40 CFR Appendix Vii to Part 86 - Standard Bench Cycle (SBC)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... VII Appendix VII to Part 86—Standard Bench Cycle (SBC) 1. The standard bench aging durability procedures [Ref. § 86.1823-08(d)] consist of aging a catalyst-oxygen-sensor system on an aging bench which follows the standard bench cycle (SBC) described in this appendix. 2. The SBC requires use of an aging...

Suicide by Cop in Film and Society: Dangerousness, Depression, and Justice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stack, Steven; Bowman, Barbara; Lester, David

2012-01-01

Provoking police officers to kill oneself or "suicide by cop" (SBC) has received scholarly as well as public attention. The extent to which film representations of SBC reflect SBC in society in relation to danger, depression, and other features was assessed in this study. Data on cinematic portrayals of SBC are from 16 American films;…

Dietary heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 promotes voluntary wheel-running and affects sleep rhythms in mice.

PubMed

Miyazaki, Koyomi; Itoh, Nanako; Yamamoto, Saori; Higo-Yamamoto, Sayaka; Nakakita, Yasukazu; Kaneda, Hirotaka; Shigyo, Tatsuro; Oishi, Katsutaka

2014-08-28

We previously reported that heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 enhances appetite via changes in autonomic neurotransmission. Here we assessed whether a diet supplemented with heat-killed SBC8803 affects circadian locomotor rhythmicity and sleep architecture. Daily total activity gradually increased in mice over 4 weeks and supplementation with heat-killed SBC8803 significantly intensified the increase, which reached saturation at 25 days. Electroencephalography revealed that SBC8803 supplementation significantly reduced the total amount of time spent in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and increased the amount of time spent being awake during the latter half of the nighttime, but tended to increase the total amount of time spent in NREM sleep during the daytime. Dietary supplementation with SBC8803 can extend the duration of activity during the nighttime and of sleep during the daytime. Daily voluntary wheel-running and sleep rhythmicity become intensified when heat-killed SBC8803 is added to the diet. Dietary heat-killed SBC8803 can modulate circadian locomotion and sleep rhythms, which might benefit individuals with circadian rhythms that have been disrupted by stress or ageing. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Signatures of post-zygotic structural genetic aberrations in the cells of histologically normal breast tissue that can predispose to sporadic breast cancer

PubMed Central

Forsberg, Lars A.; Rasi, Chiara; Pekar, Gyula; Davies, Hanna; Piotrowski, Arkadiusz; Absher, Devin; Razzaghian, Hamid Reza; Ambicka, Aleksandra; Halaszka, Krzysztof; Przewoźnik, Marcin; Kruczak, Anna; Mandava, Geeta; Pasupulati, Saichand; Hacker, Julia; Prakash, K. Reddy; Dasari, Ravi Chandra; Lau, Joey; Penagos-Tafurt, Nelly; Olofsson, Helena M.; Hallberg, Gunilla; Skotnicki, Piotr; Mituś, Jerzy; Skokowski, Jaroslaw; Jankowski, Michal; Śrutek, Ewa; Zegarski, Wojciech; Tiensuu Janson, Eva; Ryś, Janusz; Tot, Tibor; Dumanski, Jan P.

2015-01-01

Sporadic breast cancer (SBC) is a common disease without robust means of early risk prediction in the population. We studied 282 females with SBC, focusing on copy number aberrations in cancer-free breast tissue (uninvolved margin, UM) outside the primary tumor (PT). In total, 1162 UMs (1–14 per breast) were studied. Comparative analysis between UM(s), PT(s), and blood/skin from the same patient as a control is the core of the study design. We identified 108 patients with at least one aberrant UM, representing 38.3% of cases. Gains in gene copy number were the principal type of mutations in microscopically normal breast cells, suggesting that oncogenic activation of genes via increased gene copy number is a predominant mechanism for initiation of SBC pathogenesis. The gain of ERBB2, with overexpression of HER2 protein, was the most common aberration in normal cells. Five additional growth factor receptor genes (EGFR, FGFR1, IGF1R, LIFR, and NGFR) also showed recurrent gains, and these were occasionally present in combination with the gain of ERBB2. All the aberrations found in the normal breast cells were previously described in cancer literature, suggesting their causative, driving role in pathogenesis of SBC. We demonstrate that analysis of normal cells from cancer patients leads to identification of signatures that may increase risk of SBC and our results could influence the choice of surgical intervention to remove all predisposing cells. Early detection of copy number gains suggesting a predisposition toward cancer development, long before detectable tumors are formed, is a key to the anticipated shift into a preventive paradigm of personalized medicine for breast cancer. PMID:26430163

Hyperchromatic laser scanning cytometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tárnok, Attila; Mittag, Anja

2007-02-01

In the emerging fields of high-content and high-throughput single cell analysis for Systems Biology and Cytomics multi- and polychromatic analysis of biological specimens has become increasingly important. Combining different technologies and staining methods polychromatic analysis (i.e. using 8 or more fluorescent colors at a time) can be pushed forward to measure anything stainable in a cell, an approach termed hyperchromatic cytometry. For cytometric cell analysis microscope based Slide Based Cytometry (SBC) technologies are ideal as, unlike flow cytometry, they are non-consumptive, i.e. the analyzed sample is fixed on the slide. Based on the feature of relocation identical cells can be subsequently reanalyzed. In this manner data on the single cell level after manipulation steps can be collected. In this overview various components for hyperchromatic cytometry are demonstrated for a SBC instrument, the Laser Scanning Cytometer (Compucyte Corp., Cambridge, MA): 1) polychromatic cytometry, 2) iterative restaining (using the same fluorochrome for restaining and subsequent reanalysis), 3) differential photobleaching (differentiating fluorochromes by their different photostability), 4) photoactivation (activating fluorescent nanoparticles or photocaged dyes), and 5) photodestruction (destruction of FRET dyes). With the intelligent combination of several of these techniques hyperchromatic cytometry allows to quantify and analyze virtually all components of relevance on the identical cell. The combination of high-throughput and high-content SBC analysis with high-resolution confocal imaging allows clear verification of phenotypically distinct subpopulations of cells with structural information. The information gained per specimen is only limited by the number of available antibodies and by sterical hindrance.

13 CFR 126.202 - Who does SBA consider to control a HUBZone SBC?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Who does SBA consider to control a HUBZone SBC? 126.202 Section 126.202 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION HUBZONE PROGRAM Requirements to be a Qualified HUBZone SBC § 126.202 Who does SBA consider to control a HUBZone SBC? Control means both the day-to-day...

Comprehensive Evaluation of Neuroprotection Achieved by Extended Selective Brain Cooling Therapy in a Rat Model of Penetrating Ballistic-Like Brain Injury

PubMed Central

Shear, Deborah A.; Deng-Bryant, Ying; Leung, Lai Yee; Wei, Guo; Chen, Zhiyong; Tortella, Frank C.

2016-01-01

Brain hypothermia has been considered as a promising alternative to whole-body hypothermia in treating acute neurological disease, for example, traumatic brain injury. Previously, we demonstrated that 2-hours selective brain cooling (SBC) effectively mitigated acute (≤24 hours postinjury) neurophysiological dysfunction induced by a penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) in rats. This study evaluated neuroprotective effects of extended SBC (4 or 8 hours in duration) on sub-acute secondary injuries between 3 and 21 days postinjury (DPI). SBC (34°C) was achieved via extraluminal cooling of rats' bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA). Depending on the experimental design, SBC was introduced either immediately or with a 2- or 4-hour delay after PBBI and maintained for 4 or 8 hours. Neuroprotective effects of SBC were evaluated by measuring brain lesion volume, axonal injury, neuroinflammation, motor and cognitive functions, and post-traumatic seizures. Compared to untreated PBBI animals, 4 or 8 hours SBC treatment initiated immediately following PBBI produced comparable neuroprotective benefits against PBBI-induced early histopathology at 3 DPI as evidenced by significant reductions in brain lesion volume, axonal pathology (beta-amyloid precursor protein staining), neuroinflammation (glial fibrillary acetic protein stained-activated astrocytes and rat major histocompatibility complex class I stained activated microglial cell), and post-traumatic nonconvulsive seizures. In the later phase of the injury (7–21 DPI), significant improvement on motor function (rotarod test) was observed under most SBC protocols, including the 2-hour delay in SBC initiation. However, SBC treatment failed to improve cognitive performance (Morris water maze test) measured 13–17 DPI. The protective effects of SBC on delayed axonal injury (silver staining) were evident out to 14 DPI. In conclusion, the CCA cooling method of SBC produced neuroprotection measured across multiple domains that were evident days/weeks beyond the cooling duration and in the absence of overt adverse effects. These “proof-of-concept” results suggest that SBC may provide an attractive neuroprotective approach for clinical considerations. PMID:26684246

Slow Cholinergic Modulation of Spike Probability in Ultra-Fast Time-Coding Sensory Neurons

PubMed Central

Goyer, David; Kurth, Stefanie; Rübsamen, Rudolf

2016-01-01

Abstract Sensory processing in the lower auditory pathway is generally considered to be rigid and thus less subject to modulation than central processing. However, in addition to the powerful bottom-up excitation by auditory nerve fibers, the ventral cochlear nucleus also receives efferent cholinergic innervation from both auditory and nonauditory top–down sources. We thus tested the influence of cholinergic modulation on highly precise time-coding neurons in the cochlear nucleus of the Mongolian gerbil. By combining electrophysiological recordings with pharmacological application in vitro and in vivo, we found 55–72% of spherical bushy cells (SBCs) to be depolarized by carbachol on two time scales, ranging from hundreds of milliseconds to minutes. These effects were mediated by nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, respectively. Pharmacological block of muscarinic receptors hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential, suggesting a novel mechanism of setting the resting membrane potential for SBC. The cholinergic depolarization led to an increase of spike probability in SBCs without compromising the temporal precision of the SBC output in vitro. In vivo, iontophoretic application of carbachol resulted in an increase in spontaneous SBC activity. The inclusion of cholinergic modulation in an SBC model predicted an expansion of the dynamic range of sound responses and increased temporal acuity. Our results thus suggest of a top–down modulatory system mediated by acetylcholine which influences temporally precise information processing in the lower auditory pathway. PMID:27699207

Effect of localizing fruit and vegetable consumption on greenhouse gas emissions and nutrition, Santa Barbara County.

PubMed

Cleveland, David A; Radka, Corie N; Müller, Nora M; Watson, Tyler D; Rekstein, Nicole J; Wright, Hannah Van M; Hollingshead, Sydney E

2011-05-15

The US agrifood system is very productive, but highly centralized and resource intensive with very weak links between production and consumption. This contributes to high levels of malnutrition and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). A popular approach to improvement is localization-reducing direct transport (farm to retail distance, or "food miles"). We examined Santa Barbara County (SBC) California, which mirrors the high production, nutritional and environmental problems, and growing localization movement of California. SBC ranks in the top 1% of US counties in value of agricultural products, and >80% of this value is produce (fruits and vegetables). We calculated the amount of produce grown in and consumed in SBC and estimated that >99% of produce grown in SBC is exported from the county, and >95% of produce consumed in SBC is imported. If all produce consumed in SBC was grown in the county (100% localization), it would reduce GHGE from the agrifood system <1%, and not necessarily affect nutrition. While food miles capture only a portion of the environmental impact of agrifood systems, localization could be done in ways that promote synergies between improving nutrition and reducing GHGE, and many such efforts exist in SBC.

A novel suction/coagulation integrated probe for achieving better hemostasis: development and clinical use.

PubMed

Takahashi, Hidekazu; Haraguchi, Naotsugu; Nishimura, Junichi; Hata, Taishi; Matsuda, Chu; Yamamoto, Hirofumi; Mizushima, Tsunekazu; Mori, Masaki; Doki, Yuichiro; Nakajima, Kiyokazu

2018-06-01

Modern electrosurgical tools have a specific coagulation mode called "soft coagulation". However, soft coagulation has not been widely accepted for surgical operations. To optimize the soft coagulation environment, we developed a novel suction device integrated with an electrosurgical probe, called the "Suction ball coagulator" (SBC). In this study, we aimed to optimize the SBC design with a prototyping process involving a bench test and preclinical study; then, we aimed to demonstrate the feasibility, safety, and potential effectiveness of the SBC for laparoscopic surgery in clinical settings. SBC prototyping was performed with a bench test. Device optimization was performed in a preclinical study with a domestic swine bleeding model. Then, SBC was tested in a clinical setting during 17 clinical laparoscopic colorectal surgeries. In the bench tests, two tip hole sizes and patterns showed a good suction capacity. The preclinical study indicated the best tip shape for accuracy. In clinical use, no device-related adverse event was observed. Moreover, the SBC was feasible for prompt hemostasis and blunt dissections. In addition, SBC could evacuate vapors generated by tissue ablation using electroprobe during laparoscopic surgery. We successfully developed a novel, integrated suction/coagulation probe for hemostasis and commercialized it.

A novel multivariate approach using science-based calibration for direct coating thickness determination in real-time NIR process monitoring.

PubMed

Möltgen, C-V; Herdling, T; Reich, G

2013-11-01

This study demonstrates an approach, using science-based calibration (SBC), for direct coating thickness determination on heart-shaped tablets in real-time. Near-Infrared (NIR) spectra were collected during four full industrial pan coating operations. The tablets were coated with a thin hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) film up to a film thickness of 28 μm. The application of SBC permits the calibration of the NIR spectral data without using costly determined reference values. This is due to the fact that SBC combines classical methods to estimate the coating signal and statistical methods for the noise estimation. The approach enabled the use of NIR for the measurement of the film thickness increase from around 8 to 28 μm of four independent batches in real-time. The developed model provided a spectroscopic limit of detection for the coating thickness of 0.64 ± 0.03 μm root-mean square (RMS). In the commonly used statistical methods for calibration, such as Partial Least Squares (PLS), sufficiently varying reference values are needed for calibration. For thin non-functional coatings this is a challenge because the quality of the model depends on the accuracy of the selected calibration standards. The obvious and simple approach of SBC eliminates many of the problems associated with the conventional statistical methods and offers an alternative for multivariate calibration. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of different GRAS compounds in the control of apples blue mould.

PubMed

Venditti, T; Cubaiu, L; Ladu, G; D'Hallewin, G

2013-01-01

The most important pathogen for apples is Penicillium expansum that is the causal organism of blue mould. Postharvest losses are controlled with chemical fungicides such as TBZ but a growing concern for human health and a greater awareness for environmental conservation have multiplied the studies on new ecological technologies. In the search of new environment and consumer friendly technologies that can reduce toxic residues, the use of GRAS compounds represent a valid alternative to the use of synthetic postharvest fungicides. The aims of the present work were: (1) To evaluate the effectiveness of different GRAS compounds in the control of P. expansum in artificially inoculated fruit; (2) To assess the capability of injured and treated fruit with GRAS compounds, used alone or combined, to heal the wounds in order to resist to infection. Fruit was injured with a steel rod and after 1 hour was (1) Inoculated with the pathogen and after 24 hours treated or (2) Treated and after 24 hours inoculated. Treatments were performed with the following compounds: sodium bicarbonate (SBC), boric acid (BA) and calcium chloride (CC) by using a 1% solution for all of them. After 9 or 14 days fruit lesion diameters were assessed. In the trial (1) the combined treatment with BA and SBC was the most effective reducing the lesion diameter by 86.5% with respect to untreated fruit, after 9 days from infection. A good pathogen control was also obtained with BA used alone or combined with CC. When the treatment was performed before infection the best results were achieved with the combination of SBC and CC, with 87% of reduction of the lesion diameter. The addition of CC also reduced the lesion if combined with BA (66.8%). These preliminary results showed that GRAS compounds can be effective in reducing blue mold by a direct effect on the pathogen, and by modulating fruit responses enhancing host resistance.

Measurements of eight early-type stars angular diameters using VEGA/CHARA interferometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Challouf, M.; Nardetto, N.; Mourard, D.; Aroui, H.; Delaa, O.

2014-12-01

The surface brightness color (SBC) relation is an important tool to derive the distance of extragalatic eclipsing binaries. We determined the uniform disc angular diameter of the eight following early-type stars using VEGA/CHARA interferometric observations: θ_{UD}[δ Cyg] = 0.766 ± 0.047 mas, θ_{UD}[γ Lyr] = 0.742& ± 0.010 mas, θ_{UD}[γ Ori] = 0.701 ± 0.005 mas, θ_{UD}[ζ Peg] = 0.539 ± 0.009 mas, θ_{UD}[λ Aql] = 0.529 ± 0.003 mas, θ_{UD}[ζ Per] = 0.531 ± 0.007 mas, θ_{UD}[ι Her] = 0.304 ± 0.010 mas and θ_{UD}[8 Cyg] = 0.229 ± 0.011 mas (by extending V-K range from -0.76 to 0.02) with typical precision of about 1.5%. By combining these data with previous angular diameter determinations available in the literature, Challouf et al. (2014) provide for the very first time a SBC relation for early-type stars (-1≤V-K≤0) with a precision of about 0.16 magnitude or 7% in term of angular diameter (when using this SBC relation to derive the angular diameter of early-type stars).

Synthesis and self-assembly behavior of a biodegradable and sustainable soybean oil-based copolymer nanomicelle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Lixia; Bian, Longchun; Zhao, Mimi; Lei, Jingxin; Wang, Jiliang

2014-08-01

Herein, we report a novel amphiphilic biodegradable and sustainable soybean oil-based copolymer (SBC) prepared by grafting hydrophilic and biocompatible hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) polymeric segments onto the natural hydrophobic soybean oil chains. FTIR, H1-NMR, and GPC measurements have been used to investigate the molecular structure of the obtained SBC macromolecules. Self-assembly behaviors of the prepared SBC in aqueous solution have also been extensively evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The prepared SBC nanocarrier with the size range of 40 to 80 nm has a potential application in the biomedical field.

[The specific bronchial provocation test in the diagnosis of occupational asthma].

PubMed

Fraj, J; Duce, F; Lezaun, A; Colás, C; Domínguez, M A; Abadía, M C

1997-10-01

Specific bronchial challenge (SBC) testing is a key technique for diagnosing the origin of occupational asthma (OA). SBC is indicated in specific circumstances, including whenever several agents present in the work environment may be the cause of OA, when new or unusual occupational agents need to be identified, when evidence for legal action is required, or when research is conducted. SBC procedures are not standardized, because of the great diversity of occupational agents and the variety of physical and chemical properties involved. Thus, SBC testing with agents found in fumes, gases or vapors can be administered in special cabins or in closed circuits with continuous monitoring of sub-irritant concentrations. Agents found in dust, most but not all of which have high molecular weights, may be appropriate for routine SBC testing in an allergy laboratory. This paper will treat only these cases. SBC must be formed in specialized centers by experienced personnel, as it is a sophisticated and potentially dangerous technique. We describe a series of 20 patients diagnosed of OA in our unit over the past two years in whom SBC provided an etiologic diagnosis. All were exposed to dust or aerosols at work. The cause was a substance of high molecular weight in 17 cases, and low molecular weight in 3. The procedure used is described and models of bronchial response are discussed.

The Reproducibility of Blood Acid Base Responses in Male Collegiate Athletes Following Individualised Doses of Sodium Bicarbonate: A Randomised Controlled Crossover Study.

PubMed

Gough, Lewis A; Deb, Sanjoy K; Sparks, Andy S; McNaughton, Lars R

2017-10-01

Current evidence suggests sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) should be ingested based upon the individualised alkalotic peak of either blood pH or bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) because of large inter-individual variations (10-180 min). If such a strategy is to be practical, the blood analyte response needs to be reproducible. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of reproducibility of both time to peak (TTP) and absolute change in blood pH, HCO 3 - and sodium (Na + ) following acute NaHCO 3 ingestion. Male participants (n = 15) with backgrounds in rugby, football or sprinting completed six randomised treatments entailing ingestion of two doses of 0.2 g·kg -1 body mass (BM) NaHCO 3 (SBC2a and b), two doses of 0.3 g·kg -1 BM NaHCO 3 (SBC3a and b) or two control treatments (CON1a and b) on separate days. Blood analysis included pH, HCO 3 - and Na + prior to and at regular time points following NaHCO 3 ingestion over a 3-h period. HCO 3 - displayed greater reproducibility than pH in intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis for both TTP (HCO 3 - SBC2 r = 0.77, P = 0.003; SBC3 r = 0.94, P < 0.001; pH SBC2 r = 0.62, P = 0.044; SBC3 r = 0.71, P = 0.016) and absolute change (HCO 3 - SBC2 r = 0.89, P < 0.001; SBC3 r = 0.76, P = 0.008; pH SBC2 r = 0.84, P = 0.001; SBC3 r = 0.62, P = 0.041). Our results indicate that both TTP and absolute change in HCO 3 - is more reliable than pH. As such, these data provide support for an individualised NaHCO 3 ingestion strategy to consistently elicit peak alkalosis before exercise. Future work should utilise an individualised NaHCO 3 ingestion strategy based on HCO 3 - responses and evaluate effects on exercise performance.

Near-UV Sources in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Catalog

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gardner, Jonathan P.; Voyrer, Elysse; de Mello, Duilia F.; Siana, Brian; Quirk, Cori; Teplitz, Harry I.

2009-01-01

The catalog from the first high resolution U-band image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, taken with Hubble s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 through the F300W filter, is presented. We detect 96 U-band objects and compare and combine this catalog with a Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) B-selected catalog that provides B, V, i, and z photometry, spectral types, and photometric redshifts. We have also obtained Far-Ultraviolet (FUV, 1614 Angstroms) data with Hubble s Advanced Camera for Surveys Solar Blind Channel (ACS/SBC) and with Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). We detected 31 sources with ACS/SBC, 28 with GALEX/FUV, and 45 with GALEX/NUV. The methods of observations, image processing, object identification, catalog preparation, and catalog matching are presented.

Dynamic study of Cr(VI) removal performance and mechanism from water using multilayer material coated nanoscale zerovalent iron.

PubMed

Wu, Bin; Peng, Dinghua; Hou, Siyu; Tang, Bicong; Wang, Can; Xu, Heng

2018-05-16

In this study, the dynamic Cr(VI) removal process from water by the synthesized multilayer material coated nanoscale zerovalent iron (SBC-nZVI) was systematically discussed at different treatment conditions. The results showed that initial pH, contact time, Cr(VI) concentration and the dosage of SBC-nZVI were important parameters that influenced the Cr(VI) removal efficiency. The major Cr(VI) removal occurred within 60 min and gradually tend to equilibrium with consistent treatment. The removal efficiency was highly depended on pH values and the adsorption kinetics agreed well with the pseduo-second-order model (PSO). When the initial Cr(VI) concentration was below 15 mg/L, the removal rate could reach to about 100%. Moreover, the removal efficiency increased with the increase of SBC-nZVI dosage, which related to the increase of reactive sites. To understand the removal mechanism, SBC-nZVI before and after reaction with Cr(VI) were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These analysis showed that the interaction of SBC-nZVI with Cr(VI) was mainly controlled by reduction and electrostatic attraction. Therefore, these results explained the interaction between Cr(VI) and SBC-nZVI material in detail, and further proved that SBC-nZVI could be an effective material to remove Cr(VI) from water. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

[Experience with high-dose immunosuppressive therapy followed by transplantation of autologous stem hematopoietic cells in patients with multiple sclerosis].

PubMed

Rossiev, V A; Makarov, S V; Aleksandrova, I Ia; Dolgikh, G T; Lipshina, S R; Stukalova, T A; Trushina, O A; Fedorova, E Iu; Lipina, L N; Sivak, V F; Korenev, P P; Murashov, B F

2002-01-01

To assess efficiency of immunosuppressive therapy and subsequent autologous transplantation of stem blood cells (SBC) in patients with multiple sclerosis. The trial enrolled 23 patients (4 men and 19 women) with multiple sclerosis (MS) lasting for 3 to 12 years. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 44 years. The index of the progression was above 1 in all the patients. A remitting, primary-progredient, secondary-progredient course was diagnosed in 3, 3 and 17 patients, respectively. Posttransplantation follow-up was 1 to 1.5 years. The degree of the neurological deficiency (0-6 scores) was estimated by the scale of functional systems damage. Lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated by enzyme immunoassay according to expression of membrane antigens CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD20, CD25, CD56, CD95 using monoclonal antibodies ICO (Biomedspectr), humoral immunity--by serum levels of IgA, IgM and IgG. SBC mobilization was conducted for 5 days by subcutaneous introduction of neipogen (Roche) in a dose 8.7-10 mcg/kg. Preparation of SBC was made on Haemonetics blood separator on mobilization day 4-5. Cryopreservation was carried out in programmed freezer (Cryomed) with 7% dimethylsulphoxide as a cryoprotector. Pretransplantation conditioning was conducted according to the schemes BEAM + antilymphocytic globulin (protocol N 1) and fludar + melfalan + ALG (protocol N 2). In posttransplantation period most of the patients achieved a fall in intensity of motor and coordination disorders. No recovery of cranial nerve function was observed. The protocols of pretransplantation preparation were compared by efficiency and organic toxicity. Indications to immunosuppressive therapy in MS patients were defined, pathogenetic validation of the immunosuppressive therapy was attempted.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of carbonate and bicarbonate salts alone or in combination with biocontrol agents in control of citrus green mold.

PubMed

Zamani, M; Sharifi Tehrani, A; Ali Abadi, A Alizadeh

2007-01-01

The aim of this research was to determine if the attacks of green mold on orange could be reduced by edible salts alone or in combination with biocontrol agent. For this purpose toxicity to Pantoea digitatum and practical use of sodium carbonate (SC), sodium bicarbonate (SBC) and potassium carbonate, and potassium bicarbonate alone or in combination with antagonistic bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate PN, Bacillus subtilis isolate VHN, Pantoea agglomerans isolate CA) to control green mold were determined. All were fungistatic. SC and SBC were equal and superior to the other salts for control of green mold on oranges inoculated 6h before treatment and were chosen for subsequent trails under cold storage conditions. The biocontrol agents were found completely tolerant to 3% sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate at room temperature; although their culturability was reduced by > 1000-fold after 60 min in 1% other salt solutions. Satisfactory results were also obtained with the combined treatment for control of green mold. A significant increase in biocontrol activity of all isolate was observed when combined with sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. The treatments comprising CA combined with SB was as effective as fungicide treatment. Thus, use of sodium bicarbonate treatment at 3% followed by the antagonist P. agglomerans CA could be an alternative to chemical fungicides for control of green mold on oranges.

Evaluation of a Prototype Surface Flow Bypass for Juvenile Salmon and Steelhead at the Powerhouse of Lower Granite Dam, Snake River, Washington, 1996-2000

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, Gary E.; Anglea, Steven M.; Adams, Noah S.

2005-02-28

A surface flow bypass provides a route in the upper water column for naturally, surface-oriented juvenile salmonids to safely migrate through a hydroelectric dam. Surface flow bypasses were recommended in several regional salmon recovery plans as a means to increase passage survival of juvenile salmonids at Columbia and Snake River dams. A prototype surface flow bypass, called the SBC, was retrofit on Lower Granite Dam and evaluated from 1996 to 2000 using biotelemetry and hydroacoustic techniques. In terms of passage efficiency, the best SBC configurations were a surface skimmer (99 m3/s [3,500 cfs], three entrances 5 m wide, 5 mmore » deep and one entrance 5 m wide, 15 m deep) and a single chute (99 m3/s, one entrance 5 m wide, 8.5 m deep). They each passed 62 ? 3% (95% confidence interval) of the total juvenile fish population that entered the section of the dam with the SBC entrances (Turbine Units 4-5). Smooth entrance shape and concentrated surface flow characteristics of these configurations are worth pursuing in designs for future surface flow bypasses. In addition, a guidance wall in the Lower Granite Dam forebay diverted the following percentages of juvenile salmonids away from Turbine Units 1-3 toward other passage routes, including the SBC: run-at-large 79 ? 18%; hatchery steelhead 86%; wild steelhead 65%; and yearling chinook salmon 66%. When used in combination with spill or turbine intake screens, a surface flow bypass with a guidance wall can produce a high level (> 90% of total project passage) of non-turbine passage and provide operational flexibility to fisheries managers and dam operators responsible for enhancing juvenile salmonid survival.« less

Strength-balance supplemented with computerized cognitive training to improve dual task gait and divided attention in older adults: a multicenter randomized-controlled trial.

PubMed

van het Reve, Eva; de Bruin, Eling D

2014-12-15

Exercise interventions often do not combine physical and cognitive training. However, this combination is assumed to be more beneficial in improving walking and cognitive functioning compared to isolated cognitive or physical training. A multicenter parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare a motor to a cognitive-motor exercise program. A total of 182 eligible residents of homes-for-the-aged (n = 159) or elderly living in the vicinity of the homes (n = 23) were randomly assigned to either strength-balance (SB) or strength-balance-cognitive (SBC) training. Both groups conducted similar strength-balance training during 12 weeks. SBC additionally absolved computerized cognitive training. Outcomes were dual task costs of walking, physical performance, simple reaction time, executive functions, divided attention, fear of falling and fall rate. Participants were analysed with an intention to treat approach. The 182 participants (mean age ± SD: 81.5 ± 7.3 years) were allocated to either SB (n = 98) or SBC (n = 84). The attrition rate was 14.3%. Interaction effects were observed for dual task costs of step length (preferred walking speed: F(1,174) = 4.94, p = 0.028, η2 = 0.027, fast walking speed: F(1,166) = 6.14, p = 0.009, η2 = 0.040) and dual task costs of the standard deviation of step length (F(1,166) = 6.14, p = 0.014, η2 = 0.036), in favor of SBC. Significant interactions in favor of SBC revealed for in gait initiation (F(1,166) = 9.16, p = 0.003, η2 = 0.052), 'reaction time' (F(1,180) = 5.243, p = 0.023, η² = 0.028) & 'missed answers' (F(1,180) = 11.839, p = 0.001, η² = 0.062) as part of the test for divided attention. Within-group comparison revealed significant improvements in dual task costs of walking (preferred speed; velocity (p = 0.002), step time (p = 0.018), step length (p = 0.028), fast speed; velocity (p < 0.001), step time (p = 0.035), step length (p = 0.001)), simple reaction time (p < 0.001), executive functioning (Trail making test B; p < 0.001), divided attention (p < 0.001), fear of falling (p < 0.001), and fall rate (p < 0.001). Combining strength-balance training with specific cognitive training has a positive additional effect on dual task costs of walking, gait initiation, and divided attention. The findings further confirm previous research showing that strength-balance training improves executive functions and reduces falls. This trial has been registered under ISRCTN75134517.

Determining the best treatment for simple bone cyst: a decision analysis.

PubMed

Lee, Seung Yeol; Chung, Chin Youb; Lee, Kyoung Min; Sung, Ki Hyuk; Won, Sung Hun; Choi, In Ho; Cho, Tae-Joon; Yoo, Won Joon; Yeo, Ji Hyun; Park, Moon Seok

2014-03-01

The treatment of simple bone cysts (SBC) in children varies significantly among physicians. This study examined which procedure is better for the treatment of SBC, using a decision analysis based on current published evidence. A decision tree focused on five treatment modalities of SBC (observation, steroid injection, autologous bone marrow injection, decompression, and curettage with bone graft) were created. Each treatment modality was further branched, according to the presence and severity of complications. The probabilities of all cases were obtained by literature review. A roll back tool was utilized to determine the most preferred treatment modality. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the threshold value of the treatment modalities. Two-way sensitivity analysis was utilized to examine the joint impact of changes in probabilities of two parameters. The decision model favored autologous bone marrow injection. The expected value of autologous bone marrow injection was 0.9445, while those of observation, steroid injection, decompression, and curettage and bone graft were 0.9318, 0.9400, 0.9395, and 0.9342, respectively. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that autologous bone marrow injection was better than that of decompression for the expected value when the rate of pathologic fracture, or positive symptoms of SBC after autologous bone marrow injection, was lower than 20.4%. In our study, autologous bone marrow injection was found to be the best choice of treatment of SBC. However, the results were sensitive to the rate of pathologic fracture after treatment of SBC. Physicians should consider the possibility of pathologic fracture when they determine a treatment method for SBC.

Secondary Breast Cancer Risk by Radiation Volume in Women With Hodgkin Lymphoma

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Conway, Jessica L.; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Connors, Joseph M.

Purpose: To determine whether the risk of secondary breast cancer (SBC) is reduced in women with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) treated with smaller field radiation therapy (SFRT) versus mantle field radiation therapy (MRT). Methods and Materials: We used the BC Cancer Agency (BCCA) Lymphoid Cancer Database to identify female patients treated for HL between January 1961 and December 2009. Radiation therapy volumes were categorized as MRT or SFRT, which included involved field, involved site, or involved nodal radiation therapy. SBC risk estimates were compared using competing risk analysis and Fine and Gray multivariable model: MRT ± chemotherapy, SFRT ± chemotherapy, or chemotherapy-only. Results: Of 734 eligible patients,more » 75% of the living patients have been followed up for more than 10 years, SBC has developed in 54, and 15 have died of breast cancer. The 20-year estimated risks (competing risk cumulative incidence) for SBC differed significantly: MRT 7.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4%-11.5%), SFRT 3.1% (95% CI 1.0%-7.7%), and chemotherapy-only 2.2% (95% CI 1.0%-4.8%) (P=.01). Using a Fine and Gray model to control for death and patients lost to follow-up, MRT was associated with a higher risk of SBC (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.9; 95% CI 1.4%-6.0%; P=.004) compared with chemotherapy-only and with SFRT (HR = 3.3; 95% CI 1.3%-8.4%; P=.01). SFRT was not associated with a greater risk of SBC compared with chemotherapy-only (HR = 0.87; 95% CI 0.28%-2.66%; P=.80). Conclusion: This study confirms that large-volume MRT is associated with a markedly increased risk of SBC; however, more modern small-volume RT is not associated with a greater risk of SBC than chemotherapy alone.« less

Suicide by cop: clinical risks and subtypes.

PubMed

Dewey, Lauren; Allwood, Maureen; Fava, Joanna; Arias, Elizabeth; Pinizzotto, Anthony; Schlesinger, Louis

2013-01-01

This study examines whether clinical classification schemes from general suicide research are applicable for cases of suicide by cop (SbC) and whether there are indicators as to why the police might be engaged in the suicide. Using archival law enforcement data, 13 clinical risks were examined among 68 cases of SbC using exploratory factor analysis and k-means cluster analysis. Three subtypes of SbC cases emerged: Mental Illness, Criminality, and Not Otherwise Specified. The subtypes varied significantly on their levels of mental illness, substance use, and criminal activity. Findings suggest that reducing fragmentation between law enforcement and mental health service providers might be a crucial goal for suicide intervention and prevention, at least among cases of SbC.

Sodium bicarbonate improves 4 km time trial cycling performance when individualised to time to peak blood bicarbonate in trained male cyclists.

PubMed

Gough, Lewis A; Deb, Sanjoy K; Sparks, S Andy; McNaughton, Lars R

2018-08-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) on 4 km cycling time trial (TT) performance when individualised to a predetermined time to peak blood bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ). Eleven male trained cyclists volunteered for this study (height 1.82 ± 0.80 m, body mass (BM) 86.4 ± 12.9 kg, age 32 ± 9 years, peak power output (PPO) 382 ± 22 W). Two trials were initially conducted to identify time to peak HCO 3 - following both 0.2 g . kg -1 BM (SBC2) and 0.3 g . kg -1 BM (SBC3) NaHCO 3 . Thereafter, on three separate occasions using a randomised, double-blind, crossover design, participants completed a 4 km TT following ingestion of either SBC2, SBC3, or a taste-matched placebo (PLA) containing 0.07 g . kg -1 BM sodium chloride (NaCl) at the predetermined individual time to peak HCO 3 - . Both SBC2 (-8.3 ± 3.5 s; p < 0.001, d = 0.64) and SBC3 (-8.6 ± 5.4 s; p = 0.003, d = 0.66) reduced the time to complete the 4 km TT, with no difference between SBC conditions (mean difference = 0.2 ± 0.2 s; p = 0.87, d = 0.02). These findings suggest trained cyclists may benefit from individualising NaHCO 3 ingestion to time to peak HCO 3 - to enhance 4 km TT performance.

Implementation of secondary bacterial culture testing of platelets to mitigate residual risk of septic transfusion reactions.

PubMed

Bloch, Evan M; Marshall, Christi E; Boyd, Joan S; Shifflett, Lisa; Tobian, Aaron A R; Gehrie, Eric A; Ness, Paul M

2018-04-01

Bacterial contamination of platelets remains a major transfusion-associated risk despite long-standing safety measures in the United States. We evaluated an approach using secondary bacterial culture (SBC) to contend with residual risk of bacterial contamination. Phased implementation of SBC was initiated in October 2016 for platelets (all apheresis collected) received at our institution from the blood donor center (Day 3 post collection). Platelet products were sampled aseptically (5 mL inoculated into an aerobic bottle [BacT/ALERT BPA, BioMerieux, Inc.]) by the blood bank staff upon receipt, using a sterile connection device and sampling kit. The platelet sample was inoculated into an aerobic blood culture bottle and incubated at 35°C for 3 days. The cost of SBC was calculated on the basis of consumables and labor costs at time of implementation. In the 13 months following implementation (October 6, 2016, to November 30, 2017), 23,044/24,653 (93.47%) platelet products underwent SBC. A total of eight positive cultures were detected (incidence 1 in 2881 platelet products), seven of which were positive within 24 hours of SBC. Coagulase negative Staphyloccus spp. were identified in four cases. Five of the eight cases were probable true positive (repeat reactive) and interdicted (cost per averted case was US$77,935). The remaining three cases were indeterminate. No septic transfusion reactions were reported during the observation period. We demonstrate the feasibility of SBC of apheresis platelets to mitigate bacterial risk. SBC is lower cost than alternative measures (e.g., pathogen reduction and point-of-release testing) and can be integrated into workflow at hospital transfusion services. © 2018 AABB.

Clinical and diagnosis characteristics of breast cancers in women with a history of radiotherapy in the first 30years of life: A French multicentre cohort study.

PubMed

Demoor-Goldschmidt, C; Supiot, S; Oberlin, O; Helfre, S; Vigneron, C; Brillaud-Meflah, V; Bernier, V; Laprie, A; Ducassou, A; Claude, L; Mahé, M A; de Vathaire, F

2017-08-01

Irradiation (>3Gy) to the breast or axillae before 30years of age increases the risk of secondary breast cancer (SBC). The purpose of this article is to describe the clinical characteristics of SBC and the way of diagnosis in young women (before the age of national screening) in France who had received previous radiotherapy for a childhood or a young adulthood cancer. This retrospective, multicentre study reviewed the medical records of women with SBC before the age of the national screening who had received irradiation (≥3Gy) on part or all of the breast before 30years of age, for any type of tumour except BC. A total of 121 SBC were detected in 104 women with previous radiotherapy. Twenty percent of SBC were detected during regular breast screening and 16% of the women had a regular radiological follow-up. Our results points out that the main proportion of childhood cancer survivors did not benefit from the recommended breast cancer screening. This result is comparable to other previously published studies in other countries. A national screening programme is necessary and should take into account the patient's age, family history, personal medical history and previous radiotherapy to reduce the number of SBC diagnosed at an advanced stage. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Mechanisms of antimony adsorption onto soybean stover-derived biochar in aqueous solutions.

PubMed

Vithanage, Meththika; Rajapaksha, Anushka Upamali; Ahmad, Mahtab; Uchimiya, Minori; Dou, Xiaomin; Alessi, Daniel S; Ok, Yong Sik

2015-03-15

Limited mechanistic knowledge is available on the interaction of biochar with trace elements (Sb and As) that exist predominantly as oxoanions. Soybean stover biochars were produced at 300 °C (SBC300) and 700 °C (SBC700), and characterized by BET, Boehm titration, FT-IR, NMR and Raman spectroscopy. Bound protons were quantified by potentiometric titration, and two acidic sites were used to model biochar by the surface complexation modeling based on Boehm titration and NMR observations. The zero point of charge was observed at pH 7.20 and 7.75 for SBC300 and SBC700, respectively. Neither antimonate (Sb(V)) nor antimonite (Sb(III)) showed ionic strength dependency (0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 M NaNO3), indicating inner sphere complexation. Greater adsorption of Sb(III) and Sb(V) was observed for SBC300 having higher -OH content than SBC700. Sb(III) removal (85%) was greater than Sb(V) removal (68%). Maximum adsorption density for Sb(III) was calculated as 1.88 × 10(-6) mol m(-2). The Triple Layer Model (TLM) successfully described surface complexation of Sb onto soybean stover-derived biochar at pH 4-9, and suggested the formation of monodentate mononuclear and binuclear complexes. Spectroscopic investigations by Raman, FT-IR and XPS further confirmed strong chemisorptive binding of Sb to biochar surfaces. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pasteurization of naturally contaminated water with solar energy.

PubMed

Ciochetti, D A; Metcalf, R H

1984-02-01

A solar box cooker (SBC) was constructed with a cooking area deep enough to hold several 3.7-liter jugs of water, and this was used to investigate the potential of using solar energy to pasteurize naturally contaminated water. When river water was heated either in the SBC or on a hot plate, coliform bacteria were inactivated at temperatures of 60 degrees C or greater. Heating water in an SBC to at least 65 degrees C ensures that the water will be above the milk pasteurization temperature of 62.8 degrees C for at least an hour, which appears sufficient to pasteurize contaminated water. On clear or partly cloudy days, with the SBC facing magnetic south in Sacramento, bottom water temperatures of at least 65 degrees C could be obtained in 11.1 liters of water during the 6 weeks on either side of the summer solstice, in 7.4 liters of water from mid-March through mid-September, and in 3.7 liters of water an additional 2 to 3 weeks at the beginning and end of the solar season. Periodic repositioning of the SBC towards the sun, adjusting the back reflective lid, and preheating water in a simple reflective device increased final water temperatures. Simultaneous cooking and heating water to pasteurizing temperatures was possible. Additional uses of the SBC to pasteurize soil and to decontaminate hospital materials before disposal in remote areas are suggested.

Pasteurization of naturally contaminated water with solar energy.

PubMed Central

Ciochetti, D A; Metcalf, R H

1984-01-01

A solar box cooker (SBC) was constructed with a cooking area deep enough to hold several 3.7-liter jugs of water, and this was used to investigate the potential of using solar energy to pasteurize naturally contaminated water. When river water was heated either in the SBC or on a hot plate, coliform bacteria were inactivated at temperatures of 60 degrees C or greater. Heating water in an SBC to at least 65 degrees C ensures that the water will be above the milk pasteurization temperature of 62.8 degrees C for at least an hour, which appears sufficient to pasteurize contaminated water. On clear or partly cloudy days, with the SBC facing magnetic south in Sacramento, bottom water temperatures of at least 65 degrees C could be obtained in 11.1 liters of water during the 6 weeks on either side of the summer solstice, in 7.4 liters of water from mid-March through mid-September, and in 3.7 liters of water an additional 2 to 3 weeks at the beginning and end of the solar season. Periodic repositioning of the SBC towards the sun, adjusting the back reflective lid, and preheating water in a simple reflective device increased final water temperatures. Simultaneous cooking and heating water to pasteurizing temperatures was possible. Additional uses of the SBC to pasteurize soil and to decontaminate hospital materials before disposal in remote areas are suggested. PMID:6712206

Hepatic microsomal cytochromes P450 in mink fed Saginaw Bay carp (SBC)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Melancon, M.J.; LeCaptain, L.; Rattner, B.A.; Heaton, S.; Aulerich, R.; Tillitt, D.; Stegeman, John J.; Woodin, B.

1992-01-01

Livers from mink fed diets containing 0% (n = 12), 10% (n = 11), 20% (n = 12) and 40% (n = 10) SBC for 6 months contained 0.1, 2.2, 3.6, and 6.3 ug/g total PCBs, respectively. Hepatic microsomes were prepared and assayed for protein, arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), benzyloxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (BROD), ethoxy-ROD (ER0D), pentoxy-ROD (PROD), and ethoxycoumarin-OD (ECOD). Mink fed SBC had increased AHH, EROD, and ECOD (group means 2.2-3.4 X control means), decreased BROD and unchanged PROD (the latter 2 assays indicators for phenobarbital-type induction in mammals). Three samples from each group were examined by western blot using a polyclonal anti-P450llB antibody and a monoclonal anti-P450lA antibody (MAb 1-12-3). Mink fed SBC showed induction of a protein recognized by anti-P450lA (8 X control), but had little protein recognized by anti-P450IlB. The monooxygenase activities and western blot data give a consistent picture of MC-type but not PB-type induction in mink fed SBC.

The Reproducibility of 4-km Time Trial (TT) Performance Following Individualised Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation: a Randomised Controlled Trial in Trained Cyclists.

PubMed

Gough, Lewis Anthony; Deb, Sanjoy Kumar; Sparks, Andy; McNaughton, Lars Robert

2017-09-21

Individual time to peak blood bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) has demonstrated good to excellent reproducibility following ingestion of both 0.2 g kg -1 body mass (BM) and 0.3 g kg -1 BM sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ), but the consistency of the time trial (TT) performance response using such an individualised NaHCO 3 ingestion strategy remains unknown. This study therefore evaluated the reproducibility of 4-km TT performance following NaHCO 3 ingestion individualised to time to peak blood bicarbonate. Eleven trained male cyclists completed five randomised treatments with prior ingestion of 0.2 g kg -1 (SBC2) or 0.3 g kg -1 BM (SBC3) NaHCO 3 , on two separate occasions each, or a control trial entailing no supplementation. Participants completed a 4-km cycling TT on a Velotron ergometer where time to complete, power and speed were measured, whilst acid-base blood parameters were also recorded (pH and blood bicarbonate concentration HCO 3 - ) and lactate [La - ]. Alkalosis was achieved prior to exercise in both SBC2 and SBC3, as pH and HCO 3 - were greater compared to baseline (p < 0.001), with no differences between treatments (p > 0.05). The reproducibility of the mean absolute change from baseline to peak in HCO 3 - was good in SBC2 (r = 0.68) and excellent in SBC3 (r = 0.78). The performance responses following both SBC2 and SBC3 displayed excellent reproducibility (r range = 0.97 to 0.99). Results demonstrate excellent reproducibility of exercise performance following individualised NaHCO 3 ingestion, which is due to the high reproducibility of blood acid-base variables with repeat administration of NaHCO 3 . Using a time to peak HCO 3 - strategy seems to cause no dose-dependent effects on performance for exercise of this duration and intensity; therefore, athletes may consider smaller doses of NaHCO 3 to mitigate gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort.

Pasteurization of naturally contaminated water with solar energy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ciochetti, D.A.; Metcalf, R.H.

1984-02-01

A solar box cooker (SBC) was constructed with a cooking area deep enough to hold several 3.7-liter jugs of water, and this was used to investigate the potential of using solar energy to pasteurize naturally contaminated water. When river water was heated either in the SBC or on a hot plate, coliform bacteria were inactivated at temperatures of 60/sup 0/C or greater. Heating water in an SBC to at least 65/sup 0/C ensures that the water will be above the milk pasteurization temperature of 62.8/sup 0/C for at least an hour, which appears sufficient to pasteurize contaminated water. On clearmore » or partly cloudy days, with the SBC facing magnetic south in Sacramento, bottom water temperatures of at least 65/sup 0/C could be obtained in 11.1 liters of water during the 6 weeks on either side of the summer solstice, in 7.4 liters of water from mid-March through mid-September, and in 3.7 liters of water an additional 2 to 3 weeks at the beginning and end of the solar season. Periodic repositioning of the SBC towards the sun, adjusting the back reflective lid, and preheating water in a simple reflective device increased final water temperatures. Simultaneous cooking and heating water to pasteurizing temperatures was possible. Additional uses of the SBC to pasteurize soil and to decontaminate hospital materials before disposal in remote areas are suggested. 14 references.« less

Sodium bicarbonate induces crystalline wax generation, activates host-resistance, and increases imazalil level in rind wounds of oranges, improving the control of green mold during storage.

PubMed

Dore, Antonio; Molinu, Maria Giovanna; Venditti, Tullio; D'Hallewin, Guy

2010-06-23

Imazalil (IMZ) was quantified in the flavedo and albedo (Citrus fruits outer and inner tissue of the exocarp) of wounded and unwounded Valencia L. Olinda oranges following a 2 min immersion at 25 degrees C in 50, 100, or 250 microg mL(-1) of the fungicide mixture with or without 3% sodium bicarbonate (SBC). The addition of SBC significantly reduced the decay incidence throughout 30 d of storage at 10 degrees C with 95% RH and 6 d of simulated marketing period at 25 degrees C and 75% RH. In unwounded oranges, IMZ uptake was not changed by the coapplication of SBC, and the fungicide was predominantly recovered in the flavedo. To the contrary, in the albedo of wounded fruit, the residue level increased by about 6-fold when the fungicide was applied with SBC. When SBC was coapplied to wounded fruit, the phytoalexin scoparone was induced in the albedo and the accumulation was not affected by IMZ. When fruit was treated with SBC, scanning electron microscopy observations evidenced a production of crystalline wax patches with branched stripes and the magnitude was positively correlated to the salt concentration in the mixture. The generation as fast as 24 h post-treatment, and the different morphology of the new wax suggests a displacement of intracuticular waxes which can affect the fungicide sorption and diffusion coefficient into the rind.

Clinical and laboratory applications of slide-based cytometry with the LSC, SFM, and the iCYTE imaging cytometer instruments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bocsi, Jozsef; Luther, Ed; Mittag, Anja; Jensen, Ingo; Sack, Ulrich; Lenz, Dominik; Trezl, Lajos; Varga, Viktor S.; Molnar, Beea; Tarnok, Attila

2004-06-01

Background: Slide based cytometry (SBC) is a technology for the rapid stoichiometric analysis of cells fixed to surfaces. Its applications are highly versatile and ranges from the clinics to high throughput drug discovery. SBC is realized in different instruments such as the Laser Scanning Cytometer (LSC) and Scanning Fluorescent Microscope (SFM) and the novel inverted microscope based iCyte image cytometer (Compucyte Corp.). Methods: Fluorochrome labeled specimens were immobilized on microscopic slides. They were placed on a conventional fluorescence microscope and analyzed by photomultiplayers or digital camera. Data comparable to flow cytometry were generated. In addition, each individual event could be visualized. Applications: The major advantage of instruments is the combination of two features: a) the minimal sample volume needed, and b) the connection of fluorescence data and morphological information. Rare cells were detected, frequency of apoptosis by myricetin formaldehyde and H2O2 mixtures was determined;. Conclusion: LSC, SFM and the novel iCyte have a wide spectrum of applicability in SBC and can be introduced as a standard technology for multiple settings. In addition, the iCyte and SFM instrument is suited for high throughput screening by automation and may be in future adapted to telepathology due to their high quality images. (This study was supported by the IZKF-Leipzig, Germany and T 034245 OTKA, Hungary)

270GHz SiGe BiCMOS manufacturing process platform for mmWave applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kar-Roy, Arjun; Preisler, Edward J.; Talor, George; Yan, Zhixin; Booth, Roger; Zheng, Jie; Chaudhry, Samir; Howard, David; Racanelli, Marco

2011-11-01

TowerJazz has been offering the high volume commercial SiGe BiCMOS process technology platform, SBC18, for more than a decade. In this paper, we describe the TowerJazz SBC18H3 SiGe BiCMOS process which integrates a production ready 240GHz FT / 270 GHz FMAX SiGe HBT on a 1.8V/3.3V dual gate oxide CMOS process in the SBC18 technology platform. The high-speed NPNs in SBC18H3 process have demonstrated NFMIN of ~2dB at 40GHz, a BVceo of 1.6V and a dc current gain of 1200. This state-of-the-art process also comes with P-I-N diodes with high isolation and low insertion losses, Schottky diodes capable of exceeding cut-off frequencies of 1THz, high density stacked MIM capacitors, MOS and high performance junction varactors characterized up to 50GHz, thick upper metal layers for inductors, and various resistors such as low value and high value unsilicided poly resistors, metal and nwell resistors. Applications of the SBC18H3 platform for millimeter-wave products for automotive radars, phased array radars and Wband imaging are presented.

Non-polymeric asymmetric binary glass-formers. II. Secondary relaxation studied by dielectric, 2H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pötzschner, B.; Mohamed, F.; Bächer, C.; Wagner, E.; Lichtinger, A.; Bock, D.; Kreger, K.; Schmidt, H.-W.; Rössler, E. A.

2017-04-01

We investigate the secondary (β-) relaxations of an asymmetric binary glass former consisting of a spirobichroman derivative (SBC; Tg = 356 K) as the high-Tg component and the low-Tg component tripropyl phosphate (TPP; Tg = 134 K). The main relaxations are studied in Paper I [B. Pötzschner et al., J. Chem. Phys. 146, 164503 (2017)]. A high Tg contrast of ΔTg = 222 K is put into effect in a non-polymeric system. Component-selective studies are carried out by combining results from dielectric spectroscopy (DS) for mass concentrations cTPP ≥ 60% and those from different methods of 2H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. In the case of NMR, the full concentration range (10% ≤ cTPP ≤ 100%) is covered. The neat components exhibit a β-relaxation (β1 (SBC) and β2 (TPP)). The latter is rediscovered by DS in the mixtures for all concentrations with unchanged time constants. NMR spectroscopy identifies the β-relaxations as being alike to those in neat glasses. A spatially highly restricted motion with angular displacement below ±10° encompassing all molecules is involved. In the low temperature range, where TPP shows the typical 31P NMR echo spectra of the β2-process, very similar spectral features are observed for the (deuterated) SBC component by 2H NMR, in addition to its "own" β1-process observed at high temperatures. Apparently, the small TPP molecules enslave the large SBC molecules to perform a common hindered reorientation. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time of both components is the same and reveals an angular displacement of the SBC molecules somewhat smaller than that of TPP, though the time constants τβ2 are the same. Furthermore, T1(T) of TPP in the temperature region of the β2-process is absolutely the same as in the mixture TPP/polystyrene investigated previously. It appears that the manifestations of the β-process introduced by one component are essentially independent of the second component. Finally, at cTPP ≤ 20% one finds indications that the β2-process starts to disintegrate. More and more TPP molecules get immobilized upon decreasing cTPP. We conclude that the β-process is a cooperative process.

A post-processing method to simulate the generalized RF sheath boundary condition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Myra, James R.; Kohno, Haruhiko

For applications of ICRF power in fusion devices, control of RF sheath interactions is of great importance. A sheath boundary condition (SBC) was previously developed to provide an effective surface impedance for the interaction of the RF sheath with the waves. The SBC enables the surface power flux and rectified potential energy available for sputtering to be calculated. For legacy codes which cannot easily implement the SBC, or to speed convergence in codes which do implement it, we consider here an approximate method to simulate SBCs by post-processing results obtained using other, e.g. conducting wall, boundary conditions. The basic approximationmore » is that the modifications resulting from the generalized SBC are driven by a fixed incoming wave which could be either a fast wave or a slow wave. Finally, the method is illustrated in slab geometry and compared with exact numerical solutions; it is shown to work very well.« less

A post-processing method to simulate the generalized RF sheath boundary condition

DOE PAGES

Myra, James R.; Kohno, Haruhiko

2017-10-23

For applications of ICRF power in fusion devices, control of RF sheath interactions is of great importance. A sheath boundary condition (SBC) was previously developed to provide an effective surface impedance for the interaction of the RF sheath with the waves. The SBC enables the surface power flux and rectified potential energy available for sputtering to be calculated. For legacy codes which cannot easily implement the SBC, or to speed convergence in codes which do implement it, we consider here an approximate method to simulate SBCs by post-processing results obtained using other, e.g. conducting wall, boundary conditions. The basic approximationmore » is that the modifications resulting from the generalized SBC are driven by a fixed incoming wave which could be either a fast wave or a slow wave. Finally, the method is illustrated in slab geometry and compared with exact numerical solutions; it is shown to work very well.« less

13 CFR 125.30 - What are the requirements for representing SDVO SBC status, and what are the penalties for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION GOVERNMENT CONTRACTING PROGRAMS Penalties and... Management (SAM) database (or any successor thereto), a concern must certify its SDVO SBC status in...

Evidence of arsenic release promoted by disinfection by-products within drinking-water distribution systems.

PubMed

Andra, Syam S; Makris, Konstantinos C; Botsaris, George; Charisiadis, Pantelis; Kalyvas, Harris; Costa, Costas N

2014-02-15

Changes in disinfectant type could trigger a cascade of reactions releasing pipe-anchored metals/metalloids into finished water. However, the effect of pre-formed disinfection by-products on the release of sorbed contaminants (arsenic-As in particular) from drinking water distribution system pipe scales remains unexplored. A bench-scale study using a factorial experimental design was performed to evaluate the independent and interaction effects of trihalomethanes (TTHM) and haloacetic acids (HAA) on arsenic (As) release from either scales-only or scale-biofilm conglomerates (SBC) both anchored on asbestos/cement pipe coupons. A model biofilm (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was allowed to grow on select pipe coupons prior experimentation. Either TTHM or HAA individual dosing did not promote As release from either scales only or SBC, detecting <6 μg AsL(-1) in finished water. In the case of scales-only coupons, the combination of the highest spike level of TTHM and HAA significantly (p<0.001) increased dissolved and total As concentrations to levels up to 16 and 95 μg L(-1), respectively. Similar treatments in the presence of biofilm (SBC) resulted in significant (p<0.001) increase in dissolved and total recoverable As up to 20 and 47 μg L(-1), respectively, exceeding the regulatory As limit. Whether or not, our laboratory-based results truly represent mechanisms operating in disinfected finished water in pipe networks remains to be investigated in the field. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Metagenomic analysis of microbial consortium from natural crude oil that seeps into the marine ecosystem offshore Southern California

PubMed Central

Hawley, Erik R.; Piao, Hailan; Scott, Nicole M.; Malfatti, Stephanie; Pagani, Ioanna; Huntemann, Marcel; Chen, Amy; Glavina del Rio, Tijana; Foster, Brian; Copeland, Alex; Jansson, Janet; Pati, Amrita; Tringe, Susannah; Gilbert, Jack A.; Lorenson, Thomas D.; Hess, Matthias

2014-01-01

Crude oils can be major contaminants of the marine ecosystem and microorganisms play a significant role in the degradation of its main constituents. To increase our understanding of the microbial hydrocarbon degradation process in the marine ecosystem, we collected crude oil from an active seep area located in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) and generated a total of about 52 Gb of raw metagenomic sequence data. The assembled data comprised ~500 Mb, representing ~1.1 million genes derived primarily from chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. Members of Oceanospirillales, a bacterial order belonging to the Deltaproteobacteria, recruited less than 2% of the assembled genes within the SBC metagenome. In contrast, the microbial community associated with the oil plume that developed in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout in 2010, was dominated by Oceanospirillales, which comprised more than 60% of the metagenomic data generated from the DWH oil plume. This suggests that Oceanospirillales might play a less significant role in the microbially mediated hydrocarbon conversion within the SBC seep oil compared to the DWH plume oil. We hypothesize that this difference results from the SBC oil seep being mostly anaerobic, while the DWH oil plume is aerobic. Within the Archaea, the phylum Euryarchaeota, recruited more than 95% of the assembled archaeal sequences from the SBC oil seep metagenome, with more than 50% of the sequences assigned to members of the orders Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales. These orders contain organisms capable of anaerobic methanogenesis and methane oxidation (AOM) and we hypothesize that these orders – and their metabolic capabilities – may be fundamental to the ecology of the SBC oil seep. PMID:25197496

Influence of two barrier membranes on staged guided bone regeneration and osseointegration of titanium implants in dogs: part 1. Augmentation using bone graft substitutes and autogenous bone.

PubMed

Schwarz, Frank; Mihatovic, Ilja; Golubovic, Vladimir; Hegewald, Andrea; Becker, Jürgen

2012-01-01

To assess the influence of two barrier membranes and two bone graft substitutes mixed with autogenous bone (AB) on staged guided bone regeneration and osseointegration of titanium implants in dogs. Four saddle-type defects each were prepared in the upper jaw of six fox hounds and randomly filled with a natural bone mineral (NBM)+AB and a biphasic calcium phosphate (SBC)+AB and allocated to either an in situ gelling polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a collagen membrane (CM). At 8 weeks, modSLA titanium implants were inserted and left to heal in a submerged position. At 8+2 weeks, dissected blocks were processed for histomorphometrical analysis (e.g., treated area [TA], bone-to-implant contact [BIC]). The mean TA values (mm(2) ) and BIC values (%) tended to be higher in the PEG groups(TA: NBM+AB [10.4 ± 2.5]; SBC+AB [10.4 ± 5.8]/BIC: NBM+AB [86.4 ± 20.1]; SBC+AB [80.1 ± 21.5]) when compared with the corresponding CM groups (TA: NBM+AB [9.7 ± 4.8]; SBC+AB [7.8 ± 4.3]/BIC: NBM+AB [71.3 ± 20.8]; SBC+AB [72.4 ± 20.3]). A significant difference was observed for the mean TA values in the SBC+AB groups. It was concluded that all augmentation procedures investigated supported bone regeneration and staged osseointegration of modSLA titanium implants. However, the application of PEG may be associated with increased TA values. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Metagenomic analysis of microbial consortium from natural crude oil that seeps into the marine ecosystem offshore Southern California

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hawley, Erik R.; Piao, Hailan; Scott, Nicole M.

2014-01-02

Crude oils can be major contaminants of the marine ecosystem and microorganisms play a significant role in the degradation of the main constituents of crude oil. To increase our understanding of the microbial hydrocarbon degradation process in the marine ecosystem, we collected crude oil from an active seep area located in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) and generated a total of about 52 Gb of raw metagenomic sequence data. The assembled data comprised ~500 Mb, representing ~1.1 million genes derived primarily from chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. Members of Oceanospirillales, a bacterial order belonging to the Deltaproteobacteria, recruited less than 2% of themore » assembled genes within the SBC metagenome. In contrast, the microbial community associated with the oil plume that developed in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout in 2010, was dominated by Oceanospirillales, which comprised more than 60% of the metagenomic data generated from the DWH oil plume. This suggests that Oceanospirillales might play a less significant role in the microbially mediated hydrocarbon conversion within the SBC seep oil compared to the DWH plume oil. We hypothesize that this difference results from the SBC oil seep being mostly anaerobic, while the DWH oil plume is aerobic. Within the Archaea, the phylum Euryarchaeota, recruited more than 95% of the assembled archaeal sequences from the SBC oil seep metagenome, with more than 50% of the sequences assigned to members of the orders Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales. These orders contain organisms capable of anaerobic methanogenesis and methane oxidation (AOM) and we hypothesize that these orders and their metabolic capabilities may be fundamental to the ecology of the SBC oil seep.« less

Individual variations in the correlation between erythemal threshold, UV-induced DNA damage and sun-burn cell formation.

PubMed

Heenen, M; Giacomoni, P U; Golstein, P

2001-10-01

A linear correlation between erythema intensity and DNA damage upon exposure to UV has not been firmly established. Many of the deleterious effects of UV exposure do occur after exposure to suberythemal doses. After DNA damage, cells undergo DNA repair. It is commonly accepted that when the burden of damage is beyond the repair capacities, the cell undergoes programmed cell death or apoptosis. The aim of this study is to quantify the amount of UV-induced DNA damage (estimated via the measurement of DNA repair or unscheduled DNA synthesis or UDS) and cellular damage (estimated via the determination of the density of sunburn cells or SBC). If DNA damage and erythema are correlated, similar intensity of UDS and similar density of SBC should be found in volunteers irradiated with a UV dose equal to two minimal erythema doses (MED). Our results show that in 15 different individuals the same relative dose (2 MEDs) provokes UDS values, which vary within a factor of 4. An even larger variability affects SBC counts after the same relative dose. When DNA damage or SBC are plotted versus the absolute dose (i.e. the dose expressed in J/m(2)), there is a rough correlation (with several exceptions) between dose and extent of UDS and SBC counts. It seems possible to divide the volunteers into two subpopulations with different susceptibilities to UV damage. It is well known that UDS and SBC measurements are often affected by large experimental indeterminacy, yet, the analysis of our results makes it plausible to suggest that for the triggering of erythema, a common threshold value for DNA damage or for SBC count are not to be found. In conclusion, the erythema response seems to be loosely correlated with DNA damage. This suggests that the protection offered by the sunscreens against DNA damage, the molecular basis of UV-induced mutagenesis, might not be related to the sun protection factor (SPF) indicated on the label of sunscreens, which is evaluated using the erythema as an endpoint.

Recent developments using TowerJazz SiGe BiCMOS platform for mmWave and THz applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kar-Roy, Arjun; Howard, David; Preisler, Edward J.; Racanelli, Marco

2013-05-01

In this paper, we report on the highest speed 240GHz/340GHz FT/FMAX NPN which is now available for product designs in the SBC18H4 process variant of TowerJazz's mature 0.18μm SBC18 silicon germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS technology platform. NFMIN of ~2dB at 50GHz has been obtained with these NPNs. We also describe the integration of earlier generation NPNs with FT/FMAX of 240GHz/280GHz into SBC13H3, a 0.13μm SiGe BiCMOS technology platform. Next, we detail the integration of the deep silicon via (DSV), through silicon via (TSV), high-resistivity substrate, sub-field stitching and hybrid-stitching capability into the 0.18μm SBC18 technology platform to enable higher performance and highly integrated product designs. The integration of SBC18H3 into a thick-film SOI substrate, with essentially unchanged FT and FMAX, is also described. We also report on recent circuit demonstrations using the SBC18H3 platform: (1) a 4-element phased-array 70-100GHz broadband transmit and receive chip with flat saturated power greater than 5dBm and conversion gain of 33dB; (2) a fully integrated W-band 9-element phase-controllable array with responsivity of 800MV/W and receiver NETD is 0.45K with 20ms integration time; (3) a 16-element 4x4 phased-array transmitter with scanning in both the E- and H-planes with maximum EIRP of 23-25 dBm at 100-110GHz; (4) a power efficient 200GHz VCO with -7.25dBm output power and tuning range of 3.5%; and (5) a 320GHz 16-element imaging receiver array with responsivity of 18KV/W at 315GHz, a 3dB bandwidth of 25GHz and a low NEP of 34pW/Hz1/2. Wafer-scale large-die implementation of the phased-arrays and mmWave imagers using stitching in TowerJazz SBC18 process are also discussed.

Building a discovery partnership with Sarawak Biodiversity Centre: a gateway to access natural products from the rainforests.

PubMed

Yeo, Tiong Chia; Naming, Margarita; Manurung, Rita

2014-03-01

The Sarawak Biodiversity Centre (SBC) is a state government agency which regulates research and promotes the sustainable use of biodiversity. It has a program on documentation of traditional knowledge (TK) and is well-equipped with facilities for natural product research. SBC maintains a Natural Product Library (NPL) consisting of local plant and microbial extracts for bioprospecting. The NPL is a core discovery platform for screening of bioactive compounds by researchers through a formal agreement with clear benefit sharing obligations. SBC aims to develop partnerships with leading institutions and the industries to explore the benefits of biodiversity.

The effect of down regulation of calcineurin Aα by lentiviral vector-mediated RNAi on the biological behavior of small-cell lung cancer and its bone metastasis.

PubMed

Ma, Ning-Qiang; Liu, Li-Li; Min, Jie; Wang, Jun-Wei; Jiang, Wei-Feng; Liu, Yan; Feng, Yan-Guo; Su, Hai-Chuan; Feng, Ying-Ming; Zhang, He-Long

2011-12-01

Bone is the third most common site of cancer metastasis. Over 30 to 40% of lung cancers can develop skeletal metastasis and no effective curative therapy exists in clinic cases. Previously we screened the different expression of proteins between SBC-5 cells and SBC-3 cells by proteomic study methods (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) and found that calcineurin (hereafter referred as Cn) overexpresses in SBC-5 which has special priority in metastasis to bone in a multiple-organ metastasis mice model. However the roles of Cn in osteotropism of SCLC remain to be elucidated. At present study, we decrease CnAα expression in SBC-5 by lentiviral vector-mediated RNAi and found that down regulation of CnAα gene expression can decrease the proliferation and colony formation rate, impede the cell cycle progression, reduce the cell migration and invasion, and inhibit cells adhering to bone matrix, but not change the apoptosis rate of SBC-5 in vitro. In vivo down or up regulation of CnAα gene expression can only decrease or increase the bone metastasis rate, but not affect the metastasis rate to the visceral organs. Our research reveals that CnAα is closely related to the osteotropism metastasis of SCLC and a candidate tumor promotor gene for developing bone metastases.

Influence of two barrier membranes on staged guided bone regeneration and osseointegration of titanium implants in dogs. Part 2: augmentation using bone graft substitutes.

PubMed

Mihatovic, Ilja; Becker, Jürgen; Golubovic, Vladimir; Hegewald, Andrea; Schwarz, Frank

2012-03-01

To assess the influence of two barrier membranes and two bone graft substitutes on staged guided bone regeneration and osseointegration of titanium implants in dogs. Saddle-type defects were prepared in the lower jaws of 6 fox hounds and randomly filled with a natural bone mineral (NBM) and a biphasic calcium phosphate (SBC) and allocated to either an in situ gelling polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a collagen membrane (CM). At 8 weeks, modSLA titanium implants were inserted and left to heal in a submerged position. At 8+2 weeks, respectively, dissected blocks were processed for histomorphometrical analysis (e.g., mineralized tissue [MT], bone-to-implant contact [BIC]). The mean MT values (mm2) and BIC values (%) tended to be higher in the PEG groups (MT: NBM [3.4±1.7]; SBC [4.2±2]/BIC: NBM [67.7±16.9]; SBC [66.9±17.8]) when compared with the corresponding CM groups (MT: NBM [2.5±0.8]; SBC [2.3±1.6]/BIC: NBM [54.1±22.6]; SBC [61±8.7]). These differences, however, did not reach statistical significance. It was concluded that all augmentation procedures investigated supported bone regeneration and staged osseointegration of modSLA titanium implants. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Mechanisms of antimony adsorption onto soybean stover-derived biochar in aqueous solutions

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Limited mechanistic knowledge is available to understand how biochar interacts with trace elements that exist predominantly as oxoanions, such as antimony (Sb). Soybean stover biochars were produced at 300 degrees C (SBC300) and 700 degrees C (SBC700), and were characterized by BET, Boehm titration,...

Novel hyperspectral prediction method and apparatus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kemeny, Gabor J.; Crothers, Natalie A.; Groth, Gard A.; Speck, Kathy A.; Marbach, Ralf

2009-05-01

Both the power and the challenge of hyperspectral technologies is the very large amount of data produced by spectral cameras. While off-line methodologies allow the collection of gigabytes of data, extended data analysis sessions are required to convert the data into useful information. In contrast, real-time monitoring, such as on-line process control, requires that compression of spectral data and analysis occur at a sustained full camera data rate. Efficient, high-speed practical methods for calibration and prediction are therefore sought to optimize the value of hyperspectral imaging. A novel method of matched filtering known as science based multivariate calibration (SBC) was developed for hyperspectral calibration. Classical (MLR) and inverse (PLS, PCR) methods are combined by spectroscopically measuring the spectral "signal" and by statistically estimating the spectral "noise." The accuracy of the inverse model is thus combined with the easy interpretability of the classical model. The SBC method is optimized for hyperspectral data in the Hyper-CalTM software used for the present work. The prediction algorithms can then be downloaded into a dedicated FPGA based High-Speed Prediction EngineTM module. Spectral pretreatments and calibration coefficients are stored on interchangeable SD memory cards, and predicted compositions are produced on a USB interface at real-time camera output rates. Applications include minerals, pharmaceuticals, food processing and remote sensing.

13 CFR 125.29 - What are the requirements for representing SDVO SBC status, and what are the penalties for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... include the firm's internal management procedures governing SDVO SBC status representations or certifications, the clarity or ambiguity of the representation or certification requirement, and the efforts made to correct an incorrect or invalid representation or certification in a timely manner. An individual...

48 CFR 1852.219-84 - Limitation of the principal investigator-STTR program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SBC/Contractor or RI. (b) The PI is considered to be key personnel in the performance of this contract. The SBC/Contractor, whether or not the employer of the PI, shall exercise primary management direction and control over the PI and be overall responsible for the PI's performance under this contract...

Modified sedimentation-dispersion model for solids in a three-phase slurry column

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, D.N.; Ruether, J.A.; Shah, Y.T.

1986-03-01

Solids distribution data for a three-phase, batch-fluidized slurry bubble column (SBC) are presented, using air as the gas phase, pure liquids and solutions as the liquid phase, and glass beads and carborundum catalyst powder as the solid phase. Solids distribution data for the three-phase SBC operated in a continuous mode of operation are also presented, using nitrogen as the gas phase, water as the liquid phase, and glass beads as the solid phase. A new model to provide a reasonable approach to predict solids concentration distributions for systems containing polydispersed solids is presented. The model is a modification of standardmore » sedimentation-dispersion model published earlier. Empirical correlations for prediction of hindered settling velocity and solids dispersion coefficient for systems containing polydispersed solids are presented. A new method of evaluating critical gas velocity (CGV) from concentrations of the sample withdrawn at the same port of the SBC is presented. Also presented is a new mapping for CGV which separates the two regimes in the SBC, namely, incomplete fluidization and complete fluidization.« less

Fabrication of spherical biochar by a two-step thermal process from waste potato peel.

PubMed

Yang, Xiao; Kwon, Eilhann E; Dou, Xiaomin; Zhang, Ming; Kim, Ki-Hyun; Tsang, Daniel C W; Ok, Yong Sik

2018-06-01

The aim of this study was to develop a new approach for the preparation of spherical biochar (SBC) by employing a two-step thermal technology to potato peel waste (PPW). Potato starch (PS), as a carbon-rich material with microscale spherical shape, was separated from PPW as a precursor to synthesizing SBC. The synthesis process comprised (1) pre-oxidization (preheating under air) of PS at 220 °C and (2) subsequent pyrolysis of the pretreated sample at 700 °C. Results showed that the produced SBC successfully retained the original PS morphology and that pre-oxidization was the key for its shape maintenance, as it reduced surface tension and enhanced structural stability. The SBC possessed excellent chemical inertness (high aromaticity) and uniform particle size (10-30 μm). Zero-cost waste material with a facile and easy-to-control process allows the method to be readily scalable for industrialization, while offering a new perspective on the full use of PPW. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A numerical study on shear buckling capacity of Z-section steel purlin with opening

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De'nan, Fatimah; Keong, Choong Kok; Hashim, Nor Salwani; Yuting, Ng

2017-10-01

Cold-formed Z-section steel purlin is one of the most commonly available steel purlin worldwide. A numerical study on Z-section steel purlin with opening under shear loading was carried out. Six (6) variables such as opening size, opening shape, section type, opening distance, opening position and opening arrangement were identified and tested to investigate their effect on shear capacity of Z-section steel purlin. Results indicated that the presence of web opening did not improve the shear behaviour of Z-section steel purlin. However, non-negligible improvement in terms of volume reduction was observed. Each 0.1D (where D is the section height) enlargement of opening size caused an approximate 10% drop in shear buckling capacity (SBC) while volume reduction (VR) increased exponentially. Diamond shape performed up to 55% better in SBC compared to circular shape opening but circular shape opening performed up to 24% better in VR. Sections with smaller section height had higher SBC compared to sections with bigger section height. Nevertheless, sections with bigger section height had higher VR. No significant difference in terms of shear buckling capacity was observed when opening distance was manipulated. Opening position had no effect on SBC and VR. Opening arrangement had no significant effect on SBC and VR. An optimal section of Z100-19 with 0.3D to 0.5D diamond shaped opening and an opening distance of 100mm centre to centre depending on design engineer's specification is proposed.

An Asymmetric Birdcage Coil for Small-animal MR Imaging at 7T

PubMed Central

Kim, Kyoung-Nam; Han, Sang-Doc; Seo, Jeung-Hoon; Heo, Phil; Yoo, Dongkyeom; Im, Geun Ho; Lee, Jung Hee

2017-01-01

The birdcage (BC) coil is currently being utilized for uniform radiofrequency (RF) transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) or Tx-only configuration in many magnetic resonance (MR) imaging applications, but insufficient magnetic flux (|B1|) density and their non-uniform distribution still exists in high-field (HF) environments. We demonstrate that the asymmetric birdcage (ABC) transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) volume coil, which is a modified standard birdcage (SBC) coil with the end ring split into two halves, is suitable for improving the |B1| sensitivity in 7T small-animal MR imaging. Cylindrical SBC and ABC coils with 35 mm diameter were constructed and bench tested for mouse body MR imaging at 300 MHz using a 7T scanner. To assess the ABC coil performance, computational electromagnetic (EM) simulation and 7T MR experiment were performed by using a cylindrical phantom and in vivo mouse body and quantitatively compared with the SBC coil in terms of |B1| distribution, RF transmit (|B1+|) field, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The bench measurements of the two BC coils are similar, yielding a quality value (Q-value) of 74.42 for the SBC coil and 77.06 for the ABC coil. The computational calculation results clearly show that the proposed ABC coil offers superior |B1| field and |B1+| field sensitivity in the central axial slice compared with the SBC coil. There was also high SNR and uniformly distributed flip angle (FA) under the loaded condition of mouse body in the 7T experiment. Although ABC geometry allows a further increase in the |B1| field and |B1+| field sensitivity in only the central axial slice, the geometrical modification of the SBC coil can make a high performance RF coil feasible in the central axial slice and also make target imaging possible in the diagonal direction. PMID:27725573

Inconsistencies in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model of the Marine Boundary Layer Along the Coast of California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fisher, Andrew M.

The late spring and summer low-level wind field along the California coast is primarily controlled by the pressure gradient between the Pacific high and the thermal low over the desert southwest. Strong northwesterly winds within the marine boundary layer (MBL) are common and the flow is often described as a two-layer shallow water hydraulic system, capped above by subsidence and bounded laterally by high coastal topography. Hydraulic features such as an expansion fan can occur near major coastal headlands. Numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system were conducted over a two-month period and compared to observations from several buoy stations and aircraft measurements from the Precision Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (PreAMBLE). Model performance of the atmospheric adjustment near the Point Arguello and Point Conception (PAPC) headlands and into the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) is assessed. Substantial inconsistencies are revealed, especially in the SBC. The strength of the synoptic forcing impacts model performance upstream of PAPC. The model maintains stronger winds than observed under weak forcing regimes, inadequately representing periods of wind relaxation. The large-scale forcing has minimal impact on the flow in the SBC, where poor modeling of the MBL characteristics exists throughout the entire period. Similar results are found in the coarser North American Mesoscale (NAM) model. In general, WRF overestimates the wind speed around PAPC and the expansion fan extends too far into the SBC. Previous conceptual models were based on similar flawed model results and limited observations. PreAMBLE measurements reveal a more complex lower atmosphere in the SBC than the simulations can represent. Mischaracterization of surface wind stress in the SBC has implications for forcing ocean models with WRF. Understanding model biases of the vertical profile of temperature and humidity are also critical to several national defense agencies with interests in atmospheric refractivity conditions and its impact on their operations.

13 CFR 125.8 - What definitions are important in the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business Concern (SBC) Program? 125.8 Section 125.8... for the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Concern Program § 125.8 What definitions are important in the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business Concern (SBC) Program? (a) Contracting...

13 CFR 125.8 - What definitions are important in the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business Concern (SBC) Program? 125.8 Section 125.8... for the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Concern Program § 125.8 What definitions are important in the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business Concern (SBC) Program? (a) Contracting...

13 CFR 125.8 - What definitions are important in the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business Concern (SBC) Program? 125.8 Section 125.8... for the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Concern Program § 125.8 What definitions are important in the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business Concern (SBC) Program? (a) Contracting...

13 CFR 125.8 - What definitions are important in the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business Concern (SBC) Program? 125.8 Section 125.8... for the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Concern Program § 125.8 What definitions are important in the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned (SDVO) Small Business Concern (SBC) Program? (a) Contracting...

48 CFR 1852.219-84 - Limitation of the principal investigator-STTR program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...—STTR Program (OCT 2006) (a) The primary employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in... in the employ of the SBC/Contractor or RI. (b) The PI is considered to be key personnel in the performance of this contract. The SBC/Contractor, whether or not the employer of the PI, shall exercise...

48 CFR 1852.219-84 - Limitation of the principal investigator-STTR program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...—STTR Program (OCT 2006) (a) The primary employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in... in the employ of the SBC/Contractor or RI. (b) The PI is considered to be key personnel in the performance of this contract. The SBC/Contractor, whether or not the employer of the PI, shall exercise...

48 CFR 1852.219-84 - Limitation of the principal investigator-STTR program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...—STTR Program (OCT 2006) (a) The primary employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in... in the employ of the SBC/Contractor or RI. (b) The PI is considered to be key personnel in the performance of this contract. The SBC/Contractor, whether or not the employer of the PI, shall exercise...

48 CFR 1852.219-84 - Limitation of the principal investigator-STTR program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...—STTR Program (OCT 2006) (a) The primary employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in... in the employ of the SBC/Contractor or RI. (b) The PI is considered to be key personnel in the performance of this contract. The SBC/Contractor, whether or not the employer of the PI, shall exercise...

13 CFR 126.504 - When is a concern removed from the List?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... any time that a HUBZone SBC is not qualified, SBA may de-certify the HUBZone SBC, remove the concern... resolution of a protest also may result in de-certification and removal from the List, and the imposition of... eligibility will result in immediate de-certification, removal from the List, and SBA may seek the imposition...

13 CFR 126.504 - When is a concern removed from the List?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... any time that a HUBZone SBC is not qualified, SBA may de-certify the HUBZone SBC, remove the concern... resolution of a protest also may result in de-certification and removal from the List, and the imposition of... eligibility will result in immediate de-certification, removal from the List, and SBA may seek the imposition...

Staff Behavior toward Children and Adolescents in a Residential Facility: A Self-Report Questionnaire

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huitink, C.; Embregts, P. J. C. M.; Veerman, J. W.; Verhoeven, L.

2011-01-01

The purpose of the present study was to examine psychometric properties of the Staff Behavior toward Clients questionnaire (SBC), a self-report measure for care staff working with children and adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities in residential care. Ninety-nine care staff completed the SBC and the Strengths and…

Long-Term Cost-Effectiveness of Transanal Irrigation in Patients with Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction.

PubMed

Emmanuel, Anton; Kumar, Gayathri; Christensen, Peter; Mealing, Stuart; Størling, Zenia M; Andersen, Frederikke; Kirshblum, Steven

2016-01-01

People suffering from neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) and an ineffective bowel regimen often suffer from fecal incontinence (FI) and related symptoms, which have a huge impact on their quality of life. In these situations, transanal irrigation (TAI) has been shown to reduce these symptoms and improve quality of life. To investigate the long-term cost-effectiveness of initiating TAI in patients with NBD who have failed standard bowel care (SBC). A deterministic Markov decision model was developed to project the lifetime health economic outcomes, including quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), episodes of FI, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and stoma surgery when initiating TAI relative to continuing SBC. A data set consisting of 227 patients with NBD due to spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple sclerosis, spina bifida and cauda equina syndrome was used in the analysis. In the model a 30-year old individual with SCI was used as a base-case. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was applied to evaluate the robustness of the model. The model predicts that a 30-year old SCI patient with a life expectancy of 37 years initiating TAI will experience a 36% reduction in FI episodes, a 29% reduction in UTIs, a 35% reduction in likelihood of stoma surgery and a 0.4 improvement in QALYs, compared with patients continuing SBC. A lifetime cost-saving of £21,768 per patient was estimated for TAI versus continuing SBC alone. TAI is a cost-saving treatment strategy reducing risk of stoma surgery, UTIs, episodes of FI and improving QALYs for NBD patients who have failed SBC.

Psychological Change in Distressed Young People Who Do Not Receive Counselling: Does Improvement Happen Anyway?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Daniunaite, Akvile; Ahmad Ali, Zenib; Cooper, Mick

2012-01-01

The aim of this article is to explore self-healing processes in young people, and to develop an understanding of the effects of school-based counselling (SBC), by analysing changes in young people who did not receive this intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 young people on a waiting list for SBC. Participants…

40 CFR Appendix Vii to Part 86 - Standard Bench Cycle (SBC)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... procedures [Ref. § 86.1823-08(d)] consist of aging a catalyst-oxygen-sensor system on an aging bench which... bench with an engine as the source of feed gas for the catalyst. 3. The SBC is a 60-second cycle which... occurs in the hottest catalyst. Alternatively, the feed gas temperature may be measured and converted to...

40 CFR Appendix Vii to Part 86 - Standard Bench Cycle (SBC)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... procedures [Ref. § 86.1823-08(d)] consist of aging a catalyst-oxygen-sensor system on an aging bench which... bench with an engine as the source of feed gas for the catalyst. 3. The SBC is a 60-second cycle which... occurs in the hottest catalyst. Alternatively, the feed gas temperature may be measured and converted to...

13 CFR 126.308 - What happens if SBA inadvertently omits a qualified HUBZone SBC from the List?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... writing at U.S. Small Business Administration, 409 Third Street, SW., Washington, DC 20416 or via e-mail... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What happens if SBA inadvertently omits a qualified HUBZone SBC from the List? 126.308 Section 126.308 Business Credit and Assistance...

Security Engineering Project - System Aware Cyber Security for an Autonomous Surveillance System On Board an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-31

59 Figure 26. Raspberry Pi SBC... Raspberry Pi single compute board (SBC) (see section 3.3.1.2). These snoopers can intercept the serial data, decode the information, and retransmit the...data. The Raspberry Pi contains two serial ports that allow receiving, altering, and retransmitting of serial data. These monitor points will provide

[Separate entrance of the main pancreatic duct and of the common bile duct: is it synonymous with easy retrograde cholangiography using endoscopic approach?

PubMed

Benatta, Mohammed Amine

2018-01-01

This study focused on endoscopic examination of a prominent papilla which showed two separate orifices revealing separate entrance of the main pancreatic duct and of the common bile duct (A). This was the most rare anatomoendoscopic variation, accounting for only 10% of retrograde cholangiopancreatographies using endoscopic approach (ERCP). However, it facilitated selective biliary catheterization (SBC) in our patient, as one might have expected. Papilla had a pseudo polypoid appearance and a biliary orifice (BO) at the right angle toward the duodenal wall; hence this was a more difficult approach than that via the pancreatic orifice (PO) which, on the other hand, required undesired pancreatic catheterization (B). As SBC was the approach we decided to adopt, the special techniques to consider in this particular case were: transpancreatic sphincterotomy (TPS) alone or TPS after implantation of a pancreatic stent (PS). We opted for the second technique (STP + PS) and we noticed that the implantation of a PS resulted in better BO visualization (C). We could perform SBC without recourse to TPS. In this specific case, as in other cases of difficult SBC in our practice, PS has proven effectiveness.

Sodium bicarbonate intake improves high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in trained young men.

PubMed

Krustrup, Peter; Ermidis, Georgios; Mohr, Magni

2015-01-01

Sodium bicarbonate intake has been shown to improve exercise tolerance, but the effects on high-intensity intermittent exercise are less clear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of sodium bicarbonate intake on Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 performance in trained young men. Thirteen men aged 23 ± 1 year (height: 180 ± 2 cm, weight: 78 ± 3 kg; VO2max: 61.3 ± 3.3 mlO2 · kg(-1) · min(-1); means ± SEM) performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) on two separate occasions in randomized order with (SBC) and without (CON) prior intake of sodium bicarbonate (0.4 g · kg(-1) body weight). Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during the test and venous blood samples were taken frequently. Yo-Yo IR2 performance was 14 % higher (P = 0.04) in SBC than in CON (735 ± 61 vs 646 ± 46 m, respectively). Blood pH and bicarbonate were similar between trials at baseline, but higher (P = 0.003) immediately prior to the Yo-Yo IR2 test in SBC than in CON (7.44 ± 0.01 vs 7.32 ± 0.01 and 33.7 ± 3.2 vs 27.3 ± 0.6 mmol · l(-1), respectively). Blood lactate was 0.9 ± 0.1 and 0.8 ± 0.1 mmol · l(-1) at baseline and increased to 11.3 ± 1.4 and 9.4 ± 0.8 mmol · l(-1) at exhaustion in SBC and CON, respectively, being higher (P = 0.03) in SBC. Additionally, peak blood lactate was higher (P = 0.02) in SBC than in CON (11.7 ± 1.2 vs 10.2 ± 0.7 mmol · l(-1)). Blood glucose, plasma K(+) and Na(+) were not different between trials. Peak heart rate reached at exhaustion was 197 ± 3 and 195 ± 3 bpm in SBC and CON, respectively, with no difference between conditions. RPE was 7% lower (P = 0.003) in SBC than in CON after 440 m, but similar at exhaustion (19.3 ± 0.2 and 19.5 ± 0.2). In conclusion, high-intensity intermittent exercise performance is improved by prior intake of sodium bicarbonate in trained young men, with concomitant elevations in blood alkalosis and peak blood lactate levels, as well as lowered rating of perceived exertion.

13 CFR 125.15 - What requirements must an SDVO SBC meet to submit an offer on a contract?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... corresponding to the NAICS code assigned to the contract, provided: (A) For a procurement having a revenue-based... to the contract; or (B) For a procurement having an employee-based size standard, the procurement... specific contract: (1) It is an SDVO SBC; (2) It is small under the NAICS code assigned to the procurement...

Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase of sorghum [Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench] gene SbC4H1 restricts lignin synthesis in Arabidopsis

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is the first hydroxylase enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and its content and activity affects the lignin synthesis. In this study, we isolated a C4H gene SbC4H1 from the suppression subtractive hybridization library of brown midrib (bmr) mutants of Sorghum b...

13 CFR 126.618 - How does a HUBZone SBC's participation in a Mentor-Protégé relationship affect its participation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... HUBZone SBC qualifies as small under part 121 of this chapter, SBA will not find affiliation between the... set forth in § 125.6(b) of this chapter. (ii) SBA may find affiliation between a prime HUBZone contractor and its mentor subcontractor where the mentor will perform primary and vital requirements of the...

13 CFR 126.618 - How does a HUBZone SBC's participation in a Mentor-Protégé relationship affect its participation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... HUBZone SBC qualifies as small under part 121 of this chapter, SBA will not find affiliation between the... set forth in § 125.6(b) of this chapter. (ii) SBA may find affiliation between a prime HUBZone contractor and its mentor subcontractor where the mentor will perform primary and vital requirements of the...

13 CFR 126.618 - How does a HUBZone SBC's participation in a Mentor-Protégé relationship affect its participation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... HUBZone SBC qualifies as small under part 121 of this chapter, SBA will not find affiliation between the... set forth in § 125.6(b) of this chapter. (ii) SBA may find affiliation between a prime HUBZone contractor and its mentor subcontractor where the mentor will perform primary and vital requirements of the...

13 CFR 126.618 - How does a HUBZone SBC's participation in a Mentor-Protégé relationship affect its participation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... HUBZone SBC qualifies as small under part 121 of this chapter, SBA will not find affiliation between the... set forth in § 125.6(b) of this chapter. (ii) SBA may find affiliation between a prime HUBZone contractor and its mentor subcontractor where the mentor will perform primary and vital requirements of the...

Contrasting effects of biochar on phosphorus dynamics and bioavailability in different soil types.

PubMed

Bornø, Marie Louise; Müller-Stöver, Dorette Sophie; Liu, Fulai

2018-06-15

We investigated how two different biochars (wood biochar - WBC and straw biochar - SBC) affected P dynamics and bioavailability in five different soils differing in pH, C%, texture, Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg giving a range of soils with low (S1 and S2), intermediate (S4), and high (S3 and S5) P sorption capacities. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were fitted to the sorption data of soil and soil/biochar mixtures. P fertilizer applied to all treatments was fractioned into strongly sorbed P (qS), easily available sorbed P (qA) and solution P (c) by determining the anion exchange resin (AER)-extractable P in samples from the sorption experiment. A pot experiment was conducted to measure P uptake by maize grown in S1, S2 and S3 amended with WBC or SBC at two P fertilizer levels (0 or 70mgPkg -1 ). Only WBC could sorb P from solution partly due to a high content of calcite. SBC did not have any effect on P sorption isotherms, whereas WBC increased the P sorption in S1, S2, and S4, yet decreased P sorption in acidic soil S5. qS increased in S1, S2, and S4, and decreased in S5 in WBC treatments, whereas, qS decreased in SBC treatments in soils S2, S4, and S5. Accordingly, there was a significant interaction between soil type and biochar on maize growth and P uptake. Biochar had no effect in an alkaline soil (S3), whereas, WBC and SBC had positive effects on maize growth in slightly acidic soils S1 and S2, depending on the soil P status, however, the P uptake was lower in WBC compared to SBC treatments. Biochar and soil properties and the P status of the soil affect P bioavailability. The study provides useful information for optimizing the use of biochar in agricultural P management. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Blood transfusions may impair endothelium-dependent vasodilatation during coronary artery bypass surgery.

PubMed

Rungatscher, Alessio; Milani, Elisabetta; Covajes, Cecilia; Hallström, Seth; Gottin, Leonardo; Guidi, Gian Cesare; Luciani, Giovanni Battista; Faggian, Giuseppe

2017-07-01

The hemolytic product free-hemoglobin (fHb) reduces nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. The present study aims to establish whether administration of different blood transfusions result in increased circulating fHb levels and NO consumption with effects on arterial NO-dependent blood flow in patients undergoing CABG surgery. Ninety-five consecutive patients undergoing elective CABG surgery were prospectively divided in four groups based on blood transfusion requirements during surgery: stored blood cells (SBC, n. 21), intraoperative autologous salvaged blood (ASB, n. 25), SBC and ASB (n.22), no transfusion (control, n. 27). Blood samples were collected before and after intervention to analyse plasma levels of fHb and NO consumption. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was assessed in left internal mammary artery (LIMA) rings harvested before chest closure. Peripheral artery tonometry was assessed after intervention. Transfusions with SBC increased plasma fHb (p<0.05). Transfusions of ASB resulted in higher plasma fHb compared to SBC (p<0.01). fHb concentrations directly correlated with NO consumption (r=0.65, p<0.001). Maximal endothelium-dependent relaxation in LIMA was significantly attenuated in SBC and ASB patients compared to control (15.2±3.1% vs 21.1±2.5% vs 43±5.0% respectively; p<0.01). Significant correlations were identified between the aortic pressure wave velocity, plasma fHb concentration and NO consumption (p<0.01). Intraoperative blood transfusions and particularly autologous salvaged blood impair endothelium-dependent relaxation through NO scavenging by fHb. These findings obtained in vitro and in vivo provide new insights into the adverse relation between blood transfusions and patient outcome. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Postharvest behaviour of five Sardinian prune varieties as affected by immersion in heated sodium bicarbonate solution.

PubMed

Molinu, M G; Venditti, T; Dore, A; Agabbio, M; Rosas, G; D'Hallewin, G

2010-01-01

Storage behaviour of 'Core', 'Core Columbu', 'Fradis' and 'Meloni' white prunes, and a black one ('Sighera') of Sardinian germplasm were evaluated following immersion for 0 (control), 15, 30, 45 or 60 sec in water at 20, 50, 55 or 60 degrees C with or without 2% (w/v) NaHCO3 (SBC). As international varieties, fruit from one white plum ('Shiro') and one black prune ('Stanly') were subjected to the same treatments. Fruit was harvested at commercial maturity, treated and then stored for 1 month at 5 degrees C and 90% RH followed by a simulated marketing period at 20 degrees C and 80% RH for 6 days. Fruit appearance, external damage, firmness and decay percentage were monitored after storage and SMP. Treatments did not induce rind damage (browning or discoloration) to any variety. SBC at 20, 45, 50 or 55 degrees C for 15 or 30 sec was not effective in controlling decay and compared to controls no improvement was observed. Immersion for 45 or 60 sec with SBC at all temperatures improved decay control with respect to controls and best results were obtained at 50 or 55 degrees C. Immersions at 60 degrees C improved decay control, but differences were not significant compared to the control attained with solutions of SBC heated at 55 degrees C. The overall appearance of 'Core', 'Core Columbu', 'Fradis' and 'Shiro' decreased significantly after the SMP period, especially when treated at 55 or 60 degrees C for 60 sec. Fruit shrivel was the main cause of the low rating. SBC did not affect shrivel indicating that heat treatment may be the probable cause. In general, local varieties were less affected by decay than other varieties and they performed well during storage.

Isolation and characterisation of phosphate solubilising microorganisms from the cold desert habitat of Salix alba Linn. in trans Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh.

PubMed

Chatli, Anshu S; Beri, Viraj; Sidhu, B S

2008-06-01

Phosphate solubilising microorganisms (PSM) (bacteria and fungi) associated with Salix alba Linn. from Lahaul and Spiti valleys of Himachal Pradesh were isolated on Pikovskaya (PVK), modified Pikovskaya (MPVK) and National Botanical Research Institute agar (NBRIP) media by spread plating. The viable colony count of P-solubilising bacteria (PSB) and fungi (PSF) was higher in rhizosphere than that of non-rhizosphere. The frequency of PSM was highest on MPVK followed by NBRIP and PVK agar. The maximum proportion of PSM out of total bacterial and fungal count was found in upper Keylong while the least in Rong Tong. The PSB frequently were Gram-positive, endosporeforming, motile rods and belonged to Bacillus sp. The PSF mainly belonged to Penicillium sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. spp. and non-sporulating sterile. Amongst the isolates with high efficiency for tricalcium phosphate (TCP) solubilisation, seven bacterial and seven fungal isolates dissolved higher amount of P from North Carolina rock phosphate (NCRP) than Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) and Udaipur rock phosphate (URP). However, the organisms solubilised higher-P in NBRIP broth than PVK broth. SBC5 (Bacillus sp.) and SBC7 (Bacillus sp.) bacterial isolates exhibited maximun P solubilisation (40 and 33 μg ml(-1) respectively) whereas FC28 (Penicillium sp.) isolate (52.3 μg ml(-1)) amongst fungi while solubilising URP. The amount of P solubilised was positively correlated with the decrease in pH of medium. SBC5 (Bacillus sp.), SBC7 (Bacillus sp.) and SBC4 (Micrococcus) decreased the pH of medium from 6.8 to 6.08 while FC28 (Penicillium sp.) and FC39 (Penicillium sp.) isolates of fungi recorded maximum decrease in pH of medium from 6.8 to 5.96 in NBRIP broth.

Comparing diagnostic yield of a novel pan-enteric video capsule endoscope with ileocolonoscopy in patients with active Crohn's disease: a feasibility study.

PubMed

Leighton, Jonathan A; Helper, Debra J; Gralnek, Ian M; Dotan, Iris; Fernandez-Urien, Ignacio; Lahat, Adi; Malik, Pramod; Mullin, Gerard E; Rosa, Bruno

2017-01-01

Crohn's disease (CD) is typically diagnosed with ileocolonoscopy (IC); however, when inflammation is localized solely in the small bowel, visualization of the entire small-bowel mucosa can be challenging. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic yield of a pan-enteric video capsule endoscope (small-bowel colon [SBC] capsule) versus IC in patients with active CD. This was a prospective, multicenter study. Patients with known active CD and proven bowel luminal patency underwent a standardized colon cleansing protocol followed by ingestion of the capsule. After passage of the capsule, IC was performed and recorded. Lesions indicative of active CD were assessed. One hundred fourteen subjects were screened; 66 subjects completed both endoscopic procedures. The per-subject diagnostic yield rate for active CD lesions was 83.3% for SBC and 69.7% for IC (yield difference, 13.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6%-24.7%); 65% of subjects had active CD lesions identified by both modalities. Of the 12 subjects who were positive for active CD by SBC only, 5 subjects were found to have active CD lesions in the terminal ileum. Three subjects were positive for active CD by IC only. Three hundred fifty-five classifying bowel segments were analyzed; the per-segment diagnostic yield rate was 40.6% for SBC and 32.7% for IC (yield difference 7.9%; 95% CI, 3.3%-12.4%). This preliminary study shows that the diagnostic yields for SBC might be higher than IC; however, the magnitude of difference between the two is difficult to estimate. Further study is needed to confirm these findings. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The critical limiting temperature and selective brain cooling: neuroprotection during exercise?

PubMed

Marino, Frank E

2011-01-01

There is wide consensus that long duration exercise in the heat is impaired compared with cooler conditions. A common observation when examining exercise tolerance in the heat in laboratory studies is the critical limiting core temperature (CLT) and the apparent attenuation in central nervous system (CNS) drive leading to premature fatigue. Selective brain cooling (SBC) purportedly confers neuroprotection during exercise heat stress by attenuating the increase in brain temperature. As the CLT is dependent on heating to invoke a reduction in efferent drive, it is thus not compatible with SBC which supposedly attenuates the rise in brain temperature. Therefore, the CLT and SBC hypotheses cannot be complimentary if the goal is to confer neuroprotection from thermal insult as it is counter-intuitive to selectively cool the brain if the purpose of rising brain temperature is to down-regulate skeletal muscle recruitment. This presents a circular model for which there is no apparent end to the ultimate physiological outcome; a 'hot brain' selectively cooled in order to reduce the CNS drive to skeletal muscle. This review will examine the postulates of the CLT and SBC with their relationship to the avoidance of a 'hot brain' which together argue for a theoretical position against neuroprotection as the key physiological strategy in exercise-induced hyperthermia.

A potential large and persistent black carbon forcing over Northern Pacific inferred from satellite observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhongshu; Liu, Junfeng; Mauzerall, Denise L.; Li, Xiaoyuan; Fan, Songmiao; Horowitz, Larry W.; He, Cenlin; Yi, Kan; Tao, Shu

2017-03-01

Black carbon (BC) aerosol strongly absorbs solar radiation, which warms climate. However, accurate estimation of BC’s climate effect is limited by the uncertainties of its spatiotemporal distribution, especially over remote oceanic areas. The HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observation (HIPPO) program from 2009 to 2011 intercepted multiple snapshots of BC profiles over Pacific in various seasons, and revealed a 2 to 5 times overestimate of BC by current global models. In this study, we compared the measurements from aircraft campaigns and satellites, and found a robust association between BC concentrations and satellite-retrieved CO, tropospheric NO2, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) (R2 > 0.8). This establishes a basis to construct a satellite-based column BC approximation (sBC*) over remote oceans. The inferred sBC* shows that Asian outflows in spring bring much more BC aerosols to the mid-Pacific than those occurring in other seasons. In addition, inter-annual variability of sBC* is seen over the Northern Pacific, with abundances varying consistently with the springtime Pacific/North American (PNA) index. Our sBC* dataset infers a widespread overestimation of BC loadings and BC Direct Radiative Forcing by current models over North Pacific, which further suggests that large uncertainties exist on aerosol-climate interactions over other remote oceanic areas beyond Pacific.

A potential large and persistent black carbon forcing over Northern Pacific inferred from satellite observations.

PubMed

Li, Zhongshu; Liu, Junfeng; Mauzerall, Denise L; Li, Xiaoyuan; Fan, Songmiao; Horowitz, Larry W; He, Cenlin; Yi, Kan; Tao, Shu

2017-03-07

Black carbon (BC) aerosol strongly absorbs solar radiation, which warms climate. However, accurate estimation of BC's climate effect is limited by the uncertainties of its spatiotemporal distribution, especially over remote oceanic areas. The HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observation (HIPPO) program from 2009 to 2011 intercepted multiple snapshots of BC profiles over Pacific in various seasons, and revealed a 2 to 5 times overestimate of BC by current global models. In this study, we compared the measurements from aircraft campaigns and satellites, and found a robust association between BC concentrations and satellite-retrieved CO, tropospheric NO 2 , and aerosol optical depth (AOD) (R 2  > 0.8). This establishes a basis to construct a satellite-based column BC approximation (sBC*) over remote oceans. The inferred sBC* shows that Asian outflows in spring bring much more BC aerosols to the mid-Pacific than those occurring in other seasons. In addition, inter-annual variability of sBC* is seen over the Northern Pacific, with abundances varying consistently with the springtime Pacific/North American (PNA) index. Our sBC* dataset infers a widespread overestimation of BC loadings and BC Direct Radiative Forcing by current models over North Pacific, which further suggests that large uncertainties exist on aerosol-climate interactions over other remote oceanic areas beyond Pacific.

13 CFR 126.618 - How does a HUBZone SBC's participation in a Mentor-Protégé relationship affect its participation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... participation in a Mentor-Protégé relationship affect its participation in the HUBZone Program? 126.618... Assistance § 126.618 How does a HUBZone SBC's participation in a Mentor-Protégé relationship affect its participation in the HUBZone Program? (a) Qualified HUBZone SBCs may enter into Mentor-Protégé relationships in...

13 CFR 126.613 - How does a price evaluation preference affect the bid of a qualified HUBZone SBC in full and open...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... evaluation preference is not applied to change an offer and benefit a non-HUBZone SBC. Example 3: In a full... be awarded that is not greater than 25% of the total volume being procured for each commodity in a... than 25%, but not greater than 40%, of the total volume being procured for each commodity in a single...

Degradation of methylparaben in water by corona plasma coupled with ozonation.

PubMed

Dobrin, D; Magureanu, M; Bradu, C; Mandache, N B; Ionita, P; Parvulescu, V I

2014-11-01

The degradation of methylparaben (MeP) in water was investigated using a pulsed corona discharge generated in oxygen, above the liquid. A comparison was made between results obtained in semi-batch corona (SBC) configuration (stationary solution, continuous gas flow) and results obtained in a semi-batch corona with recirculation combined with ozonation (SBCR + O3), where the liquid is continuously circulated between a solution reservoir and the plasma reactor and the effluent gas containing ozone is bubbled through the solution in the reservoir. It was found that MeP was completely degraded after 10-15 min of treatment in both configurations. Oxidation by ozone alone, in the absence of plasma, was a slower process. The energy efficiency for MeP removal (Y MeP) and for mineralization (Y TOC) was significantly higher in the SBCR + O3 configuration (Y MeP = 7.1 g/kWh at 90 % MeP removal and Y TOC = 0.41 g/kWh at 50 % total organic carbon (TOC) removal) than in the SBC configuration (Y MeP = 0.6 g/kWh at 90 % MeP removal and Y TOC = 0.11 g/kWh at 50 % TOC removal).

Ada Compiler Validation Summary Report: Certificate Number 900726W1. 11022 Verdix Corporation, VADS VAX/VMS= Intel 386, VMS 5.2, VAda-110-03315, Version 6.0, MicroVAX 3100 = iSBC 386/32

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-22

iSBC 386/32, bare machine Customer Agreement Number: 90-05-29- VRX See Section 3.1 for any additional information about the testing environment. As a...Defense Avail and/or Washington DC 20301 -Dist Special ----- ---- i AVF Control Number: AVF-VSR-379.0191 22 January 1991 90-05-29- VRX Ada COMPILER

Design of Low-Cost Impact Reporting System

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

Single Board Computers (SBC) available. Arduino and Raspberry Pi are very low cost and have huge communities for hardware design. Most of the SBC... Raspberry Pi Model B has a considerably faster processor than the Arduino. Although it provides only approximately 25 General Purpose Input and Output...reporting system must be able to operate on its own power for more than 2 or 3 hours. The Raspberry Pi Model B operates on 5 volts direct current at

A potential large and persistent black carbon forcing over Northern Pacific inferred from satellite observations

PubMed Central

Li, Zhongshu; Liu, Junfeng; Mauzerall, Denise L.; Li, Xiaoyuan; Fan, Songmiao; Horowitz, Larry W.; He, Cenlin; Yi, Kan; Tao, Shu

2017-01-01

Black carbon (BC) aerosol strongly absorbs solar radiation, which warms climate. However, accurate estimation of BC’s climate effect is limited by the uncertainties of its spatiotemporal distribution, especially over remote oceanic areas. The HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observation (HIPPO) program from 2009 to 2011 intercepted multiple snapshots of BC profiles over Pacific in various seasons, and revealed a 2 to 5 times overestimate of BC by current global models. In this study, we compared the measurements from aircraft campaigns and satellites, and found a robust association between BC concentrations and satellite-retrieved CO, tropospheric NO2, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) (R2 > 0.8). This establishes a basis to construct a satellite-based column BC approximation (sBC*) over remote oceans. The inferred sBC* shows that Asian outflows in spring bring much more BC aerosols to the mid-Pacific than those occurring in other seasons. In addition, inter-annual variability of sBC* is seen over the Northern Pacific, with abundances varying consistently with the springtime Pacific/North American (PNA) index. Our sBC* dataset infers a widespread overestimation of BC loadings and BC Direct Radiative Forcing by current models over North Pacific, which further suggests that large uncertainties exist on aerosol-climate interactions over other remote oceanic areas beyond Pacific. PMID:28266532

Human fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix constructs for bone tissue engineering applications.

PubMed

Tour, Gregory; Wendel, Mikael; Tcacencu, Ion

2013-10-01

We exploited the biomimetic approach to generate constructs composed of synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic and extracellular matrix (SBC-ECM) derived from adult human dermal fibroblasts in complete xeno-free culture conditions. The construct morphology and composition were assessed by scanning electron microscopy, histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, glycosaminoglycan, and hydroxyproline assays. Residual DNA quantification, endotoxin testing, and local inflammatory response after implantation in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect were used to access the construct biocompatibility. Moreover, in vitro interaction of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with the constructs was studied. The bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells were characterized by flow cytometry and tested for osteogenic differentiation capacity prior seeding onto SBC-ECM, followed by alkaline phosphatase, 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs after seeding onto the constructs at different time intervals. The SBC-ECM constructs enhanced osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs in vitro and exhibited excellent handling properties and high biocompatibility in vivo. Our results highlight the ability to generate in vitro fibroblast-derived ECM constructs in complete xeno-free conditions as a step toward clinical translation, and the potential use of SBC-ECM in craniofacial bone tissue engineering applications. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., a Wiley Company.

Secondary elements of blood pH variation can influence the effort effectiveness based on adaptive changes within a group of elite athletes.

PubMed

Martin, Ştefan Adrian; Tomescu, Valeriu; Voidăzan, Septimiu

2016-01-01

pH is the direct indicator of the body reaction following the activities performed. Establishing precise correlations between pH and blood biochemical parameters might support the balancing of values during periods of marked physical activity. We conducted a case study in a group of elite rowers. Twelve athletes were included in the study. Monitoring was carried out by collecting biological samples several times a day: in the morning, 80 minutes pre-workout, 12 hours after the last physical effort performed, at two different times, 10 days apart. Determinations were aimed at adapting the reported biochemical parameters depending on the effort performed. The following parameters were monitored: pH, HCO3, pCO2, pO2, BE, SBE, SBC, Ca++, Mg++, LDH, GPT, T-Pro, and Alb. The mean value of pH found in athletes was 7.41±0.024. The value obtained was significantly correlated to biochemical parameters such as BE (2.32±1.79), SBC (1.67±1.45), SBE (2.70±1.75). However, bicarbonate (HCO3) was statistically significantly related with SBE, SBC, SBE, and pO2, but did not present a strong association with the pH value (p=0.094). However, values such as Alb, Ca++, LDH, BE, SBC are related to pH value as a result of variations in the data submitted. The processed data evidence the fact that blood pH, in this case, is significantly influenced by a number of indices that correlate energy system activity, individual adaptation to effort, and the recovery process. The parameters under investigation (SBE, SBC, SBE, CPK, LDH) are associated with pH changes that could confirm the recovery efficiency of the athlete, along with a possible metabolic acidosis/alkalosis.

Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer Programs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garrison, Lynn; Jasper, Gwen

2015-01-01

The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)/Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs fund the research, development, and demonstration of innovative technologies that fulfill NASA's needs as described in the annual Solicitations and have significant potential for successful commercialization. The only eligible participants are small business concern (SBC) with 500 or fewer employees or a nonprofit research institute such as a university or a research laboratory with ties to an SBC. These programs are potential sources of seed funding for the development of small business innovations.

Survey and Analysis of Environmental Requirements for Shipboard Electronic Equipment Applications. Appendix A. Volume 2.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-31

INTELLIGENT SCSI DMV-719 MAS MIL CONTROLLER DY-4 SYSTEMS BYTE-WIDE MEMORY CARD DMV-536 MEM MIL DY-4 SYSTEMS POWER SUPPLY UNIT DMV-870 PWR MIL P age No. 5 06/10...FORCE COMPUTERS PROCESSOR CPU-386 SERIES SBC COM FORCE COMPUTERS ADVANCED SYSTEM CONTROL ASCU -1/2 SBC COM UNITI FORCE COMPUTERS GRAPHICS CONTROLLER AGC...RECORD VENDOR: JANZ COMPUTER AG DIVISION: VENDOR ADDRESS: Im Doerener Feld 3 D-4790 Paderborn Germany MARKETING: Johannes Kunz TECHNICAL: Arnulf

Interaction between the Sbcc Gene of Escherichia Coli and the Gam Gene of Phage λ

PubMed Central

Kulkarni, S. K.; Stahl, F. W.

1989-01-01

gam mutants of phage λ carrying long palindromes fail to form plaques on wild-type Escherichia coli but do grow on strains that are mutant in the sbcC gene. gam(+) λ carrying the same palindrome grow on both hosts and on a host deleted for the recB, C and D genes. These results suggest that the Gam protein of λ, known to interact also with E. coli's recBCD protein, can interact with the product of the sbcC gene. PMID:2531105

Student centered curricular elements are associated with a healthier educational environment and lower depressive symptoms in medical students.

PubMed

AlFaris, Eiad Abdelmohsen; Naeem, Naghma; Irfan, Farhana; Qureshi, Riaz; van der Vleuten, Cees

2014-09-17

Any curriculum change is essentially an environmental change; therefore there is a need to assess the impact of any change in the curriculum on the students' perception of the Educational Environment (EE) and psychological well-being. The objectives of the current study are to (i) compare the EE perceptions of medical students studying in a System Based Curriculum (SBC) with those studying in a traditional curriculum (ii) compare the rate of depressive symptoms among the same students studying in both types of curricula (iii) determine whether there is a difference in the EE perception and depressive symptoms based on gender and year of study. A cross sectional survey was conducted in a Saudi Medical School from 2007-2011, a period in which the school transitioned from a traditional to a SBC. A bilingual version of the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) inventory was used for measuring the EE; the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI II) was used for screening of depressive symptoms. A separate demographic questionnaire was also used. Mean scores and percentages were calculated. Continuous variables were summarized as means and standard deviation. For comparison of means, the effect size and student t test (with significance level of <0.05) were used. The percentages of the categorical data were compared using chi square test. The mean total DREEM score of positive perception of the EE in the SBC students was significantly higher (better) than the traditional curriculum students (p < 0.01) with an effect size of 0.472. The mean total score on the BDI-II inventory for depressive symptoms was higher (sicker) 21.3 among the female traditional curriculum students than 16.7 among the male traditional curriculum students and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). The BDI score of the female SBC students (14.7) was significantly lower (healthier) than the female traditional curriculum students (21.3). No similar change was noted for the male students. The current study adds to the advantages of the SBC indicating not only healthier EE for both genders but also healthier emotional well-being for female students only.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in European soya bean and rapeseed products fed to growing pigs.

PubMed

Kaewtapee, C; Mosenthin, R; Nenning, S; Wiltafsky, M; Schäffler, M; Eklund, M; Rosenfelder-Kuon, P

2018-04-01

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) of European soya bean and rapeseed products in pigs. Six soya bean and two rapeseed products were used as the sole dietary source of CP and AA, including raw (FFSB) and roasted full-fat soya beans (FFSB R oasted ), soya bean (SBC) and rapeseed cake (RSC), and rapeseed meal (RSM) from Bavaria (Germany), soya bean meal (SBM) from the Danube region (Austria; SBM A ustria ), a commercially available standard SBM (SBM S td ) and an imported genetically modified organism-free SBM (SBM GMO -free ). Eight ileal- cannulated pigs with an initial body weight of 32 ± 2 kg were allotted to a row-column design with eight diets and six periods of seven days each. Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) ranged from 1.8 in SBM S td to 24.5 mg/g DM in FFSB. The SID of CP and all AA in FFSB R oasted were greater than in FFSB, but lower when compared to SBC and SBM A ustria (p < .05). The SID of CP and all AA (except glutamic acid) were not different between SBC and SBM A ustria , but the SID of CP and all AA (except methionine) were greater (p < .05) in SBC than in SBM GMO -free . Furthermore, the SID of CP and most AA showed a quadratic response with decreasing TIA, and there exists a quadratic response in SID of CP and all AA with increasing lysine to CP ratio and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (p < .05). In conclusion, variation in chemical composition and SID of CP and AA was observed in different European soya bean and rapeseed products as influenced by differences in processing conditions. European SBC and SBM A ustria can be used as alternative to imported SBM GMO -free and SBM S td in diets for growing pigs. © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Lactation and calf weight traits of mature crossbred cows fed varying daily levels of metabolizable energy.

PubMed

Jenkins, T G; Ferrell, C L; Roberts, A J

2000-01-01

Our objective was to evaluate differences in lactation traits and calf weights produced by F1 cows under varying daily metabolizable energy availability. Measures of milk yields and calf weight traits were recorded on mature F1 cows. The cows were produced from matings of Angus or Hereford dams with sires representing Angus/Hereford, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, and Salers breeds. The cows' daily DM intakes of a diet composed of a corn silage or alfalfa silage plus corn silage were recorded from approximately 2 wk postpartum until the calves were weaned at an average age of 170 d. Milk yield measurements were recorded when the calves were approximately 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, and 168 d of age. Sources of variation considered for the traits of interest included sire breed of the cow (SBC) and the covariates weaning age of the calf and daily metabolizable energy intake (DMEI) of the cow for lactation and calf weights. The linear and quadratic effects were evaluated for DMEI. The SBC x DMEI (linear) interaction was significant for total milk yield. Sire breed of cow differences (P < .05) were observed for milk yield at time of peak yield, persistency, preweaning ADG, and weaning weight. Salers- and Shorthorn-sired cows had greater (P < .05) peak yield than Galloway, Longhorn, or Nellore cross-bred cows but were not significantly different from the Hereford/Angus. Increasing DMEI linearly increased peak yield and total yield (P < .05). Preweaning ADG of calves from Nellore-sired cows was greater (P < .05) than all SBC. Preweaning ADG of calves from Galloway-sired cows was less than all SBC (P < .05). The linear effect of DMEI was heterogeneous across SBC for total yield. The pooled quadratic effect of DMEI was significant for all traits except birth weight. The DMEI for expression of maximum weaning weight was estimated to be 29 Mcal. Feed efficiency ratios for the test period were 28, 27, 30, 25, 28, 32, and 30 g calf weight:Mcal DMEI for reference and 1980s Angus/Hereford-, Shorthorn-, Galloway-, Longhorn-, Nellore-, and Salers-sired cows, respectively, at the DMEI level of 29 Mcal.

Body awareness and mindfulness: validation of the Spanish version of the Scale of Body Connection.

PubMed

del C Quezada-Berumen, Lucía; González-Ramírez, Mónica T; Cebolla, Ausias; Soler, Joaquim; Garcia-Campayo, Javier

2014-01-01

To assess the psychometric properties and the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Scale of Body Connection (SBC) in a community population of meditators and non-meditators and to investigate the relationships among mindfulness, body awareness and body dissociation. Design. Validation study. Sampling. An internet-based commercial system was used to recruit the sample. Instruments. In addition to the SBC, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were administered. A sample of 578 subjects responded to all of the items in the protocol. A total of 55.2% of respondents had some previous experience with meditation. A Scree plot showed a two-factor solution involving the Body Awareness (BA) and Body Dissociation (BD) subscales. This study differed from the original validation study in the lack of independence of the subscales; they were correlated in the present study (r=-.11). Internal consistency for BA was α: .86, and for BD, the α was .62. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a subsample (N=67) and was r=.679 for BA and r=.765 for BD. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that mindfulness practice and the FFMQ factors of Observing and Describing were positive predictors of BA. Describing, Acting with awareness and Non-judging negatively predicted BD, and Observing positively predicted BD. The study confirms the adequacy of the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the SBC for use in community samples. The relationship between SBC and mindfulness is discussed in light of previous research.

Examining the interactive effects of ocenaographic and anthropogenic influences with the SST anomaly, or Warm Blob on the bloom response of the toxigenic HAB genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the Santa Barbara Channel.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amiri, S.

2016-12-01

Harmful algal blooms (HAB's) include a large subset of toxigenic phytoplankton and microbial species responsible for shutting down major fisheries, impairing water quality and threatening public health. Oceanographic and anthropogenic effects on HAB's in concert with climactic stressors may have interactive effects influencing HAB blooms to persist longer than historically documented. This 3 year time-series explores the interactive effects of the SST anomaly known as the Warm Blob across the coastal Pacific on the bloom progression and persistence of the toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom across the West Coast, ranging from the gulf of Alaska to the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC). This study also explores direct links of the Warm Blob event on nutrient and oxygen concentrations spatially across the Santa Barbara Channel with the highest levels of domoic acid concentrations recorded from the coast wide mega bloom. MODIS and SeaWIFS Satellite imagery of chlorophyll and SST monthly averaged values of the SBC were identified to better understand the regional distribution of the Warm Blob on phytoplankton community structure. These images were ground truthed with monthly samples from 7 transects across the SBC with the Plumes and Blooms time-series, LTER sites and local pier sites across the Santa Barbara County. Preliminary data suggest an interesting correlation with Pseudo-nitzschia species outcompeting other phytoplankton species within the SBC during the 3 degree averaged increase of SST conditions with the Warm Blob event. *Data is still being processed and results should be analyzed before October 2016.

QCD tests with SLD and polarized beams

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Strauss, M.G.

1994-12-01

The author presents a measurement of the strong coupling {alpha}{sub s} derived from multijet rates using data collected by the SLD experiment at SLAC and find that {alpha}{sub s}(M{sub Z}{sup 2}) = 0.118 {+-} 0.002(stat.) {+-} 0.003(syst.) {+-} 0.010(theory). He presents tests of the flavor independence of strong interactions via preliminary measurements of the ratios {alpha}{sub s}(b)/{alpha}{sub s}(udsc) and {alpha}{sub s}(uds)/{alpha}{sub s}(bc). In addition, the group has measured the difference in charged particle multiplicity between Z{sup 0} {yields} b{bar b} and Z{sup 0} {yields} u{bar u}, d{bar d}, s{bar s} events, and find that it supports the prediction of perturbativemore » QCD that the multiplicity difference be independent of center-of-mass energy. Finally, the group has made a preliminary study of jet polarization using the jet handedness technique.« less

Multibus-based parallel processor for simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ogrady, E. P.; Wang, C.-H.

1983-01-01

A Multibus-based parallel processor simulation system is described. The system is intended to serve as a vehicle for gaining hands-on experience, testing system and application software, and evaluating parallel processor performance during development of a larger system based on the horizontal/vertical-bus interprocessor communication mechanism. The prototype system consists of up to seven Intel iSBC 86/12A single-board computers which serve as processing elements, a multiple transmission controller (MTC) designed to support system operation, and an Intel Model 225 Microcomputer Development System which serves as the user interface and input/output processor. All components are interconnected by a Multibus/IEEE 796 bus. An important characteristic of the system is that it provides a mechanism for a processing element to broadcast data to other selected processing elements. This parallel transfer capability is provided through the design of the MTC and a minor modification to the iSBC 86/12A board. The operation of the MTC, the basic hardware-level operation of the system, and pertinent details about the iSBC 86/12A and the Multibus are described.

Evaluation of in-line Raman data for end-point determination of a coating process: Comparison of Science-Based Calibration, PLS-regression and univariate data analysis.

PubMed

Barimani, Shirin; Kleinebudde, Peter

2017-10-01

A multivariate analysis method, Science-Based Calibration (SBC), was used for the first time for endpoint determination of a tablet coating process using Raman data. Two types of tablet cores, placebo and caffeine cores, received a coating suspension comprising a polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft-copolymer and titanium dioxide to a maximum coating thickness of 80µm. Raman spectroscopy was used as in-line PAT tool. The spectra were acquired every minute and correlated to the amount of applied aqueous coating suspension. SBC was compared to another well-known multivariate analysis method, Partial Least Squares-regression (PLS) and a simpler approach, Univariate Data Analysis (UVDA). All developed calibration models had coefficient of determination values (R 2 ) higher than 0.99. The coating endpoints could be predicted with root mean square errors (RMSEP) less than 3.1% of the applied coating suspensions. Compared to PLS and UVDA, SBC proved to be an alternative multivariate calibration method with high predictive power. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water.

PubMed

Ahmad, Mahtab; Lee, Sang Soo; Dou, Xiaomin; Mohan, Dinesh; Sung, Jwa-Kyung; Yang, Jae E; Ok, Yong Sik

2012-08-01

Conversion of crop residues into biochars (BCs) via pyrolysis is beneficial to environment compared to their direct combustion in agricultural field. Biochars developed from soybean stover at 300 and 700 °C (S-BC300 and S-BC700, respectively) and peanut shells at 300 and 700 °C (P-BC300 and P-BC700, respectively) were used for the removal of trichloroethylene (TCE) from water. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the TCE adsorption was strongly dependent on the BCs properties. Linear relationships were obtained between sorption parameters (K(M) and S(M)) and molar elemental ratios as well as surface area of the BCs. The high adsorption capacity of BCs produced at 700 °C was attributed to their high aromaticity and low polarity. The efficacy of S-BC700 and P-BC700 for removing TCE from water was comparable to that of activated carbon (AC). Pyrolysis temperature influencing the BC properties was a critical factor to assess the removal efficiency of TCE from water. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Simple bone cyst of mandible mimicking periapical cyst.

PubMed

Hs, Charan Babu; Rai, Bhagawan Das; Nair, Manju A; Astekar, Madhusudan S

2012-05-29

Simple bone cysts (SBC) are pseudocysts occurring less commonly in the maxillofacial region. The uncertain and unclear etiopathogenesis led to numerous synonyms to refer this particular cyst. These cysts are devoid of an epithelial lining and are usually empty or contain blood or straw-colored fluid. In jaws initially it mimics a periapical cyst and later can lead to cortical bone expansion warranting for radical approach, which is seldom required. SBC is predominantly diagnosed in first two decades of life. Here we report a case of solitary bone cyst mimicking a periapical cyst of a mandibular molar in a 37-year-old patient.

Bias Properties of Extragalactic Distance Indicators. VIII. H0 from Distance-limited Luminosity Class and Morphological Type-Specific Luminosity Functions for SB, SBC, and SC Galaxies Calibrated Using Cepheids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sandage, Allan

1999-12-01

Relative, reduced to absolute, magnitude distributions are obtained for Sb, Sbc, and Sc galaxies in the flux-limited Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog (RSA2) for each van den Bergh luminosity class (L), within each Hubble type (T). The method to isolate bias-free subsets of the total sample is via Spaenhauer diagrams, as in previous papers of this series. The distance-limited type and class-specific luminosity functions are normalized to numbers of galaxies per unit volume (105 Mpc3), rather than being left as relative functions, as in Paper V. The functions are calculated using kinematic absolute magnitudes, based on an arbitrary trial value of H0=50. Gaussian fits to the individual normalized functions are listed for each T and L subclass. As in Paper V, the data can be freed from the T and L dependencies by applying a correction of 0.23T+0.5L to the individual absolute magnitudes. Here, T=3 for Sb, 4 for Sbc, and 5 for Sc galaxies, and the L values range from 1 to 6 as the luminosity class changes from I to III-IV. The total luminosity function, obtained by combining the volume-normalized Sb, Sbc, and Sc individual luminosity functions, each corrected for the T and L dependencies, has an rms dispersion of 0.67 mag, similar to much of the Tully-Fisher parameter space. Absolute calibration of the trial kinematic absolute magnitudes is made using 27 galaxies with known T and L that also have Cepheid distances. This permits the systematic correction to the H0=50 kinematic absolute magnitudes of 0.22+/-0.12 mag, givingH0=55+/-3(internal) km s-1 Mpc-1 . The Cepheid distances are based on the Madore/Freedman Cepheid period-luminosity (PL) zero point that requires (m-M)0=18.50 for the LMC. Using the modern LMC modulus of (m-M)0=18.58 requires a 4% decrease in H0, giving a final value of H0=53+/-7 (external) by this method. These values of H0, based here on the method of luminosity functions, are in good agreement with (1) H0=55+/-5 by Theureau and coworkers from their bias-corrected Tully-Fisher method of ``normalized distances'' for field galaxies; (2) H0=56+/-4 from the method through the Virgo Cluster, as corrected to the global kinematic frame (Tammann and coworkers); and (3) H0=58+/-5 from Cepheid-calibrated Type Ia supernovae (Saha and coworkers). Our value here also disagrees with the final value from the NASA ``Key Project'' group value of H0=70+/-7. Analysis of the total flux-limited sample of Sb, Sbc, and Sc galaxies in the RSA2 by the present method, but uncorrected for selection bias, would give an incorrect value of H0=71 using the same Cepheid calibration. The effect of the bias is pernicious at the 30% level; either it must be corrected by the methods in the papers of this series, or the data must be restricted to the distance-limited subset of any sample, as is done here.

Regional Patterns in Invertebrate Assemblages on Offshore Oil Platforms Along the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zaleski, S.; Page, H. M.; Miller, R. J.; Doheny, B.; Dugan, J. E.; Schroeder, D. M.

2016-02-01

Twenty-seven oil and gas platforms are arrayed offshore California from north of Point Conception south to San Pedro Bay (a coastline distance of >300 km). To test the hypothesis that variability in the structure of sessile invertebrate communities on the platforms is associated with regional differences in sea surface temperature, we sampled space-holding invertebrate taxa photographically on 23 platforms and compared the composition and cover of invertebrates among and within regions using multivariate analyses. To explore temporal variability in invertebrate assemblages, we also compared the cover and composition of invertebrates on a subset of platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) where data were collected over ten years previously. The composition of invertebrate assemblages differed significantly among regions, and was driven by variation in the relative abundance of certain anemone, bryozoan, tubiferous annelid, sponge, and bivalve taxa. The presence of non-native bryozoan and anemone taxa on some platforms in the south (San Pedro Bay) and southeast SBC contributed to the distinction of these assemblages from the others. Comparison of survey data on the subset of platforms in the SBC surveyed over ten years apart revealed little change in the cover of major space-holding taxa (e.g., anemones Metridium, Corynactis) across platforms, although there was an increase in cover of the non-native bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata between surveys. The existence of geographical patterns in the composition of platform invertebrate assemblages suggests that these assemblages may be useful as barometers of short and longer-term environmental change. For biogeographic transition zones, such as the SBC, monitoring of platform invertebrate assemblages could permit an evaluation of the concept that these zones are particularly susceptible to shifts in the composition of marine species driven by ocean climate.

The Surface Brightness-color Relations Based on Eclipsing Binary Stars: Toward Precision Better than 1% in Angular Diameter Predictions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graczyk, Dariusz; Gieren, Wolfgang; Konorski, Piotr

In this study we investigate the calibration of surface brightness–color (SBC) relations based solely on eclipsing binary stars. We selected a sample of 35 detached eclipsing binaries with trigonometric parallaxes from Gaia DR1 or Hipparcos whose absolute dimensions are known with an accuracy better than 3% and that lie within 0.3 kpc from the Sun. For the purpose of this study, we used mostly homogeneous optical and near-infrared photometry based on the Tycho-2 and 2MASS catalogs. We derived geometric angular diameters for all stars in our sample with a precision better than 10%, and for 11 of them with amore » precision better than 2%. The precision of individual angular diameters of the eclipsing binary components is currently limited by the precision of the geometric distances (∼5% on average). However, by using a subsample of systems with the best agreement between their geometric and photometric distances, we derived the precise SBC relations based only on eclipsing binary stars. These relations have precisions that are comparable to the best available SBC relations based on interferometric angular diameters, and they are fully consistent with them. With very precise Gaia parallaxes becoming available in the near future, angular diameters with a precision better than 1% will be abundant. At that point, the main uncertainty in the total error budget of the SBC relations will come from transformations between different photometric systems, disentangling of component magnitudes, and for hot OB stars, the main uncertainty will come from the interstellar extinction determination. We argue that all these issues can be overcome with modern high-quality data and conclude that a precision better than 1% is entirely feasible.« less

Comparative evaluation of paired blood culture (aerobic/aerobic) and single blood culture, along with clinical importance in catheter versus peripheral line at a tertiary care hospital.

PubMed

Tarai, B; Das, P; Kumar, D; Budhiraja, S

2012-01-01

Paired blood culture (PBC) is uncommon practice in hospitals in India, leading to delayed and inadequate diagnosis. Also contamination remains a critical determinant in hampering the definitive diagnosis. To establish the need of PBC over single blood culture (SBC) along with the degree of contamination, this comparative retrospective study was initiated. We processed 2553 PBC and 4350 SBC in BacT/ALERT 3D (bioMerieux) between October 2010 and June 2011. The positive cultures were identified in VITEK 2 Compact (bioMerieux). True positivity and contaminants were also analyzed in 486 samples received from catheter and peripheral line. Out of 2553 PBC samples, positivity was seen in 350 (13.70%). In 4350 SBC samples, positivity was seen in 200 samples (4.59%). In PBC true pathogens were 267 (10.45%) and contaminants were 83 (3.25%), whereas in SBC 153 (3.51%) were true positives and contaminants were 47 (1.08%). Most of the blood cultures (99.27 %) grew within 72 h and 95.8% were isolated within 48 h. In 486 PBCs received from catheter/periphery (one each), catheter positivity was found in 85 (true positives were 48, false positives 37). In peripheral samples true positives were 50 and false positives were 8. Significantly higher positive rates were seen in PBCs compared with SBCs. Automated blood culture and identification methods significantly reduced the time required for processing of samples and also facilitated yield of diverse/rare organisms. Blood culture from catheter line had higher false positives than peripheral blood culture. Thus every positive result from a catheter must be correlated with clinical findings and requires further confirmation.

Postharvest behaviour of two Sardinian apple varieties following immersion in heated sodium bicarbonate solution.

PubMed

Venditti, T; Molinu, M G; Dore, A; Agabbio, M; D'Hallewin, G

2010-01-01

'Miali' and 'Caddina' are apple varieties of Sardinian germplasm, mainly produced under sustainable conditions. Fruit is rarely subjected to cold storage and postharvest losses are generally high. In order to prolong the marketing period and contain postharvest decay of these local varieties, we investigated on their storage behaviour and on the efficacy of combined alternative postharvest treatments. Pre-climateric fruit was harvested and immersed for 0 (control), 15, 30, 45 or 60 sec. in water at 20, 50, 55 or 60 degrees C with or without 2% (W/V) NaHCO3 (SBC). Then, fruit was stored for 4 months at 5 degrees C and 90% RH followed by a 6 day simulated marketing period (SMP) at 10 degrees C and 75% RH. Decay was monitored at the end of storage and after the SMP, while appearance and physiological disorders were evaluated after SMP. During storage 56 and 62% of the untreated 'Caddina' and 'Miali' apples rotted, respectively. During the SMP, an additional 3% of 'Caddina' and 5% of 'Miali' was lost. Among the treatments the best decay control, for both varieties, was attained when fruit was immersed in the SBC solution at 55 degrees C for 60 sec. Compared to control, decay was reduced by 91 and 95% for 'Caddina' and 'Miali', respectively. This combination induced some rind damage, mainly on 'Caddina' fruit. Superficial scald was evident on 'Caddina' and scored as medium while, cold storage induced a significant deposition of epicuticular wax in 'Miali' fruit, affecting significantly fruit appearance. A significant reduction of decay was also achieved when fruit was immersed at 60 degrees C for 30 or 45 sec., attaining for 'Caddina' a reduction of 82 and 88% of decay, respectively. Other combinations were lesser effective or produced rind damages and most decay was caused by Penicillium expansum.

Fluid Dynamic Characterization of a Polymeric Heart Valve Prototype (Poli-Valve) tested under Continuous and Pulsatile Flow Conditions

PubMed Central

De Gaetano, Francesco; Serrani, Marta; Bagnoli, Paola; Brubert, Jacob; Stasiak, Joanna; Moggridge, Geoff D.; Costantino, Maria Laura

2016-01-01

Introduction Only mechanical and biological heart valve prostheses are currently commercially available. The former show longer durability but require anticoagulant therapy, the latter display better fluid dynamic behaviour but do not have adequate durability. New Polymeric Heart Valves (PHVs) could potentially combine the haemodynamic properties of biological valves with the durability of mechanical valves. This work presents a hydrodynamic evaluation of two groups of newly developed supra-annular tri-leaflet prosthetic heart valves made from styrenic block copolymers (SBC): Poli-Valves. Methods Two types of Poli-Valves made of SBC differing in polystyrene fraction content were tested under continuous and pulsatile flow conditions as prescribed by ISO 5840 Standard. An ad - hoc designed pulse duplicator allowed the valve prototypes to be tested at different flow rates and frequencies. Pressure and flow were recorded; pressure drops, effective orifice area (EOA), and regurgitant volume were computed to assess the valve’s behaviour. Results Both types Poli-Valves met the minimum requirements in terms of regurgitation and EOA as specified by ISO 5840 Standard. Results were compared with five mechanical heart valves (MHVs) and five tissue heart valves (THVs), currently available on the market. Conclusion Based on these results, polymeric heart valves based on styrenic block copolymers, as Poli-Valves are, can be considered as promising alternative for heart valve replacement in near future. PMID:26689146

Fluid dynamic characterization of a polymeric heart valve prototype (Poli-Valve) tested under continuous and pulsatile flow conditions.

PubMed

De Gaetano, Francesco; Serrani, Marta; Bagnoli, Paola; Brubert, Jacob; Stasiak, Joanna; Moggridge, Geoff D; Costantino, Maria Laura

2015-11-01

Only mechanical and biological heart valve prostheses are currently commercially available. The former show longer durability but require anticoagulant therapy; the latter display better fluid dynamic behavior but do not have adequate durability. New Polymeric Heart Valves (PHVs) could potentially combine the hemodynamic properties of biological valves with the durability of mechanical valves. This work presents a hydrodynamic evaluation of 2 groups of newly developed supra-annular, trileaflet prosthetic heart valves made from styrenic block copolymers (SBC): Poli-Valves. 2 types of Poli-Valves made of SBC and differing in polystyrene fraction content were tested under continuous and pulsatile flow conditions as prescribed by ISO 5840 Standard. A pulse duplicator designed ad hoc allowed the valve prototypes to be tested at different flow rates and frequencies. Pressure and flow were recorded; pressure drops, effective orifice area (EOA), and regurgitant volume were computed to assess the behavior of the valve. Both types of Poli-Valves met the minimum requirements in terms of regurgitation and EOA as specified by the ISO 5840 Standard. Results were compared with 5 mechanical heart valves (MHVs) and 5 tissue heart valves (THVs), currently available on the market. Based on these results, PHVs based on styrenic block copolymers, as are Poli-Valves, can be considered a promising alternative for heart valve replacement in the near future.

Effects of latitudinal changes in the oxygen minimum zone of the northeast Pacific on the distribution of bathyal benthic decapod crustaceans

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Papiol, Vanesa; Hendrickx, Michel E.; Serrano, David

2017-03-01

The presence of an Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) is one of the major characteristics of the eastern Pacific. The OMZ changes strongly adjacent to Mexico in its thickness and intensity. The ecological impacts of those changes were studied by examining the community structures of bathyal benthic and bentho-pelagic decapod crustaceans, and their oceanographic contexts, on the Mexican Pacific slope along a wide latitudinal range (16-32°N). Decapod crustaceans were collected with a benthic sledge from 48 stations between 865 and 2165 m in three main areas: offshore of northern Baja California (NBC), off southern Baja California (SBC) and in the southern Mexican Pacific (SMP). Physical-chemical parameters were measured in the water column, and sediment composition was analyzed for each station. The narrowing and weakening of the OMZ north of ca. 26°N was confirmed. Water with dissolved oxygen <0.5 ml l-1 occupied a stratum of 1231 m in the SMP vs. only 664 m off NBC. The strongest changes coincided with a region of surface, subsurface and intermediate water mass transitions, where less saline waters from the north extended to depths of ca. 1000 m. Sand proportions were higher in sediments to the south, whereas silt dominated offshore of NBC. A strong latitudinal shift in decapod community composition and bathymetric distribution occurred from off SBC to off NBC, coinciding with changes in oceanographic conditions. The dominant genera of decapod crustaceans at slope depths were cognate to those dominating slope areas in other tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the SMP and off SBC, large aggregations of organisms were observed at 900-1300 m, with a sharp decrease in abundance at greater depth. Off NBC, the density of organisms was intermediate at all depths. The combined effects of dissolved oxygen concentration and characteristics of water masses affected the distribution of organisms. The faunal patterns were also related with sediment grain size.

jSquid: a Java applet for graphical on-line network exploration.

PubMed

Klammer, Martin; Roopra, Sanjit; Sonnhammer, Erik L L

2008-06-15

jSquid is a graph visualization tool for exploring graphs from protein-protein interaction or functional coupling networks. The tool was designed for the FunCoup web site, but can be used for any similar network exploring purpose. The program offers various visualization and graph manipulation techniques to increase the utility for the user. jSquid is available for direct usage and download at http://jSquid.sbc.su.se including source code under the GPLv3 license, and input examples. It requires Java version 5 or higher to run properly. erik.sonnhammer@sbc.su.se Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Simple bone cyst of mandible mimicking periapical cyst

PubMed Central

HS, Charan Babu; Rai, Bhagawan Das; Nair, Manju A.; Astekar, Madhusudan S.

2012-01-01

Simple bone cysts (SBC) are pseudocysts occurring less commonly in the maxillofacial region. The uncertain and unclear etiopathogenesis led to numerous synonyms to refer this particular cyst. These cysts are devoid of an epithelial lining and are usually empty or contain blood or straw-colored fluid. In jaws initially it mimics a periapical cyst and later can lead to cortical bone expansion warranting for radical approach, which is seldom required. SBC is predominantly diagnosed in first two decades of life. Here we report a case of solitary bone cyst mimicking a periapical cyst of a mandibular molar in a 37-year-old patient. PMID:24765458

(Electro)Mechanical Properties of Olefinic Block Copolymers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spontak, Richard

2014-03-01

Conventional styrenic triblock copolymers (SBCs) swollen with a midblock-selective oil have been previously shown to exhibit excellent electromechanical properties as dielectric elastomers. In this class of electroactive polymers, compliant electrodes applied as active areas to opposing surfaces of an elastomer attract each other, and thus compress the elastomer due to the onset of a Maxwell stress, upon application of an external electric field. This isochoric process is accompanied by an increase in lateral area, which yields the electroactuation strain (measuring beyond 300% in SBC systems). Performance parameters such as the Maxwell stress, transverse strain, dielectric breakdown, energy density and electromechanical efficiency are determined directly from the applied electric field and resulting electroactuation strain. In this study, the same principle used to evaluate SBC systems is extended to olefinic block copolymers (OBCs), which can be described as randomly-coupled multiblock copolymers that consist of crystallizable polyethylene hard segments and rubbery poly(ethylene-co-octene) soft segments. Considerations governing the development of a methodology to fabricate electroresponsive OBC systems are first discussed for several OBCs differing in composition and bulk properties. Evidence of electroactuation in selectively-solvated OBC systems is presented and performance metrics measured therefrom are quantitatively compared with dielectric elastomers derived from SBC and related materials.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maestas, J.H.

The Loopback Tester is an Intel SBC 86/12A Single Board Computer and an Intel SBC 534 Communications Expansion Board configured and programmed to perform various basic or less. These tests include: (1) Data Communications Equipment (DCE) transmit timing detection (2) data rate measurement (3) instantaneous loopback indication and (4) bit error rate testing. It requires no initial setup after plug in, and can be used to locate the source of communications loss in a circuit. It can also be used to determine when crypto variable mismatch problems are the source of communications loss. This report discusses the functionality of themore » Loopback Tester as a diagnostic device. It also discusses the hardware and software which implements this simple yet reliable device.« less

76 FR 52475 - Summary of Benefits and Coverage and Uniform Glossary-Templates, Instructions, and Related...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-22

...The Departments of the Health and Human Services, Labor, and the Treasury (the Departments) are simultaneously publishing in the Federal Register this document and proposed regulations (2011 proposed regulations) under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act to implement the disclosure for group health plans and health insurance issuers of the summary of benefits and coverage (SBC) and the uniform glossary. This document proposes a template for an SBC; instructions, sample language, and a guide for coverage examples calculations to be used in completing the template; and a uniform glossary that would satisfy the disclosure requirements under section 2715 of the Public Health Service (PHS) Act. Comments are invited on these materials.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Black Carbon Deposition to Dated Fennoscandian Arctic Lake Sediments from 1830 to 2010.

PubMed

Ruppel, Meri M; Gustafsson, Örjan; Rose, Neil L; Pesonen, Antto; Yang, Handong; Weckström, Jan; Palonen, Vesa; Oinonen, Markku J; Korhola, Atte

2015-12-15

Black carbon (BC) is fine particulate matter produced by the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. It has a strong climate warming effect that is amplified in the Arctic. Long-term trends of BC play an important role in assessing the climatic effects of BC and in model validation. However, few historical BC records exist from high latitudes. We present five lake-sediment soot-BC (SBC) records from the Fennoscandian Arctic and compare them with records of spheroidal carbonaceous fly-ash particles (SCPs), another BC component, for ca. the last 120 years. The records show spatial and temporal variation in SBC fluxes. Two northernmost lakes indicate declining values from 1960 to the present, which is consistent with modeled BC deposition and atmospheric measurements in the area. However, two lakes located closer to the Kola Peninsula (Russia) have recorded increasing SBC fluxes from 1970 to the present, which is likely caused by regional industrial emissions. The increasing trend is in agreement with a Svalbard ice-core-BC record. The results suggest that BC deposition in parts of the European Arctic may have increased over the last few decades, and further studies are needed to clarify the spatial extent of the increasing BC values and to ascertain the climatic implications.

Action spectrum for bergamot-oil phototoxicity measured by sunburn cell counting.

PubMed

Yasui, Y; Hirone, T

1994-05-01

The present study investigated the phototoxic effect of bergamot oil and its photosensitive component, bergapten, on sunburn cell (SBC) production in guinea pig skin. The back skin was pretreated with bergamot oil or bergapten and exposed to monochromatic light under various conditions. After irradiation, skin specimens were excised, and histological sections were prepared. The number of sunburn cells in the interfollicular epidermis was counted. The SBC formation by bergamot oil or bergapten plus UVB radiation was the same as that without pretreatment with any photosensitizer. In contrast, a significant number of SBCs were induced by bergamot oil or bergapten plus UVA radiation, but no SBCs were found after the treatment with UVA alone. The result indicates that bergamot oil or bergapten was photosensitized by UVA irradiation. The SBCs were linearly increased in a UV-dose dependent manner. On the basis of the regression lines, an action spectrum and spectral peak for the photosensitizers plus UVA were obtained. The action spectrum for bergamot oil- and bergapten-induced SBC formation was in the ranges of 325-365 nm and 325-350 nm, and their spectral peaks were at 335-345 nm and 335-350 nm, respectively. The data are in good accordance with those estimated from skin erythema reactions. Therefore, counting SBCs is a very useful parameter for quantitative evaluation of phototoxicity.

Stable isotope labeling confirms mixotrophic nature of streamer biofilm communities at alkaline hot springs.

PubMed

Schubotz, Florence; Hays, Lindsay E; Meyer-Dombard, D'Arcy R; Gillespie, Aimee; Shock, Everett L; Summons, Roger E

2015-01-01

Streamer biofilm communities (SBC) are often observed within chemosynthetic zones of Yellowstone hot spring outflow channels, where temperatures exceed those conducive to photosynthesis. Nearest the hydrothermal source (75-88°C) SBC comprise thermophilic Archaea and Bacteria, often mixed communities including Desulfurococcales and uncultured Crenarchaeota, as well as Aquificae and Thermus, each carrying diagnostic membrane lipid biomarkers. We tested the hypothesis that SBC can alternate their metabolism between autotrophy and heterotrophy depending on substrate availability. Feeding experiments were performed at two alkaline hot springs in Yellowstone National Park: Octopus Spring and "Bison Pool," using various (13)C-labeled substrates (bicarbonate, formate, acetate, and glucose) to determine the relative uptake of these different carbon sources. Highest (13)C uptake, at both sites, was from acetate into almost all bacterial fatty acids, particularly into methyl-branched C15, C17 and C19 fatty acids that are diagnostic for Thermus/Meiothermus, and some Firmicutes as well as into universally common C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids. (13)C-glucose showed a similar, but a 10-30 times lower uptake across most fatty acids. (13)C-bicarbonate uptake, signifying the presence of autotrophic communities was only significant at "Bison Pool" and was observed predominantly in non-specific saturated C16, C18, C20, and C22 fatty acids. Incorporation of (13)C-formate occurred only at very low rates at "Bison Pool" and was almost undetectable at Octopus Spring, suggesting that formate is not an important carbon source for SBC. (13)C-uptake into archaeal lipids occurred predominantly with (13)C-acetate, suggesting also that archaeal communities at both springs have primarily heterotrophic carbon assimilation pathways. We hypothesize that these communities are energy-limited and predominantly nurtured by input of exogenous organic material, with only a small fraction being sustained by autotrophic growth.

Radiographic and clinical outcomes of implants placed in ridge preserved sites: a 12-month post-loading follow-up.

PubMed

Patel, K; Mardas, N; Donos, N

2013-06-01

The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the interproximal radiographic bone levels and the survival/success rate of dental implants placed in alveolar ridges previously preserved with a synthetic bone substitute or a bovine xenograft. Alveolar ridge preservation was performed in 27 patients who were randomly assigned in two groups. In the test group (n = 14), the extraction socket was treated with a synthetic bone graft Straumann Bone Ceramic; SBC and a collagen barrier, whereas in the control group (n = 13) a deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and the same collagen barrier were used. After 8 months of healing, titanium dental implants with a hydrophilic surface were placed in the preserved ridges. During surgery, 9/13 implants in the SBC group and 8/12 implants in the DBBM group presented with either dehiscence or fenestration defects and required additional bone augmentation. The implants were loaded at 4 months following placement and were followed up for 1 year post-loading. Interproximal radiographic bone levels were evaluated in standardized periapical radiographs at loading and 1 year post-loading. Probing pocket depth, gingival recession and bleeding upon probing were recorded at implants and neighbouring teeth. The success rate of the implants was evaluated according to criteria set by Albrektsson et al. (1986). The survival rate of the implants in both groups was 100% at 1-year post-loading. No statistically significant differences in any of the clinical and radiographic measurements were detected between the two groups (P < 0.05). The success rate of the implants was 84.6% (11/13) in the SBC group and 83.3% (10/12) in the DBBM group. Equivalent success and survival rates (as well as similar radiographic changes) of dental implants placed in alveolar ridges previously preserved with SBC or DBBM should be anticipated. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Analysis of the recE locus of Escherichia coli K-12 by use of polyclonal antibodies to exonuclease VIII.

PubMed Central

Luisi-DeLuca, C; Clark, A J; Kolodner, R D

1988-01-01

Exonuclease VIII (exoVIII) of Escherichia coli has been purified from a strain carrying a plasmid-encoded recE gene by using a new procedure. This procedure yielded 30 times more protein per gram of cells, and the protein had a twofold higher specific activity than the enzyme purified by the previously published procedure (J. W. Joseph and R. Kolodner, J. Biol. Chem. 258:10411-10417, 1983). The sequence of the 12 N-terminal amino acids was also obtained and found to correspond to one of the open reading frames predicted from the nucleic acid sequence of the recE region of Rac (C. Chu, A. Templin, and A. J. Clark, manuscript in preparation). Polyclonal antibodies directed against purified exoVIII were also prepared. Cell-free extracts prepared from strains containing a wide range of chromosomal- or plasmid-encoded point, insertion, and deletion mutations which result in expression of exoVIII were examined by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. This analysis showed that two point sbcA mutations (sbcA5 and sbcA23) and the sbc insertion mutations led to the synthesis of the 140-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide of wild-type exoVIII. Plasmid-encoded partial deletion mutations of recE reduced the size of the cross-reacting protein(s) in direct proportion to the size of the deletion, even though exonuclease activity was still present. The analysis suggests that 39 kDa of the 140-kDa exoVIII subunit is all that is essential for exonuclease activity. One of the truncated but functional exonucleases (the pRAC3 exonuclease) has been purified and confirmed to be a 41-kDa polypeptide. The first 18 amino acids from the N terminus of the 41-kDa pRAC3 exonuclease were sequenced and fond to correspond to one of the translational start signals predicted from the nucleotide sequence of radC (Chu et al., in preparation). Images PMID:3056915

Straw blood cell count, growth, inhibition and comparison to apoptotic bodies.

PubMed

Wu, Yonnie; Henry, David C; Heim, Kyle; Tomkins, Jeffrey P; Kuan, Cheng-Yi

2008-05-20

Mammalian cells transform into individual tubular straw cells naturally in tissues and in response to desiccation related stress in vitro. The transformation event is characterized by a dramatic cellular deformation process which includes: condensation of certain cellular materials into a much smaller tubular structure, synthesis of a tubular wall and growth of filamentous extensions. This study continues the characterization of straw cells in blood, as well as the mechanisms of tubular transformation in response to stress; with specific emphasis placed on investigating whether tubular transformation shares the same signaling pathway as apoptosis. There are approximately 100 billion, unconventional, tubular straw cells in human blood at any given time. The straw blood cell count (SBC) is 45 million/ml, which accounts for 6.9% of the bloods dry weight. Straw cells originating from the lungs, liver and lymphocytes have varying nodules, hairiness and dimensions. Lipid profiling reveals severe disruption of the plasma membrane in CACO cells during transformation. The growth rates for the elongation of filaments and enlargement of rabbit straw cells is 0.6 approximately 1.1 (microm/hr) and 3.8 (microm(3)/hr), respectively. Studies using apoptosis inhibitors and a tubular transformation inhibitor in CACO2 cells and in mice suggested apoptosis produced apoptotic bodies are mediated differently than tubular transformation produced straw cells. A single dose of 0.01 mg/kg/day of p38 MAPK inhibitor in wild type mice results in a 30% reduction in the SBC. In 9 domestic animals SBC appears to correlate inversely with an animal's average lifespan (R2 = 0.7). Straw cells are observed residing in the mammalian blood with large quantities. Production of SBC appears to be constant for a given animal and may involve a stress-inducible protein kinase (P38 MAPK). Tubular transformation is a programmed cell survival process that diverges from apoptosis. SBCs may be an important indicator of intrinsic aging-related stress.

Effects of future climate conditions on terrestrial export from coastal southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, D.; Zhao, Y.; Raoufi, R.; Beighley, E.; Melack, J. M.

2015-12-01

The Santa Barbara Coastal - Long Term Ecological Research Project (SBC-LTER) is focused on investigating the relative importance of land and ocean processes in structuring giant kelp forest ecosystems. Understanding how current and future climate conditions influence terrestrial export is a central theme for the project. Here we combine the Hillslope River Routing (HRR) model and daily precipitation and temperature downscaled using statistical downscaling based on localized constructed Analogs (LOCA) to estimate recent streamflow dynamics (2000 to 2014) and future conditions (2015 to 2100). The HRR model covers the SBC-LTER watersheds from just west of the Ventura River to Point Conception; a land area of roughly 800 km2 with 179 watersheds ranging from 0.1 to 123 km2. The downscaled climate conditions have a spatial resolution of 6 km by 6 km. Here, we use the Penman-Monteith method with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) limited climate data approximations and land surface conditions (albedo, leaf area index, land cover) measured from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra and Aqua satellites to estimate potential evapotranspiration (PET). The HRR model is calibrated for the period 2000 to 2014 using USGS and LTER streamflow. An automated calibration technique is used. For future climate scenarios, we use mean 8-day land cover conditions. Future streamflow, ET and soil moisture statistics are presented and based on downscaled P and T from ten climate model projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5).

Loopback Tester: a synchronous communications circuit diagnostic device

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maestas, J.H.

1986-07-01

The Loopback Tester is an Intel SBC 86/12A Single Board Computer and an Intel SBC 534 Communications Expansion Board configured and programmed to perform various basic or less. These tests include: (1) Data Communications Equipment (DCE) transmit timing detection (2) data rate measurement (3) instantaneous loopback indication and (4) bit error rate testing. It requires no initial setup after plug in, and can be used to locate the source of communications loss in a circuit. It can also be used to determine when crypto variable mismatch problems are the source of communications loss. This report discusses the functionality of themore » Loopback Tester as a diagnostic device. It also discusses the hardware and software which implements this simple yet reliable device.« less

Combination of COFRADIC and high temperature-extended column length conventional liquid chromatography: a very efficient way to tackle complex protein samples, such as serum.

PubMed

Sandra, Koen; Verleysen, Katleen; Labeur, Christine; Vanneste, Lies; D'Hondt, Filip; Thomas, Grégoire; Kas, Koen; Gevaert, Kris; Vandekerckhove, Joël; Sandra, Pat

2007-03-01

The previously reported COmbined FRActional DIagonal Chromatography (COFRA-DIC) methodology, in which a subset of peptides representative for their parent proteins are sorted, is particularly powerful for whole proteome analysis. This peptide-centric technology is built around diagonal chromatography, where peptide separations are crucial. This paper presents high efficiency peptide separations, in which four 250 x 2.1 mm, 5 microm Zorbax 300SB-C18 columns (total length 1 m) were coupled at operating temperatures of 60'C using a dedicated LC oven and conventional LC equipment. The high efficiency separations were combined with the COFRADIC procedure. This extremely powerful combination resulted, for the analysis of serum, in an increase in the uniquely identified peptide sequences by a factor of 2.6, compared to the COFRADIC procedure on a 25 cm column. This is a reflection of the increased peak capacity obtained on the 1 m column, which was calculated to be a factor 2.7 higher than on the 25 cm column. Besides more efficient sorting, less ion suppression was noticed.

Clinical and radiographic features of solitary and cemento-osseous dysplasia-associated simple bone cysts.

PubMed

Chadwick, J W; Alsufyani, N A; Lam, E W N

2011-05-01

The simple bone cyst (SBC) is a pseudocyst that can occur as a solitary entity in the jaws or may occur in association with cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD). The purpose of this study was to review the clinical and radiographic features of solitary and COD-associated SBCs. Archived imaging reports from the Special Procedures Clinic in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology at the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Toronto between 1 January 1989 and 31 December 2009 revealed 23 COD-associated SBCs and 68 solitary SBCs. Almost all solitary and COD-associated SBCs were found in the mandible. Furthermore, 87.0% of COD-associated SBCs were found in females in their fifth decade of life (P < 0.001) while solitary SBCs were found in equal numbers in both sexes in their second decade of life (P < 0.005). COD-associated SBCs were also more likely to cause thinning of the endosteal cortex, bone expansion and scalloping of the superior border between teeth (all P < 0.001) than solitary SBCs that are classically described as having these characteristics. Finally, COD-associated SBC demonstrated a loss of lamina dura more often (P < 0.05) than solitary SBCs. Knowledge of the sporadic association between COD and SBC and their potential radiographic appearances should prevent inappropriate treatment and management of these patients.

Principles of strengths-based nursing leadership for strengths-based nursing care: a new paradigm for nursing and healthcare for the 21st century.

PubMed

Gottlieb, Laurie N; Gottlieb, Bruce; Shamian, Judith

2012-06-01

The current healthcare system is slowly evolving into a new system built on a vision of health promotion, primary care and community-based home care, with hospitals still being a core pillar of the healthcare system but not its primary service. This transformation requires a new approach to practice, namely, Strengths-Based Nursing Care (SBC). SBC is about mobilizing, capitalizing and developing a person's strengths to promote health and facilitate healing. For nurses to practise SBNC requires strong nursing leadership that creates conditions to enable them to do so. Strengths-Based Nursing Leadership complements and acts in synergy with, SBNC. This paper describes eight principles of Strengths-Based Nursing Leadership to support SBNC.

Advanced Camera for Surveys Instrument Handbook for Cycle 25 v. 16.0

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avila, R. J.

2017-01-01

The Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), a third-generation instrument, was installed in the Hubble Space Telescope during Servicing Mission 3B, on March 7, 2002. Its primary purpose was to increase HST imaging discovery efficiency by about a factor of 10, with a combination of detector area and quantum efficiency that surpasses previous instruments. ACS has three independent cameras that have provided wide-field, high resolution, and ultraviolet imaging capabilities respectively, using a broad assortment of filters designed to address a large range of scientific goals. In addition, coronagraphic, polarimetric, and grism capabilities have made the ACS a versatile and powerful instrument. The ACS Instrument Handbook, which is maintained by the ACS Team at STScI, descr ibes the instrument properties, performance, operations, and calibration. It is the basic technical reference manual for the instrument, and should be used with other documents (listed in Table 1.1) for writing Phase I proposals, detailed Phase II programs, and for data analysis. (See Figure 1.1). In May 2009, Servicing Mission 4 (SM4) successfully restored the ACS Wide Field Camera (WFC) to regular service after its failure in January 2007. Unfortunately, the ACS High Resolution Camera (HRC) was not restored to operation during SM4, so it cannot be proposed for new observations. Nevertheless, this handbook retains description of the HRC to support analysis of archived observations. The ACS Solar Blind Channel (SBC) was unaffected by the January 2007 failure of WFC and HRC. The SBC has remained in steady operation, and was not serviced during SM4. It remains available for new observations.

A tailored 200 parameter VME based data acquisition system for IBA at the Lund Ion Beam Analysis Facility - Hardware and software

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elfman, Mikael; Ros, Linus; Kristiansson, Per; Nilsson, E. J. Charlotta; Pallon, Jan

2016-03-01

With the recent advances towards modern Ion Beam Analysis (IBA), going from one- or few-parameter detector systems to multi-parameter systems, it has been necessary to expand and replace the more than twenty years old CAMAC based system. A new VME multi-parameter (presently up to 200 channels) data acquisition and control system has been developed and implemented at the Lund Ion Beam Analysis Facility (LIBAF). The system is based on the VX-511 Single Board Computer (SBC), acting as master with arbiter functionality and consists of standard VME modules like Analog to Digital Converters (ADC's), Charge to Digital Converters (QDC's), Time to Digital Converters (TDC's), scaler's, IO-cards, high voltage and waveform units. The modules have been specially selected to support all of the present detector systems in the laboratory, with the option of future expansion. Typically, the detector systems consist of silicon strip detectors, silicon drift detectors and scintillator detectors, for detection of charged particles, X-rays and γ-rays. The data flow of the raw data buffers out from the VME bus to the final storage place on a 16 terabyte network attached storage disc (NAS-disc) is described. The acquisition process, remotely controlled over one of the SBCs ethernet channels, is also discussed. The user interface is written in the Kmax software package, and is used to control the acquisition process as well as for advanced online and offline data analysis through a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI). In this work the system implementation, layout and performance are presented. The user interface and possibilities for advanced offline analysis are also discussed and illustrated.

IDSAC-IUCAA digital sampler array controller

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chattopadhyay, Sabyasachi; Chordia, Pravin; Ramaprakash, A. N.; Burse, Mahesh P.; Joshi, Bhushan; Chillal, Kalpesh

2016-07-01

In order to run the large format detector arrays and mosaics that are required by most astronomical instruments, readout electronic controllers are required which can process multiple CCD outputs simultaneously at high speeds and low noise levels. These CCD controllers need to be modular and configurable, should be able to run multiple detector types to cater to a wide variety of requirements. IUCAA Digital Sampler Array Controller (IDSAC), is a generic CCD Controller based on a fully scalable architecture which is adequately flexible and powerful enough to control a wide variety of detectors used in ground based astronomy. The controller has a modular backplane architecture that consists of Single Board Controller Cards (SBCs) and can control up to 5 CCDs (mosaic or independent). Each Single Board Controller (SBC) has all the resources to a run Single large format CCD having up to four outputs. All SBCs are identical and are easily interchangeable without needing any reconfiguration. A four channel video processor on each SBC can process up to four output CCDs with or without dummy outputs at 0.5 Megapixels/Sec/Channel with 16 bit resolution. Each SBC has a USB 2.0 interface which can be connected to a host computer via optional USB to Fibre converters. The SBC uses a reconfigurable hardware (FPGA) as a Master Controller. IDSAC offers Digital Correlated Double Sampling (DCDS) to eliminate thermal kTC noise. CDS performed in Digital domain (DCDS) has several advantages over its analog counterpart, such as - less electronics, faster readout and easier post processing. It is also flexible with sampling rate and pixel throughput while maintaining the core circuit topology intact. Noise characterization of the IDSAC CDS signal chain has been performed by analytical modelling and practical measurements. Various types of noise such as white, pink, power supply, bias etc. has been considered while creating an analytical noise model tool to predict noise of a controller system like IDSAC. Several tests are performed to measure the actual noise of IDSAC. The theoretical calculation matches very well with practical measurements within 10% accuracy.

13 CFR 126.600 - What are HUBZone contracts?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... qualified HUBZone SBC through any of the following procurement methods: (a) Sole source awards to qualified...) Awards to qualified HUBZone SBCs through full and open competition after a price evaluation preference in...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Van den Bergh, Sidney, E-mail: sidney.vandenbergh@nrc.gc.ca

No significant color differences are found between normal and barred spirals over the range of Hubble stages a-ab-b-bc. Furthermore, no significant difference is seen between the luminosity distributions of normal and barred galaxies over the same range of Hubble stages. However, SBc galaxies are found to be systematically fainter than Sc galaxies at 99% confidence. The observation that normal and barred spirals with Hubble stages a-ab-b-bc have indistinguishable intrinsic colors hints at the possibility that the bars in such spiral galaxies might be ephemeral structures. Finally, it is pointed out that lenticular galaxies of types S0 and SB0 are systematicallymore » fainter than are other early-type galaxies, suggesting that such galaxies are situated on evolutionary tracks that differ systematically from those of galaxies that lie along the E-Sa-Sb-Sc and E-SBa-SBb-SBc sequences.« less

Sixteen Years of the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys: Calibration Update

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grogin, Norman A.; ACS Instrument Team

2018-06-01

The Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) has been a workhorse HST imager for over sixteen years, subsequent to its Servicing Mission 3B installation in 2002. The once defunct ACS Wide Field Channel (WFC) has now been operating nearly twice as long (>9yrs) since its Servicing Mission 4 (SM4) repair than it had originally operated prior to its 2007 failure. Despite the accumulating radiation damage to the WFC CCDs during their long stay in low Earth orbit, ACS continues to be heavily exploited by the HST community as both a prime and a parallel detector.During past year, there have been two new releases of the CALACS image reduction pipeline that have incorporated several recent advancements in ACS calibration capabilities. We review these updates, along with the enhanced calibration reference files (superbiases, superdarks, etc.) associated with these CALACS releases. We also present results from long-term monitoring of WFC dark current and readout noise, and from new studies of detector performance from both WFC and the ACS Solar Blind Channel (SBC). Highlights include: 1) improved characterization of WFC post-flash LED illumination, including a low-level annual modulation of LED intensity; 2) comprehensive assessment of SBC dark current as a function of detector operating temperature, and of SBC operating temperature versus duration of use; and 3) an update to the WFC bad-pixel table resulting from a minor particulate-contamination event in May 2017.

Demonstrating an Effective Marine Biodiversity Observation Network in the Santa Barbara Channel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, R. J.

2016-02-01

The Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) is a transition zone characterized by high species and habitat diversity and strong environmental gradients within a relatively small area where cold- and warm-water species found from Baja to the Bering Sea coexist. These characteristics make SBC an ideal setting for our demonstration Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (BON) project that integrates biological levels from genes to habitats and links biodiversity observations to environmental forcing and biogeography. SBC BON is building a comprehensive demonstration system that includes representation of all levels of biotic diversity, key new tools to expand the scales of present observation, and a data management network to integrate new and existing data sources. Our system will be scalable to expand into a full regional Marine BON, and the methods and decision support tools we develop will be transferable to other regions. Incorporating a broad set of habitats including nearshore coast, continental shelf, and pelagic, and taxonomic breadth from microbes to whales will facilitate this transferability. The Santa Barbara Channel marine BON has three broad objectives: 1. Integrate biodiversity data to enable inferences about regional biodiversity 2. Develop advanced methods in optical and acoustic imaging and genomics for monitoring biodiversity in partnership with ongoing monitoring and research programs to begin filling the gaping gaps in our knowledge. 3. Implement a tradeoff framework that optimizes allocation of sampling effort. Here we discuss our progress towards these goals and challenges in developing an effective MBON.

Sequential application of NaHCO3, CaCl2 and Candida oleophila (isolate 13L) affects significantly Penicillum expansum growth and the infection degree in apples.

PubMed

Molinu, M G; Pani, G; Venditti, T; Dore, A; Ladu, G; D'Hallewin, G

2011-01-01

The employment of biocontrol agents to restrain postharvest pathogens is an encouraging approach, although, efficacy and consistency are still below those of synthetic pesticides. Up to date, the 'integrated control strategy' seems to be the most promising way to overcome this gap. Here, we report the feasibility to control postharvest decay caused by Penicillium expansum in apples by a 2 min, single or sequential, immersion in water with an antagonistic yeast (Candida oleophila, isolate '13L'), 2% NaHCO3 (SBC) or 1% CaCl2. The treatments were carried out, on appels cv 'Miali' either un-wounded, wounded or wound-pathogen inoculated and then stored at 2 degrees C for 30 d followed by a 6 d simulated marketing period at 20 degrees C or alternatively stored only for 7 d at 20 degrees C. As a general role, the best results were attained when CaCl2 was applied with the yeast or when preceded by the SBC treatment. When the wounding and inoculation took place 24 h before the treatment, the latter application sequence of the two salts was three times more effective compared to the treatment with the sole antagonist, and one time when performed 24 h after the treatment. Interestingly, apples immersed in the sole 2% SBC solution had the highest percentage of decay during storage and when inoculated before moving to the simulated marketing period at 20 degrees C.

Spatial light modulators for full cross-connections in optical networks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Juday, Richard D. (Inventor)

2004-01-01

A polarization-independent optical switch is disclosed for switching at least one incoming beam from at least one input source to at least one output drain. The switch includes a polarizing beam splitter to split each of the at least one incoming beam into a first input beam and a second input beam, wherein the first input beam and the second input beams are independently polarized; a wave plate optically coupled to the second input beam for converting the polarization of the second input beam to an appropriately polarized second input beam; a beam combiner optically coupled to the first input beam and the modified second input beam, wherein the beam combiner accepts the first input beam and the modified second input beam to produce a combined beam; the combined beam is invariant to the polarization state of the input source's polarization; and a controllable spatial light modulator optically coupled to the combined beam, wherein the combined beam is diffracted by the controllable spatial light modulator to place light at a plurality of output locations.

Structural Biology Reveals the Secrets of Disease

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Joachmiak, Andrzej

2012-07-03

Argonne's Structural Biology Center Director, Andrzej Joachimiak, talks about the work done at the SBC in analyzes the genetic makeup of pathogens to better understand how harmful bacteria and viruses can affect humans and animals.

The Distribution of Snow Black Carbon observed in the Arctic and Compared to the GISS-PUCCINI Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dou, T.; Xiao, C.; Shindell, D. T.; Liu, J.; Eleftheriadis, K.; Ming, J.; Qin, D.

2012-01-01

In this study, we evaluate the ability of the latest NASA GISS composition-climate model, GISS-E2- PUCCINI, to simulate the spatial distribution of snow BC (sBC) in the Arctic relative to present-day observations. Radiative forcing due to BC deposition onto Arctic snow and sea ice is also estimated. Two sets of model simulations are analyzed, where meteorology is linearly relaxed towards National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and towards NASA Modern Era Reanalysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalyses. Results indicate that the modeled concentrations of sBC are comparable with presentday observations in and around the Arctic Ocean, except for apparent underestimation at a few sites in the Russian Arctic. That said, the model has some biases in its simulated spatial distribution of BC deposition to the Arctic. The simulations from the two model runs are roughly equal, indicating that discrepancies between model and observations come from other sources. Underestimation of biomass burning emissions in Northern Eurasia may be the main cause of the low biases in the Russian Arctic. Comparisons of modeled aerosol BC (aBC) with long-term surface observations at Barrow, Alert, Zeppelin and Nord stations show significant underestimation in winter and spring concentrations in the Arctic (most significant in Alaska), although the simulated seasonality of aBC has been greatly improved relative to earlier model versions. This is consistent with simulated biases in vertical profiles of aBC, with underestimation in the lower and middle troposphere but overestimation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, suggesting that the wet removal processes in the current model may be too weak or that vertical transport is too rapid, although the simulated BC lifetime seems reasonable. The combination of observations and modeling provides a comprehensive distribution of sBC over the Arctic. On the basis of this distribution, we estimate the decrease in snow and sea ice albedo and the resulting radiative forcing. We suggest that the albedo reduction due to BC deposition presents significant space-time variations, with highest mean reductions of 1.25% in the Russian Arctic, which are much larger than those in other Arctic regions (0.39% to 0.64 %). The averaged value over the Arctic north of 66degN is 0.4-0.6% during spring, leading to regional surface radiative forcings of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.0Wm(exp-2) in spring 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively.

Far Ultraviolet Refractive Index of Optical Materials for Solar Blind Channel (SBC) Filters for HST Advanced Camera for Surveys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leviton, Douglas B.; Madison, Timothy J.; Petrone, Peter

1998-01-01

Refractive index measurements using the minimum deviation method have been carried out for prisms of a variety of far ultraviolet optical materials used in the manufacture of Solar Blind Channel (SBC) filters for the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). Some of the materials measured are gaining popularity in a variety of high technology applications including high power excimer lasers and advanced microlithography optics operating in a wavelength region where high quality knowledge of optical material properties is sparse. Our measurements are of unusually high accuracy and precision for this wavelength region owing to advanced instrumentation in the large vacuum chamber of the Diffraction Grating Evaluation Facility (DGEF) at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Index values for CaF2, BaF2, LiF, and far ultraviolet grades of synthetic sapphire and synthetic fused silica are reported and compared with values from the literature.

Morphological and populational characteristics of hemocytes of Ornithodoros moubata nymphs during the ecdysial phase.

PubMed

Kadota, K; Walter, S; Claveria, F G; Igarashi, I; Taylor, D; Fujisaki, K

2003-11-01

The ultrastructure and characteristics of hemocytes of argasid tick species, Ornithodoros moubata, during the ecdysdial phase are herein presented. Hemocyte classes/populations characterized based on their affinity with Giemsa stain and ultrastructural differences comprised the prohemocytes, nongranular cells (Nc), eosinophilic granular cells (Ec), basophilic granular cells (Bc), and unidentified cells. Significant changes/shift in the ratio of hemocyte classes/population was apparent in ticks before and after the ecdysial phase. The granule-scant basophilic granular cells (sBc) constituted the most abundant hemocyte population in the ecdysial phase. Nymphs in ecdysis showed increases in Nc and sBc and decrease in Ec, a phenomenon that was reversed in unengorged nymphs and adults ticks. The significant increase in total Bc population in ecdysis relative to nonengorged ticks clearly point to blastogenesis of Bc taking place during the ecdysial phase and Bc's important role in the process of tissue remodeling.

Chemical Evidence for Evolution of galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dutil, Yvan

I have compiled the very best data published on abundance gradients. From this sample of 29 galaxies, some information can be gained on the mecanism of morphological evolution in disk galaxies. From this sample, I find that early-type galaxies show an identical trend in the behavior of extrapolated central abundance versus morphological type to that shown by late-type galaxies with strong bars, even in the absence of bar! On a a diagram showing extrapolated central abundance versus morphological type, two sequences appear: late-type barred galaxies and early-type galaxies (barred or not barred) fall on sequence 0.5 dex below that of normal late-type galaxies. This behavior is consistent with a scenario of morphological evolution of disk galaxies by formation and dissolution of a bar over a period of a few 10^^9 yr, where later type galaxies (Sd,Sc,Sbc, evolve into earlier-type disk galaxies trough transitory SBc and SBb phases.

Simulating spinal border cells and cerebellar granule cells under locomotion--a case study of spinocerebellar information processing.

PubMed

Spanne, Anton; Geborek, Pontus; Bengtsson, Fredrik; Jörntell, Henrik

2014-01-01

The spinocerebellar systems are essential for the brain in the performance of coordinated movements, but our knowledge about the spinocerebellar interactions is very limited. Recently, several crucial pieces of information have been acquired for the spinal border cell (SBC) component of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT), as well as the effects of SBC mossy fiber activation in granule cells of the cerebellar cortex. SBCs receive monosynaptic input from the reticulospinal tract (RST), which is an important driving system under locomotion, and disynaptic inhibition from Ib muscle afferents. The patterns of activity of RST neurons and Ib afferents under locomotion are known. The activity of VSCT neurons under fictive locomotion, i.e. without sensory feedback, is also known, but there is little information on how these neurons behave under actual locomotion and for cerebellar granule cells receiving SBC input this is completely unknown. But the available information makes it possible to simulate the interactions between the spinal and cerebellar neuronal circuitries with a relatively large set of biological constraints. Using a model of the various neuronal elements and the network they compose, we simulated the modulation of the SBCs and their target granule cells under locomotion and hence generated testable predictions of their general pattern of modulation under this condition. This particular system offers a unique opportunity to simulate these interactions with a limited number of assumptions, which helps making the model biologically plausible. Similar principles of information processing may be expected to apply to all spinocerebellar systems.

Combining module based on coherent polarization beam combining.

PubMed

Yang, Yan; Geng, Chao; Li, Feng; Li, Xinyang

2017-03-01

A multiaperture receiver with a phased array is an effective approach to overcome the effect of the random optical disturbance in coherent free-space laser communications, in which one of the key technologies is how to efficiently combine the multiple laser beams received by the phased array antenna. A combining module based on coherent polarization beam combining (CPBC), which can combine multiple laser beams to one laser beam with high combining efficiency and output a linearly polarized beam, is proposed in this paper. The principle of the combining module is introduced, the coherent polarization combining efficiency of CPBC is analyzed, and the performance of the combining module is evaluated. Moreover, the feasibility and the expansibility of the proposed combining module are validated in experiments of CPBC based on active phase-locking.

SIM PlanetQuest Spectral Calibration Development Unit Beam Combiner

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tang, Hong

2008-01-01

The beam combiner of an astronomical long-baseline interferometer combines the two beams of starlight to form white-light fringes. We describe beam combiner in the SIM PlanetQuest Spectral Calibration Development Unit (SCDU). In addition to forming white light fringes, the beam combiner provides other functions such as separating the light for guiding, fringe tracking, and science measurement. It is designed to function over the optical bandpass 450-950 nm. Coating design is critical to beam combiner as residual dispersion and mismatches affect the ability to accurately measure the position of stars of varying spectral types.

Theory of electronically phased coherent beam combination without a reference beam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shay, Thomas M.

2006-12-01

The first theory for two novel coherent beam combination architectures that are the first electronic beam combination architectures that completely eliminate the need for a separate reference beam are presented. Detailed theoretical models are developed and presented for the first time.

The first high resolution image of coronal gas in a starbursting cool core cluster

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, Sean

2017-08-01

Galaxy clusters represent a unique laboratory for directly observing gas cooling and feedback due to their high masses and correspondingly high gas densities and temperatures. Cooling of X-ray gas observed in 1/3 of clusters, known as cool-core clusters, should fuel star formation at prodigious rates, but such high levels of star formation are rarely observed. Feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) is a leading explanation for the lack of star formation in most cool clusters, and AGN power is sufficient to offset gas cooling on average. Nevertheless, some cool core clusters exhibit massive starbursts indicating that our understanding of cooling and feedback is incomplete. Observations of 10^5 K coronal gas in cool core clusters through OVI emission offers a sensitive means of testing our understanding of cooling and feedback because OVI emission is a dominant coolant and sensitive tracer of shocked gas. Recently, Hayes et al. 2016 demonstrated that synthetic narrow-band imaging of OVI emission is possible through subtraction of long-pass filters with the ACS+SBC for targets at z=0.23-0.29. Here, we propose to use this exciting new technique to directly image coronal OVI emitting gas at high resolution in Abell 1835, a prototypical starbursting cool-core cluster at z=0.252. Abell 1835 hosts a strong cooling core, massive starburst, radio AGN, and at z=0.252, it offers a unique opportunity to directly image OVI at hi-res in the UV with ACS+SBC. With just 15 orbits of ACS+SBC imaging, the proposed observations will complete the existing rich multi-wavelength dataset available for Abell 1835 to provide new insights into cooling and feedback in clusters.

Siblings of patients with Crohn's disease exhibit a biologically relevant dysbiosis in mucosal microbial metacommunities.

PubMed

Hedin, Charlotte; van der Gast, Christopher J; Rogers, Geraint B; Cuthbertson, Leah; McCartney, Sara; Stagg, Andrew J; Lindsay, James O; Whelan, Kevin

2016-06-01

To determine the existence of mucosal dysbiosis in siblings of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) using 454 pyrosequencing and to comprehensively characterise and determine the influence of genotypical and phenotypical factors, on that dysbiosis. Siblings of patients with CD have elevated risk of developing CD and display aspects of disease phenotype, including faecal dysbiosis. Whether the mucosal microbiota is disrupted in these at-risk individuals is unknown. Rectal biopsy DNA was extracted from 21 patients with quiescent CD, 17 of their healthy siblings and 19 unrelated healthy controls. Mucosal microbiota was analysed by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and were classified into core and rare species. Genotypical risk was determined using Illumina Immuno BeadChip, faecal calprotectin by ELISA and blood T-cell phenotype by flow cytometry. Core microbiota of both patients with CD and healthy siblings was significantly less diverse than controls. Metacommunity profiling (Bray-Curtis (SBC) index) showed the sibling core microbial composition to be more similar to CD (SBC=0.70) than to healthy controls, whereas the sibling rare microbiota was more similar to healthy controls (SBC=0.42). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii contributed most to core metacommunity dissimilarity both between siblings and controls, and between patients and controls. Phenotype/genotype markers of CD risk significantly influenced microbiota variation between and within groups, of which genotype had the largest effect. Individuals with elevated CD-risk display mucosal dysbiosis characterised by reduced diversity of core microbiota and lower abundance of F. prausnitzii. This dysbiosis in healthy people at risk of CD implicates microbiological processes in CD pathogenesis. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Impact of different concentrations of an octenidine dihydrochloride mouthwash on salivary bacterial counts: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial.

PubMed

Lorenz, Katrin; Jockel-Schneider, Yvonne; Petersen, Nicole; Stölzel, Peggy; Petzold, Markus; Vogel, Ulrich; Hoffmann, Thomas; Schlagenhauf, Ulrich; Noack, Barbara

2018-03-02

This bi-centric, placebo-controlled, randomized, evaluator-blinded, incomplete cross-over clinical phase II trial was initialized to identify the most appropriate concentration of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) in mouth rinses. Rinses of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% OCT were compared to a saline placebo rinse regarding the reduction of salivary bacterial counts (SBCs) in 90 gingivitis patients over 4 days. Changes in plaque (PI) and gingival index (GI), taste perception, and safety issues were evaluated. At baseline, the first OCT (0.10, 0.15, 0.20%) rinse resulted in a decrease of SBC (reduction by 3.63-5.44 log 10 colony forming units [CFU]) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Differences between OCT concentrations were not verified. After 4 days, the last OCT rinse again resulted in a significant SBC decrease (3.69-4.22 log 10 CFU) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Overall, SBC reduction between baseline and day 4 was significantly higher in OCT 0.15 and 0.20% groups compared to OCT 0.10% and placebo. Mean GI/PIs were significantly lower in OCT groups than in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Differences in GI/PI between OCT groups were not verified. Adverse effects increased with increasing OCT concentrations. Considering antibacterial efficacy, frequency of adverse events, and user acceptance, 0.10% OCT was identified as the preferred concentration to be used in future clinical trials. Due to its low toxicity and pronounced antibacterial properties, octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) is a promising candidate for the use in antiseptic mouth rinses. OCT concentrations of 0.10% are recommended for future clinical trials evaluating the plaque-reducing properties of OCT mouth rinses. ( www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT022138552).

Determinants of Bed Net Use in Southeast Nigeria following Mass Distribution of LLINs: Implications for Social Behavior Change Interventions

PubMed Central

Russell, Cheryl L.; Sallau, Adamu; Emukah, Emmanuel; Graves, Patricia M.; Noland, Gregory S.; Ngondi, Jeremiah M.; Ozaki, Masayo; Nwankwo, Lawrence; Miri, Emmanuel; McFarland, Deborah A.; Richards, Frank O.; Patterson, Amy E.

2015-01-01

Millions of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) have been distributed as part of the global malaria control strategy. LLIN ownership, however, does not necessarily guarantee use. Thus, even in the ideal setting in which universal coverage with LLINs has been achieved, maximal malaria protection will only be achieved if LLINs are used both correctly and consistently. This study investigated the factors associated with net use, independent of net ownership. Data were collected during a household survey conducted in Ebonyi State in southeastern Nigeria in November 2011 following a statewide mass LLIN distribution campaign and, in select locations, a community-based social behavior change (SBC) intervention. Logistic regression analyses, controlling for household bed net ownership, were conducted to examine the association between individual net use and various demographic, environmental, behavioral and social factors. The odds of net use increased among individuals who were exposed to tailored SBC in the context of a home visit (OR = 17.11; 95% CI 4.45–65.79) or who received greater degrees of social support from friends and family (ptrend < 0.001). Factors associated with decreased odds of net use included: increasing education level (ptrend = 0.020), increasing malaria knowledge level (ptrend = 0.022), and reporting any disadvantage of bed nets (OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.23–0.78). The findings suggest that LLIN use is significantly influenced by social support and exposure to a malaria-related SBC home visit. The malaria community should thus further consider the importance of community outreach, interpersonal communication and social support on adoption of net use behaviors when designing future research and interventions. PMID:26430747

Large school bus design vehicle dimensions

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-09-01

A survey of United States school bus operators and manufacturers was conducted to define the larger sizes of school buses in regular use. A mid-60 passenger type-c bus (SB-C) and a mid-80 passenger type-D bus (SB-D) were selected as design vehicles. ...

Tris(O-cyclo-hexyl dithio-carbonato-κS)anti-mony(III).

PubMed

Li, Wenkuan; Yin, Handong; Wen, Liyuan; Wang, Daqi

2008-12-10

In the mol-ecule of the title compound, [Sb(C(7)H(11)OS(2))(3)], the anti-mony(III) is coordinated by the S atoms of three O-alkyl xanthate groups acting as monodentate ligands, forming a distorted trigonal-pyramidal coordination.

Far-ultraviolet refractive index of optical materials for solar blind channel (SBC) filters for the HST advanced camera for surveys (ACS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leviton, Douglas B.; Madison, Timothy J.; Petrone, Peter

1998-10-01

Refractive index measurements using the minimum deviation method have been carried out for prisms of a variety of far ultraviolet optical materials used in the manufacture of Solar Blind Channel (SBC) filters for the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). Some of the materials measured are gaining popularity in a variety of high technology applications including high power excimer lasers and advanced microlithography optics operating in a wavelength region where high quality knowledge of optical material properties is sparse yet critical. Our measurements are of unusually high accuracy and precision for this wavelength region owing to advanced instrumentation in the large vacuum chamber of the Diffraction Grating Evaluation Facility (DGEF) at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) used to implement a minimum deviation method refractometer. Index values for CaF2, BaF2, LiF, and far ultraviolet grades of synthetic sapphire and synthetic fused silica are reported and compared with values from the literature.

In situ X-ray data collection and structure phasing of protein crystals at Structural Biology Center 19-ID

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Michalska, Karolina; Tan, Kemin; Chang, Changsoo

A prototype of a 96-well plate scanner forin situdata collection has been developed at the Structural Biology Center (SBC) beamline 19-ID, located at the Advanced Photon Source, USA. The applicability of this instrument for protein crystal diffraction screening and data collection at ambient temperature has been demonstrated. Several different protein crystals, including selenium-labeled, were used for data collection and successful SAD phasing. Without the common procedure of crystal handling and subsequent cryo-cooling for data collection atT= 100 K, crystals in a crystallization buffer show remarkably low mosaicity (<0.1°) until deterioration by radiation damage occurs. Data presented here show that cryo-coolingmore » can cause some unexpected structural changes. Based on the results of this study, the integration of the plate scanner into the 19-ID end-station with automated controls is being prepared. With improvement of hardware and software,in situdata collection will become available for the SBC user program including remote access.« less

The effect of soft budget constraints on access and quality in hospital care.

PubMed

Shen, Yu-Chu; Eggleston, Karen

2009-06-01

Given an increasingly complex web of financial pressures on providers, studies have examined how hospitals' overall financial health affects different aspects of hospital operations. In our study, we develop an empirical proxy for the concept of soft budget constraint (SBC, Kornai, Kyklos 39:3-30, 1986) as an alternative financial measure of a hospital's overall financial health and offer an initial estimate of the effect of SBCs on hospital access and quality. An organization has a SBC if it can expect to be bailed out rather than shut down. Our conceptual model predicts that hospitals facing softer budget constraints will be associated with less aggressive cost control, and their quality may be better or worse, depending on the scope for damage to quality from noncontractible aspects of cost control. We find that hospitals with softer budget constraints are less likely to shut down safety net services. In addition, hospitals with softer budget constraints appear to have better mortality outcomes for elderly heart attack patients.

Scaling the spectral beam combining channel by multiple diode laser stacks in an external cavity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Huicheng; Ruan, Xu; Du, Weichuan; Wang, Zhao; Lei, Fuchuan; Yu, Junhong; Tan, Hao

2017-04-01

Spectral beam combining of a broad area diode laser is a promising technique for direct diode laser applications. We present an experimental study of three mini-bar stacks in an external cavity on spectral beam combining in conjunction with spatial beam combining. At the pump current of 70 A, a CW output power of 579 W, spectral bandwidth of 18.8 nm and electro-optical conversion efficiency of 47% are achieved. The measured M 2 values of spectral beam combining are 18.4 and 14.7 for the fast and the slow axis, respectively. The brightness of the spectral beam combining output is 232 MW · cm-2 · sr-1.

16 W output power by high-efficient spectral beam combining of DBR-tapered diode lasers.

PubMed

Müller, André; Vijayakumar, Deepak; Jensen, Ole Bjarlin; Hasler, Karl-Heinz; Sumpf, Bernd; Erbert, Götz; Andersen, Peter E; Petersen, Paul Michael

2011-01-17

Up to 16 W output power has been obtained using spectral beam combining of two 1063 nm DBR-tapered diode lasers. Using a reflecting volume Bragg grating, a combining efficiency as high as 93.7% is achieved, resulting in a single beam with high spatial coherence. The result represents the highest output power achieved by spectral beam combining of two single element tapered diode lasers. Since spectral beam combining does not affect beam propagation parameters, M2-values of 1.8 (fast axis) and 3.3 (slow axis) match the M2-values of the laser with lowest spatial coherence. The principle of spectral beam combining used in our experiments can be expanded to combine more than two tapered diode lasers and hence it is expected that the output power may be increased even further in the future.

A large capacity time division multiplexed (TDM) laser beam combining technique enabled by nanosecond speed KTN deflector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Stuart (Shizhuo); Chao, Ju-Hung; Zhu, Wenbin; Chen, Chang-Jiang; Campbell, Adrian; Henry, Michael; Dubinskiy, Mark; Hoffman, Robert C.

2017-08-01

In this paper, we present a novel large capacity (a 1000+ channel) time division multiplexing (TDM) laser beam combining technique by harnessing a state-of-the-art nanosecond speed potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) electro-optic (EO) beam deflector as the time division multiplexer. The major advantages of TDM approach are: (1) large multiplexing capability (over 1000 channels), (2) high spatial beam quality (the combined beam has the same spatial profile as the individual beam), (3) high spectral beam quality (the combined beam has the same spectral width as the individual beam, and (4) insensitive to the phase fluctuation of individual laser because of the nature of the incoherent beam combining. The quantitative analyses show that it is possible to achieve over one hundred kW average power, single aperture, single transverse mode solid state and/or fiber laser by pursuing this innovative beam combining method, which represents a major technical advance in the field of high energy lasers. Such kind of 100+ kW average power diffraction limited beam quality lasers can play an important role in a variety of applications such as laser directed energy weapons (DEW) and large-capacity high-speed laser manufacturing, including cutting, welding, and printing.

Improved synthesis and characterization of saturated branched-chain fatty acid isomers

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The development of viable technologies for producing green products from renewable fats and oils is highly desirable since such materials can serve as replacements for non-renewable and poorly biodegradable petroleum-based products. Mixtures of saturated branched-chain fatty acid isomers (sbc-FAs),...

An Outline Course on Human Performance Modeling

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

50. no pude conectarme al chat. La red de la universidad no tenia acctivado el servicio 51. It seemed like the queue was full 52. The audience...University 87. University of Virginia 88. Department of Mathematical Sciences UNLV 89. Micro Analysis & Design 0. universidad del sinu 91. SBC

13 CFR 126.200 - What requirements must a concern meet to receive SBA certification as a qualified HUBZone SBC?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... States citizens. (ii) The concern must be an ANC owned and controlled by Natives (determined pursuant to... partnership of an ANC qualifying pursuant to section 29(e)(1) of ANCSA, if that subsidiary, joint venture, or...

MODELING MERCURY BEHAVIOR IN A CONTAMINATED DESERT STREAM AND CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

EPA Science Inventory

The Steamboat Creek (SBC) watershed is highly contaminated with mercury and is considered the most polluted tributary of the Truckee River. Restoration is being considered at its confluence with the Truckee River to reduce pollutant loads, but there is concern that restoration c...

Incoherent beam combining of fiber lasers by an all-fiber 7 × 1 signal combiner at a power level of 14 kW.

PubMed

Lei, Chengmin; Gu, Yanran; Chen, Zilun; Wang, Zengfeng; Zhou, Pu; Ma, Yanxing; Xiao, Hu; Leng, Jinyong; Wang, Xiaolin; Hou, Jing; Xu, Xiaojun; Chen, Jinbao; Liu, Zejin

2018-04-16

We demonstrate an all-fiber 7 × 1 signal combiner with an output core diameter of 50 μm for high power incoherent beam combining of seven self-made Yb-doped single-mode fiber lasers around a wavelength of 1080 nm and output power of 2 kW. 14.1 kW combined output power is achieved with a total transmission efficiency of higher than 98.5% and a beam quality of M 2 = 5.37, which is close to the theoretical results based on finite-difference beam propagation technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power ever reported for all-fiber structure beam combining generation, which indicates the feasibility and potential of >10 kW high brightness incoherent beam combining based on an all-fiber signal combiner.

School-Based Clinics That Work.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Public Health Service (DHHS), Rockville, MD.

This paper describes a small set of successful school-based clinics (SBCs) that provide primary health care services for the underserved and identifies factors contributing to their success. Six sites were selected on the basis of three general criteria: (1) direct involvement between the SBC and a federally-funded community health center (CHC);…

45 CFR 147.200 - Summary of benefits and coverage and uniform glossary.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SBC must include the following: (A) Uniform definitions of standard insurance terms and medical terms... or coverage for common benefits scenarios (including pregnancy and serious or chronic medical... treatment plan for a specified medical condition during a specific period of time, based on recognized...

45 CFR 147.200 - Summary of benefits and coverage and uniform glossary.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SBC must include the following: (A) Uniform definitions of standard insurance terms and medical terms... or coverage for common benefits scenarios (including pregnancy and serious or chronic medical... treatment plan for a specified medical condition during a specific period of time, based on recognized...

45 CFR 147.200 - Summary of benefits and coverage and uniform glossary.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SBC must include the following: (A) Uniform definitions of standard insurance terms and medical terms... or coverage for common benefits scenarios (including pregnancy and serious or chronic medical... treatment plan for a specified medical condition during a specific period of time, based on recognized...

Soil profile organic carbon as affected by tillage and cropping systems

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Reports on the long-term effects of tillage and cropping systems on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in the entire rooting profile are limited. A long-term experiment with three cropping systems [continuous corn (CC), continuous soybean (CSB), and soybean-corn (SB-C)] in six primary tillage s...

AUV-12 Sonar Integration and Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-26

ActiveX control allow the real-time ES MKII data (with embedded navigation data) to be logged to the SBC disk in the ES MKII native XTF format. We...begin transmission to the AUV via the acoustic micro-modem message type 28 that contains the target vessel position, true heading, course over

40 CFR 86.1823-08 - Durability demonstration procedures for exhaust emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... judgement, a catalyst aging bench that follows the SBC and delivers the appropriate exhaust flow, exhaust... set must consist of randomly procured vehicles from actual customer use. The vehicles selected for... submit an analysis which evaluates whether the durability objective will be achieved for the vehicle...

A REVIEW OF THE US EPA'S SINGLE BREATH CANISTER (SBC) METHOD FOR EXHALED VOLATILE ORGANIC BIOMARKERS

EPA Science Inventory

Exhaled alveolar breath can provide a great deal of information about an individual?s health and previous exposure to potentially harmful xenobiotic materials. Because breath can be obtained noninvasively and its constituents directly reflect concentrations in the blood, its us...

III SBC Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports - Executive Summary

PubMed Central

Pastore, Carlos Alberto; Samesima, Nelson; Pereira-Filho, Horacio Gomes

2016-01-01

The third version of the guidelines covers recently described topics, such as ion channel diseases, acute ischemic changes, the electrocardiogram in athletes, and analysis of ventricular repolarization. It sought to revise the criteria for overloads, conduction disorders, and analysis of data for internet transmission. PMID:27982266

Constraining the variability of optical properties in the Santa Barbara Channel, CA: A phytoplankton story

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barron, Rebecca Katherine

The research presented in this dissertation evaluates the direct relationships of phytoplankton community composition and inherent optical properties (IOP); that is, the absorption and scattering of light in the ocean. Phytoplankton community composition affect IOPs in both direct and indirect ways, thus creating challenges for optical measurements of biological and biogeochemical properties in aquatic systems. Studies were performed in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC), CA where an array of optical and biogeochemical measurements were made. Phytoplankton community structure was characterized by an empirical orthogonal functional analysis (EOF) using phytoplankton accessory pigments. The results showed that phytoplankton community significantly correlated to all IOPs, e.g. phytoplankton specific absorption, detrital absorption, CDOM absorption and particle backscattering coefficients. Furthermore, the EOF analysis was unique in splitting the microphytoplankton size class into separate diatom and dinoflagellate regimes allowing for assessment optical property differences within the same size class, a technique previously not systematically achievable. The phytoplankton functional group dinoflagellates were particularly influential to IOPs in surprising ways. Dinoflagellates showed higher backscattering efficiencies than would be predicted based on Mie theory, and significantly influenced CDOM absorption via direct association with dissolved mycosproine-like amino acid absorption (MAA) peaks in CDOM spectra. A new index was developed in this work to quantify MAA absorption peaks in CDOM spectra, and was named the MAA Index. Prior to this research dissolved MAA absorption in natural waters was never quantified, and CDOM data containing these peaks were often disregarded and discarded from analysis. CDOM dynamics in the SBC were assessed for a 15-year study period, and this work shows that significantly large MAA Index values, e.g. MAA Index > 1, were present in approximately 16% of surface water data. Variability in CDOM spectral shape was quantified using the EOF technique, and regression analysis with EOF outputs showed that CDOM absorption intensity and spectral shape were well correlated dinoflagellate presence. Furthermore, results showed that phytoplankton biomass played a secondary role in relation to CDOM absorption, and that variability in CDOM absorption coefficients were primarily driven by community composition. CDOM quality in the SBC was also assessed using CDOM fluorescence properties via excitation emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS). The EEMS data was analyzed using a multivariate statistical procedure, again, an EOF analysis, to identify three dominant CDOM source regimes: the surface pelagic regime, deep-water (up to 300 m) regime and kelp forest pelagic regime. This work also found that while CDOM absorption coefficient was strongly influence by which phytoplankton groups were present, DOM quality was characterized more so by the amount of phytoplankton biomass, hence indicating strong microbial component to DOM production. Lastly, with the use of the EEMS data, and characterization of CDOM absorption properties, e.g. spectral slope, S, slope ratio, SR, specific UV-absorbance, SUVA and MAA Index, we found that terrestrial sources of CDOM were very limited in the SBC. Based on this research, mineral particle concentrations that significantly correlated with IOPs were thought to be associated with suspended sediments from shoaling of the continental shelf rather than from stream/river influence. Thus, the SBC is a unique, optically complex ocean system where IOP dynamics, thus remote sensing reflectance, are strongly influenced by shifts in phytoplankton community structure.

Propagation of coherently combined truncated laser beam arrays with beam distortions in non-Kolmogorov turbulence.

PubMed

Tao, Rumao; Si, Lei; Ma, Yanxing; Zhou, Pu; Liu, Zejin

2012-08-10

The propagation properties of coherently combined truncated laser beam arrays with beam distortions through non-Kolmogorov turbulence are studied in detail both analytically and numerically. The analytical expressions for the average intensity and the beam width of coherently combined truncated laser beam arrays with beam distortions propagating through turbulence are derived based on the combination of statistical optics methods and the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. The effect of beam distortions, such as amplitude modulation and phase fluctuation, is studied by numerical examples. The numerical results reveal that phase fluctuations have significant influence on the spreading of coherently combined truncated laser beam arrays in non-Kolmogorov turbulence, and the effects of the phase fluctuations can be negligible as long as the phase fluctuations are controlled under a certain level, i.e., a>0.05 for the situation considered in the paper. Furthermore, large phase fluctuations can convert the beam distribution rapidly to a Gaussian form, vary the spreading, weaken the optimum truncation effects, and suppress the dependence of spreading on the parameters of the non-Kolmogorov turbulence.

External-cavity beam combining of 4-channel quantum cascade lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Yue; Zhang, Jin-Chuan; Zhou, Yu-Hong; Jia, Zhi-Wei; Zhuo, Ning; Zhai, Shen-Qiang; Wang, Li-Jun; Liu, Jun-Qi; Liu, Shu-Man; Liu, Feng-Qi; Wang, Zhan-Guo

2017-09-01

We demonstrate an external-cavity (EC) beam combining of 4-channel quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) with an output coupler which makes different QCL beams propagating coaxially. A beam combining efficiency of 35% (up to 75% near threshold) is obtained with a beam quality M2 of 5.5. A peak power of 0.64 W is achieved at a wavelength of 4.7 μm. The differences of spot characteristic between coupled and uncoupled are also showed in this letter. The QCLs in this EC system do not have heat crosstalk so that the system can be used for high power beam combining of QCLs.

Use of DNA stains in immunophenotyping by slide-based cytometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerstner, Andreas O. H.; Laffers, Wiebke; Bootz, Friedrich; Tarnok, Attila

2003-06-01

Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) is a very well documented application of Slide Based Cytometry (SBC). As for any other assay it is of highest importance to ensure that all cells which are relevant for an analysis are recognized. Unlike assays for cultured cells which have homogenous morphology immunophenotyping of PBLs is performed on cells with heterogeneous size and shape. Therefore, triggering on parameters related to cell morphology might lead to an incomplete analysis of just a subset of cells especially in pathological conditions. Several dyes stain DNA specifically in a wide variety of emission spectra. Many of them show some influence of the chromatin condensation and organization on the staining intensity. DNA dyes therefore can be used to differentiate between cell types having the same ploidy. This can be exploited for immunophenotyping since some dyes therefore can partially replace antibody staining. The concept of using DNA dyes in the setting of immunostaining has the following advantages: (1) nuclear staining provides a stable and easy triggering signal that guarantees both, that neither cells are excluded nor that debris or polluting particles are included into the analysis; (2) some DNA dyes differentiate between mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. A disadvantage of DNA dyes is that mostly cells have to be permeabilized. Because of this only one set of immunophenotypic markers can be stained, cells are fixed and permeabilized, and then nuclei are stained with the appropriate DNA dye. In the study we demonstrate the use of the most commonly available DNA dyes (7-AAD, To-Pro, To-To, PI etc.) in their applicability in immunophenotyping. An overview of spectral properties, fluorescence spill-over and optimal combinations with surface antigen staining will be shown. As in general for SBC only very small sample volumes are needed. This allows to serially analyze PBL in clinical settings that up to now could not be studied in detail such as in the critical ill patient, during major surgery, and in new-borns and infants.

High-power direct diode laser output by spectral beam combining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Hao; Meng, Huicheng; Ruan, Xu; Du, Weichuan; Wang, Zhao

2018-03-01

We demonstrate a spectral beam combining scheme based on multiple mini-bar stacks, which have more diode laser combining elements, to increase the combined diode laser power and realize equal beam quality in both the fast and slow axes. A spectral beam combining diode laser output of 1130 W is achieved with an operating current of 75 A. When a 9.6 X de-magnifying telescope is introduced between the output mirror and the diffraction grating, to restrain cross-talk among diode laser emitters, a 710 W spectral beam combining diode laser output is achieved at the operating current of 70 A, and the beam quality on the fast and slow axes of the combined beam is about 7.5 mm mrad and 7.3 mm mrad respectively. The power reduction is caused by the existence of a couple resonator between the rear facet of the diode laser and the fast axis collimation lens, and it should be eliminated by using diode laser chips with higher front facet transmission efficiency and a fast axis collimation lens with lower residual reflectivity.

Effects of School Counselors' Cognitive Behavioral Consultation on Irrational and Efficacy Beliefs of Elementary School Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warren, Jeffrey M.; Gerler, Edwin R., Jr.

2013-01-01

Consultation is an indirect service frequently offered as part of comprehensive school counseling programs. This study explored the efficacy of a specific model of consultation, rational emotive-social behavior consultation (RE-SBC). Elementary school teachers participated in face-to-face and online consultation groups aimed at influencing…

13 CFR 126.201 - Who does SBA consider to own a HUBZone SBC?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... persons who are U.S. citizens. (b) Partnerships. SBA considers all partners, whether general or limited, to be owners in a partnership. (c) Sole proprietorships. The proprietor is the owner. (d) Limited liability companies. SBA considers each member to be an owner of a limited liability company. [69 FR 29422...

48 CFR 1852.219-85 - Conditions for final payment-SBIR and STTR contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this SBIR contract was with the Contractor... number); and 7. For STTR contracts: The primary employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this STTR contract was the SBC/Contractor or the research institution (RI). The PI identified in...

48 CFR 1852.219-85 - Conditions for final payment-SBIR and STTR contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this SBIR contract was with the Contractor... number); and 7. For STTR contracts: The primary employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this STTR contract was the SBC/Contractor or the research institution (RI). The PI identified in...

48 CFR 1852.219-85 - Conditions for final payment-SBIR and STTR contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this SBIR contract was with the Contractor... number); and 7. For STTR contracts: The primary employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this STTR contract was the SBC/Contractor or the research institution (RI). The PI identified in...

75 FR 81310 - In the Matter of Certain Digital Television Products and Certain Products Containing Same and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-27

... Victory Electronics (Taiwan) Co., Ltd. (``Top Victory Electronics''); and Envision Peripherals, Inc. (``Envision''). Cease-and-desist orders were issued against Vizio, TPV USA, Envision, and SBC. Respondents Vizio, AmTran, TPV Technology, TPV USA, Top Victory Electronics, and Envision appealed to the United...

Addressing Pediatric Health Concerns through School-Based Consultation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Truscott, Stephen D.; Albritton, Kizzy

2011-01-01

In schools, the term "consultation" has multiple meanings. Often it is used to describe a quick, informal process of advice giving between teachers and/or school specialists. As a formal discipline, School-Based Consultation (SBC) is an indirect service delivery model that involves two or more parties working together to benefit students. Most…

48 CFR 1852.219-85 - Conditions for final payment-SBIR and STTR contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this SBIR contract was with the Contractor... number); and 7. For STTR contracts: The primary employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this STTR contract was the SBC/Contractor or the research institution (RI). The PI identified in...

48 CFR 1852.219-85 - Conditions for final payment-SBIR and STTR contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this SBIR contract was with the Contractor... number); and 7. For STTR contracts: The primary employment of the principal investigator (PI) identified in this STTR contract was the SBC/Contractor or the research institution (RI). The PI identified in...

The Development of a Discipline Code for Sue Bennett College.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McLendon, Sandra F.

A Student Discipline Code (SDC) was developed to govern student life at Sue Bennett College (SBC), Kentucky, a private two-year college affiliated with the Methodist Church. Steps taken in the process included the following: a review of relevant literature on student discipline; examination of discipline codes from six other educational…

Tris(O-cyclo­hexyl dithio­carbonato-κS)anti­mony(III)

PubMed Central

Li, Wenkuan; Yin, Handong; Wen, Liyuan; Wang, Daqi

2009-01-01

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, [Sb(C7H11OS2)3], the anti­mony(III) is coordinated by the S atoms of three O-alkyl xanthate groups acting as monodentate ligands, forming a distorted trigonal-pyramidal coordination. PMID:21581504

Calculation of two-dimension radial electric field in boundary plasmas by using BOUT++

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, N. M.; Xu, X. Q.; Rognlien, T. D.; Gui, B.; Sun, J. Z.; Wang, D. Z.

2018-07-01

The steady state radial electric field (Er) is calculated by coupling a plasma transport model with the quasi-neutrality constraint and the vorticity equation within the BOUT++ framework. Based on the experimentally measured plasma density and temperature profiles in Alcator C-Mod discharges, the effective radial particle and heat diffusivities are inferred from the set of plasma transport equations. The effective diffusivities are then extended into the scrape-off layer (SOL) to calculate the plasma density, temperature and flow profiles across the separatrix into the SOL with the electrostatic sheath boundary conditions (SBC) applied on the divertor plates. Given these diffusivities, the electric field can be calculated self-consistently across the separatrix from the vorticity equation with SBC coupled to the plasma transport equations. The sheath boundary conditions act to generate a large and positive Er in the SOL, which is consistent with experimental measurements. The effect of magnetic particle drifts is shown to play a significant role on local particle transport and Er by inducing a net particle flow in both the edge and SOL regions.

Green Chromatographic Separation of Coumarin and Vanillins Using Subcritical Water as the Mobile Phase.

PubMed

Kayan, Berkant; Akay, Sema; Yang, Yu

2016-08-01

Pure water was used as the eluent for separation of coumarin, vanillin and ethyl vanillin at temperatures ranging from 100 to 200°C using a homemade subcritical water chromatography (SBWC) system. Chromatographic separations were performed on five commercial columns including XTerra MS C18, XBridge C18, Zorbax RRHD Eclipse Plus, Zorbax SB-Phenyl and Zorbax SB-C18 columns. The retention time of all three solutes decreased with increasing water temperature. The shortest retention time among all acceptable separations, less than 4 min, was achieved on the Zorbax SB-C18 column at 200°C. While separations on the XTerra MS C18 column resulted in fronting peaks and a degradation peak from ethyl vanillin on the Zorbax RRHD Eclipse Plus column was observed, all three other columns yielded reasonable separations under SBWC conditions. In addition to separation of the standard test mixture, separation of coumarin contained in a skincare cream sample was also carried out using SBWC. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Quadcopter Control Using Speech Recognition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malik, H.; Darma, S.; Soekirno, S.

2018-04-01

This research reported a comparison from a success rate of speech recognition systems that used two types of databases they were existing databases and new databases, that were implemented into quadcopter as motion control. Speech recognition system was using Mel frequency cepstral coefficient method (MFCC) as feature extraction that was trained using recursive neural network method (RNN). MFCC method was one of the feature extraction methods that most used for speech recognition. This method has a success rate of 80% - 95%. Existing database was used to measure the success rate of RNN method. The new database was created using Indonesian language and then the success rate was compared with results from an existing database. Sound input from the microphone was processed on a DSP module with MFCC method to get the characteristic values. Then, the characteristic values were trained using the RNN which result was a command. The command became a control input to the single board computer (SBC) which result was the movement of the quadcopter. On SBC, we used robot operating system (ROS) as the kernel (Operating System).

Spectrofluorimetric study on the inclusion interaction between vitamin K 3 with p-( p-sulfonated benzeneazo)calix[6]arene and determination of VK 3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Yunyou; Xu, Hongwei; Wu, Lian; Liu, Chun; Lu, Qin; Wang, Lun

2008-11-01

The characteristics of host-guest complexation between p-( p-sulfonated benzeneazo) calix[6]arene (SBC6A) and vitamin K 3 (VK 3) were investigated by fluorescence spectrometry. A 1:1 stoichiometry for the complexation was established and was verified by Job's plot. An association constant of 4.95 × 10 3 L mol -1 at 20 °C was calculated by applying a deduced equation. The interaction mechanism of the inclusion complex was discussed. It was found that the fluorescence of SBC6A could be remarkably quenched by an appropriate amount of VK 3 especially when non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 existed. According to the obtained results, a novel sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of VK 3 based on supramolecular complex was developed with a linear range of 5.0 × 10 -7-3.0 × 10 -5 mol L -1 and a detection limit of 2.0 × 10 -7 mol L -1. The proposed method was used to determine VK 3 in commercial preparations with satisfactory results.

Spectrofluorimetric study on the inclusion interaction between vitamin K3 with p-(p-sulfonated benzeneazo)calix[6]arene and determination of VK3.

PubMed

Zhou, Yunyou; Xu, Hongwei; Wu, Lian; Liu, Chun; Lu, Qin; Wang, Lun

2008-11-15

The characteristics of host-guest complexation between p-(p-sulfonated benzeneazo) calix[6]arene (SBC6A) and vitamin K3 (VK3) were investigated by fluorescence spectrometry. A 1:1 stoichiometry for the complexation was established and was verified by Job's plot. An association constant of 4.95 x 10(3)L mol(-1) at 20 degrees C was calculated by applying a deduced equation. The interaction mechanism of the inclusion complex was discussed. It was found that the fluorescence of SBC6A could be remarkably quenched by an appropriate amount of VK3 especially when non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 existed. According to the obtained results, a novel sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of VK3 based on supramolecular complex was developed with a linear range of 5.0 x 10(-7) -3.0 x 10(-5)mol L(-1) and a detection limit of 2.0 x 10(-7)mol L(-1). The proposed method was used to determine VK3 in commercial preparations with satisfactory results.

SiGe BiCMOS manufacturing platform for mmWave applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kar-Roy, Arjun; Howard, David; Preisler, Edward; Racanelli, Marco; Chaudhry, Samir; Blaschke, Volker

2010-10-01

TowerJazz offers high volume manufacturable commercial SiGe BiCMOS technology platforms to address the mmWave market. In this paper, first, the SiGe BiCMOS process technology platforms such as SBC18 and SBC13 are described. These manufacturing platforms integrate 200 GHz fT/fMAX SiGe NPN with deep trench isolation into 0.18μm and 0.13μm node CMOS processes along with high density 5.6fF/μm2 stacked MIM capacitors, high value polysilicon resistors, high-Q metal resistors, lateral PNP transistors, and triple well isolation using deep n-well for mixed-signal integration, and, multiple varactors and compact high-Q inductors for RF needs. Second, design enablement tools that maximize performance and lowers costs and time to market such as scalable PSP and HICUM models, statistical and Xsigma models, reliability modeling tools, process control model tools, inductor toolbox and transmission line models are described. Finally, demonstrations in silicon for mmWave applications in the areas of optical networking, mobile broadband, phased array radar, collision avoidance radar and W-band imaging are listed.

Performance investigation of an innovative Vertical Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine – Straight Blade Cascaded (VAHT-SBC) for low current speed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hantoro, R.; Prananda, J.; Mahmashani, A. W.; Septyaningru, E.; Imanuddin, F.

2018-05-01

Research on the development and innovation of Vertical Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine (VAHT) to improve performance has been done. One of the important indicator that affects VAHT’s performance is Coefficient of Performance (Cp). Theoretical Cp value for the VAT (Darrieus) turbine is 0.45. This paper presents the results of a performance investigation for an innovative Vertical Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine – Straight Blade Cascaded (VAHT-SBC) by modifying the number and the arrangement of blades using CFD simulation. Symmetrical NACA 0018 is used for this study, each model is simulated with current speed variation (U - m/s) of 0.5, 1 and 1.5. An increase in Cp value is shown in variation of 9 blades (3 blades cascaded in each arm) with Cp value of 0.396 at TSR of 2.27 which is reach 88% of the theoretical value. Furthermore, the streamline velocity of the pressure contour, velocity streamline and torque fluctuations are also presented in this paper to gain in deep information.

Combination of carbon ion beam and gemcitabine causes irreparable DNA damage and death of radioresistant pancreatic cancer stem-like cells in vitro and in vivo

PubMed Central

Sai, Sei; Wakai, Toshifumi; Vares, Guillaume; Yamada, Shigeru; Kamijo, Takehiko; Kamada, Tadashi; Shirai, Toshiyuki

2015-01-01

We try to elucidate whether a carbon ion beam alone or in combination with gemcitabine has advantages over X-ray in targeting putative pancreatic cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Colony, spheroid formation and tumorigenicity assays confirmed that CD44+/ESA+ cells sorted from PANC1 and PK45 cells have more CSC properties than CD44−/ESA− cells. The number of colonies and spheroids formed from CSCs after carbon ion beam irradiation was significantly reduced compared to after X-ray irradiation, and they were extremely highly suppressed when carbon ion beam combined with gemcitabine. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values for the carbon ion beam relative to X-ray at the D10 levels for CSCs were 2.23-2.66. Expressions of multiple cell death-related genes were remarkably highly induced, and large numbers of γH2AX foci in CSCs were formed after carbon ion beam combined with gemcitabine. The highly expressed CSC markers were significantly inhibited after 30 Gy of carbon ion beam and almost lost after 25 Gy carbon ion beam combined with 50 mg/kg gemcitabine. In conclusion, a carbon ion beam combined with gemcitabine has superior potential to kill pancreatic CSCs via irreparable clustered DSB compared to a carbon ion alone or X-rays combined with gemcitabine. PMID:25849939

Coherent and incoherent off-axis Hermite-Gaussian beam combinations.

PubMed

Lü, B; Ma, H

2000-03-10

A detailed study of the coherent and the incoherent combinations of two-dimensional off-axis Hermite-Gaussian beams with rectangular symmetry is made. The closed-form propagation formulas of the resulting beam are derived, and the resulting beam quality in terms of the M(2) factor and power in the bucket is discussed and compared for the coherent and the incoherent combinations. In addition, it is shown that the resulting astigmatic beam can be symmetrized in the sense of the second-moment definition of beam width. However, the symmetrizing transformation of the resulting astigmatic beams is incomplete, because there exist different irradiance profiles.

Seedling growth responses to soil resources in the understory of a wet tropical forest.

PubMed

Holste, Ellen K; Kobe, Richard K; Vriesendorp, Corine F

2011-09-01

Plant growth responses to resources may be an important mechanism that influences species' distributions, coexistence, and community structure. Irradiance is considered the most important resource for seedling growth in the understory of wet tropical forests, but multiple soil nutrients and species have yet to be examined simultaneously with irradiance under field conditions. To identify potentially limiting resources, we modeled tree seedling growth as a function of irradiance and soil nutrients across five sites, spanning a soil fertility gradient in old-growth, wet tropical forests at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We measured an array of soil nutrients including total nitrogen (total N), inorganic N (nitrate [NO3-] and ammonium [NH4+]), phosphate (PO4-), and sum of base cations (SBC; potassium, magnesium, and calcium). Shade in the forest understory did not preclude seedling growth correlations with soil nutrients. Irradiance was a significant predictor of growth in 52% of the species, inorganic N in 54% (NO3- in 32%; NH4+ in 34%), total N in 47%, SBC in 39%, and PO4- in 29%. Overall, growth was correlated with both irradiance and soil nutrients in 45% of species and with soil nutrients only in an additional 48%; rarely was irradiance alone correlated with growth. Contrary to expectations, the magnitudes of growth effects, assessed as the maximum growth response to significant resources for each species, were similar for irradiance and most soil nutrients. Among species whose growth correlated with soil nutrients, the rank importance of nutrient effects was SBC, followed by N (total N, NO3-, and/or NH4+) and PO4-. Species' growth responsiveness (i.e., magnitudes of effect) to irradiance and soil nutrients was negatively correlated with species' shade tolerance (survival under 1% full sun). In this broad survey of species and resources, the nearly ubiquitous effects of soil nutrients on seedling growth challenge the idea that soil nutrients are less important than irradiance in the light-limited understory of wet tropical forests.

Resistance training predicts 6-yr body composition change in postmenopausal women.

PubMed

Bea, Jennifer W; Cussler, Ellen C; Going, Scott B; Blew, Robert M; Metcalfe, Lauve L; Lohman, Timothy G

2010-07-01

The aim of this study was to examine the association of exercise frequency (ExFreq) and volume (total weight lifted by military press and squats (SQ)) with change in body composition among postmenopausal women participating in a progressive resistance training study. Previously, sedentary women (n = 122, age = 56.3 +/- 4.3 yr) were followed for 6 yr. At 6 yr, there were women who had been randomly assigned to resistance training at baseline (n = 65) controls that were permitted to cross over to the exercise program at 1 yr (n = 32) and 25 true controls. Exercisers and crossovers directed to perform eight core exercises for two sets of eight repetitions at 70%-80% of one-repetition maximum, three times weekly, plus progressive weight bearing, stretching, and balance. Body weight and fat were measured at baseline and annually using anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Average change in body weight and total body fat were 0.83 +/- 5.39 and 0.64 +/- 4.95 kg at 6 yr, respectively. In multiple linear regression, ExFreq, military press, and SQ were significantly inversely associated with change in body weight (standardized beta coefficient (SBC) = -0.22 to -0.28, P < 0.01), fat (SBC = -0.25 to -0.33, P < 0.01), and trunk fat (SBC = -0.20 to -0.31, P < 0.03) after adjusting for age, years on hormone therapy, change in lean soft tissue, baseline body composition, and baseline habitual exercise. The lowest tertile of SQ (equivalent to 2.5% attendance) demonstrated significant gain in weight, fat, and trunk fat over 6 yr (P < 0.004), whereas the highest tertile SQ (equivalent to 64% attendance) was able to maintain their weight, total, and regional fat. We conclude that resistance training is a viable long-term method to prevent weight gain and deleterious changes in body composition in postmenopausal women.

Evaluation of a prototype surface flow bypass for juvenile salmon and steelhead at the powerhouse of Lower Granite Dam, Snake River, Washington, 1996-2000

USGS Publications Warehouse

Johnson, G.E.; Anglea, S.M.; Adams, N.S.; Wik, T.O.

2005-01-01

A surface flow bypass takes advantage of the natural surface orientation of most juvenile salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss by providing a route in the upper water column that downstream migrant fishes can use to pass a hydroelectric dam safely. A prototype structure, called the surface bypass and collector (SBC), was retrofitted on the powerhouse of Lower Granite Dam and was evaluated annually with biotelemetry and hydroacoustic techniques during the 5-year life span of the structure (1996-2000) to determine the entrance configuration that maximized passage efficiency and minimized forebay residence time. The best tested entrance configuration had maximum inflow (99 m 3/s) concentrated in a single surface entrance (5 m wide, 8.5 m deep). We identified five important considerations for future surface flow bypass development in the lower Snake River and elsewhere: (1) an extensive flow net should be formed in the forebay by use of relatively high surface flow bypass discharge (>7% of total project discharge); (2) a gradual increase in water velocity with increasing proximity to the surface flow bypass (ideally, acceleration 3 m/s) to entrain the subject juvenile fishes; (4) the shape and orientation of the surface entrance(s) should be adapted to fit site-specific features; and (5) construction of a forebay wall to increase fish availability to the surface flow bypass should be considered. The efficiency of the SBC was not high enough (maximum of 62% relative to passage at turbine units 4-5) for the SBC to operate as a stand-alone bypass. Anywhere that surface-oriented anadromous fish must negotiate hydroelectric dams, surface flow bypass systems can provide cost-effective use of typically limited water supplies to increase the nonturbine passage, and presumably survival, of downstream migrants. ??Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2005.

Does wet hair in cold weather cause sinus headache and posterior eye pain? A possible mechanism through selective brain cooling system.

PubMed

Kaya, Abdullah; Calışkan, Halil

2012-12-01

As a general observation, wet hair in cold weather seems to be a predisposing factor for sinus headache and posterior eye pain. We offer a mechanism through selective brain cooling system for this observation. Selective brain cooling (SBC) is a mechanism to protect brain from hyperthermia. Components of SBC are head skin and upper respiratory tract (nose and paranasal sinuses). Cool venous blood from head skin and mucous membranes of nose and paranasal sinuses drains to intracranial dural sinuses and provide brain cooling. Brain will be cooled very much when head skin exposes to hypothermia such a condition like wet hair in cold weather. We suggest that, in order to reduce brain cooling activity, some alterations are being occurred within paranasal sinuses. For this purpose, sinus ostiums may close and mucus may accumulate to reduce air within sinuses. Also there may be some vasomotor changes to prevent heat loss. We hypothesize that this possible alterations may occur within paranasal sinuses as a control mechanism for brain temperature control during exposure of head skin to hypothermia. Paranasal sinuses may also cool brain directly by a very thin layer of bone separates the posterior ethmoid air sinus from the subarachnoid space and only thin plates of bone separate the sphenoidal sinuses from internal carotid artery and cavernous sinuses. Because of their critical role in the SBC, posterior ethmoid air sinus and sphenoidal sinuses may be affected from this alterations more than other paranasal sinuses. This situation may cause posterior eye pain. This mechanism can explain why a person who expose to hypothermia with wet hair or a person who don't use a beret or a hat during cold weather gets sinus headache and posterior eye pain. These symptoms could lead to an incorrect diagnosis of sinusitis. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Scanning systems for particle cancer therapy

DOEpatents

Trbojevic, Dejan

2015-08-04

A particle beam to treat malignant tissue is delivered to a patient by a gantry. The gantry includes a plurality of small magnets sequentially arranged along a beam tube to transfer the particle beam with strong focusing and a small dispersion function, whereby a beam size is very small, allowing for the small magnet size. Magnets arranged along the beam tube uses combined function magnets where the magnetic field is a combination of a bending dipole field with a focusing or defocusing quadrupole field. A triplet set of combined function magnets defines the beam size at the patient. A scanning system of magnets arranged along the beam tube after the bending system delivers the particle beam in a direction normal to the patient, to minimize healthy skin and tissue exposure to the particle beam.

Polarization/Spatial Combining of Laser-Diode Pump Beams

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gelsinger, Paul; Liu, Duncan

2008-01-01

A breadboard version of an optical beam combiner is depicted which make it possible to use the outputs of any or all of four multimode laser diodes to pump a non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) laser. The output of each laser diode has a single-mode profile in the meridional plane containing an axis denoted the 'fast' axis and a narrower multimode profile in the orthogonal meridional plane, which contains an axis denoted the 'slow' axis and a narrower multimode profile in the orthogonal meridional plane, which contains an axis denoted the 'slow' axis. One of the purposes served by the beam-combining optics is to reduce the fast-axis numerical aperture (NA) of the laser-diode output to match the NA of the optical fiber. Along the slow axis, the unmodified laser-diode NA is already well matched to the fiber optic NA, so no further slow-axis beam shaping is needed. In this beam combiner, the laser-diode outputs are collimated by aspherical lenses, then half-wave plates and polarizing beam splitters are used to combine the four collimated beams into two beams. Spatial combination of the two beams and coupling into the optical fiber is effected by use of anamorphic prisms, mirrors, and a focusing lens. The anamorphic prisms are critical elements in the NA-matching scheme, in that they reduce the fast-axis beam width to 1/6 of its original values. Inasmuch as no slow-axis beam shaping is needed, the collimating and focusing lenses are matched for 1:1 iumaging. Because these lenses are well corrected for infinite conjugates the combiner offers diffraction-limited performance along both the fast and slow axes.

Coherent beam combination using self-phase locked stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugate mirrors with a rotating wedge for high power laser generation.

PubMed

Park, Sangwoo; Cha, Seongwoo; Oh, Jungsuk; Lee, Hwihyeong; Ahn, Heekyung; Churn, Kil Sung; Kong, Hong Jin

2016-04-18

The self-phase locking of a stimulated Brillouin scattering-phase conjugate mirror (SBS-PCM) allows a simple and scalable coherent beam combination of existing lasers. We propose a simple optical system composed of a rotating wedge and a concave mirror to overcome the power limit of the SBS-PCM. Its phase locking ability and the usefulness on the beam-combination laser are demonstrated experimentally. A four-beam combination is demonstrated using this SBS-PCM scheme. The relative phases between the beams were measured to be less than λ/24.7.

13 CFR 125.10 - Who does SBA consider to control an SDVO SBC?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... partners, with control over all partnership decisions. (d) Control over a limited liability company. In the case of a limited liability company, one or more service-disabled veterans (or in the case of a veteran... managing members, with control over all decisions of the limited liability company. (e) Control over a...

13 CFR 126.601 - What additional requirements must a qualified HUBZone SBC meet to bid on a contract?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Council (FAR Council) has the responsibility of adjusting each acquisition-related dollar threshold on October 1 of each year that is evenly divisible by five. Acquisition-related dollar thresholds are defined as dollar thresholds that are specified in law as a factor in defining the scope of the applicability...

13 CFR 125.9 - Who does SBA consider to own an SDVO SBC?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... Ownership by a trust, such as a living trust, may be treated as the functional equivalent of ownership by... unexercised stock options or similar agreements (including rights to convert non-voting stock or debentures into voting stock) held by non-service-disabled veterans sill be treated as exercised, except for any...

13 CFR 125.9 - Who does SBA consider to own an SDVO SBC?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

.... Ownership by a trust, such as a living trust, may be treated as the functional equivalent of ownership by... unexercised stock options or similar agreements (including rights to convert non-voting stock or debentures into voting stock) held by non-service-disabled veterans sill be treated as exercised, except for any...

A plasma amplifier to combine multiple beams at NIF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kirkwood, R. K.; Turnbull, D. P.; Chapman, T.; Wilks, S. C.; Rosen, M. D.; London, R. A.; Pickworth, L. A.; Colaitis, A.; Dunlop, W. H.; Poole, P.; Moody, J. D.; Strozzi, D. J.; Michel, P. A.; Divol, L.; Landen, O. L.; MacGowan, B. J.; Van Wonterghem, B. M.; Fournier, K. B.; Blue, B. E.

2018-05-01

Combining laser beams in a plasma is enabled by seeded stimulated Brillouin scattering which allows cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) to occur and re-distributes the energy between beams that cross with different incident angles and small differences in wavelength [Kirkwood et al. Phys. Plasmas 4, 1800 (1997)]. Indirect-drive implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Haynam et al. Appl. Opt. 46, 3276-3303 (2007)] have controlled drive symmetry by using plasma amplifiers to transfer energy between beams [Kirkwood et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 55, 103001 (2013); Lindl et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 020501 (2014); and Hurricane et al. Nature 506, 343-348 (2014)]. In this work, we show that the existing models are well enough validated by experiments to allow a design of a plasma beam combiner that, once optimized, is expected to produce a pulse of light in a single beam with the energy greatly enhanced over existing sources. The scheme combines up to 61 NIF beams with 120 kJ of available energy into a single f/20 beam with a 1 ns pulse duration and a 351 nm wavelength by both resonant and off-resonance CBET. Initial experiments are also described that have already succeeded in producing a 4 kJ, 1 ns pulse in a single beam by combination of up to eight incident pump beams containing <1.1 kJ/beam, which are maintained near resonance for CBET in a plasma that is formed by 60 pre-heating beams [Kirkwood et al., Nat. Phys. 14, 80 (2018)].

Theory of electronic phase locking of an optical array without a reference beam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shay, Thomas M.

2006-08-01

The first theory for two novel coherent beam combination architectures that are the first electronic beam combination architectures that completely eliminate the need for a separate reference beam are presented. Detailed theoretical models are developed and presented for the first time.

Coherent combining of a 4 kW, eight-element fiber amplifier array.

PubMed

Yu, C X; Augst, S J; Redmond, S M; Goldizen, K C; Murphy, D V; Sanchez, A; Fan, T Y

2011-07-15

Commercial 0.5 kW Yb-doped fiber amplifiers have been characterized and found to be suitable for coherent beam combining. Eight such fiber amplifiers have been coherently combined in a tiled-aperture configuration with 78% combining efficiency and total output power of 4 kW. The power-in-the-bucket vertical beam quality of the combined output is 1.25 times diffraction limited at full power. The beam-combining performance is independent of output power. © 2011 Optical Society of America

Rapid cycling medical synchrotron and beam delivery system

DOEpatents

Peggs, Stephen G [Port Jefferson, NY; Brennan, J Michael [East Northport, NY; Tuozzolo, Joseph E [Sayville, NY; Zaltsman, Alexander [Commack, NY

2008-10-07

A medical synchrotron which cycles rapidly in order to accelerate particles for delivery in a beam therapy system. The synchrotron generally includes a radiofrequency (RF) cavity for accelerating the particles as a beam and a plurality of combined function magnets arranged in a ring. Each of the combined function magnets performs two functions. The first function of the combined function magnet is to bend the particle beam along an orbital path around the ring. The second function of the combined function magnet is to focus or defocus the particle beam as it travels around the path. The radiofrequency (RF) cavity is a ferrite loaded cavity adapted for high speed frequency swings for rapid cycling acceleration of the particles.

Multi-aperture all-fiber active coherent beam combining for free-space optical communication receivers.

PubMed

Yang, Yan; Geng, Chao; Li, Feng; Huang, Guan; Li, Xinyang

2017-10-30

Multi-aperture receiver with optical combining architecture is an effective approach to overcome the turbulent atmosphere effect on the performance of the free-space optical (FSO) communications, in which how to combine the multiple laser beams received by the sub-apertures efficiently is one of the key technologies. In this paper, we focus on the combining module based on fiber couplers, and propose the all-fiber coherent beam combining (CBC) with two architectures by using active phase locking. To validate the feasibility of the proposed combining module, corresponding experiments and simulations on the CBC of four laser beams are carried out. The experimental results show that the phase differences among the input beams can be compensated and the combining efficiency can be stably promoted by active phase locking in CBC with both of the two architectures. The simulation results show that the combining efficiency fluctuates when turbulent atmosphere is considered, and the effectiveness of the combining module decreases as the turbulence increases. We believe that the combining module proposed in this paper has great potential, and the results can provide significant advices for researchers when building such a multi-aperture receiver with optical combining architecture for FSO commutation systems.

Narrow linewidth operation of a spectral beam combined diode laser bar.

PubMed

Zhu, Zhanda; Jiang, Menghua; Cheng, Siqi; Hui, Yongling; Lei, Hong; Li, Qiang

2016-04-20

Our experiment is expected to provide an approach for realizing ultranarrow linewidth for a spectral beam combined diode laser bar. The beams of a diode laser bar are combined in a fast axis after a beam transformation system. With the help of relay optics and a transform lens with a long focal length of 1.5 m, the whole wavelength of a spectral combined laser bar can be narrowed down to 0.48 nm from more than 10 nm. We have achieved 56.7 W cw from a 19-element single bar with an M² of 1.4  (in horizontal direction)×11.6  (in vertical direction). These parameters are good evidence that all the beams from the diode laser bar are combined together to increase the brightness.

Raman beam combining for laser brightness enhancement

DOEpatents

Dawson, Jay W.; Allen, Graham S.; Pax, Paul H.; Heebner, John E.; Sridharan, Arun K.; Rubenchik, Alexander M.; Barty, Chrisopher B. J.

2015-10-27

An optical source capable of enhanced scaling of pulse energy and brightness utilizes an ensemble of single-aperture fiber lasers as pump sources, with each such fiber laser operating at acceptable pulse energy levels. Beam combining involves stimulated Raman scattering using a Stokes' shifted seed beam, the latter of which is optimized in terms of its temporal and spectral properties. Beams from fiber lasers can thus be combined to attain pulses with peak energies in excess of the fiber laser self-focusing limit of 4 MW while retaining the advantages of a fiber laser system of high average power with good beam quality.

Experimental demonstration of spatially coherent beam combining using optical parametric amplification.

PubMed

Kurita, Takashi; Sueda, Keiichi; Tsubakimoto, Koji; Miyanaga, Noriaki

2010-07-05

We experimentally demonstrated coherent beam combining using optical parametric amplification with a nonlinear crystal pumped by random-phased multiple-beam array of the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser at 10-Hz repetition rate. In the proof-of-principle experiment, the phase jump between two pump beams was precisely controlled by a motorized actuator. For the demonstration of multiple-beam combining a random phase plate was used to create random-phased beamlets as a pump pulse. Far-field patterns of the pump, the signal, and the idler indicated that the spatially coherent signal beams were obtained on both cases. This approach allows scaling of the intensity of optical parametric chirped pulse amplification up to the exa-watt level while maintaining diffraction-limited beam quality.

13 CFR 125.26 - What are the grounds for filing an SDVO SBC protest?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What are the grounds for filing an... GOVERNMENT CONTRACTING PROGRAMS Protests Concerning SDVO SBCs § 125.26 What are the grounds for filing an..., spouse or permanent caregiver of such veteran. [70 FR 14527, Mar. 23, 2005, as amended at 72 FR 50041...

13 CFR 126.805 - What are the procedures for appeals of HUBZone status determinations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... status determinations? (a) Who may appeal. The protested HUBZone SBC, the protestor, or the CO may file... delivery service, or by U.S. mail (postmarked within the applicable time period). (d) Notice of appeal. The... as supplemented by the appeal. SBA will provide a copy of the decision to the CO, the protestor, and...

13 CFR 126.805 - What are the procedures for appeals of HUBZone status determinations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... status determinations? (a) Who may appeal. The protested HUBZone SBC, the protestor, or the CO may file... delivery service, or by U.S. mail (postmarked within the applicable time period). (d) Notice of appeal. The... as supplemented by the appeal. SBA will provide a copy of the decision to the CO, the protestor, and...

13 CFR 125.19 - When may a contracting officer set-aside a procurement for SDVO SBCs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... award will be made at fair market prices. This requirement does not preclude a contracting officer from making an award to a small business under the 8(a) BD, HUBZone, SDVO SBC or WOSB Programs. (2... delivery and award will be made at fair market prices. However, after conducting market research, the...

Screening ADHD Problems in the Sports Behavior Checklist: Factor Structure, Convergent and Divergent Validity, and Group Differences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clendenin, Aaron A.; Businelle, Michael S.; Kelley, Mary Lou

2005-01-01

The Sports Behavior Checklist (SBC) is subjected to a principal components analysis, and subscales are correlated with subscales of the Conners' Revised Parent Form and the Social Skills Rating System. Both of these analyses are conducted to determine the construct validity of the instrument. A subsample of lower socioeconomic status individuals…

Scaleable wireless web-enabled sensor networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Townsend, Christopher P.; Hamel, Michael J.; Sonntag, Peter A.; Trutor, B.; Arms, Steven W.

2002-06-01

Our goal was to develop a long life, low cost, scalable wireless sensing network, which collects and distributes data from a wide variety of sensors over the internet. Time division multiple access was employed with RF transmitter nodes (each w/unique16 bit address) to communicate digital data to a single receiver (range 1/3 mile). One thousand five channel nodes can communicate to one receiver (30 minute update). Current draw (sleep) is 20 microamps, allowing 5 year battery life w/one 3.6 volt Li-Ion AA size battery. The network nodes include sensor excitation (AC or DC), multiplexer, instrumentation amplifier, 16 bit A/D converter, microprocessor, and RF link. They are compatible with thermocouples, strain gauges, load/torque transducers, inductive/capacitive sensors. The receiver (418 MHz) includes a single board computer (SBC) with Ethernet capability, internet file transfer protocols (XML/HTML), and data storage. The receiver detects data from specific nodes, performs error checking, records the data. The web server interrogates the SBC (from Microsoft's Internet Explorer or Netscape's Navigator) to distribute data. This system can collect data from thousands of remote sensors on a smart structure, and be shared by an unlimited number of users.

Effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the neversink river watershed, New York

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wolock, D.M.; Fan, J.; Lawrence, G.B.

1997-01-01

The effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time were examined for a part of the Neversink River watershed in southern New York State. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), the sum of base cation concentrations (SBC), pH and concentrations of total aluminum (Al), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and silicon (Si) were measured during low stream flow at the outlets of nested basins ranging in size from 0.2 to 166.3 km2. ANC, SBC, pH, Al and DOC showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0.2 to 3 km2, but relatively small variations were observed as basin size increased beyond 3 km2. An index of subsurface contact time computed from basin topography and soil hydraulic conductivity also showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0.2 to 3 km2 and smaller changes as basin size increased beyond 3 km2. These results suggest that basin size affects low-flow stream chemistry because of the effects of basin size on subsurface contact time. ?? 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[Hemocyanins as immunostimulants].

PubMed

Del Campo, Miguel; Arancibia, Sergio; Nova, Esteban; Salazar, Fabián; González, Andrea; Moltedo, Bruno; De Ioannes, Pablo; Ferreira, Jorge; Manubens, Augusto; Becker, María Inés

2011-02-01

Hemocyanins, the giant oxygen transporter glycoproteins of diverse mollusks, are xenogenic to the mammalian immune system and they display a remarkable immuno-genicity. Therefore they are ideal non-specific immunostimulants to treat some types of cancer. They are used as an alternative therapy for superficial urinary bladder cancer (SBC), that has been traditionally treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). In contrast to BCG, hemocyanins do not cause side-effects, making them ideal for long-term repetitive treatments. Hemocyanins have also been exploited as carriers to develop antibodies against hapten molecules and peptides, as carrier-adjuvants for cutting-edge vaccines against cancer, drug addiction, and infectious diseases and in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases, such as Schistosomiasis. The hemocyanin from Megathura crenulata, also known as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), has been used for over thirty years for the purposes described above. More recently, hemoc yanin from the Chilean mollusk Concholepas concholepas (CCH) has proved to be a reliable alternative to KLH, either as carrier protein, and as a likely alternative for the immunotherapy of SBC. Despite KLH and CCH differ significantly in their origin and structure, we have demonstrated that both hemocyanins stimulate the immune system of mammals in a similar way by inducing a potent Thl-polarized cellular and humoral response.

[Stages of behavioral change regarding physical activity in students from a Brazilian town].

PubMed

Silva, Diego A S; Smith-Menezes, Aldemir; Almeida-Gomes, Marciusde; de Sousa, Thiago Ferreira

2010-08-01

Verifying the association between stages of behavioural change (SBC) for physical activity (PA) and socio-demographic factors, behavioural factors and PA barriers in students from a small town in Brazil. This cross-sectional study's representative sample was formed by 281 high school students from Simão Dias, Sergipe State, in Brazil, having 17.4 (± 1.98) mean age. Socio-demographic information was collected via a self-administered instrument (gender, age, school grade, economic level (EL) and family-head's EL), SBC for PA, behavioural factors (smoking, alcohol and stress) and PA barriers. A hierarchical model was used, involving Poisson regression with respective confidence intervals; significance level was set at 5 % for all analysis. 65.8 % of the participating students were classified in stages referring to inactive physical behaviour. Being female had the probability of presenting 1.37 times higher inactive behaviour (1.14-1.65 95 %CI) when compared to being male in the final regression model; having a low EL remained a risk factor, compared to medium EL students (PR=1.41; 1.15-1.72 95 %CI). These findings may prove useful for developing health promotion programmes in school environments, paying special attention to female and low-EL students.

Design of 20 W fiber-coupled green laser diode by Zemax

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Yunfei; Zhao, Pengfei; Wu, Yulong; Chen, Yongqi; Zou, Yonggang

2017-09-01

We represent a design of a 20 W, fiber-coupled diode laser module based on 26 single emitters at 520 nm. The module can produce more than 20 W output power from a standard fiber with core diameter of 400 μm and numerical aperture (NA) of 0.22. To achieve a 20 W laser beam, the spatial beam combination and polarization beam combination by polarization beam splitter are used to combine output of 26 single emitters into a single beam, and then an aspheric lens is used to couple the combined beam into an optical fiber. The simulation shows that the total coupling efficiency is more than 95%. Project supported by the National Key R& D Program of China (No. 2016YFB0402105), the Key Deployment Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KGZD-SW-T01-2), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61404135).

Absolute calibration of optical flats

DOEpatents

Sommargren, Gary E.

2005-04-05

The invention uses the phase shifting diffraction interferometer (PSDI) to provide a true point-by-point measurement of absolute flatness over the surface of optical flats. Beams exiting the fiber optics in a PSDI have perfect spherical wavefronts. The measurement beam is reflected from the optical flat and passed through an auxiliary optic to then be combined with the reference beam on a CCD. The combined beams include phase errors due to both the optic under test and the auxiliary optic. Standard phase extraction algorithms are used to calculate this combined phase error. The optical flat is then removed from the system and the measurement fiber is moved to recombine the two beams. The newly combined beams include only the phase errors due to the auxiliary optic. When the second phase measurement is subtracted from the first phase measurement, the absolute phase error of the optical flat is obtained.

High power diode laser Master Oscillator-Power Amplifier (MOPA)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Andrews, John R.; Mouroulis, P.; Wicks, G.

1994-01-01

High power multiple quantum well AlGaAs diode laser master oscillator - power amplifier (MOPA) systems were examined both experimentally and theoretically. For two pass operation, it was found that powers in excess of 0.3 W per 100 micrometers of facet length were achievable while maintaining diffraction-limited beam quality. Internal electrical-to-optical conversion efficiencies as high as 25 percent were observed at an internal amplifier gain of 9 dB. Theoretical modeling of multiple quantum well amplifiers was done using appropriate rate equations and a heuristic model of the carrier density dependent gain. The model gave a qualitative agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the model allowed exploration of a wider design space for the amplifiers. The model predicted that internal electrical-to-optical conversion efficiencies in excess of 50 percent should be achievable with careful system design. The model predicted that no global optimum design exists, but gain, efficiency, and optical confinement (coupling efficiency) can be mutually adjusted to meet a specific system requirement. A three quantum well, low optical confinement amplifier was fabricated using molecular beam epitaxial growth. Coherent beam combining of two high power amplifiers injected from a common master oscillator was also examined. Coherent beam combining with an efficiency of 93 percent resulted in a single beam having diffraction-limited characteristics. This beam combining efficiency is a world record result for such a system. Interferometric observations of the output of the amplifier indicated that spatial mode matching was a significant factor in the less than perfect beam combining. Finally, the system issues of arrays of amplifiers in a coherent beam combining system were investigated. Based upon experimentally observed parameters coherent beam combining could result in a megawatt-scale coherent beam with a 10 percent electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency.

Speckle-metric-optimization-based adaptive optics for laser beam projection and coherent beam combining.

PubMed

Vorontsov, Mikhail; Weyrauch, Thomas; Lachinova, Svetlana; Gatz, Micah; Carhart, Gary

2012-07-15

Maximization of a projected laser beam's power density at a remotely located extended object (speckle target) can be achieved by using an adaptive optics (AO) technique based on sensing and optimization of the target-return speckle field's statistical characteristics, referred to here as speckle metrics (SM). SM AO was demonstrated in a target-in-the-loop coherent beam combining experiment using a bistatic laser beam projection system composed of a coherent fiber-array transmitter and a power-in-the-bucket receiver. SM sensing utilized a 50 MHz rate dithering of the projected beam that provided a stair-mode approximation of the outgoing combined beam's wavefront tip and tilt with subaperture piston phases. Fiber-integrated phase shifters were used for both the dithering and SM optimization with stochastic parallel gradient descent control.

Design of 150W, 105-μm, 0.22NA, fiber coupled laser diode module by ZEMAX

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Yunfei; Zhao, Pengfei; Chen, Qing; Wu, Yulong; Chen, Yongqi; Zou, Yonggang; Lin, Xuechun

2016-10-01

We represent a design of a high brightness, fiber coupled diode laser module based on 16 single emitters at 915nm. The module can produce more than 150 Watts output power from a standard fiber with core diameter of 105μm and numerical aperture (NA) of 0.22. To achieve a high power and high brightness laser beam, the spatial beam combination and polarization beam combination are used to combine output of 16 single emitters into a single beam, and then an aspheric lens is used to couple the combined beam into an optical fiber. The simulation show that the total coupling efficiency is more than 95% and the highest brightness is estimated to be 11MW/ (cm2*sr).

Tillage and residue burning affects weed populations and seed banks.

PubMed

Narwal, S; Sindel, B M; Jessop, R S

2006-01-01

An integrated weed management approach requires alternative management practices to herbicide use such as tillage, crop rotations and cultural controls to reduce soil weed seed banks. The objective of this study was to examine the value of different tillage practices and stubble burning to exhaust the seed bank of common weeds from the northern grain region of Australia. Five tillage and burning treatments were incorporated in a field experiment, at Armidale (30 degrees 30'S, 151 degrees 40'E), New South Wales, Australia in July 2004 in a randomized block design replicated four times. The trial was continued and treatments repeated in July 2005 with all the mature plants from the first year being allowed to shed seed in their respective treatment plots. The treatments were (i) no tillage (NT), (ii) chisel ploughing (CP), (iii) mould board ploughing (MBP), (iv) wheat straw burning with no tillage (SBNT) and (v) wheat straw burning with chisel ploughing (SBC). Soil samples were collected before applying treatments and before the weeds flowered to establish the seed bank status of the various weeds in the soil. Wheat was sown after the tillage treatments. Burning treatments were only initiated in the second year, one month prior to tillage treatments. The major weeds present in the seed bank before initiating the trial were Polygonum aviculare, Sonchus oleraceus and Avena fatua. Tillage promoted the germination of other weeds like Hibiscus trionum, Medicago sativa, Vicia sp. and Phalaris paradoxa later in the season in 2004 and Convolvulus erubescens emerged as a new weed in 2005. The MBP treatment in 2004 reduced the weed biomass to a significantly lower level of 55 g/m2 than the other treatments of CP (118 g/m2) and NT plots (196 g/m2) (P < 0.05). However, in 2005 SBC and MBP treatments were similar in reducing the weed biomass. In 2004, the grain yield trend of wheat was significantly different between CP and NT, and MBP and NT (P < 0.05) with maximum yield of 5898 kg/ha in CP and 5731 kg/ha in MBP. Rainfall before the start of the second trial season promoted the germination of a large numbers of weeds. SBC and MBP treatments reduced the numbers of most of the individual weed species compared with CP, SBNT and NT. SBC was able to destroy a large proportion of seeds most likely through burning and burying some in the soil and was found to be the best treatment in exhausting the seed bank followed closely by MBP which probably buried large number of seeds deep in the soil and promoted others to germinate. CP might have buried some of the seeds in the top 5-10 cm but also promoted parts of the seed bank to germinate. SBNT and NT provided an ideal medium for weeds to germinate and resulted in heavy infestations of weeds.

Laser intensity scaling through stimulated scattering in optical fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Russell, Timothy H.

The influence of stimulated scattering on laser intensity in fiber optic waveguides is examined. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in long, multimode optical waveguides is found to generate a Stokes beam that propagates in the fiber LP01 mode. This characteristic of the Stokes beam was first applied to beam cleanup, where an aberrated pump generated a Gaussian-like Stokes beam. Additionally, the same process is found to combine multiple laser beams into a single spatially coherent source. The mean square difference between the two beams was used to measure the degree of spatial overlap, demonstrating spatial coherence between the Stokes beams even when the pump beams are not spatially correlated. This result is obtained regardless of whether the pump beams are at the same or different frequencies; producing two temporally coherent or incoherent Stokes beams respectively. Limitations in beam cleanup and combining are also examined to identify ways to overcome them. Output couplers are designed that could be used to spatially filter the Stokes beam from the pump, thus increasing the number of beams that could be combined. The combined power restriction induced by second order Stokes threshold is examined experimentally and theoretically and is not found to be a significant limitation. Finally, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) beam cleanup is examined to overcome the stringent spectral requirements on the pump beams required by SBS. The last portion of the dissertation theoretically examines suppression of stimulated Raman scattering in fibers to eliminate the restriction this imposes on the power of a fiber laser or amplifier. The suppression was modeled using both a holmium dopant and adding a long period grating to the fiber. Both methods were shown to have a significant effect on the SRS threshold.

Single-mode waveguides for GRAVITY. I. The cryogenic 4-telescope integrated optics beam combiner

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perraut, K.; Jocou, L.; Berger, J. P.; Chabli, A.; Cardin, V.; Chamiot-Maitral, G.; Delboulbé, A.; Eisenhauer, F.; Gambérini, Y.; Gillessen, S.; Guieu, S.; Guerrero, J.; Haug, M.; Hausmann, F.; Joulain, F.; Kervella, P.; Labeye, P.; Lacour, S.; Lanthermann, C.; Lapras, V.; Le Bouquin, J. B.; Lippa, M.; Magnard, Y.; Moulin, T.; Noël, P.; Nolot, A.; Patru, F.; Perrin, G.; Pfuhl, O.; Pocas, S.; Poulain, S.; Scibetta, C.; Stadler, E.; Templier, R.; Ventura, N.; Vizioz, C.; Amorim, A.; Brandner, W.; Straubmeier, C.

2018-06-01

Context. Within the framework of the second-generation instrumentation of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer of the European Southern Observatory we have developed the four-telescope beam combiner in integrated optics. Aims: We optimized the performance of such beam combiners, for the first time in the near-infrared K band, for the GRAVITY instrument dedicated to the study of the close environment of the galactic centre black hole by precision narrow-angle astrometry and interferometric imaging. Methods: We optimized the design of the integrated optics chip and the manufacturing technology as well, to fulfil the very demanding throughput specification. We also designed an integrated optics assembly able to operate at 200 K in the GRAVITY cryostat to reduce thermal emission. Results: We manufactured about 50 beam combiners by silica-on-silicon etching technology. We glued the best combiners to single-mode fluoride fibre arrays that inject the VLTI light into the integrated optics beam combiners. The final integrated optics assemblies have been fully characterized in the laboratory and through on-site calibrations: their global throughput over the K band is higher than 55% and the instrumental contrast reaches more than 95% in polarized light, which is well within the GRAVITY specifications. Conclusions: While integrated optics technology is known to be mature enough to provide efficient and reliable beam combiners for astronomical interferometry in the H band, we managed to successfully extend it to the longest wavelengths of the K band and to manufacture the most complex integrated optics beam combiner in this specific spectral band.

Power combination of two phase-locked high power microwave beams from a new coaxial microwave source based on dual beams

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Yangmei; Zhang, Xiaoping, E-mail: plinafly@163.com; Zhang, Jiande

2014-10-15

The new coaxial high power microwave source based on dual beams has demonstrated two phase-locked output microwave beams generated by its two sub-sources. In order to achieve a single higher output power, we present a three-port waveguide-based power combiner to combine the two microwave beams. Particle-in-cell simulation results show that when the diode voltage is 675 kV and the guiding magnetic field is 0.8 T, a combined microwave with an average power of about 4.0 GW and a frequency of 9.74 GHz is generated; the corresponding power conversion efficiency is 29%. The combination effect of the combiner is further validated in the diodemore » voltage range from 675 kV to 755 kV as well as in the pulse regime. The simulations indicate that the maximum surface axial electric field strength of the electrodynamic structure is 720 kV/cm, which is relatively low corresponding to an output power of 4.0 GW. The stable combined output suggests the probability of long-pulse operation for the combined source.« less

CW 50W/M2 = 10.9 diode laser source by spectral beam combining based on a transmission grating.

PubMed

Zhang, Jun; Peng, Hangyu; Fu, Xihong; Liu, Yun; Qin, Li; Miao, Guoqing; Wang, Lijun

2013-02-11

An external cavity structure based on the -1st transmission grating is introduced to spectral beam combining a 970 nm diode laser bar. A CW output power of 50.8 W, an electro-optical conversion efficiency of 45%, a spectral beam combining efficiency of 90.2% and a holistic M(2) value of 10.9 are achieved. This shows a way for a diode laser source with several KW power and diffraction-limited beam quality at the same time.

High brightness KW-class direct diode laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Dan; Guo, Zhijie; Ma, Di; Zhang, Tujia; Guo, Weirong; Wang, Baohua; Xu, Ray; Chen, Xiaohua

2018-02-01

With certain emitter beam quality and BPP allowed by fiber, we have derived a spatial beam combination structure that approaches the BPP limit of the fiber. Using the spatial beam combination structure and polarization beam combination, BWT has achieved 1.1KW output from a fiber (one end coated) with NA 0.22 and core diameter of 200μm. The electro- optical efficiency is nearly 47%. Multiple emitters with wavelength of 976nm are packaged in a module with size of 600 ×350×80mm3.

Smart Optical Material Characterization System and Method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Choi, Sang Hyouk (Inventor); Park, Yeonjoon (Inventor)

2015-01-01

Disclosed is a system and method for characterizing optical materials, using steps and equipment for generating a coherent laser light, filtering the light to remove high order spatial components, collecting the filtered light and forming a parallel light beam, splitting the parallel beam into a first direction and a second direction wherein the parallel beam travelling in the second direction travels toward the material sample so that the parallel beam passes through the sample, applying various physical quantities to the sample, reflecting the beam travelling in the first direction to produce a first reflected beam, reflecting the beam that passes through the sample to produce a second reflected beam that travels back through the sample, combining the second reflected beam after it travels back though the sample with the first reflected beam, sensing the light beam produced by combining the first and second reflected beams, and processing the sensed beam to determine sample characteristics and properties.

13 CFR 126.607 - When must a contracting officer set aside a requirement for qualified HUBZone SBCs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... quality and delivery and award will be made at fair market prices. This requirement does not preclude a contracting officer from making an award to a small business under the 8(a) BD, HUBZone, SDVO SBC or WOSB... terms of quality and delivery and award will be made at fair market prices. However, after conducting...

13 CFR 126.607 - When must a contracting officer set aside a requirement for qualified HUBZone SBCs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... quality and delivery and award will be made at fair market prices. This requirement does not preclude a contracting officer from making an award to a small business under the 8(a) BD, HUBZone, SDVO SBC or WOSB... terms of quality and delivery and award will be made at fair market prices. However, after conducting...

FT-IR-cPAS—New Photoacoustic Measurement Technique for Analysis of Hot Gases: A Case Study on VOCs

PubMed Central

Hirschmann, Christian Bernd; Koivikko, Niina Susanna; Raittila, Jussi; Tenhunen, Jussi; Ojala, Satu; Rahkamaa-Tolonen, Katariina; Marbach, Ralf; Hirschmann, Sarah; Keiski, Riitta Liisa

2011-01-01

This article describes a new photoacoustic FT-IR system capable of operating at elevated temperatures. The key hardware component is an optical-readout cantilever microphone that can work up to 200 °C. All parts in contact with the sample gas were put into a heated oven, incl. the photoacoustic cell. The sensitivity of the built photoacoustic system was tested by measuring 18 different VOCs. At 100 ppm gas concentration, the univariate signal to noise ratios (1σ, measurement time 25.5 min, at highest peak, optical resolution 8 cm−1) of the spectra varied from minimally 19 for o-xylene up to 329 for butyl acetate. The sensitivity can be improved by multivariate analyses over broad wavelength ranges, which effectively co-adds the univariate sensitivities achievable at individual wavelengths. The multivariate limit of detection (3σ, 8.5 min, full useful wavelength range), i.e., the best possible inverse analytical sensitivity achievable at optimum calibration, was calculated using the SBC method and varied from 2.60 ppm for dichloromethane to 0.33 ppm for butyl acetate. Depending on the shape of the spectra, which often only contain a few sharp peaks, the multivariate analysis improved the analytical sensitivity by 2.2 to 9.2 times compared to the univariate case. Selectivity and multi component ability were tested by a SBC calibration including 5 VOCs and water. The average cross selectivities turned out to be less than 2% and the resulting inverse analytical sensitivities of the 5 interfering VOCs was increased by maximum factor of 2.2 compared to the single component sensitivities. Water subtraction using SBC gave the true analyte concentration with a variation coefficient of 3%, although the sample spectra (methyl ethyl ketone, 200 ppm) contained water from 1,400 to 100k ppm and for subtraction only one water spectra (10k ppm) was used. The developed device shows significant improvement to the current state-of-the-art measurement methods used in industrial VOC measurements. PMID:22163900

Laser beam pulse formatting method

DOEpatents

Daly, T.P.; Moses, E.I.; Patterson, R.W.; Sawicki, R.H.

1994-08-09

A method for formatting a laser beam pulse using one or more delay loops is disclosed. The delay loops have a partially reflective beam splitter and a plurality of highly reflective mirrors arranged such that the laser beam pulse enters into the delay loop through the beam splitter and circulates therein along a delay loop length defined by the mirrors. As the laser beam pulse circulates within the delay loop a portion thereof is emitted upon each completed circuit when the laser beam pulse strikes the beam splitter. The laser beam pulse is thereby formatted into a plurality of sub-pulses. The delay loops are used in combination to produce complex waveforms by combining the sub-pulses using additive waveform synthesis. 8 figs.

Value of the use of a combination of photons and electrons in radiotherapy (in French)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gharbi, H.E.A.; Rietsch, J.

1973-01-01

The modification of the distribution of the dose delivered in an electron beam by its addition to a photon beam is studied for three cases: electron beams of 10 to 30 MeV, x-ray beams produced by the same accelerator with gamma beams from /sup 60/Co, and thicknesses of 10 to 20 cm. The results showed that the dose distributions obtained in the combination of the two beams varies according to the energy (particularly the electron energy) and according to the contribution of the different beams and the geometric comparison of the irradiated region. The graphs presented show the relative contributionmore » or each beam. (JSR)« less

Gap and stripline combined monitor

DOEpatents

Yin, Y.

1984-02-16

A combined gap and stripline monitor device for measuring the intensity and position of a charged particle beam bunch in a beam pipe of a synchrotron radiation facility. The monitor has first and second beam pipe portions with an axial gap therebetween. An outer pipe cooperates with the first beam pipe portion to form a gap enclosure, while inner strips cooperate with the first beam pipe portion to form a stripline monitor, with the stripline length being the same as the gap enclosure length.

Gap and stripline combined monitor

DOEpatents

Yin, Y.

1986-08-19

A combined gap and stripline monitor device for measuring the intensity and position of a charged particle beam bunch in a beam pipe of a synchrotron radiation facility is disclosed. The monitor has first and second beam pipe portions with an axial gap therebetween. An outer pipe cooperates with the first beam pipe portion to form a gap enclosure, while inner strips cooperate with the first beam pipe portion to form a stripline monitor, with the stripline length being the same as the gap enclosure length. 4 figs.

High-power beam combining: a step to a future laser weapon system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Protz, Rudolf; Zoz, Jürgen; Geidek, Franz; Dietrich, Stephan; Fall, Michael

2012-11-01

Due to the enormous progress in the field of high-power fiber lasers during the last years commercial industrial fiber lasers are now available, which deliver a near-diffraction limited beam with power levels up to10kW. For the realization of a future laser weapon system, which can be used for Counter-RAM or similar air defence applications, a laser source with a beam power at the level of 100kW or more is required. At MBDA Germany the concept for a high-energy laser weapon system is investigated, which is based on such existing industrial laser sources as mentioned before. A number of individual high-power fiber laser beams are combined together, using one common beam director telescope. By this "geometric" beam coupling scheme, sufficient laser beam power for an operational laser weapon system can be achieved. The individual beams from the different lasers are steered by servo-loops, using fast tip-tilt mirrors. This principle enables the concentration of the total laser beam power at the common focal point on a distant target, also allowing fine tracking of target movements and first order compensation of turbulence effects on laser beam propagation. The proposed beam combination concept was demonstrated using several experimental set-ups. Different experiments were performed, to investigate laser beam target interaction and target fine tracking also at large distances. Content and results of these investigations are reported. An example for the lay-out of an Air Defence High Energy Laser Weapon (ADHELW ) is given. It can be concluded, that geometric high-power beam combining is an important step for the realization of a laser weapon system in the near future.

Cascaded injection resonator for coherent beam combining of laser arrays

DOEpatents

Kireev, Vassili [Sunnyvale, CA; Liu, Yun; Protopopescu, Vladimir [Knoxville, TN; Braiman, Yehuda [Oak Ridge, TN

2008-10-21

The invention provides a cascaded injection resonator for coherent beam combining of laser arrays. The resonator comprises a plurality of laser emitters arranged along at least one plane and a beam sampler for reflecting at least a portion of each laser beam that impinges on the beam sampler, the portion of each laser beam from one of the laser emitters being reflected back to another one of the laser emitters to cause a beam to be generated from the other one of the laser emitters to the beam reflector. The beam sampler also transmits a portion of each laser beam to produce a laser output beam such that a plurality of laser output beams of the same frequency are produced. An injection laser beam is directed to a first laser emitter to begin a process of generating and reflecting a laser beam from one laser emitter to another laser emitter in the plurality. A method of practicing the invention is also disclosed.

High current polarized electron source for future eRHIC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Erdong

2018-05-01

The high current and high bunch charge polarized electron source is essential for cost reduction of Linac-Ring (L-R) eRHIC. In the baseline design, electron beam from multiple guns (probably 4-8) will be combined using deflection plates or accumulate ring. Each gun aims to deliver electron beam with 10 mA average current and 5.3 nC bunch charge. With total 50 mA and 5.3 nC electron beam, this beam combining design could use for generating positron too. The gun has been designed, fabricated and expected to start commissioning by the mid of this year. In this paper, we will present the DC gun design parameters and beam combine schemes. Also, we will describe the details of gun design and the strategies to demonstrate high current high charge polarized electron beam from this source.

Development of high damage threshold multilayer thin film beam combiner for laser application

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nand, Mangla, E-mail: mnand@rrcat.gov.in; Babita,; Jena, S.

2016-05-23

A polarized wavelength multiplexer with high laser induced damage threshold has been developed to combine two laser beam of high peak power in the visible region. The present wavelength multiplexer is a multilayer thin film device deposited by reactive electron beam evaporation. The developed device is capable of combining two p-polarized laser beams of peak power density of 1.7 GW/cm{sup 2} at an angle of incidence of 45°. High transmission (T> 90%) in high pass region and high reflection (R> 99%) in stop band region have been achieved.

Ion beam accelerator system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aston, Graeme (Inventor)

1984-01-01

A system is described that combines geometrical and electrostatic focusing to provide high ion extraction efficiency and good focusing of an accelerated ion beam. The apparatus includes a pair of curved extraction grids (16, 18) with multiple pairs of aligned holes positioned to direct a group of beamlets (20) along converging paths. The extraction grids are closely spaced and maintained at a moderate potential to efficiently extract beamlets of ions and allow them to combine into a single beam (14). An accelerator electrode device (22) downstream from the extraction grids, is at a much lower potential than the grids to accelerate the combined beam.

Development of high damage threshold multilayer thin film beam combiner for laser application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nand, Mangla; Babita, Jena, S.; Tokas, R. B.; Rajput, P.; Mukharjee, C.; Thakur, S.; Jha, S. N.; Sahoo, N. K.

2016-05-01

A polarized wavelength multiplexer with high laser induced damage threshold has been developed to combine two laser beam of high peak power in the visible region. The present wavelength multiplexer is a multilayer thin film device deposited by reactive electron beam evaporation. The developed device is capable of combining two p-polarized laser beams of peak power density of 1.7 GW/cm2 at an angle of incidence of 45°. High transmission (T> 90%) in high pass region and high reflection (R> 99%) in stop band region have been achieved.

A new method for incoherent combining of far-field laser beams based on multiple faculae recognition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, Demao; Li, Sichao; Yan, Zhihui; Zhang, Zenan; Liu, Yuan

2018-03-01

Compared to coherent beam combining, incoherent beam combining can complete the output of high power laser beam with high efficiency, simple structure, low cost and high thermal damage resistance, and it is easy to realize in engineering. Higher target power is achieved by incoherent beam combination which using technology of multi-channel optical path correction. However, each channel forms a spot in the far field respectively, which cannot form higher laser power density with low overlap ratio of faculae. In order to improve the combat effectiveness of the system, it is necessary to overlap different faculae that improve the target energy density. Hence, a novel method for incoherent combining of far-field laser beams is present. The method compromises piezoelectric ceramic technology and evaluation algorithm of faculae coincidence degree which based on high precision multi-channel optical path correction. The results show that the faculae recognition algorithm is low-latency(less than 10ms), which can meet the needs of practical engineering. Furthermore, the real time focusing ability of far field faculae is improved which was beneficial to the engineering of high-energy laser weapon or other laser jamming systems.

Quantum channel for the transmission of information

DOEpatents

Dress, William B.; Kisner, Roger A.; Richards, Roger K.

2004-01-13

Systems and methods are described for a quantum channel for the transmission of information. A method includes: down converting a beam of coherent energy to provide a beam of multi-color entangled photons; converging two spatially resolved portions of the beam of multi-color entangled photons into a converged multi-color entangled photon beam; changing a phase of at least a portion of the converged multi-color entangled photon beam to generate a first interferometric multi-color entangled photon beam; combining the first interferometric multi-color entangled photon beam with a second interferometric multi-color entangled photon beam within a single beam splitter; wherein combining includes erasing energy and momentum characteristics from both the first interferometric multi-color entangled photon beam and the second interferometric multi-color entangled photon beam; splitting the first interferometric multi-color entangled photon beam and the second interferometric multi-color entangled photon beam within the single beam splitter, wherein splitting yields a first output beam of multi-color entangled photons and a second output beam of multi-color entangled photons; and modulating the first output beam of multi-color entangled photons.

Deep turbulence effects mitigation with coherent combining of 21 laser beams over 7 km.

PubMed

Weyrauch, Thomas; Vorontsov, Mikhail; Mangano, Joseph; Ovchinnikov, Vladimir; Bricker, David; Polnau, Ernst; Rostov, Andrey

2016-02-15

We demonstrate coherent beam combining and adaptive mitigation of atmospheric turbulence effects over 7 km under strong scintillation conditions using a coherent fiber array laser transmitter operating in a target-in-the-loop setting. The transmitter system is composed of a densely packed array of 21 fiber collimators with integrated capabilities for piston, tip, and tilt control of the outgoing beams wavefront phases. A small cat's-eye retro reflector was used for evaluation of beam combining and turbulence compensation performance at the target plane, and to provide the feedback signal for control of piston and tip/tilt phases of the transmitted beams using the stochastic parallel gradient descent maximization of the power-in-the-bucket metric.

Optical microscope using an interferometric source of two-color, two-beam entangled photons

DOEpatents

Dress, William B.; Kisner, Roger A.; Richards, Roger K.

2004-07-13

Systems and methods are described for an optical microscope using an interferometric source of multi-color, multi-beam entangled photons. A method includes: downconverting a beam of coherent energy to provide a beam of multi-color entangled photons; converging two spatially resolved portions of the beam of multi-color entangled photons into a converged multi-color entangled photon beam; transforming at least a portion of the converged multi-color entangled photon beam by interaction with a sample to generate an entangled photon specimen beam; and combining the entangled photon specimen beam with an entangled photon reference beam within a single beamsplitter. An apparatus includes: a multi-refringent device providing a beam of multi-color entangled photons; a condenser device optically coupled to the multi-refringent device, the condenser device converging two spatially resolved portions of the beam of multi-color entangled photons into a converged multi-color entangled photon beam; a beam probe director and specimen assembly optically coupled to the condenser device; and a beam splitter optically coupled to the beam probe director and specimen assembly, the beam splitter combining an entangled photon specimen beam from the beam probe director and specimen assembly with an entangled photon reference beam.

Process Synchronization and Data Communication between Processes in Real Time Local Area Networks.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-01

52 APPENDIX A: PROCEDURE MAKETABLE .............. 54 APPENDIX B: PROCEDURE MAKEMESSAGE ............. 56 APPENDIX C: PROCEDURE...item. The relation table is built by the driver during system initialization by the procedure maketable , see Appendix A. This procedure reads the file... MAKETABLE Procedure maketable is the first procedure called by the driver. It sets up the relation table in local RAM of SBC 1 by reading the information

The evaluation of different forest structural indices to predict the stand aboveground biomass of even-aged Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in Kunduz, Northern Turkey.

PubMed

Ercanli, İlker; Kahriman, Aydın

2015-03-01

We assessed the effect of stand structural diversity, including the Shannon, improved Shannon, Simpson, McIntosh, Margelef, and Berger-Parker indices, on stand aboveground biomass (AGB) and developed statistical prediction models for the stand AGB values, including stand structural diversity indices and some stand attributes. The AGB prediction model, including only stand attributes, accounted for 85 % of the total variance in AGB (R (2)) with an Akaike's information criterion (AIC) of 807.2407, Bayesian information criterion (BIC) of 809.5397, Schwarz Bayesian criterion (SBC) of 818.0426, and root mean square error (RMSE) of 38.529 Mg. After inclusion of the stand structural diversity into the model structure, considerable improvement was observed in statistical accuracy, including 97.5 % of the total variance in AGB, with an AIC of 614.1819, BIC of 617.1242, SBC of 633.0853, and RMSE of 15.8153 Mg. The predictive fitting results indicate that some indices describing the stand structural diversity can be employed as significant independent variables to predict the AGB production of the Scotch pine stand. Further, including the stand diversity indices in the AGB prediction model with the stand attributes provided important predictive contributions in estimating the total variance in AGB.

Processing and Properties of Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molded Phenylethynyl Terminated Imide Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cano, Roberto J.; Ghose, Sayata; Watson, Kent A.; Chunchu, Prasad B.; Jensen, Brian J.; Connell, John W.

2012-01-01

Polyimide composites are very attractive for applications that require a high strength to weight ratio and thermal stability. Recent work at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has concentrated on developing new polyimide resin systems that can be processed without the use of an autoclave for advanced aerospace applications. Due to their low melt viscosities and long melt stability, certain phenylethynyl terminated imides (PETI) can be processed into composites using high temperature vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (HT-VARTM). VARTM has shown the potential to reduce the manufacturing cost of composite structures. In the current study, two PETI resins, LARC(Trademark) PETI-330 and LARC(Trademark) PETI-9, were infused into carbon fiber preforms at 260 C and cured at temperatures up to 371 C. Photomicrographs of polished cross sections were taken and void contents, determined by acid digestion, were below 4.5%. Mechanical properties including short block compression (SBC), compression after impact (CAI), and open hole compression (OHC) were determined at room temperature, 177 C, and 288 C. Both PETI-9 and PETI-330 composites demonstrated very good retention of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. SBC and OHC properties after aging for 1000 hours at temperatures up to 288 C were also determined.

Self-assembling bubble carriers for oral protein delivery.

PubMed

Chuang, Er-Yuan; Lin, Kun-Ju; Lin, Po-Yen; Chen, Hsin-Lung; Wey, Shiaw-Pyng; Mi, Fwu-Long; Hsiao, Hsu-Chan; Chen, Chiung-Tong; Sung, Hsing-Wen

2015-09-01

Successful oral delivery of therapeutic proteins such as insulin can greatly improve the quality of life of patients. This study develops a bubble carrier system by loading diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) dianhydride, a foaming agent (sodium bicarbonate; SBC), a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS), and a protein drug (insulin) in an enteric-coated gelatin capsule. Following oral administration to diabetic rats, the intestinal fluid that has passed through the gelatin capsule saturates the mixture; concomitantly, DTPA dianhydride produces an acidic environment, while SBC decomposes to form CO2 bubbles at acidic pH. The gas bubbles grow among the surfactant molecules (SDS) owing to the expansion of the generated CO2. The walls of the CO2 bubbles consist of a self-assembled film of water that is in nanoscale and may serve as a colloidal carrier to transport insulin and DTPA. The grown gas bubbles continue to expand until they bump into the wall and burst, releasing their transported insulin, DTPA, and SDS into the mucosal layer. The released DTPA and SDS function as protease inhibitors to protect the insulin molecules as well as absorption enhancers to augment their epithelial permeability and eventual absorption into systemic circulation, exerting their hypoglycemic effects. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

INCREASING HEAVY OIL RESERVES IN THE WILMINGTON OIL FIELD THROUGH ADVANCED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND THERMAL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scott Hara

2001-06-27

The objective of this project is to increase the recoverable heavy oil reserves within sections of the Wilmington Oil Field, near Long Beach, California through the testing and application of advanced reservoir characterization and thermal production technologies. The successful application of these technologies will result in expanding their implementation throughout the Wilmington Field and, through technology transfer, to other slope and basin clastic (SBC) reservoirs. The existing steamflood in the Tar zone of Fault Block II-A (Tar II-A) has been relatively inefficient because of several producibility problems which are common in SBC reservoirs: inadequate characterization of the heterogeneous turbidite sands,more » high permeability thief zones, low gravity oil and non-uniform distribution of the remaining oil. This has resulted in poor sweep efficiency, high steam-oil ratios, and early steam breakthrough. Operational problems related to steam breakthrough, high reservoir pressure, and unconsolidated sands have caused premature well and downhole equipment failures. In aggregate, these reservoir and operational constraints have resulted in increased operating costs and decreased recoverable reserves. A suite of advanced reservoir characterization and thermal production technologies are being applied during the project to improve oil recovery and reduce operating costs.« less

Gap and stripline combined monitor

DOEpatents

Yin, Yan

1986-01-01

A combined gap and stripline monitor device (10) for measuring the intensity and position of a charged particle beam bunch in a beam pipe of a synchotron radiation facility. The monitor has first and second beam pipe portions (11a, 11b) with an axial gap (12) therebetween. An outer pipe (14) cooperates with the first beam pipe portion (11a) to form a gap enclosure, while inner strips (23a-d) cooperate with the first beam pipe portion (11a) to form a stripline monitor, with the stripline length being the same as the gap enclosure length.

Metaoptics for Spectral and Spatial Beam Manipulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raghu Srimathi, Indumathi

Laser beam combining and beam shaping are two important areas with applications in optical communications, high power lasers, and atmospheric propagation studies. In this dissertation, metaoptical elements have been developed for spectral and spatial beam shaping, and multiplexing. Beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), referred to as optical vortices, have unique propagation properties. Optical vortex beams carrying different topological charges are orthogonal to each other and have low inter-modal crosstalk which allows for them to be (de)multiplexed. Efficient spatial (de)multiplexing of these beams have been carried out by using diffractive optical geometrical coordinate transformation elements. The spatial beam combining technique shown here is advantageous because the efficiency of the system is not dependent on the number of OAM states being combined. The system is capable of generating coaxially propagating beams in the far-field and the beams generated can either be incoherently or coherently multiplexed with applications in power scaling and dynamic intensity profile manipulations. Spectral beam combining can also be achieved with the coordinate transformation elements. The different wavelengths emitted by fiber sources can be spatially overlapped in the far-field plane and the generated beams are Bessel-Gauss in nature with enhanced depth of focus properties. Unique system responses and beam shapes in the far-field can be realized by controlling amplitude, phase, and polarization at the micro-scale. This has been achieved by spatially varying the structural parameters at the subwavelength scale and is analogous to local modification of material properties. With advancements in fabrication technology, it is possible to control not just the lithographic process, but also the deposition process. In this work, a unique combination of spatial structure variations in conjunction with the conformal coating properties of an atomic layer deposition tool has been utilized to create metal-oxide nano-hair structures that are compatible with high power laser systems. These devices are multifunctional--acting as resonant structures for one wavelength regime and as effective index structures in a different wavelength regime. Discrete and continuous phase functions have been realized with this controlled fabrication process. The design, simulation, fabrication and experimental characterization of these optical elements are presented.

Design procedures for fiber composite box beams

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chamis, Cristos C.; Murthy, Pappu L. N.

1989-01-01

Step-by-step procedures are described which can be used for the preliminary design of fiber composite box beams subjected to combined loadings. These procedures include a collection of approximate closed-form equations so that all the required calculations can be performed using pocket calculators. Included is an illustrative example of a tapered cantilever box beam subjected to combined loads. The box beam is designed to satisfy strength, displacement, buckling, and frequency requirements.

Design Procedures for Fiber Composite Box Beams

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chamis, Christos C.; Murthy, Pappu L. N.

1988-01-01

Step-by-step procedures are described which can be used for the preliminary design of fiber composite box beams subjected to combined loadings. These procedures include a collection of approximate closed-form equations so that all the required calculations can be performed using pocket calculators. Included is an illustrated example of a tapered cantilever box beam subjected to combined loads. The box beam is designed to satisfy strength, displacement, buckling, and frequency requirements.

Coherent beam combination of fiber lasers with a strongly confined waveguide: numerical model.

PubMed

Tao, Rumao; Si, Lei; Ma, Yanxing; Zhou, Pu; Liu, Zejin

2012-08-20

Self-imaging properties of fiber lasers in a strongly confined waveguide (SCW) and their application in coherent beam combination (CBC) are studied theoretically. Analytical formulas are derived for the positions, amplitudes, and phases of the N images at the end of an SCW, which is important for quantitative analysis of waveguide CBC. The formulas are verified with experimental results and numerical simulation of a finite difference beam propagation method (BPM). The error of our analytical formulas is less than 6%, which can be reduced to less than 1.5% with Goos-Hahnchen penetration depth considered. Based on the theoretical model and BPM, we studied the combination of two laser beams based on an SCW. The effects of the waveguide refractive index and Gaussian beam waist are studied. We also simulated the CBC of nine and 16 fiber lasers, and a single beam without side lobes was achieved.

Experimental Demonstration of a Highly Efficient Fan-out Polarization Grating

PubMed Central

Wan, Chenhao; Chen, Jian; Tang, Xiahui; Zhan, Qiwen

2016-01-01

Highly efficient fan-out elements are crucial in coherent beam combining architectures especially in coupled laser resonators where the beam passes through the fan-out element twice per round trip. Although the theoretical efficiency is usually less than 86%, the Dammann gratings are ubiquitously utilized in a variety of types of coherent beam combining systems due to the facile design and fabrication. In the current paper, we experimentally demonstrate a highly efficient fan-out polarization grating. It is the first time to our knowledge that all the three space-variant parameters of a polarization grating are simultaneously optimized to achieve the function of multi-beam splitting. Besides the high fan-out efficiency, the ability to control the polarization states of individual split beams is another advantage of this polarization grating. The novel polarization grating is promising to find applications in laser beam combining systems. PMID:28008972

Laser beam pulse formatting method

DOEpatents

Daly, Thomas P.; Moses, Edward I.; Patterson, Ralph W.; Sawicki, Richard H.

1994-01-01

A method for formatting a laser beam pulse (20) using one or more delay loops (10). The delay loops (10) have a partially reflective beam splitter (12) and a plurality of highly reflective mirrors (14) arranged such that the laser beam pulse (20) enters into the delay loop (10) through the beam splitter (12) and circulates therein along a delay loop length (24) defined by the mirrors (14). As the laser beam pulse (20) circulates within the delay loop (10) a portion thereof is emitted upon each completed circuit when the laser beam pulse (20) strikes the beam splitter (12). The laser beam pulse (20) is thereby formatted into a plurality of sub-pulses (50, 52, 54 and 56). The delay loops (10) are used in combination to produce complex waveforms by combining the sub-pulses (50, 52, 54 and 56) using additive waveform synthesis.

Coherent combining of high brightness tapered lasers in master oscillator power amplifier configuration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Albrodt, P.; Hanna, M.; Moron, F.; Decker, J.; Winterfeldt, M.; Blume, G.; Erbert, G.; Crump, P.; Georges, P.; Lucas-Leclin, G.

2018-02-01

Improved diode laser beam combining techniques are in strong demand for applications in material processing. Coherent beam combining (CBC) is the only combining approach that has the potential to maintain or even improve all laser properties, and thus has high potential for future systems. As part of our ongoing studies into CBC of diode lasers, we present recent progress in the coherent superposition of high-power single-pass tapered laser amplifiers. The amplifiers are seeded by a DFB laser at λ = 976 nm, where the seed is injected into a laterally single-mode ridge-waveguide input section. The phase pistons on each beam are actively controlled by varying the current in the ridge section of each amplifier, using a sequential hill-climbing algorithm, resulting in a combined beam with power fluctuations of below 1%. The currents into the tapered sections of the amplifiers are separately controlled, and remain constant. In contrast to our previous studies, we favour a limited number of individual high-power amplifiers, in order to preserve a high extracted power per emitter in a simple, low-loss coupling arrangement. Specifically, a multi-arm interferometer architecture with only three devices is used, constructed using 6 mm-long tapered amplifiers, mounted junction up on C-mounts, to allow separate contact to single mode and amplifier sections. A maximum coherently combined power of 12.9 W is demonstrated in a nearly diffraction-limited beam, corresponding to a 65% combining efficiency, with power mainly limited by the intrinsic beam quality of the amplifiers. Further increased combined power is currently sought.

Coherent beam combining architectures for high power tapered laser arrays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schimmel, G.; Janicot, S.; Hanna, M.; Decker, J.; Crump, P.; Erbert, G.; Witte, U.; Traub, M.; Georges, P.; Lucas-Leclin, G.

2017-02-01

Coherent beam combining (CBC) aims at increasing the spatial brightness of lasers. It consists in maintaining a constant phase relationship between different emitters, in order to combine them constructively in one single beam. We have investigated the CBC of an array of five individually-addressable high-power tapered laser diodes at λ = 976 nm, in two architectures: the first one utilizes the self-organization of the lasers in an interferometric extended-cavity, which ensures their mutual coherence; the second one relies on the injection of the emitters by a single-frequency laser diode. In both cases, the coherent combining of the phase-locked beams is ensured on the front side of the array by a transmission diffractive grating with 98% efficiency. The passive phase-locking of the laser bar is obtained up to 5 A (per emitter). An optimization algorithm is implemented to find the proper currents in the five ridge sections that ensured the maximum combined power on the front side. Under these conditions we achieve a maximum combined power of 7.5 W. In the active MOPA configuration, we can increase the currents in the tapered sections up to 6 A and get a combined power of 11.5 W, corresponding to a combining efficiency of 76%. It is limited by the beam quality of the tapered emitters and by fast phase fluctuations between emitters. Still, these results confirm the potential of CBC approaches with tapered lasers to provide a high-power and high-brightness beam, and compare with the current state-of-the-art with laser diodes.

The Influence of the Form of a Wooden Beam on Its Stiffness and Strength III : Stresses in Wood Members Subjected to Combined Column and Beam Action

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Newlin, J A; Trayer, G W

1925-01-01

The general purpose in this study was to determine the stresses in a wooden member subjected to combined beam and column action. What may be considered the specific purpose, as it relates more directly to the problem of design, was to determine the particular stress that obtains at maximum load which, for combined loading, does not occur simultaneously with maximum stress.

2.1 μm high-power laser diode beam combining(Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berrou, Antoine P. C.; Elder, Ian F.; Lamb, Robert A.; Esser, M. J. Daniel

2016-10-01

Laser power and brightness scaling, in "eye safe" atmospheric transmission windows, is driving laser system research and development. High power lasers with good beam quality, at wavelength around 2.1 µm, are necessary for optical countermeasure applications. For such applications, focusing on efficiency and compactness of the system is mandatory. In order to cope with these requirements, one must consider the use of laser diodes which emit directly in the desired spectral region. The challenge for these diodes is to maintain a good beam quality factor as the output power increases. 2 µm diodes with excellent beam quality in both axes are available with output powers of 100 mW. Therefore, in order to reach multi-watt of average output power, broad-area single emitters and beam combining becomes relevant. Different solutions have been implemented in the 1.9 to 2 µm wavelength range, one of which is to stack multiple emitter bars reaching more than one hundred watt, while another is a fibre coupled diode module. The beam propagation factor of these systems is too high for long atmospheric propagation applications. Here we describe preliminary results on non-coherent beam combining of 2.1 µm high power Fabry-Perot GaSb laser diodes supplied by Brolis Semiconductors Ltd. First we evaluated single mode diodes (143 mW) with good beam quality (M2 < 1.5 for slow axis and < 1.1 for fast axis). Then we characterized broad-area single emitter diodes (808 mW) with an electrical-to-optical efficiency of 19 %. The emitter width was 90 µm with a cavity length of 1.5 mm. In our experiments we found that the slow axis multimode output beam consisted of two symmetric lobes with a total full width at half maximum (FWHM) divergence angle of 25 degrees, corresponding to a calculated beam quality factor of M2 = 25. The fast axis divergence was specified to be 44 degrees, with an expected beam quality factor close to the diffraction limit, which informed our selection of collimation lenses used in the experiment. We evaluated two broadband (1.8 - 3 µm) AR coated Geltech aspheric lenses with focal lengths of 1.87 mm and 4 mm, with numerical apertures of 0.85 and 0.56, respectively, as an initial collimation lens, followed by an additional cylindrical lens of focal length 100 mm for fully collimating the slow axis. Using D-shaped gold-coated mirrors, multiple single emitter beams are stacked in the fast axis direction with the objective that the combined beam has a beam propagation factor in the stacking direction close to the beam propagation factor of the slow axis of a single emitter, e.g. M2 of 20 to 25 in both axes. We further found that the output beam of a single emitter is highly linearly polarized along the slow axis, making it feasible to implement polarization beam combining techniques to increase the beam power by a factor two while maintaining the same beam quality. Along with full beam characterization, a power scaling strategy towards a multi-watt output power beam combining laser system will be presented.

Ion beam accelerator system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aston, G. (Inventor)

1981-01-01

A system is described that combines geometrical and electrostatic focusing to provide high ion extraction efficiency and good focusing of an accelerated ion beam. The apparatus includes a pair of curved extraction grids with multiple pairs of aligned holes positioned to direct a group of beamlets along converging paths. The extraction grids are closely spaced and maintained at a moderate potential to efficiently extract beamlets of ions and allow them to combine into a single beam. An accelerator electrode device downstream from the extraction grids is at a much lower potential than the grids to accelerate the combined beam. The application of the system to ion implantation is mentioned.

The progress of funnelling gun high voltage condition and beam test

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, E.; Ben-Zvi, I.; Gassner, D. M.

A prototype of a high average current polarized electron funneling gun as an eRHIC injector has been built at BNL. The gun was assembled and tested at Stangenes Incorporated. Two beams were generated from two GaAs photocathodes and combined by a switched combiner field. We observed the combined beams on a YAG crystal and measured the photocurrent by a Faraday cup. The gun has been shipped to Stony Brook University and is being tested there. In this paper we will describe the major components of the gun and recent beam test results. High voltage conditioning is discussed as well.

Cathode performance during two beam operation of the high current high polarization electron gun for eRHIC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rahman, O.; Ben-Zvi, I.; Degen, C.

Two electron beams from two activated bulk GaAs photocathodes were successfully combined during the recent beam test of the High Current High Polarization Electron gun for eRHIC. The beam test took place in Stangenes Industries in Palo Alto, CA, where the cathodes were placed in diagonally opposite locations inside the high voltage shroud. No significant cross talking between the cathodes was found for the pertinent vacuum and low average current operation, which is very promising towards combining multiple beams for higher average current. This paper describes the cathode preparation, transport and cathode performance in the gun for the combining test,more » including the QE and lifetimes of the photocathodes at various steps of the experiment.« less

First demonstration of simultaneous measurement of beam current, beam position, and beam tilt on induction linac using combined B-dot monitor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Xiaozhong; Pang, Jian; Chen, Nan; Li, Qin; Dai, Wenhua; Ma, Chaofan; Zhao, Liangchao; Gao, Feng; Dai, Zhiyong

2017-06-01

The authors previously reported that the axial B-dots can be used to directly measure the beam tilt and demonstrated that the axial B-dots are applicable to a coaxial calibration stand. In this study, a combined B-dot monitor composed of four axial B-dot loops and four azimuthal ones is tested for the simultaneous measurement of the time-varying beam current, beam offset, and beam tilt at the output of the injector of the DRAGON-I induction linac. In the experiments, the beam offset and beam tilt at the position of the monitor are proportionally adjusted using a pair of steering coils. Eight waveforms acquired from the B-dot monitor are analyzed to reconstruct the time-varying beam current, beam offset, and beam tilt. The original signals of both the azimuthal B-dot and the axial B-dot ports change significantly with respect to the current applied to the steering coils. The measured beam tilt is linearly dependent on the current applied to the steering coils and agrees well with the measured beam offset.

Bilayer free-standing beam splitter for Fourier transform infrared spectrometry.

PubMed

Rowell, N L; Wang, E A

1996-06-01

We describe the design, fabrication, testing, and performance of a two-layer free-standing beam splitter for use in far-infrared Fourier transform infrared spectrometers. This bilayer beam splitter, consisting of a low-index polymer layer in combination with a high-index semiconductor layer, has an efficiency that is higher than that of the best combination of four single-layer Mylar beam splitters currently in use for spectrometry from 50 to 550 cm(-1).

Coherent beam combiner for a high power laser

DOEpatents

Dane, C. Brent; Hackel, Lloyd A.

2002-01-01

A phase conjugate laser mirror employing Brillouin-enhanced four wave mixing allows multiple independent laser apertures to be phase locked producing an array of diffraction-limited beams with no piston phase errors. The beam combiner has application in laser and optical systems requiring high average power, high pulse energy, and low beam divergence. A broad range of applications exist in laser systems for industrial processing, especially in the field of metal surface treatment and laser shot peening.

Atmospheric propagation and combining of high-power lasers.

PubMed

Nelson, W; Sprangle, P; Davis, C C

2016-03-01

In this paper, we analyze beam combining and atmospheric propagation of high-power lasers for directed-energy (DE) applications. The large linewidths inherent in high-power fiber and slab lasers cause random phase and intensity fluctuations that occur on subnanosecond time scales. Coherently combining these high-power lasers would involve instruments capable of precise phase control and operation at rates greater than ∼10  GHz. To the best of our knowledge, this technology does not currently exist. This presents a challenging problem when attempting to phase lock high-power lasers that is not encountered when phase locking low-power lasers, for example, at milliwatt power levels. Regardless, we demonstrate that even if instruments are developed that can precisely control the phase of high-power lasers, coherent combining is problematic for DE applications. The dephasing effects of atmospheric turbulence typically encountered in DE applications will degrade the coherent properties of the beam before it reaches the target. Through simulations, we find that coherent beam combining in moderate turbulence and over multikilometer propagation distances has little advantage over incoherent combining. Additionally, in cases of strong turbulence and multikilometer propagation ranges, we find nearly indistinguishable intensity profiles and virtually no difference in the energy on the target between coherently and incoherently combined laser beams. Consequently, we find that coherent beam combining at the transmitter plane is ineffective under typical atmospheric conditions.

Spatial Combining of Laser-Diode Beams for Pumping an NPRO

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gelsinger, Paul; Liu, Duncan; Mulder, Jerry; Aguayo, Francisco

2008-01-01

A free-space optical beam combiner now undergoing development makes it possible to use the outputs of multiple multimode laser diodes to pump a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) laser while ensuring that the laser operates at only a single desired frequency. Heretofore, a Nd:YAG NPRO like the present one has been pumped by a single multimode laser-diode beam delivered via an optical fiber. It would be desirable to use multiple pump laser diodes to increase reliability beyond that obtainable from a single pump laser diode. However, as explained in this article, simplistically coupling multiple multimode laser-diode beams through a fiber-optic combiner would entail a significant reduction in coupling efficiency, and lasing would occur at one or more other frequencies in addition to the single desired frequency. To minimize coupling loss, one must ensure that the NA (approximately equal to 0.3) of the combined laser-diode beams is less than the NA of the fiber. The A(Omega) of the laser-diode beam in the slow-axis plane is 1/1.3 as large as that of the fiber. This A(Omega) is small enough to enable efficient coupling of light into the optical fiber, but too large for combining of beams in the slow-axis plane. Therefore, a pair of cylindrical lenses is used to cancel the slow-axis plane magnification introduced by the on-cylindrical lenses used to effect magnification in the fast-axis plane.

Separating and combining single-mode and multimode optical beams

DOEpatents

Ruggiero, Anthony J; Masquelier, Donald A; Cooke, Jeffery B; Kallman, Jeffery S

2013-11-12

Techniques for combining initially separate single mode and multimode optical beams into a single "Dual Mode" fiber optic have been developed. Bi-directional propagation of two beams that are differentiated only by their mode profiles (i.e., wavefront conditions) is provided. The beams can be different wavelengths and or contain different modulation information but still share a common aperture. This method allows the use of conventional micro optics and hybrid photonic packaging techniques to produce small rugged packages suitable for use in industrial or military environments.

FunCoup 3.0: database of genome-wide functional coupling networks

PubMed Central

Schmitt, Thomas; Ogris, Christoph; Sonnhammer, Erik L. L.

2014-01-01

We present an update of the FunCoup database (http://FunCoup.sbc.su.se) of functional couplings, or functional associations, between genes and gene products. Identifying these functional couplings is an important step in the understanding of higher level mechanisms performed by complex cellular processes. FunCoup distinguishes between four classes of couplings: participation in the same signaling cascade, participation in the same metabolic process, co-membership in a protein complex and physical interaction. For each of these four classes, several types of experimental and statistical evidence are combined by Bayesian integration to predict genome-wide functional coupling networks. The FunCoup framework has been completely re-implemented to allow for more frequent future updates. It contains many improvements, such as a regularization procedure to automatically downweight redundant evidences and a novel method to incorporate phylogenetic profile similarity. Several datasets have been updated and new data have been added in FunCoup 3.0. Furthermore, we have developed a new Web site, which provides powerful tools to explore the predicted networks and to retrieve detailed information about the data underlying each prediction. PMID:24185702

FunCoup 3.0: database of genome-wide functional coupling networks.

PubMed

Schmitt, Thomas; Ogris, Christoph; Sonnhammer, Erik L L

2014-01-01

We present an update of the FunCoup database (http://FunCoup.sbc.su.se) of functional couplings, or functional associations, between genes and gene products. Identifying these functional couplings is an important step in the understanding of higher level mechanisms performed by complex cellular processes. FunCoup distinguishes between four classes of couplings: participation in the same signaling cascade, participation in the same metabolic process, co-membership in a protein complex and physical interaction. For each of these four classes, several types of experimental and statistical evidence are combined by Bayesian integration to predict genome-wide functional coupling networks. The FunCoup framework has been completely re-implemented to allow for more frequent future updates. It contains many improvements, such as a regularization procedure to automatically downweight redundant evidences and a novel method to incorporate phylogenetic profile similarity. Several datasets have been updated and new data have been added in FunCoup 3.0. Furthermore, we have developed a new Web site, which provides powerful tools to explore the predicted networks and to retrieve detailed information about the data underlying each prediction.

Demonstration and implications when 50% beam combiners can behave as 0% or 100% reflector/transmitter inside some interferometers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roychoudhuri, ChandraSekhar

2017-08-01

The purpose of this paper is to embolden students to raise basic questions regarding the feasibility of "indivisible single photon interference". We do this by presenting experimental results of well-known classical Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) under two different conditions of beam alignment. We routinely do such experiments in our laboratories. In the first case, we align the light beams on the beam combiner (BC) with their Poynting vectors as perfectly collinear. The 50% dielectric boundary can now transmit 100% of the energy of both the beams into either one of the two MZI output ports, depending upon the relative phase between the two beams combined on the BC from the opposite directions. The dielectric boundary layer actively re-directs the energy from one beam to the other. This is pure classical superposition effect. In the second case, we combine the two beams on the BC with a small intersecting angle. Now the BC functions as a 50% beam splitter to both the beams. One can see spatial fringes as the relative phase varies with spatial distance by placing a photo detector array after the BC. At very low intensity, the quantum properties of the photo detector will become apparent because the photo electrons are discrete and are always bound quantum mechanically to its host molecular assembly; and not because light is definitely quantized. Students can learn to distinguish the pedagogical difference between the Superposition Principle (linear sum of wave amplitudes) and the Superposition Effect (square modulus of the sum of all the wave-induced stimulations) as observable intensity variations due to interaction with materials, classical or quantum.

Method and apparatus for timing of laser beams in a multiple laser beam fusion system

DOEpatents

Eastman, Jay M.; Miller, Theodore L.

1981-01-01

The optical path lengths of a plurality of comparison laser beams directed to impinge upon a common target from different directions are compared to that of a master laser beam by using an optical heterodyne interferometric detection technique. The technique consists of frequency shifting the master laser beam and combining the master beam with a first one of the comparison laser beams to produce a time-varying heterodyne interference pattern which is detected by a photo-detector to produce an AC electrical signal indicative of the difference in the optical path lengths of the two beams which were combined. The optical path length of this first comparison laser beam is adjusted to compensate for the detected difference in the optical path lengths of the two beams. The optical path lengths of all of the comparison laser beams are made equal to the optical path length of the master laser beam by repeating the optical path length adjustment process for each of the comparison laser beams. In this manner, the comparison laser beams are synchronized or timed to arrive at the target within .+-.1.times.10.sup.-12 second of each other.

Laser systems configured to output a spectrally-consolidated laser beam and related methods

DOEpatents

Koplow, Jeffrey P [San Ramon, CA

2012-01-10

A laser apparatus includes a plurality of pumps each of which is configured to emit a corresponding pump laser beam having a unique peak wavelength. The laser apparatus includes a spectral beam combiner configured to combine the corresponding pump laser beams into a substantially spatially-coherent pump laser beam having a pump spectrum that includes the unique peak wavelengths, and first and second selectively reflective elements spaced from each other to define a lasing cavity including a lasing medium therein. The lasing medium generates a plurality of gain spectra responsive to absorbing the pump laser beam. Each gain spectrum corresponds to a respective one of the unique peak wavelengths of the substantially spatially-coherent pump laser beam and partially overlaps with all other ones of the gain spectra. The reflective elements are configured to promote emission of a laser beam from the lasing medium with a peak wavelength common to each gain spectrum.

Phase-locking of annular-combination CO2 laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Tingxiang; Chen, Mei; Zhang, Rongzhu; Xiao, Qianyi

2015-07-01

A new annular-combination resonator structure adopting the external-injection phase-locking technology is presented theoretically for that the beam quality of stable annular resonator is not satisfying. The phase-locking principle and feasibility are characterized by energy density of injection beam and coupling coefficient. Based on the diffraction theory, output mode of the resonator with phase-locking is deduced and simulated. Results also confirm that injection beam have a good control effect on output mode. The intensity distributions of output beam are studied briefly and indicate that this new resonator which is adaptable to annular gain media can produce high-power laser beam with high quality.

Incoherent beam combining based on the momentum SPGD algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Guoqing; Liu, Lisheng; Jiang, Zhenhua; Guo, Jin; Wang, Tingfeng

2018-05-01

Incoherent beam combining (ICBC) technology is one of the most promising ways to achieve high-energy, near-diffraction laser output. In this paper, the momentum method is proposed as a modification of the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. The momentum method can improve the speed of convergence of the combining system efficiently. The analytical method is employed to interpret the principle of the momentum method. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is testified through simulations as well as experiments. The results of the simulations and the experiments show that the proposed algorithm not only accelerates the speed of the iteration, but also keeps the stability of the combining process. Therefore the feasibility of the proposed algorithm in the beam combining system is testified.

Multi-kW coherent combining of fiber lasers seeded with pseudo random phase modulated light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Flores, Angel; Ehrehreich, Thomas; Holten, Roger; Anderson, Brian; Dajani, Iyad

2016-03-01

We report efficient coherent beam combining of five kilowatt-class fiber amplifiers with a diffractive optical element (DOE). Based on a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration, the amplifiers were seeded with pseudo random phase modulated light. Each non-polarization maintaining fiber amplifier was optically path length matched and provides approximately 1.2 kW of near diffraction-limited output power (measured M2<1.1). Consequently, a low power sample of each laser was utilized for active linear polarization control. A low power sample of the combined beam after the DOE provided an error signal for active phase locking which was performed via Locking of Optical Coherence by Single-Detector Electronic-Frequency Tagging (LOCSET). After phase stabilization, the beams were coherently combined via the 1x5 DOE. A total combined output power of 4.9 kW was achieved with 82% combining efficiency and excellent beam quality (M2<1.1). The intrinsic DOE splitter loss was 5%. Similarly, losses due in part to non-ideal polarization, ASE content, uncorrelated wavefront errors, and misalignment errors contributed to the efficiency reduction.

Space beam combiner for long-baseline interferometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Yao; Bartos, Randall D.; Korechoff, Robert P.; Shaklan, Stuart B.

1999-04-01

An experimental beam combiner (BC) is being developed to support the space interferometry program at the JPL. The beam combine forms the part of an interferometer where star light collected by the sidestats or telescopes is brought together to produce white light fringes, and to provide wavefront tilt information via guiding spots and beam walk information via shear spots. The assembly and alignment of the BC has been completed. The characterization test were performed under laboratory conditions with an artificial star and optical delay line. Part of each input beam was used to perform star tracking. The white light interference fringes were obtained over the selected wavelength range from 450 nm to 850 nm. A least-square fit process was used to analyze the fringe initial phase, fringe visibilities and shift errors of the optical path difference in the delay line using the dispersed white-light fringes at different OPD positions.

A High Peak Current Source for the CEBAF Injector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yunn, Byung; Sinclair, Charles; Krafft, Geoffrey

1992-07-01

The CEBAF accelerator can drive high power IR and UV FELs, if a high peak current source is added to the existing front end. We present a design for a high peak current injector which is compatible with simultaneous operation of the accelerator for cw nulear physics (NP) beam. The high peak current injector provides 60 A peak current in 2 psec long bunches carrying 120 pC charge at 7.485 MHz. At 10 MeV that beam is combined with 5 MeV NP beam (0.13pC, 2 psec long bunches at 1497 MHz) in an energy combination chicane for simultaneous acceleration inmore » the injector linac. The modifications to the low-energy NP transport are described. Results of optical and beam dynamics calculations for both high peak current and NP beams in combined operation are presented.« less

Holographic Phase Correction.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

functions, so that, for example, the device could function as a.% combined beam splitter /multifocus lens/mirror. Offset against these advantages are...illustrated in Figure 7. Here the reconstructed, phase corrected wave, is interfered with a plane wave introduced ..- after the hologram, via a beam splitter ...the recording medium). c. The phase correction can be combined with other beam forming functions. This can result in further savings in size and weight

Self-Nulling Beam Combiner Using No External Phase Inverter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bloemhof, Eric E.

2010-01-01

A self-nulling beam combiner is proposed that completely eliminates the phase inversion subsystem from the nulling interferometer, and instead uses the intrinsic phase shifts in the beam splitters. Simplifying the flight instrument in this way will be a valuable enhancement of mission reliability. The tighter tolerances on R = T (R being reflection and T being transmission coefficients) required by the self-nulling configuration actually impose no new constraints on the architecture, as two adaptive nullers must be situated between beam splitters to correct small errors in the coatings. The new feature is exploiting the natural phase shifts in beam combiners to achieve the 180 phase inversion necessary for nulling. The advantage over prior art is that an entire subsystem, the field-flipping optics, can be eliminated. For ultimate simplicity in the flight instrument, one might fabricate coatings to very high tolerances and dispense with the adaptive nullers altogether, with all their moving parts, along with the field flipper subsystem. A single adaptive nuller upstream of the beam combiner may be required to correct beam train errors (systematic noise), but in some circumstances phase chopping reduces these errors substantially, and there may be ways to further reduce the chop residuals. Though such coatings are beyond the current state of the art, the mechanical simplicity and robustness of a flight system without field flipper or adaptive nullers would perhaps justify considerable effort on coating fabrication.

Increasing Heavy Oil Reserves in the Wilmington Oil Field Through Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Thermal Production Technologies, Class III

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

City of Long Beach; Tidelands Oil Production Company; University of Southern California

2002-09-30

The objective of this project was to increase the recoverable heavy oil reserves within sections of the Wilmington Oil Field, near Long Beach, California through the testing and application of advanced reservoir characterization and thermal production technologies. The successful application of these technologies would result in expanding their implementation throughout the Wilmington Field and, through technology transfer, to other slope and basin clastic (SBC) reservoirs.

Microwave Power Combiners for Signals of Arbitrary Amplitude

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Conroy, Bruce; Hoppe, Daniel

2009-01-01

Schemes for combining power from coherent microwave sources of arbitrary (unequal or equal) amplitude have been proposed. Most prior microwave-power-combining schemes are limited to sources of equal amplitude. The basic principle of the schemes now proposed is to use quasi-optical components to manipulate the polarizations and phases of two arbitrary-amplitude input signals in such a way as to combine them into one output signal having a specified, fixed polarization. To combine power from more than two sources, one could use multiple powercombining stages based on this principle, feeding the outputs of lower-power stages as inputs to higher-power stages. Quasi-optical components suitable for implementing these schemes include grids of parallel wires, vane polarizers, and a variety of waveguide structures. For the sake of brevity, the remainder of this article illustrates the basic principle by focusing on one scheme in which a wire grid and two vane polarizers would be used. Wire grids are the key quasi-optical elements in many prior equal-power combiners. In somewhat oversimplified terms, a wire grid reflects an incident beam having an electric field parallel to the wires and passes an incident beam having an electric field perpendicular to the wires. In a typical prior equal-power combining scheme, one provides for two properly phased, equal-amplitude signals having mutually perpendicular linear polarizations to impinge from two mutually perpendicular directions on a wire grid in a plane oriented at an angle of 45 with respect to both beam axes. The wires in the grid are oriented to pass one of the incident beams straight through onto the output path and to reflect the other incident beam onto the output path along with the first-mentioned beam.

High growth potential and nitrogen removal performance of marine anammox bacteria in shrimp-aquaculture sediment.

PubMed

Van Duc, Luong; Song, Bongkeun; Ito, Hiroaki; Hama, Takehide; Otani, Masashi; Kawagoshi, Yasunori

2018-04-01

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria were enriched in continuous packed-bed columns with marine sediment. One column (SB-C) was packed with only marine sediment collected from a shrimp-aquaculture pond, and another column (SB-AMX) was inoculated with marine anammox bacteria (MAB) as a control. These columns were continuously fed with natural or artificial seawater including ammonium (NH 4 + ) and nitrite (NO 2 - ). The SB-AMX showed anammox activities from the beginning and continued for over 200 days. However, the SB-C had no nitrogen removal performance for over 170 days. After adding a bicarbonate solution (KHCO 3 ) to the sediment-only packed column, anammox activity was observed within 13 days. The column exhibited a nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of 88% at a nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 1.0 kg-N·m -3 ·day -1 , which was comparable to the control one. A next-generation sequencing analysis revealed the predominance of MAB related to "Candidatus Scalindua spp.". In addition, the co-occurrence of sulfur-oxidizing denitrifiers was observed, which suggests their symbiotic relationship. This study suggests the applicability of MAB for in-situ bioremediation of nitrogen-contaminated marine sediments and reveals a potential microbial interaction between anammox and sulfur-oxidizing communities responsible for nitrogen and sulfur cycling in marine aquaculture systems. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Yolk-shell structured Sb@C anodes for high energy Na-ion batteries

DOE PAGES

Song, Junhua; Yan, Pengfei; Luo, Langli; ...

2017-09-04

Despite great advances in sodium-ion battery developments, the search for high energy and stable anode materials remains a challenge. Alloy or conversion-typed anode materials are attractive candidates of high specific capacity and low voltage potential, yet their applications are hampered by the large volume expansion and hence poor electrochemical reversibility and fast capacity fade. Here in this paper, we use antimony (Sb) as an example to demonstrate the use of yolk-shell structured anodes for high energy Na-ion batteries. The Sb@C yolk-shell structure prepared by controlled reduction and selective removal of Sb 2O 3 from carbon coated Sb 2O 3 nanoparticlesmore » can accommodate the Sb swelling upon sodiation and improve the structural/electrical integrity against pulverization. It delivers a high specific capacity of ~ 554 mAh g -1, good rate capability (315 mhA g-1 at 10 C rate) and long cyclability (92% capacity retention over 200 cycles). Full-cells of O3-Na 0.9[Cu0.22Fe 0.30Mn 0.48]O 2 cathodes and Sb@C-hard carbon composite anodes demonstrate a high specific energy of ~ 130 Wh kg-1 (based on the total mass of cathode and anode) in the voltage range of 2.0–4.0 V, ~ 1.5 times energy of full-cells with similar design using hard carbon anodes.« less

Yolk-shell structured Sb@C anodes for high energy Na-ion batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Song, Junhua; Yan, Pengfei; Luo, Langli

Despite great advances in sodium-ion battery developments, the search for high energy and stable anode materials remains a challenge. Alloy or conversion-typed anode materials are attractive candidates of high specific capacity and low voltage potential, yet their applications are hampered by the large volume expansion and hence poor electrochemical reversibility and fast capacity fade. Here, we use antimony (Sb) as an example to demonstrate the use of yolk-shell structured anodes for high energy Na-ion batteries. The Sb@C yolk-shell structure prepared by controlled reduction and selective removal of Sb2O3 from carbon coated Sb2O3 nanoparticles can accommodate the Sb swelling upon sodiationmore » and improve the structural/electrical integrity against pulverization. It delivers a high specific capacity of ~554 mAh•g-1, good rate capability (315 mhA•g-1 at 10C rate) and long cyclability (92% capacity retention over 200 cycles). Full-cells of O3-Na0.9[Cu0.22Fe0.30Mn0.48]O2 cathodes and Sb@C-hard carbon composite anodes demonstrate a high specific energy of ~130 Wh•kg-1 (based on the total mass of cathode and anode) in the voltage range of 2.0-4.0 V, ~1.5 times energy of full-cells with similar design using hard carbon anodes.« less

Yolk-shell structured Sb@C anodes for high energy Na-ion batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Song, Junhua; Yan, Pengfei; Luo, Langli

Despite great advances in sodium-ion battery developments, the search for high energy and stable anode materials remains a challenge. Alloy or conversion-typed anode materials are attractive candidates of high specific capacity and low voltage potential, yet their applications are hampered by the large volume expansion and hence poor electrochemical reversibility and fast capacity fade. Here in this paper, we use antimony (Sb) as an example to demonstrate the use of yolk-shell structured anodes for high energy Na-ion batteries. The Sb@C yolk-shell structure prepared by controlled reduction and selective removal of Sb 2O 3 from carbon coated Sb 2O 3 nanoparticlesmore » can accommodate the Sb swelling upon sodiation and improve the structural/electrical integrity against pulverization. It delivers a high specific capacity of ~ 554 mAh g -1, good rate capability (315 mhA g-1 at 10 C rate) and long cyclability (92% capacity retention over 200 cycles). Full-cells of O3-Na 0.9[Cu0.22Fe 0.30Mn 0.48]O 2 cathodes and Sb@C-hard carbon composite anodes demonstrate a high specific energy of ~ 130 Wh kg-1 (based on the total mass of cathode and anode) in the voltage range of 2.0–4.0 V, ~ 1.5 times energy of full-cells with similar design using hard carbon anodes.« less

Pulmonary epithelial cancer cells and their exosomes metabolize myeloid cell-derived leukotriene C4 to leukotriene D4[S

PubMed Central

Lukic, Ana; Ji, Jie; Idborg, Helena; Samuelsson, Bengt; Palmberg, Lena

2016-01-01

Leukotrienes (LTs) play major roles in lung immune responses, and LTD4 is the most potent agonist for cysteinyl LT1, leading to bronchoconstriction and tissue remodeling. Here, we studied LT crosstalk between myeloid cells and pulmonary epithelial cells. Monocytic cells (Mono Mac 6 cell line, primary dendritic cells) and eosinophils produced primarily LTC4. In coincubations of these myeloid cells and epithelial cells, LTD4 became a prominent product. LTC4 released from the myeloid cells was further transformed by the epithelial cells in a transcellular manner. Formation of LTD4 was rapid when catalyzed by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)1 in the A549 epithelial lung cancer cell line, but considerably slower when catalyzed by GGT5 in primary bronchial epithelial cells. When A549 cells were cultured in the presence of IL-1β, GGT1 expression increased about 2-fold. Also exosomes from A549 cells contained GGT1 and augmented LTD4 formation. Serine-borate complex (SBC), an inhibitor of GGT, inhibited conversion of LTC4 to LTD4. Unexpectedly, SBC also upregulated translocation of 5-lipoxygenase (LO) to the nucleus in Mono Mac 6 cells, and 5-LO activity. Our results demonstrate an active role for epithelial cells in biosynthesis of LTD4, which may be of particular relevance in the lung. PMID:27436590

Optimization of combined electron and photon beams for breast cancer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiong, W.; Li, J.; Chen, L.; Price, R. A.; Freedman, G.; Ding, M.; Qin, L.; Yang, J.; Ma, C.-M.

2004-05-01

Recently, intensity-modulated radiation therapy and modulated electron radiotherapy have gathered a growing interest for the treatment of breast and head and neck tumours. In this work, we carried out a study to combine electron and photon beams to achieve differential dose distributions for multiple target volumes simultaneously. A Monte Carlo based treatment planning system was investigated, which consists of a set of software tools to perform accurate dose calculation, treatment optimization, leaf sequencing and plan analysis. We compared breast treatment plans generated using this home-grown optimization and dose calculation software for different treatment techniques. Five different planning techniques have been developed for this study based on a standard photon beam whole breast treatment and an electron beam tumour bed cone down. Technique 1 includes two 6 MV tangential wedged photon beams followed by an anterior boost electron field. Technique 2 includes two 6 MV tangential intensity-modulated photon beams and the same boost electron field. Technique 3 optimizes two intensity-modulated photon beams based on a boost electron field. Technique 4 optimizes two intensity-modulated photon beams and the weight of the boost electron field. Technique 5 combines two intensity-modulated photon beams with an intensity-modulated electron field. Our results show that technique 2 can reduce hot spots both in the breast and the tumour bed compared to technique 1 (dose inhomogeneity is reduced from 34% to 28% for the target). Techniques 3, 4 and 5 can deliver a more homogeneous dose distribution to the target (with dose inhomogeneities for the target of 22%, 20% and 9%, respectively). In many cases techniques 3, 4 and 5 can reduce the dose to the lung and heart. It is concluded that combined photon and electron beam therapy may be advantageous for treating breast cancer compared to conventional treatment techniques using tangential wedged photon beams followed by a boost electron field.

Three-beam coherent combination experiments based on segmented mirrors and measure of phase characteristics of beams passing through Yb-doped fiber amplifier

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Ping; Yang, Ruo fu; Shen, Feng; Ao, Mingwu; Jiang, Wenhan

2009-05-01

Coherent combination is one of the most promising ways to realize high power laser output. A three- laser-beam coherent combination system based on adaptive optics (AO) technique has been set up in our laboratory. In this system, three 1064nm laser beams are placed side-by-side and compressed by two reflective mirrors. An active segmented deformable mirror (DM) is used to compensate the optical path difference (OPD) among three laser beams. The beams are overlapped onto a 2900Hz CCD camera to form an interference pattern while the peak intensity of the interference pattern is taken as the cost function to optimize by a stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. SPGD algorithm is realized on a RT-Linux dual-core industrial computer. A series of experiments have been accomplished and experimental results show that both static distorted aberrations in the beams and active distorted aberrations (which are brought in by a hot iron and the frequency is about 5Hz) can be compensated successfully when the gain coefficients and the perturbation amplitude of SPGD are chosed appropriately, thereby three beams can be well combined. For controlling the phase of fiber lasers, the phase characteristics of beams passing through Yb-doped dual-clad fiber amplifier are measured by means of investigating the interference pattern under different output power through experiments. The frequency of phase fluctuation is evaluated through analyzing the fluctuation of power within a 90um aperture of far-field focal spot. Experimental results show that the phase fluctuation frequencies of laser beam transmitted through fiber amplifier are mainly in the range of 100~1500Hz. As a result, to control the phase fluctuation of beams passing through fiber amplifier, the bandwidth of any potential phase control scheme must be greater than 1.5 kilohertz.

Free-space coherent optical communication receivers implemented with photorefractive optical beam combiners

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davidson, Frederic M.

1992-01-01

Performance measurements are reported concerning a coherent optical communication receiver that contained an iron doped indium phosphide photorefractive beam combiner, rather than a conventional optical beam splitter. The system obtained a bit error probability of 10(exp -6) at received signal powers corresponding to less than 100 detected photons per bit. The system used phase modulated Nd:YAG laser light at a wavelength of 1.06 microns.

Fiber-based coherent polarization beam combining with cascaded phase-locking and polarization-transforming controls

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Yan; Geng, Chao; Li, Feng; Huang, Guan; Li, Xinyang

2018-05-01

In this paper, the fiber-based coherent polarization beam combining (CPBC) with cascaded phase-locking (PL) and polarization-transforming (PT) controls was proposed to combine imbalanced input beams where the number of the input beams is not binary, in which the PL control was performed using the piezoelectric-ring fiber-optic phase compensator, and the PT control was realized by the dynamic polarization controller, simultaneously. The principle of the proposed CPBC was introduced. The performance of the proposed CPBC was analyzed in comparison with the CPBC based on PL control and the CPBC based on PT control. The basic experiment of CPBC of three laser beams was carried out to validate the feasibility of the proposed CPBC, where cascaded controls of PL and PT were implemented based on stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed CPBC incorporates the advantages of the two previous CPBC schemes and performs well in the closed loop. Moreover, the expansibility and the application of the proposed CPBC were validated by scaling the CPBC to combine seven laser beams. We believe that the proposed fiber-based CPBC with cascaded PL and PT controls has great potential in free space optical communications employing the multi-aperture receiver with asymmetric structure.

Coherent hybrid electromagnetic field imaging

DOEpatents

Cooke, Bradly J [Jemez Springs, NM; Guenther, David C [Los Alamos, NM

2008-08-26

An apparatus and corresponding method for coherent hybrid electromagnetic field imaging of a target, where an energy source is used to generate a propagating electromagnetic beam, an electromagnetic beam splitting means to split the beam into two or more coherently matched beams of about equal amplitude, and where the spatial and temporal self-coherence between each two or more coherently matched beams is preserved. Two or more differential modulation means are employed to modulate each two or more coherently matched beams with a time-varying polarization, frequency, phase, and amplitude signal. An electromagnetic beam combining means is used to coherently combine said two or more coherently matched beams into a coherent electromagnetic beam. One or more electromagnetic beam controlling means are used for collimating, guiding, or focusing the coherent electromagnetic beam. One or more apertures are used for transmitting and receiving the coherent electromagnetic beam to and from the target. A receiver is used that is capable of square-law detection of the coherent electromagnetic beam. A waveform generator is used that is capable of generation and control of time-varying polarization, frequency, phase, or amplitude modulation waveforms and sequences. A means of synchronizing time varying waveform is used between the energy source and the receiver. Finally, a means of displaying the images created by the interaction of the coherent electromagnetic beam with target is employed.

Plasma-based beam combiner for very high fluence and energy

DOE PAGES

Kirkwood, R. K.; Turnbull, D. P.; Chapman, T.; ...

2017-10-02

Extreme optical fluences, much beyond the damage threshold of conventional optics, are of interest for a range of high-energy-density physics applications. Nonlinear interactions of multiple beams in plasmas have the potential to produce optics that operate at much higher intensity and fluence than is possible in solids. In inertial confinement fusion experiments indirectly driven with lasers, many beams overlap in the plasma inside a hohlraum, and cross-beam energy transfer by Brillouin scattering has been employed to redistribute energy between laser beams within the target. Here in this paper, we show that in a hot, under-dense plasma the energy of manymore » input beams can be combined into a single well-collimated beam. The emerging beam has an energy of 4 kJ (over 1 ns) that is more than triple that of any incident beam, and a fluence that is more than double. Because the optic produced is plasma, and is diffractive, it is inherently capable of generating higher fluences in a single beam than solid-state refractive or reflective optics.« less

Two-beam combined 3.36  J, 100  Hz diode-pumped high beam quality Nd:YAG laser system.

PubMed

Qiu, J S; Tang, X X; Fan, Z W; Wang, H C; Liu, H

2016-07-20

In this paper, we develop a diode-pumped all-solid-state high-energy and high beam quality Nd:YAG laser system. A master oscillator power amplifier structure is used to provide a high pulse energy laser output with a high repetition rate. In order to decrease the amplifier working current so as to reduce the impact of the thermal effect on the beam quality, a beam splitting-amplifying-combining scheme is adopted. The energy extraction efficiency of the laser system is 50.68%. We achieve 3.36 J pulse energy at a 100 Hz repetition rate with a pulse duration of 7.1 ns, a far-field beam spot 1.71 times the diffraction limit, and 1.07% energy stability (RMS).

High-energy laser activities at MBDA Germany

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohring, Bernd; Dietrich, Stephan; Tassini, Leonardo; Protz, Rudolf; Geidek, Franz; Zoz, Jürgen

2013-05-01

At MBDA Germany a concept for a high-energy laser weapon system is investigated, which is based on existing industrial laser sources. Due to the enormous progress in the field of high-power fiber lasers, commercial industrial fiber lasers are now available delivering a nearly-diffraction limited beam quality with power levels of up to 10 kW. By using a geometric beam coupling scheme, a number of individual high-power fiber laser beams are combined together using one common beam director telescope. A total laser beam power of more than 100 kW can be achieved, which is sufficient for an operational laser weapon system. The individual beams from the different lasers are steered by servo-loops using fast tip-tilt mirrors. This principle enables the concentration of the total laser beam power at one common focal point on a distant target, also allowing fine tracking of target movements and first-order compensation of turbulence effects on laser beam propagation. The proposed beam combination concept was demonstrated by using different experimental set-ups. A number of experiments were performed successfully to investigate laser beam target interaction and target fine tracking, also at large distances and at moving targets. Content and results of these investigations are reported, which demonstrate the complete engagement sequence for a C-RAM scenario. This includes subsequent steps of target acquisition by radar and IR optics, followed by large angle coarse tracking, active fine tracking and destruction of the target by the laser system. This successful implementation of geometric beam combining is an important step for the realization of a laser weapon system in the near future.

Laser beam combining and cleanup by stimulated Brillouin scattering in a multimode optical fiber.

PubMed

Rodgers, B C; Russell, T H; Roh, W B

1999-08-15

A new technique for combining low-power laser beams has been demonstrated by use of semiconductor diode lasers. The technique, which is appropriate for any single-longitudinal-mode laser, is based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in long multimode optical fibers. It produces a clean Gaussian-like beam that corresponds to the fundamental fiber mode, irrespective of the profile of the pump. Coherent as well as incoherent combining was demonstrated, and conversion slope efficiencies as high as 67% and 83% were shown to be achievable for the single-pass and ring-cavity SBS geometries, respectively.

Use of a Nutrition Behavior Change Counseling Tool: Lessons from a Rapid Qualitative Assessment in Eastern Zambia

PubMed Central

Weiss, Ingrid; Stepanovic, Serena; Chinyemba, Ulembe; Bateman, Jessica; Hemminger, Carolyn; Burrows, Emily

2016-01-01

The U.S. Agency for International Development Feed the Future Mawa Project – led by Catholic Relief Services – aims to improve food and economic security for farming households in Zambia’s Eastern Province. Mawa employs social and behavior change (SBC) strategies with households and communities to improve nutrition and reduce stunting among children under two (CU2). To support these strategies, sub-partner University Research Co., LLC employed a participatory process to develop a series of 35 action cards, each illustrating one project-promoted behavior, that are used at household and community group levels. Caregivers of CU2 are given a full set of action cards to promote household dialogue and support for the promoted behaviors. As a final step in the action card tool development process, a qualitative rapid assessment was conducted 1 month after implementation to investigate preliminary ways action cards were being used, and if the methods of using the cards had the potential to impact behavior change. The research team conducted nine key informant interviews and four focus group discussions with Mawa staff and administered 41 qualitative interview questionnaires with project participants in the Chipata and Lundazi districts. Although not based on a representative sampling frame, the assessment produced valuable results for program improvement purposes. It also provided a feedback mechanism for community-based staff and project participants, a crucial step in the participatory tool development process. The assessment found that Mawa staff at every level use action cards combined with at least one other social behavior change tool for each nutrition intervention. Our results suggest that Mawa staff and project participants share a common understanding of the cards’ purpose. Each group noted that the cards provide a visual cue for action and reinforce previous Mawa nutrition messages. Intended uses confirmed by the assessment include encouraging household cooperation, negotiating behavior change, telling stories, and integrating messages with other project sectors. Based on the findings, recommendations for future project activities include aligning efforts against a theory of change to optimize use of all SBC tools; leveraging action card use to strengthen cross-sectoral integration within Mawa; and specific ongoing monitoring of action card use to improve activity implementation. PMID:27630980

Hologram-reconstruction signal enhancement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mezrich, R. S.

1977-01-01

Principle of heterodyne detection is used to combine object beam and reconstructed virtual image beam. All light valves in page composer are opened, and virtual-image beam is allowed to interfere with light from valves.

ISM Parameters in the Normal Galaxy NGC 5713

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lord, S. D.; Malhotra, S.; Lim, T.; Helou, G.; Beichman, C. A.; Dinerstein, H.; Hollenbach, D. J.; Hunter, D. A.; Lo, K. Y.; Lu, N. Y.;

Metrology with Weak Value Amplification and Related Topics

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-12

sensitivity depend crucially on the relative time scales involved, which include: 4 +- PBS PC HWP SBC Piezo Pulsed Laser Split Detector 50:50 FIG. 1. Simple...reasons why this may be impossible or inadvisable given a laboratory set-up. There may be a minimum quiet time between laser pulses, for example, or...measurements is a full 100 ms, our filtering limits the laser noise to time scales of about 30 ms. For analysis, we take this as our integration time in

Mobile Situational Awareness Tool: Unattended Ground Sensor-Based Remote Surveillance System

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-01

into prototyped WSNs. In 2012, the Raspberry Pi , an SBC with an Arm-Processor running Gnu/Linux also designed for students and hobbyists, entered...the market selling for only $25 each [30]. The Raspberry Pi was the size of a credit card, had the ability to connect to a wide variety of...peripherals to include Wi-Fi adapters and cameras, and had enough processing power to play high-definition video [31]. The Raspberry Pi proved to be

Method and apparatus for a multibeam beacon laser assembly for optical communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Biswas, Abhijit (Inventor); Sanji, Babak (Inventor); Wright, Malcolm W. (Inventor); Page, Norman Alan (Inventor)

2005-01-01

An optical beacon is comprised of a telescope having a primary focal plane or Coud? focal plane, a plurality of fiber coupled laser sources for generating a plurality of beams, a collimator for collimating the plurality of beams, and optics for combining and focusing the plurality of collimated beams onto the primary or Coud? focal plane of the telescope. The telescope propagates the optical beacon, which is arranged into a ring of incoherent plurality of collimated beams. The apparatus further comprises fiber splitters coupled to each laser source to provide at least eight beams from at least four laser sources. The optics comprises a prism assembly, a combiner lens, a focusing lens and a field lens for focusing the plurality of collimated beams onto the primary focal plane or Coud? focal plane of the telescope.

Research and development of an electron beam focusing system for a high-brightness X-ray generator.

PubMed

Sakai, Takeshi; Ohsawa, Satoshi; Sakabe, Noriyoshi; Sugimura, Takashi; Ikeda, Mitsuo

2011-01-01

A new type of rotating anticathode X-ray generator, where an electron beam of up to 60 keV irradiates the inner surface of a U-shaped Cu anticathode, has achieved a beam brilliance of 130 kW mm(-2) (at 2.3 kW). A higher-flux electron beam is expected from simulation by optimizing the geometry of a combined-function-type magnet instead of the fringing field of the bending magnet. In order to minimize the size of the X-ray source the electron beam has been focused over a short distance by a new combined-function bending magnet, whose geometrical shape was determined by simulation using the Opera-3D, General Particle Tracer and CST-STUDIO codes. The result of the simulation clearly shows that the role of combined functions in both the bending and the steering magnets is important for focusing the beam to a small size. FWHM sizes of the beam are predicted by simulation to be 0.45 mm (horizontal) and 0.05 mm (vertical) for a 120 keV/75 mA beam, of which the effective brilliance is about 500 kW mm(-2) on the supposition of a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution. High-power tests have begun using a high-voltage 120 kV/75 mA power supply for the X-ray generator instead of 60 kV/100 mA. The beam focus size on the target will be verified in the experiments.

Design of an electron projection system with slider lenses and multiple beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moonen, Daniel; Leunissen, Peter L. H. A.; de Jager, Patrick W.; Kruit, Pieter; Bleeker, Arno J.; Van der Mast, Karel D.

2002-07-01

The commercial applicability of electron beam projection lithography systems may be limited at high resolution because of low throughput. The main limitations to the throughput are: (i) Beam current. The Coulomb interaction between electrons result in an image blue. Therefore less beam current can be allowed at higher resolution, impacting the illuminate time of the wafer. (ii) Exposure field size. Early attempts to improve throughput with 'full chip' electron beam projection systems failed, because the system suffered from large off-axis aberrations of the electron optics, which severely restricted the useful field size. This has impact on the overhead time. A new type of projection optics will be proposed in this paper to overcome both limits. A slider lens is proposed that allows an effective field that is much larger than schemes proposed by SCALPEL and PREVAIL. The full width of the die can be exposed without mechanical scanning by sliding the beam through the slit-like bore of the lens. Locally, at the beam position, a 'round'-lens field is created with a combination of a rectangular magnetic field and quadruples that are positioned inside the lens. A die can now be exposed during a single mechanical scan as in state-of-the-art light optical tools. The total beam current can be improved without impact on the Coulomb interaction blur by combining several beams in a single lithography system if these beams do not interfere with each other. Several optical layouts have been proposed that combined up to 5 beams in a projection system consisting of a doublet of slider lenses. This type of projection optics has a potential throughput of 50 WPH at 45 nm with a resist sensitivity of 6 (mu) C/cm2.

Novel multi-telescopes beam combiners for next generation instruments (FIRST/SUBARU)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, G.; Pugnat, T.; Gardillou, F.; Cassagnettes, C.; Barbier, D.; Guyot, C.; Hauden, J.; Huby, E.; Lacour, S.

2016-07-01

Integrated optic devices are nowadays achieving extremely good performances in the field of astronomical interferometry, as shown by PIONIER or GRAVITY silica/silicon-based instruments, already installed at VLTI. In order to address other wavelengths, increase the number of apertures to be combined and eventually ensure on-chip phase modulation, we are working on a novel generation of beam combiners, based on the hybridization of glass waveguides, that can ensure very sharp bend radius, high confinement and low propagation losses, together with lithium niobate phase modulators and channel waveguides that can achieve on-chip, fast (<100kHz) phase modulation. The work presented here has been realized in collaboration with our technological partners TeemPhotonics for glass waveguides and iXBlue-PSD for lithium niobate phase modulators. We will present our results on a hybrid glass/niobate (passive/active) beam combiner that has been developed in the context of FIRST/SUBARU 9T beam combiner. The combiner is structured in three parts: a) the first stage (passive glass) achieves beam splitting from one input to eight outputs, and that for nine input fibers coming from the sub-apertures of the Subaru telescope; b) the second stage consists on a 72 channel waveguides lithium niobate phase modulator in a push-pull configuration that allows to modify on-chip the relative phase between the 36 pairs of waveguides; c) a final recombination system of Y-junctions (passive glass) that allows to obtain combination of each input to every other one. The aim of this presentation is to discuss different issues of the combiners, such as transmission, birefringence, half-wave voltage modulation and spectral range.

Current status of the IOTA interferometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carleton, Nathaniel P.; Traub, Wesley A.; Lacasse, Marc G.; Nisenson, Peter; Pearlman, Michael R.; Reasenberg, Robert D.; Xu, Xinqi; Coldwell, Charles M.; Panasyuk, Alexander; Benson, James A.; Papaliolios, Costas; Predmore, Read; Schloerb, F. P.; Dyck, H. M.; Gibson, David M.

1994-06-01

The first two telescopes of the Infrared-Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) project are now in place and yielding data at the Smithsonian Institution's F. L. Whipple Observatory on Mt. Hopkins, near Tucson, Arizona. The IOTA collectors are 45 cm in diameter, and may be moved to various stations in an L-shaped configuration with a maximum baseline of 38 m. A third collector will be added as soon as funding permits. Each light-collector assembly consists of a siderostat feeding a stationary afocal Cassegrain telescope that produces a 10-X reduced parallel beam, which is in turn directed vertically downward by a piezo-driven active mirror that stabilizes the ultimate image position. The reduced beams enter an evacuated envelope and proceed to the corner of the array, where they are turned back along one arm for path compensation. The delay line, in one beam, consists of two parts: one dihedral reflector positioned in a slew-and-clamp mode to give the major part of the desired delay; and a second dihedral mounted on an air-bearing carriage to provide the variable delay that is needed. After delay, the beams exit from the vacuum and are directed by dichroic mirrors into the infrared beam-combination and detection system. The visible light passes on to another area, to the image-tracker detectors and the visible-light combination and detection system. The beams are combined in pupil-plane mode on beam splitters. The combined IR beams are conveyed to two cooled single-element InSb detectors. The combined visible-light beams are focussed by lenslet arrays onto multimode optical fibers that lead to the slit of a specially-designed prism spectrometer. For the visible mode, the delay line is run at several wavelengths on one side of the zero- path point, so that several cycles of interference occur across the spectrum. First results were obtained with the IR system, giving visibilities for several K and M stars, using 2.2 micrometers radiation on a N-S baseline of 21.2 m. From these measurements we obtained preliminary estimates of effective stellar diameters in the K band.

Methods for slow axis beam quality improvement of high power broad area diode lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

An, Haiyan; Xiong, Yihan; Jiang, Ching-Long J.; Schmidt, Berthold; Treusch, Georg

2014-03-01

For high brightness direct diode laser systems, it is of fundamental importance to improve the slow axis beam quality of the incorporated laser diodes regardless what beam combining technology is applied. To further advance our products in terms of increased brightness at a high power level, we must optimize the slow axis beam quality despite the far field blooming at high current levels. The later is caused predominantly by the built-in index step in combination with the thermal lens effect. Most of the methods for beam quality improvements reported in publications sacrifice the device efficiency and reliable output power. In order to improve the beam quality as well as maintain the efficiency and reliable output power, we investigated methods of influencing local heat generation to reduce the thermal gradient across the slow axis direction, optimizing the built-in index step and discriminating high order modes. Based on our findings, we have combined different methods in our new device design. Subsequently, the beam parameter product (BPP) of a 10% fill factor bar has improved by approximately 30% at 7 W/emitter without efficiency penalty. This technology has enabled fiber coupled high brightness multi-kilowatt direct diode laser systems. In this paper, we will elaborate on the methods used as well as the results achieved.

IEC 61267: Feasibility of type 1100 aluminium and a copper/aluminium combination for RQA beam qualities.

PubMed

Leong, David L; Rainford, Louise; Zhao, Wei; Brennan, Patrick C

2016-01-01

In the course of performance acceptance testing, benchmarking or quality control of X-ray imaging systems, it is sometimes necessary to harden the X-ray beam spectrum. IEC 61267 specifies materials and methods to accomplish beam hardening and, unfortunately, requires the use of 99.9% pure aluminium (Alloy 1190) for the RQA beam quality, which is expensive and difficult to obtain. Less expensive and more readily available filters, such as Alloy 1100 (99.0% pure) aluminium and copper/aluminium combinations, have been used clinically to produce RQA series without rigorous scientific investigation to support their use. In this paper, simulation and experimental methods are developed to determine the differences in beam quality using Alloy 1190 and Alloy 1100. Additional simulation investigated copper/aluminium combinations to produce RQA5 and outputs from this simulation are verified with laboratory tests using different filter samples. The results of the study demonstrate that although Alloy 1100 produces a harder beam spectrum compared to Alloy 1190, it is a reasonable substitute. A combination filter of 0.5 mm copper and 2 mm aluminium produced a spectrum closer to that of Alloy 1190 than Alloy 1100 with the added benefits of lower exposures and lower batch variability. Copyright © 2015 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design and laser damage properties of a dichroic beam combiner coating for 22.5-deg incidence and S polarization with high transmission at 527 nm and high reflection at 1054 nm

DOE PAGES

Bellum, John C.; Field, Ella S.; Kletecka, Damon E.; ...

2016-10-12

We designed a dichroic beam combiner coating with 11 HfO 2/SiO 2 layer pairs and deposited it on a large substrate. It provides high transmission (HT) at 527 nm and high reflection (HR) at 1054 nm for a 22.5-deg angle of incidence (AOI), S polarization (Spol), and uses near half-wave layer thicknesses for HT at 527 nm, modified for HR at 1054 nm. The two options for the beam combiner each require that a high intensity beam be incident on the coating from within the substrate (from glass). We analyze the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) differences between the two optionsmore » in terms of the 527- and 1054-nm E-field behaviors for air → coating and glass → coating incidences. This indicates that LIDTs should be higher for air → coating than for glass → coating incidence. LIDT tests at the use AOI, Spol with ns pulses at 532 and 1064 nm confirm this, with glass → coating LIDTs about half that of air → coating LIDTs. Lastly, these results clearly indicate that the best beam combiner option is for the high intensity 527 and 1054 nm beams to be incident on the coating from air and glass, respectively.« less

Design and laser damage properties of a dichroic beam combiner coating for 22.5-deg incidence and S polarization with high transmission at 527 nm and high reflection at 1054 nm

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bellum, John C.; Field, Ella S.; Kletecka, Damon E.

We designed a dichroic beam combiner coating with 11 HfO 2/SiO 2 layer pairs and deposited it on a large substrate. It provides high transmission (HT) at 527 nm and high reflection (HR) at 1054 nm for a 22.5-deg angle of incidence (AOI), S polarization (Spol), and uses near half-wave layer thicknesses for HT at 527 nm, modified for HR at 1054 nm. The two options for the beam combiner each require that a high intensity beam be incident on the coating from within the substrate (from glass). We analyze the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) differences between the two optionsmore » in terms of the 527- and 1054-nm E-field behaviors for air → coating and glass → coating incidences. This indicates that LIDTs should be higher for air → coating than for glass → coating incidence. LIDT tests at the use AOI, Spol with ns pulses at 532 and 1064 nm confirm this, with glass → coating LIDTs about half that of air → coating LIDTs. Lastly, these results clearly indicate that the best beam combiner option is for the high intensity 527 and 1054 nm beams to be incident on the coating from air and glass, respectively.« less

All-fiber 7x1 signal combiner for incoherent laser beam combining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noordegraaf, D.; Maack, M. D.; Skovgaard, P. M. W.; Johansen, J.; Becker, F.; Belke, S.; Blomqvist, M.; Laegsgaard, J.

2011-02-01

We demonstrate an all-fiber 7x1 signal combiner for incoherent laser beam combining. This is a potential key component for reaching several kW of stabile laser output power. The combiner couples the output from 7 single-mode (SM) fiber lasers into a single multi-mode (MM) fiber. The input signal fibers have a core diameter of 17 μm and the output MM fiber has a core diameter of 100 μm. In a tapered section light gradually leaks out of the SM fibers and is captured by a surrounding fluorine-doped cladding. The combiner is tested up to 2.5 kW of combined output power and only a minor increase in device temperature is observed. At an intermediate power level of 600 W a beam parameter product (BPP) of 2.22 mm x mrad is measured, corresponding to an M2 value of 6.5. These values are approaching the theoretical limit dictated by brightness conservation.

Polarization-independent broadband dielectric bilayer gratings for spectral beam combining system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Linxin; Liu, Quan; Chen, Junming; Wang, Leilei; Jin, Yunxia; Yang, Yifeng; Shao, Jianda

2017-02-01

We report on a polarization-independent all-dielectric trapezoidal bilayer grating with broadband and high diffraction efficiency. The bilayer trapezoidal grating ridge on a reflector consists of an HfO2 layer and a SiO2 layer. The theoretical -1st order efficiencies of the grating are more than 95% with wavelength range from 1010 nm to 1080 nm for both TE and TM polarizations. The fabrication tolerances depending on the HfO2 and SiO2 layer grating ridge depths are enough to obtain the designed grating using current craft. The fabricated grating with exceeding 94% efficiency from 1000 nm to 1085 nm measured by a non-polarization laser has been fabricated and applied in a spectral beam combining external cavity to combine eight beams into one beam output with 10.77 kW.

Straightness measurement using laser beam straight datum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Uchikoshi, Junichi; Shimada, Shoichi; Ikawa, Naoya; Komura, Akio

1995-08-01

Using the direction stabilized laser beam as a physical straight datum, instead of the tangible reference surface, a method is proposed for the measurement of an error motion of a slide table and/or surface profile of mechanical components. A specially designed 2D position sensor/compensator for laser beam center is developed combining a quadrant photo-diode (QPD) position sensor for beam center and the piezo-compensator which compensates the beam shift from the center of QPD. By the use the sensor/compensator proposed, the positional and angular fluctuations of laser beam path is evaluated with nanometric resolution. Combining the sensor with the piezo-driven mirror compensator, the directional stabilizer for the laser beam is also designed in the same manner as the sensor/compensator. The stabilized He-Ne laser beam can be used as the metrological datum of straightness within the accuracy of 2 X 10 -8 rad. By mounting the position sensor/compensator on a slide table, the carriage with working distance of 1 m is so designed and built as to move straight along the stabilized laser beam. The carriage can be used as a mechanical straight datum with the accuracy equivalent to the laser beam stability.

Interferometric phase measurement techniques for coherent beam combining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antier, Marie; Bourderionnet, Jérôme; Larat, Christian; Lallier, Eric; Primot, Jérôme; Brignon, Arnaud

2015-03-01

Coherent beam combining of fiber amplifiers provides an attractive mean of reaching high power laser. In an interferometric phase measurement the beams issued for each fiber combined are imaged onto a sensor and interfere with a reference plane wave. This registration of interference patterns on a camera allows the measurement of the exact phase error of each fiber beam in a single shot. Therefore, this method is a promising candidate toward very large number of combined fibers. Based on this technique, several architectures can be proposed to coherently combine a high number of fibers. The first one based on digital holography transfers directly the image of the camera to spatial light modulator (SLM). The generated hologram is used to compensate the phase errors induced by the amplifiers. This architecture has therefore a collective phase measurement and correction. Unlike previous digital holography technique, the probe beams measuring the phase errors between the fibers are co-propagating with the phase-locked signal beams. This architecture is compatible with the use of multi-stage isolated amplifying fibers. In that case, only 20 pixels per fiber on the SLM are needed to obtain a residual phase shift error below λ/10rms. The second proposed architecture calculates the correction applied to each fiber channel by tracking the relative position of the interference finges. In this case, a phase modulator is placed on each channel. In that configuration, only 8 pixels per fiber on the camera is required for a stable close loop operation with a residual phase error of λ/20rms, which demonstrates the scalability of this concept.

Electrostatic wire for stabilizing a charged particle beam

DOEpatents

Prono, Daniel S.; Caporaso, George J.; Briggs, Richard J.

1985-01-01

In combination with a charged particle beam generator and accelerator, apparatus and method are provided for stabilizing a beam of electrically charged particles. A guiding means, disposed within the particle beam, has an electric charge induced upon it by the charged particle beam. Because the sign of the electric charge on the guiding means and the sign of the particle beam are opposite, the particles are attracted toward and cluster around the guiding means to thereby stabilize the particle beam as it travels.

Electrostatic wire stabilizing a charged particle beam

DOEpatents

Prono, D.S.; Caporaso, G.J.; Briggs, R.J.

1983-03-21

In combination with a charged particle beam generator and accelerator, apparatus and method are provided for stabilizing a beam of electrically charged particles. A guiding means, disposed within the particle beam, has an electric charge induced upon it by the charged particle beam. Because the sign of the electric charge on the guiding means and the sign of the particle beam are opposite, the particles are attracted toward and cluster around the guiding means to thereby stabilize the particle beam as it travels.

Grating Beam Combiner.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-12-01

with an nff-axis section of a 16-in. paraboloid. The expanded beam is split using a •• dielectrically coated 12.5-in. glass beam splitter at...equivalently the groove straightness). This was done prior to a recoating of the 12.5-in. beam splitter used in the interferometer after which it displayed...alternative to the full-aperture holographic sampler. It diffracts samples of an outgoing high-energy infrared (IR) beam and an incoming designator beam

Combined action of corrugation and Weibel instabilities from electron-beam interaction with laser-irradiated plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Yafeng; Tian, Ye; Zhang, Zhijun; Cao, Lihua; Liu, Jiansheng

2018-03-01

The combined action of corrugation and Weibel instabilities was experimentally observed in the interaction between energetic electrons and a laser-irradiated insulated target. The energetic electron beam, driven by an ultrashort laser pulse, splits into filaments with a diameter of ˜10 μm while traversing an insulated target, owing to the corrugation instability. The filaments continued to split into thinner filaments owing to the Weibel instability if a preplasma was induced by a heating beam on the rear side of the target. When the time delay between the heating beam and electron beam was larger than 1 ps, a merging of the current filaments was observed. The characteristic filamentary structures disappeared when the time delay between the two beams was larger than 3 ps. A simplified model was developed to analyze this process; the obtained results were in good agreement with the experiment. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations supported our analysis and reproduced the filamentation of the electron beam inside the plasma.

Optimization of natural frequencies of a slender beam shaped in a linear combination of its mode shapes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva, Guilherme Augusto Lopes da; Nicoletti, Rodrigo

2017-06-01

This work focuses on the placement of natural frequencies of beams to desired frequency regions. More specifically, we investigate the effects of combining mode shapes to shape a beam to change its natural frequencies, both numerically and experimentally. First, we present a parametric analysis of a shaped beam and we analyze the resultant effects for different boundary conditions and mode shapes. Second, we present an optimization procedure to find the optimum shape of the beam for desired natural frequencies. In this case, we adopt the Nelder-Mead simplex search method, which allows a broad search of the optimum shape in the solution domain. Finally, the obtained results are verified experimentally for a clamped-clamped beam in three different optimization runs. Results show that the method is effective in placing natural frequencies at desired values (experimental results lie within a 10% error to the expected theoretical ones). However, the beam must be axially constrained to have the natural frequencies changed.

Beam combining and SBS suppression in white noise and pseudo-random modulated amplifiers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anderson, Brian; Flores, Angel; Holten, Roger; Ehrenreich, Thomas; Dajani, Iyad

2015-03-01

White noise phase modulation (WNS) and pseudo-random binary sequence phase modulation (PRBS) are effective techniques for mitigation of nonlinear effects such as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS); thereby paving the way for higher power narrow linewidth fiber amplifiers. However, detailed studies comparing both coherent beam combination and the SBS suppression of these phase modulation schemes have not been reported. In this study an active fiber cutback experiment is performed comparing the enhancement factor of a PRBS and WNS broadened seed as a function of linewidth and fiber length. Furthermore, two WNS and PRBS modulated fiber lasers are coherently combined to measure and compare the fringe visibility and coherence length as a function of optical path length difference. Notably, the discrete frequency comb of PRBS modulation provides a beam combining re-coherence effect where the lasers periodically come back into phase. Significantly, this may reduce path length matching complexity in coherently combined fiber laser systems.

Electronic warfare antenna systems - Past and present

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yaw, D.

1981-09-01

In discussing fixed beam arrays, it is noted that an array may be used to create simultaneous fixed beams or to form asymmetric beams of a desired shape. Attention is also given to arrays and beam control, noting that for some electronic warfare applications combinations of broad and narrow beam antenna response are needed. Other topics include ECM jamming antenna techniques and advanced array systems.

High-power lasers for directed-energy applications.

PubMed

Sprangle, Phillip; Hafizi, Bahman; Ting, Antonio; Fischer, Richard

2015-11-01

In this article, we review and discuss the research programs at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) on high-power lasers for directed-energy (DE) applications in the atmosphere. Physical processes affecting propagation include absorption/scattering, turbulence, and thermal blooming. The power levels needed for DE applications require combining a number of lasers. In atmospheric turbulence, there is a maximum intensity that can be placed on a target that is independent of the initial beam spot size and laser beam quality. By combining a number of kW-class fiber lasers, scientists at the NRL have successfully demonstrated high-power laser propagation in a turbulent atmosphere and wireless recharging. In the NRL experiments, four incoherently combined fiber lasers having a total power of 5 kW were propagated to a target 3.2 km away. These successful high-power experiments in a realistic atmosphere formed the basis of the Navy's Laser Weapon System. We compare the propagation characteristics of coherently and incoherently combined beams without adaptive optics. There is little difference in the energy on target between coherently and incoherently combined laser beams for multi-km propagation ranges and moderate to high levels of turbulence. Unlike incoherent combining, coherent combining places severe constraints on the individual lasers. These include the requirement of narrow power spectral linewidths in order to have long coherence times as well as polarization alignment of all the lasers. These requirements are extremely difficult for high-power lasers.

Measurement of the curvature of a surface using parallel light beams

DOEpatents

Chason, Eric H.; Floro, Jerrold A.; Seager, Carleton H.; Sinclair, Michael B.

1999-01-01

Apparatus for measuring curvature of a surface wherein a beam of collimated light is passed through means for producing a plurality of parallel light beams each separated by a common distance which then reflect off the surface to fall upon a detector that measures the separation of the reflected beams of light. This means can be an etalon and the combination of a diffractive element and a converging lens. The curvature of the surface along the line onto which the multiple beams fall can be calculated from this information. A two-dimensional map of the curvature can be obtained by adding a second etalon (or a second combination of a diffractive element and a converging lens) which is rotated 90.degree. about the optical axis relative to the first etalon and inclined at the same angle. The second etalon creates an individual set of parallel light beams from each of the individual beams created by the first etalon with the sets of parallel light beams from the second etalon rotated 90.degree. relative to the line onto which the single set of parallel beams from the first etalon would have fallen.

Measurement of the curvature of a surface using parallel light beams

DOEpatents

Chason, E.H.; Floro, J.A.; Seager, C.H.; Sinclair, M.B.

1999-06-15

Apparatus is disclosed for measuring curvature of a surface wherein a beam of collimated light is passed through a means for producing a plurality of parallel light beams each separated by a common distance which then reflect off the surface to fall upon a detector that measures the separation of the reflected beams of light. This means can be an etalon and the combination of a diffractive element and a converging lens. The curvature of the surface along the line onto which the multiple beams fall can be calculated from this information. A two-dimensional map of the curvature can be obtained by adding a second etalon (or a second combination of a diffractive element and a converging lens) which is rotated 90[degree] about the optical axis relative to the first etalon and inclined at the same angle. The second etalon creates an individual set of parallel light beams from each of the individual beams created by the first etalon with the sets of parallel light beams from the second etalon rotated 90[degree] relative to the line onto which the single set of parallel beams from the first etalon would have fallen. 5 figs.

Biofilm function and variability in a hydrothermal ecosystem: insights from environmental genomes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meyer-Dombard, D. R.; Raymond, J.; Shock, E. L.

2007-12-01

The ability to adapt to variable environmental conditions is key to survival for all organisms, but may be especially crucial to microorganisms in extreme environments such as hydrothermal systems. Streamer biofilm communities (SBCs) made up of thermophilic chemotrophic microorganisms are common in alkaline-chloride geothermal environments worldwide, but the in situ physiochemical growth parameters and requirements of SBCs are largely unknown [1]. Hot springs in Yellowstone National Park's alkaline geyser basins support SBC growth. However, despite the relative geochemical homogeneity of source pools and widespread ecosystem suitability in these regions (as indicated by energetic profiling [2]), SBCs are not ubiquitous in these ecosystems. The ability of hydrothermal systems to support the growth of SBCs, the relationship between these geochemically driven environments and the microbes that live there, and the function of individuals in these communities are aspects that are adressed here by applying environmental genomics. Analysis of 16S rRNA and total membrane lipid extracts have revealed that community composition of SBCs in "Bison Pool" varies as a function of changing environmental conditions along the outflow channel. In addition, a significant crenarchaeal component was discovered in the "Bison Pool" SBCs. In general, the SBC bacterial diversity triples while the archaeal component varies little (from 3 to 2 genera) in a 5-10°C gradient with distance from the source. While these SBCs are low in overall diversity, the majority of the taxa identified represent uncultured groups of Bacteria and Archaea. As a result, the community function of these taxa and their role in the formation of the biofilms is unknown. However, recent genomic analysis from environmental DNA affords insight into the roles of specific organisms within SBCs at "Bison Pool," and integration of these data with an extensive corresponding geochemical dataset may indicate shifting community function with geochemical variability. For example, calculations of energy availability and genomic data indicate a myriad of potential heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolic functions present at "Bison Pool" (genes for all known autotrophic C- fixation pathways, H2, CO, and formate oxidation, cellulose degredation, and Fe and As redox), as well as oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis. These microbial communities and their environments are ideal for coordination of geochemical and genomic data, enabling informed analysis of SBC function and growth criteria. [1] Jahnke, L. et al. (2001) AEM 67, 5179-5189 [2] Meyer-Dombard, D. et al. (2005) Geobiology 3, 211-227

Exact free vibration of multi-step Timoshenko beam system with several attachments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farghaly, S. H.; El-Sayed, T. A.

2016-05-01

This paper deals with the analysis of the natural frequencies, mode shapes of an axially loaded multi-step Timoshenko beam combined system carrying several attachments. The influence of system design and the proposed sub-system non-dimensional parameters on the combined system characteristics are the major part of this investigation. The effect of material properties, rotary inertia and shear deformation of the beam system for each span are included. The end masses are elastically supported against rotation and translation at an offset point from the point of attachment. A sub-system having two degrees of freedom is located at the beam ends and at any of the intermediate stations and acts as a support and/or a suspension. The boundary conditions of the ordinary differential equation governing the lateral deflections and slope due to bending of the beam system including the shear force term, due to the sub-system, have been formulated. Exact global coefficient matrices for the combined modal frequencies, the modal shape and for the discrete sub-system have been derived. Based on these formulae, detailed parametric studies of the combined system are carried out. The applied mathematical model is valid for wide range of applications especially in mechanical, naval and structural engineering fields.

Characteristic Study of Shenmu Bituminous Coal Combustion with Online TG-MS-FTIR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Guanfu

2018-01-01

The combustion characteristics of Shenmu bituminous pulverized coal (SBC) were comprehensively investigated with a combined TG-MS-FTIR system by considering the effect of particle size, heating rate and total flowrate. The combustion products were accurately quantified by normalization and numerical analysis of MS results. The results indicate that the decrease of the particle size, heating rate and total flowrate result in lower ignition and burnout temperatures. The activation energy tends to be lower with smaller particle size, lower heating rate and total flowrate. The MS and FTIR results demonstrate that lower concentrations of different products, such as NO, NO2, HCN, CH4 and SO2 were produced with smaller particle size, slower heating rate and lower total flowrate. The decrease of particle size would lead to more contact area with oxygen and slower heating rate could provide more sufficient time for the diffusion. High total flowrate would reduce the oxygen adsorbability on the coal particle surface and shorten the residence time of oxygen, which makes the ignition difficult to occur. This work will guide to understand the combustion kinetics of pulverized coals and be beneficial to control the formation of pollutants.

Do Lyman-alpha photons escape from star-forming galaxies through dust holes?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

France, Kevin; Wofford, A.; Leitherer, C.; Fleming, B.; McCandliss, S. R.; Nell, N.

2014-01-01

H I Lyman-alpha (LyA) is commonly used as a signpost for the entire galaxy at redshifts z>2, and yet spatially and kinematically resolved views of the local conditions within galaxies that determine the integrated properties of this line are scarce. We obtained Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images in continuum-subtracted LyA, H-alpha, H-beta, and far-UV continuum of three low-inclination spiral star-forming galaxies located at redshifts z=0.02, 0.03, and 0.05. This was accomplished using the UVIS and SBC channels of the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) and the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), respectively. Previous HST spectroscopy obtained by our team with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) showed that the galaxies display different integrated LyA profiles within their central few kiloparsecs, i.e., pure absorption, single emission, and double emission, which are representative of what is observed between redshifts 0-3. This data is useful for establishing the relative importance of starburst phase, dust content, and gas kinematics in determining the LyA escape. We present preliminary results that combine our spectroscopic and imaging observations.

1-kilowatt CW all-fiber laser oscillator pumped with wavelength-beam-combined diode stacks.

PubMed

Xiao, Y; Brunet, F; Kanskar, M; Faucher, M; Wetter, A; Holehouse, N

2012-01-30

We have demonstrated a monolithic cladding-pumped ytterbium-doped single all-fiber laser oscillator generating 1 kW of CW signal power at 1080 nm with 71% slope efficiency and near diffraction-limited beam quality. Fiber components were highly integrated on "spliceless" passive fibers to promote laser efficiency and alleviate non-linear effects. The laser was pumped through a 7:1 pump combiner with seven 200-W 91x nm fiber-pigtailed wavelength-beam-combined diode-stack modules. The signal power of such a single all-fiber laser oscillator showed no evidence of roll-over, and the highest output was limited only by available pump power.

Design of a Multi-Pinhole Collimator for I-123 DaTscan Imaging on Dual-Headed SPECT Systems in Combination with a Fan-Beam Collimator.

PubMed

King, Michael A; Mukherjee, Joyeeta M; Könik, Arda; Zubal, I George; Dey, Joyoni; Licho, Robert

2016-02-01

For the 2011 FDA approved Parkinson's Disease (PD) SPECT imaging agent I-123 labeled DaTscan, the volume of interest (VOI) is the interior portion of the brain. However imaging of the occipital lobe is also required with PD for calculation of the striatal binding ratio (SBR), a parameter of significance in early diagnosis, differentiation of PD from other disorders with similar clinical presentations, and monitoring progression. Thus we propose the usage of a combination of a multi-pinhole (MPH) collimator on one head of the SPECT system and a fan-beam on the other. The MPH would be designed to provide high resolution and sensitivity for imaging of the interior portion of the brain. The fan-beam collimator would provide lower resolution but complete sampling of the brain addressing data sufficiency and allowing a volume-of-interest to be defined over the occipital lobe for calculation of SBR's. Herein we focus on the design of the MPH component of the combined system. Combined reconstruction will be addressed in a subsequent publication. An analysis of 46 clinical DaTscan studies was performed to provide information to define the VOI, and design of a MPH collimator to image this VOI. The system spatial resolution for the MPH was set to 4.7 mm, which is comparable to that of clinical PET systems, and significantly smaller than that of fan-beam collimators employed in SPECT. With this set, we compared system sensitivities for three aperture array designs, and selected the 3 × 3 array due to it being the highest of the three. The combined sensitivity of the apertures for it was similar to that of an ultra-high resolution fan-beam (LEUHRF) collimator, but smaller than that of a high-resolution fan-beam collimator (LEHRF). On the basis of these results we propose the further exploration of this design through simulations, and the development of combined MPH and fan-beam reconstruction.

Re-irradiation using proton beam therapy combined with weekly intra-arterial chemotherapy for recurrent oral cancer.

PubMed

Hayashi, Yuichiro; Nakamura, Tatsuya; Mitsudo, Kenji; Kimura, Kanako; Yamaguchi, Hisashi; Ono, Takashi; Azami, Yusuke; Takayama, Kanako; Hirose, Katsumi; Yabuuchi, Tomonori; Suzuki, Motohisa; Hatayama, Yoshiomi; Kikuchi, Yasuhiro; Wada, Hitoshi; Fuwa, Nobukazu; Hareyama, Masato; Tohnai, Iwai

2017-10-01

The purpose of this study was to clarify the efficacy and toxicities of re-irradiation using proton beam therapy combined with weekly intra-arterial chemotherapy for recurrent oral cancer. Between October 2009 and July 2014, 34 patients who had recurrent oral cancer were treated by proton beam therapy combined with intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy at the Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Japan. For all patients, the median follow-up was 25 months (range, 3-77 months). After treatment, 22 patients (65%) achieved a complete response, and 12 patients (35%) achieved a partial response at the primary tumor site. One-year and 2-year overall survival (OS) rates were 62% and 42%, respectively. One-year and 2-year LC rates were 77% and 60%, respectively. No treatment-related deaths were observed during the treatment and follow-up periods. Re-irradiation using proton beam therapy combined with weekly intra-arterial chemotherapy improved OS and local control rates compared with other treatment modalities and could become a new treatment modality for patients with recurrent oral cancer. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Infrared/microwave (IR/MW) micromirror array beam combiner design and analysis.

PubMed

Tian, Yi; Lv, Lijun; Jiang, Liwei; Wang, Xin; Li, Yanhong; Yu, Haiming; Feng, Xiaochen; Li, Qi; Zhang, Li; Li, Zhuo

2013-08-01

We investigated the design method of an infrared (IR)/microwave (MW) micromirror array type of beam combiner. The size of micromirror is in microscopic levels and comparable to MW wavelengths, so that the MW will not react in these dimensions, whereas the much shorter optical wavelengths will be reflected by them. Hence, the MW multilayered substrate was simplified and designed using transmission line theory. The beam combiner used an IR wavefront-division imaging technique to reflect the IR radiation image to the unit under test (UUT)'s pupil in a parallel light path. In addition, the boresight error detected by phase monopulse radar was analyzed using a moment-of method (MoM) and multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM) acceleration technique. The boresight error introduced by the finite size of the beam combiner was less than 1°. Finally, in order to verify the wavefront-division imaging technique, a prototype of a micromirror array was fabricated, and IR images were tested. The IR images obtained by the thermal imager verified the correctness of the wavefront-division imaging technique.

Fast Transverse Beam Instability Caused by Electron Cloud Trapped in Combined Function Magnets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Antipov, Sergey

Electron cloud instabilities affect the performance of many circular high-intensity particle accelerators. They usually have a fast growth rate and might lead to an increase of the transverse emittance and beam loss. A peculiar example of such an instability is observed in the Fermilab Recycler proton storage ring. Although this instability might pose a challenge for future intensity upgrades, its nature had not been completely understood. The phenomena has been studied experimentally by comparing the dynamics of stable and unstable beam, numerically by simulating the build-up of the electron cloud and its interaction with the beam, and analytically by constructing a model of an electron cloud driven instability with the electrons trapped in combined function dipoles. Stabilization of the beam by a clearing bunch reveals that the instability is caused by the electron cloud, trapped in beam optics magnets. Measurements of microwave propagation confirm the presence of the cloud in the combined function dipoles. Numerical simulations show that up to 10more » $$^{-2}$$ of the particles can be trapped by their magnetic field. Since the process of electron cloud build-up is exponential, once trapped this amount of electrons significantly increases the density of the cloud on the next revolution. In a combined function dipole this multi-turn accumulation allows the electron cloud reaching final intensities orders of magnitude greater than in a pure dipole. The estimated fast instability growth rate of about 30 revolutions and low mode frequency of 0.4 MHz are consistent with experimental observations and agree with the simulations. The created instability model allows investigating the beam stability for the future intensity upgrades.« less

High-temperature superconductor coating for coupling impedance reduction in the FCC-hh beam screen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krkotić, Patrick; Niedermayer, Uwe; Boine-Frankenheim, Oliver

2018-07-01

The international Future Circular Collider study develops a conceptual design for a post Large Hadron Collider particle accelerator using 16 T superconducting dipoles for achieving p-p center-of-mass collision energies up to 100 TeV. One concern for this project is the beam coupling impedance especially at injection energy. A copper coated beam screen as in the LHC is planned, but preliminary studies indicate that copper at the high operating temperature of 50 K might not provide a sufficiently low impedance for a stable beam. In order to reduce the coupling impedance, we investigate high-temperature superconductors as a possible coating material in combination with copper as a hybrid system. The effect of different coating combinations are estimated through numerical calculations to identify the best hybrid beam screen coating system.

Increasing Heavy Oil Reserves in the Wilmington Oil Field Through Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Thermal Production Technologies, Class III

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

City of Long Beach; Tidelands Oil Production Company; University of Southern California

2002-09-30

The objective of this project was to increase the recoverable heavy oil reserves within sections of the Wilmington Oil Field, near Long Beach, California through the testing and application of advanced reservoir characterization and thermal production technologies. It was hoped that the successful application of these technologies would result in their implementation throughout the Wilmington Field and, through technology transfer, will be extended to increase the recoverable oil reserves in other slope and basin clastic (SBC) reservoirs.

Airborne Intelligent Display (AID) Phase I Software Description,

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-10-24

Board Computer Characteristics 10 3.0 SOFTWARE GENERAL DESCRIPTION 13 3.1 Overview 13 3.2 System Software 14 3.2.1 System Startup 14 3.2.1.1 Initial...3 A-2 Task States A-4 A-3 Task Program Structure A-6 A-4 Task States and State Change Mechanisms A-7 A-5 Computing Return Addresses: RUNADR, SLPADR A...techniques. 2.2 Design Approach The stated objectives were met by: 1. distributing the processing load among multiple Z80 single-board computers (SBC’s). This

Flexible power and bandwidth allocation in mobile satellites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keyes, L. A.

The introduction of L-band mobile communication services by spot beam satellites creates a payload design challenge due to uncertainty in the location and size of the new market to be served. A combination of payload technologies that allow a flexible allocation of power and bandwidth to any portion of the coverage area is described. Power flexibility is achieved by a novel combination of a low-level beam-forming network and a matrix power module which ensures equal sharing of power among individual amplifiers. This eliminates the loss of efficiency and increased mass when an amplifier associated with a beam must be over-designed to meet uncertainties in power distribution between beams. Flexibility in allocation of bandwidth to beams is achieved by intermediate frequency subdivision of the L-band service categories defined by ITU. These spectral subdivisions are assigned to beams by an IF interconnect matrix having beam ports and filter ports as inputs and outputs, respectively. Two such filter switch matrices are required, one for the inbound L-band to feeder link transponder, and one for the outbound feeder link to L-band transponder.

System analysis of wavelength beam combining of high-power diode lasers for photoacoustic endoscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leggio, Luca; Gallego, Daniel C.; Gawali, Sandeep B.; Sánchez, Miguel; Rodriguez, Sergio; Osiński, Marek; Sacher, Joachim; Carpintero, Guillermo; Lamela, Horacio

2016-04-01

This paper, originally published on 27 April 2016, was replaced with a corrected/revised version on 8 June 2016. If you downloaded the original PDF but are unable to access the revision, please contact SPIE Digital Library Customer Service for assistance. The purpose of wavelength-beam combining (WBC) is to improve the output power of a multi-wavelength laser system while maintaining the quality of the combined beam. This technique has been primarily proposed for industrial applications, such as metal cutting and soldering, which require optical peak power between kilowatts and megawatts. In order to replace the bulkier solid-state lasers, we propose to use the WBC technique for photoacoustic (PA) applications, where a multi-wavelength focused beam with optical peak power between hundreds of watts up to several kilowatts is necessary to penetrate deeply into biological tissues. In this work we present an analytical study about the coupling of light beams emitted by diode laser bars at 808 nm, 880 nm, 910 nm, 940 nm, and 980 nm into a < 600-μm core-diameter optical fiber for PA endoscopy. In order to achieve an efficient coupling it is necessary to collimate the beams in both fast and slow axes by means of cylindrical lenses and to use partial reflection mirrors at 45° tilt. We show an example of beam collimation using cylindrical lenses in both fast and slow axes. In a real PA scenario, the resulting beam should have a sufficient peak power to generate significant PA signals from a turbid tissue>.

A combined thermal dissociation and electron impact ionization source for radioactive ion beam generation{sup a}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alton, G.D.; Williams, C.

1996-04-01

The probability for simultaneously dissociating and efficiently ionizing the individual atomic constituents of molecular feed materials with conventional, hot-cathode, electron-impact ion sources is low and consequently, the ion beams from these sources often appear as mixtures of several molecular sideband beams. This fragmentation process leads to dilution of the intensity of the species of interest for radioactive ion beam (RIB) applications where beam intensity is at a premium. We have conceived an ion source that combines the excellent molecular dissociation properties of a thermal dissociator and the high ionization efficiency characteristics of an electron impact ionization source that will, inmore » principle, overcome this handicap. The source concept will be evaluated as a potential candidate for use for RIB generation at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility, now under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The design features and principles of operation of the source are described in this article. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}« less

A combined thermal dissociation and electron impact ionization source for radioactive ion beam generation (abstract){sup a}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alton, G.D.; Williams, C.

1996-03-01

The probability for simultaneously dissociating and efficiently ionizing the individual atomic constituents of molecular feed materials with conventional, hot-cathode, electron-impact ion sources is low and consequently, the ion beams from these sources often appear as mixtures of several molecular sideband beams. This fragmentation process leads to dilution of the intensity of the species of interest for radioactive ion beam (RIB) applications where beam intensity is at a premium. We have conceived an ion source that combines the excellent molecular dissociation properties of a thermal dissociator and the high ionization efficiency characteristics of an electron impact ionization source that will, inmore » principle, overcome this handicap. The source concept will be evaluated as a potential candidate for use for RIB generation at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility, now under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The design features and principles of operation of the source are described in this article. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}« less

Combination photo and electron beam lithography with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resist.

PubMed

Carbaugh, Daniel J; Pandya, Sneha G; Wright, Jason T; Kaya, Savas; Rahman, Faiz

2017-11-10

We describe techniques for performing photolithography and electron beam lithography in succession on the same resist-covered substrate. Larger openings are defined in the resist film through photolithography whereas smaller openings are defined through conventional electron beam lithography. The two processes are carried out one after the other and without an intermediate wet development step. At the conclusion of the two exposures, the resist film is developed once to reveal both large and small openings. Interestingly, these techniques are applicable to both positive and negative tone lithographies with both optical and electron beam exposure. Polymethyl methacrylate, by itself or mixed with a photocatalytic cross-linking agent, is used for this purpose. We demonstrate that such resists are sensitive to both ultraviolet and electron beam irradiation. All four possible combinations, consisting of optical and electron beam lithographies, carried out in positive and negative tone modes have been described. Demonstration grating structures have been shown and process conditions have been described for all four cases.

Combined VIS-IR spectrometer with vertical probe beam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Protopopov, V.

2017-12-01

A prototype of a combined visible-infrared spectrometer with a vertical probe beam is designed and tested. The combined spectral range is 0.4-20 μ with spatial resolution 1 mm. Basic features include the ability to measure both visibly transparent and opaque substances, as well as buried structures, such as in semiconductor industry; horizontal orientation of a sample, including semiconductor wafers; and reflection mode of operation, delivering twice the sensitivity compared to the transmission mode.

Optical path switching based differential absorption radiometry for substance detection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sachse, Glen W. (Inventor)

2005-01-01

An optical path switch divides sample path radiation into a time series of alternating first polarized components and second polarized components. The first polarized components are transmitted along a first optical path and the second polarized components along a second optical path. A first gasless optical filter train filters the first polarized components to isolate at least a first wavelength band thereby generating first filtered radiation. A second gasless optical filter train filters the second polarized components to isolate at least a second wavelength band thereby generating second filtered radiation. A beam combiner combines the first and second filtered radiation to form a combined beam of radiation. A detector is disposed to monitor magnitude of at least a portion of the combined beam alternately at the first wavelength band and the second wavelength band as an indication of the concentration of the substance in the sample path.

Optical path switching based differential absorption radiometry for substance detection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sachse, Glen W. (Inventor)

2003-01-01

An optical path switch divides sample path radiation into a time series of alternating first polarized components and second polarized components. The first polarized components are transmitted along a first optical path and the second polarized components along a second optical path. A first gasless optical filter train filters the first polarized components to isolate at least a first wavelength band thereby generating first filtered radiation. A second gasless optical filter train filters the second polarized components to isolate at least a second wavelength band thereby generating second filtered radiation. A beam combiner combines the first and second filtered radiation to form a combined beam of radiation. A detector is disposed to monitor magnitude of at least a portion of the combined beam alternately at the first wavelength band and the second wavelength band as an indication of the concentration of the substance in the sample path.

If Frisch is true - impacts of varying beam width, resolution, frequency combinations and beam overlap when retrieving liquid water content profiles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Küchler, N.; Kneifel, S.; Kollias, P.; Loehnert, U.

2017-12-01

Cumulus and stratocumulus clouds strongly affect the Earth's radiation budget and are a major uncertainty source in weather and climate prediction models. To improve and evaluate models, a comprehensive understanding of cloud processes is necessary and references are needed. Therefore active and passive microwave remote sensing of clouds can be used to derive cloud properties such as liquid water path and liquid water content (LWC), which can serve as a reference for model evaluation. However, both the measurements and the assumptions when retrieving physical quantities from the measurements involve uncertainty sources. Frisch et al. (1998) combined radar and radiometer observations to derive LWC profiles. Assuming their assumptions are correct, there will be still uncertainties regarding the measurement setup. We investigate how varying beam width, temporal and vertical resolutions, frequency combinations, and beam overlap of and between the two instruments influence the retrieval of LWC profiles. Especially, we discuss the benefit of combining vertically, high resolved radar and radiometer measurements using the same antenna, i.e. having ideal beam overlap. Frisch, A. S., G. Feingold, C. W. Fairall, T. Uttal, and J. B. Snider, 1998: On cloud radar and microwave radiometer measurements of stratus cloud liquid water profiles. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 103 (18), 23 195-23 197, doi:0148-0227/98/98JD-01827509.00.

Design study for a two-color beta measurement system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Design analysis of the beam splitter combined two color beta system is presented. Conventional and dichroic beam splitters are discussed. Design analysis of the beta system employing two beams with focusing at separate points is presented. Alterations and basic parameters of the two beam system are discussed. Alterations in the focus of the initial laser and the returning beams are also discussed. Heterodyne efficiencies for the on axis and off axis reflected radiation are included.

Investigating the effects of laser beams (532 and 660 nm) in annihilation of pistachio mould fungus using spectrophotometry analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saghafi, S.; Penjweini, R.; Becker, K.; Kratky, K. W.; Dodt, H.-U.

2010-09-01

When moulds are illuminated by visible electromagnetic-EM radiations, several effects on nucleus materials and nucleotides can be detected. These effects have a significant influence on mould generation or destruction. This paper presents the effects and implications of a red diode laser beam (660 nm), a second-harmonics of a Nd:YAG laser emitting green beam (532 nm), or the combination of both, on the eradication of Pistachio mould fungus. Incident doses (ID) of both beams are kept identical throughout the experiment. The absorption spectrums of irradiated mouldy samples and the bright-greenish-yellow-fluorescence (BGYF) of fungus occurring in mould texture due to electronic excitation are investigated. We found that a combination of a green and a red laser beam with an ID of 0.5 J/cm2 provides the optimal effects on Pistachio mould fungus eradication.

Interferometric apparatus for ultra-high precision displacement measurement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhao, Feng (Inventor)

2004-01-01

A high-precision heterodyne interferometer measures relative displacement by creating a thermally-insensitive system generally not subject to polarization leakage. By using first and second light beams separated by a small frequency difference (.DELTA.f), beams of light at the first frequency (f.sub.0) are reflected by co-axial mirrors, the first mirror of which has a central aperture through which the light is transmitted to and reflected by the second mirror. Prior to detection, the light beams from the two mirrors are combined with light of the second and slightly different frequency. The combined light beams are separated according to the light from the mirrors. The change in phase (.DELTA..phi.) with respect to the two signals is proportional to the change in distance of Fiducial B by a factor of wavelength (.lambda.) divided by 4.pi. (.DELTA.L=.lambda..DELTA..phi.1/(4.pi.)). In a second embodiment, a polarizing beam splitting system can be used.

Coherent beam combining of collimated fiber array based on target-in-the-loop technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xinyang; Geng, Chao; Zhang, Xiaojun; Rao, Changhui

2011-11-01

Coherent beam combining (CBC) of fiber array is a promising way to generate high power and high quality laser beams. Target-in-the-loop (TIL) technique might be an effective way to ensure atmosphere propagation compensation without wavefront sensors. In this paper, we present very recent research work about CBC of collimated fiber array using TIL technique at the Key Lab on Adaptive Optics (KLAO), CAS. A novel Adaptive Fiber Optics Collimator (AFOC) composed of phase-locking module and tip/tilt control module was developed. CBC experimental setup of three-element fiber array was established. Feedback control is realized using stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. The CBC based on TIL with piston and tip/tilt correction simultaneously is demonstrated. And the beam pointing to locate or sweep position of combined spot on target was achieved through TIL technique too. The goal of our work is achieve multi-element CBC for long-distance transmission in atmosphere.

Optical profile determining apparatus and associated methods including the use of a plurality of wavelengths in the reference beam and a plurality of wavelengths in a reflective transit beam

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Montgomery, Robert M. (Inventor)

2006-01-01

An optical profile determining apparatus includes an optical detector and an optical source. The optical source generates a transmit beam including a plurality of wavelengths, and generates a reference beam including the plurality of wavelengths. Optical elements direct the transmit beam to a target, direct a resulting reflected transmit beam back from the target to the optical detector, and combine the reference beam with the reflected transmit beam so that a profile of the target is based upon fringe contrast produced by the plurality of wavelengths in the reference beam and the plurality of wavelengths in the reflected transmit beam.

Phased laser array for generating a powerful laser beam

DOEpatents

Holzrichter, John F.; Ruggiero, Anthony J.

2004-02-17

A first injection laser signal and a first part of a reference laser beam are injected into a first laser element. At least one additional injection laser signal and at least one additional part of a reference laser beam are injected into at least one additional laser element. The first part of a reference laser beam and the at least one additional part of a reference laser beam are amplified and phase conjugated producing a first amplified output laser beam emanating from the first laser element and an additional amplified output laser beam emanating from the at least one additional laser element. The first amplified output laser beam and the additional amplified output laser beam are combined into a powerful laser beam.

Investigations of morphological features of picosecond dual-wavelength laser ablation of stainless steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Wanqin; Wang, Wenjun; Mei, Xuesong; Jiang, Gedong; Liu, Bin

2014-06-01

Investigations on the morphological features of holes and grooves ablated on the surface of stainless steel using the picosecond dual-wavelength laser system with different powers combinations are presented based on the scarce researches on morphology of dual-wavelength laser ablation. The experimental results show the profiles of holes ablated by the visible beam appear V-shaped while those for the near-infrared have large openings and display U-shaped, which are independent of the ablation mechanism of ultrafast laser. For the dual-wavelength beam (a combination of visible beam and near-infrared), the holes resemble sunflower-like structures and have smoother ring patterns on the bottom. In general, the holes ablated by the dual-wavelength beam appear to have much flatter bottoms, linearly sloped side-walls and spinodal structures between the bottoms of the holes and the side-walls. Furthermore, through judiciously combining the powers of the dual-wavelength beam, high-quality grooves could be obtained with a flat worm-like structure at the bottom surface and less resolidified melt ejection edges. This study provides insight into optimizing ultrafast laser micromachining in order to obtain desired morphology.

Magnet design for the splitter/combiner regions of CBETA, the Cornell-Brookhaven Energy-Recovery-Linac Test Accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crittendon, J. A.; Burke, D. C.; Fuentes, Y. L.P.

2017-01-06

The Cornell-Brookhaven Energy-Recovery-Linac Test Accelerator (CBETA) will provide a 150-MeV electron beam using four acceleration and four deceleration passes through the Cornell Main Linac Cryomodule housing six 1.3-GHz superconducting RF cavities. The return path of this 76-m-circumference accelerator will be provided by 106 fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) cells which carry the four beams of 42, 78, 114 and 150 MeV. Here we describe magnet designs for the splitter and combiner regions which serve to match the on-axis linac beam to the off-axis beams in the FFAG cells, providing the path-length adjustment necessary to energy recovery for each of the four beams.more » The path lengths of the four beamlines in each of the splitter and combiner regions are designed to be adapted to 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-pass staged operations. Design specifi- cations and modeling for the 24 dipole and 32 quadrupole electromagnets in each region are presented. The CBETA project will serve as the first demonstration of multi-pass energy recovery using superconducting RF cavities with FFAG cell optics for the return loop.« less

Selfish restriction modification genes: resistance of a resident R/M plasmid to displacement by an incompatible plasmid mediated by host killing.

PubMed

Naito, Y; Naito, T; Kobayashi, I

1998-01-01

Previous work from this laboratory demonstrated that plasmids carrying a type II restriction-modification gene complex are not easily lost from their bacterial host because plasmid-free segregant cells are killed through chromosome cleavage. Here, we have followed the course of events that takes place when an Escherichia coli rec BC sbcA strain carrying a plasmid coding for the PaeR7I restriction-modification (R/M) gene complex is transformed by a plasmid with an identical origin of replication. The number of transformants that appeared was far fewer than with the restriction-minus (r-) control. Most of the transformants were very small. After prolonged incubation, the number and the size of the colonies increased, but this increase never attained the level of the r- control. Most of the transformed colonies retained the drug-resistance of the resident, r+ m+ plasmid. These results indicate that post-segregational host killing occurs when a plasmid bearing an R/M gene complex is displaced by an incompatible plasmid. Such cell killing eliminates the competitor plasmid along with the host and, thus, would allow persistence of the R/M plasmid in the neighboring, clonal host cells in nature. This phenomenon is reminiscent of mammalian apoptosis and other forms of altruistic cell death strategy against infection. This type of resistance to displacement was also studied in a wild type Escherichia coli strain that was normal for homologous recombination (rec+). A number of differences between the recBC sbcA strain and the rec+ strain were observed and these will be discussed.

Efficient utilization of red maple lumber in glued-laminated timber beams

Treesearch

J. J. Janowiak; H. B. Manbeck; R. Hernandez; R. C. Moody; P. R. Blankenhorn; P. Labosky

The feasibility of utilizing cant-sawn hardwood lumber, which would not usually be desired for furniture manufacture, was studied for the manufacture of structural glued-laminated (glulam) timber. Two red maple beam combinations were evaluated: (1) a glulam combination designed with E-rated lumber in 25 percent of the outer laminations (top and bottom) and No. 3 grade...

Model for Atmospheric Propagation of Spatially Combined Laser Beams

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

thesis modeling tools is discussed. In Chapter 6, the thesis validated the model with analytical computations and simulations result from...using propagation model . Based on both the analytical computation and WaveTrain results, the diraction e ects simulated in the propagation model are...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS MODEL FOR ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION OF SPATIALLY COMBINED LASER BEAMS by Kum Leong Lee

Stability boundaries of a rotating cantilever beam with end mass under a transverse follower excitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kar, R. C.; Sujata, T.

1992-04-01

Simple and combination resonances of a rotating cantilever beam with an end mass subjected to a transverse follower parametric excitation have been studied. The method of multiple scales is used to obtain the resonance zones of the first and second order for various values of the system parameters. It is concluded that first order combination resonances of sum- and difference-type are predominant. Higher tip mass and inertia parameters may either stabilize or destabilize the system. The increase of rotational speed, hub radius, and warping rigidity makes the beam less sensitive to periodic forces.

Phase-locking of combination-cylinder discharge CO2 laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Yonggen

2014-05-01

A new type of laser resonator is presented to obtained good coherent beam and the parameters of the laser beam are calculated. The principle of phase-locking is described based on the injection-locking, the properties of the injected beam in the resonator are studied in detail. The output beam from output mirror is an annular laser beam with zero central intensity. An analytical expression for the annular laser beam through the ABCD optical system is derived. Typical numerical examples are calculated to confirm our analytical results. It is shown that the good coherent beam can be obtained through phase-locking, and the central intensity of annular beam through ABCD optical system will become maximum when the parameters of laser beam are selected reasonably.

Generation of helical Ince-Gaussian beams: beam-shaping with a liquid crystal display

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, Jeffrey A.; Bentley, Joel B.; Bandres, Miguel A.; Gutiérrez-Vega, Julio C.

2006-08-01

We review the three types of laser beams - Hermite-Gaussian (HG), Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) and the newly discovered Ince-Gaussian (IG) beams. We discuss the helical forms of the LG and IG beams that consist of linear combinations of the even and odd solutions and form a number of vortices that are useful for optical trapping applications. We discuss how to generate these beams by encoding the desired amplitude and phase onto a single parallel-aligned liquid crystal display (LCD). We introduce a novel interference technique where we generate both the object and reference beams using a single LCD and show the vortex interference patterns.

Pointing and Jitter Control for the USNA Multi-Beam Combining System

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-10

previous work, an adaptive H-infinity optimal controller has been developed to control a single beam using a beam position detector for feedback... turbulence and airborne particles, platform jitter, lack of feedback from the target , and current laser technology represent just a few of these...lasers. Solid state lasers, however, cannot currently provide high enough power levels to destroy a target using a single beam. On solid-state

Method and apparatus for real time imaging and monitoring of radiotherapy beams

DOEpatents

Majewski, Stanislaw [Yorktown, VA; Proffitt, James [Newport News, VA; Macey, Daniel J [Birmingham, AL; Weisenberger, Andrew G [Yorktown, VA

2011-11-01

A method and apparatus for real time imaging and monitoring of radiation therapy beams is designed to preferentially distinguish and image low energy radiation from high energy secondary radiation emitted from a target as the result of therapeutic beam deposition. A detector having low sensitivity to high energy photons combined with a collimator designed to dynamically image in the region of the therapeutic beam target is used.

Further Development of Ko Displacement Theory for Deformed Shape Predictions of Nonuniform Aerospace Structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ko, William L.; Fleischer, Van Tran

2009-01-01

The Ko displacement theory previously formulated for deformed shape predictions of nonuniform beam structures is further developed mathematically. The further-developed displacement equations are expressed explicitly in terms of geometrical parameters of the beam and bending strains at equally spaced strain-sensing stations along the multiplexed fiber-optic sensor line installed on the bottom surface of the beam. The bending strain data can then be input into the displacement equations for calculations of local slopes, deflections, and cross-sectional twist angles for generating the overall deformed shapes of the nonuniform beam. The further-developed displacement theory can also be applied to the deformed shape predictions of nonuniform two-point supported beams, nonuniform panels, nonuniform aircraft wings and fuselages, and so forth. The high degree of accuracy of the further-developed displacement theory for nonuniform beams is validated by finite-element analysis of various nonuniform beam structures. Such structures include tapered tubular beams, depth-tapered unswept and swept wing boxes, width-tapered wing boxes, and double-tapered wing boxes, all under combined bending and torsional loads. The Ko displacement theory, combined with the fiber-optic strain-sensing system, provide a powerful tool for in-flight deformed shape monitoring of unmanned aerospace vehicles by ground-based pilots to maintain safe flights.

A measurement of the holographic minimum-observable beam branching ratio in the FERMILAB 15-ft bubble chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aderholz, M.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Akbari, H.; Allport, P. P.; Badyal, S. K.; Ballagh, H. C.; Barth, M.; Baton, J. P.; Bingham, H. H.; Bjelkhagen, H.; Brucker, E. B.; Burnstein, R. A.; Campbell, J. R.; Cence, R. J.; Chatterjee, T. K.; Clayton, E. F.; Corrigan, G.; Coutures, C.; DeProspo, D.; Devanand; De Wolf, E. A.; Faulkner, P. J. W.; Foeth, H.; Fretter, W. B.; Geissler, K.; Gupta, V. K.; Hanlon, J.; Harigel, G. G.; Harris, F. A.; Hawkins, J.; Jabiol, M. A.; Jacques, P.; Jones, G. T.; Jones, M. D.; Kafka, T.; Kalelkar, M.; Kasper, P.; Kohli, J. M.; Koller, E. L.; Krawiec, R. J.; Lauko, M.; Lys, J. E.; Marage, P.; Milburn, R. H.; Miller, D. B.; Mittra, I. S.; Mobayyen, M. M.; Moreels, J.; Morrison, D. R. O.; Myatt, G.; Naon, R.; Napier, A.; Naylor, P.; Neveu, M.; Passmore, D.; Peters, M. W.; Peterson, V. Z.; Plano, R.; Rao, N. K.; Rubin, H. A.; Sacton, J.; Sambyal, S. S.; Schmitz, N.; Schneps, J.; Sekulin, R. L.; Sewell, S.; Singh, J. B.; Smart, W.; Stamer, P.; Varvell, K. E.; Verluyten, L.; Voyvodic, L.; Wachsmuth, H.; Wainstein, S.; Williams, W.; Willocq, S.; Yost, G. P.; E-632 Collaboration

1999-01-01

Holography has been used successfully in combination with conventional optics for the first time in a large cryogenic bubble chamber, the 15-foot bubble chamber at Fermilab, during a physics run. The innovative system combined the reference beam with the object beam, irradiating a conical volume of ˜1.4 m 3. Bubble tracks from neutrino interactions with a width of ˜120 μm have been recorded with good contrast. The ratio of intensities of the object light to the reference light striking the film is called the beam branching ratio. We obtained in our experiment an exceedingly small minimum-observable ratio of (0.54±0.21)×10 -7. The technology has the potential for a wide range of applications.

Alignment of the Pixel and SCT Modules for the 2004 ATLAS Combined Test Beam

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

ATLAS Collaboration; Ahmad, A.; Andreazza, A.

2008-06-02

A small set of final prototypes of the ATLAS Inner Detector silicon tracking system(Pixel Detector and SemiConductor Tracker), were used to take data during the 2004 Combined Test Beam. Data were collected from runs with beams of different flavour (electrons, pions, muons and photons) with a momentum range of 2 to 180 GeV/c. Four independent methods were used to align the silicon modules. The corrections obtained were validated using the known momenta of the beam particles and were shown to yield consistent results among the different alignment approaches. From the residual distributions, it is concluded that the precision attained inmore » the alignmentof the silicon modules is of the order of 5 mm in their most precise coordinate.« less

Numerical investigation of multichannel laser beam phase locking in turbulent atmosphere

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Volkov, V A; Volkov, M V; Garanin, S G

2015-12-31

The efficiency of coherent multichannel beam combining under focusing through a turbulent medium on a target in the cases of phase conjugation and target irradiation in the feedback loop is investigated numerically in various approximations. The conditions of efficient focusing of multichannel radiation on the target are found. It is shown that the coherent beam combining with target irradiation in the feedback loop, which does not require a reference beam and wavefront measurements, is as good as the phase conjugation approach in the efficiency of focusing. It is found that the main effect of focusing is provided by properly chosenmore » phase shifts in the channels, whereas taking into account local wavefront tip tilts weakly affects the result. (control of laser radiation parameters)« less

Diffractive Combiner of Single-Mode Pump Laser-Diode Beams

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, Duncan; Wilson, Daniel; Qiu, Yueming; Forouhar, Siamak

2007-01-01

An optical beam combiner now under development would make it possible to use the outputs of multiple single-mode laser diodes to pump a neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) nonplanar ring oscillator (NPRO) laser while ensuring that the laser operates at only a single desired frequency. Heretofore, an Nd:YAG NPRO like the present one has been pumped by a single multimode laser-diode beam delivered via an optical fiber. It would be desirable to use multiple pump laser diodes to increase reliability beyond that obtainable from a single pump laser diode. However, as explained below, simplistically coupling multiple multimode laser-diode beams through a fiber-optic combiner would entail a significant reduction in coupling efficiency, and lasing would occur at one or more other frequencies in addition to the single desired frequency. Figure 1 schematically illustrates the principle of operation of a laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG NPRO. The laser beam path is confined in a Nd:YAG crystal by means of total internal reflections on the three back facets and a partial-reflection coating on the front facet. The wavelength of the pump beam - 808 nm - is the wavelength most strongly absorbed by the Nd:YAG crystal. The crystal can lase at a wavelength of either 1,064 nm or 1,319 nm - which one depending on the optical coating on the front facet. A thermal lens effect induced by the pump beam enables stable lasing in the lowest-order transverse electromagnetic mode (the TEM00 mode). The frequency of this laser is very stable because of the mechanical stability of the laser crystal and the unidirectional nature of the lasing. The unidirectionality is a result of the combined effects of (1) a Faraday rotation induced by an externally applied magnetic field and (2) polarization associated with non-normal incidence and reflection on the front facet.

Collapse events of two-color optical beams

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sukhinin, Alexey; Aceves, Alejandro B.; Diels, Jean-Claude

2017-03-08

Here in this work, we study optical self-focusing that leads to collapse events for the time-independent model of copropagating beams with different wavelengths. We show that collapse events depend on the combined critical power of two beams for fundamental, vortex, and mixed configurations as well as on the ratio of their individual powers.

Optimization of a constrained linear monochromator design for neutral atom beams.

PubMed

Kaltenbacher, Thomas

2016-04-01

A focused ground state, neutral atom beam, exploiting its de Broglie wavelength by means of atom optics, is used for neutral atom microscopy imaging. Employing Fresnel zone plates as a lens for these beams is a well established microscopy technique. To date, even for favorable beam source conditions a minimal focus spot size of slightly below 1μm was reached. This limitation is essentially given by the intrinsic spectral purity of the beam in combination with the chromatic aberration of the diffraction based zone plate. Therefore, it is important to enhance the monochromaticity of the beam, enabling a higher spatial resolution, preferably below 100nm. We propose to increase the monochromaticity of a neutral atom beam by means of a so-called linear monochromator set-up - a Fresnel zone plate in combination with a pinhole aperture - in order to gain more than one order of magnitude in spatial resolution. This configuration is known in X-ray microscopy and has proven to be useful, but has not been applied to neutral atom beams. The main result of this work is optimal design parameters based on models for this linear monochromator set-up followed by a second zone plate for focusing. The optimization was performed for minimizing the focal spot size and maximizing the centre line intensity at the detector position for an atom beam simultaneously. The results presented in this work are for, but not limited to, a neutral helium atom beam. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

High Harmonic Fast Wave Damping on an Ion Beam: NSTX and DIII-D Regimes Compared

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pinsker, R. I.; Choi, C. C.; Petty, C. C.; Porkolab, M.; Wilson, J. R.; Murakami, M.; Harvey, R. W.

2004-11-01

Both NSTX and DIII-D use the combination of fast Alfven waves (FW) and neutral beam injection (NBI) for central electron heating and current drive. Damping of the fast wave on the beam ions at moderate to high harmonics (4th--20th) of the beam ion cyclotron frequency represents a loss process. In DIII-D current drive experiments at low density in which 4th and 8th harmonics were compared, damping at the 8th harmonic damping was much weaker than at the 4th [1]. However, recent simulations have predicted that in higher density and higher beam power regimes (of interest to the Advanced Tokamak program) the beam ion absorption will transition to the unmagnetized ion regime, where the damping is significant and essentially independent of harmonic number. In the present work, the transition from magnetized to unmagnetized ion regimes for the NSTX and DIII-D HHFW experiments is studied theoretically, with a combination of simple semi-analytic models and numerical models. \\vspace0.25 em [1] C.C. Petty, et al., Plasma Phys. and Contr. Fusion 43, 1747 (2001).

Grand Forks - East Grand Forks Urban Water Resources Study. Grand Forks Flood Fight Manual

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-01

insurance is available for residential and commercial structures and contents at actuarial rates. As of 30 April 1980, 1258 policies were in effect...STATION #3 (WW) CLOSE SHEAR OATE ON LEW« M.VD. ON RIVER SOE OF IMKE. (S) PUCE PUMP M CATCH ■ ASM ON OTHER «DC OF MKE CLOSE SHEAR OATE ON OKE AT ISIS mVBMM...DRIVE. (S>* PUCE PUMP M CATCH « ASM ON OTHER SBC OF (NKE CLOU SHEAR OATE AT UFT STATION «S M MANHOU «WW> SWITCH OVER UFT STATION «I - CLOSE OATE

Implementation of a Personal Computer Based Parameter Estimation Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

if necessary and identify by biock nunrbet) FEILD GROUP SUBGROUP Il’arunietar uetinkatlUln 19 ABSTRACT (continue on reverse it necessary and identity...model constant ix L,M,N X,Y,Z moment components Lp: •sbc.’.• T’ = sb C . r, - 2 V C, , L, = _sb 2 C 2V C L8,=qsbC 1 , Lw Scale of the turbulence M Vector ...u,v,w X,Y,Z velocity components V Vector velocity V Magnitude of velocity vector w9 Z velocity due to gust X.. x-distance to normal acclerometer X.P x

Continued Development and Implementation of the Universal Network Interface Device (UNID) II, Digital Engineering Laboratory Network (DELNET) Volume 1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

overloaded if the hosts initiate data Into the -network faster than it can be processed and delivered. Somea method oF controlling the 1i9ount or d...target hardware SBC. Once tile .o -- wace was validated to show that it did, indeed, coute- datagra,1s, 3aICketi Irnd rinsCOrreCtly, it was transferred...operating system. rhis method was used with the S13C 544 board and could be used with the 3tBC 38/45 board simulating the UNIt) to UNTOI initerface

Variable energy, high flux, ground-state atomic oxygen source

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chutjian, Ara (Inventor); Orient, Otto J. (Inventor)

1987-01-01

A variable energy, high flux atomic oxygen source is described which is comprised of a means for producing a high density beam of molecules which will emit O(-) ions when bombarded with electrons; a means of producing a high current stream of electrons at a low energy level passing through the high density beam of molecules to produce a combined stream of electrons and O(-) ions; means for accelerating the combined stream to a desired energy level; means for producing an intense magnetic field to confine the electrons and O(-) ions; means for directing a multiple pass laser beam through the combined stream to strip off the excess electrons from a plurality of the O(-) ions to produce ground-state O atoms within the combined stream; electrostatic deflection means for deflecting the path of the O(-) ions and the electrons in the combined stream; and, means for stopping the O(-) ions and the electrons and for allowing only the ground-state O atoms to continue as the source of the atoms of interest. The method and apparatus are also adaptable for producing other ground-state atoms and/or molecules.

Evaluation of different agronomic managements on rice mesofauna: a case study in Piedmont (North Italy)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Landi, Silvia; d'Errico, Giada; Gagnarli, Elena; Barzanti, Gian Paolo; Cito, Annarita; Papini, Rossella; Simoni, Sauro; Roversi, Pio Federico

2014-05-01

Rice is the most important cereal crop in the developing world and, in Europe, Italy is leader in rice production. The intensive cultivation of rice leads to continuous inputs chemicals as fertilizers, weeding and pesticides. The intensification of sustainable rice production by minimizing the impact on the environment of cultivation is a main issue . In this context this study, supported by the Italian National Project POLORISO (MIPAAF), aims to afford preliminary indications about the evaluation of ecological impact by different managements on soil mesofauna biodiversity. Biomonitoring of soil mesofauna, in particular nematodes and microarthropods, allows to determine the effects of crop management on the communities; the lack and/or reduction of these organisms can allow inference on the soil quality. This preliminary study aims at evaluate the different influence of conventional, integrated and biological managements on mesofauna communities. The samplings were conducted in Summer and Autumn 2013 near Vercelli (North Italy) in three study sites with similar pedologic characteristics but different in control strategies (conventional, organic farming, Integrated Pest Management (IPM)). The extraction of nematodes and microarthropods was performed by Bermann method and the Berlese-Tullgren selector, respectively. All specimens were counted and determined up to the order level. The biological soil quality was evaluated by Maturity Index (MI) for nematodes, BSQar and the soil Biological Classes (sBC)(range I-VII) for microarthropods. Regarding nematodes, Rhabditidae, Dorylamidae, Mononchidae, Tylenchidae and Heteroderidae were the most represented families. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) evidenced that the trophic group of plant parasites was favored in organic farming, while groups of omnivores and predators were abundant in the other managements. The lowest nematodes' abundance was found in submerged rice soil with dominance of omnivores and plant parasites groups. Dry land was more suitable to development of bacterial feeders and predators. On the whole, MI values ranged between 2 and 3, registered in organic farming and conventional management, respectively. The Acari represented the main group of microarthropods (about 43%), then Diptera (33%), Collembola (19%) and the others. The only euedaphic groups are Acari and Collembola. The BSQar value was 48 (sBC II) in IPM rice field, 71 in organic farming (sBC II/III), 95 in conventional management (sBC III). On all situation tested, the analysis of soil quality, by the study of mesofauna, reflects low differentiation in the arthropod communities' structure. In general, the results relative to the soil mesofauna biodiversity indicated a quite high level of disturbance and a low level of biodiversity. Future studies on this subject could help preserve, or even enhance, the biodiversity and soil quality.

The spatially resolved star formation history of mergers. A comparative study of the LIRGs IC 1623, NGC 6090, NGC 2623, and Mice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cortijo-Ferrero, C.; González Delgado, R. M.; Pérez, E.; Cid Fernandes, R.; García-Benito, R.; Di Matteo, P.; Sánchez, S. F.; de Amorim, A. L.; Lacerda, E. A. D.; López Fernández, R.; Tadhunter, C.

2017-11-01

This paper presents the spatially resolved star formation history (2D-SFH) of a small sample of four local mergers: the early-stage mergers IC 1623, NGC 6090, and the Mice, and the more advanced merger NGC 2623, by analyzing IFS data from the CALIFA survey and PMAS in LArr mode. Full spectral fitting techniques are applied to the datacubes to obtain the spatially resolved mass growth histories, the time evolution of the star formation rate intensity (ΣSFR), and the local specific star formation rate (sSFR), over three different time scales (30 Myr, 300 Myr, and 1 Gyr). The results are compared with non-interacting Sbc-Sc galaxies, to quantify if there is an enhancement of the star formation and to trace its time scale and spatial extent. Our results for the three LIRGs (IC 1623 W, NGC 6090, and NGC 2623) show that a major phase of star formation is occurring in time scales of 107 yr to few 108 yr, with global SFR enhancements of between approximately two and six with respect to main-sequence star forming (MSSF) galaxies. In the two early-stage mergers IC 1623 W and NGC 6090, which are between first pericentre passage and coalescence, the most remarkable increase of the SFR with respect to non-interacting spirals occurred in the last 30 Myr, and it is spatially extended, with enhancements of factors between two and seven both in the centres (r < 0.5 half light radius, HLR), and in the disks (r > 1 HLR). In the more advanced merger NGC 2623 an extended phase of star formation occurred on a longer time scale of 1 Gyr, with a SFR enhancement of a factor of approximately two-to-three larger than the one in Sbc-Sc MSSF galaxies over the same period, probably relic of the first pericentre passage epoch. A SFR enhancement in the last 30 Myr is also present, but only in NGC 2623 centre, by a factor of three. In general, the spatially resolved SFHs of the LIRG-mergers are consistent with the predictions from high spatial resolution simulations. In contrast, the star formation in the Mice, specially in Mice B, is not enhanced but inhibited with respect to Sbc-Sc MSSF galaxies. The fact that the gas fraction of Mice B is smaller than in most non-interacting spirals, and that the Mice are close to a prograde orbit, represents a new challenge for the models, which must cover a larger space of parameters in terms of the availability of gas and the orbital characteristics.

Class III Mid-Term Project, "Increasing Heavy Oil Reserves in the Wilmington Oil Field Through Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Thermal Production Technologies"

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scott Hara

2007-03-31

The overall objective of this project was to increase heavy oil reserves in slope and basin clastic (SBC) reservoirs through the application of advanced reservoir characterization and thermal production technologies. The project involved improving thermal recovery techniques in the Tar Zone of Fault Blocks II-A and V (Tar II-A and Tar V) of the Wilmington Field in Los Angeles County, near Long Beach, California. A primary objective has been to transfer technology that can be applied in other heavy oil formations of the Wilmington Field and other SBC reservoirs, including those under waterflood. The first budget period addressed several producibilitymore » problems in the Tar II-A and Tar V thermal recovery operations that are common in SBC reservoirs. A few of the advanced technologies developed include a three-dimensional (3-D) deterministic geologic model, a 3-D deterministic thermal reservoir simulation model to aid in reservoir management and subsequent post-steamflood development work, and a detailed study on the geochemical interactions between the steam and the formation rocks and fluids. State of the art operational work included drilling and performing a pilot steam injection and production project via four new horizontal wells (2 producers and 2 injectors), implementing a hot water alternating steam (WAS) drive pilot in the existing steamflood area to improve thermal efficiency, installing a 2400-foot insulated, subsurface harbor channel crossing to supply steam to an island location, testing a novel alkaline steam completion technique to control well sanding problems, and starting on an advanced reservoir management system through computer-aided access to production and geologic data to integrate reservoir characterization, engineering, monitoring, and evaluation. The second budget period phase (BP2) continued to implement state-of-the-art operational work to optimize thermal recovery processes, improve well drilling and completion practices, and evaluate the geomechanical characteristics of the producing formations. The objectives were to further improve reservoir characterization of the heterogeneous turbidite sands, test the proficiency of the three-dimensional geologic and thermal reservoir simulation models, identify the high permeability thief zones to reduce water breakthrough and cycling, and analyze the nonuniform distribution of the remaining oil in place. This work resulted in the redevelopment of the Tar II-A and Tar V post-steamflood projects by drilling several new wells and converting idle wells to improve injection sweep efficiency and more effectively drain the remaining oil reserves. Reservoir management work included reducing water cuts, maintaining or increasing oil production, and evaluating and minimizing further thermal-related formation compaction. The BP2 project utilized all the tools and knowledge gained throughout the DOE project to maximize recovery of the oil in place.« less

Implementing large-scale food fortification in Ghana: lessons learned.

PubMed

Nyumuah, Richard Odum; Hoang, Thuy-Co Caroline; Amoaful, Esi Foriwa; Agble, Rosanna; Meyer, Marc; Wirth, James P; Locatelli-Rossi, Lorenzo; Panagides, Dora

2012-12-01

Food fortification began in Ghana in 1996 when legislation was passed to enforce the iodization of salt. This paper describes the development of the Ghanaian fortification program and identifies lessons learned in implementing fortification initiatives (universal salt iodization, fortification of vegetable oil and wheat flour) from 1996 to date. This paper identifies achievements, challenges, and lessons learned in implementing large scale food fortification in Ghana. Primary data was collected through interviews with key members of the National Food Fortification Alliance (NFFA), implementation staff of the Food Fortification Project, and staff of GAIN. Secondary data was collected through desk review of documentation from the project offices of the National Food Fortification Project and the National Secretariat for the Implementation of the National Salt Iodization in Ghana. Reduction of the prevalence of goiter has been observed, and coverage of households with adequately iodized salt increased between 1996 and 2006. Two models were designed to increase production of adequately iodized salt: one to procure and distribute potassium iodate (KIO3) locally, and the second, the salt bank cooperative (SBC) model, specifically designed for small-scale artisanal salt farmers. This resulted in the establishment of a centralized potassium iodate procurement and distribution system, tailored to local needs and ensuring competitive and stable prices. The SBC model allowed for nearly 157 MT of adequately iodized salt to be produced in 2011 in a region where adequately iodized salt was initially not available. For vegetable oil fortification, implementing quantitative analysis methods for accurate control of added fortificant proved challenging but was overcome with the use of a rapid test device, confirming that 95% of vegetable oil is adequately fortified in Ghana. However, appropriate compliance with national standards on wheat flour continues to pose challenges due to adverse sensory effects, which have led producers to reduce the dosage of premix in wheat flour. Challenges to access to premix experienced by small producers can be overcome with a central procurement model in which the distributor leverages the overall volume by tendering for a consolidated order. The SBC model has the potential to be expanded and to considerably increase the coverage of the population consuming iodized salt in Ghana. Successful implementation of the cost-effective iCheck CHROMA rapid test device should be replicated in other countries where quality control of fortified vegetable oil is a challenge, and extended to additional food vehicles, such as wheat flour and salt. Only a reduced impact on iron deficiency in Ghana can be expected, given the low level of fortificant added to the wheat flour. An integrated approach, with complementary programs including additional iron-fortified food vehicles, should be explored to maximize health impact.

Optical system and method for gas detection and monitoring

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Polzin, Kurt A. (Inventor); Sinko, John Elihu (Inventor); Korman, Valentin (Inventor); Witherow, William K. (Inventor); Hendrickson, Adam Gail (Inventor)

2011-01-01

A free-space optical path of an optical interferometer is disposed in an environment of interest. A light beam is guided to the optical interferometer using a single-mode optical fiber. The light beam traverses the interferometer's optical path. The light beam guided to the optical path is combined with the light beam at the end of the optical path to define an output light. A temporal history of the output light is recorded.

Combination free electron and gaseous laser

DOEpatents

Brau, Charles A.; Rockwood, Stephen D.; Stein, William E.

1980-01-01

A multiple laser having one or more gaseous laser stages and one or more free electron stages. Each of the free electron laser stages is sequentially pumped by a microwave linear accelerator. Subsequently, the electron beam is directed through a gaseous laser, in the preferred embodiment, and in an alternative embodiment, through a microwave accelerator to lower the energy level of the electron beam to pump one or more gaseous lasers. The combination laser provides high pulse repetition frequencies, on the order of 1 kHz or greater, high power capability, high efficiency, and tunability in the synchronous production of multiple beams of coherent optical radiation.

Modulated Source Interferometry with Combined Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gutierrez, Roman C. (Inventor)

1998-01-01

An improved interferometer is produced by modifying a conventional interferometer to include amplitude and/or frequency modulation of a coherent light source at radio or higher frequencies. The phase of the modulation signal can be detected in an interfering beam from an interferometer and can be used to determine the actual optical phase of the beam. As such, this improvement can be adapted to virtually any two-beam interferometer, including: Michelson, Mach-Zehnder, and Sagnac interferometers. The use of an amplitude modulated coherent tight source results in an interferometer that combines the wide range advantages of coherent interferometry with the precise distance measurement advantages of white light interferometry.

Two-dimensional mapping of polarizations of rhombohedral nanostructures in the orthorhombic phase of KNbO3 by the combined use of scanning transmission electron microscopy and convergent-beam electron diffraction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuda, Kenji; Tanaka, Michiyoshi

2015-08-01

Rhombohedral nanostructures previously found in the orthorhombic phase of KNbO3, by convergent-beam electron diffraction [Tsuda et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 051913 (2013)], have been investigated by the combined use of scanning transmission electron microscopy and convergent-beam electron diffraction. Two-dimensional distributions of the rhombohedral nanostructures, or nanometer-scale spatial fluctuations of polarization clusters, have been successfully visualized. The correlation length of the observed spatial fluctuations of local polarizations is related to the cpc/apc ratio and the transition entropy.

Brassboard Astrometric Beam Combiner (ABC) Development for the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jeganathan, Muthu; Kuan, Gary; Rud, Mike; Lin, Sean; Sutherland, Kristen; Moore, James; An, Xin

2008-01-01

The Astrometric Beam Combiner (ABC) is a critical element of the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) that performs three key functions: coherently combine starlight from two siderostats; individually detect starlight for angle tracking; and disperse and detect the interferometric fringes. In addition, the ABC contains: a stimulus, cornercubes and shutters for in-orbit calibration; several tip/tilt mirror mechanisms for in-orbit alignment; and internal metrology beam launcher for pathlength monitoring. The detailed design of the brassboard ABC (which has the form, fit and function of the flight unit) is complete, procurement of long-lead items is underway, and assembly and testing is expected to be completed in Spring 2009. In this paper, we present the key requirements for the ABC, details of the completed optical and mechanical design as well as plans for assembly and alignment.

The Navy Precision Optical Interferometer: an update

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Armstrong, J. T.; Baines, Ellyn K.; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Restaino, Sergio R.; Clark, James H.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Zavala, Robert T.; van Belle, Gerard T.

2016-08-01

We describe the current status of the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer (NPOI), including developments since the last SPIE meeting. The NPOI group has added stations as far as 250m from the array center and added numerous infrastructure improvements. Science programs include stellar diameters and limb darkening, binary orbits, Be star disks, exoplanet host stars, and progress toward high-resolution stellar surface imaging. Technical and infrastructure projects include on-sky demonstrations of baseline bootstrapping with six array elements and of the VISION beam combiner, control system updates, integration of the long delay lines, and updated firmware for the Classic beam combiner. Our plans to add up to four 1.8 m telescopes are no longer viable, but we have recently acquired separate funding for adding three 1 m AO-equipped telescopes and an infrared beam combiner to the array.

Initial Beam Dynamics Simulations of a High-Average-Current Field-Emission Electron Source in a Superconducting RadioFrequency Gun

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mohsen, O.; Gonin, I.; Kephart, R.

High-power electron beams are sought-after tools in support to a wide array of societal applications. This paper investigates the production of high-power electron beams by combining a high-current field-emission electron source to a superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavity. We especially carry out beam-dynamics simulations that demonstrate the viability of the scheme to formmore » $$\\sim$$ 300 kW average-power electron beam using a 1+1/2-cell SRF gun.« less

Gaussian-Beam/Physical-Optics Design Of Beam Waveguide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Veruttipong, Watt; Chen, Jacqueline C.; Bathker, Dan A.

1993-01-01

In iterative method of designing wideband beam-waveguide feed for paraboloidal-reflector antenna, Gaussian-beam approximation alternated with more nearly exact physical-optics analysis of diffraction. Includes curved and straight reflectors guiding radiation from feed horn to subreflector. For iterative design calculations, curved mirrors mathematically modeled as thin lenses. Each distance Li is combined length of two straight-line segments intersecting at one of flat mirrors. Method useful for designing beam-waveguide reflectors or mirrors required to have diameters approximately less than 30 wavelengths at one or more intended operating frequencies.

Laser wakefield accelerated electron beam monitoring and control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koga, J. K.; Mori, M.; Kotaki, H.

2016-03-25

We will discuss our participation in the ImPACT project, which has as one of its goals the development of an ultra-compact electron accelerator using lasers (< 1 GeV, < 10   m) and the generation of an x-ray beam from the accelerated electrons. Within this context we will discuss our investigation into electron beam monitoring and control. Since laser accelerated electrons will be used for x-ray beam generation combined with an undulator, we will present investigation into the possibilities of the improvement of electron beam emittance through cooling.

Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray buildup factors of lead and its applications in shielding of diagnostic x-ray facilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kharrati, Hedi; Agrebi, Amel; Karaoui, Mohamed-Karim

2007-04-15

X-ray buildup factors of lead in broad beam geometry for energies from 15 to 150 keV are determined using the general purpose Monte Carlo N-particle radiation transport computer code (MCNP4C). The obtained buildup factors data are fitted to a modified three parameter Archer et al. model for ease in calculating the broad beam transmission with computer at any tube potentials/filters combinations in diagnostic energies range. An example for their use to compute the broad beam transmission at 70, 100, 120, and 140 kVp is given. The calculated broad beam transmission is compared to data derived from literature, presenting good agreement.more » Therefore, the combination of the buildup factors data as determined and a mathematical model to generate x-ray spectra provide a computationally based solution to broad beam transmission for lead barriers in shielding x-ray facilities.« less

Research of beam smoothing technologies using CPP, SSD, and PS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Rui; Su, Jingqin; Hu, Dongxia; Li, Ping; Yuan, Haoyu; Zhou, Wei; Yuan, Qiang; Wang, Yuancheng; Tian, Xiaocheng; Xu, Dangpeng; Dong, Jun; Zhu, Qihua

2015-02-01

Precise physical experiments place strict requirements on target illumination uniformity in Inertial Confinement Fusion. To obtain a smoother focal spot and suppress transverse SBS in large aperture optics, Multi-FM smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) was studied combined with continuous phase plate (CPP) and polarization smoothing (PS). New ways of PS are being developed to improve the laser irradiation uniformity and solve LPI problems in indirect-drive laser fusion. The near field and far field properties of beams using polarization smoothing were studied and compared, including birefringent wedge and polarization control array. As more parameters can be manipulated in a combined beam smoothing scheme, quad beam smoothing was also studies. Simulation results indicate through adjusting dispersion directions of one-dimensional (1-D) SSD beams in a quad, two-dimensional SSD can be obtained. Experiments have been done on SG-III laser facility using CPP and Multi-FM SSD. The research provides some theoretical and experimental basis for the application of CPP, SSD and PS on high-power laser facilities.

Beam current sensor

DOEpatents

Kuchnir, M.; Mills, F.E.

1984-09-28

A current sensor for measuring the dc component of a beam of charged particles employs a superconducting pick-up loop probe, with twisted superconducting leads in combination with a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) detector. The pick-up probe is in the form of a single-turn loop, or a cylindrical toroid, through which the beam is directed and within which a first magnetic flux is excluded by the Meisner effect. The SQUID detector acts as a flux-to-voltage converter in providing a current to the pick-up loop so as to establish a second magnetic flux within the electrode which nulls out the first magnetic flux. A feedback voltage within the SQUID detector represents the beam current of the particles which transit the pick-up loop. Meisner effect currents prevent changes in the magnetic field within the toroidal pick-up loop and produce a current signal independent of the beam's cross-section and its position within the toroid, while the combination of superconducting elements provides current measurement sensitivities in the nano-ampere range.

Beam current sensor

DOEpatents

Kuchnir, Moyses; Mills, Frederick E.

1987-01-01

A current sensor for measuring the DC component of a beam of charged particles employs a superconducting pick-up loop probe, with twisted superconducting leads in combination with a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) detector. The pick-up probe is in the form of a single-turn loop, or a cylindrical toroid, through which the beam is directed and within which a first magnetic flux is excluded by the Meisner effect. The SQUID detector acts as a flux-to-voltage converter in providing a current to the pick-up loop so as to establish a second magnetic flux within the electrode which nulls out the first magnetic flux. A feedback voltage within the SQUID detector represents the beam current of the particles which transit the pick-up loop. Meisner effect currents prevent changes in the magnetic field within the toroidal pick-up loop and produce a current signal independent of the beam's cross-section and its position within the toroid, while the combination of superconducting elements provides current measurement sensitivites in the nano-ampere range.

High-order optical vortex position detection using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.

PubMed

Luo, Jia; Huang, Hongxin; Matsui, Yoshinori; Toyoda, Haruyoshi; Inoue, Takashi; Bai, Jian

2015-04-06

Optical vortex (OV) beams have null-intensity singular points, and the intensities in the region surrounding the singular point are quite low. This low intensity region influences the position detection accuracy of phase singular point, especially for high-order OV beam. In this paper, we propose a new method for solving this problem, called the phase-slope-combining correlation matching method. A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SH-WFS) is used to measure phase slope vectors at lenslet positions of the SH-WFS. Several phase slope vectors are combined into one to reduce the influence of low-intensity regions around the singular point, and the combined phase slope vectors are used to determine the OV position with the aid of correlation matching with a pre-calculated database. Experimental results showed that the proposed method works with high accuracy, even when detecting an OV beam with a topological charge larger than six. The estimated precision was about 0.15 in units of lenslet size when detecting an OV beam with a topological charge of up to 20.

The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator for Rare Isotope Beams at the NSCL

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stoker, Joshua; Andreev, Vladimir; Bazin, Daniel; Becerril, Ana; Doleans, Marc; Gorelov, Dimitry; Glennon, Patrick; Grimm, Terry; Lawton, Don; Mantica, Paul; Marti, Felix; Ottarson, Jack; Schatz, Hendrik; Vincent, John; Wagner, Jim; Wu, Xiaoyu; Zeller, Al

2006-10-01

Secondary beams at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) are separated through a combined application of magnetic rigidity and energy loss filtering. Design and construction of a Radio Frequency Fragment Separator (RFFS) for further beam purification is underway. The RFFS will apply a time-varying electromagnetic field to induce transverse beam separation. This method relies on velocity differences of the beam species to selectivey apply separation to unwanted fragments. The technical design of the RFFS and the expected purification of exotic beams are shown in detail[1]. [1] Gorelev, D. et al., ``RF Kicker System for Secondary Beams at the NSCL'' Proc of Part Accel Conf 2005, Knoxville, TN

Beam Shaping for CARS Measurements in Turbulent Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Magnotti, Gaetano; Cutler, Andrew D.; Danehy, Paul M.

2010-01-01

This paper describes a new technique to mitigate the effect of beam steering on CARS measurements in turbulent, variable density environments. The new approach combines Planar BOXCARS phase-matching with elliptical shaping of one of the beams to generate a signal insensitive to beam steering, while keeping the same spatial resolution. Numerical and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. One set of experiments investigated the effect of beam shaping in the presence of a controlled and well quantified displacement of the beams at the focal plane. Another set of experiments, more qualitative, proved the effectiveness of the technique in the presence of severe beam steering due to turbulence.

A Measurement of the holographic minimum observable beam branching ratio in the Fermilab 15-foot bubble chamber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aderholz, M.; Aggarwal, M.M.; Akbari, H.

1997-01-01

Holography has been used successfully in combination with conventional optics for the first time in a large cryogenic bubble chamber, the 15-Foot Bubble Chamber at Fermilab, during a physics run. The innovative system combined the reference beam with the object beam, illuminating a conical volume of {approx} 1.4 m{sup 3}. Bubble tracks from neutrino interactions with a width of {approx} 120 {micro}m have been recorded with good contrast. The ratio of intensities of the object light to the reference light striking the film is called the Beam Branching Ratio. We obtained in our experiment an exceedingly small minimum-observable ratio ofmore » (0.54 {+-} 0.21) x 10{sup -7}. The technology has the potential for a wide range of applications.« less

Theoretical explanation of the polarization-converting system achieved by beam shaping and combination technique and its performance under high power conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Peng; Li, Xiao; Shang, YaPing; Xu, XiaoJun

2015-10-01

The fiber laser has very obvious advantages and broad applications in remote welding, 3D cutting and national defense compared with the traditional solid laser. But influenced by heat effect of gain medium, nonlinear effect, stress birefringence effect and other negative factors, it's very difficult to get high power linearly polarized laser just using a single laser. For these limitations a polarization-converting system is designed using beam shaping and combination technique which is able to transform naturally polarized laser to linearly polarized laser at real time to resolve difficulties of generating high-power linearly polarized laser from fiber lasers in this paper. The principle of the Gaussian beam changing into the hollow beam passing through two axicons and the combination of the Gaussian beam and the hollow beam is discussed. In the experimental verification the energy conversion efficiency reached 93.1% with a remarkable enhancement of the extinction ratio from 3% to 98% benefited from the high conversion efficiency of axicons and the system worked fine under high power conditions. The system also kept excellent far field divergence. The experiment phenomenon also agreed with the simulation quite well. The experiment proves that this polarization-converting system will not affect laser structure which controls easily and needs no feedback and controlling system with stable and reliable properties at the same time. It can absolutely be applied to the polarization-conversion of high power laser.

Coherent Beam Combining of Fiber Amplifiers via LOCSET (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-10

load on final optics , and atmospheric turbulence compensation [20]. More importantly, tiled array systems are being investigated for extension to...compactness, near diffraction limited beam quality, superior thermal- optical properties, and high optical to optical conversion efficiencies. Despite...including: compactness, near diffraction limited beam quality, superior thermal- optical properties, and high optical to optical conversion efficiencies

Polarized muon beams for muon collider

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skrinsky, A. N.

1996-11-01

An option for the production of intense and highly polarized muon beams, suitable for a high-luminosity muon collider, is described briefly. It is based on a multi-channel pion-collection system, narrow-band pion-to-muon decay channels, proper muon spin gymnastics, and ionization cooling to combine all of the muon beams into a single bunch of ultimately low emittance.

Simultaneous quantification of paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid and papaverine with a validated HPLC method.

PubMed

Kalmár, Eva; Gyuricza, Anett; Kunos-Tóth, Erika; Szakonyi, Gerda; Dombi, György

2014-01-01

Combined drug products have the advantages of better patient compliance and possible synergic effects. The simultaneous application of several active ingredients at a time is therefore frequently chosen. However, the quantitative analysis of such medicines can be challenging. The aim of this study is to provide a validated method for the investigation of a multidose packed oral powder that contained acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and papaverine-HCl. Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography was used. The Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column was found to be the most suitable of the three different stationary phases tested for the separation of the components of this sample. The key parameters in the method development (apart from the nature of the column) were the pH of the aqueous phase (set to 3.4) and the ratio of the organic (acetonitrile) and the aqueous (25 mM phosphate buffer) phases, which was varied from 7:93 (v/v) to 25:75 (v/v) in a linear gradient, preceded by an initial hold. The method was validated: linearity, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), accuracy, specificity and robustness were all tested, and the results met the ICH guidelines. © The Author [2013]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

LIFTING THE VEIL OF DUST TO REVEAL THE SECRETS OF SPIRAL GALAXIES

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Astronomers have combined information from the NASA Hubble Space Telescope's visible- and infrared-light cameras to show the hearts of four spiral galaxies peppered with ancient populations of stars. The top row of pictures, taken by a ground-based telescope, represents complete views of each galaxy. The blue boxes outline the regions observed by the Hubble telescope. The bottom row represents composite pictures from Hubble's visible- and infrared-light cameras, the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). Astronomers combined views from both cameras to obtain the true ages of the stars surrounding each galaxy's bulge. The Hubble telescope's sharper resolution allows astronomers to study the intricate structure of a galaxy's core. The galaxies are ordered by the size of their bulges. NGC 5838, an 'S0' galaxy, is dominated by a large bulge and has no visible spiral arms; NGC 7537, an 'Sbc' galaxy, has a small bulge and loosely wound spiral arms. Astronomers think that the structure of NGC 7537 is very similar to our Milky Way. The galaxy images are composites made from WFPC2 images taken with blue (4445 Angstroms) and red (8269 Angstroms) filters, and NICMOS images taken in the infrared (16,000 Angstroms). They were taken in June, July, and August of 1997. Credits for the ground-based images: Allan Sandage (The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington) and John Bedke (Computer Sciences Corporation and the Space Telescope Science Institute) Credits for WFPC2 and NICMOS composites: NASA, ESA, and Reynier Peletier (University of Nottingham, United Kingdom)

Ince Gaussian beams in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Dongmei; Guo, Qi

2008-07-01

Based on the Snyder-Mitchell model that describes the beam propagation in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media, the close forms of Ince-Gaussian (IG) beams have been found. The transverse structures of the IG beams are described by the product of the Ince polynomials and the Gaussian function. Depending on the input power of the beams, the IG beams can be either a soliton state or a breather state. The IG beams constitute the exact and continuous transition modes between Hermite-Gaussian beams and Laguerre-Gaussian beams. The IG vortex beams can be constructed by a linear combination of the even and odd IG beams. The transverse intensity pattern of IG vortex beams consists of elliptic rings, whose number and ellipticity can be controlled, and a phase displaying a number of in-line vortices, each with a unitary topological charge. The analytical solutions of the IG beams are confirmed by the numerical simulations of the nonlocal nonlinear Schr\\rm \\ddot{o} dinger equation.

Light-sheet generation in inhomogeneous media using self-reconstructing beams and the STED-principle.

PubMed

Gohn-Kreuz, Cristian; Rohrbach, Alexander

2016-03-21

Self-reconstruction of Bessel beams in inhomogeneous media is beneficial in light-sheet based microscopy. Although the beam's ring system enables propagation stability, the resulting image contrast is reduced. Here, we show that by a combination of two self-reconstructing beams with different orbital angular momenta it is possible to inhibit fluorescence from the ring system by using stimulated emission depletion (STED) even in strongly scattering media. Our theoretical study shows that the remaining fluorescence γ depends non-linearly on the beams' relative radial and orbital angular momenta. For various scattering media we demonstrate that γ remains remarkably stable over long beam propagation distances.

High pumping-power fiber combiner for double-cladding fiber lasers and amplifiers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Jinkun; Zhao, Wei; Zhao, Baoyin; Li, Zhe; Chang, Chang; Li, Gang; Gao, Qi; Ju, Pei; Gao, Wei; She, Shengfei; Wu, Peng; Hou, Chaoqi; Li, Weinan

2018-03-01

A high pumping-power fiber combiner for backward pumping configurations is fabricated and demonstrated by manufacturing process refinement. The pump power handling capability of every pump fiber can extend to 600 W, corresponding to the average pump coupling efficiency of 94.83%. Totally, 2.67-kW output power with the beam quality factor M2 of 1.41 was obtained, using this combiner in the fiber amplifier experimental setup. In addition, the temperature of the splicing region was less than 50.0°C in the designed combiner under the action of circulating cooling water. The experimental results prove that the designed combiner is a promising integrated all-fiber device for multikilowatt continuous-wave fiber laser with excellent beam quality.

Three-dimensional spatially curved local Bessel beams generated by metasurface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Dawei; Wu, Jiawen; Cheng, Bo; Li, Hongliang

2018-03-01

We propose a reflective metasurface based on an artificial admittance modulation surface to generate three-dimensional spatially curved beams. The phase acquisition utilized to modulate this sinusoidally varying surface admittance combines the enveloping theory of differential geometry and the method for producing two-dimensional Bessel beams. The metasurface is fabricated, and the comparison between the full-wave simulations and experimental results demonstrates good performance of three-dimensional spatially curved beams generated by the metasurface.

Operational head-on beam-beam compensation with electron lenses in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

DOE PAGES

Fischer, W.; Gu, X.; Altinbas, Z.; ...

2015-12-23

Head-on beam-beam compensation has been implemented in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in order to increase the luminosity delivered to the experiments. We discuss the principle of combining a lattice for resonance driving term compensation and an electron lens for tune spread compensation. We describe the electron lens technology and its operational use. As of this date the implemented compensation scheme approximately doubled the peak and average luminosities.

Phasing surface emitting diode laser outputs into a coherent laser beam

DOEpatents

Holzrichter, John F [Berkeley, CA

2006-10-10

A system for generating a powerful laser beam includes a first laser element and at least one additional laser element having a rear laser mirror, an output mirror that is 100% reflective at normal incidence and <5% reflective at an input beam angle, and laser material between the rear laser mirror and the output mirror. The system includes an injector, a reference laser beam source, an amplifier and phase conjugater, and a combiner.

High intensity proton beam transportation through fringe field of 70 MeV compact cyclotron to beam line targets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xu; Li, Ming; Wei, Sumin; Xing, Jiansheng; Hu, Yueming; Johnson, Richard R.; Piazza, Leandro; Ryjkov, Vladimir

2016-06-01

From the stripping points, the high intensity proton beam of a compact cyclotron travels through the fringe field area of the machine to the combination magnet. Starting from there the beams with various energy is transferred to the switching magnet for distribution to the beam line targets. In the design of the extraction and transport system for the compact proton cyclotron facilities, such as the 70 MeV in France and the 100 MeV in China, the space charge effect as the beam crosses the fringe field has not been previously considered; neither has the impact on transverse beam envelope coupled from the longitudinal direction. Those have been concerned much more with the higher beam-power because of the beam loss problem. In this paper, based on the mapping data of 70 MeV cyclotron including the fringe field by BEST Cyclotron Inc (BEST) and combination magnet field by China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), the beam extraction and transport are investigated for the 70 MeV cyclotron used on the SPES project at Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (INFN-LNL). The study includes the space charge effect and longitudinal and transverse coupling mentioned above, as well as the matching of beam optics using the beam line for medical isotope production as an example. In addition, the designs of the ±45° switching magnets and the 60° bending magnet for the extracted beam with the energy from 35 MeV to 70 MeV have been made. Parts of the construction and field measurements of those magnets have been done as well. The current result shows that, the design considers the complexity of the compact cyclotron extraction area and fits the requirements of the extraction and transport for high intensity proton beam, especially at mA intensity levels.

A study of lateral fall-off (penumbra) optimisation for pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winterhalter, C.; Lomax, A.; Oxley, D.; Weber, D. C.; Safai, S.

2018-01-01

The lateral fall-off is crucial for sparing organs at risk in proton therapy. It is therefore of high importance to minimize the penumbra for pencil beam scanning (PBS). Three optimisation approaches are investigated: edge-collimated uniformly weighted spots (collimation), pencil beam optimisation of uncollimated pencil beams (edge-enhancement) and the optimisation of edge collimated pencil beams (collimated edge-enhancement). To deliver energies below 70 MeV, these strategies are evaluated in combination with the following pre-absorber methods: field specific fixed thickness pre-absorption (fixed), range specific, fixed thickness pre-absorption (automatic) and range specific, variable thickness pre-absorption (variable). All techniques are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulated square fields in a water tank. For a typical air gap of 10 cm, without pre-absorber collimation reduces the penumbra only for water equivalent ranges between 4-11 cm by up to 2.2 mm. The sharpest lateral fall-off is achieved through collimated edge-enhancement, which lowers the penumbra down to 2.8 mm. When using a pre-absorber, the sharpest fall-offs are obtained when combining collimated edge-enhancement with a variable pre-absorber. For edge-enhancement and large air gaps, it is crucial to minimize the amount of material in the beam. For small air gaps however, the superior phase space of higher energetic beams can be employed when more material is used. In conclusion, collimated edge-enhancement combined with the variable pre-absorber is the recommended setting to minimize the lateral penumbra for PBS. Without collimator, it would be favourable to use a variable pre-absorber for large air gaps and an automatic pre-absorber for small air gaps.

Backscatter spectra measurements of the two beams on the same cone on Shenguang-III laser facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zha, Weiyi; Yang, Dong; Xu, Tao; Liu, Yonggang; Wang, Feng; Peng, Xiaoshi; Li, Yulong; Wei, Huiyue; Liu, Xiangming; Mei, Yu; Yan, Yadong; He, Junhua; Li, Zhichao; Li, Sanwei; Jiang, Xiaohua; Guo, Liang; Xie, Xufei; Pan, Kaiqiang; Liu, Shenye; Jiang, Shaoen; Zhang, Baohan; Ding, Yongkun

2018-01-01

In laser driven hohlraums, laser beams on the same incident cone may have different beam and plasma conditions, causing beam-to-beam backscatter difference and subsequent azimuthal variations in the x-ray drive on the capsule. To elucidate the large variation of backscatter proportion from beam to beam in some gas-filled hohlraum shots on Shenguang-III, two 28.5° beams have been measured with the Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) time-resolved spectra. A bifurcated fiber is used to sample two beams and then coupled to a spectrometer and streak camera combination to reduce the cost. The SRS spectra, characterized by a broad wavelength, were further corrected considering the temporal distortion and intensity modulation caused by components along the light path. This measurement will improve the understanding of the beam propagation inside the hohlraum and related laser plasma instabilities.

Generation of an ultra-flexible focused top-hat beam profile with aspheres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Möhl, A.; Wickenhagen, S.; Fuchs, U.

2017-02-01

The demand for a uniform intensity distribution in the focal region of the working beam is growing steadily, especially in the field of laser material processing. To generate such a top-hat beam profile, it was shown in the past, that the use of refractive beam shaping solutions provides very good results. In this work, existing beam shaping knowledge is combined with an intelligent modular approach to create a new beam shaping solution, that simplifies both, handling and integration into existing set-ups. Furthermore, the present system enables not just a flattop intensity distribution, but even donut shaped beam profile without adding any further components to the system. Additionally, this beam shaping system is built and successfully tested. Some results of the characterization are presented.

Measurement and interpretation of electron angle at mabe beam stop

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanford, T.W.L.; Coleman, P.D.; Poukey, J.W.

1985-10-01

This analysis shows that radiation measurements combined with a sophisticated simulation provides a simple but powerful tool for estimating beam temperature in intense pulsed annular electron-beam accelerators. Specifically, the mean angle of incidence of a 60 kA, 7 MeV annular electron-beam at the beam stop of the MABE accelerator and the transverse beam temperature are determined. The angle is extracted by comparing dose profiles measured downstream of the stop with that expected from a simulation of the electron/photon transport in the stop. By calculating and removing the effect on the trajectories due to the change in electric field near themore » stop, the beam temperature is determined. Such measurements help give insight to beam generation and propagation within the accelerator.« less

Spatially modulated interferometer and beam shearing device therefor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reininger, Francis M. (Inventor)

2004-01-01

A spatially modulated interferometer incorporates a beam shearing system having a plurality of reflective surfaces defining separate light paths of equal optical path length for two separate output beams. The reflective surfaces are arranged such that when the two beams emerge from the beam shearing system they contain more than 50 percent of the photon flux within the selected spectral pass band. In one embodiment, the reflective surfaces are located on a number of prism elements combined to form a beam shearing prism structure. The interferometer utilizing the beam sharing system of the invention includes fore-optics for collecting light and focusing it into a beam to be sheared, and a detector located at an exit pupil of the device. In a preferred embodiment, the interferometer has no moving parts.

A Comparative Study on Physicochemical Characteristics of Raw Goat Milk Collected from Different Farms in Malaysia.

PubMed

Jaafar, Syarifah Hazirah Syd; Hashim, Roshada; Hassan, Zaiton; Arifin, Norlelawati

2018-03-01

This study was conducted to determine the physical and chemical composition of goat milk produced by eight local farms located in the central region of Malaysia. Farms 1 to 4 (F1-SC, F2-SP, F3-SP, F4-SBC) reared Saanen-type goats while farms 5 to 8 (F5-JK, F6-JPEC, F7-JTC, F8-JC), Jamnapari-type goats. The common feedstuffs used in all farms comprised of fresh or silage from Napier grass, feed pellets, and brans while two farms, F5-JK and F6-JPEC supplemented the feeds with soybean-based product. The total solid content, dry matter, and proximate composition of goat milk and feedstuffs from the different farms were determined and the results analysed using principal component analysis. Total solid content of goat milk from the Jamnapari crossbreed had the highest solid content ranging from 11.81% to 17.54% compared to milk from farms with Saanen and Saanen crossbreed (10.95% to 14.63%). Jamnapari-type goats from F5-JK, F6-JPEC, and F8-JC had significantly higher ( p < 0.05) milk fat and protein contents (7.36%, 7.14%, and 6.59% fat; 5.08%, 6.19%, and 4.23% protein, respectively) than milk from other farms but, milk produced by Saanen-type goats from F4-SBC contained similar protein content (4.34%) to that from F8-JC. Total ash and carbohydrate contents in milk ranged between 0.67% to 0.86% and 3.26% to 4.71%, respectively, regardless of goat breed. Feeding soybean-based products appear to have a positive influence on milk fat and protein content in Jamnaparitype goats.

On the interdependence of galaxy morphology, star formation and environment in massive galaxies in the nearby Universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bait, Omkar; Barway, Sudhanshu; Wadadekar, Yogesh

2017-11-01

Using multiwavelength data, from ultraviolet to optical to near-infrared to mid-infrared, for ˜6000 galaxies in the local Universe, we study the dependence of star formation on the morphological T-types for massive galaxies (log M*/M⊙ ≥ 10). We find that, early-type spirals (Sa-Sbc) and S0s predominate in the green valley, which is a transition zone between the star forming and quenched regions. Within the early-type spirals, as we move from Sa to Sbc spirals the fraction of green valley and quenched galaxies decreases, indicating the important role of the bulge in the quenching of galaxies. The fraction of early-type spirals decreases as we enter the green valley from the blue cloud, which coincides with the increase in the fraction of S0s. These points towards the morphological transformation of early-type spiral galaxies into S0s, which can happen due to environmental effects such as ram-pressure stripping, galaxy harassment or tidal interactions. We also find a second population of S0s that are actively star forming and are present in all environments. Since morphological T-type, specific star formation rate (sSFR), and environmental density are all correlated with each other, we compute the partial correlation coefficient for each pair of parameters while keeping the third parameter as a control variable. We find that morphology most strongly correlates with sSFR, independent of the environment, while the other two correlations (morphology-density and sSFR-environment) are weaker. Thus, we conclude that, for massive galaxies in the local Universe, the physical processes that shape their morphology are also the ones that determine their star-forming state.

Effects of short-term gentle treadmill walking on subchondral bone in a rat model of instability-induced osteoarthritis.

PubMed

Iijima, H; Aoyama, T; Ito, A; Yamaguchi, S; Nagai, M; Tajino, J; Zhang, X; Kuroki, H

2015-09-01

Subchondral bone cyst (SBC) growth, caused by osteoclast activity during early knee osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis, should be treated to prevent further progressions of OA. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of gentle treadmill walking on subchondral bone and cartilage changes in an experimental rat model of destabilized medial meniscus (DMM). Twelve-week-old Wistar rats underwent DMM surgery in their right knee and sham surgery in their left knee and were assigned to either the sedentary group or walking group (n = 42/group). Animals in the walking group were subjected to treadmill exercise 2 days after surgery, which included walking for 12 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 1, 2, and 4 week(s). Subchondral bone and cartilage changes were evaluated by micro-CT analysis, histological analysis, and biomechanical analysis. Treadmill walking had a tendency to suppress SBC growth, which was confirmed by micro-CT (P = 0.06) and positive staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity for the osteoclast number per bone surface (P = 0.09) 4 weeks after surgery. These changes coincide with the prevention of cartilage degeneration as evaluated by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score (P < 0.05) and biomechanically softening (P < 0.05). Furthermore, treadmill walking could suppressed increasing osteocyte deaths (P < 0.01), which was positively correlated with the OARSI score (r = 0.77; P < 0.01). These results indicate biomechanical and biological links exist between cartilage and subchondral bone; preventive effects of treadmill walking on subchondral bone deterioration might be partly explained by the chondroprotective effects. Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hydrocarbon Plume Dynamics in the Worldś Most Spectacular Hydrocarbon Seeps, Santa Barbara Channel, California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mau, S.; Reed, J.; Clark, J.; Valentine, D.

2006-12-01

Large quantities of natural gas are emitted from the seafloor into the coastal ocean near Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara Channel (SBC), California. Methane, ethane, and propane were quantified in the surface water at 79 stations in a 270 km2 area in order to map the surficial hydrocarbon plume and to quantify air-sea exchange of these gases. A time series was initiated for 14 stations to identify the variability of the mapped plume, and biologically-mediated oxidation rates of methane were measured to quantify the loss of methane in surface water. The hydrocarbon plume was found to comprise ~70 km2 and extended beyond study area. The plume width narrowed from 3 km near the source to 0.7 km further from the source, and then expanded to 6.7 km at the edge of the study area. This pattern matches the cyclonic gyre which is the normal current flow in this part of the Santa Barbara Channel - pushing water to the shore near the seep field and then broadening the plume while the water turns offshore further from the source. Concentrations of gaseous hydrocarbons decrease as the plume migrates. Time series sampling shows similar plume width and hydrocarbon concentrations when normal current conditions prevail. In contrast, smaller plume width and low hydrocarbon concentrations were observed when an additional anticyclonic eddy reversed the normal current flow, and a much broader plume with higher hydrocarbon concentrations was observed during a time of diminished speed within the current gyre. These results demonstrate that surface currents control hydrocarbon plume dynamics in the SBC, though hydrocarbon flux to the atmosphere is likely less dependent on currents. Estimates of air- sea hydrocarbon flux and biological oxidation rates will also be presented.

Modeling packed bed sorbent systems with the Pore Surface Diffusion Model: Evidence of facilitated surface diffusion of arsenate in nano-metal (hydr)oxide hybrid ion exchange media.

PubMed

Dale, Sachie; Markovski, Jasmina; Hristovski, Kiril D

2016-09-01

This study explores the possibility of employing the Pore Surface Diffusion Model (PSDM) to predict the arsenic breakthrough curve of a packed bed system operated under continuous flow conditions with realistic groundwater, and consequently minimize the need to conduct pilot scale tests. To provide the nano-metal (hydr)oxide hybrid ion exchange media's performance in realistic water matrices without engaging in taxing pilot scale testing, the multi-point equilibrium batch sorption tests under pseudo-equilibrium conditions were performed; arsenate breakthrough curve of short bed column (SBC) was predicted by the PSDM in the continuous flow experiments; SBC tests were conducted under the same conditions to validate the model. The overlapping Freundlich isotherms suggested that the water matrix and competing ions did not have any denoting effect on sorption capacity of the media when the matrix was changed from arsenic-only model water to real groundwater. As expected, the PSDM provided a relatively good prediction of the breakthrough profile for arsenic-only model water limited by intraparticle mass transports. In contrast, the groundwater breakthrough curve demonstrated significantly faster intraparticle mass transport suggesting to a surface diffusion process, which occurs in parallel to the pore diffusion. A simple selection of DS=1/2 DP appears to be sufficient when describing the facilitated surface diffusion of arsenate inside metal (hydr)oxide nano-enabled hybrid ion-exchange media in presence of sulfate, however, quantification of the factors determining the surface diffusion coefficient's magnitude under different treatment scenarios remained unexplored. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genome of Enterobacteriophage Lula/phi80 and Insights into Its Ability To Spread in the Laboratory Environment

PubMed Central

Rotman, Ella; Kouzminova, Elena; Plunkett, Guy

2012-01-01

The novel temperate bacteriophage Lula, contaminating laboratory Escherichia coli strains, turned out to be the well-known lambdoid phage phi80. Our previous studies revealed that two characteristics of Lula/phi80 facilitate its spread in the laboratory environment: cryptic lysogen productivity and stealthy infectivity. To understand the genetics/genomics behind these traits, we sequenced and annotated the Lula/phi80 genome, encountering an E. coli-toxic gene revealed as a gap in the sequencing contig and analyzing a few genes in more detail. Lula/phi80's genome layout copies that of lambda, yet homology with other lambdoid phages is mostly limited to the capsid genes. Lula/phi80's DNA is resistant to cutting with several restriction enzymes, suggesting DNA modification, but deletion of the phage's damL gene, coding for DNA adenine methylase, did not make DNA cuttable. The damL mutation of Lula/phi80 also did not change the phage titer in lysogen cultures, whereas the host dam mutation did increase it almost 100-fold. Since the high phage titer in cultures of Lula/phi80 lysogens is apparently in response to endogenous DNA damage, we deleted the only Lula/phi80 SOS-controlled gene, dinL. We found that dinL mutant lysogens release fewer phage in response to endogenous DNA damage but are unchanged in their response to external DNA damage. The toxic gene of Lula/phi80, gamL, encodes an inhibitor of the host ATP-dependent exonucleases, RecBCD and SbcCD. Its own antidote, agt, apparently encoding a modifier protein, was found nearby. Interestingly, Lula/phi80 lysogens are recD and sbcCD phenocopies, so GamL and Agt are part of lysogenic conversion. PMID:23042999

Calibration Transfer Between a Bench Scanning and a Submersible Diode Array Spectrophotometer for In Situ Wastewater Quality Monitoring in Sewer Systems.

PubMed

Brito, Rita S; Pinheiro, Helena M; Ferreira, Filipa; Matos, José S; Pinheiro, Alexandre; Lourenço, Nídia D

2016-03-01

Online monitoring programs based on spectroscopy have a high application potential for the detection of hazardous wastewater discharges in sewer systems. Wastewater hydraulics poses a challenge for in situ spectroscopy, especially when the system includes storm water connections leading to rapid changes in water depth, velocity, and in the water quality matrix. Thus, there is a need to optimize and fix the location of in situ instruments, limiting their availability for calibration. In this context, the development of calibration models on bench spectrophotometers to estimate wastewater quality parameters from spectra acquired with in situ instruments could be very useful. However, spectra contain information not only from the samples, but also from the spectrophotometer generally invalidating this approach. The use of calibration transfer methods is a promising solution to this problem. In this study, calibration models were developed using interval partial least squares (iPLS), for the estimation of total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sewage from Ultraviolet-visible spectra acquired in a bench scanning spectrophotometer. The feasibility of calibration transfer to a submersible, diode array equipment, to be subsequently operated in situ, was assessed using three procedures: slope and bias correction (SBC); single wavelength standardization (SWS) on mean spectra; and local centering (LC). The results showed that SBC was the most adequate for the available data, adding insignificant error to the base model estimates. Single wavelength standardization was a close second best, potentially more robust, and independent of the base iPLS model. Local centering was shown to be inadequate for the samples and instruments used. © The Author(s) 2016.

Hydrogeologic controls of surface-water chemistry in the Adirondack region of New York State

USGS Publications Warehouse

Peters, N.E.; Driscoll, C.T.

1987-01-01

Relationships between surface-water discharge, water chemistry, and watershed geology were investigated to evaluate factors affecting the sensitivity of drainage waters in the Adirondack region of New York to acidification by atmospheric deposition. Instantaneous discharge per unit area was derived from relationships between flow and staff-gage readings at 10 drainage basins throughout the region. The average chemical composition of the waters was assessed from monthly samples collected from July 1982 through July 1984. The ratio of flow at the 50-percent exceedence level to the flow at the 95-percent exceedence level of flow duration was negatively correlated with mean values of alkalinity or acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), sum of basic cations (SBC), and dissolved silica, for basins containing predominantly aluminosilicate minerals and little or no carbonate-bearing minerals. Low ratios are indicative of systems in which flow is predominately derived from surface- and ground-water storage, whereas high ratios are characteristic of watersheds with variable flow that is largely derived from surface runoff. In an evaluation of two representative surface-water sites, concentrations of ANC, SBC, and dissolved silica, derived primarily from soil mineral weathering reactions. decreased with increasing flow. Furthermore, the ANC was highest at low flow when the percentage of streamflow derived from ground water was maximum. As flow increased, the ANC decreased because the contribution of dilute surface runoff and lateral flow through the shallow acidic soil horizons to total flow increased. Basins having relatively high ground-water contributions to total flow, in general, have large deposits of thick till or stratified drift. A major factor controlling the sensitivity of these streams and lakes to acidification is the relative contribution of ground water to total discharge. ?? 1987 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers.

A Comparative Study on Physicochemical Characteristics of Raw Goat Milk Collected from Different Farms in Malaysia

PubMed Central

Jaafar, Syarifah Hazirah Syd; Hashim, Roshada; Hassan, Zaiton; Arifin, Norlelawati

2018-01-01

This study was conducted to determine the physical and chemical composition of goat milk produced by eight local farms located in the central region of Malaysia. Farms 1 to 4 (F1-SC, F2-SP, F3-SP, F4-SBC) reared Saanen-type goats while farms 5 to 8 (F5-JK, F6-JPEC, F7-JTC, F8-JC), Jamnapari-type goats. The common feedstuffs used in all farms comprised of fresh or silage from Napier grass, feed pellets, and brans while two farms, F5-JK and F6-JPEC supplemented the feeds with soybean-based product. The total solid content, dry matter, and proximate composition of goat milk and feedstuffs from the different farms were determined and the results analysed using principal component analysis. Total solid content of goat milk from the Jamnapari crossbreed had the highest solid content ranging from 11.81% to 17.54% compared to milk from farms with Saanen and Saanen crossbreed (10.95% to 14.63%). Jamnapari-type goats from F5-JK, F6-JPEC, and F8-JC had significantly higher (p < 0.05) milk fat and protein contents (7.36%, 7.14%, and 6.59% fat; 5.08%, 6.19%, and 4.23% protein, respectively) than milk from other farms but, milk produced by Saanen-type goats from F4-SBC contained similar protein content (4.34%) to that from F8-JC. Total ash and carbohydrate contents in milk ranged between 0.67% to 0.86% and 3.26% to 4.71%, respectively, regardless of goat breed. Feeding soybean-based products appear to have a positive influence on milk fat and protein content in Jamnaparitype goats. PMID:29644024

Spectral behavior of integrated optics asymmetric y-junction used for optimizing a planar optics telescope beam combiner

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schanen-Duport, Isabelle; Persegol, Dominique; Collomb, Virginie; Minier, Vincent; Haguenauer, Pierre

2017-11-01

Astronomical aperture synthesis requires to combine beams coming from telescopes, with constraints on mechanical and thermal stability, accuracy on the measurement of the interferences visibility. One adapted way for solving the problem is integrated planar optics. A first two telescope beam combiner made by ion exchange technique on glass substrate and build with symmetric Y-junction provides laboratory white light interferograms simultaneously with photometric calibration. In order to increase the interferometric signal without loss of photometric output, we propose to replace symmetric Y-junctions by asymmetric ones. In this paper, we report the conception, the manufacturing and the characterization of asymmetric Y-junction realized by ion exchange on glass substrate. The specific application of astronomical interferometry required the characterization of such component in term of spectral behavior, so we report the simulation and the measurement of asymmetric Y-junction response versus wavelength.

Electron Beam Pattern Rotation as a Method of Tunable Bunch Train Generation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Halavanau, A.; Piot, P.

Transversely modulated electron beams can be formed in photo injectors via microlens array (MLA) UV laser shap- ing technique. Microlenses can be arranged in polygonal lattices, with resulting transverse electron beam modula- tion mimicking the lenses pattern. Conventionally, square MLAs are used for UV laser beam shaping, and generated electron beam patterns form square beamlet arrays. The MLA setup can be placed on a rotational mount, thereby rotating electron beam distribution. In combination with transverse-to-longitudinal emittance exchange (EEX) beam line, it allows to vary beamlets horizontal projection and tune electron bunch train. In this paper, we extend the technique tomore » the case of different MLA lattice arrangements and explore the benefits of its rotational symmetries.« less

High brightness laser-diode device emitting 160 watts from a 100 μm/NA 0.22 fiber.

PubMed

Yu, Junhong; Guo, Linui; Wu, Hualing; Wang, Zhao; Tan, Hao; Gao, Songxin; Wu, Deyong; Zhang, Kai

2015-11-10

A practical method of achieving a high-brightness and high-power fiber-coupled laser-diode device is demonstrated both by experiment and ZEMAX software simulation, which is obtained by a beam transformation system, free-space beam combining, and polarization beam combining based on a mini-bar laser-diode chip. Using this method, fiber-coupled laser-diode module output power from the multimode fiber with 100 μm core diameter and 0.22 numerical aperture (NA) could reach 174 W, with equalizing brightness of 14.2  MW/(cm2·sr). By this method, much wider applications of fiber-coupled laser-diodes are anticipated.

Transverse vibrations of non-uniform beams. [combined finite element and Rayleigh-Ritz methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klein, L.

1974-01-01

The free vibrations of elastic beams with nonuniform characteristics are investigated theoretically by a new method. The new method is seen to combine the advantages of a finite element approach and of a Rayleigh-Ritz analysis. Comparison with the known analytical results for uniform beams shows good convergence of the method for natural frequencies and modes. For internal shear forces and bending moments, the rate of convergence is less rapid. Results from experiments conducted with a cantilevered helicopter blade with strong nonuniformities and also from alternative theoretical methods, indicate that the theory adequately predicts natural frequencies and mode shapes. General guidelines for efficient use of the method are presented.

Investigation of the Structural Behavior and Maximum Bending Strength of Six Multiweb Beams with Three Types of Webs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peterson, James P.; Bruce, Walter E., Jr.

1959-01-01

The results of bending tests on six multiweb beams of optimum weight-strength design are presented. The internal structure of the beams consisted of various combinations of two types of full-depth solid webs and a post-stringer web. The observed structural behavior, buckling load, and failing load of the beams are compared with results obtained by the use of existing methods of analysis and found to be quite predictable.

Combining Two-Photon Polymerisation and Photoreduction to Enable the Manufacture of Metamaterials at the Nanosale

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-13

the laser beam spot. High-intensity laser irradiation expends the ions quickly in the vicinity of laser beam spot, and the resulting lack of metal...only in a narrow band within the laser beam profile, feature sizes can be below the diffraction limit of light. The mechanism of two-photon...femtosecond laser beam is focused into a photo-reactive resin containing a mixture of monomer and metal salt. A photoinitiator is excited by the

Generation of spirally polarized propagation-invariant beam using fiber microaxicon.

PubMed

Philip, Geo M; Viswanathan, Nirmal K

2011-10-01

We present here a fiber microaxicon (MA)based method to generate spirally polarized propagation-invariant optical beam. MA chemically etched in the tip of a two-mode fiber efficiently converts the generic cylindrically polarized vortex fiber mode into a spirally polarized propagation-invariant (Bessel-type) beam via radial dependence of polarization rotation angle. The combined roles of helico-conical phase and nonparaxial propagation in the generation and characteristics of the output beam from the fiber MA are discussed. © 2011 Optical Society of America

High Precision Material Study at Near Millimeter Wavelengths.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-30

propagating through these tubes , the beams are allowed to expand for a short distance in free space before they are combined by a mylar -film beam- splitter...Laser Precision Rkp-5200). 22 6 The attenuation of the low-loss EH mode in circular plexiglass tubes of I.D. 0.95 cm, and of various lengths. he...pyroelectric detectors (Laser Precision Rkp-545): L L, and L TPx lens; BS1, wire-mesh beam splitter; BS, mylar -film beam splitter; DPC, double-prism coupler

Modal domain fiber optic sensor for closed loop vibration control of a flexible beam

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cox, D.; Thomas, D.; Reichard, K.; Lindner, D.; Claus, R. O.

1990-01-01

The use of a modal domain sensor in a vibration control experiment is described. An optical fiber is bonded along the length of a flexible beam. A control signal derived from the output of the modal domain sensor is used to suppress vibrations induced in the beam. A distributed effect model for the modal domain sensor is developed and combined with models of the beam and actuator dynamics to produce a system suitable for control design.

Enhanced backscatter of optical beams reflected in turbulent air

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nelson, W.; Palastro, J. P.; Wu, C.; Davis, C. C.

2015-07-01

Optical beams propagating through air acquire phase distortions from turbulent fluctuations in the refractive index. While these distortions are usually deleterious to propagation, beams reflected in a turbulent medium can undergo a local recovery of spatial coherence and intensity enhancement referred to as enhanced backscatter (EBS). Using a combination of lab-scale experiments and simulations, we investigate the EBS of optical beams reflected from corner cubes and rough surfaces, and identify the regimes in which EBS is most distinctly observed.

Laser speckle strain and deformation sensor using linear array image cross-correlation method for specifically arranged triple-beam triple-camera configuration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sarrafzadeh-Khoee, Adel K. (Inventor)

2000-01-01

The invention provides a method of triple-beam and triple-sensor in a laser speckle strain/deformation measurement system. The triple-beam/triple-camera configuration combined with sequential timing of laser beam shutters is capable of providing indications of surface strain and structure deformations. The strain and deformation quantities, the four variables of surface strain, in-plane displacement, out-of-plane displacement and tilt, are determined in closed form solutions.

Progress in four-beam nulling: results from the Terrestrial Planet Finder planet detection testbed

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martin, Stefan

2006-01-01

The Terrestrial Planet Finder Interferometer (TPF-I) is a large space telescope consisting of four 4 meter diameter telescopes flying in formation in space together with a fifth beam combiner spacecraft.

Progress in four-beam nulling: results from the Terrestrial Planet Finder Planet Detection Testbed

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martin, Stefan

2006-01-01

The Terrestrial Planet Finder Interferometer (TPF-I) is a large space telescope consisting of four 4 meter diameter telescopes flying in formation in space together with a fifth beam combiner spacecraft.

Combined electron-beam and coagulation purification of molasses distillery slops. Features of the method, technical and economic evaluation of large-scale facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pikaev, A. K.; Ponomarev, A. V.; Bludenko, A. V.; Minin, V. N.; Elizar'eva, L. M.

2001-04-01

The paper summarizes the results obtained from the study on combined electron-beam and coagulation method for purification of molasses distillery slops from distillery produced ethyl alcohol by fermentation of grain, potato, beet and some other plant materials. The method consists in preliminary mixing of industrial wastewater with municipal wastewater, electron-beam treatment of the mixture and subsequent coagulation. Technical and economic evaluation of large-scale facility (output of 7000 m 3 day -1) with two powerful cascade electron accelerators (total maximum beam power of 400 kW) for treatment of the wastewater by the above method was carried out. It was calculated that the cost of purification of the wastes is equal to 0.25 US$ m -3 that is noticeably less than in the case of the existing method.

A combined thermal dissociation and electron impact ionization source for RIB generation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alton, G.D.; Williams, C.

1995-12-31

The probability for simultaneously dissociating and efficiently ionizing the individual atomic constituents of molecular feed materials with conventional, hot-cathode, electron-impact ion sources is low and consequently, the ion beams from these sources often appear as mixtures of several molecular sideband beams. This fragmentation process leads to dilution of the intensity of the species of interest for RIB applications where beam intensity is at a premium. We have conceived an ion source that combines the excellent molecular dissociation properties of a thermal dissociator and the high ionization efficiency characteristics of an electron impact ionization source that will, in principle, overcome thismore » handicap. The source concept will be evaluated as a potential candidate for use for RIB generation at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF), now under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The design features and principles of operation of the source are described in this article.« less

Generation of polarization squeezed light with an optical parametric amplifier at 795 nm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Yashuai; Wen, Xin; Liu, Jinyu; He, Jun; Wang, Junmin

2018-06-01

We report the experimental demonstration of polarization squeezed beam at 795 nm by combining a quadrature amplitude squeezed beam with an in-phase bright coherent beam. The quadrature amplitude squeezed beam is generated by a degenerate optical parametric amplifier based on a PPKTP crystal. Stokes operators Sˆ2 squeezing of -3.8 dB and Sˆ3 anti-squeezing of +5.0 dB have been observed. This polarization squeezed beam resonant to rubidium D1 line has potential applications in quantum information networks and precision measurement beyond the shot noise limit.

SU-E-J-181: Effect of Prostate Motion On Combined Brachytherapy and External Beam Dose Based On Daily Motion of the Prostate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Narayana, V; McLaughlin, P; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

2015-06-15

Purpose: In this study, the adequacy of target expansions on the combined external beam and implant dose was examined based on the measured daily motion of the prostate. Methods: Thirty patients received an I–125 prostate implant prescribed to dose of 90Gy. This was followed by external beam to deliver a dose of 90Gyeq (external beam equivalent) to the prostate over 25 to 30 fractions. An ideal IMRT plan was developed by optimizing the external beam dose based on the delivered implant dose. The implant dose was converted to an equivalent external beam dose using the linear quadratic model. Patients weremore » set up on the treatment table by daily orthogonal imaging and aligning the marker seeds in the prostate. Orthogonal images were obtained at the end of treatment to assess prostate intrafraction motion. Based on the observed motion of the markers between the initial and final images, 5 individual plans showing the actual dose delivered to the patient were calculated. A final true dose distribution was established based on summing the implant dose and the 5 external beam plans. Dose to the prostate, seminal vesicles, lymphnodes and normal tissues, rectal wall, urethra and lower sphincter were calculated and compared to ideal. On 18 patients who were sexually active, dose to the corpus cavernosum and internal pudendal artery was also calculated. Results: The average prostate motion in 3 orthogonal directions was less than 1 mm with a standard deviation of less than +2 mm. Dose and volume parameters showed that there was no decrease in dose to the targets and a marginal decrease in dose to in normal tissues. Conclusion: Dose delivered by seed implant moves with the prostate, decreasing the impact of intrafractions dose movement on actual dose delivered. Combined brachytherapy and external beam dose delivered to the prostate was not sensitive to prostate motion.« less

Method and apparatus for laser-controlled proton beam radiology

DOEpatents

Johnstone, Carol J.

1998-01-01

A proton beam radiology system provides cancer treatment and proton radiography. The system includes an accelerator for producing an H.sup.- beam and a laser source for generating a laser beam. A photodetachment module is located proximate the periphery of the accelerator. The photodetachment module combines the H.sup.- beam and laser beam to produce a neutral beam therefrom within a subsection of the H.sup.- beam. The photodetachment module emits the neutral beam along a trajectory defined by the laser beam. The photodetachment module includes a stripping foil which forms a proton beam from the neutral beam. The proton beam is delivered to a conveyance segment which transports the proton beam to a patient treatment station. The photodetachment module further includes a laser scanner which moves the laser beam along a path transverse to the cross-section of the H.sup.- beam in order to form the neutral beam in subsections of the H.sup.- beam. As the scanning laser moves across the H.sup.- beam, it similarly varies the trajectory of the proton beam emitted from the photodetachment module and in turn varies the target location of the proton beam upon the patient. Intensity modulation of the proton beam can also be achieved by controlling the output of the laser.

Method and apparatus for laser-controlled proton beam radiology

DOEpatents

Johnstone, C.J.

1998-06-02

A proton beam radiology system provides cancer treatment and proton radiography. The system includes an accelerator for producing an H{sup {minus}} beam and a laser source for generating a laser beam. A photodetachment module is located proximate the periphery of the accelerator. The photodetachment module combines the H{sup {minus}} beam and laser beam to produce a neutral beam therefrom within a subsection of the H{sup {minus}} beam. The photodetachment module emits the neutral beam along a trajectory defined by the laser beam. The photodetachment module includes a stripping foil which forms a proton beam from the neutral beam. The proton beam is delivered to a conveyance segment which transports the proton beam to a patient treatment station. The photodetachment module further includes a laser scanner which moves the laser beam along a path transverse to the cross-section of the H{sup {minus}} beam in order to form the neutral beam in subsections of the H{sup {minus}} beam. As the scanning laser moves across the H{sup {minus}} beam, it similarly varies the trajectory of the proton beam emitted from the photodetachment module and in turn varies the target location of the proton beam upon the patient. Intensity modulation of the proton beam can also be achieved by controlling the output of the laser. 9 figs.

MMI-based MOEMS FT spectrometer for visible and IR spectral ranges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Demerdash, Bassem M.; Medhat, Mostafa; Sabry, Yasser M.; Saadany, Bassam; Khalil, Diaa

2014-03-01

MEMS spectrometers have very strong potential in future healthcare and environmental monitoring applications, where Michelson interferometers are the core optical engine. Recently, MEMS Michelson interferometers based on using silicon interface as a beam splitter (BS) has been proposed [7, 8]. This allows having a monolithically-integrated on-chip FTIR spectrometer. However silicon BS exhibits high absorption loss in the visible range and high material dispersion in the near infrared (NIR) range. For this reason, we propose in this work a novel MOEMS interferometer allowing operation over wider spectral range covering both the infrared (IR) and the visible ranges. The proposed architecture is based on spatial splitting and combining of optical beams using the imaging properties of Multi-Mode Interference MMI waveguide. The proposed structure includes an optical splitter for spatial splitting an input beam into two beams and a combiner for spatial combining the two interferometer beams. A MEMS moveable mirror is provided to produce an optical path difference between the two beams. The new interferometer is fabricated using DRIE technology on an SOI wafer. The movable mirror is metalized and attached to a comb-drive actuator fabricated in the same lithography step in a self-aligned manner on chip. The novel interferometer is tested as a Fourier transform spectrometer. Red laser, IR laser and absorption spectra of different materials are measured with a resolution of 2.5 nm at 635-nm wavelength. The structure is a very compact one that allows its integration and fabrication on a large scale with very low cost.

Generalized expression for optical source fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kamacıoğlu, Canan; Baykal, Yahya

2012-09-01

A generalized optical beam expression is developed that presents the majority of the existing optical source fields such as Bessel, Laguerre-Gaussian, dark hollow, bottle, super Gaussian, Lorentz, super-Lorentz, flat-topped, Hermite-sinusoidal-Gaussian, sinusoidal-Gaussian, annular, Gauss-Legendre, vortex, also their higher order modes with their truncated, elegant and elliptical versions. Source intensity profiles derived from the generalized optical source beam fields are checked to match the intensity profiles of many individual known beam types. Source intensities for several interesting beam combinations are presented. Our generalized optical source beam field expression can be used to examine both the source characteristics and the propagation properties of many different optical beams in a single formulation.

Technical Note: A Monte Carlo study of magnetic-field-induced radiation dose effects in mice

PubMed Central

Liao, Zhongxing; Melancon, Adam D.; Guindani, Michele; Followill, David S.; Tailor, Ramesh C.; Hazle, John D.; Court, Laurence E.

2015-01-01

Purpose: Magnetic fields are known to alter radiation dose deposition. Before patients receive treatment using an MRI-linear accelerator (MRI-Linac), preclinical studies are needed to understand the biological consequences of magnetic-field-induced dose effects. In the present study, the authors sought to identify a beam energy and magnetic field strength combination suitable for preclinical murine experiments. Methods: Magnetic field dose effects were simulated in a mouse lung phantom using various beam energies (225 kVp, 350 kVp, 662 keV [Cs-137], 2 MV, and 1.25 MeV [Co-60]) and magnetic field strengths (0.75, 1.5, and 3 T). The resulting dose distributions were compared with those in a simulated human lung phantom irradiated with a 6 or 8 MV beam and orthogonal 1.5 T magnetic field. Results: In the human lung phantom, the authors observed a dose increase of 45% and 54% at the soft-tissue-to-lung interface and a dose decrease of 41% and 48% at the lung-to-soft-tissue interface for the 6 and 8 MV beams, respectively. In the mouse simulations, the magnetic fields had no measurable effect on the 225 or 350 kVp dose distribution. The dose increases with the Cs-137 beam for the 0.75, 1.5, and 3 T magnetic fields were 9%, 29%, and 42%, respectively. The dose decreases were 9%, 21%, and 37%. For the 2 MV beam, the dose increases were 16%, 33%, and 31% and the dose decreases were 9%, 19%, and 30%. For the Co-60 beam, the dose increases were 19%, 54%, and 44%, and the dose decreases were 19%, 42%, and 40%. Conclusions: The magnetic field dose effects in the mouse phantom using a Cs-137, 3 T combination or a Co-60, 1.5 or 3 T combination most closely resemble those in simulated human treatments with a 6 MV, 1.5 T MRI-Linac. The effects with a Co-60, 1.5 T combination most closely resemble those in simulated human treatments with an 8 MV, 1.5 T MRI-Linac. PMID:26328998

Interferometric source of multi-color, multi-beam entangled photons with mirror and mixer

DOEpatents

Dress, William B.; Kisner, Roger A.; Richards, Roger K.

2004-06-01

53 Systems and methods are described for an interferometric source of multi-color, multi-beam entangled photons. An apparatus includes: a multi-refringent device optically coupled to a source of coherent energy, the multi-refringent device providing a beam of multi-color entangled photons; a condenser device optically coupled to the multi-refringent device, the condenser device i) including a mirror and a mixer and ii) converging two spatially resolved portions of the beam of multi-color entangled photons into a converged multi-color entangled photon beam; a tunable phase adjuster optically coupled to the condenser device, the tunable phase adjuster changing a phase of at least a portion of the converged multi-color entangled photon beam to generate a first interferometeric multi-color entangled photon beam; and a beam splitter optically coupled to the condenser device, the beam splitter combining the first interferometeric multi-color entangled photon beam with a second interferometric multi-color entangled photon beam.

Measurement and interpretation of electron angle at MABE beam stop

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanford, T.W.L.; Coleman, P.D.; Poukey, J.W.

1985-01-01

This analysis shows that radiation measurements combined with a sophisticated simulation provides a simple but powerful tool for estimating beam temperature in intense pulsed annular electron-beam accelerators. Specifically, the mean angle of incidence of a 60 kA, 7 MeV annular electron-beam at the beam stop of the MABE accelerator and the transverse beam temperature are determined. The angle is extracted by comparing dose profiles measured downstream of the stop with that expected from a simulation of the electron/photon transport in the stop. By calculating and removing the effect on the trajectories due to the change in electric field near themore » stop, the beam temperature is determined. Such measurements help give insight to beam generation and propagation within the accelerator. 9 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less

High-power laser diodes with high polarization purity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosenkrantz, Etai; Yanson, Dan; Peleg, Ophir; Blonder, Moshe; Rappaport, Noam; Klumel, Genady

2017-02-01

Fiber-coupled laser diode modules employ power scaling of single emitters for fiber laser pumping. To this end, techniques such as geometrical, spectral and polarization beam combining (PBC) are used. For PBC, linear polarization with high degree of purity is important, as any non-perfectly polarized light leads to losses and heating. Furthermore, PBC is typically performed in a collimated portion of the beams, which also cancels the angular dependence of the PBC element, e.g., beam-splitter. However, we discovered that single emitters have variable degrees of polarization, which depends both on the operating current and far-field divergence. We present data to show angle-resolved polarization measurements that correlate with the ignition of high-order modes in the slow-axis emission of the emitter. We demonstrate that the ultimate laser brightness includes not only the standard parameters such as power, emitting area and beam divergence, but also the degree of polarization (DoP), which is a strong function of the latter. Improved slow-axis divergence, therefore, contributes not only to high brightness but also high beam combining efficiency through polarization.

Polychromatic polarization microscope: bringing colors to a colorless world.

PubMed

Shribak, Michael

2015-11-27

Interference of two combined white light beams produces Newton colors if one of the beams is retarded relative to the other by from 400 nm to 2000 nm. In this case the corresponding interfering spectral components are added as two scalars at the beam combination. If the retardance is below 400 nm the two-beam interference produces grey shades only. The interference colors are widely used for analyzing birefringent samples in mineralogy. However, many of biological structures have retardance <100 nm. Therefore, cells and tissues under a regular polarization microscope are seen as grey image, which contrast disappears at certain orientations. Here we are proposing for the first time using vector interference of polarized light in which the full spectrum colors are created at retardance of several nanometers, with the hue determined by orientation of the birefringent structure. The previously colorless birefringent images of organelles, cells, and tissues become vividly colored. This approach can open up new possibilities for the study of biological specimens with weak birefringent structures, diagnosing various diseases, imaging low birefringent crystals, and creating new methods for controlling colors of the light beam.

BNL ATF II beamlines design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fedurin, M.; Jing, Y.; Stratakis, D.

The Brookhaven National Laboratory. Accelerator Test Facility (BNL ATF) is currently undergoing a major upgrade (ATF-II). Together with a new location and much improved facilities, the ATF will see an upgrade in its major capabilities: electron beam energy and quality and CO 2 laser power. The electron beam energy will be increased in stages, first to 100-150 MeV followed by a further increase to 500 MeV. Combined with the planned increase in CO 2 laser power (from 1-100 TW), the ATF-II will be a powerful tool for Advanced Accelerator research. A high-brightness electron beam, produced by a photocathode gun, willmore » be accelerated and optionally delivered to multiple beamlines. Besides the energy range (up to a possible 500 MeV in the final stage) the electron beam can be tailored to each experiment with options such as: small transverse beam size (<10 um), short bunch length (<100 fsec) and, combined short and small bunch options. This report gives a detailed overview of the ATFII capabilities and beamlines configuration.« less

The Load-Bearing Capacity of Timber-Glass Composite I-Beams Made with Polyurethane Adhesives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodacki, Konrad

2017-12-01

This article discusses the issue of composite timber-glass I-beams, which are an interesting alternative for load-bearing beams of ceilings and roofs. The reasoning behind the use of timber-glass I-beams is the combination of the best features of both materials - this enables the creation of particularly safe beams with regard to structural stability and post-breakage load capacity. Due to the significant differences between the bonding surfaces of timber and glass, a study on the adhesion of various adhesives to both surfaces is presented at the beginning of the paper. After examination, two adhesives were selected for offering the best performance when used with composite beams. The beams were investigated using a four-point bending test under quasi-static loading.

A dose optimization method for electron radiotherapy using randomized aperture beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Engel, Konrad; Gauer, Tobias

2009-09-01

The present paper describes the entire optimization process of creating a radiotherapy treatment plan for advanced electron irradiation. Special emphasis is devoted to the selection of beam incidence angles and beam energies as well as to the choice of appropriate subfields generated by a refined version of intensity segmentation and a novel random aperture approach. The algorithms have been implemented in a stand-alone programme using dose calculations from a commercial treatment planning system. For this study, the treatment planning system Pinnacle from Philips has been used and connected to the optimization programme using an ASCII interface. Dose calculations in Pinnacle were performed by Monte Carlo simulations for a remote-controlled electron multileaf collimator (MLC) from Euromechanics. As a result, treatment plans for breast cancer patients could be significantly improved when using randomly generated aperture beams. The combination of beams generated through segmentation and randomization achieved the best results in terms of target coverage and sparing of critical organs. The treatment plans could be further improved by use of a field reduction algorithm. Without a relevant loss in dose distribution, the total number of MLC fields and monitor units could be reduced by up to 20%. In conclusion, using randomized aperture beams is a promising new approach in radiotherapy and exhibits potential for further improvements in dose optimization through a combination of randomized electron and photon aperture beams.

[Combined CO2 and Nd-YAG laser in neurosurgical practice. A 1st experience apropos of 40 intracranial procedures].

PubMed

Roux, F X; Leriche, B; Cioloca, C; Devaux, B; Turak, B; Nohra, G

1992-01-01

The authors present their experience concerning the use of Combolaser (Lasermatic, Finland), in neurosurgery. This laser-unit combines two wavelengths (CO2 and 1.06 Nd-YAG) which are emitted simultaneously and coaxially. During the last 12 months, 40 patients harbouring an intracranial tumor were operated upon with such a combolaser unit: 8 infra-tentorial, 32 supra-tentorial, 17 were meningiomas. The mean output power used during the procedures was 3-5 w for both CO2 and Nd-YAG beams. The authors discuss the advantages and inconveniences of such a laser; and they compare it with the other laser-units they have been using for the last 10 years: CO2-Laser, 1.06 Nd-YAG and 1.32 Nd-YAG laser. The main inconvenience of this unit is linked to the utilization of the articulated arm which conducts the CO2 laser beam. This drawback should be avoided or limited by the use of a fiber microguide, which will conduct both CO2 and Nd-YAG beams simultaneously. The principal contribution of a combined-laser unit is the quality of the haemostasis associated to a very good vaporization and cutting effect. When both wavelengths are synchronized, the combined laser beams penetrate into the nervous parenchyma more deeply than the only CO2 laser beam would with the same parameters. The vaporization effect is identical to that obtained with the isolated CO2 laser; the quality of haemostasis is limited to the effects of the Nd-YAG laser. Another advantage must be emphasized: the possibility of utilizing separately the CO2 laser and the 1.06 Nd-YAG.

Multi-octave spectral beam combiner on ultra-broadband photonic integrated circuit platform.

PubMed

Stanton, Eric J; Heck, Martijn J R; Bovington, Jock; Spott, Alexander; Bowers, John E

2015-05-04

We present the design of a novel platform that is able to combine optical frequency bands spanning 4.2 octaves from ultraviolet to mid-wave infrared into a single, low M2 output waveguide. We present the design and realization of a key component in this platform that combines the wavelength bands of 350 nm - 1500 nm and 1500 nm - 6500 nm with demonstrated efficiency greater than 90% in near-infrared and mid-wave infrared. The multi-octave spectral beam combiner concept is realized using an integrated platform with silicon nitride waveguides and silicon waveguides. Simulated bandwidth is shown to be over four octaves, and measured bandwidth is shown over two octaves, limited by the availability of sources.

Generation of dark hollow beam via coherent combination based on adaptive optics.

PubMed

Zheng, Yi; Wang, Xiaohua; Shen, Feng; Li, Xinyang

2010-12-20

A novel method for generating a dark hollow beam (DHB) is proposed and studied both theoretically and experimentally. A coherent combination technique for laser arrays is implemented based on adaptive optics (AO). A beam arraying structure and an active segmented mirror are designed and described. Piston errors are extracted by a zero-order interference detection system with the help of a custom-made photo-detectors array. An algorithm called the extremum approach is adopted to calculate feedback control signals. A dynamic piston error is imported by LiNbO₃ to test the capability of the AO servo. In a closed loop the stable and clear DHB is obtained. The experimental results confirm the feasibility of the concept.

Distributed fiber strain and vibration sensor based on Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry and polarization optical time-domain reflectometry.

PubMed

Wang, Feng; Zhang, Xuping; Wang, Xiangchuan; Chen, Haisheng

2013-07-15

A distributed fiber strain and vibration sensor which effectively combines Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry and polarization optical time-domain reflectometry is proposed. Two reference beams with orthogonal polarization states are, respectively, used to perform the measurement. By using the signal obtained from either reference beam, the vibration of fiber can be measured from the polarization effect. After combining the signals obtained by both reference beams, the strain can be measured from the Brillouin effect. In the experiment, 10 m spatial resolution, 0.6 kHz frequency measurement range, 2.5 Hz frequency resolution, and 0.2 MHz uncertainty of Brillouin frequency measurement are realized for a 4 km sensing distance.

Long-term stable coherent beam combination of independent femtosecond Yb-fiber lasers.

PubMed

Tian, Haochen; Song, Youjian; Meng, Fei; Fang, Zhanjun; Hu, Minglie; Wang, Chingyue

2016-11-15

We demonstrate coherent beam combination between independent femtosecond Yb-fiber lasers by using the active phase locking of relative pulse timing and the carrier envelope phase based on a balanced optical cross-correlator and extracavity acoustic optical frequency shifter, respectively. The broadband quantum noise of femtosecond fiber lasers is suppressed via precise cavity dispersion control, instead of complicated high-bandwidth phase-locked loop design. Because of reduced quantum noise and a simplified phase-locked loop, stable phase locking that lasts for 1 hour has been obtained, as verified via both spectral interferometry and far-field beam interferometry. The approach can be applied to coherent pulse synthesis, as well as to remote frequency comb connection, allowing a practical all-fiber configuration.

Scanning Optical Head with Nontilted Reference Beam: Assuring Nanoradian Accuracy for a New Generation Surface Profiler in the Large-Slope Testing Range

DOE PAGES

Qian, Shinan

2011-01-01

Nmore » anoradian Surface Profilers (SPs) are required for state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation optics and high-precision optical measurements. ano-radian accuracy must be maintained in the large-angle test range. However, the beams' notable lateral motions during tests of most operating profilers, combined with the insufficiencies of their optical components, generate significant errors of ∼ 1  μ rad rms in the measurements. The solution to nano-radian accuracy for the new generation of surface profilers in this range is to apply a scanning optical head, combined with nontilted reference beam. I describe here my comparison of different scan modes and discuss some test results.« less

Generation of hollow Gaussian beams by spatial filtering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zhengjun; Zhao, Haifa; Liu, Jianlong; Lin, Jie; Ashfaq Ahmad, Muhammad; Liu, Shutian

2007-08-01

We demonstrate that hollow Gaussian beams can be obtained from Fourier transform of the differentials of a Gaussian beam, and thus they can be generated by spatial filtering in the Fourier domain with spatial filters that consist of binomial combinations of even-order Hermite polynomials. A typical 4f optical system and a Michelson interferometer type system are proposed to implement the proposed scheme. Numerical results have proved the validity and effectiveness of this method. Furthermore, other polynomial Gaussian beams can also be generated by using this scheme. This approach is simple and may find significant applications in generating the dark hollow beams for nanophotonic technology.

Generation of hollow Gaussian beams by spatial filtering.

PubMed

Liu, Zhengjun; Zhao, Haifa; Liu, Jianlong; Lin, Jie; Ahmad, Muhammad Ashfaq; Liu, Shutian

2007-08-01

We demonstrate that hollow Gaussian beams can be obtained from Fourier transform of the differentials of a Gaussian beam, and thus they can be generated by spatial filtering in the Fourier domain with spatial filters that consist of binomial combinations of even-order Hermite polynomials. A typical 4f optical system and a Michelson interferometer type system are proposed to implement the proposed scheme. Numerical results have proved the validity and effectiveness of this method. Furthermore, other polynomial Gaussian beams can also be generated by using this scheme. This approach is simple and may find significant applications in generating the dark hollow beams for nanophotonic technology.

Measurement of the transverse four-dimensional beam rms-emittance of an intense uranium beam at 11.4 MeV/u

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, C.; Groening, L.; Gerhard, P.; Maier, M.; Mickat, S.; Vormann, H.

2016-06-01

Knowledge of the transverse four-dimensional beam rms-parameters is essential for applications that involve lattice elements that couple the two transverse degrees of freedom (planes). Usually pepper-pots are used for measuring these beam parameters. However, for ions their application is limited to energies below 150 keV/u. This contribution is on measurements of the full transverse four-dimensional second-moments beam matrix of high intensity uranium ions at an energy of 11.4 MeV/u. The combination of skew quadrupoles with a slit/grid emittance measurement device has been successfully applied.

Broadband beam steering using chalcogenide-based Risley prisms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Florea, Catalin; Sanghera, Jasbinder; Aggarwal, Ishwar

2011-03-01

In this paper, we propose using chalcogenide glasses for improved, large-angle, beam steering of infrared radiation, with minimal spectral dispersion and improved thermal performance over wavelength intervals covering the 2 to 12-μm range. For example, we evaluate that full-angle dispersion in the 2 to 5 μm region for LiF/As2S3 combination should be three times smaller than in the case of LiF/ZnS combination. We also evaluate that using the ZnSe/As2Se3 combination will provide twice as small thermal walk-off than a similar ZnS/Ge system in the 8 to 12-μm region.

Development of a very small telescope for a milli-arcsec space astrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suganuma, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Gouda, N.; Yano, T.; Yamada, Y.; Takato, N.; Yamauchi, M.

2008-07-01

We are preparing a reflecting telescope for Nano-JASMINE, a very small satellite for global space astrometry of milli-arcsecond accuracy. The telescope has a 5-cm diameter primary mirror and a beam-combiner in front of it. It occupies only about 12x12x17cm and is entirely made out of aluminum alloy. The telescope and its surrounding structures are carefully designed for thermal stability of the optics, especially to control changes in the relative angle of the beam-combiner.