated by how such a complicated wiring principle could evolve, how it is genetically encoded, and how it is developmentally realized. In this review article, we will discuss current ideas about the evolutionary origin and developmental program of neural superposition. Our goal is to identify in what way the special case of neural superposition can help us answer more general questions about the evolution and development of genetically "hard-wired" synaptic connectivity in the brain.

An introduction to the basic principles of health economics for those involved in the development and delivery of headache care.

PubMed

Kernick, D

2005-09-01

Against a background of increasing demands on limited resources, health economics is gaining an increasing impact on decision making and a basic understanding of the subject is important for all those involved in headache research and service delivery at whatever level. This paper is not intended as a review of the literature in the area of headache economics but discusses some general principles of health economics from the perspective of headache, with a focus on cost of illness studies and economic evaluation.

Through the looking glass: Basics and principles of reflectance confocal microscopy.

PubMed

Que, Syril Keena T; Fraga-Braghiroli, Naiara; Grant-Kels, Jane M; Rabinovitz, Harold S; Oliviero, Margaret; Scope, Alon

2015-08-01

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) offers high-resolution, noninvasive skin imaging and can help avoid obtaining unnecessary biopsy specimens. It can also increase efficiency in the surgical setting by helping to delineate tumor margins. Diagnostic criteria and several RCM algorithms have been published for the differentiation of benign and malignant neoplasms. We provide an overview of the basic principles of RCM, characteristic RCM features of normal skin and cutaneous neoplasms, and the limitations and future directions of RCM. Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Using principles from emergency management to improve emergency response plans for research animals.

PubMed

Vogelweid, Catherine M

2013-10-01

Animal research regulatory agencies have issued updated requirements for emergency response planning by regulated research institutions. A thorough emergency response plan is an essential component of an institution's animal care and use program, but developing an effective plan can be a daunting task. The author provides basic information drawn from the field of emergency management about best practices for developing emergency response plans. Planners should use the basic principles of emergency management to develop a common-sense approach to managing emergencies in their facilities.

Research on Basic Design Education: An International Survey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boucharenc, C. G.

2006-01-01

This paper reports on the results of a survey and qualitative analysis on the teaching of "Basic Design" in schools of design and architecture located in 22 countries. In the context of this research work, Basic Design means the teaching and learning of design fundamentals that may also be commonly referred to as the Principles of Two- and…

A Strategy Toward Reconstructing the Healthcare System of a Unified Korea

PubMed Central

Lee, Yo Han; Kim, Seok Hyang; Shin, Hyun-Woung; Lee, Jin Yong; Kim, Beomsoo; Kim, Young Ae; Yoon, Jangho; Shin, Young Seok

2013-01-01

This road map aims to establish a stable and integrated healthcare system for the Korean Peninsula by improving health conditions and building a foundation for healthcare in North Korea through a series of effective healthcare programs. With a basic time frame extending from the present in stages towards unification, the roadmap is composed of four successive phases. The first and second phases, each expected to last five years, respectively, focus on disease treatment and nutritional treatment. These phases would thereby safeguard the health of the most vulnerable populations in North Korea, while fulfilling the basic health needs of other groups by modernizing existing medical facilities. Based on the gains of the first two phases, the third phase, for ten years, would prepare for unification of the Koreas by promoting the health of all the North Korean people and improving basic infrastructural elements such as health workforce capacity and medical institutions. The fourth phase, assuming that unification will take place, provides fundamental principles and directions for establishing an integrated healthcare system across the Korean Peninsula. We are hoping to increase the consistency of the program and overcome several existing concerns of the current program with this roadmap. PMID:23766871

A strategy toward reconstructing the healthcare system of a unified Korea.

PubMed

Lee, Yo Han; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Kim, Seok Hyang; Shin, Hyun-Woung; Lee, Jin Yong; Kim, Beomsoo; Kim, Young Ae; Yoon, Jangho; Shin, Young Seok

2013-05-01

This road map aims to establish a stable and integrated healthcare system for the Korean Peninsula by improving health conditions and building a foundation for healthcare in North Korea through a series of effective healthcare programs. With a basic time frame extending from the present in stages towards unification, the roadmap is composed of four successive phases. The first and second phases, each expected to last five years, respectively, focus on disease treatment and nutritional treatment. These phases would thereby safeguard the health of the most vulnerable populations in North Korea, while fulfilling the basic health needs of other groups by modernizing existing medical facilities. Based on the gains of the first two phases, the third phase, for ten years, would prepare for unification of the Koreas by promoting the health of all the North Korean people and improving basic infrastructural elements such as health workforce capacity and medical institutions. The fourth phase, assuming that unification will take place, provides fundamental principles and directions for establishing an integrated healthcare system across the Korean Peninsula. We are hoping to increase the consistency of the program and overcome several existing concerns of the current program with this roadmap.

Epidemiology and Clinical Research Design, Part 2: Principles.

PubMed

Manja, Veena; Lakshminrusimha, Satyan

This is the third article covering core knowledge in scholarly activities for neonatal physicians. In this article, we discuss various principles of epidemiology and clinical research design. A basic knowledge of these principles is necessary for conducting clinical research and for proper interpretation of studies. This article reviews bias and confounding, causation, incidence and prevalence, decision analysis, cost-effectiveness, sensitivity analysis, and measurement.

Peatland and water in the northern Lake States.

Treesearch

Don H. Boelter; Elon S. Verry

1977-01-01

The North Central Forest Experiment Station expanded its watershed research program in 1960 to include basic peatland studies. This paper reviews and summarizes basic principles developed from these studies of peatland hydrology, organic soil characteristics, and streamflow chemistry.

Learning experiences and assessment in the first 2 years of the medical course at King's College London School of Medicine.

PubMed

Papachristodoulou, Despo

2010-01-01

The medical curriculum at King's College London School of Medicine is a 5 year course; an extended program (6 years) and a graduate entry program (4 years) are also available. The first 2 years of the curriculum comprise phases 1 and 2. The curriculum consists of core material that is common to all students and student-selected components (students undertake three such components in the first 2 years). Phase 1 lasts 12 weeks and students learn the principles of tissue and organ structure and function. They are also introduced to the practice of medicine (concepts of health, communication, ethics, inter-professional education and medicine in the community). Phase 2 consists of 36 weekly clinical scenarios that place basic medical science in a clinical context. Phase 2 covers cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal and musculoskeletal systems; nutrition; endocrinology; head and neck anatomy; neuroscience; genetics; and infections. Teaching continues in pri! mary care and in the hospitals and includes basic and advanced life support. Learning experiences include lectures, tutorials, practical classes, dissection and prosection, communication skills, e-learning, student-led sessions and primary care and hospital visits. Assessment consists of in-course assessment (e.g., presentations, tests and essays) and end-of-year examinations which consist of written papers and an objective structured clinical examination at the end of year 2. The main strengths of the program include the scenario format of learning and the practice of medicine early on. The difficulties arise mainly from the large numbers of students (420 per year).

Measuring Networking as an Outcome Variable in Undergraduate Research Experiences.

PubMed

Hanauer, David I; Hatfull, Graham

2015-01-01

The aim of this paper is to propose, present, and validate a simple survey instrument to measure student conversational networking. The tool consists of five items that cover personal and professional social networks, and its basic principle is the self-reporting of degrees of conversation, with a range of specific discussion partners. The networking instrument was validated in three studies. The basic psychometric characteristics of the scales were established by conducting a factor analysis and evaluating internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. The second study used a known-groups comparison and involved comparing outcomes for networking scales between two different undergraduate laboratory courses (one involving a specific effort to enhance networking). The final study looked at potential relationships between specific networking items and the established psychosocial variable of project ownership through a series of binary logistic regressions. Overall, the data from the three studies indicate that the networking scales have high internal consistency (α = 0.88), consist of a unitary dimension, can significantly differentiate between research experiences with low and high networking designs, and are related to project ownership scales. The ramifications of the networking instrument for student retention, the enhancement of public scientific literacy, and the differentiation of laboratory courses are discussed. © 2015 D. I. Hanauer and G. Hatfull. CBE—Life Sciences Education © 2015 The American Society for Cell Biology. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). It is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).

Simultaneous double-rod rotation technique in posterior instrumentation surgery for correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

PubMed

Ito, Manabu; Abumi, Kuniyoshi; Kotani, Yoshihisa; Takahata, Masahiko; Sudo, Hideki; Hojo, Yoshihiro; Minami, Akio

2010-03-01

The authors present a new posterior correction technique consisting of simultaneous double-rod rotation using 2 contoured rods and polyaxial pedicle screws with or without Nesplon tapes. The purpose of this study is to introduce the basic principles and surgical procedures of this new posterior surgery for correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Through gradual rotation of the concave-side rod by 2 rod holders, the convex-side rod simultaneously rotates with the the concave-side rod. This procedure does not involve any force pushing down the spinal column around the apex. Since this procedure consists of upward pushing and lateral translation of the spinal column with simultaneous double-rod rotation maneuvers, it is simple and can obtain thoracic kyphosis as well as favorable scoliosis correction. This technique is applicable not only to a thoracic single curve but also to double major curves in cases of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Business Management for Independent Schools. Third Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Association of Independent Schools, Boston, MA.

This business management manual discusses school accounting and reporting principles; in particular, financial management, computerization, and records retention techniques. First is described the basic accounting principles, plant funds, endowment funds, operational funds, chart of accounts, and financial states of the school's annual financial…

Guidelines for the Evaluation of Bilingual Education Programs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cardoza, Desdemona

Principles of program evaluation research are outlined so that bilingual education program coordinators can conduct methodologically acceptable program evaluations. The three basic principles of evaluation research are: identification of the program participants, definition of the program intervention, and assessment of program effectiveness.…

Using Case Studies in the Teaching of Physical Principles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lowe, Ian

1975-01-01

Proposes the use of problems of the everyday world to motivate students to master basic physical principles. Cites the example of conversion of solar energy by a photovoltaic cell as a source of topics in electricity and solid state physics. (CP)

An Analysis of Bid Evaluation Procedures of Contemporary Models for Procurement in Pakistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

21  E.  COMPONENTS FOR BID EVALUATION .........................................21  1.  Market Intelligence...PROCUREMENT SYSTEM ...............................................23  1.  Basic Principles ...43  1.  Principles of Procurement and Prequalification .......................43  2.  Contract Types

Basic Scientific Principles of Diving

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MacLean, Don

1976-01-01

Described are some of the physical and physiological scientific principles related to diving. The article is written as supplementary information for a teacher and includes suggested activities, a keyed test, and a bibliography. This article complements one on Sea Lab II in the same issue. (MA)

20 CFR 901.12 - Eligibility for enrollment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) Basic actuarial knowledge. The applicant shall demonstrate knowledge of basic actuarial mathematics and... mathematics and methodology including compound interest, principles of life contingencies, commutation... concentration was actuarial mathematics, or (ii) Which included at least as many semester hours or quarter hours...

20 CFR 901.12 - Eligibility for enrollment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) Basic actuarial knowledge. The applicant shall demonstrate knowledge of basic actuarial mathematics and... mathematics and methodology including compound interest, principles of life contingencies, commutation... concentration was actuarial mathematics, or (ii) Which included at least as many semester hours or quarter hours...

20 CFR 901.12 - Eligibility for enrollment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) Basic actuarial knowledge. The applicant shall demonstrate knowledge of basic actuarial mathematics and... mathematics and methodology including compound interest, principles of life contingencies, commutation... concentration was actuarial mathematics, or (ii) Which included at least as many semester hours or quarter hours...

Firewalking: A Lesson in Physics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, John R.

1989-01-01

Emphasizes firewalking as a good illustration of basic concepts in thermodynamics. Describes the basic principles of firewalking and other factors including the cooling of the surface embers, moisture of the feet, thick skin on the feet, tolerance for pain, and other uncontrolled factors. (YP)

Arthropod Surveillance Programs: Basic Components, Strategies, and Analysis.

PubMed

Cohnstaedt, Lee W; Rochon, Kateryn; Duehl, Adrian J; Anderson, John F; Barrera, Roberto; Su, Nan-Yao; Gerry, Alec C; Obenauer, Peter J; Campbell, James F; Lysyk, Tim J; Allan, Sandra A

2012-03-01

Effective entomological surveillance planning stresses a careful consideration of methodology, trapping technologies, and analysis techniques. Herein, the basic principles and technological components of arthropod surveillance plans are described, as promoted in the symposium "Advancements in arthropod monitoring technology, techniques, and analysis" presented at the 58th annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in San Diego, CA. Interdisciplinary examples of arthropod monitoring for urban, medical, and veterinary applications are reviewed. Arthropod surveillance consists of the three components: 1) sampling method, 2) trap technology, and 3) analysis technique. A sampling method consists of selecting the best device or collection technique for a specific location and sampling at the proper spatial distribution, optimal duration, and frequency to achieve the surveillance objective. Optimized sampling methods are discussed for several mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) and ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). The advantages and limitations of novel terrestrial and aerial insect traps, artificial pheromones and kairomones are presented for the capture of red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), small hive beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), and Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) respectively. After sampling, extrapolating real world population numbers from trap capture data are possible with the appropriate analysis techniques. Examples of this extrapolation and action thresholds are given for termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and red flour beetles.

Arthropod Surveillance Programs: Basic Components, Strategies, and Analysis

PubMed Central

Rochon, Kateryn; Duehl, Adrian J.; Anderson, John F.; Barrera, Roberto; Su, Nan-Yao; Gerry, Alec C.; Obenauer, Peter J.; Campbell, James F.; Lysyk, Tim J.; Allan, Sandra A.

2015-01-01

Effective entomological surveillance planning stresses a careful consideration of methodology, trapping technologies, and analysis techniques. Herein, the basic principles and technological components of arthropod surveillance plans are described, as promoted in the symposium “Advancements in arthropod monitoring technology, techniques, and analysis” presented at the 58th annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in San Diego, CA. Interdisciplinary examples of arthropod monitoring for urban, medical, and veterinary applications are reviewed. Arthropod surveillance consists of the three components: 1) sampling method, 2) trap technology, and 3) analysis technique. A sampling method consists of selecting the best device or collection technique for a specific location and sampling at the proper spatial distribution, optimal duration, and frequency to achieve the surveillance objective. Optimized sampling methods are discussed for several mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) and ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). The advantages and limitations of novel terrestrial and aerial insect traps, artificial pheromones and kairomones are presented for the capture of red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), small hive beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), and Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) respectively. After sampling, extrapolating real world population numbers from trap capture data are possible with the appropriate analysis techniques. Examples of this extrapolation and action thresholds are given for termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and red flour beetles. PMID:26543242

Retrocausal Effects as a Consequence of Quantum Mechanics Refined to Accommodate the Principle of Sufficient Reason

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stapp, Henry P.

2011-05-10

The principle of sufficient reason asserts that anything that happens does so for a reason: no definite state of affairs can come into being unless there is a sufficient reason why that particular thing should happen. This principle is usually attributed to Leibniz, although the first recorded Western philosopher to use it was Anaximander of Miletus. The demand that nature be rational, in the sense that it be compatible with the principle of sufficient reason, conflicts with a basic feature of contemporary orthodox physical theory, namely the notion that nature's response to the probing action of an observer is determinedmore » by pure chance, and hence on the basis of absolutely no reason at all. This appeal to pure chance can be deemed to have no rational fundamental place in reason-based Western science. It is argued here, on the basis of the other basic principles of quantum physics, that in a world that conforms to the principle of sufficient reason, the usual quantum statistical rules will naturally emerge at the pragmatic level, in cases where the reason behind nature's choice of response is unknown, but that the usual statistics can become biased in an empirically manifest way when the reason for the choice is empirically identifiable. It is shown here that if the statistical laws of quantum mechanics were to be biased in this way then the basically forward-in-time unfolding of empirical reality described by orthodox quantum mechanics would generate the appearances of backward-time-effects of the kind that have been reported in the scientific literature.« less

Implementing Communication Studies into General Education: The Basic Course as General Education (Or, How We Made It Work for Us).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buckrop, Jacquelyn J.

At Ball State University in Indiana, the basic course (COMM 210) focuses communication concepts and skills with the goals of helping students understand basic communication principles, providing them with the opportunity to improve their communication skills, and enhancing their awareness of communication's role in culture. Special emphasis is…

Epidemiology and Clinical Research Design, Part 2: Principles

PubMed Central

Manja, Veena; Lakshminrusimha, Satyan

2015-01-01

This is the third article covering core knowledge in scholarly activities for neonatal physicians. In this article, we discuss various principles of epidemiology and clinical research design. A basic knowledge of these principles is necessary for conducting clinical research and for proper interpretation of studies. This article reviews bias and confounding, causation, incidence and prevalence, decision analysis, cost-effectiveness, sensitivity analysis, and measurement. PMID:26236171

Role of Logic and Mentality as the Basics of Wittgenstein's Picture Theory of Language and Extracting Educational Principles and Methods According to This Theory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heshi, Kamal Nosrati; Nasrabadi, Hassanali Bakhtiyar

2016-01-01

The present paper attempts to recognize principles and methods of education based on Wittgenstein's picture theory of language. This qualitative research utilized inferential analytical approach to review the related literature and extracted a set of principles and methods from his theory on picture language. Findings revealed that Wittgenstein…

Manufacturing Methods and Technology Project Summary Reports

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

a tough urethane film. The basic principle is to pump two components to a spinning disc, mixing the components just prior to depositing in a well...and check out an electronic target scoring device using developed scientific principles without drastically modifying existing commercial...equipment. The scoring device selected and installed was an Accubar Model ATS-16D using the underlying physics principle of acoustic shock wave propagation

Aerodynamics: The Wright Way

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cole, Jennifer Hansen

2010-01-01

This slide presentation reviews some of the basic principles of aerodynamics. Included in the presentation are: a few demonstrations of the principles, an explanation of the concepts of lift, drag, thrust and weight, a description of Bernoulli's principle, the concept of the airfoil (i.e., the shape of the wing) and how that effects lift, and the method of controlling an aircraft by manipulating the four forces using control surfaces.

The spectral basis of optimal error field correction on DIII-D

DOE PAGES

Paz-Soldan, Carlos A.; Buttery, Richard J.; Garofalo, Andrea M.; ...

2014-04-28

Here, experimental optimum error field correction (EFC) currents found in a wide breadth of dedicated experiments on DIII-D are shown to be consistent with the currents required to null the poloidal harmonics of the vacuum field which drive the kink mode near the plasma edge. This allows the identification of empirical metrics which predict optimal EFC currents with accuracy comparable to that of first- principles modeling which includes the ideal plasma response. While further metric refinements are desirable, this work suggests optimal EFC currents can be effectively fed-forward based purely on knowledge of the vacuum error field and basic equilibriummore » properties which are routinely calculated in real-time.« less

Humidity measurements in passive heat and moisture exchangers applications: a critical issue.

PubMed

Dubini, G; Fumero, R

2000-01-01

A reliable, quantitative assessment of humidification performances of passive heat and moisture exchangers in mechanically-ventilated patients is still to be achieved, although relevant efforts have been made to date. One of the major problems to tackle consists in the difficulty of humidity measurements, both in vivo (during either anaesthesia or intensive care unit treatments) and in vitro set-ups. In this paper a review of the basic operation principles of humidity sensors as well as an analysis of their usage within in vivo and in vitro tests are presented. Particular attention is devoted to the limitations arising from the specific measurement set-up, as they may affect the results notably.

Nonadditive entropies yield probability distributions with biases not warranted by the data.

PubMed

Pressé, Steve; Ghosh, Kingshuk; Lee, Julian; Dill, Ken A

2013-11-01

Different quantities that go by the name of entropy are used in variational principles to infer probability distributions from limited data. Shore and Johnson showed that maximizing the Boltzmann-Gibbs form of the entropy ensures that probability distributions inferred satisfy the multiplication rule of probability for independent events in the absence of data coupling such events. Other types of entropies that violate the Shore and Johnson axioms, including nonadditive entropies such as the Tsallis entropy, violate this basic consistency requirement. Here we use the axiomatic framework of Shore and Johnson to show how such nonadditive entropy functions generate biases in probability distributions that are not warranted by the underlying data.

Polarization analysis of diamond subwavelength gratings acting as space-variant birefringent elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piron, P.; Vargas Catalan, E.; Karlsson, M.

2018-02-01

Subwavelength gratings are gratings with a period smaller than the incident wavelength. They only allow the zeroth order of diffraction, they possess form birefringence and they can be modeled as birefringent plates. In this paper, we present the first results of an experimental method designed to measure their polarization properties. The method consists in measuring the variation of the light transmitted through two linear polarizers with the subwavelength component between them for several orientations of the polarizers. In this paper, the basic principles of the method are introduced and the experimental setup is presented. Several types of components are numerically studied and the optical measurements of one component are presented.

What You Always Wanted to Know About Monitoring Naval Ship Construction but You Did Not Dare Ask.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN For the conceptual design of the management efforts, we quote the Principles of Management , as they were presented by Fayol (Ret. l:p...functional groups. The five basic principles of management theory are: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, and Controlling. These principles... Principles of Management , McGraw-Hill, 1978. 16. ibid. 70 17. ibid. 18. ibid. 19. ibid. 20. Wolfe, P.M., Cochran E.B., and Thompson, W.J., A BERTS- Based

Beyond the Virtues-Principles Debate.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keat, Marilyn S.

1992-01-01

Indicates basic ontological assumptions in the virtues-principles debate in moral philosophy, noting Aristotle's and Kant's fundamental ideas about morality and considering a hermeneutic synthesis of theories. The article discusses what acceptance of the synthesis might mean in the theory and practice of moral pedagogy, offering examples of…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Curceanu, C.; Bragadireanu, M.; Sirghi, D.

The Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) is one of the basic principles of modern physics and, even if there are no compelling reasons to doubt its validity, it is still debated today because an intuitive, elementary explanation is still missing, and because of its unique stand among the basic symmetries of physics. We present an experimental test of the validity of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons based on a straightforward idea put forward a few years ago by Ramberg and Snow (E. Ramberg and G. A. Snow 1990 Phys. Lett. B 238 438). We performed a very accurate search ofmore » X-rays from the Pauli-forbidden atomic transitions of electrons in the already filled 1S shells of copper atoms. Although the experiment has a very simple structure, it poses deep conceptual and interpretational problems. Here we describe the experimental method and recent experimental results interpreted as an upper limit for the probability to violate the Pauli Exclusion Principle. We also present future plans to upgrade the experimental apparatus.« less

Principles and ethics in scientific communication in biomedicine.

PubMed

Donev, Doncho

2013-12-01

To present the basic principles and standards of scientific communication and writing a paper, to indicate the importance of honesty and ethical approach to research and publication of results in scientific journals, as well as the need for continuing education in the principles and ethics in science and publication in biomedicine. An analysis of relevant materials and documents, sources from the internet and published literature and personal experience and observations of the author. In the past more than 20 years there is an increasingly emphasized importance of respecting fundamental principles and standards of scientific communication and ethical approach to research and publication of results in peer review journals. Advances in the scientific community is based on honesty and equity of researchers in conducting and publishing the results of research and to develop guidelines and policies for prevention and punishment of publishing misconduct. Today scientific communication standards and definitions of fraud in science and publishing are generally consistent, but vary considerably policies and approach to ethics education in science, prevention and penal policies for misconduct in research and publication of results in scientific journals. It is necessary to further strengthen the capacity for education and research, and raising awareness about the importance and need for education about the principles of scientific communication, ethics of research and publication of results. The use of various forms of education of the scientific community, in undergraduate teaching and postgraduate master and doctoral studies, in order to create an ethical environment, is one of the most effective ways to prevent the emergence of scientific and publication dishonesty and fraud.

Principles and Ethics in Scientific Communication in Biomedicine

PubMed Central

Donev, Doncho

2013-01-01

Introduction and aim: To present the basic principles and standards of scientific communication and writing a paper, to indicate the importance of honesty and ethical approach to research and publication of results in scientific journals, as well as the need for continuing education in the principles and ethics in science and publication in biomedicine. Methods: An analysis of relevant materials and documents, sources from the internet and published literature and personal experience and observations of the author. Results: In the past more than 20 years there is an increasingly emphasized importance of respecting fundamental principles and standards of scientific communication and ethical approach to research and publication of results in peer review journals. Advances in the scientific community is based on honesty and equity of researchers in conducting and publishing the results of research and to develop guidelines and policies for prevention and punishment of publishing misconduct. Today scientific communication standards and definitions of fraud in science and publishing are generally consistent, but vary considerably policies and approach to ethics education in science, prevention and penal policies for misconduct in research and publication of results in scientific journals. Conclusion: It is necessary to further strengthen the capacity for education and research, and raising awareness about the importance and need for education about the principles of scientific communication, ethics of research and publication of results. The use of various forms of education of the scientific community, in undergraduate teaching and postgraduate master and doctoral studies, in order to create an ethical environment, is one of the most effective ways to prevent the emergence of scientific and publication dishonesty and fraud. PMID:24505166

The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents. Basic physics of MR imaging: an introduction.

PubMed

Hendrick, R E

1994-07-01

This article provides an introduction to the basic physical principles of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Essential basic concepts such as nuclear magnetism, tissue magnetization, precession, excitation, and tissue relaxation properties are presented. Hydrogen spin density and tissue relaxation times T1, T2, and T2* are explained. The basic elements of a planar MR pulse sequence are described: section selection during tissue excitation, phase encoding, and frequency encoding during signal measurement.

Guest editorial: From neuroscience to neuro-rehabilitation: transferring basic neuroscientific principles from laboratory to bedside.

PubMed

Koenig, Alexander; Luft, Andreas; Cajigas, Iahn

2013-01-21

Several new approaches for treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders are currently under investigation, including the use of rehabilitation training strategies, which are often combined with electrical and/or pharmacological modulation of spinal locomotor circuitries. While these approaches show great promise in the laboratory setting, there still exists a large gap in knowledge on how to transfer these treatments to daily clinical use. This thematic series presents a cross section of cutting edge approaches with the goal of transferring basic neuroscience principles from the laboratory to the proverbial "bedside".

Curriculum in biomedical optics and laser-tissue interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jacques, Steven L.

2003-10-01

A graduate student level curriculum has been developed for teaching the basic principles of how lasers and light interact with biological tissues and materials. The field of Photomedicine can be divided into two topic areas: (1) where tissue affects photons, used for diagnostic sensing, imaging, and spectroscopy of tissues and biomaterials, and (2) where photons affect tissue, used for surgical and therapeutic cutting, dissecting, machining, processing, coagulating, welding, and oxidizing tissues and biomaterials. The courses teach basic principles of tissue optical properties and light transport in tissues, and interaction of lasers and conventional light sources with tissues via photochemical, photothermal and photomechanical mechanisms.

Polarized electron sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prepost, R.

1994-12-01

The fundamentals of polarized electron sources are described with particular application to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The SLAC polarized electron source is based on the principle of polarized photoemission from Gallium Arsenide. Recent developments using epitaxially grown, strained Gallium Arsenide cathodes have made it possible to obtain electron polarization significantly in excess of the conventional 50% polarization limit. The basic principles for Gallium and Arsenide polarized photoemitters are reviewed, and the extension of the basic technique to strained cathode structures is described. Results from laboratory measurements of strained photocathodes as well as operational results from the SLAC polarized sourcemore » are presented.« less

Basic principles of Hasse diagram technique in chemistry.

PubMed

Brüggemann, Rainer; Voigt, Kristina

2008-11-01

Principles of partial order applied to ranking are explained. The Hasse diagram technique (HDT) is the application of partial order theory based on a data matrix. In this paper, HDT is introduced in a stepwise procedure, and some elementary theorems are exemplified. The focus is to show how the multivariate character of a data matrix is realized by HDT and in which cases one should apply other mathematical or statistical methods. Many simple examples illustrate the basic theoretical ideas. Finally, it is shown that HDT is a useful alternative for the evaluation of antifouling agents, which was originally performed by amoeba diagrams.

A needs assessment study of undergraduate surgical education

PubMed Central

Birch, Daniel W.; Mavis, Brian

2006-01-01

Background There is compelling evidence to suggest that undergraduate surgical education may fail to provide appropriate instruction in basic surgical principles and skills. Methods We completed a descriptive, cross-sectional survey of stakeholder groups (surgeon educators and recent medical school graduates) to assess the perceived relevance and learning for surgical principles, surgical skills, teaching environments and teaching interventions. Results Graduates returned 123 surveys, and surgeons returned 55 surveys (response rates: graduates 46%, surgeons 45%). Both graduates and surgeons considered 8 of 10 surgical principles highly relevant to current medical practice. Despite this, the surgical clerkship seemed to enable proficiency in far fewer principles (graduates: 3, surgeons: 5). Graduates believed that each of the 15 basic surgical skills is relevant to current medical practice, whereas surgeons indicated that more invasive skills (i.e., central venous lines, thoracentesis) are much less relevant. Graduates and surgeons indicated that medical students will achieve proficiency in only 3 basic skills areas as a result of the surgical clerkship. Graduates and surgeons considered each surgical specialty relevant and effective in undergraduate surgical education. According to graduates and surgeons, the most effective teaching environments are outpatient settings (emergency department, outpatient clinics). Graduates and surgeons ranked resident teaching as the most effective teaching intervention, and traditional interventions (grand rounds, formal rounds) and electronic resources (computer-assisted learning, web-based learning) were ranked the least effective. Conclusions In this study, we assessed the learning needs of contemporary medical students in surgery. The results suggest that respondent graduate students and surgeons believe that the level of proficiency achieved in surgical principles and basic skills through undergraduate surgical educations is much less than anticipated. Outpatient settings and resident teaching are believed to provide the most effective teaching for medical students. Information from this study has important implications for Canadian undergraduate surgery programs and curricula. PMID:17152571

Secondary Students' Understanding of Basic Ideas of Special Relativity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dimitriadi, Kyriaki; Halkia, Krystallia

2012-11-01

A major topic that has marked 'modern physics' is the theory of special relativity (TSR). The present work focuses on the possibility of teaching the basic ideas of the TSR to students at the upper secondary level in such a way that they are able to understand and learn the ideas. Its aim is to investigate students' learning processes towards the two axioms of the theory (the principle of relativity and the invariance of the speed of light) and their consequences (the relativity of simultaneity, time dilation and length contraction). Based on an analysis of physics college textbooks, on a review of the relevant bibliography and on a pilot study, a teaching and learning sequence consisting of five sessions was developed. To collect the data, experimental interviews (the so-called teaching experiment) were used. The teaching experiment may be viewed as a Piagetian clinical interview that is deliberately employed as a teaching and learning situation. The sample consisted of 40 10th grade students (aged 15-16). The data were collected by taping and transcribing the 'interviews', as well as from two open-ended questionnaires filled out by each student, one before and the other after the sessions. Methods of qualitative content analysis were applied. The results show that upper secondary education students are able to cope with the basic ideas of the TSR, but there are some difficulties caused by the following student conceptions: (a) there is an absolute frame of reference, (b) objects have fixed properties and (c) the way events happen is independent of what the observers perceive.

Mass Uncertainty and Application For Space Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beech, Geoffrey

2013-01-01

Expected development maturity under contract (spec) should correlate with Project/Program Approved MGA Depletion Schedule in Mass Properties Control Plan. If specification NTE, MGA is inclusive of Actual MGA (A5 & A6). If specification is not an NTE Actual MGA (e.g. nominal), then MGA values are reduced by A5 values and A5 is representative of remaining uncertainty. Basic Mass = Engineering Estimate based on design and construction principles with NO embedded margin MGA Mass = Basic Mass * assessed % from approved MGA schedule. Predicted Mass = Basic + MGA. Aggregate MGA % = (Aggregate Predicted - Aggregate Basic) /Aggregate Basic.

An assessment of adherence to basic ecological principles by payments for ecosystem service projects.

PubMed

Prager, C M; Varga, A; Olmsted, P; Ingram, J C; Cattau, M; Freund, C; Wynn-Grant, R; Naeem, S

2016-08-01

Programs and projects employing payments for ecosystem service (PES) interventions achieve their objectives by linking buyers and sellers of ecosystem services. Although PES projects are popular conservation and development interventions, little is known about their adherence to basic ecological principles. We conducted a quantitative assessment of the degree to which a global set of PES projects adhered to four ecological principles that are basic scientific considerations for any project focused on ecosystem management: collection of baseline data, identification of threats to an ecosystem service, monitoring, and attention to ecosystem dynamics or the formation of an adaptive management plan. We evaluated 118 PES projects in three markets-biodiversity, carbon, and water-compiled using websites of major conservation organizations; ecology, economic, and climate-change databases; and three scholarly databases (ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). To assess adherence to ecological principles, we constructed two scientific indices (one additive [ASI] and one multiplicative [MSI]) based on our four ecological criteria and analyzed index scores by relevant project characteristics (e.g., sector, buyer, seller). Carbon-sector projects had higher ASI values (P < 0.05) than water-sector projects and marginally higher ASI scores (P < 0.1) than biodiversity-sector projects, demonstrating their greater adherence to ecological principles. Projects financed by public-private partnerships had significantly higher ASI values than projects financed by governments (P < 0.05) and marginally higher ASI values than those funded by private entities (P < 0.1). We did not detect differences in adherence to ecological principles based on the inclusion of cobenefits, the spatial extent of a project, or the size of a project's budget. These findings suggest, at this critical phase in the rapid growth of PES projects, that fundamental ecological principles should be considered more carefully in PES project design and implementation in an effort to ensure PES project viability and sustainability. © 2015 Society for Conservation Biology.

“Sickle cell anemia: tracking down a mutation”: an interactive learning laboratory that communicates basic principles of genetics and cellular biology

PubMed Central

Jarrett, Kevin; Williams, Mary; Horn, Spencer; Radford, David

2016-01-01

“Sickle cell anemia: tracking down a mutation” is a full-day, inquiry-based, biology experience for high school students enrolled in genetics or advanced biology courses. In the experience, students use restriction endonuclease digestion, cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis, and microscopy to discover which of three putative patients have the sickle cell genotype/phenotype using DNA and blood samples from wild-type and transgenic mice that carry a sickle cell mutation. The inquiry-based, problem-solving approach facilitates the students' understanding of the basic concepts of genetics and cellular and molecular biology and provides experience with contemporary tools of biotechnology. It also leads to students' appreciation of the causes and consequences of this genetic disease, which is relatively common in individuals of African descent, and increases their understanding of the first principles of genetics. This protocol provides optimal learning when led by well-trained facilitators (including the classroom teacher) and carried out in small groups (6:1 student-to-teacher ratio). This high-quality experience can be offered to a large number of students at a relatively low cost, and it is especially effective in collaboration with a local science museum and/or university. Over the past 15 yr, >12,000 students have completed this inquiry-based learning experience and demonstrated a consistent, substantial increase in their understanding of the disease and genetics in general. PMID:26873898

"Sickle cell anemia: tracking down a mutation": an interactive learning laboratory that communicates basic principles of genetics and cellular biology.

PubMed

Jarrett, Kevin; Williams, Mary; Horn, Spencer; Radford, David; Wyss, J Michael

2016-03-01

"Sickle cell anemia: tracking down a mutation" is a full-day, inquiry-based, biology experience for high school students enrolled in genetics or advanced biology courses. In the experience, students use restriction endonuclease digestion, cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis, and microscopy to discover which of three putative patients have the sickle cell genotype/phenotype using DNA and blood samples from wild-type and transgenic mice that carry a sickle cell mutation. The inquiry-based, problem-solving approach facilitates the students' understanding of the basic concepts of genetics and cellular and molecular biology and provides experience with contemporary tools of biotechnology. It also leads to students' appreciation of the causes and consequences of this genetic disease, which is relatively common in individuals of African descent, and increases their understanding of the first principles of genetics. This protocol provides optimal learning when led by well-trained facilitators (including the classroom teacher) and carried out in small groups (6:1 student-to-teacher ratio). This high-quality experience can be offered to a large number of students at a relatively low cost, and it is especially effective in collaboration with a local science museum and/or university. Over the past 15 yr, >12,000 students have completed this inquiry-based learning experience and demonstrated a consistent, substantial increase in their understanding of the disease and genetics in general. Copyright © 2016 The American Physiological Society.

Chemical Frustration. A Design Principle for the Discovery of New Complex Alloy and Intermetallic Phases, Final Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fredrickson, Daniel C

2015-06-23

Final technical report for "Chemical Frustration: A Design Principle for the Discovery of New Complex Alloy and Intermetallic Phases" funded by the Office of Science through the Materials Chemistry Program of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences.

Anticipatory Enrollment Management: Another Level of Enrollment Management

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dennis, Marguerite J.

2012-01-01

Building on the principles of Enrollment Management (EM) and Strategic Enrollment Management (SEM), Anticipatory Enrollment Management (AEM) offers another level of managing enrollment: anticipating future enrollment. AEM is grounded in the basic principles of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and includes strategic out-reach to parents and…

Influence: A Key to Successful Leadership

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoy, Wayne K.; Smith, Page A.

2007-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to examine and condense the literature on influence and persuasion. Design/methodology/approach: The article identifies basic principles of influence in the theoretical and research literature, which are supported by empirical study. Findings: Ten principles of influence were identified, empirical support…

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties of the Electrochemical Cell.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Donald E.

1983-01-01

Describes basic characteristics of the electrochemical cell. Also describes basic principles of electrochemical procedures and use of these concepts to explain use of the term "primarily" in discussions of methods primarily responsive to equilibrium cell potential, bulk ohmic resistance, and the Faradaic impedance. (JN)

Report on the CDE Examination

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haga, Enoch J.

1971-01-01

The Certificate in Data Education (Basic) examination is designed to certify that successful candidates are academically proficient in those principles and concepts of automation, computing, and data processing (including social and user implications) which are usually taught in basic introductory courses at the college or university level. (CK)

Receiver design and performance characteristics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Simon, M. K.; Yuen, J. H.

1982-01-01

The basic design, principles of operation, and characteristics of deep space communications receivers are examined. In particular, the basic fundamentals of phase-locked loop and Costas loop receivers used for synchronization, tracking, and demodulation of phase-coherent signals in residual carrier and suppressed carrier systems are addressed.

Principle and experimental investigation of current-driven negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Hao; Liu, Jianshe; Zhang, Yingshan; Cai, Han; Li, Gang; Liu, Qichun; Han, Siyuan; Chen, Wei

2017-03-01

A negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device (nSQUID) is an adiabatic superconducting logic device with high energy efficiency, and therefore a promising building block for large-scale low-power superconducting computing. However, the principle of the nSQUID is not that straightforward and an nSQUID driven by voltage is vulnerable to common mode noise. We investigate a single nSQUID driven by current instead of voltage, and clarify the principle of the adiabatic transition of the current-driven nSQUID between different states. The basic logic operations of the current-driven nSQUID with proper parameters are simulated by WRspice. The corresponding circuit is fabricated with a 100 A cm-2 Nb-based lift-off process, and the experimental results at low temperature confirm the basic logic operations as a gated buffer.

Basic principles and ecological consequences of changing water regimes: riparian plant communities.

PubMed

Nilsson, Christer; Svedmark, Magnus

2002-10-01

Recent research has emphasized the importance of riparian ecosystems as centers of biodiversity and links between terrestrial and aquatic systems. Riparian ecosystems also belong among the environments that are most disturbed by humans and are in need of restoration to maintain biodiversity and ecological integrity. To facilitate the completion of this task, researchers have an important function to communicate their knowledge to policy-makers and managers. This article presents some fundamental qualities of riparian systems, articulated as three basic principles. The basic principles proposed are: (1) The flow regime determines the successional evolution of riparian plant communities and ecological processes. (2) The riparian corridor serves as a pathway for redistribution of organic and inorganic material that influences plant communities along rivers. (3) The riparian system is a transition zone between land and water ecosystems and is disproportionately plant species-rich when compared to surrounding ecosystems. Translating these principles into management directives requires more information about how much water a river needs and when and how, i.e., flow variables described by magnitude, frequency, timing, duration, and rate of change. It also requires information about how various groups of organisms are affected by habitat fragmentation, especially in terms of their dispersal. Finally, it requires information about how effects of hydrologic alterations vary between different types of riparian systems and with the location within the watershed.

An Elementary Introduction to Solar Dynamo Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choudhuri, Arnab Rai

2007-07-01

The cyclically varying magnetic field of the Sun is believed to be produced by the hydromagnetic dynamo process. We first summarize the relevant observational data pertaining to sunspots and solar cycle. Then we review the basic principles of MHD needed to develop the dynamo theory. This is followed by a discussion how bipolar sunspots form due to magnetic buoyancy of flux tubes formed at the base of the solar convection zone. Following this, we come to the heart of dynamo theory. After summarizing the basic ideas of a turbulent dynamo and the basic principles of its mean field formulation, we present the famous dynamo wave solution, which was supposed to provide a model for the solar cycle. Finally we point out how a flux transport dynamo can circumvent some of the difficulties associated with the older dynamo models.

Ion-Exchange Chromatography: Basic Principles and Application.

PubMed

Cummins, Philip M; Rochfort, Keith D; O'Connor, Brendan F

2017-01-01

Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEC) allows for the separation of ionizable molecules on the basis of differences in charge properties. Its large sample-handling capacity, broad applicability (particularly to proteins and enzymes), moderate cost, powerful resolving ability, and ease of scale-up and automation have led to it becoming one of the most versatile and widely used of all liquid chromatography (LC) techniques. In this chapter, we review the basic principles of IEC, as well as the broader criteria for selecting IEC conditions. By way of further illustration, we outline basic laboratory protocols to partially purify a soluble serine peptidase from bovine whole brain tissue, covering crude tissue extract preparation through to partial purification of the target enzyme using anion-exchange chromatography. Protocols for assaying total protein and enzyme activity in both pre- and post-IEC fractions are also described.

Solutions for Failing High Schools: Converging Visions and Promising Models.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Legters, Nettie; Balfanz, Robert; McPartland, James

Promising solutions to the failings of traditional comprehensive high schools were reviewed to identify basic principles and strategies for improving high schools nationwide. Selected research studies, policy documents, and promising high school programs were reviewed. The review revealed the following principles for helping high schools better…

Applied oceanography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bishop, J.M.

This book combines oceanography principles and applications such as marine pollution, resources, and transportation. It is divided into two main parts treating the basic principles of physical oceanography, and presenting a unique systems framework showing how physical oceanography, marine ecology, economics, and government policy may be combined to define the newly developing field of applied oceanography.

Fundamentals of Diesel Engines.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marine Corps Inst., Washington, DC.

This student guide, one of a series of correspondence training courses designed to improve the job performance of members of the Marine Corps, deals with the fundamentals of diesel engine mechanics. Addressed in the three individual units of the course are the following topics: basic principles of diesel mechanics; principles, mechanics, and…

Institutional Ethics and Values. The Fundamentals. Board Basics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Corts, Thomas E.

1998-01-01

This booklet offers trustees of institutions of higher education a guide to the ethical principles upon which the institution should base its decisions. An introductory section offers actual examples of unethical decisions by single officials for which the institution was responsible. The following sections each explain a principle and offer…

Reference Collection Development Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nebraska Univ., Kearney.

The purpose of this policy is to outline those principles that guide the development of the Reference Collection at the Calvin T. Ryan Library, University of Nebraska at Kearney. It clarifies, records, and makes public the basic principles that the members of the Reference Department believe should be applied in adding items to or withdrawing…

Principles of Pesticide Use, Handling, and Application: Instructional Modules for Vocational Agriculture Education. Student Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellis Associates, Inc., College Park, MD.

This training package is designed to present the basic principles of pesticide use, handling, and application. Included in this package is information on federal laws and regulations, personal safety, environmental implications, storage and disposal considerations, proper application procedures, and fundamentals of pest management. Successful…

Principles of Pesticide Use, Handling, and Application: Instructional Modules for Vocational Agriculture Education. Teacher Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellis Associates, Inc., College Park, MD.

The training package is designed to present the basic principles of pesticide use, handling, and application. Included in this package is information on Federal laws and regulations, personal safety, environmental implications, storage and disposal considerations, proper application procedures, and fundamentals of pest management. Successful…

Basic Comfort Heating Principles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dempster, Chalmer T.

The material in this beginning book for vocational students presents fundamental principles needed to understand the heating aspect of the sheet metal trade and supplies practical experience to the student so that he may become familiar with the process of determining heat loss for average structures. Six areas covered are: (1) Background…

The Efficacy of Multimedia Modules for Teaching Basic Literacy-Related Concepts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sayeski, Kristin L.; Kennedy, Michael J.; de Irala, Sandra; Clinton, Elias; Hamel, Melissa; Thomas, Kristen

2015-01-01

Researchers have found that teacher preparation programs are not universally preparing teacher candidates in concepts associated with the alphabetic principle. Yet, the majority of students with reading disabilities or who struggle with beginning reading have difficulty with phonology and concepts associated with the alphabetic principle. The…

The Global Positioning System and Education in the 21st Century.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wikle, Thomas A.

2000-01-01

Students should have an understanding of basic Global Positioning System (GPS) principles as well as an awareness of how the technology will impact society in the future. Provides a brief overview of the evolution, principles, and applications of GPS together with suggested activities. (Contains 25 references.) (Author/WRM)

Using marketing principles to promote nursing products and services.

PubMed

Siegel, M

1996-01-01

In this article, the author identifies basic marketing principles that can guide the introduction of new or existing products and services. To illustrate the elements of marketing, an example is used to describe how a new closed-circuit patient education channel was introduced at a midwestern teaching hospital.

Water System Adaptation to Hydrological Changes: Module 10, Basic Principles of Incorporating Adaptation Science into Hydrologic Planning and Design

EPA Science Inventory

This course will introduce students to the fundamental principles of water system adaptation to hydrological changes, with emphasis on data analysis and interpretation, technical planning, and computational modeling. Starting with real-world scenarios and adaptation needs, the co...

Teaching Literacy: From Theory to Practice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kerr, Hugo

This book examines the basic principles of the cognitive psychology of literacy and explains how insights gained from that theory can inform and improve reading, spelling, and writing instruction aimed at adults. The following are among the topics discussed in the book's eight chapters: the principles of cognitive psychology (the nervous system,…

Sign Language and the Brain: A Review

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Campbell, Ruth; MacSweeney, Mairead; Waters, Dafydd

2008-01-01

How are signed languages processed by the brain? This review briefly outlines some basic principles of brain structure and function and the methodological principles and techniques that have been used to investigate this question. We then summarize a number of different studies exploring brain activity associated with sign language processing…

[Sponsoring of medical conferences, workshops and symposia by pharmaceutical companies. Physicians must be wary of this!].

PubMed

Warntjen, M

2009-12-01

The longstanding conventional forms of cooperation between medical organizations and physicians on the one hand and the pharmaceutical industry and manufacturers of medical products on the other hand nowadays hold the risk of coming into conflict with the public prosecutor. Typical circumstances which are taken up by the investigating authorities are financial supports of medical conferences, workshops and symposia. To understand the problem under criminal law it is important to become acquainted with the protective aim of the statutory offences of the acceptance of benefits according to section sign 331 of the Penal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB) and of corruption according to section sign 332 of the Penal Code. The "trust of the general public in the objectivity of governmental decisions" must be protected and the "evil appearance of the corruptibility of official acts" must be counteracted. A basic differentiation is made between physicians with and without office-bearing functions. By paying attention to the recommendations and basic principles of cooperation between the medical profession and the healthcare industry presented in this article (transparency principle, equivalence principle, documentation principle and separation principle) the emergence of any suspicious factors can be effectively avoided.

Virtual Immunology: Software for Teaching Basic Immunology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berçot, Filipe Faria; Fidalgo-Neto, Antônio Augusto; Lopes, Renato Matos; Faggioni, Thais; Alves, Luiz Anastácio

2013-01-01

As immunology continues to evolve, many educational methods have found difficulty in conveying the degree of complexity inherent in its basic principles. Today, the teaching-learning process in such areas has been improved with tools such as educational software. This article introduces "Virtual Immunology," a software program available…

Reading Disability: A Human Approach to Learning. Third Edition, Revised & Expanded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roswell, Florence G.; Natchez, Gladys

This book organizes the subject of reading disability under the following headings: basic considerations, diagnosis, and treatment. Chapters under the basic-considerations heading explore the causes and neurological and psychological bases of reading disability and psychotherapeutic principles in remedial reading instruction. Two chapters…

Core Competencies for Basic Drafting.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Werner, Claire; Calderon, Ray

These competencies for drafting are designed to cover basic principles and practices for beginning drafters. Each competency appears in a one-page format. It is presented as a goal statement followed by one or more "indicator" statements, which are performance objectives describing an ability that, upon attainment, will establish…

Standardized Curriculum for Diesel Engine Mechanics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mississippi State Dept. of Education, Jackson. Office of Vocational, Technical and Adult Education.

Standardized curricula are provided for two courses for the secondary vocational education program in Mississippi: diesel engine mechanics I and II. The eight units in diesel engine mechanics I are as follows: orientation; shop safety; basic shop tools; fasteners; measurement; engine operating principles; engine components; and basic auxiliary…

Motivation in Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ray, Nancy L.

This paper presents basic principles and theories of motivation, attempts to provide a better understanding of the concept, and explores the role motivation plays in learning. Basic theories of motivation are reviewed including: Freud's belief in motivation by the id, unconscious forces, and sexual stages; Jung and Adler's belief that people are…

Environmental Awareness: Just a Pane of Glass Away.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kopchynski, Kevin

1982-01-01

Highlights several basic ecological principles and suggests corresponding classroom activities for grades five to eight that revolve around a freshwater aquarium. Basic ecological concepts, adaptations, characteristics of aquatic habitats, and pollution problems are outlined in separate tables. A short list of resource materials is included.…

Teaching the Rules of Debit and Credit

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Potts, Andrew J.

1974-01-01

A fundamental method of explaining the basic accounting principles and concepts (debit, credit, basic accounting equation) which includes visual aids, reference to local businesses, and drill, does much toward increasing the student's skill and enhancing his understanding of the subject matter. (Sample transparencies are included.) (Author/AJ)

Digital Simulation and Modelling.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hawthorne, G. B., Jr.

A basically tutorial point of view is taken in this general discussion. The author examines the basic concepts and principles of simulation and modelling and the application of digital computers to these tasks. Examples of existing simulations, a discussion of the applicability and feasibility of simulation studies, a review of simulation…

Cosmic secrets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schommers, W.

1. The absolute truth. 1.1. Final truth. 1.2. Two important questions. 1.3. Why does the cosmos exist? 1.4. Are the laws of nature independent of the observer's own nature? 1.5. Self0indulgence was dominant. 1.6. Newton's mechanics and its overestimation. 1.7. Scientific realism. 1.8. An important principle: as little outside world as possible. 1.9. Inside world and outside world. 1.10. Principal questions. 1.11. How does science progress? 1.12. Final remarks -- 2. The projection principle. 2.1. The elements of space and time. 2.2. Relationship between matter and space-time. 2.3. Two relevant features. 2.4. Two kinds of "objects". 2.5. Perception processes. 2.6. Inside world and outside world. 2.7. The influence of evolution. 2.8. Information in the picture versus information in basic reality (outside reality). 2.9. Other biological systems. 2.10. How many (geometrical) objects can be in space-time? 2.11. Two types of space-time? 2.12. Summary -- 3. Fictitious realities. 3.1. Conventional quantum theory: critical remarks. 3.2. The projection principle in connection with fictitious realities. 3.3. Distribution of information. 3.4. Basic transformation effects. 3.5. Pictures within projection theory. 3.6. Auxiliary construction. 3.7. Basic laws. 3.8. Extension of conventional quantum theory. 3.9. Only processes are relevant! 3.10. Interactions. 3.11. Distance-independent interactions. 3.12. Arbitrary jumps within (r, t)-space. 3.13.Mach's principle: preliminary remarks. 3.14. Can a lone, elementary object exist in the cosmos? 3.15. The meaning of the potential functions. 3.16. Time. 3.17. Time travel in physics. 3.18. Summary -- 4. Basic reality and levels of reality. 4.1. Hard objects. 4.2. General physical laws. 4.3. States of mind. 4.4. Outside world and basic reality. 4.5. Objective processes. 4.6. Observations. 4.7. No interactions within (r, t)-space. 4.8. The general cannot be deduced from the particular. 4.9. Remarks on the notion "world equation". 4.10. On the anthropic principle. 4.11. Summary -- 5. Cosmological constant and physical reality. 5.1. Introductory remarks. 5.2. The cosmological constant. 5.3. Critical remarks on basic quantum theory. 5.4. Projection theory and the emptying. 5.5. Artificial vacuum effects!? 5.6. On the observation of physically real process. 5.7. Curved spaces. 5.8. Flatness and horizon problem. 5.8. Summary -- 6. Final remarks.

Be FAIR to students: four principles that lead to more effective learning.

PubMed

Harden, Ronald M; Laidlaw, Jennifer M

2013-01-01

A teacher is a professional not a technician. An understanding of some basic principles about learning can inform the teacher or trainer in their day-to-day practice as a teacher or a trainer. The FAIR principles are: provide feedback to the student, engage the student in active learning, individualise the learning to the personal needs of the student and make the learning relevant. Application of the principles can lead to more effective learning - the poor teacher can become a good teacher and the good teacher an excellent teacher.

[Bioethics of principles].

PubMed

Pérez-Soba Díez del Corral, Juan José

2008-01-01

Bioethics emerges about the tecnological problems of acting in human life. Emerges also the problem of the moral limits determination, because they seem exterior of this practice. The Bioethics of Principles, take his rationality of the teleological thinking, and the autonomism. These divergence manifest the epistemological fragility and the great difficulty of hmoralñ thinking. This is evident in the determination of autonomy's principle, it has not the ethical content of Kant's propose. We need a new ethic rationality with a new refelxion of new Principles whose emerges of the basic ethic experiences.

Principles of Burn Pain Management.

PubMed

James, Dominika Lipowska; Jowza, Maryam

2017-10-01

This article describes pathophysiology of burn injury-related pain and the basic principles of burn pain management. The focus is on concepts of perioperative and periprocedural pain management with extensive discussion of opioid-based analgesia, including patient-controlled analgesia, challenges of effective opioid therapy in opioid-tolerant patients, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. The principles of multimodal pain management are discussed, including the importance of psychological counseling, perioperative interventional pain procedures, and alternative pain management options. A brief synopsis of the principles of outpatient pain management is provided. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chemical carcinogens: a review of the science and its associated principles. U.S. Interagency Staff Group on Carcinogens.

PubMed Central

1986-01-01

In order to articulate a view of chemical carcinogenesis that scientists generally hold in common today and to draw upon this understanding to compose guiding principles that can be used as a bases for the efforts of the regulatory agencies to establish guidelines for assessing carcinogenic risk to meet the specific requirements of the legislative acts they are charged to implement, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office, the White House drew on the expertise of a number of regulatory agencies to elucidate present scientific views in critical areas of the major disciplines important to the process of risk assessment. The document is composed of two major sections, Principles and the State-of-the-Science. The latter consists of subsections on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, short-term and long-term testing, and epidemiology, which are important components in the risk assessment step of hazard identification. These subsections are followed by one on exposure assessment, and a final section which includes analyses of dose-response (hazard) assessment and risk characterization. The principles are derived from considerations in each of the subsections. Because of present gaps in understanding, the principles contain judgmental (science policy) decisions on major unresolved issues as well as statements of what is generally accepted as fact. These judgments are basically assumptions which are responsible for much of the uncertainty in the process of risk assessment. There was an attempt to clearly distinguish policy and fact. The subsections of the State-of-the-Science portion provide the underlying support to the principles articulated, and to read the "Principles" section without a full appreciation of the State-of-the-Science section is to invite oversimplification and misinterpretation. Finally, suggestions are made for future research efforts which will improve the process of risk assessment. PMID:3530737

Concepcion de la Educacion Basica en Algunos Paises. Series Divulgaciones No. 1 (The Notion of Basic Education in Several Countries. Information Series No. 1).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Enriquez, Galo, Ed.

This booklet defines and considers basic education and reports on the concept as it is implemented and developed in Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Spain, and Peru. Basic education, as defined here, generally refers to the education of children between the ages of 7 and 16 years. Initial remarks define the issue and discuss general principles. The…

A hybrid approach to advancing quantitative prediction of tissue distribution of basic drugs in human

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Poulin, Patrick, E-mail: patrick-poulin@videotron.ca; Ekins, Sean; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201

A general toxicity of basic drugs is related to phospholipidosis in tissues. Therefore, it is essential to predict the tissue distribution of basic drugs to facilitate an initial estimate of that toxicity. The objective of the present study was to further assess the original prediction method that consisted of using the binding to red blood cells measured in vitro for the unbound drug (RBCu) as a surrogate for tissue distribution, by correlating it to unbound tissue:plasma partition coefficients (Kpu) of several tissues, and finally to predict volume of distribution at steady-state (V{sub ss}) in humans under in vivo conditions. Thismore » correlation method demonstrated inaccurate predictions of V{sub ss} for particular basic drugs that did not follow the original correlation principle. Therefore, the novelty of this study is to provide clarity on the actual hypotheses to identify i) the impact of pharmacological mode of action on the generic correlation of RBCu-Kpu, ii) additional mechanisms of tissue distribution for the outlier drugs, iii) molecular features and properties that differentiate compounds as outliers in the original correlation analysis in order to facilitate its applicability domain alongside the properties already used so far, and finally iv) to present a novel and refined correlation method that is superior to what has been previously published for the prediction of human V{sub ss} of basic drugs. Applying a refined correlation method after identifying outliers would facilitate the prediction of more accurate distribution parameters as key inputs used in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and phospholipidosis models.« less

Determination of the location of positive charges in gas-phase polypeptide polycations by tandem mass spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kjeldsen, Frank; Savitski, Mikhail M.; Adams, Christopher M.; Zubarev, Roman A.

2006-06-01

Location of protonated sites in electrospray-ionized gas-phase peptides and proteins was performed with tandem mass spectrometry using ion activation by both electron capture dissociation (ECD) and collisional activation dissociation (CAD). Charge-carrying sites were assigned based on the increment in the charge state of fragment ions compared to that of the previous fragment in the same series. The property of ECD to neutralize preferentially the least basic site was confirmed by the analysis of three thousand ECD mass spectra of doubly charged tryptic peptides. Multiply charged cations of bradykinin, neurotensin and melittin were studied in detail. For n+ precursors, ECD revealed the positions of (n - 1) most basic sites, while CAD could in principle locate alln charges. However, ECD introduced minimal proton mobilization and produced more conclusive data than CAD, for which N- and C-terminal data often disagreed. Consistent with the dominance of one charge conformer and its preservation in ECD, the average charge states of complementary fragments of n+ ions almost always added up to (n - 1)+, while the similar figure in CAD often deviated from n+, indicating extensive charge isomerization under collisional excitation. For bradykinin and neurotensin, the charge assignments were largely in agreement with the intrinsic gas-phase basicity of the respective amino acid residues. For melittin ions in higher charge states, ECD revealed the charging at both intrinsically basic as well as at less basic residues, which was attributed to charge sharing with other groups due to the presence of secondary and higher order structures in this larger polypeptide.

Application of Incident Command Structure to clinical trial management in the academic setting: principles and lessons learned.

PubMed

Reynolds, Penny S; Michael, Mary J; Spiess, Bruce D

2017-02-09

Clinical trial success depends on appropriate management, but practical guidance to trial organisation and planning is lacking. The Incident Command System (ICS) is the 'gold standard' management system developed for managing diverse operations in major incident and public health arenas. It enables effective and flexible management through integration of personnel, procedures, resources, and communications within a common hierarchical organisational structure. Conventional ICS organisation consists of five function modules: Command, Planning, Operations, Logistics, and Finance/Administration. Large clinical trials will require a separate Regulatory Administrative arm, and an Information arm, consisting of dedicated data management and information technology staff. We applied ICS principles to organisation and management of the Prehospital Use of Plasma in Traumatic Haemorrhage (PUPTH) trial. This trial was a multidepartmental, multiagency, randomised clinical trial investigating prehospital administration of thawed plasma on mortality and coagulation response in severely injured trauma patients. We describe the ICS system as it would apply to large clinical trials in general, and the benefits, barriers, and lessons learned in utilising ICS principles to reorganise and coordinate the PUPTH trial. Without a formal trial management structure, early stages of the trial were characterised by inertia and organisational confusion. Implementing ICS improved organisation, coordination, and communication between multiple agencies and service groups, and greatly streamlined regulatory compliance administration. However, unfamiliarity of clinicians with ICS culture, conflicting resource allocation priorities, and communication bottlenecks were significant barriers. ICS is a flexible and powerful organisational tool for managing large complex clinical trials. However, for successful implementation the cultural, psychological, and social environment of trial participants must be accounted for, and personnel need to be educated in the basics of ICS. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02303964 . Registered on 28 November 2014.

Criticality Safety Basics for INL FMHs and CSOs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

V. L. Putman

2012-04-01

Nuclear power is a valuable and efficient energy alternative in our energy-intensive society. However, material that can generate nuclear power has properties that require this material be handled with caution. If improperly handled, a criticality accident could result, which could severely harm workers. This document is a modular self-study guide about Criticality Safety Principles. This guide's purpose it to help you work safely in areas where fissionable nuclear materials may be present, avoiding the severe radiological and programmatic impacts of a criticality accident. It is designed to stress the fundamental physical concepts behind criticality controls and the importance of criticalitymore » safety when handling fissionable materials outside nuclear reactors. This study guide was developed for fissionable-material-handler and criticality-safety-officer candidates to use with related web-based course 00INL189, BEA Criticality Safety Principles, and to help prepare for the course exams. These individuals must understand basic information presented here. This guide may also be useful to other Idaho National Laboratory personnel who must know criticality safety basics to perform their assignments safely or to design critically safe equipment or operations. This guide also includes additional information that will not be included in 00INL189 tests. The additional information is in appendices and paragraphs with headings that begin with 'Did you know,' or with, 'Been there Done that'. Fissionable-material-handler and criticality-safety-officer candidates may review additional information at their own discretion. This guide is revised as needed to reflect program changes, user requests, and better information. Issued in 2006, Revision 0 established the basic text and integrated various programs from former contractors. Revision 1 incorporates operation and program changes implemented since 2006. It also incorporates suggestions, clarifications, and additional information from readers and from personnel who took course 00INL189. Revision 1 also completely reorganized the training to better emphasize physical concepts behind the criticality controls that fissionable material handlers and criticality safety officers must understand. The reorganization is based on and consistent with changes made to course 00INL189 due to a review of course exam results and to discussions with personnel who conduct area-specific training.« less

Small Engine Repair. Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Cycle.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hires, Bill; And Others

This curriculum guide is intended to assist persons teaching a course in repairing two- and four-stroke cycle small engines. Addressed in the individual units of instruction are the following topics: safety, tools, fasteners, and measurement techniques; basic small engine theory (engine identification and inspection, basic engine principles and…

Alfred-Adler's Basic Concepts and Implications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lundin, Robert W.

This book presents the basic principles of Adler's psychology. The first chapter looks at Adlerian psychology as it exists today, and examines earlier influences. The second chapter examines feelings of inferiority and compensation for these feelings. The third chapter considers the nature of goals and how they are formulated. The fourth chapter…

Send Student Interest Skyward! Soaring Teaches Aeronautics Basics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scarcella, Joe; Wallace, Art

2011-01-01

Gliders and sailplanes provide a great launching platform for teaching about technology and scientific principles. Soaring is technological innovation in action, using earth's natural resources for energy and endurance during flight. This article focuses on the basics of soaring, which educators can use to increase excitement and interest in the…

Send Student Interest Skyward!: Soaring Teaches Aeronautics Basics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scarcella, Joe; Wallace, Art

2011-01-01

Gliders and sailplanes provide a great launching platform for teaching about technology and scientific principles. Soaring is technological innovation in action, using earth's natural resources for energy and endurance during flight. This article focuses on the basics of soaring, which educators can use to increase excitement and interest in the…

Wholistic Health Care for a Campus Student Health Service.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Ness, John H.

1981-01-01

Discusses the importance of environmental and emotional considerations in medical care. Outlines the basic principles of holistic health care and provides a rationale for a campus-based center. Describes an existing holistic student health service and proposes a basic program for a campus holistic health clinic. (RC)

24 CFR 55.1 - Purpose and basic responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Urban Development FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF WETLANDS General § 55.1 Purpose and basic... alternative.” (2) The purpose of Executive Order 11990, Protection of Wetlands, is “to avoid to the extent... Management, and Executive Order 11990, Protection of Wetlands, and employs the principles of the Unified...

Basic Curriculum Guide--Science. Grades K-6.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Starr, John W., 3rd., Ed.

GRADES OR AGES: K-6. SUBJECT MATTER: Science. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The guide is in two parts--the background, philosophy, and instructional principles of science teaching, including a resource unit model, and the development by grade level of the various basic scientific concepts. The guide also includes information of…

Getting to Grips with Online Delivery.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Booker, Di

This booklet, which is intended for general readers wishing to understand important trends in vocational education and training (VET) in Australia, provides an overview of the basic issues in online delivery of VET. The following topics are discussed in the booklet's first six sections: (1) basic principles of online delivery; (2) benefits and…

Potential Tools for Phenotyping for Physical Characteristics of Plants, Pods, and Seed

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Advances in phenotyping are a key factor for success in modern breeding as well as for basic plant research. Phenotyping provides a critical means to understand morphological, biochemical, physiological principles in the control of basic plant functions as well as for selecting superior genotypes in...

Basic Laboratory Skills for Water and Wastewater Analysis. Report No. 125.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clark, Douglas W.

Designed for individuals wanting to acquire an introductory knowledge of basic skills necessary to function in a water or wastewater laboratory, this handbook emphasizes current use of routine equipment and proper procedures. Explanations and illustrations focus on underlying techniques and principles rather than processes for conducting specific…

Astrophysics on the Lab Bench

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hughes, Stephen W.

2010-01-01

In this article some basic laboratory bench experiments are described that are useful for teaching high school students some of the basic principles of stellar astrophysics. For example, in one experiment, students slam a plastic water-filled bottle down onto a bench, ejecting water towards the ceiling, illustrating the physics associated with a…

Mainstreaming: Our Current Knowledge Base.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bates, Percy, Ed.

The nine author contributed chapters are intended to provide a basic introduction to the rationale and processes of mainstreaming handicapped children. The first paper, "The Whys and Hows of Mainstreaming" by T. Tice, provides a philosophical examination of the basic principles of P.L. 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, and…

What Makes Cooperative Learning Work.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, David W.; Johnson, Roger T.

This paper gives an introduction to cooperative learning (CL), providing a definition of what it is and is not (pseudo-learning groups, traditional classroom learning groups), discussing basic principles, describing two basic types of CL (formal and informal), and listing the benefits of CL suggested by previous research. In order to understand…

DIAGNOSIS AND APPRAISAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS. PRENTICE-HALL FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH PATHOLOGY SERIES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DARLEY, FREDERIC L.

THIS TEXT GIVES THE STUDENT AN OUTLINE OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY WHICH UNDERLIE EVALUATIVE WORK IN SPEECH DISORDERS. RATIONALE AND ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES ARE GIVEN FOR EXAMINATION OF THE BASIC COMMUNICATION PROCESSES OF SYMBOLIZATION, RESPIRATION, PHONATION, ARTICULATION-RESONANCE, PROSODY, ASSOCIATED SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL…

Basic Facts and Figures about the Educational System in Japan.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Inst. for Educational Research, Tokyo (Japan).

Tables, charts, and graphs convey supporting data that accompany text on various aspects of the Japanese educational system presented in this booklet. There are seven chapters: (1) Fundamental principles of education; (2) Organization of the educational system; (3) Basic statistics of education; (4) Curricula, textbooks, and instructional aids;…

On the Development of Schools' External Public Relations in China.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tianping, Yang

2003-01-01

Public relations is a basic function of a modern school's management, while external public relationship is a basic principle and component of it. To develop a school's public relationship, efforts should focus on its key publics, strengthening its coordination and communication with governments, education departments, and local communities.…

Using a Self-Administered Visual Basic Software Tool To Teach Psychological Concepts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Strang, Harold R.; Sullivan, Amie K.; Schoeny, Zahrl G.

2002-01-01

Introduces LearningLinks, a Visual Basic software tool that allows teachers to create individualized learning modules that use constructivist and behavioral learning principles. Describes field testing of undergraduates at the University of Virginia that tested a module designed to improve understanding of the psychological concepts of…

Developing More Effective Curriculum Via "Basic Stuff."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heitmann, Helen M.

Discussed is the design and development of a physical education curriculum, incorporating principles discussed in the "Basic Stuff" physical education series. Four tasks are suggested for planning the curriculum: (1) develop a unit for activity instruction, where the concepts inherent in the sport or activity skills may be identified; (2) develop…

Refraction effects of atmosphere on geodetic measurements to celestial bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Joshi, C. S.

1973-01-01

The problem is considered of obtaining accurate values of refraction corrections for geodetic measurements of celestial bodies. The basic principles of optics governing the phenomenon of refraction are defined, and differential equations are derived for the refraction corrections. The corrections fall into two main categories: (1) refraction effects due to change in the direction of propagation, and (2) refraction effects mainly due to change in the velocity of propagation. The various assumptions made by earlier investigators are reviewed along with the basic principles of improved models designed by investigators of the twentieth century. The accuracy problem for various quantities is discussed, and the conclusions and recommendations are summarized.

Biomechanical concepts applicable to minimally invasive fracture repair in small animals.

PubMed

Chao, Peini; Lewis, Daniel D; Kowaleski, Michael P; Pozzi, Antonio

2012-09-01

Understanding the basic biomechanical principles of surgical stabilization of fractures is essential for developing an appropriate preoperative plan as well as making prudent intraoperative decisions. This article aims to provide basic biomechanical knowledge essential to the understanding of the complex interaction between the mechanics and biology of fracture healing. The type of healing and the outcome can be influenced by several mechanical factors, which depend on the interaction between bone and implant. The surgeon should understand the mechanical principles of fracture fixation and be able to choose the best type of fixation for each specific fracture. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effectiveness of an infection control programmed unit of instruction in nursing education.

PubMed

Goldrick, B A

1987-02-01

To determine whether programmed instruction is an acceptable, cost-effective alternative to classroom lectures for teaching the basic principles of infection control to nursing students, a 46-frame programmed unit of instruction (PUI), with a pretest and posttest, was developed, piloted, and tested for reliability and validity. The instruments were developed on the basis of current knowledge of the epidemiology of infectious diseases and the 1983 revised Centers for Disease Control guideline for category-specific isolation precautions. A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis: Student nurses who take a PUI in the basic principles of infection control will score higher on posttests than those who do not take the PUI. A sample of 40 subjects was selected from the senior class in a baccalaureate nursing program at a public university. The subjects were randomly assigned to four groups of 10. A Solomon four-group design was used for data analysis, and a two-way analysis of variance was performed on the posttest means. Results indicated that the treatment (PUI) effect was significant (p less than 0.001). Therefore, it was concluded that the PUI in the basic principles of infection control is an effective instrument for nursing education.

Foundational model of structural connectivity in the nervous system with a schema for wiring diagrams, connectome, and basic plan architecture

PubMed Central

Swanson, Larry W.; Bota, Mihail

2010-01-01

The nervous system is a biological computer integrating the body's reflex and voluntary environmental interactions (behavior) with a relatively constant internal state (homeostasis)—promoting survival of the individual and species. The wiring diagram of the nervous system's structural connectivity provides an obligatory foundational model for understanding functional localization at molecular, cellular, systems, and behavioral organization levels. This paper provides a high-level, downwardly extendible, conceptual framework—like a compass and map—for describing and exploring in neuroinformatics systems (such as our Brain Architecture Knowledge Management System) the structural architecture of the nervous system's basic wiring diagram. For this, the Foundational Model of Connectivity's universe of discourse is the structural architecture of nervous system connectivity in all animals at all resolutions, and the model includes two key elements—a set of basic principles and an internally consistent set of concepts (defined vocabulary of standard terms)—arranged in an explicitly defined schema (set of relationships between concepts) allowing automatic inferences. In addition, rules and procedures for creating and modifying the foundational model are considered. Controlled vocabularies with broad community support typically are managed by standing committees of experts that create and refine boundary conditions, and a set of rules that are available on the Web. PMID:21078980

Numerical Limitations of 1D Hydraulic Models Using MIKE11 or HEC-RAS software - Case study of Baraolt River, Romania

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrei, Armas; Robert, Beilicci; Erika, Beilicci

2017-10-01

MIKE 11 is an advanced hydroinformatic tool, a professional engineering software package for simulation of one-dimensional flows in estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems, channels and other water bodies. MIKE 11 is a 1-dimensional river model. It was developed by DHI Water · Environment · Health, Denmark. The basic computational procedure of HEC-RAS for steady flow is based on the solution of the one-dimensional energy equation. Energy losses are evaluated by friction and contraction / expansion. The momentum equation may be used in situations where the water surface profile is rapidly varied. These situations include hydraulic jumps, hydraulics of bridges, and evaluating profiles at river confluences. For unsteady flow, HEC-RAS solves the full, dynamic, 1-D Saint Venant Equation using an implicit, finite difference method. The unsteady flow equation solver was adapted from Dr. Robert L. Barkau’s UNET package. Fluid motion is controlled by the basic principles of conservation of mass, energy and momentum, which form the basis of fluid mechanics and hydraulic engineering. Complex flow situations must be solved using empirical approximations and numerical models, which are based on derivations of the basic principles (backwater equation, Navier-Stokes equation etc.). All numerical models are required to make some form of approximation to solve these principles, and consequently all have their limitations. The study of hydraulics and fluid mechanics is founded on the three basic principles of conservation of mass, energy and momentum. Real-life situations are frequently too complex to solve without the aid of numerical models. There is a tendency among some engineers to discard the basic principles taught at university and blindly assume that the results produced by the model are correct. Regardless of the complexity of models and despite the claims of their developers, all numerical models are required to make approximations. These may be related to geometric limitations, numerical simplification, or the use of empirical correlations. Some are obvious: one-dimensional models must average properties over the two remaining directions. It is the less obvious and poorly advertised approximations that pose the greatest threat to the novice user. Some of these, such as the inability of one-dimensional unsteady models to simulate supercritical flow can cause significant inaccuracy in the model predictions.

The principles of teratology: are they still true?

PubMed

Friedman, Jan M

2010-10-01

James Wilson originally proposed a set of "Principles of Teratology" in 1959, the year before he helped to found the Teratology Society. By 1977, when these Principles were presented in a more definitive form in Wilson and Fraser's Handbook of Teratology, they had become a standard formulation of the basic tenets of the field. Wilson's Principles have continued to guide scientific research in teratology, and they are widely used in teaching. Recent advances in our knowledge of the molecular and cellular bases of embryogenesis serve only to provide a deeper understanding of the fundamental developmental mechanisms that underlie Wilson's Principles of Teratology. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Development of Long-term Datasets from Satellite BUV Instruments: The "Soft" Calibration Approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bhartia, Pawan K.; Taylor, Steven; Jaross, Glen

2005-01-01

The first BUV instrument was launched in April 1970 on NASA's Nimbus4 satellite. More than a dozen instruments, broadly based on the same principle, but using very different technologies, have been launched in the last 35 years on NASA, NOAA, Japanese and European satellites. In this paper we describe the basic principles of the "soft" calibration approach that we have successfully applied to the data from many of these instruments to produce a consistent long-term record of total ozone, ozone profile and aerosols. This approach is based on using accurate radiative transfer models and assumed/known properties of the atmosphere in ultraviolet to derive calibration parameters. Although the accuracy of the results inevitably depends upon how well the assumed atmospheric properties are known, the technique has several built-in cross- checks that improve the robustness of the method. To develop further confidence in the data the soft calibration technique can be combined with data collected from few well- calibrated ground-based instruments. We will use examples from past and present BUV instruments to show how the method works.

Zebrafish housing systems: a review of basic operating principles and considerations for design and functionality.

PubMed

Lawrence, Christian; Mason, Timothy

2012-01-01

The strategies for housing zebrafish used in biomedical research have evolved considerably over the past three decades. To keep pace with the rapid expansion and development of the zebrafish model system, the field has generally moved from keeping fish at the level of aquarium hobbyist to that of industrialized, recirculating aquaculture. Numerous commercial system vendors now offer increasingly sophisticated housing systems based on design principles that maximize the number of animals that can be housed in a given space footprint, and they are thus able to support large and diverse research programs. This review is designed to provide managers, lab animal veterinarians, investigators, and other parties responsible for care and use of these animals with a comprehensive overview of the basic operating and design principles of zebrafish housing systems. This information can be used to help plan the construction of new facilities and/or the upgrade and maintenance of existing operations.

[The General Principles of Suicide Prevention Policy from the perspective of clinical psychiatry].

PubMed

Cho, Yoshinori; Inagaki, Masatoshi

2014-01-01

In view of the fact that the suicide rate in Japan has remained high since 1998, the Basic Act on Suicide Prevention was implemented in 2006 with the objective of comprehensively promoting suicide prevention measures on a national scale. Based on this Basic Act, in 2007, the Japanese government formulated the General Principles of Suicide Prevention Policy as a guideline for recommended suicide prevention measures. These General Principles were revised in 2012 in accordance with the initial plan of holding a review after five years. The Basic Act places an emphasis on the various social factors that underlie suicides and takes the perspective that suicide prevention measures are also social measures. The slogan of the revised General Principles is "Toward Realization of a Society in which Nobody is Driven to Commit Suicide". The General Principles list various measures that are able to be used universally. These contents would be sufficient if the objective of the General Principles were "realization of a society that is easy to live in"; however, the absence of information on the effectiveness and order of priority for each measure may limit the specific effectiveness of the measures in relation to the actual prevention of suicide. In addition, considering that nearly 90% of suicide victims are in a state at the time of committing suicide in which a psychiatric disorder would be diagnosed, it would appear from a psychiatric standpoint that measures related to mental health, including expansion of psychiatric services, should be the top priority in suicide prevention measures. However, this is not the case in the General Principles, in either its original or revised form. Revisions to the General Principles related to clinical psychiatry provide more detailed descriptions of measures for individuals who unsuccessfully attempt suicide and identify newly targeted mental disorders other than depression; however, the overall proportion of contents relating to psychiatric care remains small. In particular, it must be noted that almost no measures are provided for individuals with chronic psychiatric disorders. We believe that the role of academic societies involved in suicide prevention, including our own, is to organize the contents of the General Principles based on evidence, to advance research in areas lacking in evidence, and to promote support for implementation of activities in areas with clear evidence.

A new self-regulated self-excited single-phase induction generator using a squirrel cage three-phase induction machine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fukami, Tadashi; Imamura, Michinori; Kaburaki, Yuichi

1995-12-31

A new single-phase capacitor self-excited induction generator with self-regulating feature is presented. The new generator consists of a squirrel cage three-phase induction machine and three capacitors connected in series and parallel with a single phase load. The voltage regulation of this generator is very small due to the effect of the three capacitors. Moreover, since a Y-connected stator winding is employed, the waveform of the output voltage becomes sinusoidal. In this paper the system configuration and the operating principle of the new generator are explained, and the basic characteristics are also investigated by means of a simple analysis and experimentsmore » with a laboratory machine.« less

An experimental approach to the fundamental principles of hemodynamics.

PubMed

Pontiga, Francisco; Gaytán, Susana P

2005-09-01

An experimental model has been developed to give students hands-on experience with the fundamental laws of hemodynamics. The proposed experimental setup is of simple construction but permits the precise measurements of physical variables involved in the experience. The model consists in a series of experiments where different basic phenomena are quantitatively investigated, such as the pressure drop in a long straight vessel and in an obstructed vessel, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, the association of vessels in vascular networks, or the generation of a critical stenosis. Through these experiments, students acquire a direct appreciation of the importance of the parameters involved in the relationship between pressure and flow rate, thus facilitating the comprehension of more complex problems in hemodynamics.

Homogenization theory for designing graded viscoelastic sonic crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qu, Zhao-Liang; Ren, Chun-Yu; Pei, Yong-Mao; Fang, Dai-Ning

2015-02-01

In this paper, we propose a homogenization theory for designing graded viscoelastic sonic crystals (VSCs) which consist of periodic arrays of elastic scatterers embedded in a viscoelastic host material. We extend an elastic homogenization theory to VSC by using the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle and propose an analytical effective loss factor of VSC. The results of VSC and the equivalent structure calculated by using the finite element method are in good agreement. According to the relation of the effective loss factor to the filling fraction, a graded VSC plate is easily and quickly designed. Then, the graded VSC may have potential applications in the vibration absorption and noise reduction fields. Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB610301).

Securing quality of camera-based biomedical optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guse, Frank; Kasper, Axel; Zinter, Bob

2009-02-01

As sophisticated optical imaging technologies move into clinical applications, manufacturers need to guarantee their products meet required performance criteria over long lifetimes and in very different environmental conditions. A consistent quality management marks critical components features derived from end-users requirements in a top-down approach. Careful risk analysis in the design phase defines the sample sizes for production tests, whereas first article inspection assures the reliability of the production processes. We demonstrate the application of these basic quality principles to camera-based biomedical optics for a variety of examples including molecular diagnostics, dental imaging, ophthalmology and digital radiography, covering a wide range of CCD/CMOS chip sizes and resolutions. Novel concepts in fluorescence detection and structured illumination are also highlighted.

Efficient Mutagenesis Independent of Ligation (EMILI).

PubMed

Füzik, Tibor; Ulbrich, Pavel; Ruml, Tomáš

2014-11-01

Site-directed mutagenesis is one of the most widely used techniques in life sciences. Here we describe an improved and simplified method for introducing mutations at desired sites. It consists of an inverse PCR using a plasmid template and two partially complementary primers. The synthesis step is followed by annealing of the PCR product's sticky ends, which are generated by exonuclease digestion. This method is fast, extremely efficient and cost-effective. It can be used to introduce large insertions and deletions, but also for multiple point mutations in a single step. To show the principle and to prove the efficiency of the method, we present a series of basic mutations (insertions, deletions, point mutations) on pUC19 plasmid DNA. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

VOCATIONAL TALENT EXERCISES, PART B.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

George Washington Univ., Washington, DC. School of Education.

THIS WORKBOOK WAS DEVELOPED IN A CURRICULUM PROJECT DESCRIBED IN VT 004 454, TO HELP YOUNG PEOPLE LEARN BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF MECHANICS AND TECHNOLOGY BY PROVIDING EXERCISES SIMILAR TO THOSE IN APTITUDE TESTS, EXPLANATIONS OF THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES, AND THE CORRECT ANSWERS. IT IS THE SECOND OF FOUR BOOKS WHICH PRESENT 30 EXERCISES…

Principles of Cancer Screening.

PubMed

Pinsky, Paul F

2015-10-01

Cancer screening has long been an important component of the struggle to reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality from cancer. Notwithstanding this history, many aspects of cancer screening remain poorly understood. This article presents a summary of basic principles of cancer screening that are relevant for researchers, clinicians, and public health officials alike. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Principles of Guided Missiles and Nuclear Weapons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Naval Personnel Program Support Activity, Washington, DC.

Fundamentals of missile and nuclear weapons systems are presented in this book which is primarily prepared as the second text of a three-volume series for students of the Navy Reserve Officers' Training Corps and the Officer Candidate School. Following an introduction to guided missiles and nuclear physics, basic principles and theories are…

Principled Practical Knowledge: Not a Bridge but a Ladder

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bereiter, Carl

2014-01-01

The much-lamented gap between theory and practice in education cannot be filled by practical knowledge alone or by explanatory knowledge alone. Principled practical knowledge (PPK) is a type of knowledge that has characteristics of both practical know-how and scientific theory. Like basic scientific theory, PPK meets standards of explanatory…

Shared Knowledge among Graphic Designers, Instructional Designers and Subject Matter Experts in Designing Multimedia-Based Instructional Media

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Razak, Rafiza Abdul

2013-01-01

The research identified and explored the shared knowledge among the instructional multimedia design and development experts comprising of subject matter expert, graphic designer and instructional designer. The knowledge shared by the team was categorized into three groups of multimedia design principles encompasses of basic principles, authoring…

Visual Design Principles Applied To World Wide Web Construction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Luck, Donald D.; Hunter, J. Mark

This paper describes basic types of World Wide Web pages and presents design criteria for page layout based on principles of visual literacy. Discussion focuses on pages that present information in the following styles: billboard; directory/index; textual; and graphics. Problems and solutions in Web page construction are explored according to…

21 CFR 320.25 - Guidelines for the conduct of an in vivo bioavailability study.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... conduct of an in vivo bioavailability study. (a) Guiding principles. (1) The basic principle in an in vivo... not been approved for marketing can be used to measure the following pharmacokinetic data: (i) The bioavailability of the formulation proposed for marketing; and (ii) The essential pharmacokinetic characteristics...

General Semantics in the Labor Room.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keller, Jo

This paper provides a review of some basic general semantic principles and then applies them to the area of prenatal classes and labor room practices. It first presents an overview of the principle that language is not a neutral factor in human perceptions but an active, reactive force. Next, it looks at the relationship between language and…

Chemistry, A Syllabus for Secondary Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Secondary Curriculum Development.

Presented is a modern view of chemistry suitable for pupils with a wide range of skills and abilities. The outline of topics provides the unifying principles of chemistry together with related facts. The principles included in the outline are basic to man's understanding of his environment. The topical outline is divided into nine major units:…

A Device to Demonstrate the Principles of Photometry and Three Experiments for Its Use.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Delumyea, R. Del

1987-01-01

Describes how to construct a simple photometer. Outlines experiments in which this device can be used to demonstrate basic electronic principles, the use of Beer's Law to determine the concentration of an analyte in solution, and the effect of molar absorptivity on the sensitivity of photometric procedures. (TW)

Concepts and Principles for State-Level Higher Education Budgeting. ASHE 1984 Annual Meeting Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Dennis P.

Basic concepts concerning state-level resource allocation to higher education are discussed. Attention is directed to principles of budgeting regardless of context, the pluralistic nature of higher education, characteristics of higher education production functions, and the typical form of the budget. In addition to the distribution of resources,…

Personality Plus. (Your Guide to Better Health and Personal Development).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

de la Concha, Hector

This manual is designed to acquaint individuals with basic principles of personal health, grooming, and personality development. Addressed in the individual chapters of the guide are the following topics: self-evaluation and completion of a personal inventory; proper diet and principles of maintaining a sound body; relaxation techniques; key words…

Training Frontline Staff. Supported Education: A Promising Practice. Evidence-Based Practices KIT (Knowledge Informing Transformation)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Unger, Karen V.

2011-01-01

This four-part workbook will help program leaders teach education specialists the principles, processes, and skills necessary to deliver effective Supported Education services. The workbook includes the following: (1) Basic elements and practice principles of Supported Education; (2) Knowledge and skills to help consumers make informed choices…

Clean room technology in surgery suites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1971-01-01

The principles of clean room technology and the criteria for their application to surgery are discussed. The basic types of surgical clean rooms are presented along with their advantages and disadvantages. Topics discussed include: microbiology of surgery suites; principles of laminar airflow systems, and their use in surgery; and asepsis and the operating room.

The Basic Principles and Methods of the Music Curriculum for the General Education School.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kabalevskii, Dmitrii

1988-01-01

Delineates the foundations of Dmitri Kabalevskii's music curriculum for general education in the Soviet Union. Stresses teaching music as part of life itself. Bases teaching principles and methods on the song, dance, and march, termed "The Three Whales." Offers extensive lesson plans focusing on first grade music activities. (CH)

Career Education and the Marshmallow Principle.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoyt, Kenneth B.

The "Marshmallow Principle" introduced in this paper is stated as follows: "External pressure exerted on an organization to change its basic structure will, for as long as that pressure is applied, cause the organization's structure to bend and assume a new shape. Once the pressure is removed, the organization will reassume its original shape.…

From Barrier Free to Safe Environments: The New Zealand Experience. Monograph #44.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wrightson, William; Pope, Campbell

Intrinsically safe design is presented as a logical extension of the principles of barrier free design, and as a higher level design strategy for effecting widespread implementation of the basic accessibility requirements for people with disabilities. Two fundamental planning procedures are proposed: including principles of safe and accessible…

Fostering Children's Motivation to Learn

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White-McNulty, Lisa; Patrikakou, Evanthia N.; Weissberg, Roger P.

2005-01-01

Educators and parents share a common goal: helping children and youth become successful in school and life. The basic principles of social and emotional learning serve as the underlying principles of motivation. Motivation is what stimulates and focuses actions. It is an internal state that can be thought of as "reasons for doing". Needs,…

Applications of the Normalization Principle in the Human Services: Implications for Social Work Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horejsi, Charles R.

1979-01-01

The normalization philosophy originated in Scandinavia. Described as a complex ideology, highly compatible with basic social work principles, it has much to offer social education, especially in areas of social policy and services, planning and program development, and appreciation of the importance of the social environment. (Author/MLW)

Translational Behavior Analysis: From Laboratory Science in Stimulus Control to Intervention with Persons with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McIlvane, William J.

2009-01-01

Throughout its history, laboratory research in the experimental analysis of behavior has been successful in elucidating and clarifying basic learning principles and processes in both humans and nonhumans. In parallel, applied behavior analysis has shown how fundamental behavior-analytic principles and procedures can be employed to promote…

Approach to injuries in active people

PubMed Central

Shrier, Ian

2006-01-01

OBJECTIVE To review the basic principles underlying treatment of injuries in active people. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Basic science texts and reports of observational and randomized trials on treatment of musculoskeletal injuries were retrieved during previous exhaustive systematic reviews published by the author on a variety of musculoskeletal injury topics. MAIN MESSAGE After an injury, further damage or re-injury can be prevented either by decreasing the stress on the tissue or increasing the stress the tissue can withstand. Regardless of the type of injury, clinicians should aim to restore function; aim to increase activity without increasing pain; recommend that patients start slowly and increase activity gradually; revisit diagnosis and treatment if patients are not responding; and treat the patient, not the condition. CONCLUSION Most musculoskeletal injuries in the general population can be managed effectively by family physicians. Management should follow the basic principles of exercise training. PMID:16812964

Basic principles of test-negative design in evaluating influenza vaccine effectiveness.

PubMed

Fukushima, Wakaba; Hirota, Yoshio

2017-08-24

Based on the unique characteristics of influenza, the concept of "monitoring" influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) across the seasons using the same observational study design has been developed. In recent years, there has been a growing number of influenza VE reports using the test-negative design, which can minimize both misclassification of diseases and confounding by health care-seeking behavior. Although the test-negative designs offer considerable advantages, there are some concerns that widespread use of the test-negative design without knowledge of the basic principles of epidemiology could produce invalid findings. In this article, we briefly review the basic concepts of the test-negative design with respect to classic study design such as cohort studies or case-control studies. We also mention selection bias, which may be of concern in some countries where rapid diagnostic testing is frequently used in routine clinical practices, as in Japan. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Principles of Induction Accelerators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Briggs*, Richard J.

The basic concepts involved in induction accelerators are introduced in this chapter. The objective is to provide a foundation for the more detailed coverage of key technology elements and specific applications in the following chapters. A wide variety of induction accelerators are discussed in the following chapters, from the high current linear electron accelerator configurations that have been the main focus of the original developments, to circular configurations like the ion synchrotrons that are the subject of more recent research. The main focus in the present chapter is on the induction module containing the magnetic core that plays the role of a transformer in coupling the pulsed power from the modulator to the charged particle beam. This is the essential common element in all these induction accelerators, and an understanding of the basic processes involved in its operation is the main objective of this chapter. (See [1] for a useful and complementary presentation of the basic principles in induction linacs.)

Basic coaxial mass driver reference design. [electromagnetic lunar launch

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kolm, H. H.

1977-01-01

The reference design for a basic coaxial mass driver is developed to illustrate the principles and optimization procedures on the basis of numerical integration by programmable pocket calculators. The four inch caliber system uses a single-coil bucket and a single-phase propulsion track with discrete coils, separately energized by capacitors. An actual driver would use multiple-coil buckets and an oscillatory multi-phase drive system. Even the basic, table-top demonstration system should in principle be able to achieve accelerations in the 1,000 m/sq sec range. Current densities of the order of 25 ka/sq cm, continuously achievable only in superconductors, are carried by an ordinary aluminum bucket coil for a short period in order to demonstrate the calculated acceleration. Ultimately the system can be lengthened and provided with a magnetically levitated, superconducting bucket to study levitation dynamics under quasi-steady-state conditions, and to approach lunar escape velocity in an evacuated tube.

Principles of managing Vancouver type B periprosthetic fractures around cemented polished tapered femoral stems.

PubMed

Quah, Conal; Porteous, Matthew; Stephen, Arthur

2017-05-01

The management of periprosthetic fractures around total hip replacements is a complex and challenging problem. Getting it right first time is an important factor in reducing the morbidity, mortality and financial burden associated with these injuries. Understanding and applying the basic principles of fracture management helps increase the chance of successful treatment. Based on these principles, we suggest a treatment algorithm for managing periprosthetic fractures around polished tapered femoral stems.

Commercial Vessel Safety. Economic Costs. Preliminary.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-12-01

or "rippled" through the economy when a regulation is implemented. The survey associated with determination of costs focused upon two basic areas...in their application of standard financial principles and in their utilization of basic ship cost components (e.g., investment and operating costs...on the estimation of costs per ton of capacity provided. The basic unit for analyzing ships’ costs used is a single voyage (round trip) on a particular

A consistent model for tsunami actions on buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Foster, A.; Rossetto, T.; Eames, I.; Chandler, I.; Allsop, W.

2016-12-01

The Japan (2011) and Indian Ocean (2004) tsunami resulted in significant loss of life, buildings, and critical infrastructure. The tsunami forces imposed upon structures in coastal regions are initially due to wave slamming, after which the quasi-steady flow of the sea water around buildings becomes important. An essential requirement in both design and loss assessment is a consistent model that can accurately predict these forces. A model suitable for predicting forces in the in the quasi-steady range has been established as part of a systematic programme of research by the UCL EPICentre to understand the fundamental physical processes of tsunami actions on buildings, and more generally their social and economic consequences. Using the pioneering tsunami generator at HR Wallingford, this study considers the influence of unsteady flow conditions on the forces acting upon a rectangular building occupying 10-80% of a channel for 20-240 second wave periods. A mathematical model based upon basic open-channel flow principles is proposed, which provides empirical estimates for drag and hydrostatic coefficients. A simple force prediction equation, requiring only basic flow velocity and wave height inputs is then developed, providing good agreement with the experimental results. The results of this study demonstrate that the unsteady forces from the very long waves encountered during tsunami events can be predicted with a level of accuracy and simplicity suitable for design and risk assessment.

Monkeys choose as if maximizing utility compatible with basic principles of revealed preference theory

PubMed Central

Pastor-Bernier, Alexandre; Plott, Charles R.; Schultz, Wolfram

2017-01-01

Revealed preference theory provides axiomatic tools for assessing whether individuals make observable choices “as if” they are maximizing an underlying utility function. The theory evokes a tradeoff between goods whereby individuals improve themselves by trading one good for another good to obtain the best combination. Preferences revealed in these choices are modeled as curves of equal choice (indifference curves) and reflect an underlying process of optimization. These notions have far-reaching applications in consumer choice theory and impact the welfare of human and animal populations. However, they lack the empirical implementation in animals that would be required to establish a common biological basis. In a design using basic features of revealed preference theory, we measured in rhesus monkeys the frequency of repeated choices between bundles of two liquids. For various liquids, the animals’ choices were compatible with the notion of giving up a quantity of one good to gain one unit of another good while maintaining choice indifference, thereby implementing the concept of marginal rate of substitution. The indifference maps consisted of nonoverlapping, linear, convex, and occasionally concave curves with typically negative, but also sometimes positive, slopes depending on bundle composition. Out-of-sample predictions using homothetic polynomials validated the indifference curves. The animals’ preferences were internally consistent in satisfying transitivity. Change of option set size demonstrated choice optimality and satisfied the Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (WARP). These data are consistent with a version of revealed preference theory in which preferences are stochastic; the monkeys behaved “as if” they had well-structured preferences and maximized utility. PMID:28202727

Monkeys choose as if maximizing utility compatible with basic principles of revealed preference theory.

PubMed

Pastor-Bernier, Alexandre; Plott, Charles R; Schultz, Wolfram

2017-03-07

Revealed preference theory provides axiomatic tools for assessing whether individuals make observable choices "as if" they are maximizing an underlying utility function. The theory evokes a tradeoff between goods whereby individuals improve themselves by trading one good for another good to obtain the best combination. Preferences revealed in these choices are modeled as curves of equal choice (indifference curves) and reflect an underlying process of optimization. These notions have far-reaching applications in consumer choice theory and impact the welfare of human and animal populations. However, they lack the empirical implementation in animals that would be required to establish a common biological basis. In a design using basic features of revealed preference theory, we measured in rhesus monkeys the frequency of repeated choices between bundles of two liquids. For various liquids, the animals' choices were compatible with the notion of giving up a quantity of one good to gain one unit of another good while maintaining choice indifference, thereby implementing the concept of marginal rate of substitution. The indifference maps consisted of nonoverlapping, linear, convex, and occasionally concave curves with typically negative, but also sometimes positive, slopes depending on bundle composition. Out-of-sample predictions using homothetic polynomials validated the indifference curves. The animals' preferences were internally consistent in satisfying transitivity. Change of option set size demonstrated choice optimality and satisfied the Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (WARP). These data are consistent with a version of revealed preference theory in which preferences are stochastic; the monkeys behaved "as if" they had well-structured preferences and maximized utility.

Accurate evaluation for the biofilm-activated sludge reactor using graphical techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fouad, Moharram; Bhargava, Renu

2018-05-01

A complete graphical solution is obtained for the completely mixed biofilm-activated sludge reactor (hybrid reactor). The solution consists of a series of curves deduced from the principal equations of the hybrid system after converting them in dimensionless form. The curves estimate the basic parameters of the hybrid system such as suspended biomass concentration, sludge residence time, wasted mass of sludge, and food to biomass ratio. All of these parameters can be expressed as functions of hydraulic retention time, influent substrate concentration, substrate concentration in the bulk, stagnant liquid layer thickness, and the minimum substrate concentration which can maintain the biofilm growth in addition to the basic kinetics of the activated sludge process in which all these variables are expressed in a dimensionless form. Compared to other solutions of such system these curves are simple, easy to use, and provide an accurate tool for analyzing such system based on fundamental principles. Further, these curves may be used as a quick tool to get the effect of variables change on the other parameters and the whole system.

The boundary of a boundary principle in field theories and the issue of austerity of the laws of physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kheyfets, Arkady; Miller, Warner A.

1991-11-01

The boundary of a boundary principle has been suggested by J. A. Wheeler as a realization of the austerity idea in field theories. This principle is described in three basic field theories—electrodynamics, Yang-Mills theory, and general relativity. It is demonstrated that it supplies a unified geometric interpretation of the source current in each of the three theories in terms of a generalized E. Cartan moment of rotation. The extent to which the boundary of a boundary principle represents the austerity principle is discussed. It is concluded that it works in a way analogous to thermodynamic relations and it is argued that deeper principles might be needed to comprehend the nature of austerity.

Identifying Students' Conceptions of Basic Principles in Sequence Stratigraphy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herrera, Juan S.; Riggs, Eric M.

2013-01-01

Sequence stratigraphy is a major research subject in the geosciences academia and the oil industry. However, the geoscience education literature addressing students' understanding of the basic concepts of sequence stratigraphy is relatively thin, and the topic has not been well explored. We conducted an assessment of 27 students' conceptions of…

Law and Foreign Policy: Problems in Intercultural Communications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bozeman, Adda B.

The values and norms of Western law are not universally accepted as basic values and norms in other cultures. Therefore, the contractual processes of Western law should not be considered the basic foundation for all foreign policy negotiations. In Western cultures, principles of law are differentiated from other values based on religion, ethics,…

20 CFR 901.13 - Eligibility for enrollment of individuals applying for enrollment on or after January 1, 1976.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... actuarial mathematics and methodology by one of the following: (1) Joint Board basic examination. Successful... basic actuarial mathematics and methodology including compound interest, principles of life... major area of concentration was actuarial mathematics, or (ii) Which included at least as many semester...

A Basic Guide to Nuclear Power.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martocci, Barbara; Wilson, Greg

More than 100 nuclear power plants supply over 17 percent of the electricity in the United States. The basic principles of how nuclear energy works and how it is used to make electricity are explained in this profusely illustrated booklet written for the average sixth grade reader. Discussions include: (1) atomic structure; (2) nuclear fission;…

Economics: An Analysis of Unintended Consequences. Volume 1: Introduction to Microeconomics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schenk, Robert E.

This curriculum guide introduces high school students to the basic principles of microeconomics. Chapter 1 provides a basic definition of economics, while chapter 2 introduces a number of important economic concepts and ideas and examines reasons for unintended or unexpected consequences of decision-making. Chapter 3 considers how individual…

Basics of the "Learning Organization" at Jordanian Schools: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hawamdeh, Basem; Jaradat, Mohammed H.

2012-01-01

The study aims at identifying the extent to which the basics of the "learning organization" (LO) principles are available at Jordanian schools (Pilot TQA schools in Jersah); to this effect, a specially customized questionnaire was developed--it was made of 19 items across three areas: a leadership that supports learning, an environment…

Basic Hemorheology Advan Physiology Ed v37 n2 p129-134 Usingclassic.pdfC

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Toksvang, Linea Natalie; Berg, Ronan M.G.

2013-01-01

"The viscosity of the blood in narrow capillary tubes" by Robin Fahraeus and Torsten Lindqvist ("Am J Physiol" 96: 562--568, 1931) can be a valuable opportunity for teaching basic hemorheological principles in undergraduate cardiovascular physiology. This classic paper demonstrates that a progressive decline in apparent…

The Net Neutrality Debate: The Basics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenfield, Rich

2006-01-01

Rich Greenfield examines the basics of today's net neutrality debate that is likely to be an ongoing issue for society. Greenfield states the problems inherent in the definition of "net neutrality" used by Common Cause: "Network neutrality is the principle that Internet users should be able to access any web content they choose and…

77 FR 37059 - Draft Guidance for Industry on Active Controls in Studies To Demonstrate Effectiveness of a New...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-20

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration [Docket No. FDA-2012-D-0419... who conduct studies using active controls and have a basic understanding of statistical principles... clinical investigators who conduct studies using active controls and have a basic understanding of...

An Approximation of an Instructional Model for Developing Home Living Skills in Severely Handicapped Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamre, S.

The author discusses the need for severely handicapped students to acquire basic home living skills, reviews task analysis principles, and provides sample instructional programs. Listed are basic grooming, dressing, domestic maintenance, and cooking skills. A sample task analysis procedure is demonstrated for the skill of brushing teeth. Reported…

Basic Science Considerations in Primary Total Hip Replacement Arthroplasty

PubMed Central

Mirza, Saqeb B; Dunlop, Douglas G; Panesar, Sukhmeet S; Naqvi, Syed G; Gangoo, Shafat; Salih, Saif

2010-01-01

Total Hip Replacement is one of the most common operations performed in the developed world today. An increasingly ageing population means that the numbers of people undergoing this operation is set to rise. There are a numerous number of prosthesis on the market and it is often difficult to choose between them. It is therefore necessary to have a good understanding of the basic scientific principles in Total Hip Replacement and the evidence base underpinning them. This paper reviews the relevant anatomical and biomechanical principles in THA. It goes on to elaborate on the structural properties of materials used in modern implants and looks at the evidence base for different types of fixation including cemented and uncemented components. Modern bearing surfaces are discussed in addition to the scientific basis of various surface engineering modifications in THA prostheses. The basic science considerations in component alignment and abductor tension are also discussed. A brief discussion on modular and custom designs of THR is also included. This article reviews basic science concepts and the rationale underpinning the use of the femoral and acetabular component in total hip replacement. PMID:20582240

Phonon-defect scattering and thermal transport in semiconductors: developing guiding principles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polanco, Carlos; Lindsay, Lucas

First principles calculations of thermal conductivity have shown remarkable agreement with measurements for high-quality crystals. Nevertheless, most materials contain defects that provide significant extrinsic resistance and lower the conductivity from that of a perfect sample. This effect is usually accounted for with simplified analytical models that neglect the atomistic details of the defect and the exact dynamical properties of the system, which limits prediction capabilities. Recently, a method based on Greens functions was developed to calculate the phonon-defect scattering rates from first principles. This method has shown the important role of point defects in determining thermal transport in diamond and boron arsenide, two competitors for the highest bulk thermal conductivity. Here, we study the role of point defects on other relatively high thermal conductivity semiconductors, e.g., BN, BeSe, SiC, GaN and Si. We compare their first principles defect-phonon scattering rates and effects on transport properties with those from simplified models and explore common principles that determine these. Efforts will focus on basic vibrational properties that vary from system to system, such as density of states, interatomic force constants and defect deformation. Research supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division.

Defending the four principles approach as a good basis for good medical practice and therefore for good medical ethics.

PubMed

Gillon, Raanan

2015-01-01

This paper argues that the four prima facie principles-beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy and justice-afford a good and widely acceptable basis for 'doing good medical ethics'. It confronts objections that the approach is simplistic, incompatible with a virtue-based approach to medicine, that it requires respect for autonomy always to have priority when the principles clash at the expense of clinical obligations to benefit patients and global justice. It agrees that the approach does not provide universalisable methods either for resolving such moral dilemmas arising from conflict between the principles or their derivatives, or universalisable methods for resolving disagreements about the scope of these principles-long acknowledged lacunae but arguably to be found, in practice, with all other approaches to medical ethics. The value of the approach, when properly understood, is to provide a universalisable though prima facie set of moral commitments which all doctors can accept, a basic moral language and a basic moral analytic framework. These can underpin an intercultural 'moral mission statement' for the goals and practice of medicine. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Why Do the Relativistic Masses and Momenta of Faster-than-Light Particles Decrease as their Speeds Increase? 5M Madarász, Judit X.; Stannett, Mike; Székely, Gergely

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2014-01-01

It has recently been shown within a formal axiomatic framework using a definition of four-momentum based on the Stückelberg-Feynman-Sudarshan-Recami ''switching principle'' that Einstein's relativistic dynamics is logically consistent with the existence of interacting faster-than-light inertial particles. Our results here show, using only basic natural assumptions on dynamics, that this definition is the only possible way to get a consistent theory of such particles moving within the geometry of Minkowskian spacetime. We present a strictly formal proof from a streamlined axiom system that given any slow or fast inertial particle, all inertial observers agree on the value of {m}\\cdot √{|1-v^2|}, where {m} is the particle's relativistic mass and vits speed. This confirms formally the widely held belief that the relativistic mass and momentum of a positive-mass faster-than-light particle must decrease as its speed increases.

Unified Technical Concepts--Phase II. Expand Application to Industrial Technologies and Adult Education. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Technical Education Research Center, Waco, TX.

A project was conducted to develop a laboratory-based instructional system in physics for two-year technician programs that emphasizes both the analogies between basic physical principles and the applications of the principles in modern technology. The Unified Technical Concepts (UTC) system that was developed is (1) a reorganization of physics…

Teaching Agricultural Ethics in the Agricultural Economics Curriculum. Faculty Paper Series 86-5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thompson, Paul B.

The undergraduate course in agricultural ethics has been under development at Texas A&M University for four years. The course that has evolved is the result of discussion between the philosophy and agriculture departments. The course attempts to incorporate basic economic principles that affect agriculture as well as to tie these principles to…

AN APPRAISAL OF INSTRUCTIONAL UNITS TO ENHANCE STUDENT UNDERSTANDING OF PROFIT-MAXIMIZING PRINCIPLES. APPENDIX TO FINAL REPORT.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

BARKER, RICHARD L.

TWENTY-TWO OHIO HIGH SCHOOLS OFFERING VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURE TO 262 JUNIOR AND SENIOR STUDENTS PARTICIPATED IN A STUDY TO MEASURE THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF FARM MANAGEMENT INSTRUCTIONAL UNITS DESIGNED TO ENHANCE STUDENT UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC PROFIT-MAXIMIZING PRINCIPLES WHEN USED IN TEACHING VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURE STUDENTS IN THE SCHOOL…

Basic Principles of Marine Diesel Engines, 8-2. Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.

This volume of student materials for a secondary/postsecondary level course in principles of marine diesel engines is one of a number of military-developed curriculum packages selected for adaptation to vocational instruction and curriculum development in a civilian setting. The purpose of the individualized, self-paced course is to acquaint…

Construction Mechanic Part I, 8-5. Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.

This course, adapted from military curriculum materials for use in vocational and technical education, is the first of a two-course series that teaches students to maintain and repair automotive and construction equipment using either gasoline or diesel engines. It covers basic combustion engine principles and electrical system principles as well…

The Ethics of Art Therapy: Promoting Creativity as a Force for Positive Change

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hinz, Lisa D.

2017-01-01

The 2013 revision of the "Ethical Principles for Art Therapists" added creativity as a core value underlying the profession. At the same time, the ethical principles also included a nondiscrimination clause to protect the interests of nonnormative clients. In this article I explore creativity as a basic human right, promoted through…

Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments

Treesearch

James K. Agee; Carl N. Skinner

2005-01-01

Successful fire exclusion in the 20th century has created severe fire problems across the West. Not every forest is at risk of uncharacteristically severe wildfire, but drier forests are in need of active management to mitigate fire hazard. We summarize a set of simple principles important to address in fuel reduction treatments: reduction of surface fuels, increasing...

Translating Principles of Neural Plasticity into Research on Speech Motor Control Recovery and Rehabilitation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ludlow, Christy L.; Hoit, Jeannette; Kent, Raymond; Ramig, Lorraine O.; Shrivastav, Rahul; Strand, Edythe; Yorkston, Kathryn; Sapienza, Christine M.

2008-01-01

Purpose: To review the principles of neural plasticity and make recommendations for research on the neural bases for rehabilitation of neurogenic speech disorders. Method: A working group in speech motor control and disorders developed this report, which examines the potential relevance of basic research on the brain mechanisms involved in neural…

Methods of Work with Pupils-Immigrants at Russian Language Lessons in Primary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zakirova, Venera G.; Kamalova, Lera A.

2016-01-01

In this article, the authors begin by outlining the basic principles of teaching children-migrants at the elementary school level. These principles include: (1) Learning Russian is focused on the development of children's ability to communicate; (2) Language is learned by migrant children as a mean of communication; (3) Students can see the…

"Languagizing" Their World: Why Talking, Reading, and Singing Are So Important

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hirsh-Pasek, Kathryn; Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick

2018-01-01

Language is the single best predictor of later success in school and beyond. Using new findings in the science of learning, this article outlines 6 basic principles that will help parents and caregivers interact with children in ways that grow important language skills. Creating environments that nurture these principles gives every child a chance…

Principles of Experience-Dependent Neural Plasticity: Implications for Rehabilitation after Brain Damage

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kleim, Jeffrey A.; Jones, Theresa A.

2008-01-01

Purpose: This paper reviews 10 principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity and considerations in applying them to the damaged brain. Method: Neuroscience research using a variety of models of learning, neurological disease, and trauma are reviewed from the perspective of basic neuroscientists but in a manner intended to be useful for the…

Observations on the Use of Textbooks in the Teaching of Principles of Economics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boskin, Michael J.

1988-01-01

Discusses the role of the textbook in the principles of economics course. Recognizing that textbooks are only one source of input for students, and that they substitute for lectures to a limited extent, Boskin recommends that texts should stress the basics and serve as a reference source to support classroom instruction. (GEA)

Irrigation Principles and Practices. Appropriate Technologies for Development. Reprint R-5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Development and Resources Corp.

This manual was prepared for use by Peace Corps trainees and volunteers as a resource in gaining understanding and knowledge of basic irrigation principles and practices. It is intended as a practical handbook that can be understood by a generalist, with subject areas limited to those observed as being of most frequent concern to volunteers in…

When four principles are too many: a commentary.

PubMed

Gillon, Raanan

2012-04-01

This commentary briefly argues that the four prima facie principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy and justice enable a clinician (and anybody else) to make ethical sense of the author's proposed reliance on professional guidance and rules, on law, on professional integrity and on best interests, and to subject them all to ethical analysis and criticism based on widely acceptable basic prima facie moral obligations; and also to confront new situations in the light of those acceptable principles.

AN INTRODUCTION TO ESSENTIALS OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.

PubMed

Singh, Z; Bhalwar, R; Jayaram, J; Tilak, V W

2001-04-01

The issue of biomedical waste management has assumed great significance in recent times particularly in view of the rapid upsurge of HIV infection. Government of India has made proper handling and disposal of this category of waste a statutory requirement with the publication of gazette notification no 460 dated 27 July 1998. The provisions are equally applicable to our service hospitals and hence there is a need for all the service medical, dental, nursing officers, other paramedical staff and safaiwalas to be well aware of the basic principles of handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste. The present article deals with such basic issues as definition, categories and principles of handling and disposal of biomedical waste.

Basic Principles of Electrical Network Reliability Optimization in Liberalised Electricity Market

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oleinikova, I.; Krishans, Z.; Mutule, A.

2008-01-01

The authors propose to select long-term solutions to the reliability problems of electrical networks in the stage of development planning. The guide lines or basic principles of such optimization are: 1) its dynamical nature; 2) development sustainability; 3) integrated solution of the problems of network development and electricity supply reliability; 4) consideration of information uncertainty; 5) concurrent consideration of the network and generation development problems; 6) application of specialized information technologies; 7) definition of requirements for independent electricity producers. In the article, the major aspects of liberalized electricity market, its functions and tasks are reviewed, with emphasis placed on the optimization of electrical network development as a significant component of sustainable management of power systems.

Learning theories 101: application to everyday teaching and scholarship.

PubMed

Kay, Denise; Kibble, Jonathan

2016-03-01

Shifts in educational research, in how scholarship in higher education is defined, and in how funding is appropriated suggest that educators within basic science fields can benefit from increased understanding of learning theory and how it applies to classroom practice. This article uses a mock curriculum design scenario as a framework for the introduction of five major learning theories. Foundational constructs and principles from each theory and how they apply to the proposed curriculum designs are described. A summative table that includes basic principles, constructs, and classroom applications as well as the role of the teacher and learner is also provided for each theory. Copyright © 2016 The American Physiological Society.

Pharmacovigilance and principle of nonmaleficence in sex reassignment.

PubMed

Zamarytė, Kristina; Stakišaitis, Donatas; Širinskienė, Agnė; Narbekovas, Andrius; Juškevičius, Jonas

2012-01-01

Physicians are obliged to provide treatment that is consistent with their commitment to avoid or minimize harm (nonmaleficence) and their commitment to do good (beneficence). Therefore, if patient's desires were contradictory to the primary aim of medicine, the doctor's calling would require him/her to thoroughly analyze the cause of the disease and provide an adequate as well as ethical treatment rather than obediently follow patient's requests. Yet, chemical and surgical sex reassignment is one of the areas where some physicians surrender to the desire of their patients instead of finding out what their real condition is and trying to manage it in a way the essence of medicine would require. The objective of this article was to provide specific pharmacovigilance search details for the evaluation of the current situation and the scientific background of the treatment of gender dysphoria and to analyze its conformity with one of the two main ethical principles of medicine - nonmaleficence. Literature retrieval was accessed through Medline (1979-2011) using the terms "gender dysphoria," "replacement hormonal therapy," and "pharmacovigilance." The article concludes that hormonal and surgical interventions have not proven to be medically justified and could be harmful, not treating the cause, but resulting in irreversible disability. Thus, these interventions contradict the principle of nonmaleficence and goals of basic therapeutics and pharmacovigilance. They are not based on clinical trials and are lacking a thorough follow-up assessment.

Using Video Games to Support Pre-Service Elementary Teachers Learning of Basic Physics Principles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Janice; Barnett, Michael

2011-01-01

The purpose of this work is to share our findings in using video gaming technology to facilitate the understanding of basic electromagnetism with pre-service elementary teachers. To this end we explored the impact of using a game called "Supercharged!" on pre-service teachers' understanding of electromagnetic concepts compared to students who…

Atomic Energy Basics, Understanding the Atom Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN. Div. of Technical Information.

This booklet is part of the "Understanding the Atom Series," though it is a later edition and not included in the original set of 51 booklets. A basic survey of the principles of nuclear energy and most important applications are provided. These major topics are examined: matter has molecules and atoms, the atom has electrons, the nucleus,…

Air Quality and Pollution. Environmental Studies. 4 Color Transparencies, Reproducibles & Teaching Guide. Grade 3, 4, 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ortleb, Edward P.; And Others

The world is faced with a variety of environmental problems. No country has escaped pollution and resource depletion. Basic ecological principles are often ignored and sometimes this contributes to ecological disasters. This volume is designed to provide basic information about the quality of the earth's atmosphere. The visual aids, worksheets,…

Illustrating the Basic Functioning of Mass Analyzers in Mass Spectrometers with Ball-Rolling Mechanisms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horikoshi, Ryo; Takeiri, Fumitaka; Mikita, Riho; Kobayashi, Yoji; Kageyama, Hiroshi

2017-01-01

A unique demonstration with ball-rolling mechanisms has been developed to illustrate the basic principles of mass analyzers as components of mass spectrometers. Three ball-rolling mechanisms mimicking the currently used mass analyzers (i.e., a quadrupole mass filter, a magnetic sector, and a time-of- flight) have been constructed. Each mechanism…

Basic Principles--Outdoor Living Skills Series. Instructor Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Deaton, Don

The priorities for sustaining life--air, shelter, water, and food--are the subjects of this module designed to give junior and senior high school students the foundation for safe, rewarding experiences in the outdoors. Five 50-minute lesson plans cover the basic need in order of priority: air (3 minutes to survive without it), shelter (3 hours, in…

Water Quality and Pollution. Environmental Studies. 4 Color Transparencies, Reproducibles & Teaching Guide. Grade 3, 4, 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ortleb, Edward P.; And Others

The world is faced with a variety of environmental problems. No country has escaped pollution and resource depletion. Basic ecological principles are often ignored and sometimes this contributes to ecological disasters. This volume is designed to provide basic information about the quality of the earth's water resources. The visual aids,…

Why Flies? Inexpensive Public Engagement Exercises to Explain the Value of Basic Biomedical Research on "Drosophila melanogaster"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pulver, Stefan R.; Cognigni, Paola; Denholm, Barry; Fabre, Caroline; Gu, Wendy X. W.; Linneweber, Gerit; Prieto-Godino, Lucia; Urbancic, Vasja; Zwart, Maarten; Miguel-Aliaga, Irene

2011-01-01

Invertebrate model organisms are powerful systems for uncovering conserved principles of animal biology. Despite widespread use in scientific communities, invertebrate research is often severely undervalued by laypeople. Here, we present a set of simple, inexpensive public outreach exercises aimed at explaining to the public why basic research on…

Energy and the Environment. Environmental Studies. 4 Color Transparencies, Reproducibles & Teaching Guide. Grade 3, 4, 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ortleb, Edward P.; And Others

The world is faced with a variety of environmental problems. No country has escaped pollution and resource depletion. Basic ecological principles are often ignored and sometimes this contributes to ecological disasters. This volume is designed to provide basic information about the quality of the earth's energy resources. The visual aids,…

Land Resources and Pollution. Environmental Studies. 4 Color Transparencies, Reproducibles & Teaching Guide. Grade 3, 4, 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ortleb, Edward P.; And Others

The world is faced with a variety of environmental problems. No country has escaped pollution and resource depletion. Basic ecological principles are often ignored and sometimes this contributes to ecological disasters. This volume is designed to provide basic information about the quality of the earth's land resources. The visual aids,…

The boundary of a boundary principle in field theories and the issue of austerity of the laws of physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kheyfets, A.; Miller, W.A.

The boundary of a boundary principle has been suggested by J. A. Wheeler as a realization of the austerity idea in field theories. This principle is described in three basic field theories---electrodynamics, Yang--Mills theory, and general relativity. It is demonstrated that it supplies a unified geometric interpretation of the source current in each of the three theories in terms of a generalized E. Cartan moment of rotation. The extent to which the boundary of a boundary principle represents the austerity principle is discussed. It is concluded that it works in a way analogous to thermodynamic relations and it is arguedmore » that deeper principles might be needed to comprehend the nature of austerity.« less

3 CFR 13518 - Executive Order 13518 of November 9, 2009. Employment of Veterans in the Federal Government

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... opportunities for veterans within the executive branch, consistent with merit system principles and veterans... in section 4 of this order, merit system principles, the agency's strategic human capital plan, and... employment opportunities for veterans within the agency, consistent with law and merit system principles...

[Basics of Ear Surgery].

PubMed

Lailach, S; Zahnert, T

2016-12-01

The present article about the basics of ear surgery is a short overview of current indications, the required diagnostics and surgical procedures of common otologic diseases. In addition to plastic and reconstructive surgery of the auricle, principles of surgery of the external auditory canal, basics of middle ear surgery and the tumor surgery of the temporal bone are shown. Additionally, aspects of the surgical hearing rehabilitation (excluding implantable hearing systems) are presented considering current study results. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

The Effect of Self-Explanation and Prediction on the Development of Principled Understanding of Chess in Novices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

de Bruin, Anique B. H.; Rikers, Remy M. J. P.; Schmidt, Henk G.

2007-01-01

The present study was designed to test the effect of self-explanation and prediction on the development of principled understanding of novices learning to play chess. First-year psychology students, who had no chess experience, first learned the basic rules of chess and were afterwards divided in three conditions. They either observed (control…

Storytelling as therapy: implications for medicine.

PubMed

Lawlis, G F

1995-05-01

Storytelling is an art developed during the beginning of human history, probably to teach the wisdom of generations past, including basic mental and physical health principles. This approach, based on sound behavioral medicine principles, is explored here for use as an integral part of medical practice. Also, practical considerations are addressed concerning the conduct of storytelling, with emphasis on relaxation, imagery, and lifestyle change implementations.

Clickenomics: Using a Classroom Response System to Increase Student Engagement in a Large-Enrollment Principles of Economics Course

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Salemi, Michael K.

2009-01-01

One of the most important challenges facing college instructors of economics is helping students engage. Engagement is particularly important in a large-enrollment Principles of Economics course, where it can help students achieve a long-lived understanding of how economists use basic economic ideas to look at the world. The author reports how…

Even Keeled: A Practical Approach to Living with Someone with Bipolar II Disorder

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neal, Philip

2008-01-01

Bipolar II disorder can be better understood and addressed by applying appropriate psychological principles. One such principle is that, on a very basic level, emotion is neither good nor bad. It is however, the expressed reaction of the mind to its environment. From this perspective, emotion is very useful. Emotionality often gets a bad rap as…

Teaching Aldosterone Regulation and Basic Scientific Principles Using a Classic Paper by Dr. James O. Davis and Colleagues

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hanke, Craig J.; Bauer-Dantoin, Angela C.

2006-01-01

Classroom discussion of scientific articles can be an effective means of teaching scientific principles and methodology to both undergraduate and graduate science students. The availability of classic papers from the American Physiological Society Legacy Project has made it possible to access articles dating back to the early portions of the 20th…

Fashion, Paper Dolls and Multiplicatives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ura, Suzana Kaori; Stein-Barana, Alzira C. M.; Munhoz, Deisy P.

2011-01-01

The multiplicative principle is the tool allowing the counting of groups that can be described by a sequence of events. An event is a subset of sample space, i.e. a collection of possible outcomes, which may be equal to or smaller than the sample space as a whole. It is important that students understand this basic principle early on and know how…

Integrated and Contextual Basic Science Instruction in Preclinical Education: Problem-Based Learning Experience Enriched with Brain/Mind Learning Principles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gülpinar, Mehmet Ali; Isoglu-Alkaç, Ümmühan; Yegen, Berrak Çaglayan

2015-01-01

Recently, integrated and contextual learning models such as problem-based learning (PBL) and brain/mind learning (BML) have become prominent. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a PBL program enriched with BML principles. In this study, participants were 295 first-year medical students. The study used both quantitative and qualitative…

Solar radiation as a forest management tool: a primer of principles and application

Treesearch

Howard G. Halverson; James L. Smith

1979-01-01

Forests are products of solar radiation use. The sun also drives the hydrologic cycle on forested watersheds. Some basic concepts of climatology and solar radiation are summarized in including earth-sun relations, polar tilt, solar energy, terrestrial energy, energy balance, and local energy. An example shows how these principles can be applied in resource management....

Academic Freedom in the Post-9/11 Era. Education, Politics and Public Life

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carvalho, Edward J., Ed.; Downing, David B.

2011-01-01

Academic freedom has been a principle that undergirds the university since 1915. Beyond this, it also protects a spirit of free inquiry essential to a democratic society. But in the post-9/11 present, the basic principles of academic freedom have been deeply challenged. There have been many startling instances where the rhetoric of national…

Virtual Worlds; Real Learning: Design Principles for Engaging Immersive Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu (u. Sjarpm)

2012-01-01

The EMDT master's program at Full Sail University embarked on a small project to use a virtual environment to teach graduate students. The property used for this project has evolved our several iterations and has yielded some basic design principles and pedagogy for virtual spaces. As a result, students are emerging from the program with a better grasp of future possibilities.

Drawings and Ideas of Physics Teacher Candidates Relating to the Superposition Principle on a Continuous Rope

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sengoren, Serap Kaya; Tanel, Rabia; Kavcar, Nevzat

2006-01-01

The superposition principle is used to explain many phenomena in physics. Incomplete knowledge about this topic at a basic level leads to physics students having problems in the future. As long as prospective physics teachers have difficulties in the subject, it is inevitable that high school students will have the same difficulties. The aim of…

Dielectric properties of agricultural products – fundamental principles, influencing factors, and measurement technirques. Chapter 4. Electrotechnologies for Food Processing: Book Series. Volume 3. Radio-Frequency Heating

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In this chapter, definitions of dielectric properties, or permittivity, of materials and a brief discussion of the fundamental principles governing their behavior with respect to influencing factors are presented. The basic physics of the influence of frequency of the electric fields and temperatur...

The quantum universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hey, Anthony J. G.; Walters, Patrick

This book provides a descriptive, popular account of quantum physics. The basic topics addressed include: waves and particles, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the Schroedinger equation and matter waves, atoms and nuclei, quantum tunneling, the Pauli exclusion principle and the elements, quantum cooperation and superfluids, Feynman rules, weak photons, quarks, and gluons. The applications of quantum physics to astrophyics, nuclear technology, and modern electronics are addressed.

Fifth amendment taking and environmental protection under the police power: Historical development and a modest proposal to address the muddle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Root, T.E.; Dotterrer, I.L.

1995-12-01

Under its developing {open_quotes}just compensation{close_quotes} jurisprudence, the United States Supreme Court has applied the constitutional requirement (of just compensation for taking private property for public use) to overly intrusive regulations. The application of the just compensation clause to governmental environmental protection activity has pitted the basic principle of protection of private property from government confiscation against another basic principle-the police power (which allows the government to regulate the use of property to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the people). The authors outline the muddle resulting from the conflict of these two constitutional principles after tracing the development ofmore » each. This article first outlines the general trend of increasing regulation of the uses of private property under environmental laws pursuant to the police power, and then outlines the development of Fifth Amendment just compensation jurisprudence (from eminent domain, through inverse condemnation, to regulatory taking). The authors urge Congress to authorize a Commission to review exercise of the police power and environmental protection legislation in light of the Fifth Amendment just compensation provision and to recommend legislation that will reconcile the two principles.« less

Basic Skills Resource Center: Report on the Preliminary Research Findings

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

indicates that the higher the level of processing , the greater the comprehension and recall. This is true of word lists ( Craik & Lockhart , 1972) as well as... Levels of Processing Principle 9 Content-Driven Strategy/Skills Instruction Principle 10 Instruction, Content, and Prior Knowledge Principle 11 Sequencing...34 Ws 1.’t) 0 U) 14 C0 W u w. C -0.0 C) a. I-s U) w~ 0 4) 0 C "q’ 01 .0 0c 414U >4 0.4 F 0 to 0)0 IvJ0 04Cu B-13 Principle 8 ( Levels of Processing ) The

Microfluidic large-scale integration: the evolution of design rules for biological automation.

PubMed

Melin, Jessica; Quake, Stephen R

2007-01-01

Microfluidic large-scale integration (mLSI) refers to the development of microfluidic chips with thousands of integrated micromechanical valves and control components. This technology is utilized in many areas of biology and chemistry and is a candidate to replace today's conventional automation paradigm, which consists of fluid-handling robots. We review the basic development of mLSI and then discuss design principles of mLSI to assess the capabilities and limitations of the current state of the art and to facilitate the application of mLSI to areas of biology. Many design and practical issues, including economies of scale, parallelization strategies, multiplexing, and multistep biochemical processing, are discussed. Several microfluidic components used as building blocks to create effective, complex, and highly integrated microfluidic networks are also highlighted.

Observational evidence of dust evolution in galactic extinction curves

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cecchi-Pestellini, Cesare; Casu, Silvia; Mulas, Giacomo

Although structural and optical properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbons are known to respond to varying physical conditions, most conventional extinction models are basically curve fits with modest predictive power. We compare an evolutionary model of the physical properties of carbonaceous grain mantles with their determination by homogeneously fitting observationally derived Galactic extinction curves with the same physically well-defined dust model. We find that a large sample of observed Galactic extinction curves are compatible with the evolutionary scenario underlying such a model, requiring physical conditions fully consistent with standard density, temperature, radiation field intensity, and average age of diffuse interstellar clouds.more » Hence, through the study of interstellar extinction we may, in principle, understand the evolutionary history of the diffuse interstellar clouds.« less

Quantum Theory of Rare-Earth Magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miyake, Takashi; Akai, Hisazumi

2018-04-01

Strong permanent magnets mainly consist of rare earths (R) and transition metals (T). The main phase of the neodymium magnet, which is the strongest magnet, is Nd2Fe14B. Sm2Fe17N3 is another magnet compound having excellent magnetic properties comparable to those of Nd2Fe14B. Their large saturation magnetization, strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and high Curie temperature originate from the interaction between the T-3d electrons and R-4f electrons. This article discusses the magnetism of rare-earth magnet compounds. The basic theory and first-principles calculation approaches for quantitative description of the magnetic properties are presented, together with applications to typical compounds such as Nd2Fe14B, Sm2Fe17N3, and the recently synthesized NdFe12N.

Oscillatory threshold logic.

PubMed

Borresen, Jon; Lynch, Stephen

2012-01-01

In the 1940s, the first generation of modern computers used vacuum tube oscillators as their principle components, however, with the development of the transistor, such oscillator based computers quickly became obsolete. As the demand for faster and lower power computers continues, transistors are themselves approaching their theoretical limit and emerging technologies must eventually supersede them. With the development of optical oscillators and Josephson junction technology, we are again presented with the possibility of using oscillators as the basic components of computers, and it is possible that the next generation of computers will be composed almost entirely of oscillatory devices. Here, we demonstrate how coupled threshold oscillators may be used to perform binary logic in a manner entirely consistent with modern computer architectures. We describe a variety of computational circuitry and demonstrate working oscillator models of both computation and memory.

Leukemoid reaction

MedlinePlus

Rice L, Jung M. Neutrophilic leukocytosis, neutropenia, monocytosis, and monocytopenia. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE, Heslop HE, Weitz JI, Anastasi J, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and ...

Zebrafish Housing Systems: A Review of Basic Operating Principles and Considerations for Design and Functionality

PubMed Central

Lawrence, Christian; Mason, Timothy

2015-01-01

The strategies for housing zebrafish used in biomedical research have evolved considerably over the past three decades. To keep pace with the rapid expansion and development of the zebrafish model system, the field has generally moved from keeping fish at the level of aquarium hobbyist to that of industrialized, recirculating aquaculture. Numerous commercial system vendors now offer increasingly sophisticated housing systems based on design principles that maximize the number of animals that can be housed in a given space footprint, and they are thus able to support large and diverse research programs. This review is designed to provide managers, lab animal veterinarians, investigators, and other parties responsible for care and use of these animals with a comprehensive overview of the basic operating and design principles of zebrafish housing systems. This information can be used to help plan the construction of new facilities and/or the upgrade and maintenance of existing operations. PMID:23382349

Guidelines for developing vectorizable computer programs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miner, E. W.

1982-01-01

Some fundamental principles for developing computer programs which are compatible with array-oriented computers are presented. The emphasis is on basic techniques for structuring computer codes which are applicable in FORTRAN and do not require a special programming language or exact a significant penalty on a scalar computer. Researchers who are using numerical techniques to solve problems in engineering can apply these basic principles and thus develop transportable computer programs (in FORTRAN) which contain much vectorizable code. The vector architecture of the ASC is discussed so that the requirements of array processing can be better appreciated. The "vectorization" of a finite-difference viscous shock-layer code is used as an example to illustrate the benefits and some of the difficulties involved. Increases in computing speed with vectorization are illustrated with results from the viscous shock-layer code and from a finite-element shock tube code. The applicability of these principles was substantiated through running programs on other computers with array-associated computing characteristics, such as the Hewlett-Packard (H-P) 1000-F.

Endobronchial valves for bronchopleural fistula: pitfalls and principles.

PubMed

Gaspard, Dany; Bartter, Thaddeus; Boujaoude, Ziad; Raja, Haroon; Arya, Rohan; Meena, Nikhil; Abouzgheib, Wissam

2017-01-01

Placement of endobronchial valves for bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is not always straightforward. A simple guide to the steps for an uncomplicated procedure does not encompass pitfalls that need to be understood and overcome to maximize the efficacy of this modality. The objective of this study was to discuss examples of difficult cases for which the placement of endobronchial valves was not straightforward and required alterations in the usual basic steps. Subsequently, we aimed to provide guiding principles for a successful procedure. Six illustrative cases were selected to demonstrate issues that can arise during endobronchial valve placement. In each case, a real or apparent lack of decrease in airflow through a BPF was diagnosed and addressed. We have used the selected problem cases to illustrate principles, with the goal of helping to increase the success rate for endobronchial valve placement in the treatment of BPF. This series demonstrates issues that complicate effective placement of endobronchial valves for BPF. These issues form the basis for troubleshooting steps that complement the basic procedural steps.

Basic principles for rational design of high-performance nanostructured silicon-based thermoelectric materials.

PubMed

Yang, Chun Cheng; Li, Sean

2011-12-23

Recently, nanostructured silicon-based thermoelectric materials have drawn great attention owing to their excellent thermoelectric performance in the temperature range around 450 °C, which is eminently applicable for concentrated solar thermal technology. In this work, a unified nanothermodynamic model is developed to investigate the predominant factors that determine the lattice thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline, nanoporous, and nanostructured bulk Si. A systematic study shows that the thermoelectric performance of these materials can be substantially enhanced by the following three basic principles: 1) artificial manipulation and optimization of roughness with surface/interface patterning/engineering; 2) grain-size reduction with innovative fabrication techniques in a controllable fashion; and 3) optimization of material parameters, such as bulk solid-vapor transition entropy, bulk vibrational entropy, dimensionality, and porosity, to decrease the lattice thermal conductivity. These principles may be used to rationally design novel nanostructured Si-based thermoelectric materials for renewable energy applications. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Ethics for medical educators: an overview and fallacies.

PubMed

Singh, Arjun

2010-07-01

Ethics is the rule of right conduct or practice in a profession. The basic principles of ethics are beneficence, justice and autonomy or individual freedom. There is very minor demarcation between ethics and the law. The ethics is promulgated by the professional bodies. All are expected to guide the medical professional in their practice. Medical educators have dual ethical obligations: firstly, to the society at large which expects us to produce competent health professionals, and secondly, to the students under our care. The students observe and copy what their teacher does and his/her role modelling can be a gateway to a student's character building. Due to rapid increase in the number of medical colleges, privatization, and capitalism, ethical issue has become much more relevant and needs to discuss in detail. The present paper discusses the ethics for medical educators in detail with, basic principles, common breaches of ethics and fallacies due to wrong application of ethical principles, and the approach to ethics and methods by which we can prevent and avoid breach of ethics.

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy for Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children.

PubMed

Mavinkurve, M; Quinn, A; O'Gorman, C S

2016-05-01

Continuous subcutaneous insulin pump therapy (CSII or pump therapy) is a well-recognised treatment option for Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in paediatrics. It is especially suited to children because it optimises control by improving flexibility across age-specific lifestyles. The NICE guidelines (2008) recognise that pump therapy is advantageous and that it should be utilised to deliver best practice. In Ireland, the National Clinical Program for Diabetes will increase the availability and uptake of CSII in children and thus more clinicians are likely to encounter children using CSII therapy. This is a narrative review which discusses the basic principles of pump therapy and focuses on aspects of practical management. Insulin pump management involves some basic yet important principles which optimise the care of diabetes in children. This review addresses the principles of insulin pump management in children which all health care professionals involved in caring for the child with diabetes, shoud be familiar with.

Consistency Rules: A Critical Exploration of a Universal Principle of School Discipline

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Irby, Decoteau; Clough, Cindy

2015-01-01

The current study explores the principle of "consistency" and its relevance in the discipline cultures of three middle and two high schools in a Midwest US school district. We explore how educators (1) evoke consistency as a necessity for school discipline and (2) attempt to be consistent in practice to develop disciplined students,…

Science ethics education part I. Perception and attitude toward scientific fraud among medical researchers.

PubMed

Vuckovic-Dekic, L; Gavrilovic, D; Kezic, I; Bogdanovic, G; Brkic, S

2011-01-01

To assess the knowledge of basic principles of responsible conduct of research and attitude toward the violations of good scientific practice among graduate biomedical students. A total of 361 subjects entered the study. The study group consisted mainly of graduate students of Medicine (85%), and other biomedical sciences (15%). Most participants were on PhD training or on postdoctoral training. A specially designed anonymous voluntary multiple-choice questionnaire was distributed to them. The questionnaire consisted of 43 questions divided in 7 parts, each aimed to assess the participants' previous knowledge and attitudes toward ethical principles of science and the main types of scientific fraud, falsification, fabrication of data, plagiarism, and false authorship. Although they considered themselves as insufficiently educated on science ethics, almost all participants recognized all types of scientific fraud, qualified these issues as highly unethical, and expressed strong negative attitude toward them. Despite that, only about half of the participants thought that superiors-violators of high ethical standards of science deserve severe punishment, and even fewer declared that they would whistle blow. These percentages were much greater in cases when the students had personally been plagiarized. Our participants recognized all types of scientific fraud as violation of ethical standards of science, expressed strong negative attitude against fraud, and believed that they would never commit fraud, thus indicating their own high moral sense. However, the unwillingness to whistle blow and to punish adequately the violators might be characterized as opportunistic behavior.

Drug policy, harm and human rights: a rationalist approach.

PubMed

Stevens, Alex

2011-05-01

It has recently been argued that drug-related harms cannot be compared, so making it impossible to choose rationally between various drug policy options. Attempts to apply international human rights law to this area are valid, but have found it difficult to overcome the problems in applying codified human rights to issues of drug policy. This article applies the rationalist ethical argument of Gewirth (1978) to this issue. It outlines his argument to the 'principle of generic consistency' and the hierarchy of basic, nonsubtractive and additive rights that it entails. It then applies these ideas to drug policy issues, such as whether there is a right to use drugs, whether the rights of drug 'addicts' can be limited, and how different harms can be compared in choosing between policies. There is an additive right to use drugs, but only insofar as this right does not conflict with the basic and nonsubtractive rights of others. People whose freedom to choose whether to use drugs is compromised by compulsion have a right to receive treatment. They retain enforceable duties not to inflict harms on others. Policies which reduce harms to basic and nonsubtractive rights should be pursued, even if they lead to harms to additive rights. There exists a sound, rational, extra-legal basis for the discussion of drug policy and related harms which enables commensurable discussion of drug policy options. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On the search for design principles in biological systems.

PubMed

Poyatos, Juan F

2012-01-01

The search for basic concepts and underlying principles was at the core of the systems approach to science and technology. This approach was somehow abandoned in mainstream biology after its initial proposal, due to the rise and success of molecular biology. This situation has changed. The accumulated knowledge of decades of molecular studies in combination with new technological advances, while further highlighting the intricacies of natural systems, is also bringing back the quest-for-principles research program. Here, I present two lessons that I derived from my own quest: the importance of studying biological information processing to identify common principles in seemingly unrelated contexts and the adequacy of using known design principles at one level of biological organization as a valuable tool to help recognizing principles at an alternative one. These and additional lessons should contribute to the ultimate goal of establishing principles able to integrate the many scales of biological complexity.

Methemoglobinemia

MedlinePlus

... JI, Anastasi J, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier ... FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla ...

Calculating cost savings in utilization management.

PubMed

MacMillan, Donna

2014-01-01

A major motivation for managing the utilization of laboratory testing is to reduce the cost of medical care. For this reason it is important to understand the basic principles of cost accounting in the clinical laboratory. The process of laboratory testing includes three distinct components termed the pre-analytic, analytic and post-analytic phases. Utilization management efforts may impact the cost structure of these three phases in different ways depending on the specific details of the initiative. Estimates of cost savings resulting from utilization management programs reported in the literature have often been fundamentally flawed due to a failure to understand basic concepts such as the difference between laboratory costs versus charges and the impact of reducing laboratory test volumes on the average versus marginal cost structure in the laboratory. This article will provide an overview of basic cost accounting principles in the clinical laboratory including both job order and process cost accounting. Specific examples will be presented to illustrate these concepts in various different scenarios. © 2013.

Cost effectiveness and efficiency in assistive technology service delivery.

PubMed

Warren, C G

1993-01-01

In order to develop and maintain a viable service delivery program, the realities of cost effectiveness and cost efficiency in providing assistive technology must be addressed. Cost effectiveness relates to value of the outcome compared to the expenditures. Cost efficiency analyzes how a provider uses available resources to supply goods and services. This paper describes how basic business principles of benefit/cost analysis can be used to determine cost effectiveness. In addition, basic accounting principles are used to illustrate methods of evaluating a program's cost efficiency. Service providers are encouraged to measure their own program's effectiveness and efficiency (and potential viability) in light of current trends. This paper is meant to serve as a catalyst for continued dialogue on this topic.

The Physics of a Gymnastics Flight Element

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Contakos, Jonas; Carlton, Les G.; Thompson, Bruce; Suddaby, Rick

2009-09-01

From its inception, performance in the sport of gymnastics has relied on the laws of physics to create movement patterns and static postures that appear almost impossible. In general, gymnastics is physics in motion and can provide an ideal framework for studying basic human modeling techniques and physical principles. Using low-end technology and basic principles of physics, we analyzed a high-end gymnastics skill competed in by both men and women. The comprehensive goal of the examination is to scientifically understand how a skill of this magnitude is actually physically possible and what must a gymnast do to successfully complete the skill. The examination is divided into three sections, each of which is comprehensive enough to be a separate assignment or small group project.

Research progress in Asia on methods of processing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Yang-Min; Guo, Lian-Bo; Li, Jia-Ming; Liu, Hong-Di; Zhu, Zhi-Hao; Li, Xiang-You; Lu, Yong-Feng; Zeng, Xiao-Yan

2016-10-01

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has attracted much attention in terms of both scientific research and industrial application. An important branch of LIBS research in Asia, the development of data processing methods for LIBS, is reviewed. First, the basic principle of LIBS and the characteristics of spectral data are briefly introduced. Next, two aspects of research on and problems with data processing methods are described: i) the basic principles of data preprocessing methods are elaborated in detail on the basis of the characteristics of spectral data; ii) the performance of data analysis methods in qualitative and quantitative analysis of LIBS is described. Finally, a direction for future development of data processing methods for LIBS is also proposed.

[Discussion on theory and indes system of Chinese material medical regionalization].

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaobo; Guo, Lanping; Zhou, Tao; Huang, Luqi

2010-09-01

The paper discusses the theory regarding to the Chinese material medical (CMM) regionalization. It is based on the studying of papers and practical experience in the field of CMM regionalization. The basic theories of CMM regionalization are laws of territorial differentiation and location theory. The basic principles are excellent quality of CMM, difference, similarity and practicability. The study objects are CMM resources, natural environment and social environment. The definition of CMM regionalization is that study on the laws of spatial pattern of resources and regional system in the field of CMM,then regionalize it based on this kind of spatial pattern and law. The index system is built based on the study of the theory,principle,object and index of CMM regionalization.

Technical aspects of dental CBCT: state of the art

PubMed Central

Araki, K; Siewerdsen, J H; Thongvigitmanee, S S

2015-01-01

As CBCT is widely used in dental and maxillofacial imaging, it is important for users as well as referring practitioners to understand the basic concepts of this imaging modality. This review covers the technical aspects of each part of the CBCT imaging chain. First, an overview is given of the hardware of a CBCT device. The principles of cone beam image acquisition and image reconstruction are described. Optimization of imaging protocols in CBCT is briefly discussed. Finally, basic and advanced visualization methods are illustrated. Certain topics in these review are applicable to all types of radiographic imaging (e.g. the principle and properties of an X-ray tube), others are specific for dental CBCT imaging (e.g. advanced visualization techniques). PMID:25263643

Manuscript for TINS Forum: A postulate on the brain’s basic wiring logic

PubMed Central

Tsien, Joe Z

2015-01-01

How should evolution and development build the brain to be capable of flexible and generative cognition? I wish to put forth a “power-of-two”-based wiring logic that provides the basic computational principle in organizing the microarchitecture of cell assemblies that would readily enable knowledge and adaptive behaviors to emerge upon learning. PMID:26482260

Space Technology: Propulsion, Control and Guidance of Space Vehicles. Aerospace Education III.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Savler, D. S.; Mackin, T. E.

This book, one in the series on Aerospace Education III, includes a discussion of the essentials of propulsion, control, and guidance and the conditions of space travel. Chapter 1 provides a brief account of basic laws of celestial mechanics. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are devoted to the chemical principles of propulsion. Included are the basics of…

Performance of First-Tour WAC Enlisted Women: Data Base for the Performance Orientation of Women's Basic Training. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boyd, H. Alton; And Others

The introduction of performance-oriented instructional procedures into Women's Basic Training (BT) at Fort McClellan and the revision of Army Training Program 21-121 to incorporate the philosophy and principles of performance-oriented training are described in the document. Results from a questionnaire regarding duties, activities, and attitudes…

Basic ESL Literacy from a Freirian Perspective: A Curriculum Unit for Farmworker Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Faigin, Sybil Barbara

This paper discusses the development and testing of a literacy unit in basic English as a second language (ESL) for Canadian farmworkers based on the Freirian principles of designing adult education curriculum. The Freirian approach looks at adult learners in the context of their daily reality and uses literacy as a vehicle for the students'…

A Blueprint for Preparing America's Future. The Adult Basic and Literacy Education Act of 2003: Summary of Major Provisions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of Vocational and Adult Education (ED), Washington, DC.

In preparation for reauthorization of the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act (AEFLA), the Bush administration outlined its vision for adult basic and literacy education. Key principles of that vision are as follows: (1) creating accountability for results; (2) funding that works; (3) expanding options and choices for students; and (4)…

Principles of a clean operating room environment.

PubMed

Howard, James L; Hanssen, Arlen D

2007-10-01

Optimizing the operating room environment is necessary to minimize the prevalence of arthroplasty infection. Reduction of bacterial contamination in the operating room should be a primary focus of all members of the operating room team. However, in recent years, there has been a decline in the emphasis of the basic principles of antisepsis in many operating rooms. The purpose of this review is to highlight important considerations for optimizing the operating room environment. These principles should be actively promoted by orthopedic surgeons in their operating rooms as part of a comprehensive approach to minimizing arthroplasty infection.

Teaching/learning principles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hankins, D. B.; Wake, W. H.

1981-01-01

The potential remote sensing user community is enormous, and the teaching and training tasks are even larger; however, some underlying principles may be synthesized and applied at all levels from elementary school children to sophisticated and knowledgeable adults. The basic rules applying to each of the six major elements of any training course and the underlying principle involved in each rule are summarized. The six identified major elements are: (1) field sites for problems and practice; (2) lectures and inside study; (3) learning materials and resources (the kit); (4) the field experience; (5) laboratory sessions; and (6) testing and evaluation.

Membrane Fluidity Changes, A Basic Mechanism of Interaction of Gravity with Cells?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kohn, Florian; Hauslage, Jens; Hanke, Wolfgang

2017-10-01

All life on earth has been established under conditions of stable gravity of 1g. Nevertheless, in numerous experiments the direct gravity dependence of biological processes has been shown on all levels of organization, from single molecules to humans. According to the underlying mechanisms a variety of questions, especially about gravity sensation of single cells without specialized organelles or structures for gravity sensing is being still open. Biological cell membranes are complex structures containing mainly lipids and proteins. Functional aspects of such membranes are usually attributed to membrane integral proteins. This is also correct for the gravity dependence of cells and organisms which is well accepted since long for a wide range of biological systems. However, it is as well established that parameters of the lipid matrix are directly modifying the function of proteins. Thus, the question must be asked, whether, and how far plain lipid membranes are affected by gravity directly. In principle it can be said that up to recently no real basic mechanism for gravity perception in single cells has been presented or verified. However, it now has been shown that as a basic membrane parameter, membrane fluidity, is significantly dependent on gravity. This finding might deliver a real basic mechanism for gravity perception of living organisms on all scales. In this review we summarize older and more recent results to demonstrate that the finding of membrane fluidity being gravity dependent is consistent with a variety of published laboratory experiments. We additionally point out to the consequences of these recent results for research in the field life science under space condition.

Acquisition of the novel name-nameless category (N3C) principle by young children who have Down syndrome.

PubMed

Mervis, C B; Bertrand, J

1995-11-01

Acquisition of the novel name-nameless category (N3C) principle by 22 children with Down syndrome between the ages of 2.42 and 3.33 years was examined to investigate the generalizability of a new approach to early lexical development: the developmental lexical principles framework. Results indicated that, as predicted, the N3C principle (operationally defined as the ability to fast map a new word to a [basic level] category), is not available at the start of lexical acquisition. The predicted link between ability to use the N3C principle and ability to perform exhaustive categorization of objects was supported. Children who used the principle had significantly larger productive vocabularies than did those who did not and, according to maternal report, had begun to acquire new words rapidly.

The Use of Thought Experiments in Teaching Physics to Upper Secondary-Level Students: Two examples from the theory of relativity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Velentzas, Athanasios; Halkia, Krystallia

2013-12-01

The present study focuses on the way thought experiments (TEs) can be used as didactical tools in teaching physics to upper secondary-level students. A qualitative study was designed to investigate to what extent the TEs called 'Einstein's elevator' and 'Einstein's train' can function as tools in teaching basic concepts of the theory of relativity to upper secondary-level students. The above TEs were used in the form they are presented by Einstein himself and by Landau and Rumer in books that popularize theories of physics. The research sample consisted of 40 Greek students, divided into 11 groups of three to four students each. The findings of this study reveal that the use of TEs in teaching the theory of relativity can help students realize situations which refer to a world beyond their everyday experience and develop syllogisms according to the theory. In this way, students can grasp physics laws and principles which demand a high degree of abstract thinking, such as the principle of equivalence and the consequences of the constancy of the speed of light to concepts of time and space.

Covariance Manipulation for Conjunction Assessment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hejduk, M. D.

2016-01-01

The manipulation of space object covariances to try to provide additional or improved information to conjunction risk assessment is not an uncommon practice. Types of manipulation include fabricating a covariance when it is missing or unreliable to force the probability of collision (Pc) to a maximum value ('PcMax'), scaling a covariance to try to improve its realism or see the effect of covariance volatility on the calculated Pc, and constructing the equivalent of an epoch covariance at a convenient future point in the event ('covariance forecasting'). In bringing these methods to bear for Conjunction Assessment (CA) operations, however, some do not remain fully consistent with best practices for conducting risk management, some seem to be of relatively low utility, and some require additional information before they can contribute fully to risk analysis. This study describes some basic principles of modern risk management (following the Kaplan construct) and then examines the PcMax and covariance forecasting paradigms for alignment with these principles; it then further examines the expected utility of these methods in the modern CA framework. Both paradigms are found to be not without utility, but only in situations that are somewhat carefully circumscribed.

Teaching the principles of health management to first year veterinary students.

PubMed

Duffield, Todd; Lissemore, Kerry; Sandals, David

2003-01-01

A course called Health Management 1 was created as part of a new DVM curriculum at the Ontario Veterinary College. This full year course was designed to introduce students to basic concepts of health management, integrating the disciplines of epidemiology, ethology, and public health in the context of selected animal industries. The course was comprised of 60 lecture hours and four two-hour laboratories. A common definition of health management, incorporating five principles, was used throughout the course, in order to reinforce the concepts and to maintain continuity between lecture blocks. Unlike in the years prior to the introduction of the new curriculum, epidemiology was presented as a tool of health management rather than as a separate discipline. To supplement the lecture and laboratory material, a Web-based resource was created and the students were required to review the appropriate section prior to each lecture block. Small quizzes, consisting of 10 questions each within WebCT, were used to stimulate self-directed learning. Overall, the course was well received by the students. The Web resources combined with the WebCT quizzes proved to be an effective method of stimulating students to prepare for lecture.

On hydrostatic flows in isentropic coordinates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bokhove, Onno

2000-01-01

The hydrostatic primitive equations of motion which have been used in large-scale weather prediction and climate modelling over the last few decades are analysed with variational methods in an isentropic Eulerian framework. The use of material isentropic coordinates for the Eulerian hydrostatic equations is known to have distinct conceptual advantages since fluid motion is, under inviscid and statically stable circumstances, confined to take place on quasi-horizontal isentropic surfaces. First, an Eulerian isentropic Hamilton's principle, expressed in terms of fluid parcel variables, is therefore derived by transformation of a Lagrangian Hamilton's principle to an Eulerian one. This Eulerian principle explicitly describes the boundary dynamics of the time-dependent domain in terms of advection of boundary isentropes sB; these are the values the isentropes have at their intersection with the (lower) boundary. A partial Legendre transform for only the interior variables yields an Eulerian ‘action’ principle. Secondly, Noether's theorem is used to derive energy and potential vorticity conservation from the Eulerian Hamilton's principle. Thirdly, these conservation laws are used to derive a wave-activity invariant which is second-order in terms of small-amplitude disturbances relative to a resting or moving basic state. Linear stability criteria are derived but only for resting basic states. In mid-latitudes a time- scale separation between gravity and vortical modes occurs. Finally, this time-scale separation suggests that conservative geostrophic and ageostrophic approximations can be made to the Eulerian action principle for hydrostatic flows. Approximations to Eulerian variational principles may be more advantageous than approximations to Lagrangian ones because non-dimensionalization and scaling tend to be based on Eulerian estimates of the characteristic scales involved. These approximations to the stratified hydrostatic formulation extend previous approximations to the shallow- water equations. An explicit variational derivation is given of an isentropic version of Hoskins & Bretherton's model for atmospheric fronts.

A Laboratory Experiment to Demonstrate the Principles of Sedimentation in a Centrifuge: Estimation of Radius and Settling Velocity of Bacteria

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Riley, Erin; Felse, P. Arthur

2017-01-01

Centrifugation is a major unit operation in chemical and biotechnology industries. Here we present a simple, hands-on laboratory experiment to teach the basic principles of centrifugation and to explore the shear effects of centrifugation using bacterial cells as model particles. This experiment provides training in the use of a bench-top…

Protein Multifunctionality: Principles and Mechanisms

PubMed Central

Zaretsky, Joseph Z.; Wreschner, Daniel H.

2008-01-01

In the review, the nature of protein multifunctionality is analyzed. In the first part of the review the principles of structural/functional organization of protein are discussed. In the second part, the main mechanisms involved in development of multiple functions on a single gene product(s) are analyzed. The last part represents a number of examples showing that multifunctionality is a basic feature of biologically active proteins. PMID:21566747

Grazing and Rangeland Development for Livestock Production. A Handbook for Volunteers. Agriculture Technology for Developing Countries. Appropriate Technologies for Development. Reprint R-47.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sprague, Howard B.; And Others

This handbook, developed for training Peace Corps volunteers, reviews the basic principles that underlie sound grazing land management and indicates the application of these principles for livestock production in the tropics and subtropics. The handbook is made up of three technical series bulletins. The first bulletin covers management of…

Enzymes: principles and biotechnological applications

PubMed Central

Robinson, Peter K.

2015-01-01

Enzymes are biological catalysts (also known as biocatalysts) that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms, and which can be extracted from cells and then used to catalyse a wide range of commercially important processes. This chapter covers the basic principles of enzymology, such as classification, structure, kinetics and inhibition, and also provides an overview of industrial applications. In addition, techniques for the purification of enzymes are discussed. PMID:26504249

Self-determination vs. family-determination: two incommensurable principles of autonomy: a report from East Asia.

PubMed

Fan, Ruiping

1997-01-01

Most contemporary bioethicists believe that Western bioethical principles, such as the principle of autonomy, are universally binding wherever bioethics is found. According to these bioethicists, these principles may be subject to culturally-conditioned further interpretations for their application in different nations or regions, but an 'abstract content' of each principle remains unchanged, which provides 'an objective basis for moral judgment and international law'. This essay intends to demonstrate that this is not the case. Taking the principle of autonomy as an example, this essay argues that there is no such shared 'abstract content' between the Western bioethical principle of autonomy and the East Asian bioethical principle of autonomy. Other things being equal, the Western principle of autonomy demands self-determination, assumes a subjective conception of the good and promotes the value of individual independence, whilst the East Asian principle of autonomy requires family-determination, presupposes an objective conception of the good and upholds the value of harmonious dependence. They differ from each other in the most general sense and basic moral requirement.

32 CFR 776.19 - Principles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Principles. 776.19 Section 776.19 National... Professional Conduct § 776.19 Principles. The Rules of this subpart are based on the following principles... exists, this subpart should be interpreted consistent with these general principles. (a) Covered...

Protein Sensors Based on Optical Ring Resonators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Ying; Ksendzov, Alexander

2006-01-01

Prototype transducers based on integrated optical ring resonators have been demonstrated to be useful for detecting the protein avidin in extremely dilute solutions. In an experiment, one of the transducers proved to be capable of indicating the presence of avidin at a concentration of as little as 300 pM in a buffer solution a detection sensitivity comparable to that achievable by previously reported protein-detection techniques. These transducers are serving as models for the further development of integrated-optics sensors for detecting small quantities of other proteins and protein-like substances. The basic principle of these transducers was described in Chemical Sensors Based on Optical Ring Resonators (NPO-40601), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 29, No. 10 (October 2005), page 32. The differences between the present transducers and the ones described in the cited prior article lie in details of implementation of the basic principle. As before, the resonator in a transducer of the present type is a closed-circuit dielectric optical waveguide. The outermost layer of this waveguide, analogous to the optical cladding layer on an optical fiber, consists of a layer comprising sublayers having indices of refraction lower than that of the waveguide core. The outermost sublayer absorbs the chemical of interest (in this case, avidin). The index of refraction of the outermost sublayer changes with the concentration of absorbed avidin. The resonator is designed to operate with relatively strong evanescent-wave coupling between the outer sublayer and the electromagnetic field propagating along the waveguide core. By virtue of this coupling, the chemically induced change in the index of refraction of the outermost sublayer causes a measurable change in the spectrum of the resonator output.

Bayesian models: A statistical primer for ecologists

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hobbs, N. Thompson; Hooten, Mevin B.

2015-01-01

Bayesian modeling has become an indispensable tool for ecological research because it is uniquely suited to deal with complexity in a statistically coherent way. This textbook provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the latest Bayesian methods—in language ecologists can understand. Unlike other books on the subject, this one emphasizes the principles behind the computations, giving ecologists a big-picture understanding of how to implement this powerful statistical approach.Bayesian Models is an essential primer for non-statisticians. It begins with a definition of probability and develops a step-by-step sequence of connected ideas, including basic distribution theory, network diagrams, hierarchical models, Markov chain Monte Carlo, and inference from single and multiple models. This unique book places less emphasis on computer coding, favoring instead a concise presentation of the mathematical statistics needed to understand how and why Bayesian analysis works. It also explains how to write out properly formulated hierarchical Bayesian models and use them in computing, research papers, and proposals.This primer enables ecologists to understand the statistical principles behind Bayesian modeling and apply them to research, teaching, policy, and management.Presents the mathematical and statistical foundations of Bayesian modeling in language accessible to non-statisticiansCovers basic distribution theory, network diagrams, hierarchical models, Markov chain Monte Carlo, and moreDeemphasizes computer coding in favor of basic principlesExplains how to write out properly factored statistical expressions representing Bayesian models

The moral foundation of the clinical duties of care: needs, duties and human rights.

PubMed

Doyal, L

2001-10-01

It has become fashionable to question attempts to derive internationally agreed duties of clinical care from more general theories of human rights. For example, some argue that such attempts risk moral abstraction through their neglect for the importance of culture and community in shaping moral consciousness and thus often unhelpful in the resolution of concrete moral dilemmas within medicine. Others denounce the importance of general moral principles altogether in bioethics and attempt to articulate what are claimed to be more practical approaches to resolving moral conflict. This paper challenges such arguments. It does so through arguing that: i) all humans everywhere have the same basic human needs; ii) the satisfaction of these needs varies with culture; iii) the imputation of moral duties on others entails respect for their right to basic need satisfaction, including the right to choose between presumptions about the duties and rights of patients which follow from these more general principles and v) problems of moral indeterminancy that arise from putting these principles into practice can be resolved through associated procedural policies of rational negotiation and compromise. The moral importance and practicality of respect for individual human rights within the practice of medicine is thus defended. Indeed, the paper concludes by arguing that without belief in human rights linked to a theory of basic human needs, communitarian theories of morality are incoherent.

The Principle of Cognitive Consistency and Central American Policy: A Comparison of the Carter and Reagan Administrations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holland, Lynn

The principle of cognitive consistency, formulated by Jack Snyder, explains decision-making under stressful conditions. Snyder contends that decision-making under stressful conditions creates a drive toward cognitive consistency and brings into operation tendencies: (1) toward a perception of certainty about an opponent's intention and the…

Spaceborne receivers: Basic principles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stacey, J. M.

1984-01-01

The underlying principles of operation of microwave receivers for space observations of planetary surfaces were examined. The design philosophy of the receiver as it is applied to operate functionally as an efficient receiving system, the principle of operation of the key components of the receiver, and the important differences among receiver types are explained. The operating performance and the sensitivity expectations for both the modulated and total power receiver configurations are outlined. The expressions are derived from first principles and are developed through the important intermediate stages to form practicle and easily applied equations. The transfer of thermodynamic energy from point to point within the receiver is illustrated. The language of microwave receivers is applied statistics.

Common computational properties found in natural sensory systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brooks, Geoffrey

2009-05-01

Throughout the animal kingdom there are many existing sensory systems with capabilities desired by the human designers of new sensory and computational systems. There are a few basic design principles constantly observed among these natural mechano-, chemo-, and photo-sensory systems, principles that have been proven by the test of time. Such principles include non-uniform sampling and processing, topological computing, contrast enhancement by localized signal inhibition, graded localized signal processing, spiked signal transmission, and coarse coding, which is the computational transformation of raw data using broadly overlapping filters. These principles are outlined here with references to natural biological sensory systems as well as successful biomimetic sensory systems exploiting these natural design concepts.

Working at a Watershed Level

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

A short course that provides a basic, but very broad foundation for the use of ecological, social and organizational management principles to guide activities to restore and sustain watershed conditions.

Resonance and Radio

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Starrett, Malin J.

2008-01-01

The science and technology of radio receives little attention in contemporary education. This article discusses ways to explore the basic operating principles of radio. (Contains 4 figures, 3 footnotes, and 2 notes.)

Developing a complex systems perspective for medical education to facilitate the integration of basic science and clinical medicine.

PubMed

Aron, David C

2017-04-01

The purpose of medical education is to produce competent and capable professional practitioners who can combine the art and science of medicine. Moreover, this process must prepare individuals to practise in a field in which knowledge is increasing and the contexts in which that knowledge is applied are changing in unpredictable ways. The 'basic sciences' are important in the training of a physician. The goal of basic science training is to learn it in a way that the material can be applied in practice. Much effort has been expended to integrate basic science and clinical training, while adding many other topics to the medical curriculum. This effort has been challenging. The aims of the paper are (1) to propose a unifying conceptual framework that facilitates knowledge integration among all levels of living systems from cell to society and (2) illustrate the organizing principles with two examples of the framework in action - cybernetic systems (with feedback) and distributed robustness. Literature related to hierarchical and holarchical frameworks was reviewed. An organizing framework derived from living systems theory and spanning the range from molecular biology to health systems management was developed. The application of cybernetic systems to three levels (regulation of pancreatic beta cell production of insulin, physician adjustment of medication for glycaemic control and development and action of performance measures for diabetes care) was illustrated. Similarly distributed robustness was illustrated by the DNA damage response system and principles underlying patient safety. Each of the illustrated organizing principles offers a means to facilitate the weaving of basic science and clinical medicine throughout the course of study. The use of such an approach may promote systems thinking, which is a core competency for effective and capable medical practice. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Education and Criminal Justice: The Educational Approach to Prison Administration. The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morin, Lucien; Cosman, J. W.

The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners do not express the basic principle that would support a serious educational approach to prison administration. The crucial missing rationale is the concept of the inherent dignity of the individual human prisoner. This concept has certain basic educational implications,…

A Universal Model for Evaluating Basic Electronic Courses in Terms of Field Utilization of Training.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Air Force Occupational Measurement Center, Lackland AFB, TX.

The main purpose of the Air Force project was to develop a universal model to evaluate usage of basic electronic principles training. The criterion used by the model to evaluate electronic theory training is a determination of the usefulness of the training vis-a-vis the performance of assigned tasks in the various electronic career fields. Data…

Discovering astronomy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chapman, R. D.

1978-01-01

An overview of basic astronomical knowledge is presented with attention to the structure and dynamics of the stars and planets. Also dealt with are techniques of astronomical measurement, e.g., stellar spectrometry, radio astronomy, star catalogs, etc. Basic physical principles as they pertain to astronomy are reviewed, including the nature of light, gravitation, and electromagnetism. Finally, stellar evolution and cosmology are discussed with reference to the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe.

Discovering [superscript 13]C NMR, [superscript 1]H NMR, and IR Spectroscopy in the General Chemistry Laboratory through a Sequence of Guided-Inquiry Exercises

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Iler, H. Darrell; Justice, David; Brauer, Shari; Landis, Amanda

2012-01-01

This sequence of three guided-inquiry labs is designed for a second-semester general chemistry course and challenges students to discover basic theoretical principles associated with [superscript 13]C NMR, [superscript 1]H NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Students learn to identify and explain basic concepts of magnetic resonance and vibrational…

Welding As Science: Applying Basic Engineering Principles to the Discipline

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nunes, A. C., Jr.

2010-01-01

This Technical Memorandum provides sample problems illustrating ways in which basic engineering science has been applied to the discipline of welding. Perhaps inferences may be drawn regarding optimal approaches to particular welding problems, as well as for the optimal education for welding engineers. Perhaps also some readers may be attracted to the science(s) of welding and may make worthwhile contributions to the discipline.

Behavioral Economics

PubMed Central

Niileksela, Christopher R.; Kaplan, Brent A.

2013-01-01

In recent years, behavioral economics has gained much attention in psychology and public policy. Despite increased interest and continued basic experimental studies, the application of behavioral economics to therapeutic settings remains relatively sparse. Using examples from both basic and applied studies, we provide an overview of the principles comprising behavioral economic perspectives and discuss implications for behavior analysts in practice. A call for further translational research is provided. PMID:25729506

Overlapping dose responses of spermatogenic and extragonadal testosterone actions jeopardize the principle of hormonal male contraception

PubMed Central

Oduwole, Olayiwola O.; Vydra, Natalia; Wood, Nicholas E. M.; Samanta, Luna; Owen, Laura; Keevil, Brian; Donaldson, Mandy; Naresh, Kikkeri; Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T.

2014-01-01

Testosterone (T), alone or in combination with progestin, provides a promising approach to hormonal male contraception. Its principle relies on enhanced negative feedback of exogenous T to suppress gonadotropins, thereby blocking the testicular T production needed for spermatogenesis, while simultaneously maintaining the extragonadal androgen actions, such as potency and libido, to avoid hypogonadism. A serious drawback of the treatment is that a significant proportion of men do not reach azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia, commensurate with contraceptive efficacy. We tested here, using hypogonadal luteinizing hormone/choriongonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) knockout (LHR−/−) mice, the basic principle of the T-based male contraceptive method, that a specific T dose could maintain extragonadal androgen actions without simultaneously activating spermatogenesis. LHR−/− mice were treated with increasing T doses, and the responses of their spermatogenesis and extragonadal androgen actions (including gonadotropin suppression and sexual behavior) were assessed. Conspicuously, all dose responses to T were practically superimposable, and no dose of T could be defined that would maintain sexual function and suppress gonadotropins without simultaneously activating spermatogenesis. This finding, never addressed in clinical contraceptive trials, is not unexpected in light of the same androgen receptor mediating androgen actions in all organs. When extrapolated to humans, our findings may jeopardize the current approach to hormonal male contraception and call for more effective means of inhibiting intratesticular T production or action, to achieve consistent spermatogenic suppression.—Oduwole, O. O., Vydra, N., Wood, N. E. M., Samanta, L., Owen, L., Keevil, B., Donaldson, M., Naresh, K., Huhtaniemi, I. T. Overlapping dose responses of spermatogenic and extragonadal testosterone actions jeopardize the principle of hormonal male contraception. PMID:24599970

Molecular Thermodynamics for Cell Biology as Taught with Boxes

PubMed Central

Mayorga, Luis S.; López, María José; Becker, Wayne M.

2012-01-01

Thermodynamic principles are basic to an understanding of the complex fluxes of energy and information required to keep cells alive. These microscopic machines are nonequilibrium systems at the micron scale that are maintained in pseudo-steady-state conditions by very sophisticated processes. Therefore, several nonstandard concepts need to be taught to rationalize why these very ordered systems proliferate actively all over our planet in seeming contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics. We propose a model consisting of boxes with different shapes that contain small balls that are in constant motion due to a stream of air blowing from below. This is a simple macroscopic system that can be easily visualized by students and that can be understood as mimicking the behavior of a set of molecules exchanging energy. With such boxes, the basic concepts of entropy, enthalpy, and free energy can be taught while reinforcing a molecular understanding of the concepts and stressing the stochastic nature of the thermodynamic laws. In addition, time-related concepts, such as reaction rates and activation energy, can be readily visualized. Moreover, the boxes provide an intuitive way to introduce the role in cellular organization of “information” and Maxwell's demons operating under nonequilibrium conditions. PMID:22383615

Preparing images for publication: part 1.

PubMed

Devigus, Alessandro; Paul, Stefan

2006-04-01

Images play a vital role in the publication and presentation of clinical and scientific work. Within clinical photography, color reproduction has always been a contentious issue. With the development of new technologies, the variables affecting color reproduction have changed, and photographers have moved away from film-based to digital photographic imaging systems. To develop an understanding of color, knowledge about the basic principles of light and vision is important. An object's color is determined by which wavelengths of light it reflects. Colors of light and colors of pigment behave differently. Due to technical limitations, monitors and printers are unable to reproduce all the colors we can see with our eyes, also called the LAB color space. In order to optimize the output of digital clinical images, color management solutions need to be integrated in the photographic workflow; however, their use is still limited in the medical field. As described in part 2 of this article, calibrating your computer monitor and using an 18% gray background card are easy ways to enable more consistent color reproduction for publication. In addition, some basic information about the various camera settings is given to facilitate the use of this new digital equipment in daily practice.

Molecular thermodynamics for cell biology as taught with boxes.

PubMed

Mayorga, Luis S; López, María José; Becker, Wayne M

2012-01-01

Thermodynamic principles are basic to an understanding of the complex fluxes of energy and information required to keep cells alive. These microscopic machines are nonequilibrium systems at the micron scale that are maintained in pseudo-steady-state conditions by very sophisticated processes. Therefore, several nonstandard concepts need to be taught to rationalize why these very ordered systems proliferate actively all over our planet in seeming contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics. We propose a model consisting of boxes with different shapes that contain small balls that are in constant motion due to a stream of air blowing from below. This is a simple macroscopic system that can be easily visualized by students and that can be understood as mimicking the behavior of a set of molecules exchanging energy. With such boxes, the basic concepts of entropy, enthalpy, and free energy can be taught while reinforcing a molecular understanding of the concepts and stressing the stochastic nature of the thermodynamic laws. In addition, time-related concepts, such as reaction rates and activation energy, can be readily visualized. Moreover, the boxes provide an intuitive way to introduce the role in cellular organization of "information" and Maxwell's demons operating under nonequilibrium conditions.

Confirmatory factor analysis of teaching and learning guiding principles instrument among teacher educators in higher education institutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Masuwai, Azwani; Tajudin, Nor'ain Mohd; Saad, Noor Shah

2017-05-01

The purpose of this study is to develop and establish the validity and reliability of an instrument to generate teaching and learning guiding principles using Teaching and Learning Guiding Principles Instrument (TLGPI). Participants consisted of 171 Malaysian teacher educators. It is an essential instrument to reflect in generating the teaching and learning guiding principles in higher education level in Malaysia. Confirmatory Factor Analysis has validated all 19 items of TLGPI whereby all items indicated high reliability and internal consistency. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis also confirmed that a single factor model was used to generate teaching and learning guiding principles.

A review of human factors principles for the design and implementation of medication safety alerts in clinical information systems.

PubMed

Phansalkar, Shobha; Edworthy, Judy; Hellier, Elizabeth; Seger, Diane L; Schedlbauer, Angela; Avery, Anthony J; Bates, David W

2010-01-01

The objective of this review is to describe the implementation of human factors principles for the design of alerts in clinical information systems. First, we conduct a review of alarm systems to identify human factors principles that are employed in the design and implementation of alerts. Second, we review the medical informatics literature to provide examples of the implementation of human factors principles in current clinical information systems using alerts to provide medication decision support. Last, we suggest actionable recommendations for delivering effective clinical decision support using alerts. A review of studies from the medical informatics literature suggests that many basic human factors principles are not followed, possibly contributing to the lack of acceptance of alerts in clinical information systems. We evaluate the limitations of current alerting philosophies and provide recommendations for improving acceptance of alerts by incorporating human factors principles in their design.

Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry 1: Basic Principles and Performance Characteristics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Denoyer, Eric; And Others

1982-01-01

Describes the historical development, performance characteristics (sample requirements, analysis time, ionization characteristics, speciation capabilities, and figures of merit), and applications of laser microprobe mass spectrometry. (JN)

Particles, Waves, and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Christoudouleas, N. D.

1975-01-01

Presents an explanation, without mathematical equations, of the basic principles of quantum mechanics. Includes wave-particle duality, the probability character of the wavefunction, and the uncertainty relations. (MLH)

Chromatography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brantley, L. Reed, Sr.; Demanche, Edna L.; Klemm, E. Barbara; Kyselka, Will; Phillips, Edwin A.; Pottenger, Francis M.; Yamamoto, Karen N.; Young, Donald B.

This booklet presents some activities on chromatography. Directions for preparing leaf pigment extracts using alcohol are given, and paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography are described as modifications of the basic principles of chromatography. (KHR)

TECHNIQUES IN ASEPTIC RODENT SURGERY

PubMed Central

Hoogstraten-Miller, Shelley L.; Brown, Patricia A.

2008-01-01

Performing aseptic survival surgery in rodents can be challenging. This unit describes some basic principles to assist clinicians, researchers, and technicians in becoming proficient in performing aseptic rodent surgery. PMID:18729061

A Study on the Rural Residence in the Northern Area of Zhejiang Province from the Perspective of Green Living Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, J.; Gao, W. J.; Wang, C.

2018-05-01

At present, owing to the rapid development of rural construction, it lacks corresponding theories and practices and damages to the features of rural area, ignoring the geography, suitability and green living environment factors. The research selects rural residence as the object, defining “courtyard” as the basic unit for rural residence. It utilizes the principle of topology as the expanding media, by the method of principle of cellular structure and green living environment design strategy. The essay establishes the design and construction system of “rural basic unit”, combining functions and structures, prototype menu, chamber space and compound interface, from the perspective of green living environment. It aims to guide rural construction and protect the ruralliving environment.