21 CFR 312.81 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Scope. 312.81 Section 312.81 Food and Drugs FOOD... § 312.81 Scope. This section applies to new drug and biological products that are being studied for... likelihood of death is high unless the course of the disease is interrupted; and (2) Diseases or conditions...

The importance of having a flexible scope ISO 15189 accreditation and quality specifications based on biological variation--the case of validation of the biochemistry analyzer Dimension Vista.

PubMed

Fernandez-Calle, Pilar; Pelaz, Sandra; Oliver, Paloma; Alcaide, Maria Jose; Gomez-Rioja, Ruben; Buno, Antonio; Iturzaeta, Jose Manuel

2013-01-01

Technological innovation requires the laboratories to ensure that modifications or incorporations of new techniques do not alter the quality of their results. In an ISO 15189 accredited laboratory, flexible scope accreditation facilitates the inclusion of these changes prior to accreditation body evaluation. A strategy to perform the validation of a biochemistry analyzer in an accredited laboratory having a flexible scope is shown. A validation procedure including the evaluation of imprecision and bias of two Dimension Vista analysers 1500 was conducted. Comparability of patient results between one of them and the lately replaced Dimension RxL Max was evaluated. All studies followed the respective Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols. 30 chemistry assays were studied. Coefficients of variation, percent bias and total error were calculated for all tests and biological variation was considered as acceptance criteria. Quality control material and patient samples were used as test materials. Interchangeability of the results was established by processing forty patients' samples in both devices. 27 of the 30 studied parameters met allowable performance criteria. Sodium, chloride and magnesium did not fulfil acceptance criteria. Evidence of interchangeability of patient results was obtained for all parameters except magnesium, NT-proBNP, cTroponin I and C-reactive protein. A laboratory having a well structured and documented validation procedure can opt to get a flexible scope of accreditation. In addition, performing these activities prior to use on patient samples may evidence technical issues which must be corrected to minimize their impact on patient results.

10 CFR 33.15 - Requirements for the issuance of a Type C specific license of broad scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... OF BROAD SCOPE FOR BYPRODUCT MATERIAL Specific Licenses of Broad Scope § 33.15 Requirements for the... this chapter; and (b) The applicant submits a statement that byproduct material will be used only by... bachelor level, or equivalent training and experience, in the physical or biological sciences or in...

Polarized light imaging of birefringence and diattenuation at high resolution and high sensitivity

PubMed Central

Mehta, Shalin B.; Shribak, Michael; Oldenbourg, Rudolf

2013-01-01

Polarized light microscopy provides unique opportunities for analyzing the molecular order in man-made and natural materials, including biological structures inside living cells, tissues, and whole organisms. 20 years ago, the LC-PolScope was introduced as a modern version of the traditional polarizing microscope enhanced by liquid crystal devices for the control of polarization, and by electronic imaging and digital image processing for fast and comprehensive image acquisition and analysis. The LCPolScope is commonly used for birefringence imaging, analyzing the spatial and temporal variations of the differential phase delay in ordered and transparent materials. Here we describe an alternative use of the LC-PolScope for imaging the polarization dependent transmittance of dichroic materials. We explain the minor changes needed to convert the instrument between the two imaging modes, discuss the relationship between the quantities measured with either instrument, and touch on the physical connection between refractive index, birefringence, transmittance, diattenuation, and dichroism. PMID:24273640

"We Understood It More 'Cause We Were Doin' It Ourself": Students' Self-Described Connections between Participation and Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Christie, Mary Ann

The experiences and responses of high school biology students using the GenScope computer program are described. GenScope represents genetic concepts in a linked multilevel fashion to teach students to think like scientists. Many GenScope problems use a fictitious dragon species to illustrate genetics. Students can manipulate the dragons' genes to…

The importance of having a flexible scope ISO 15189 accreditation and quality specifications based on biological variation – the case of validation of the biochemistry analyzer Dimension Vista

PubMed Central

Fernandez-Calle, Pilar; Pelaz, Sandra; Oliver, Paloma; Alcaide, Maria Jose; Gomez-Rioja, Ruben; Buno, Antonio; Iturzaeta, Jose Manuel

2013-01-01

Introduction Technological innovation requires the laboratories to ensure that modifications or incorporations of new techniques do not alter the quality of their results. In an ISO 15189 accredited laboratory, flexible scope accreditation facilitates the inclusion of these changes prior to accreditation body evaluation. A strategy to perform the validation of a biochemistry analyzer in an accredited laboratory having a flexible scope is shown. Materials and methods: A validation procedure including the evaluation of imprecision and bias of two Dimension Vista analysers 1500 was conducted. Comparability of patient results between one of them and the lately replaced Dimension RxL Max was evaluated. All studies followed the respective Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols. 30 chemistry assays were studied. Coefficients of variation, percent bias and total error were calculated for all tests and biological variation was considered as acceptance criteria. Quality control material and patient samples were used as test materials. Interchangeability of the results was established by processing forty patients’ samples in both devices. Results: 27 of the 30 studied parameters met allowable performance criteria. Sodium, chloride and magnesium did not fulfil acceptance criteria. Evidence of interchangeability of patient results was obtained for all parameters except magnesium, NT-proBNP, cTroponin I and C-reactive protein. Conclusions: A laboratory having a well structured and documented validation procedure can opt to get a flexible scope of accreditation. In addition, performing these activities prior to use on patient samples may evidence technical issues which must be corrected to minimize their impact on patient results. PMID:23457769

Conservation Biological Control of Pests in the Molecular Era: New Opportunities to Address Old Constraints

PubMed Central

Gurr, Geoff M.; You, Minsheng

2016-01-01

Biological control has long been considered a potential alternative to pesticidal strategies for pest management but its impact and level of use globally remain modest and inconsistent. A rapidly expanding range of molecular – particularly DNA-related – techniques is currently revolutionizing many life sciences. This review identifies a series of constraints on the development and uptake of conservation biological control and considers the contemporary and likely future influence of molecular methods on these constraints. Molecular approaches are now often used to complement morphological taxonomic methods for the identification and study of biological control agents including microbes. A succession of molecular techniques has been applied to ‘who eats whom’ questions in food-web ecology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches have largely superseded immunological approaches such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and now – in turn – are being overtaken by next generation sequencing (NGS)-based approaches that offer unparalleled power at a rapidly diminishing cost. There is scope also to use molecular techniques to manipulate biological control agents, which will be accelerated with the advent of gene editing tools, the CRISPR/Cas9 system in particular. Gene editing tools also offer unparalleled power to both elucidate and manipulate plant defense mechanisms including those that involve natural enemy attraction to attacked plants. Rapid advances in technology will allow the development of still more novel pest management options for which uptake is likely to be limited chiefly by regulatory hurdles. PMID:26793225

Scope of Attention, Control of Attention, and Intelligence in Children and Adults

PubMed Central

Cowan, Nelson; Fristoe, Nathanael M.; Elliott, Emily M.; Brunner, Ryan P.; Saults, J. Scott

2006-01-01

Recent experimentation has shown that cognitive aptitude measures are predicted by tests of the scope of an individual’s attention or capacity in simple working-memory tasks, and also by the ability to control attention. However, these experiments do not indicate how separate or related the scope and control of attention are. An experiment with 52 children 10 to 11 years old and 52 college students included measures of the scope and control of attention as well as verbal and nonverbal aptitude measures. The children showed little evidence of using sophisticated attentional control, but the scope of attention predicted intelligence in that group. In adults, the scope and control of attention both varied among individuals, and they accounted for considerable individual variance in intelligence. About 1/3 that variance was shared between scope and control, the rest being unique to one or the other. Scope and control of attention appear to be related but distinct contributors to intelligence. PMID:17489300

40 CFR 262.10 - Purpose, scope, and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... current hazardous waste accumulation areas Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 120 Chemistry, Biology..., Biology, Psychology, Anthropology, Geology and Earth Sciences, and Environmental, Coastal and Ocean...

40 CFR 174.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... traditional chemical pesticides. Therefore, plant-incorporated protectants are subject to some different... REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS General Provisions § 174.1 Scope and purpose. The characteristics of plant-incorporated protectants such as their production and use in plants, their biological...

40 CFR 174.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... traditional chemical pesticides. Therefore, plant-incorporated protectants are subject to some different... REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS General Provisions § 174.1 Scope and purpose. The characteristics of plant-incorporated protectants such as their production and use in plants, their biological...

40 CFR 174.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... traditional chemical pesticides. Therefore, plant-incorporated protectants are subject to some different... REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS General Provisions § 174.1 Scope and purpose. The characteristics of plant-incorporated protectants such as their production and use in plants, their biological...

40 CFR 174.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... traditional chemical pesticides. Therefore, plant-incorporated protectants are subject to some different... REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS General Provisions § 174.1 Scope and purpose. The characteristics of plant-incorporated protectants such as their production and use in plants, their biological...

40 CFR 174.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... traditional chemical pesticides. Therefore, plant-incorporated protectants are subject to some different... REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANTS General Provisions § 174.1 Scope and purpose. The characteristics of plant-incorporated protectants such as their production and use in plants, their biological...

48 CFR 370.400 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SPECIAL PROGRAMS AFFECTING ACQUISITION Acquisitions Involving the Use of Laboratory Animals 370.400 Scope of subpart. This subpart applies to all R & D, research training, biological testing, housing and maintenance, and other activities involving live vertebrate animals conducted under contract (see Public...

48 CFR 370.400 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SPECIAL PROGRAMS AFFECTING ACQUISITION Acquisitions Involving the Use of Laboratory Animals 370.400 Scope of subpart. This subpart applies to all R & D, research training, biological testing, housing and maintenance, and other activities involving live vertebrate animals conducted under contract (see Public...

48 CFR 370.400 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SPECIAL PROGRAMS AFFECTING ACQUISITION Acquisitions Involving the Use of Laboratory Animals 370.400 Scope of subpart. This subpart applies to all R & D, research training, biological testing, housing and maintenance, and other activities involving live vertebrate animals conducted under contract (see Public...

48 CFR 370.400 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... SPECIAL PROGRAMS AFFECTING ACQUISITION Acquisitions Involving the Use of Laboratory Animals 370.400 Scope of subpart. This subpart applies to all R & D, research training, biological testing, housing and maintenance, and other activities involving live vertebrate animals conducted under contract (see Public...

48 CFR 370.400 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SPECIAL PROGRAMS AFFECTING ACQUISITION Acquisitions Involving the Use of Laboratory Animals 370.400 Scope of subpart. This subpart applies to all R & D, research training, biological testing, housing and maintenance, and other activities involving live vertebrate animals conducted under contract (see Public...

The significance and scope of evolutionary developmental biology: a vision for the 21st century.

PubMed

Moczek, Armin P; Sears, Karen E; Stollewerk, Angelika; Wittkopp, Patricia J; Diggle, Pamela; Dworkin, Ian; Ledon-Rettig, Cristina; Matus, David Q; Roth, Siegfried; Abouheif, Ehab; Brown, Federico D; Chiu, Chi-Hua; Cohen, C Sarah; Tomaso, Anthony W De; Gilbert, Scott F; Hall, Brian; Love, Alan C; Lyons, Deirdre C; Sanger, Thomas J; Smith, Joel; Specht, Chelsea; Vallejo-Marin, Mario; Extavour, Cassandra G

2015-01-01

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) has undergone dramatic transformations since its emergence as a distinct discipline. This paper aims to highlight the scope, power, and future promise of evo-devo to transform and unify diverse aspects of biology. We articulate key questions at the core of eleven biological disciplines-from Evolution, Development, Paleontology, and Neurobiology to Cellular and Molecular Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Human Diseases, Ecology, Agriculture and Science Education, and lastly, Evolutionary Developmental Biology itself-and discuss why evo-devo is uniquely situated to substantially improve our ability to find meaningful answers to these fundamental questions. We posit that the tools, concepts, and ways of thinking developed by evo-devo have profound potential to advance, integrate, and unify biological sciences as well as inform policy decisions and illuminate science education. We look to the next generation of evolutionary developmental biologists to help shape this process as we confront the scientific challenges of the 21st century. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Opportunities in Biological Sciences Careers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winter, Charles A.

This book offers a panoramic view of the diversity of careers which the future may offer to those trained in the biological sciences. It discusses the scope and organization of the biological sciences, focusing on the various specialties such as microbiology, genetics, entomology, ecology, wildlife biology, and the biomedical sciences such as…

Biological sample collections from minors for genetic research: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers

PubMed Central

Hens, Kristien; Nys, Herman; Cassiman, Jean-Jacques; Dierickx, Kris

2009-01-01

Stored tissue samples are an important resource for epidemiological genetic research. Genetic research on biological material from minors can yield valuable information on the development and genesis of early-onset genetic disorders and the early interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The use of such tissue raises some specific ethical and governance questions, which are not completely covered by the discussion on biological materials from adults. We have retrieved 29 guidelines and position papers pertaining to the storage and use of biological tissue samples for genetic research, originating from 27 different organizations. Five documents have an international scope, three have an European scope and 21 have a national scope. We discovered that 11 of these documents did not contain a section on biological materials from minors. The content of the remaining 18 documents was categorized according to four themes: consent, principles of non-therapeutic research on vulnerable populations, ethics committee approval and difference between anonymous and identifiable samples. We found out that these themes are not consistently mentioned by each document, but that documents discussing the same themes were mostly in agreement with their recommendations. However, a systematic reflection on the ethical and policy issues arising from the participation of minors in biobank research is missing. PMID:19223929

Biological sample collections from minors for genetic research: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers.

PubMed

Hens, Kristien; Nys, Herman; Cassiman, Jean-Jacques; Dierickx, Kris

2009-08-01

Stored tissue samples are an important resource for epidemiological genetic research. Genetic research on biological material from minors can yield valuable information on the development and genesis of early-onset genetic disorders and the early interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The use of such tissue raises some specific ethical and governance questions, which are not completely covered by the discussion on biological materials from adults. We have retrieved 29 guidelines and position papers pertaining to the storage and use of biological tissue samples for genetic research, originating from 27 different organizations. Five documents have an international scope, three have an European scope and 21 have a national scope. We discovered that 11 of these documents did not contain a section on biological materials from minors. The content of the remaining 18 documents was categorized according to four themes: consent, principles of non-therapeutic research on vulnerable populations, ethics committee approval and difference between anonymous and identifiable samples. We found out that these themes are not consistently mentioned by each document, but that documents discussing the same themes were mostly in agreement with their recommendations. However, a systematic reflection on the ethical and policy issues arising from the participation of minors in biobank research is missing.

Switch on Micro*scope!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roland, Sarah; Bahr, Michele; Olendzenski, Lorraine; Patterson, David J.

2005-01-01

Scientists at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, have created micro*scope, a free, searchable knowledge environment for exploring the microbial world. Microbiology can easily be incorporated into the curriculum, because microbial communities are easy to access. Organisms grow quickly, making certain arrays of…

A lesson for site-selective C-H functionalization on 2-pyridones: radical, organometallic, directing group and steric controls.

PubMed

Hirano, Koji; Miura, Masahiro

2018-01-07

A 2-pyridone ring is a frequently occurring subunit in natural products, biologically active compounds, and pharmaceutical targets. Thus, the selective synthesis of substituted 2-pyridone derivatives through decoration and/or formation of pyridone rings has been one of the important longstanding subjects in organic synthetic chemistry. This minireview focuses on recent advances in site-selective C-H functionalization on 2-pyridone. The reported procedures are categorized according to the site selectivity that is achieved, and the substrate scope, limitations, mechanism, and controlling factors are briefly summarized.

A lesson for site-selective C–H functionalization on 2-pyridones: radical, organometallic, directing group and steric controls

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

A 2-pyridone ring is a frequently occurring subunit in natural products, biologically active compounds, and pharmaceutical targets. Thus, the selective synthesis of substituted 2-pyridone derivatives through decoration and/or formation of pyridone rings has been one of the important longstanding subjects in organic synthetic chemistry. This minireview focuses on recent advances in site-selective C–H functionalization on 2-pyridone. The reported procedures are categorized according to the site selectivity that is achieved, and the substrate scope, limitations, mechanism, and controlling factors are briefly summarized. PMID:29629070

Global Biology Research Program: Program plan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

Biological processes which play a dominant role in these cycles which transform and transfer much of this material throughout the biosphere are examined. A greater understanding of planetary biological processes as revealed by the interaction of the biota and the environment. The rationale, scope, research strategy, and research priorities of the global biology is presented.

42 CFR 414.900 - Basis and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) MEDICARE PROGRAM PAYMENT FOR PART B MEDICAL AND OTHER HEALTH SERVICES Payment for Drugs and Biologicals... of the Act and outlines two payment methodologies applicable to drugs and biologicals covered under...

42 CFR 416.164 - Scope of ASC services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and biologicals for which separate payment is not allowed under the hospital outpatient prospective... procurement of corneal tissue; (4) Certain drugs and biologicals for which separate payment is allowed under...

42 CFR 414.900 - Basis and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) MEDICARE PROGRAM PAYMENT FOR PART B MEDICAL AND OTHER HEALTH SERVICES Payment for Drugs and Biologicals... of the Act and outlines two payment methodologies applicable to drugs and biologicals covered under...

42 CFR 416.164 - Scope of ASC services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... and biologicals for which separate payment is not allowed under the hospital outpatient prospective... procurement of corneal tissue; (4) Certain drugs and biologicals for which separate payment is allowed under...

Space Station crew safety alternatives study. Volume 4: Appendices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peercy, R. L., Jr.; Raasch, R. F.; Rockoff, L. A.

1985-01-01

The scope of this study considered the first 15 years of accumulated space station concepts for Initial Operational Capability (10C) during the early 1990's. Twenty-five threats to the space station are identified and selected threats addressed as impacting safety criteria, escape and rescue, and human factors safety concerns. Of the 25 threats identified, eight are discussed including strategy options for threat control: fire, biological or toxic contamination, injury/illness, explosion, loss of pressurization, radiation, meteoroid penetration and debris.

Correlation between MCAT Biology Content Specifications and Topic Scope and Sequence of General Education College Biology Textbooks

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rissing, Steven W.

2013-01-01

Most American colleges and universities offer gateway biology courses to meet the needs of three undergraduate audiences: biology and related science majors, many of whom will become biomedical researchers; premedical students meeting medical school requirements and preparing for the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT); and students completing…

Explorations: A Research-Based Program Introducing Undergraduates to Diverse Biology Research Topics Taught by Grad Students and Postdocs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brownell, Sara E.; Khalfan, Waheeda; Bergmann, Dominique; Simoni, Robert

2013-01-01

Undergraduate biology majors are often overwhelmed by and underinformed about the diversity and complexity of biological research that is conducted on research-intensive campuses. We present a program that introduces undergraduates to the diversity and scope of biological research and also provides unique teaching opportunities for graduate…

MicroScope: a platform for microbial genome annotation and comparative genomics.

PubMed

Vallenet, D; Engelen, S; Mornico, D; Cruveiller, S; Fleury, L; Lajus, A; Rouy, Z; Roche, D; Salvignol, G; Scarpelli, C; Médigue, C

2009-01-01

The initial outcome of genome sequencing is the creation of long text strings written in a four letter alphabet. The role of in silico sequence analysis is to assist biologists in the act of associating biological knowledge with these sequences, allowing investigators to make inferences and predictions that can be tested experimentally. A wide variety of software is available to the scientific community, and can be used to identify genomic objects, before predicting their biological functions. However, only a limited number of biologically interesting features can be revealed from an isolated sequence. Comparative genomics tools, on the other hand, by bringing together the information contained in numerous genomes simultaneously, allow annotators to make inferences based on the idea that evolution and natural selection are central to the definition of all biological processes. We have developed the MicroScope platform in order to offer a web-based framework for the systematic and efficient revision of microbial genome annotation and comparative analysis (http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microscope). Starting with the description of the flow chart of the annotation processes implemented in the MicroScope pipeline, and the development of traditional and novel microbial annotation and comparative analysis tools, this article emphasizes the essential role of expert annotation as a complement of automatic annotation. Several examples illustrate the use of implemented tools for the review and curation of annotations of both new and publicly available microbial genomes within MicroScope's rich integrated genome framework. The platform is used as a viewer in order to browse updated annotation information of available microbial genomes (more than 440 organisms to date), and in the context of new annotation projects (117 bacterial genomes). The human expertise gathered in the MicroScope database (about 280,000 independent annotations) contributes to improve the quality of microbial genome annotation, especially for genomes initially analyzed by automatic procedures alone.Database URLs: http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/mage and http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microcyc.

Accessible microscopy workstation for students and scientists with mobility impairments.

PubMed

Duerstock, Bradley S

2006-01-01

An integrated accessible microscopy workstation was designed and developed to allow persons with mobility impairments to control all aspects of light microscopy with minimal human assistance. This system, named AccessScope, is capable of performing brightfield and fluorescence microscopy, image analysis, and tissue morphometry requisite for undergraduate science courses to graduate-level research. An accessible microscope is necessary for students and scientists with mobility impairments to be able to use a microscope independently to better understand microscopical imaging concepts and cell biology. This knowledge is not always apparent by simply viewing a catalog of histological images. The ability to operate a microscope independently eliminates the need to hire an assistant or rely on a classmate and permits one to take practical laboratory examinations by oneself. Independent microscope handling is also crucial for graduate students and scientists with disabilities to perform scientific research. By making a personal computer as the user interface for controlling AccessScope functions, different upper limb mobility impairments could be accommodated by using various computer input devices and assistive technology software. Participants with a range of upper limb mobility impairments evaluated the prototype microscopy workstation. They were able to control all microscopy functions including loading different slides without assistance.

Words matter: distinguishing "personalized medicine" and "biologically personalized therapeutics".

PubMed

Cherny, Nathan I; de Vries, Elisabeth G E; Emanuel, Linda; Fallowfield, Lesley; Francis, Prudence A; Gabizon, Alberto; Piccart, Martine J; Sidransky, David; Soussan-Gutman, Lior; Tziraki, Chariklia

2014-12-01

"Personalized medicine" has become a generic term referring to techniques that evaluate either the host or the disease to enhance the likelihood of beneficial patient outcomes from treatment interventions. There is, however, much more to personalization of care than just identifying the biotherapeutic strategy with the highest likelihood of benefit. In its new meaning, "personalized medicine" could overshadow the individually tailored, whole-person care that is at the bedrock of what people need and want when they are ill. Since names and definitional terms set the scope of the discourse, they have the power to define what personalized medicine includes or does not include, thus influencing the scope of the professional purview regarding the delivery of personalized care. Taxonomic accuracy is important in understanding the differences between therapeutic interventions that are distinguishable in their aims, indications, scope, benefits, and risks. In order to restore the due emphasis to the patient and his or her needs, we assert that it is necessary, albeit belated, to deconflate the contemporary term "personalized medicine" by taxonomizing this therapeutic strategy more accurately as "biologically personalized therapeutics" (BPT). The scope of truly personalized medicine and its relationship to biologically personalized therapeutics is described, emphasizing that the best of care must give due recognition and emphasis to both BPT and truly personalized medicine. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Words Matter: Distinguishing “Personalized Medicine” and “Biologically Personalized Therapeutics”

PubMed Central

de Vries, Elisabeth G. E.; Emanuel, Linda; Fallowfield, Lesley; Francis, Prudence A.; Gabizon, Alberto; Piccart, Martine J.; Sidransky, David; Soussan-Gutman, Lior; Tziraki, Chariklia

2014-01-01

“Personalized medicine” has become a generic term referring to techniques that evaluate either the host or the disease to enhance the likelihood of beneficial patient outcomes from treatment interventions. There is, however, much more to personalization of care than just identifying the biotherapeutic strategy with the highest likelihood of benefit. In its new meaning, “personalized medicine” could overshadow the individually tailored, whole-person care that is at the bedrock of what people need and want when they are ill. Since names and definitional terms set the scope of the discourse, they have the power to define what personalized medicine includes or does not include, thus influencing the scope of the professional purview regarding the delivery of personalized care. Taxonomic accuracy is important in understanding the differences between therapeutic interventions that are distinguishable in their aims, indications, scope, benefits, and risks. In order to restore the due emphasis to the patient and his or her needs, we assert that it is necessary, albeit belated, to deconflate the contemporary term “personalized medicine” by taxonomizing this therapeutic strategy more accurately as “biologically personalized therapeutics” (BPT). The scope of truly personalized medicine and its relationship to biologically personalized therapeutics is described, emphasizing that the best of care must give due recognition and emphasis to both BPT and truly personalized medicine. PMID:25293984

Developing tools to sustain biological diversity.

Treesearch

Randy Molina

2004-01-01

The Biodiversity Initiative strives to provide innovative solutions to the complex problem of managing forests for biodiversity. Although this initiative is in its beginning stages, an initial scoping meeting has already taken place and planning for the next steps is underway. The initiative is developing plans to conduct extensive scoping efforts in the management,...

Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technology for pharmaceutical manufacturing and bioprocessing.

PubMed

Esmonde-White, Karen A; Cuellar, Maryann; Uerpmann, Carsten; Lenain, Bruno; Lewis, Ian R

2017-01-01

Adoption of Quality by Design (QbD) principles, regulatory support of QbD, process analytical technology (PAT), and continuous manufacturing are major factors effecting new approaches to pharmaceutical manufacturing and bioprocessing. In this review, we highlight new technology developments, data analysis models, and applications of Raman spectroscopy, which have expanded the scope of Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technology. Emerging technologies such as transmission and enhanced reflection Raman, and new approaches to using available technologies, expand the scope of Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical manufacturing, and now Raman spectroscopy is successfully integrated into real-time release testing, continuous manufacturing, and statistical process control. Since the last major review of Raman as a pharmaceutical PAT in 2010, many new Raman applications in bioprocessing have emerged. Exciting reports of in situ Raman spectroscopy in bioprocesses complement a growing scientific field of biological and biomedical Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy has made a positive impact as a process analytical and control tool for pharmaceutical manufacturing and bioprocessing, with demonstrated scientific and financial benefits throughout a product's lifecycle.

[Topical issues of biological safety under current conditions. Part 3. Scientific provision for the national regulation of the biological safety framework in its broad interpretation].

PubMed

Onishchenko, G G; Smolensky, V Yu; Ezhlova, E B; Demina, Yu V; Toporkov, V P; Toporkov, A V; Lyapin, M N; Kutyrev, V V

2014-01-01

Consequent of investigation concerned with biological safety (BS) framework development in its broad interpretation, reflected in the Russian Federation State Acts, identified have been conceptual entity parameters of the up-to-date broad interpretation of BS, which have formed a part of the developed by the authors system for surveillance (prophylaxis, localization, indication, identification, and diagnostics) and control (prophylaxis, localization, and response/elimination) over the emergency situations of biological (sanitary-epidemiological) character. The System functionality is activated through supplying the content with information data which are concerned with monitoring and control of specific internal and external threats in the sphere of BS provision fixed in the Supplement 2 of the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005), and with the previously characterized nomenclature of hazardous biological factors. The system is designed as a network-based research-and-practice tool for evaluation of the situation in the sphere of BS provision, as well as assessment of efficacy of management decision making as regards BS control and proper State policy implementation. Most of the system elements either directly or indirectly relate to the scope of activities conducted by Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Consumers Rights Protection and Human Welfare, being substantial argument for allocating coordination functions in the sphere of BS provision to this government agency and consistent with its function as the State Coordinator on IHR (2005). The data collected serve as materials to Draft Federal Law "Concerning biological safety provision of the population".

Constructive biology and approaches to temporal grounding in postreactive robotics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nehaniv, Chrystopher L.; Dautenhahn, Kerstin; Loomes, Martin J.

1999-08-01

Constructive Biology means understanding biological mechanisms through building systems that exhibit life-like properties. Applications include learning engineering tricks from biological system, as well as the validation in biological modeling. In particular, biological system in the course of development and experience become temporally grounded. Researchers attempting to transcend mere reactivity have been inspired by the drives, motivations, homeostasis, hormonal control, and emotions of animals. In order to contextualize and modulate behavior, these ideas have been introduced into robotics and synthetic agents, while further flexibility is achieved by introducing learning. Broadening scope of the temporal horizon further requires post-reactive techniques that address not only the action in the now, although such action may perhaps be modulated by drives and affect. Support is needed for expressing and benefitting from pats experiences, predictions of the future, and form interaction histories of the self with the world and with other agents. Mathematical methods provide a new way to support such grounding in the construction of post-reactive systems. Moreover, the communication of such mathematical encoded histories of experience between situated agents opens a route to narrative intelligence, analogous to communication or story telling in societies.

A prospective study (SCOPE) comparing the cardiometabolic and respiratory effects of air pollution exposure on healthy and pre-diabetic individuals.

PubMed

Wang, Yanwen; Han, Yiqun; Zhu, Tong; Li, Weiju; Zhang, Hongyin

2018-01-01

Air pollution is known to be a major risk factor for cardiopulmonary disease, but this is unclear for cardiometabolic disease (e.g. diabetes). This is of considerable public health importance, given the nationwide epidemic of diabetes, accompanied by severe air pollution, in China. The evidence so far remained inadequate to answer questions of whether individuals with cardiometabolic dysfunctions are susceptible to air pollution and whether air pollution exacerbates diabetes development via certain biological pathways. In this manuscript, we summarize the results and limitations of studies exploring these two topics and elaborate our design of a prospective panel study (SCOPE) as a solution. We assessed and compared the health effect of air pollution among pre-diabetic individuals and matched healthy controls through four repeated clinical visits over 1 year. Comprehensive evaluation was made to both health endpoints and exposure. The primary biomarkers were assessed to reveal the impact on multiple biological pathways, including glycolipid metabolism and insulin resistance, endothelial function, and inflammation. Detailed chemical and size fractional components of particulate matter were measured in this study, along with the application of personal monitors. The work should increase our understanding of how air pollution affects individuals with cardiometabolic dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms.

21 CFR 16.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., including drugs, biologics, devices, new animal drugs, foods, including dietary supplements, that bear a...), relating to use of food containing an investigational new animal drug. § 511.1(c)(1), relating to whether... products regulated by FDA including drugs, biologics, devices, new animal drugs, foods, including dietary...

21 CFR 16.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., including drugs, biologics, devices, new animal drugs, foods, including dietary supplements, that bear a...), relating to use of food containing an investigational new animal drug. § 511.1(c)(1), relating to whether... products regulated by FDA including drugs, biologics, devices, new animal drugs, foods, including dietary...

40 CFR 93.125 - Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Transit Laws § 93.125 Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures. 93.125 Section 93.125 Protection of Environment...

40 CFR 93.125 - Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Transit Laws § 93.125 Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures. 93.125 Section 93.125 Protection of Environment...

40 CFR 93.125 - Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Transit Laws § 93.125 Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures. 93.125 Section 93.125 Protection of Environment...

40 CFR 93.125 - Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Transit Laws § 93.125 Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures. 93.125 Section 93.125 Protection of Environment...

40 CFR 93.125 - Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Transit Laws § 93.125 Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Enforceability of design concept and scope and project-level mitigation and control measures. 93.125 Section 93.125 Protection of Environment...

Synthetic biology and its regulation in the European Union.

PubMed

Buhk, Hans-Jörg

2014-12-25

The term synthetic biology is used increasingly, but without a clear definition. Most of the recent research carried out in this field is genetic engineering, as defined by current GMO-legislation in the EU. Synthetic biology has developed its own language. In vitro synthesis of DNA also carries the label synthetic biology. It is important to analyze whether present and future activities of synthetic biology are within the scope of existing EU-legislation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Suitable Class Experiments in Biochemistry for High-school Chemistry and Biology Courses.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Myers, A.

1987-01-01

Illustrates the scope of experimental investigations for biochemistry education in high school biology and chemistry courses. Gives a brief overview of biochemistry experiments with proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins, metabolism, electron transport, and photosynthesis including materials, procedures, and outcomes.…

42 CFR 456.150 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Mental Hospitals § 456.150 Scope. This subpart prescribes requirements for control of utilization of inpatient services in mental hospitals, including...

42 CFR 456.21 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope. 456.21 Section 456.21 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: All Medicaid Services § 456.21 Scope. This...

Brazilian Soybean Production: Emergy Analysis with an Expanded Scope

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ortega, Enrique; Cavalett, Otavio; Bonifacio, Robert; Watanabe, Marcos

2005-01-01

This article offers the results of emergy analysis used to evaluate four different soybean production systems in Brazil that were divided into two main categories: biological models (organic and ecological farms) and industrial models (green-revolution chemical farms and herbicide with no-tillage farms). The biological models show better…

The application of evolutionary medicine principles for sustainable malaria control: a scoping study.

PubMed

Ocampo, Denise; Booth, Mark

2016-07-22

Current interventions against malaria have significantly reduced the number of people infected and the number of deaths. Concerns about emerging resistance of both mosquitoes and parasites to intervention have been raised, and questions remain about how best to generate wider knowledge of the underlying evolutionary processes. The pedagogical and research principles of evolutionary medicine may provide an answer to this problem. Eight programme managers and five academic researchers were interviewed by telephone or videoconference to elicit their first-hand views and experiences of malaria control given that evolution is a constant threat to sustainable control. Interviewees were asked about their views on the relationship between practit groups and academics and for their thoughts on whether or not evolutionary medicine may provide a solution to reported tensions. There was broad agreement that evolution of both parasites and vectors presents an obstacle to sustainable control. It was also widely agreed that through more efficient monitoring, evolution could be widely monitored. Interviewees also expressed the view that even well planned interventions may fail if the evolutionary biology of the disease is not considered, potentially making current tools redundant. This scoping study suggests that it is important to make research, including evolutionary principles, available and easily applicable for programme managers and key decision-makers, including donors and politicians. The main conclusion is that sharing knowledge through the educational and research processes embedded within evolutionary medicine has potential to relieve tensions and facilitate sustainable control of malaria and other parasitic infections.

[Dimensional analysis of the concept of biosafety due to bioterrorism].

PubMed

Bernard, Laurence; Shaha, Maya

2014-03-01

In recent years with the strengthening of the discourse surrounding the biological risk of bioterrorist nature, the concept of biosafety emerged gradually. A dimensional analysis was used to contextualize the concept. Initially, biosafety was essentially a technical term related to the risks of contamination in laboratories or food industry and then be used to protect biodiversity against the spread of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment. Now, it is increasingly used in reference to the prevention and infections control, even though its use remains marginal. However, biosecurity may be defined as the security of life and therefore affect the safety devices participating in the government of bodies and power over life. A more critical approach including social and political dimensions within a Foucauldian perspective is needed to expand the scope of the biosecurity concept up to biological hazards constructs.

42 CFR 456.350 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Scope. 456.350 Section 456.350 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Intermediate Care Facilities § 456.350 Scope. This subpart prescribes requirements for...

42 CFR 456.350 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Scope. 456.350 Section 456.350 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Intermediate Care Facilities § 456.350 Scope. This subpart prescribes requirements for...

42 CFR 456.350 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope. 456.350 Section 456.350 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Intermediate Care Facilities § 456.350 Scope. This subpart prescribes requirements for...

42 CFR 456.350 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Scope. 456.350 Section 456.350 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Intermediate Care Facilities § 456.350 Scope. This subpart prescribes requirements for...

42 CFR 456.350 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Scope. 456.350 Section 456.350 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Intermediate Care Facilities § 456.350 Scope. This subpart prescribes requirements for...

78 FR 12621 - Control of Communicable Diseases: Interstate; Scope and Definitions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-25

... Control of Communicable Diseases: Interstate; Scope and Definitions AGENCY: Centers for Disease Control... effective date of Direct Final Rule. SUMMARY: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) within... Disease [[Page 12622

NASA Thesaurus Data File

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2012-01-01

The NASA Thesaurus contains the authorized NASA subject terms used to index and retrieve materials in the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database (NA&SD) and NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS). The scope of this controlled vocabulary includes not only aerospace engineering, but all supporting areas of engineering and physics, the natural space sciences (astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science), Earth sciences, and the biological sciences. The NASA Thesaurus Data File contains all valid terms and hierarchical relationships, USE references, and related terms in machine-readable form. The Data File is available in the following formats: RDF/SKOS, RDF/OWL, ZThes-1.0, and CSV/TXT.

Enantioselective functionalization of allylic C-H bonds following a strategy of functionalization and diversification.

PubMed

Sharma, Ankit; Hartwig, John F

2013-11-27

We report the enantioselective functionalization of allylic C-H bonds in terminal alkenes by a strategy involving the installation of a temporary functional group at the terminal carbon atom by C-H bond functionalization, followed by the catalytic diversification of this intermediate with a broad scope of reagents. The method consists of a one-pot sequence of palladium-catalyzed allylic C-H bond oxidation under neutral conditions to form linear allyl benzoates, followed by iridium-catalyzed allylic substitution. This overall transformation forms a variety of chiral products containing a new C-N, C-O, C-S, or C-C bond at the allylic position in good yield with a high branched-to-linear selectivity and excellent enantioselectivity (ee ≤97%). The broad scope of the overall process results from separating the oxidation and functionalization steps; by doing so, the scope of nucleophile encompasses those sensitive to direct oxidative functionalization. The high enantioselectivity of the overall process is achieved by developing an allylic oxidation that occurs without acid to form the linear isomer with high selectivity. These allylic functionalization processes are amenable to an iterative sequence leading to (1,n)-functionalized products with catalyst-controlled diastereo- and enantioselectivity. The utility of the method in the synthesis of biologically active molecules has been demonstrated.

MicroScope: a platform for microbial genome annotation and comparative genomics

PubMed Central

Vallenet, D.; Engelen, S.; Mornico, D.; Cruveiller, S.; Fleury, L.; Lajus, A.; Rouy, Z.; Roche, D.; Salvignol, G.; Scarpelli, C.; Médigue, C.

2009-01-01

The initial outcome of genome sequencing is the creation of long text strings written in a four letter alphabet. The role of in silico sequence analysis is to assist biologists in the act of associating biological knowledge with these sequences, allowing investigators to make inferences and predictions that can be tested experimentally. A wide variety of software is available to the scientific community, and can be used to identify genomic objects, before predicting their biological functions. However, only a limited number of biologically interesting features can be revealed from an isolated sequence. Comparative genomics tools, on the other hand, by bringing together the information contained in numerous genomes simultaneously, allow annotators to make inferences based on the idea that evolution and natural selection are central to the definition of all biological processes. We have developed the MicroScope platform in order to offer a web-based framework for the systematic and efficient revision of microbial genome annotation and comparative analysis (http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microscope). Starting with the description of the flow chart of the annotation processes implemented in the MicroScope pipeline, and the development of traditional and novel microbial annotation and comparative analysis tools, this article emphasizes the essential role of expert annotation as a complement of automatic annotation. Several examples illustrate the use of implemented tools for the review and curation of annotations of both new and publicly available microbial genomes within MicroScope’s rich integrated genome framework. The platform is used as a viewer in order to browse updated annotation information of available microbial genomes (more than 440 organisms to date), and in the context of new annotation projects (117 bacterial genomes). The human expertise gathered in the MicroScope database (about 280,000 independent annotations) contributes to improve the quality of microbial genome annotation, especially for genomes initially analyzed by automatic procedures alone. Database URLs: http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/mage and http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microcyc PMID:20157493

40 CFR 147.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 147.1 Section 147.1..., TRIBAL, AND EPA-ADMINISTERED UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAMS General Provisions § 147.1 Purpose and scope. (a) This part sets forth the applicable Underground Injection Control (UIC) programs for...

40 CFR 147.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 147.1 Section 147.1..., TRIBAL, AND EPA-ADMINISTERED UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAMS General Provisions § 147.1 Purpose and scope. (a) This part sets forth the applicable Underground Injection Control (UIC) programs for...

Some questions of space bioengineering

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nyiri, L. K.

1977-01-01

Zero-gravity offers selective effect on growth and metabolic activity unicellular organisms as well as unique opportunities in purification of organic compounds. These make it possible to consider the biosynthesis and recovery of certain metabolites economically feasible in space. Design, construction and operation of systems for the above mentioned purposes requires interdisciplinary actions within the scope of a new discipline: space bioengineering. The problems and perspectives of this discipline particularly in the application of bioreactor-recovery systems in space to manufacture metabolites of high economic and scientific value. Special attention is paid to pivotal factors such as various mass transport phenomena, contamination control, automatic control of optimum environment and synchronization of the operation of the biological (biosynthesis) and the physiochemical (recovery-purification) systems.

Redundancy control in pathway databases (ReCiPa): an application for improving gene-set enrichment analysis in Omics studies and "Big data" biology.

PubMed

Vivar, Juan C; Pemu, Priscilla; McPherson, Ruth; Ghosh, Sujoy

2013-08-01

Abstract Unparalleled technological advances have fueled an explosive growth in the scope and scale of biological data and have propelled life sciences into the realm of "Big Data" that cannot be managed or analyzed by conventional approaches. Big Data in the life sciences are driven primarily via a diverse collection of 'omics'-based technologies, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, metagenomics, and lipidomics. Gene-set enrichment analysis is a powerful approach for interrogating large 'omics' datasets, leading to the identification of biological mechanisms associated with observed outcomes. While several factors influence the results from such analysis, the impact from the contents of pathway databases is often under-appreciated. Pathway databases often contain variously named pathways that overlap with one another to varying degrees. Ignoring such redundancies during pathway analysis can lead to the designation of several pathways as being significant due to high content-similarity, rather than truly independent biological mechanisms. Statistically, such dependencies also result in correlated p values and overdispersion, leading to biased results. We investigated the level of redundancies in multiple pathway databases and observed large discrepancies in the nature and extent of pathway overlap. This prompted us to develop the application, ReCiPa (Redundancy Control in Pathway Databases), to control redundancies in pathway databases based on user-defined thresholds. Analysis of genomic and genetic datasets, using ReCiPa-generated overlap-controlled versions of KEGG and Reactome pathways, led to a reduction in redundancy among the top-scoring gene-sets and allowed for the inclusion of additional gene-sets representing possibly novel biological mechanisms. Using obesity as an example, bioinformatic analysis further demonstrated that gene-sets identified from overlap-controlled pathway databases show stronger evidence of prior association to obesity compared to pathways identified from the original databases.

Modular analysis of biological networks.

PubMed

Kaltenbach, Hans-Michael; Stelling, Jörg

2012-01-01

The analysis of complex biological networks has traditionally relied on decomposition into smaller, semi-autonomous units such as individual signaling pathways. With the increased scope of systems biology (models), rational approaches to modularization have become an important topic. With increasing acceptance of de facto modularity in biology, widely different definitions of what constitutes a module have sparked controversies. Here, we therefore review prominent classes of modular approaches based on formal network representations. Despite some promising research directions, several important theoretical challenges remain open on the way to formal, function-centered modular decompositions for dynamic biological networks.

Quantitative Genetic Interactions Reveal Layers of Biological Modularity

PubMed Central

Beltrao, Pedro; Cagney, Gerard; Krogan, Nevan J.

2010-01-01

In the past, biomedical research has embraced a reductionist approach, primarily focused on characterizing the individual components that comprise a system of interest. Recent technical developments have significantly increased the size and scope of data describing biological systems. At the same time, advances in the field of systems biology have evoked a broader view of how the underlying components are interconnected. In this essay, we discuss how quantitative genetic interaction mapping has enhanced our view of biological systems, allowing a deeper functional interrogation at different biological scales. PMID:20510918

The common ground of genomics and systems biology

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

The rise of systems biology is intertwined with that of genomics, yet their primordial relationship to one another is ill-defined. We discuss how the growth of genomics provided a critical boost to the popularity of systems biology. We describe the parts of genomics that share common areas of interest with systems biology today in the areas of gene expression, network inference, chromatin state analysis, pathway analysis, personalized medicine, and upcoming areas of synergy as genomics continues to expand its scope across all biomedical fields. PMID:25033072

78 FR 12622 - Control of Communicable Diseases: Foreign; Scope and Definitions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-25

... Control of Communicable Diseases: Foreign; Scope and Definitions AGENCY: Centers for Disease Control and... of direct final rule. SUMMARY: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) within the... INFORMATION CONTACT: For questions concerning this notice: Ashley A. Marrone, JD, Centers for Disease Control...

78 FR 12702 - Control of Communicable Diseases: Interstate; Scope and Definitions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-25

... Control of Communicable Diseases: Interstate; Scope and Definitions AGENCY: Centers for Disease Control... rulemaking; withdrawal. SUMMARY: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) within the Department.... Marrone, JD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE., Mailstop E-03, Atlanta...

78 FR 12702 - Control of Communicable Diseases: Foreign; Scope and Definitions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-25

... Control of Communicable Diseases: Foreign; Scope and Definitions AGENCY: Centers for Disease Control and...; withdrawal. SUMMARY: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) within the Department of Health and... Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE., Mailstop E-03, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; telephone...

Authenticated DNA from Ancient Wood Remains

PubMed Central

LIEPELT, SASCHA; SPERISEN, CHRISTOPH; DEGUILLOUX, MARIE-FRANCE; PETIT, REMY J.; KISSLING, ROY; SPENCER, MATTHEW; DE BEAULIEU, JACQUES-LOUIS; TABERLET, PIERRE; GIELLY, LUDOVIC; ZIEGENHAGEN, BIRGIT

2006-01-01

• Background The reconstruction of biological processes and human activities during the last glacial cycle relies mainly on data from biological remains. Highly abundant tissues, such as wood, are candidates for a genetic analysis of past populations. While well-authenticated DNA has now been recovered from various fossil remains, the final ‘proof’ is still missing for wood, despite some promising studies. • Scope The goal of this study was to determine if ancient wood can be analysed routinely in studies of archaeology and palaeogenetics. An experiment was designed which included blind testing, independent replicates, extensive contamination controls and rigorous statistical tests. Ten samples of ancient wood from major European forest tree genera were analysed with plastid DNA markers. • Conclusions Authentic DNA was retrieved from wood samples up to 1000 years of age. A new tool for real-time vegetation history and archaeology is ready to use. PMID:16987920

Eugenics from the New Deal to the Great Society: genetics, demography and population quality.

PubMed

Ramsden, Edmund

2008-12-01

The relationship between biological and social scientists as regards the study of human traits and behavior has often been perceived in terms of mutual distrust, even antipathy. In the interwar period, population study seemed an area that might allow for closer relations between them-united as they were by a concern to improve the eugenic quality of populations. Yet these relations were in tension: by the early post-war era, social demographers were denigrating the contributions of biologists to the study of population problems as embodying the elitist ideology of eugenics. In response to this loss of credibility, the eugenics movement pursued a simultaneous program of withdrawal and expansion: its leaders helped focus concern with biological quality onto the developing field of medical genetics, while at the same moment, extended their scope to improving the social quality of populations through birth control policies, guided by demography. While this approach maintained boundaries between the social and the biological, in the 1960s, a revitalized American Eugenics Society helped reunite leading demographers and geneticists. This paper will assess the reasons for this period of influence for eugenics, and explore its implications for the social and biological study of human populations.

Pine Gene Discovery Project - Final Report - 08/31/1997 - 02/28/2001

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Whetten, R. W.; Sederoff, R. R.; Kinlaw, C.

2001-04-30

Integration of pines into the large scope of plant biology research depends on study of pines in parallel with study of annual plants, and on availability of research materials from pine to plant biologists interested in comparing pine with annual plant systems. The objectives of the Pine Gene Discovery Project were to obtain 10,000 partial DNA sequences of genes expressed in loblolly pine, to determine which of those pine genes were similar to known genes from other organisms, and to make the DNA sequences and isolated pine genes available to plant researchers to stimulate integration of pines into the widermore » scope of plant biology research. Those objectives have been completed, and the results are available to the public. Requests for pine genes have been received from a number of laboratories that would otherwise not have included pine in their research, indicating that progress is being made toward the goal of integrating pine research into the larger molecular biology research community.« less

Scope of claim coverage in patents of fufang Chinese herbal drugs: Substitution of ingredients

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Herbal ingredients in a Chinese fufang prescription are often replaced by one or several other herbal combinations. As there have been very few Chinese herbal patent infringement cases, it is still unclear how the Doctrine of Equivalents should be applied to determine the scope of 'equivalents' in Chinese fufang prescriptions. Case law principles from cases in other technical areas such as chemical patents and biological drug patents can be borrowed to ascertain a precise scope of a fufang patent. This article summarizes and discusses several chemical and biopharmaceutical patent cases. In cases where a certain herbal ingredient is substituted by another herb or a combination of herbs, accused infringers are likely to relate herbal drug patents to chemical drug patents with strict interpretation whereas patent owners may take advantage of the liberal application of Doctrine of Equivalence in biopharmaceutical patents by analogizing the complex nature of herbal drugs with biological drugs. Therefore, consideration should be given to the purpose of an ingredient in a patent, the qualities when combined with the other ingredients and the intended function. The scope of equivalents also depends on the stage of the prior art. Moreover, it is desirable to disclose any potential substitutes when drafting the application. Claims should be drafted in such a way that all foreseeable modifications are encompassed for the protection of the patent owner's intellectual property. PMID:21854570

Scope of claim coverage in patents of fufang Chinese herbal drugs: Substitution of ingredients.

PubMed

Wang, Xinsheng; Tian, Jiaher; Chan, Albert Wai-Kit

2011-08-19

Herbal ingredients in a Chinese fufang prescription are often replaced by one or several other herbal combinations. As there have been very few Chinese herbal patent infringement cases, it is still unclear how the Doctrine of Equivalents should be applied to determine the scope of 'equivalents' in Chinese fufang prescriptions. Case law principles from cases in other technical areas such as chemical patents and biological drug patents can be borrowed to ascertain a precise scope of a fufang patent. This article summarizes and discusses several chemical and biopharmaceutical patent cases. In cases where a certain herbal ingredient is substituted by another herb or a combination of herbs, accused infringers are likely to relate herbal drug patents to chemical drug patents with strict interpretation whereas patent owners may take advantage of the liberal application of Doctrine of Equivalence in biopharmaceutical patents by analogizing the complex nature of herbal drugs with biological drugs. Therefore, consideration should be given to the purpose of an ingredient in a patent, the qualities when combined with the other ingredients and the intended function. The scope of equivalents also depends on the stage of the prior art. Moreover, it is desirable to disclose any potential substitutes when drafting the application. Claims should be drafted in such a way that all foreseeable modifications are encompassed for the protection of the patent owner's intellectual property.

The intermolecular Pauson-Khand reaction.

PubMed

Gibson, Susan E; Mainolfi, Nello

2005-05-13

Five membered carbocycles are important building blocks for many biologically active molecules. Moreover, substituted cyclopentenones (e.g. cyclopentenone prostaglandins) exhibit characteristic biological activity. The efficiency and atom economy of the Pauson-Khand reaction render this process potentially one of the most attractive methods for the synthesis of such compounds. Although it was discovered in its intermolecular form, the scope of the intermolecular Pauson-Khand reaction has always been limited by the poor reactivity and selectivity of the alkene component. The past decade, especially the last three years, has seen concerted efforts to broaden the scope of this reaction. In this overview, we provide a comprehensive and critical coverage of the intermolecular Pauson-Khand reaction based on the reactivity characteristics of different classes of alkenes and a rationalization of successes and misfortunes in this area.

28 CFR 551.20 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Birth Control, Pregnancy, Child Placement, and Abortion § 551.20 Purpose and scope. The Bureau of Prisons provides an inmate with medical and social services related to birth control, pregnancy, child...

28 CFR 551.20 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Birth Control, Pregnancy, Child Placement, and Abortion § 551.20 Purpose and scope. The Bureau of Prisons provides an inmate with medical and social services related to birth control, pregnancy, child...

28 CFR 551.20 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Birth Control, Pregnancy, Child Placement, and Abortion § 551.20 Purpose and scope. The Bureau of Prisons provides an inmate with medical and social services related to birth control, pregnancy, child...

28 CFR 551.20 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Birth Control, Pregnancy, Child Placement, and Abortion § 551.20 Purpose and scope. The Bureau of Prisons provides an inmate with medical and social services related to birth control, pregnancy, child...

28 CFR 551.20 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Birth Control, Pregnancy, Child Placement, and Abortion § 551.20 Purpose and scope. The Bureau of Prisons provides an inmate with medical and social services related to birth control, pregnancy, child...

Developmental Pathways Are Blueprints for Designing Successful Crops

PubMed Central

Trevaskis, Ben

2018-01-01

Genes controlling plant development have been studied in multiple plant systems. This has provided deep insights into conserved genetic pathways controlling core developmental processes including meristem identity, phase transitions, determinacy, stem elongation, and branching. These pathways control plant growth patterns and are fundamentally important to crop biology and agriculture. This review describes the conserved pathways that control plant development, using Arabidopsis as a model. Historical examples of how plant development has been altered through selection to improve crop performance are then presented. These examples, drawn from diverse crops, show how the genetic pathways controlling development have been modified to increase yield or tailor growth patterns to suit local growing environments or specialized crop management practices. Strategies to apply current progress in genomics and developmental biology to future crop improvement are then discussed within the broader context of emerging trends in plant breeding. The ways that knowledge of developmental processes and understanding of gene function can contribute to crop improvement, beyond what can be achieved by selection alone, are emphasized. These include using genome re-sequencing, mutagenesis, and gene editing to identify or generate novel variation in developmental genes. The expanding scope for comparative genomics, the possibility to engineer new developmental traits and new approaches to resolve gene–gene or gene–environment interactions are also discussed. Finally, opportunities to integrate fundamental research and crop breeding are highlighted. PMID:29922318

Developmental Pathways Are Blueprints for Designing Successful Crops.

PubMed

Trevaskis, Ben

2018-01-01

Genes controlling plant development have been studied in multiple plant systems. This has provided deep insights into conserved genetic pathways controlling core developmental processes including meristem identity, phase transitions, determinacy, stem elongation, and branching. These pathways control plant growth patterns and are fundamentally important to crop biology and agriculture. This review describes the conserved pathways that control plant development, using Arabidopsis as a model. Historical examples of how plant development has been altered through selection to improve crop performance are then presented. These examples, drawn from diverse crops, show how the genetic pathways controlling development have been modified to increase yield or tailor growth patterns to suit local growing environments or specialized crop management practices. Strategies to apply current progress in genomics and developmental biology to future crop improvement are then discussed within the broader context of emerging trends in plant breeding. The ways that knowledge of developmental processes and understanding of gene function can contribute to crop improvement, beyond what can be achieved by selection alone, are emphasized. These include using genome re-sequencing, mutagenesis, and gene editing to identify or generate novel variation in developmental genes. The expanding scope for comparative genomics, the possibility to engineer new developmental traits and new approaches to resolve gene-gene or gene-environment interactions are also discussed. Finally, opportunities to integrate fundamental research and crop breeding are highlighted.

Filling the gap between biology and computer science

PubMed Central

Aguilar-Ruiz, Jesús S; Moore, Jason H; Ritchie, Marylyn D

2008-01-01

This editorial introduces BioData Mining, a new journal which publishes research articles related to advances in computational methods and techniques for the extraction of useful knowledge from heterogeneous biological data. We outline the aims and scope of the journal, introduce the publishing model and describe the open peer review policy, which fosters interaction within the research community. PMID:18822148

New horizons in Biophysics

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

This editorial celebrates the re-launch of PMC Biophysics previously published by PhysMath Central, in its new format as BMC Biophysics published by BioMed Central with an expanded scope and Editorial Board. BMC Biophysics will fill its own niche in the BMC series alongside complementary companion journals including BMC Bioinformatics, BMC Medical Physics, BMC Structural Biology and BMC Systems Biology. PMID:21595996

Evolutionary systems biology: historical and philosophical perspectives on an emerging synthesis.

PubMed

O'Malley, Maureen A

2012-01-01

Systems biology (SB) is at least a decade old now and maturing rapidly. A more recent field, evolutionary systems biology (ESB), is in the process of further developing system-level approaches through the expansion of their explanatory and potentially predictive scope. This chapter will outline the varieties of ESB existing today by tracing the diverse roots and fusions that make up this integrative project. My approach is philosophical and historical. As well as examining the recent origins of ESB, I will reflect on its central features and the different clusters of research it comprises. In its broadest interpretation, ESB consists of five overlapping approaches: comparative and correlational ESB; network architecture ESB; network property ESB; population genetics ESB; and finally, standard evolutionary questions answered with SB methods. After outlining each approach with examples, I will examine some strong general claims about ESB, particularly that it can be viewed as the next step toward a fuller modern synthesis of evolutionary biology (EB), and that it is also the way forward for evolutionary and systems medicine. I will conclude with a discussion of whether the emerging field of ESB has the capacity to combine an even broader scope of research aims and efforts than it presently does.

Low cardiac and aerobic scope in a coastal population of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka with a short upriver migration.

PubMed

Eliason, E J; Wilson, S M; Farrell, A P; Cooke, S J; Hinch, S G

2013-06-01

This study showed that a coastal population (Harrison) of Fraser River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka had a lower aerobic and cardiac scope compared with interior populations with more challenging upriver spawning migrations, providing additional support to the idea that Fraser River O. nerka populations have adapted physiologically to their local migratory environment. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology © 2013 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

[Important issues of biological safety].

PubMed

Onishchenko, G G

2007-01-01

The problem of biological security raises alarm due to the real growth of biological threats. Biological security includes a wide scope of problems, the solution of which becomes a part of national security as a necessary condition for the constant development of the country. A number of pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus, exotic Ebola and Lassa viruses causing hemorrhagic fever,rotaviruses causing acute intestinal diseases, etc. were first discovered in the last century. Terrorist actions committed in the USA in 2001 using the anthrax pathogen made the problem of biological danger even more important. In Russian Federation, biological threats are counteracted through the united state policy being a part of general state security policy. The biological Security legislation of Russian Federation is chiefly based on the 1992 Federal Law on Security. On the basis of cumulated experience, the President of Russia ratified Basics of Russian Federation's State Policy for Chemical and Biological Security for the Period through 2010 and Beyond on 4 December, 2003. The document determines the main directions and stages of the state development in the area of chemical and biological security. The Federal target program Russian Federation's National Program for Chemical and Biological Security is being developed, and its development is to be completed soon in order to perfect the national system for biological security and fulfill Basics of Russian Federation's State Policy for Chemical and Biological Security for the Period through 2010 and Beyond, ratified by the President. The new global strategy for control over infectious diseases, presented in the materials of Saint Petersburg summit of the Group of Eight, as well as the substantive part of its elements in Sanitary International Standards, are to a large degree an acknowledgement of the Russian Federation's experience and the algorithm for fighting extremely dangerous infections. This Russia's experience has resulted in the following global achievements: smallpox elimination in the USSR (1936); the USSR's suggestions on the program of smallpox elimination in the world and 2 billion doses of the vaccine transferred to the possession of the WHO (since 1958); the global elimination of the disease (1980); effective control over avian influenza at the epizootic stage, recognized internationally at Beijing International Congress, 17-18 January, 2006.

Hierarchical thinking in network biology: the unbiased modularization of biochemical networks.

PubMed

Papin, Jason A; Reed, Jennifer L; Palsson, Bernhard O

2004-12-01

As reconstructed biochemical reaction networks continue to grow in size and scope, there is a growing need to describe the functional modules within them. Such modules facilitate the study of biological processes by deconstructing complex biological networks into conceptually simple entities. The definition of network modules is often based on intuitive reasoning. As an alternative, methods are being developed for defining biochemical network modules in an unbiased fashion. These unbiased network modules are mathematically derived from the structure of the whole network under consideration.

Chemical genomics in plant biology.

PubMed

Sadhukhan, Ayan; Sahoo, Lingaraj; Panda, Sanjib Kumar

2012-06-01

Chemical genomics is a newly emerged and rapidly progressing field in biology, where small chemical molecules bind specifically and reversibly to protein(s) to modulate their function(s), leading to the delineation and subsequent unravelling of biological processes. This approach overcomes problems like lethality and redundancy of classical genetics. Armed with the powerful techniques of combinatorial synthesis, high-throughput screening and target discovery chemical genomics expands its scope to diverse areas in biology. The well-established genetic system of Arabidopsis model allows chemical genomics to enter into the realm of plant biology exploring signaling pathways of growth regulators, endomembrane signaling cascades, plant defense mechanisms and many more events.

49 CFR 236.901 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... control systems, subsystems, and components that are safety-critical products, as defined in § 236.903..., MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL AND TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Standards for Processor-Based Signal and Train Control Systems § 236.901 Purpose and scope. (a) What is the purpose of this...

Synthetic biology and the ethics of knowledge

PubMed Central

Douglas, Thomas; Savulescu, Julian

2011-01-01

Synthetic biologists aim to generate biological organisms according to rational design principles. Their work may have many beneficial applications, but it also raises potentially serious ethical concerns. In this article, we consider what attention the discipline demands from bioethicists. We argue that the most important issue for ethicists to examine is the risk that knowledge from synthetic biology will be misused, for example, in biological terrorism or warfare. To adequately address this concern, bioethics will need to broaden its scope, contemplating not just the means by which scientific knowledge is produced, but also what kinds of knowledge should be sought and disseminated. PMID:20935316

The dental public health implications of cosmetic dentistry: a scoping review of the literature.

PubMed

Doughty, J; Lala, R; Marshman, Z

2016-09-01

The popularity of cosmetic surgery has seen a rapid increase recently, with the trend mirrored in dentistry. The Department of Health expressed concerns about the potential for biological and psychosocial harm of these cosmetic procedures. Furthermore, the dental public health implications (DPH) of the growing uptake of cosmetic dental procedures have not been explored. Conduct a scoping review to explore the DPH implications of cosmetic dentistry and identify gaps for future research. A fivestage scoping review was conducted of studies identified using the search terms cosmetic AND dentistry. Data from the studies meeting the inclusion criteria were extracted, collated and summarised into themes. Fifty-seven papers met the inclusion criteria (11 cross-sectional studies, 10 literature reviews and 36 opinion pieces). The DPH implications were summarised into five emergent themes: dento-legal and ethical, marketing, psychosocial, biological and workforce. These themes revealed patients' increased expectations, expanding commercialisation of the profession, psychological risks to vulnerable patients, the iatrogenic consequences of invasive cosmetic dental procedures and workforce implications of the current trends. The scoping review found that existing literature on cosmetic dentistry is predominately anecdotal - professional opinions and discussions. Despite this, our findings demonstrated workforce training and governance implications due to increased demand for cosmetic dentistry. Further empirical research is needed to understand the DPH implications of the increasing demand and uptake of cosmetic dental procedures to guide evidence-based policy to safeguard patients and improve the quality of dental services. Copyright© 2016 Dennis Barber Ltd

Determination of Teacher Candidates' Views Concerning V Diagrams Used in General Biology Laboratories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kayacan, Kadriye

2018-01-01

This study was conducted within the scope of the General Biology Laboratory II course, which was taught in the Science Teaching Department in the Spring semester of the 2016-2017 academic year. The study group consisted of 40 teacher candidates in their second year in the Science Teaching Department at a state university in Konya. The purpose of…

49 CFR 233.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION SIGNAL SYSTEMS REPORTING REQUIREMENTS § 233.1 Scope. This part prescribed reporting requirements with respect to methods of train operation, block signal systems, interlockings, traffic control systems, automatic train stop, train control, and cab signal systems, or other similar appliances, methods...

49 CFR 233.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION SIGNAL SYSTEMS REPORTING REQUIREMENTS § 233.1 Scope. This part prescribed reporting requirements with respect to methods of train operation, block signal systems, interlockings, traffic control systems, automatic train stop, train control, and cab signal systems, or other similar appliances, methods...

49 CFR 1180.0 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE RAILROAD ACQUISITION, CONTROL, MERGER, CONSOLIDATION PROJECT, TRACKAGE RIGHTS, AND LEASE PROCEDURES General Acquisition Procedures § 1180.0 Scope and purpose. (a... followed in control, merger, acquisition, lease, trackage rights, and any other consolidation transaction...

WholePathwayScope: a comprehensive pathway-based analysis tool for high-throughput data

PubMed Central

Yi, Ming; Horton, Jay D; Cohen, Jonathan C; Hobbs, Helen H; Stephens, Robert M

2006-01-01

Background Analysis of High Throughput (HTP) Data such as microarray and proteomics data has provided a powerful methodology to study patterns of gene regulation at genome scale. A major unresolved problem in the post-genomic era is to assemble the large amounts of data generated into a meaningful biological context. We have developed a comprehensive software tool, WholePathwayScope (WPS), for deriving biological insights from analysis of HTP data. Result WPS extracts gene lists with shared biological themes through color cue templates. WPS statistically evaluates global functional category enrichment of gene lists and pathway-level pattern enrichment of data. WPS incorporates well-known biological pathways from KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and Biocarta, GO (Gene Ontology) terms as well as user-defined pathways or relevant gene clusters or groups, and explores gene-term relationships within the derived gene-term association networks (GTANs). WPS simultaneously compares multiple datasets within biological contexts either as pathways or as association networks. WPS also integrates Genetic Association Database and Partial MedGene Database for disease-association information. We have used this program to analyze and compare microarray and proteomics datasets derived from a variety of biological systems. Application examples demonstrated the capacity of WPS to significantly facilitate the analysis of HTP data for integrative discovery. Conclusion This tool represents a pathway-based platform for discovery integration to maximize analysis power. The tool is freely available at . PMID:16423281

Personalized Medicine for ARDS: The 2035 Research Agenda

PubMed Central

Beitler, Jeremy R.; Goligher, Ewan C.; Schmidt, Matthieu; Spieth, Peter M.; Zanella, Alberto; Martin-Loeches, Ignacio; Calfee, Carolyn S.; Cavalcanti, Alexandre B.

2016-01-01

Survival from ARDS has increased substantially in the last twenty years as a result of key advances in lung-protective ventilation and resuscitation. Similarly, clinical practice improvements have contributed to an impressive decline in nosocomial ARDS incidence. Personalizing mechanical ventilation for further lung protection is a top research priority for the years ahead. However, the ARDS research agenda must be broader in scope. The clinical syndrome of ARDS includes a heterogeneous assemblage of pathophysiological processes leading to lung injury. Further understanding of these varied, complex biological underpinnings of ARDS pathogenesis is needed to inform therapeutic discovery and tailor management strategy to the individual patient. While some therapies may be applicable broadly to all ARDS patients, others may benefit only certain biologically distinct subsets. The twenty-year ARDSne(x)t research agenda calls for bringing personalized medicine to ARDS, asking simultaneously both whether a treatment affords clinically meaningful benefit and for whom. This expanded scope necessitates acquisition of highly granular biological, physiological, and clinical data as the new standard across studies. Tremendous investment in research infrastructure and global collaboration will be vital to fulfilling this agenda. PMID:27040103

Magnetic nanomotor fabrication by plasma coating method and its biological application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oksuz, Lutfi; Yurdabak Karaca, Gozde; Uygun, Emre; Uygun Oksuz, Aysegul

2017-10-01

Nano/micro scale motors are exciting research area due to a wide range of application area especially offer considerable promise for the diagnosis and treatment of the diseases. In this scope, the preparation and characterization of Gold (Au)/ Nickel (Ni) nanomotors transport and their applications based on the detection of miRNA-21 will be examined. In addition, magnetic segment Ni which was coated by RF magnetron sputter technique on to the electrochemical synthesized Au nanowire can also be used to focus on the controlled movement and target. We propose a sensitive stable plasma coated magnetic nanomotor-based approach for miRNA-21 detection for simple and cancer diagnosis.

Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pearce, Tim C.; Schiffman, Susan S.; Nagle, H. Troy; Gardner, Julian W.

2003-02-01

"Electronic noses" are instruments which mimic the sense of smell. Consisting of olfactory sensors and a suitable signal processing unit, they are able to detect and distinguish odors precisely and at low cost. This makes them very useful for a remarkable variety of applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry, in environmental control or clinical diagnostics and more. The scope covers biological and technical fundamentals and up-to-date research. Contributions by renowned international scientists as well as application-oriented news from successful "e-nose" manufacturers give a well-rounded account of the topic, and this coverage from R&D to applications makes this book a must-have read for e-nose researchers, designers and users alike.

Expanding the Scope of Site-Specific Recombinases for Genetic and Metabolic Engineering

PubMed Central

Gaj, Thomas; Sirk, Shannon J.; Barbas, Carlos F.

2014-01-01

Site-specific recombinases are tremendously valuable tools for basic research and genetic engineering. By promoting high-fidelity DNA modifications, site-specific recombination systems have empowered researchers with unprecedented control over diverse biological functions, enabling countless insights into cellular structure and function. The rigid target specificities of many sites-specific recombinases, however, have limited their adoption in fields that require highly flexible recognition abilities. As a result, intense effort has been directed toward altering the properties of site-specific recombination systems by protein engineering. Here, we review key developments in the rational design and directed molecular evolution of site-specific recombinases, highlighting the numerous applications of these enzymes across diverse fields of study. PMID:23982993

40 CFR 725.1000 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Scope. 725.1000 Section 725.1000 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT REPORTING....1000 Scope. This subpart identifies uses of microorganisms which EPA has determined to be significant...

44 CFR 151.02 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Scope. 151.02 Section 151.02 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL REIMBURSEMENT FOR COSTS OF FIREFIGHTING ON FEDERAL PROPERTY Purpose, Scope...

44 CFR 151.02 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Scope. 151.02 Section 151.02 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL REIMBURSEMENT FOR COSTS OF FIREFIGHTING ON FEDERAL PROPERTY Purpose, Scope...

44 CFR 151.02 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Scope. 151.02 Section 151.02 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL REIMBURSEMENT FOR COSTS OF FIREFIGHTING ON FEDERAL PROPERTY Purpose, Scope...

44 CFR 151.02 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Scope. 151.02 Section 151.02 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL REIMBURSEMENT FOR COSTS OF FIREFIGHTING ON FEDERAL PROPERTY Purpose, Scope...

44 CFR 151.02 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope. 151.02 Section 151.02 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL REIMBURSEMENT FOR COSTS OF FIREFIGHTING ON FEDERAL PROPERTY Purpose, Scope...

Towards a Convention on Geological Heritage (CGH) for the protection of Geological Heritage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brocx, Margaret; Semeniuk, Vic

2017-04-01

2 V & C Semeniuk Research Group; 21 Glenmere Rd., Warwick, WA, 6024 The history of the biological conservation essentially began with the IUCN and the global awakening following publication of "The Silent Spring". Since then the IUCN has been active in species conservation and later, when recognising the importance of biodiversity, in the development of a Convention on Biological Diversity. However, even in a framework of Convention on Biological Diversity, there are organisations, political systems/parties, and personnel that strive to subjugate and control nature and biology and use nature for profit or to benefit humankind (e.g., genetically modified foods, use of terrain for food production, use of forests as a resource, managed ecosystems, construction of luxury resorts and tourist resorts in wildernesses). This has been the same for geology, in that geological materials are fundamental to industrialisation in the use of metals, building materials, other commodities, and fossil fuels, and have been exploited often regardless of their geoheritage values. The history of geology and its conservation actually predates the focus on conservation of biology - Siccar Point, numerous palaeontologic sites, and other iconic geological sites serve as examples. But in spite of their recognition as iconic geological sites, areas such as Siccar Point, Cliefden Caves, Hallett Cove, and the Kimberley are still under threat. Given that firstly there is an importance to geological features of the Earth per se and, secondly, geological features as geodiversity underpin and sustain biological systems, there is a critical need to develop a convention, similar to the Convention on Biological Diversity, that recognises the importance of geology as a part of Nature. The scope of Geoheritage and the diversity of Geology is such that it involves all sub-disciplines of Geology (e.g., palaeontology, mineralogy, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic geology, structural geology, hydrology, geomorphology, and pedology) and, as such, Geoheritage must encompass the full diversity of Geology in scope and scale. Focusing on palaeontology to illustrate the principle: if extant biodiversity is afforded global conservation status through the Convention on Biological Diversity, and this generally involves species that have been in existence only for 10,000 to 1,000,000 years, then Phanerozoic palaeontology spanning the diversity and history of life over 500,000,000 years is far more (bio)diverse; additionally, palaeontology in combination with stratigraphy carries the story of evolution and the history of life and is the nature field library of Earth Heritage. We suggest therefore that the abiotic realm also requires a similar procedure of protection to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and we suggest a Convention on Geological Heritage.

The Eighth Central European Conference "Chemistry towards Biology": Snapshot.

PubMed

Perczel, András; Atanasov, Atanas G; Sklenář, Vladimír; Nováček, Jiří; Papoušková, Veronika; Kadeřávek, Pavel; Žídek, Lukáš; Kozłowski, Henryk; Wątły, Joanna; Hecel, Aleksandra; Kołkowska, Paulina; Koča, Jaroslav; Svobodová-Vařeková, Radka; Pravda, Lukáš; Sehnal, David; Horský, Vladimír; Geidl, Stanislav; Enriz, Ricardo D; Matějka, Pavel; Jeništová, Adéla; Dendisová, Marcela; Kokaislová, Alžběta; Weissig, Volkmar; Olsen, Mark; Coffey, Aidan; Ajuebor, Jude; Keary, Ruth; Sanz-Gaitero, Marta; van Raaij, Mark J; McAuliffe, Olivia; Waltenberger, Birgit; Mocan, Andrei; Šmejkal, Karel; Heiss, Elke H; Diederich, Marc; Musioł, Robert; Košmrlj, Janez; Polański, Jarosław; Jampílek, Josef

2016-10-17

The Eighth Central European Conference "Chemistry towards Biology" was held in Brno, Czech Republic, on August 28-September 1, 2016 to bring together experts in biology, chemistry and design of bioactive compounds; promote the exchange of scientific results, methods and ideas; and encourage cooperation between researchers from all over the world. The topics of the conference covered "Chemistry towards Biology", meaning that the event welcomed chemists working on biology-related problems, biologists using chemical methods, and students and other researchers of the respective areas that fall within the common scope of chemistry and biology. The authors of this manuscript are plenary speakers and other participants of the symposium and members of their research teams. The following summary highlights the major points/topics of the meeting.

40 CFR 725.300 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Scope and purpose. 725.300 Section 725.300 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT REPORTING REQUIREMENTS AND REVIEW PROCESSES FOR MICROORGANISMS Exemptions for Test Marketing § 725.300 Scope...

42 CFR 400.300 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Scope. 400.300 Section 400.300 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL PROVISIONS INTRODUCTION; DEFINITIONS OMB Control Numbers for Approved Collections of Information § 400.300 Scope. This...

42 CFR 400.300 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope. 400.300 Section 400.300 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL PROVISIONS INTRODUCTION; DEFINITIONS OMB Control Numbers for Approved Collections of Information § 400.300 Scope. This...

40 CFR 710.1 - Scope and compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 710.1 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT TSCA CHEMICAL INVENTORY REGULATIONS General Provisions § 710.1 Scope and compliance. (a) This part... process chemical substances for commercial purposes under section 8(a) of the Toxic Substances Control Act...

49 CFR 235.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SIGNAL SYSTEM OR RELIEF FROM THE REQUIREMENTS OF PART 236 § 235.1 Scope. This part prescribes application for approval to discontinue or materially modify block signal systems, interlockings, traffic control systems, automatic train stop, train control, or cab signal systems, or other similar appliances, devices...

25 CFR 41.2 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION GRANTS TO TRIBALLY CONTROLLED COMMUNITY COLLEGES AND NAVAJO COMMUNITY COLLEGE Tribally Controlled Community Colleges § 41.2 Scope. The regulations in this subpart are applicable to the provision of financial and technical assistance to Community Colleges under title I of the...

MultiFocus Polarization Microscope (MF-PolScope) for 3D polarization imaging of up to 25 focal planes simultaneously

PubMed Central

Abrahamsson, Sara; McQuilken, Molly; Mehta, Shalin B.; Verma, Amitabh; Larsch, Johannes; Ilic, Rob; Heintzmann, Rainer; Bargmann, Cornelia I.; Gladfelter, Amy S.; Oldenbourg, Rudolf

2015-01-01

We have developed an imaging system for 3D time-lapse polarization microscopy of living biological samples. Polarization imaging reveals the position, alignment and orientation of submicroscopic features in label-free as well as fluorescently labeled specimens. Optical anisotropies are calculated from a series of images where the sample is illuminated by light of different polarization states. Due to the number of images necessary to collect both multiple polarization states and multiple focal planes, 3D polarization imaging is most often prohibitively slow. Our MF-PolScope system employs multifocus optics to form an instantaneous 3D image of up to 25 simultaneous focal-planes. We describe this optical system and show examples of 3D multi-focus polarization imaging of biological samples, including a protein assembly study in budding yeast cells. PMID:25837112

Biology Division progress report, October 1, 1991--September 30, 1993

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hartman, F.C.; Cook, J.S.

This Progress Report summarizes the research endeavors of the Biology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory during the period October 1, 1991, through September 30, 1993. The report is structured to provide descriptions of current activities and accomplishments in each of the Division`s major organizational units. Lists of information to convey the entire scope of the Division`s activities are compiled at the end of the report.

Cellular respiration: replicating in vivo systems biology for in ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This editorial develops a philosophy for expanding the scope of Journal of Breath Research (JBR) into the realm of cellular level study, and links certain topics back to more traditional systemic research for understanding human health based on exhaled breath constituents. The express purpose is to provide a publication outlet for novel breath related research that includes in vitro studies, especially those that explore the biological origin and expression of compounds that may ultimately influence the constituents of exhaled breath. The new topics include all manner of methods and instrumentations for making in vivo and in vitro measurements, the use of different biological media (blood, urine saliva, swabs) including human and microbial cell-lines, in vitro kinetic studies of metabolism, and advances in ex vivo methods for maintaining metabolic competency and viability of biological samples. Traditionally, JBR has published articles on human breath analysis for diagnosing disease, tracking health state, assessing the dose and effect of exogenous chemicals, and contributions of malodorous compounds from the oral/nasal cavity. These have also included research describing novel sampling and analytical technologies, most notably those implementing mass spectrometry, chemical sensors and optical measurement instrumentation (Amann and Smith 2013). The journal’s original scope has also embraced animal models as surrogates for human sampling, new mathematical and

Towards BioDBcore: a community-defined information specification for biological databases

PubMed Central

Gaudet, Pascale; Bairoch, Amos; Field, Dawn; Sansone, Susanna-Assunta; Taylor, Chris; Attwood, Teresa K.; Bateman, Alex; Blake, Judith A.; Bult, Carol J.; Cherry, J. Michael; Chisholm, Rex L.; Cochrane, Guy; Cook, Charles E.; Eppig, Janan T.; Galperin, Michael Y.; Gentleman, Robert; Goble, Carole A.; Gojobori, Takashi; Hancock, John M.; Howe, Douglas G.; Imanishi, Tadashi; Kelso, Janet; Landsman, David; Lewis, Suzanna E.; Mizrachi, Ilene Karsch; Orchard, Sandra; Ouellette, B. F. Francis; Ranganathan, Shoba; Richardson, Lorna; Rocca-Serra, Philippe; Schofield, Paul N.; Smedley, Damian; Southan, Christopher; Tan, Tin Wee; Tatusova, Tatiana; Whetzel, Patricia L.; White, Owen; Yamasaki, Chisato

2011-01-01

The present article proposes the adoption of a community-defined, uniform, generic description of the core attributes of biological databases, BioDBCore. The goals of these attributes are to provide a general overview of the database landscape, to encourage consistency and interoperability between resources and to promote the use of semantic and syntactic standards. BioDBCore will make it easier for users to evaluate the scope and relevance of available resources. This new resource will increase the collective impact of the information present in biological databases. PMID:21097465

Towards BioDBcore: a community-defined information specification for biological databases

PubMed Central

Gaudet, Pascale; Bairoch, Amos; Field, Dawn; Sansone, Susanna-Assunta; Taylor, Chris; Attwood, Teresa K.; Bateman, Alex; Blake, Judith A.; Bult, Carol J.; Cherry, J. Michael; Chisholm, Rex L.; Cochrane, Guy; Cook, Charles E.; Eppig, Janan T.; Galperin, Michael Y.; Gentleman, Robert; Goble, Carole A.; Gojobori, Takashi; Hancock, John M.; Howe, Douglas G.; Imanishi, Tadashi; Kelso, Janet; Landsman, David; Lewis, Suzanna E.; Karsch Mizrachi, Ilene; Orchard, Sandra; Ouellette, B.F. Francis; Ranganathan, Shoba; Richardson, Lorna; Rocca-Serra, Philippe; Schofield, Paul N.; Smedley, Damian; Southan, Christopher; Tan, Tin W.; Tatusova, Tatiana; Whetzel, Patricia L.; White, Owen; Yamasaki, Chisato

2011-01-01

The present article proposes the adoption of a community-defined, uniform, generic description of the core attributes of biological databases, BioDBCore. The goals of these attributes are to provide a general overview of the database landscape, to encourage consistency and interoperability between resources; and to promote the use of semantic and syntactic standards. BioDBCore will make it easier for users to evaluate the scope and relevance of available resources. This new resource will increase the collective impact of the information present in biological databases. PMID:21205783

Biology Division progress report, October 1, 1993--September 30, 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-10-01

This Progress Report summarizes the research endeavors of the Biology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory during the period October 1, 1993, through September 30, 1995. The report is structured to provide descriptions of current activities and accomplishments in each of the Division`s major organizational units. Lists of information to convey the entire scope of the Division`s activities are compiled at the end of the report. Attention is focused on the following research activities: molecular, cellular, and cancer biology; mammalian genetics and development; genome mapping program; and educational activities.

The solar system: Importance of research to the biological sciences

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klein, Harold P.

1992-01-01

An attempt is made to describe the scope of scientific areas that comprise the current field of exobiology in the United States. From investigations of astrophysical phenomena that deal with the birth of stars and planetary systems to questions of molecular biology involving phylogenetic relationships among organisms, from attempts to simulate the synthesis of biological precursor molecules in the chemistry laboratory to making measurements of the organic constituents of Titan's atmosphere, these researches all converge toward a common objective--answering the question of how life came about in the universe.

Tinbergen on mirror neurons.

PubMed

Heyes, Cecilia

2014-01-01

Fifty years ago, Niko Tinbergen defined the scope of behavioural biology with his four problems: causation, ontogeny, survival value and evolution. About 20 years ago, there was another highly significant development in behavioural biology-the discovery of mirror neurons (MNs). Here, I use Tinbergen's original four problems (rather than the list that appears in textbooks) to highlight the differences between two prominent accounts of MNs, the genetic and associative accounts; to suggest that the latter provides the defeasible 'best explanation' for current data on the causation and ontogeny of MNs; and to argue that functional analysis, of the kind that Tinbergen identified somewhat misleadingly with studies of 'survival value', should be a high priority for future research. In this kind of functional analysis, system-level theories would assign MNs a small, but potentially important, role in the achievement of action understanding-or another social cognitive function-by a production line of interacting component processes. These theories would be tested by experimental intervention in human and non-human animal samples with carefully documented and controlled developmental histories.

10 CFR 55.2 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Scope. 55.2 Section 55.2 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) OPERATORS' LICENSES General Provisions § 55.2 Scope. The regulations in this part apply to— (a) Any individual who manipulates the controls of any utilization facility licensed under...

10 CFR 55.2 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Scope. 55.2 Section 55.2 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) OPERATORS' LICENSES General Provisions § 55.2 Scope. The regulations in this part apply to— (a) Any individual who manipulates the controls of any utilization facility licensed under...

40 CFR 146.1 - Applicability and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM: CRITERIA AND STANDARDS General Provisions § 146.1 Applicability and scope. (a) This part sets forth technical criteria and standards for the Underground Injection Control... of a State UIC program by the Administrator, any underground injection which is not authorized by the...

An interdepartmental Ph.D. program in computational biology and bioinformatics: the Yale perspective.

PubMed

Gerstein, Mark; Greenbaum, Dov; Cheung, Kei; Miller, Perry L

2007-02-01

Computational biology and bioinformatics (CBB), the terms often used interchangeably, represent a rapidly evolving biological discipline. With the clear potential for discovery and innovation, and the need to deal with the deluge of biological data, many academic institutions are committing significant resources to develop CBB research and training programs. Yale formally established an interdepartmental Ph.D. program in CBB in May 2003. This paper describes Yale's program, discussing the scope of the field, the program's goals and curriculum, as well as a number of issues that arose in implementing the program. (Further updated information is available from the program's website, www.cbb.yale.edu.)

Common foundations of optimal control across the sciences: evidence of a free lunch

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Russell, Benjamin; Rabitz, Herschel

2017-03-01

A common goal in the sciences is optimization of an objective function by selecting control variables such that a desired outcome is achieved. This scenario can be expressed in terms of a control landscape of an objective considered as a function of the control variables. At the most basic level, it is known that the vast majority of quantum control landscapes possess no traps, whose presence would hinder reaching the objective. This paper reviews and extends the quantum control landscape assessment, presenting evidence that the same highly favourable landscape features exist in many other domains of science. The implications of this broader evidence are discussed. Specifically, control landscape examples from quantum mechanics, chemistry and evolutionary biology are presented. Despite the obvious differences, commonalities between these areas are highlighted within a unified mathematical framework. This mathematical framework is driven by the wide-ranging experimental evidence on the ease of finding optimal controls (in terms of the required algorithmic search effort beyond the laboratory set-up overhead). The full scope and implications of this observed common control behaviour pose an open question for assessment in further work. This article is part of the themed issue 'Horizons of cybernetical physics'.

Exploring the Scopes "Monkey" Trial in Dayton, Tennessee: A Guide to People & Places

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cameron, Jacquelyn; Moore, Randy

2015-01-01

Many biology teachers visit Dayton, Tennessee, to experience "ground zero" of the evolution-creationism controversy. This article provides concise descriptions, addresses, and GPS coordinates for the trial-related sites in and around Dayton.

Soil Degradation: A North American perspective

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Soil can be degraded through erosion and formation of undesirable physical, chemical, or biological properties due to industrialization or use of inappropriate farming practices that supersede natural regeneration. Soil degradation reflects unsustainable resource management that is global in scope a...

46 CFR 565.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Purpose and scope. 565.1 Section 565.1 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION REGULATIONS AND ACTIONS TO ADDRESS RESTRICTIVE FOREIGN MARITIME PRACTICES CONTROLLED CARRIERS § 565.1 Purpose and scope. (a) Purpose. The regulations of this part are intended to carry out the...

10 CFR 862.2 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... RESTRICTIONS ON AIRCRAFT LANDING AND AIR DELIVERY AT DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NUCLEAR SITES § 862.2 Scope. (a) This...) Aircraft in the process of landing on a DOE site due to circumstances beyond the control of the operator... section are within the scope of this part upon landing at a DOE designated site. ...

36 CFR 9.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 9.1 Section 9.1 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT Mining and Mining Claims § 9.1 Purpose and scope. These regulations control all activities within...

36 CFR 9.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 9.1 Section 9.1 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT Mining and Mining Claims § 9.1 Purpose and scope. These regulations control all activities within...

36 CFR 9.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 9.1 Section 9.1 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT Mining and Mining Claims § 9.1 Purpose and scope. These regulations control all activities within...

36 CFR 9.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 9.1 Section 9.1 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT Mining and Mining Claims § 9.1 Purpose and scope. These regulations control all activities within...

36 CFR 9.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 9.1 Section 9.1 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT Mining and Mining Claims § 9.1 Purpose and scope. These regulations control all activities within...

41 CFR 109-1.5300 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

....53-Management of High Risk Personal Property § 109-1.5300 Scope of subpart. (a) This subpart provides identification, accounting, control, and disposal policy guidance for the following categories of high risk... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Scope of subpart. 109-1...

30 CFR 906.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Scope. 906.1 Section 906.1 Mineral Resources... OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE COLORADO § 906.1 Scope. This part contains all rules applicable only within Colorado that have been adopted under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act...

16 CFR 316.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Scope. 316.1 Section 316.1 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION REGULATIONS UNDER SPECIFIC ACTS OF CONGRESS CAN-SPAM RULE § 316.1 Scope. This part implements the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003...

Defining System Boundaries of an Institution Nitrogen Footprint.

PubMed

de la Reguera, Elizabeth; Castner, Elizabeth A; Galloway, James N; Leach, Allison M; Leary, Neil; Tang, Jianwu

2017-04-01

A nitrogen (N) footprint quantifies the amount of reactive nitrogen released to the environment and can be measured at different scales. The N footprint of a university includes activities and consumption within its geographic boundaries as well as activities that support the institution. Determining system bounds of an N footprint depends on the institution's mission and provides a common baseline for comparison. A comparison of three scopes of the N footprint, which describe how emissions are directly related to an institution's activities, was conducted for seven institutions. Scopes follow the established definition for the carbon footprint. In this article, the authors propose a new system bounds definition (core campus versus adjunct). Two case studies were explored: how the N footprint of Dickinson College changed with air travel, and how the N footprint of the Marine Biological Laboratory changed with scientific research. Of the three scopes, scope 3 was consistently the largest proportion of the N footprint for all seven institutions. The core campus activities of Dickinson College made up 99 percent of its N footprint, with air travel making up the remaining 1 percent. The Marine Biological Laboratory's core campus activities made up 51 percent of its N footprint and the scientific research made up the remaining 49 percent. Institutions should define system bounds based on their mission and stay consistent with their boundaries following the baseline year. The core campus footprint could be used to compare institution footprints using consistent system bounds. How institutions define their boundaries will impact the recorded amount of nitrogen as well as how the institution will set reduction strategies.

Defining System Boundaries of an Institution Nitrogen Footprint

PubMed Central

Castner, Elizabeth A.; Galloway, James N.; Leach, Allison M.; Leary, Neil; Tang, Jianwu

2017-01-01

Abstract A nitrogen (N) footprint quantifies the amount of reactive nitrogen released to the environment and can be measured at different scales. The N footprint of a university includes activities and consumption within its geographic boundaries as well as activities that support the institution. Determining system bounds of an N footprint depends on the institution's mission and provides a common baseline for comparison. A comparison of three scopes of the N footprint, which describe how emissions are directly related to an institution's activities, was conducted for seven institutions. Scopes follow the established definition for the carbon footprint. In this article, the authors propose a new system bounds definition (core campus versus adjunct). Two case studies were explored: how the N footprint of Dickinson College changed with air travel, and how the N footprint of the Marine Biological Laboratory changed with scientific research. Of the three scopes, scope 3 was consistently the largest proportion of the N footprint for all seven institutions. The core campus activities of Dickinson College made up 99 percent of its N footprint, with air travel making up the remaining 1 percent. The Marine Biological Laboratory's core campus activities made up 51 percent of its N footprint and the scientific research made up the remaining 49 percent. Institutions should define system bounds based on their mission and stay consistent with their boundaries following the baseline year. The core campus footprint could be used to compare institution footprints using consistent system bounds. How institutions define their boundaries will impact the recorded amount of nitrogen as well as how the institution will set reduction strategies. PMID:29350212

30 CFR 75.200 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Scope. 75.200 Section 75.200 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY... controlling roof, face and ribs, including coal or rock bursts, in underground coal mines. Roof control...

30 CFR 75.200 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Scope. 75.200 Section 75.200 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY... controlling roof, face and ribs, including coal or rock bursts, in underground coal mines. Roof control...

30 CFR 75.200 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Scope. 75.200 Section 75.200 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY... controlling roof, face and ribs, including coal or rock bursts, in underground coal mines. Roof control...

30 CFR 75.200 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Scope. 75.200 Section 75.200 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY... controlling roof, face and ribs, including coal or rock bursts, in underground coal mines. Roof control...

30 CFR 75.200 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Scope. 75.200 Section 75.200 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY... controlling roof, face and ribs, including coal or rock bursts, in underground coal mines. Roof control...

46 CFR 58.30-1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... apparatus, main and auxiliary, including bow thruster systems. (2) Cargo hatch operating systems unless... controlled release of the loading so as not to endanger personnel. (3) Watertight door operating system. (4... SYSTEMS Fluid Power and Control Systems § 58.30-1 Scope. (a) This subpart contains requirements for fluid...

46 CFR 58.30-1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... apparatus, main and auxiliary, including bow thruster systems. (2) Cargo hatch operating systems unless... controlled release of the loading so as not to endanger personnel. (3) Watertight door operating system. (4... SYSTEMS Fluid Power and Control Systems § 58.30-1 Scope. (a) This subpart contains requirements for fluid...

46 CFR 58.30-1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... apparatus, main and auxiliary, including bow thruster systems. (2) Cargo hatch operating systems unless... controlled release of the loading so as not to endanger personnel. (3) Watertight door operating system. (4... SYSTEMS Fluid Power and Control Systems § 58.30-1 Scope. (a) This subpart contains requirements for fluid...

46 CFR 58.30-1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... apparatus, main and auxiliary, including bow thruster systems. (2) Cargo hatch operating systems unless... controlled release of the loading so as not to endanger personnel. (3) Watertight door operating system. (4... SYSTEMS Fluid Power and Control Systems § 58.30-1 Scope. (a) This subpart contains requirements for fluid...

46 CFR 58.30-1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... apparatus, main and auxiliary, including bow thruster systems. (2) Cargo hatch operating systems unless... controlled release of the loading so as not to endanger personnel. (3) Watertight door operating system. (4... SYSTEMS Fluid Power and Control Systems § 58.30-1 Scope. (a) This subpart contains requirements for fluid...

Is Maximum Food Intake in Endotherms Constrained by Net or Factorial Aerobic Scope? Lessons from the Leaf-Eared Mouse.

PubMed

Maldonado, Karin; Sabat, Pablo; Piriz, Gabriela; Bogdanovich, José M; Nespolo, Roberto F; Bozinovic, Francisco

2016-01-01

Food availability varies substantially throughout animals' lifespans, thus the ability to profit from high food levels may directly influence animal fitness. Studies exploring the link between basal metabolic rate (BMR), growth, reproduction, and other fitness traits have shown varying relationships in terms of both magnitude and direction. The diversity of results has led to the hypothesis that these relationships are modulated by environmental conditions (e.g., food availability), suggesting that the fitness consequences of a given BMR may be context-dependent. In turn, there is indirect evidence that individuals with an increased capacity for aerobic work also have a high capacity for acquiring energy from food. Surprisingly, very few studies have explored the correlation between maximum rates of energy acquisition and BMR in endotherms, and to the best of our knowledge, none have attempted to elucidate relationships between the former and aerobic capacity [e.g., maximum metabolic rate (MMR), aerobic scope (Factorial aerobic scope, FAS; Net aerobic scope, NAS)]. In this study, we measured BMR, MMR, maximum food intake (recorded under low ambient temperature and ad libitum food conditions; MFI), and estimated aerobic scope in the leaf-eared mouse ( Phyllotis darwini ). We, then, examined correlations among these variables to determine whether metabolic rates and aerobic scope are functionally correlated, and whether an increased aerobic capacity is related to a higher MFI. We found that aerobic capacity measured as NAS is positively correlated with MFI in endotherms, but with neither FAS nor BMR. Therefore, it appears plausible that the capacity for assimilating energy under conditions of abundant resources is determined adaptively by NAS, as animals with higher NAS would be promoted by selection. In theory, FAS is an invariant measurement of the extreme capacity for energy turnover in relation to resting expenditure, whereas NAS represents the maximum capacity for simultaneous aerobic processes above maintenance levels. Accordingly, in our study, FAS and NAS represent different biological variables; FAS, in contrast to NAS, may not constrain food intake. The explanations for these differences are discussed in biological and mathematical terms; further, we encourage the use of NAS rather than FAS when analyzing the aerobic capacity of animals.

Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Department of Defense Biological Safety and Security Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-01

Three (NAMRU-3) - Lima, Peru : Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD) *These labs are co-located. To provide some measure of the scope and...Aceh, Indonesia and the more recent earthquakes in central Java and Peru . Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) ECBC’s science and technology... diabetes , obesity, cancer, psychiatric disorders, problems of pregnancy, AIDS, hepatitis, malaria, parasitic infections, and a host of other

Variety Preserved Instance Weighting and Prototype Selection for Probabilistic Multiple Scope Simulations

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-30

including analysis, control and management of the systems across their multiple scopes . These difficulties will become more significant in near future...behaviors of the systems , it tends to cover their many scopes . Accordingly, we may obtain better models for the simulations in a data-driven manner...to capture variety of the instance distribution in a given data set for covering multiple scopes of our objective system in a seamless manner. (2

40 CFR 144.1 - Purpose and scope of part 144.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM General Provisions § 144.1 Purpose and scope of part 144. (a) Contents of part 144. The regulations in this part set forth requirements for the Underground... for which in his judgment a State underground injection control program may be necessary to assure...

40 CFR 144.1 - Purpose and scope of part 144.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM General Provisions § 144.1 Purpose and scope of part 144. (a) Contents of part 144. The regulations in this part set forth requirements for the Underground... for which in his judgment a State underground injection control program may be necessary to assure...

40 CFR 144.1 - Purpose and scope of part 144.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM General Provisions § 144.1 Purpose and scope of part 144. (a) Contents of part 144. The regulations in this part set forth requirements for the Underground... for which in his judgment a State underground injection control program may be necessary to assure...

40 CFR 144.1 - Purpose and scope of part 144.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM General Provisions § 144.1 Purpose and scope of part 144. (a) Contents of part 144. The regulations in this part set forth requirements for the Underground... for which in his judgment a State underground injection control program may be necessary to assure...

40 CFR 262.10 - Purpose, scope, and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and Life Sciences, Arts and Sciences, Medicine, and Engineering and Mathematics; and Schools of..., Biology, Psychology, Anthropology, Geology and Earth Sciences, and Environmental, Coastal and Ocean Sciences Science Building (Bldg. #080); McCormack Building (Bldg. #020); and Wheatley Building (Bldg. #010...

40 CFR 262.10 - Purpose, scope, and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and Life Sciences, Arts and Sciences, Medicine, and Engineering and Mathematics; and Schools of..., Biology, Psychology, Anthropology, Geology and Earth Sciences, and Environmental, Coastal and Ocean Sciences Science Building (Bldg. #080); McCormack Building (Bldg. #020); and Wheatley Building (Bldg. #010...

40 CFR 262.10 - Purpose, scope, and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and Life Sciences, Arts and Sciences, Medicine, and Engineering and Mathematics; and Schools of..., Biology, Psychology, Anthropology, Geology and Earth Sciences, and Environmental, Coastal and Ocean Sciences Science Building (Bldg. #080); McCormack Building (Bldg. #020); and Wheatley Building (Bldg. #010...

40 CFR 262.10 - Purpose, scope, and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and Life Sciences, Arts and Sciences, Medicine, and Engineering and Mathematics; and Schools of..., Biology, Psychology, Anthropology, Geology and Earth Sciences, and Environmental, Coastal and Ocean Sciences Science Building (Bldg. #080); McCormack Building (Bldg. #020); and Wheatley Building (Bldg. #010...

Arctic-COLORS (Coastal Land Ocean Interactions in the Arctic) - a NASA field campaign scoping study to examine land-ocean interactions in the Arctic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hernes, P.; Tzortziou, M.; Salisbury, J.; Mannino, A.; Matrai, P.; Friedrichs, M. A.; Del Castillo, C. E.

2014-12-01

The Arctic region is warming faster than anywhere else on the planet, triggering rapid social and economic changes and impacting both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Yet our understanding of critical processes and interactions along the Arctic land-ocean interface is limited. Arctic-COLORS is a Field Campaign Scoping Study funded by NASA's Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program that aims to improve understanding and prediction of land-ocean interactions in a rapidly changing Arctic coastal zone, and assess vulnerability, response, feedbacks and resilience of coastal ecosystems, communities and natural resources to current and future pressures. Specific science objectives include: - Quantify lateral fluxes to the arctic inner shelf from (i) rivers and (ii) the outer shelf/basin that affect biology, biodiversity, biogeochemistry (i.e. organic matter, nutrients, suspended sediment), and the processing rates of these constituents in coastal waters. - Evaluate the impact of the thawing of Arctic permafrost within the river basins on coastal biology, biodiversity and biogeochemistry, including various rates of community production and the role these may play in the health of regional economies. - Assess the impact of changing Arctic landfast ice and coastal sea ice dynamics. - Establish a baseline for comparison to future change, and use state-of-the-art models to assess impacts of environmental change on coastal biology, biodiversity and biogeochemistry. A key component of Arctic-COLORS will be the integration of satellite and field observations with coupled physical-biogeochemical models for predicting impacts of future pressures on Arctic, coastal ocean, biological processes and biogeochemical cycles. Through interagency and international collaborations, and through the organization of dedicated workshops, town hall meetings and presentations at international conferences, the scoping study engages the broader scientific community and invites participation of experts from a wide range of disciplines, to refine our science objectives and outline detailed research strategies needed to attain these objectives. The deliverable will be a comprehensive report to NASA outlining the major scientific questions, and developing the initial study design and implementation concept.

10 CFR 9.50 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Scope of subpart. 9.50 Section 9.50 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION PUBLIC RECORDS Privacy Act Regulations § 9.50 Scope of subpart. This subpart implements... which are retrievable from a system of records under the control of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission by...

A second inheritance system: the extension of biology through culture.

PubMed

Whiten, Andrew

2017-10-06

By the mid-twentieth century (thus following the 'Modern Synthesis' in evolutionary biology), the behavioural sciences offered only the sketchy beginnings of a scientific literature documenting evidence for cultural inheritance in animals-the transmission of traditional behaviours via learning from others (social learning). By contrast, recent decades have seen a massive growth in the documentation of such cultural phenomena, driven by long-term field studies and complementary laboratory experiments. Here, I review the burgeoning scope of discoveries in this field, which increasingly suggest that this 'second inheritance system', built on the shoulders of the primary genetic inheritance system, occurs widely among vertebrates and possibly in invertebrates too. Its novel characteristics suggest significant implications for our understanding of evolutionary biology. I assess the extent to which this second system extends the scope of evolution, both by echoing principal properties of the primary, organic evolutionary system, and going beyond it in significant ways. This is well established in human cultural evolution; here, I address animal cultures more generally. The further major, and related, question concerns the extent to which the consequences of widespread animal cultural transmission interact with the primary, genetically based inheritance systems, shaping organic evolution.

Expanding the scope of site-specific recombinases for genetic and metabolic engineering.

PubMed

Gaj, Thomas; Sirk, Shannon J; Barbas, Carlos F

2014-01-01

Site-specific recombinases are tremendously valuable tools for basic research and genetic engineering. By promoting high-fidelity DNA modifications, site-specific recombination systems have empowered researchers with unprecedented control over diverse biological functions, enabling countless insights into cellular structure and function. The rigid target specificities of many sites-specific recombinases, however, have limited their adoption in fields that require highly flexible recognition abilities. As a result, intense effort has been directed toward altering the properties of site-specific recombination systems by protein engineering. Here, we review key developments in the rational design and directed molecular evolution of site-specific recombinases, highlighting the numerous applications of these enzymes across diverse fields of study. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

42 CFR 1007.3 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... STATE MEDICAID FRAUD CONTROL UNITS § 1007.3 Scope and purpose. This part implements sections 1903(a)(6), 1903(b)(3), and 1903(q) of the Social Security Act, as amended by the Medicare-Medicaid Anti-Fraud and... costs of establishing and operating a State Medicaid fraud control unit, as defined by the statute, for...

LudusScope: Accessible Interactive Smartphone Microscopy for Life-Science Education.

PubMed

Kim, Honesty; Gerber, Lukas Cyrill; Chiu, Daniel; Lee, Seung Ah; Cira, Nate J; Xia, Sherwin Yuyang; Riedel-Kruse, Ingmar H

2016-01-01

For centuries, observational microscopy has greatly facilitated biology education, but we still cannot easily and playfully interact with the microscopic world we see. We therefore developed the LudusScope, an accessible, interactive do-it-yourself smartphone microscopy platform that promotes exploratory stimulation and observation of microscopic organisms, in a design that combines the educational modalities of build, play, and inquire. The LudusScope's touchscreen and joystick allow the selection and stimulation of phototactic microorganisms such as Euglena gracilis with light. Organismal behavior is tracked and displayed in real time, enabling open and structured game play as well as scientific inquiry via quantitative experimentation. Furthermore, we used the Scratch programming language to incorporate biophysical modeling. This platform is designed as an accessible, low-cost educational kit for easy construction and expansion. User testing with both teachers and students demonstrates the educational potential of the LudusScope, and we anticipate additional synergy with the maker movement. Transforming observational microscopy into an interactive experience will make microbiology more tangible to society, and effectively support the interdisciplinary learning required by the Next Generation Science Standards.

24 CFR 3280.501 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS Thermal Protection § 3280.501 Scope. This subpart sets forth the requirements for condensation control, air infiltration, thermal insulation and certification for heating and comfort cooling. ...

Broadening the Scope of Dental Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loe, Harald

1992-01-01

Scientific and technological advances affecting dental education in the near future are examined, including the growing role of saliva in diagnosis, direct imaging methods, biomaterials research, computer-aided design and manufacturing, molecular biology, and new restorative dentistry. It is argued that dentistry should be a fully recognized…

21 CFR 814.100 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL... public health and safety and with ethical standards, to encourage the discovery and use of devices...), Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER...

42 CFR 71.50 - Scope and definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... importations of various animal hosts or vectors or other etiological agents from foreign countries into the... the following meanings: Animal product or Product means the hide, hair, skull, teeth, bones, claws, blood, tissue, or other biological samples from an animal, including trophies, mounts, rugs, or other...

42 CFR 71.50 - Scope and definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... importations of various animal hosts or vectors or other etiological agents from foreign countries into the... the following meanings: Animal product or Product means the hide, hair, skull, teeth, bones, claws, blood, tissue, or other biological samples from an animal, including trophies, mounts, rugs, or other...

Untuned resonators for near millimeter waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gebbie, H. A.; Llewellyn-Jones, D. T.

1981-03-01

A brief account is given of the reasons for revitalizing an old technique for near millimeter wave measurements. The principles of the method are outlined and the scope of its application indicated. The potential importance of the technique for liquid phase and biological material studies is illustrated.

49 CFR 192.451 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Requirements for Corrosion Control § 192.451 Scope. (a..., internal, and atmospheric corrosion. (b) [Reserved] [Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12302, June 30, 1971, as amended by...

49 CFR 192.451 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Requirements for Corrosion Control § 192.451 Scope. (a..., internal, and atmospheric corrosion. (b) [Reserved] [Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12302, June 30, 1971, as amended by...

49 CFR 192.451 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Requirements for Corrosion Control § 192.451 Scope. (a..., internal, and atmospheric corrosion. (b) [Reserved] [Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12302, June 30, 1971, as amended by...

49 CFR 192.451 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Requirements for Corrosion Control § 192.451 Scope. (a..., internal, and atmospheric corrosion. (b) [Reserved] [Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12302, June 30, 1971, as amended by...

Using SCOPE to identify potential regulatory motifs in coregulated genes.

PubMed

Martyanov, Viktor; Gross, Robert H

2011-05-31

SCOPE is an ensemble motif finder that uses three component algorithms in parallel to identify potential regulatory motifs by over-representation and motif position preference. Each component algorithm is optimized to find a different kind of motif. By taking the best of these three approaches, SCOPE performs better than any single algorithm, even in the presence of noisy data. In this article, we utilize a web version of SCOPE to examine genes that are involved in telomere maintenance. SCOPE has been incorporated into at least two other motif finding programs and has been used in other studies. The three algorithms that comprise SCOPE are BEAM, which finds non-degenerate motifs (ACCGGT), PRISM, which finds degenerate motifs (ASCGWT), and SPACER, which finds longer bipartite motifs (ACCnnnnnnnnGGT). These three algorithms have been optimized to find their corresponding type of motif. Together, they allow SCOPE to perform extremely well. Once a gene set has been analyzed and candidate motifs identified, SCOPE can look for other genes that contain the motif which, when added to the original set, will improve the motif score. This can occur through over-representation or motif position preference. Working with partial gene sets that have biologically verified transcription factor binding sites, SCOPE was able to identify most of the rest of the genes also regulated by the given transcription factor. Output from SCOPE shows candidate motifs, their significance, and other information both as a table and as a graphical motif map. FAQs and video tutorials are available at the SCOPE web site which also includes a "Sample Search" button that allows the user to perform a trial run. Scope has a very friendly user interface that enables novice users to access the algorithm's full power without having to become an expert in the bioinformatics of motif finding. As input, SCOPE can take a list of genes, or FASTA sequences. These can be entered in browser text fields, or read from a file. The output from SCOPE contains a list of all identified motifs with their scores, number of occurrences, fraction of genes containing the motif, and the algorithm used to identify the motif. For each motif, result details include a consensus representation of the motif, a sequence logo, a position weight matrix, and a list of instances for every motif occurrence (with exact positions and "strand" indicated). Results are returned in a browser window and also optionally by email. Previous papers describe the SCOPE algorithms in detail.

14 CFR 171.301 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...-Federal Microwave Landing System (MLS) facilities that provide the basis for instrument flight rules (IFR) and air traffic control procedures. ... FACILITIES NON-FEDERAL NAVIGATION FACILITIES Microwave Landing System (MLS) § 171.301 Scope. This subpart...

21 CFR 316.1 - Scope of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... drugs for rare diseases or conditions, including biological products and antibiotics. This part sets... for investigations of drugs for rare diseases or conditions; (ii) Requests for designation of a drug for a rare disease or condition; and (iii) Requests for gaining exclusive approval for a drug product...

21 CFR 316.1 - Scope of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... drugs for rare diseases or conditions, including biological products and antibiotics. This part sets... for investigations of drugs for rare diseases or conditions; (ii) Requests for designation of a drug for a rare disease or condition; and (iii) Requests for gaining exclusive approval for a drug product...

21 CFR 316.1 - Scope of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... drugs for rare diseases or conditions, including biological products and antibiotics. This part sets... for investigations of drugs for rare diseases or conditions; (ii) Requests for designation of a drug for a rare disease or condition; and (iii) Requests for gaining exclusive approval for a drug product...

21 CFR 316.1 - Scope of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... drugs for rare diseases or conditions, including biological products and antibiotics. This part sets... for investigations of drugs for rare diseases or conditions; (ii) Requests for designation of a drug for a rare disease or condition; and (iii) Requests for gaining exclusive approval for a drug product...

Middle Level SS&C Energy Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crow, Linda W.; Aldridge, Bill G.

The project on Scope Sequence and Coordination of Secondary School Science (SS&C) was initiated by the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) and recommends that all students study science every year and advocates carefully sequenced, well-coordinated instruction in biology, chemistry, earth/space science, and physics. This document…

Cyclic Dinucleotides in the Scope of the Mammalian Immune System.

PubMed

Mankan, Arun K; Müller, Martina; Witte, Gregor; Hornung, Veit

2017-01-01

First discovered in prokaryotes and more recently in eukaryotes, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) constitute a unique branch of second messenger signaling systems. Within prokaryotes CDNs regulate a wide array of different biological processes, whereas in the vertebrate system CDN signaling is largely dedicated to activation of the innate immune system. In this book chapter we summarize the occurrence and signaling pathways of these small-molecule second messengers, most importantly in the scope of the mammalian immune system. In this regard, our main focus is the role of the cGAS-STING axis in the context of microbial infection and sterile inflammation and its implications for therapeutic applications.

Quantum dots–DNA bioconjugates: synthesis to applications

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Semiconductor nanoparticles particularly quantum dots (QDs) are interesting alternatives to organic fluorophores for a range of applications such as biosensing, imaging and therapeutics. Addition of a programmable scaffold such as DNA to QDs further expands the scope and applicability of these hybrid nanomaterials in biology. In this review, the most important stages of preparation of QD–DNA conjugates for specific applications in biology are discussed. Special emphasis is laid on (i) the most successful strategies to disperse QDs in aqueous media, (ii) the range of different conjugation with detailed discussion about specific merits and demerits in each case, and (iii) typical applications of these conjugates in the context of biology. PMID:27920898

Evaluation and comparison of the levels of occupational exposure to cobalt during dry and/or wet hard metal sharpening. Environmental and biological monitoring.

PubMed

Imbrogno, P; Alborghetti, F

1994-06-30

To investigate risks to hard metal tool sharpeners, 80 factories in the Lombardia Region (North Italy) were selected and examined. The scope of the survey consisted of verifying and quantifying that risk, so as to be able to control it and reduce it as far as is possible. We singled out a group of 12 factories, comprising approximately 750 workers 60 of whom were exposed to cobalt, in which operations such as sharpening with diamond grinding stones are normally carried out. In those factories, the risk was quantified by determining the concentration of cobalt in dust, collected by means of personal and fixed samplers (23 measurements) during sharpening operations. The station had no local ventilation device; sharpening is mainly performed wet and has been found to present a greater risk than those where sharpening is exclusively performed dry. Results were confirmed by biological monitoring which showed the presence of cobalt excreted in exposed workers' urine collected at the end of the work shift.

42 CFR 475.100 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement Organizations § 475.100 Scope and applicability. This subpart implements...

21 CFR 316.1 - Scope of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... drugs for rare diseases or conditions, including biological products and antibiotics. This part sets... for investigations of drugs for rare diseases or conditions; (ii) Requests for designation of a drug for a rare disease or condition; and (iii) Requests for gaining exclusive approval for a drug for a...

The ecology and evolution of gall-forming insects.

Treesearch

Peter W. Price; William J. Mattson; Yuri N. Baranchikov

1994-01-01

This international proceedings focuses on the biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-forming insects and their uniquely specialized relationships with their host plants. The individual contributions range in scope from detailed descriptive to profoundly theoretical, synthetic studies. One underlying theme of the proceedings is the important contribution of knowledge...

Incorporating deep learning into the analysis of diverse livestock data

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Technological advances in high-throughput phenotyping and multiple omics fields have led to an explosion in the volume of data across the whole spectrum of biology, allowing researchers to integrate data of different types to inform hypotheses and expand the scope of their research questions. Howeve...

Self-Relevance Constructions of Biology Concepts: Meaning-Making and Identity-Formation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davidson, Yonaton Sahar

2018-01-01

Recent research supports the benefit of students' construction of relevance through writing about the connection of content to their life. However, most such research defines relevance narrowly as utility value--perceived instrumentality of the content to the student's career goals. Furthermore, the scope of phenomenological and conceptual…

Advanced Applications of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies to Orchid Biology.

PubMed

Yeh, Chuan-Ming; Liu, Zhong-Jian; Tsai, Wen-Chieh

2018-01-01

Next-generation sequencing technologies are revolutionizing biology by permitting, transcriptome sequencing, whole-genome sequencing and resequencing, and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism profiling. Orchid research has benefited from this breakthrough, and a few orchid genomes are now available; new biological questions can be approached and new breeding strategies can be designed. The first part of this review describes the unique features of orchid biology. The second part provides an overview of the current next-generation sequencing platforms, many of which are already used in plant laboratories. The third part summarizes the state of orchid transcriptome and genome sequencing and illustrates current achievements. The genetic sequences currently obtained will not only provide a broad scope for the study of orchid biology, but also serves as a starting point for uncovering the mystery of orchid evolution.

49 CFR 193.2401 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FACILITIES: FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Equipment § 193.2401 Scope. After March 31, 2000, each new, replaced, relocated or significantly altered vaporization equipment, liquefaction equipment, and control systems must be...

An assessment of inservice training on the applications in biology/chemistry curriculum from the Center of Occupational Research and Development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jobe, Robert Dale

Scope and method of study. The scope of the study consisted of respondents to a survey sent to all the participants of the inservice workshops for the Applied Biology/Chemistry curriculum from CORD. One hundred and six surveys were sent to teachers trained for Applied Biology/Chemistry classes for high school credit as a laboratory science requirement. Sixty-two people returned the questionnaire who were present or past teachers of Applied Biology/Chemistry classes for high school credit. The study assessed the participants' expectations and satisfaction with inservice training provided for certification in Oklahoma over the past five years. A common set of objectives that participants rated for importance to philosophy and strategies needed to successfully teach Applications in Biology/Chemistry using the curriculum written by the Center for Occupational Research and Development was evaluated for significance. Findings and conclusions. The analysis of the data revealed that the respondents' expectations and satisfaction were both above average for the workshop they attended. Therefore, it was concluded that the first seventeen objectives of this study should be the mainstay of any workshop used to train future teachers of Applications of Biology/Chemistry for high school credit. Eleven of the first seventeen questions (objectives) were found to be statistically significant at the alpha =.05 level. Therefore it was concluded that an increased emphasis on instruction in the guideline (objectives) areas that were statistically significant should be provided in future workshops. The respondents' answers to the survey questions provided insight on the time line configuration and structure of future workshops for teachers of Application in Biology/Chemistry for high school credit. Therefore it was concluded that workshops should be ten days in length, 6-8 hours a day of instruction, with follow-up sessions offered, college credit given and a stipend awarded. The days, months and structure of meetings should be arranged to facilitate attendance by participants.

The developmental genetics of biological robustness

PubMed Central

Mestek Boukhibar, Lamia; Barkoulas, Michalis

2016-01-01

Background Living organisms are continuously confronted with perturbations, such as environmental changes that include fluctuations in temperature and nutrient availability, or genetic changes such as mutations. While some developmental systems are affected by such challenges and display variation in phenotypic traits, others continue consistently to produce invariable phenotypes despite perturbation. This ability of a living system to maintain an invariable phenotype in the face of perturbations is termed developmental robustness. Biological robustness is a phenomenon observed across phyla, and studying its mechanisms is central to deciphering the genotype–phenotype relationship. Recent work in yeast, animals and plants has shown that robustness is genetically controlled and has started to reveal the underlying mechinisms behind it. Scope and Conclusions Studying biological robustness involves focusing on an important property of developmental traits, which is the phenotypic distribution within a population. This is often neglected because the vast majority of developmental biology studies instead focus on population aggregates, such as trait averages. By drawing on findings in animals and yeast, this Viewpoint considers how studies on plant developmental robustness may benefit from strict definitions of what is the developmental system of choice and what is the relevant perturbation, and also from clear distinctions between gene effects on the trait mean and the trait variance. Recent advances in quantitative developmental biology and high-throughput phenotyping now allow the design of targeted genetic screens to identify genes that amplify or restrict developmental trait variance and to study how variation propagates across different phenotypic levels in biological systems. The molecular characterization of more quantitative trait loci affecting trait variance will provide further insights into the evolution of genes modulating developmental robustness. The study of robustness mechanisms in closely related species will address whether mechanisms of robustness are evolutionarily conserved. PMID:26292993

26 CFR 1.674(a)-1 - Power to control beneficial enjoyment; scope of section 674.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... grantor is treated as the owner of a portion of trust if the grantor or a nonadverse party has a power... of time such that the grantor would not be treated as an owner under section 673 if the power were a... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Power to control beneficial enjoyment; scope of...

Microvascular function in women with former gestational diabetes: A cohort study.

PubMed

Charwat-Resl, Silvia; Yarragudi, Rajashri; Heimbach, Moritz; Leitner, Karoline; Leutner, Michael; Gamper, Jutta; Giurgea, Georgiana-Aura; Mueller, Markus; Koppensteiner, Renate; Gschwandtner, Michael E; Kautzky-Willer, Alexandra; Schlager, Oliver

2017-05-01

In the long term, diabetes mellitus is potentially associated with the occurrence of microvascular damage. This study sought to assess whether a history of prior gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with long-term effects on the women's microcirculation. Within the scope of a long-term follow-up of the 'Viennese Post-Gestational Diabetes Project', women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus as well as women with previous pregnancy but with no history of gestational diabetes mellitus (controls) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Microvascular function was assessed by post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia using laser Doppler fluxmetry. Baseline perfusion, biological zero, peak perfusion, time to peak and recovery time were recorded and compared between both groups. Microvascular function was assessed in 55 women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (46.1 ± 4.6 years) and 32 women with previous pregnancy but without prior gestational diabetes mellitus (42.9 ± 5.3 years). The mean period of time between delivery and the assessment of microvascular function was 16.2 ± 5.2 years in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus group and 14.2 ± 4.8 years in controls. Regarding microvascular function, baseline perfusion, biological zero, peak perfusion, time to peak and recovery time did not differ between women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus and controls (all p > 0.05). In the long term, microvascular function appears not to be impaired in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus.

Customizable 3D Printed ‘Plug and Play’ Millifluidic Devices for Programmable Fluidics

PubMed Central

Tsuda, Soichiro; Jaffery, Hussain; Doran, David; Hezwani, Mohammad; Robbins, Phillip J.; Yoshida, Mari; Cronin, Leroy

2015-01-01

Three dimensional (3D) printing is actively sought after in recent years as a promising novel technology to construct complex objects, which scope spans from nano- to over millimeter scale. Previously we utilized Fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printer to construct complex 3D chemical fluidic systems, and here we demonstrate the construction of 3D milli-fluidic structures for programmable liquid handling and control of biological samples. Basic fluidic operation devices, such as water-in-oil (W/O) droplet generators for producing compartmentalized mono-disperse droplets, sensor-integrated chamber for online monitoring of cellular growth, are presented. In addition, chemical surface treatment techniques are used to construct valve-based flow selector for liquid flow control and inter-connectable modular devices for networking fluidic parts. As such this work paves the way for complex operations, such as mixing, flow control, and monitoring of reaction / cell culture progress can be carried out by constructing both passive and active components in 3D printed structures, which designs can be shared online so that anyone with 3D printers can reproduce them by themselves. PMID:26558389

Remote-controlling chemical reactions by light: towards chemistry with high spatio-temporal resolution.

PubMed

Göstl, Robert; Senf, Antti; Hecht, Stefan

2014-03-21

The foundation of the chemical enterprise has always been the creation of new molecular entities, such as pharmaceuticals or polymeric materials. Over the past decades, this continuing effort of designing compounds with improved properties has been complemented by a strong effort to render their preparation (more) sustainable by implementing atom as well as energy economic strategies. Therefore, synthetic chemistry is typically concerned with making specific bonds and connections in a highly selective and efficient manner. However, to increase the degree of sophistication and expand the scope of our work, we argue that the modern aspiring chemist should in addition be concerned with attaining (better) control over when and where chemical bonds are being made or broken. For this purpose, photoswitchable molecular systems, which allow for external modulation of chemical reactions by light, are being developed and in this review we are covering the current state of the art of this exciting new field. These "remote-controlled synthetic tools" provide a remarkable opportunity to perform chemical transformations with high spatial and temporal resolution and should therefore allow regulating biological processes as well as material and device performance.

10 CFR 63.141 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... its structures, systems, or components will perform satisfactorily in service. Quality assurance includes quality control, which comprises those quality assurance actions related to the physical..., NEVADA Quality Assurance § 63.141 Scope. As used in this part, quality assurance comprises all those...

10 CFR 60.150 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... components will perform satisfactorily in service. Quality assurance includes quality control, which... COMMISSION (CONTINUED) DISPOSAL OF HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN GEOLOGIC REPOSITORIES Quality Assurance § 60.150 Scope. As used in this part, quality assurance comprises all those planned and systematic...

47 CFR 87.261 - Scope of service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Aeronautical Enroute and Aeronautical Fixed Stations Aeronautical Enroute Stations § 87.261 Scope of service. (a) Aeronautical enroute stations provide operational control communications to aircraft along... aircraft station licensee who makes cooperative arrangements for the operation, maintenance and liability...

47 CFR 87.261 - Scope of service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Aeronautical Enroute and Aeronautical Fixed Stations Aeronautical Enroute Stations § 87.261 Scope of service. (a) Aeronautical enroute stations provide operational control communications to aircraft along... aircraft station licensee who makes cooperative arrangements for the operation, maintenance and liability...

47 CFR 87.261 - Scope of service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Aeronautical Enroute and Aeronautical Fixed Stations Aeronautical Enroute Stations § 87.261 Scope of service. (a) Aeronautical enroute stations provide operational control communications to aircraft along... aircraft station licensee who makes cooperative arrangements for the operation, maintenance and liability...

A Formal Valuation Framework for Emotions and Their Control.

PubMed

Huys, Quentin J M; Renz, Daniel

2017-09-15

Computational psychiatry aims to apply mathematical and computational techniques to help improve psychiatric care. To achieve this, the phenomena under scrutiny should be within the scope of formal methods. As emotions play an important role across many psychiatric disorders, such computational methods must encompass emotions. Here, we consider formal valuation accounts of emotions. We focus on the fact that the flexibility of emotional responses and the nature of appraisals suggest the need for a model-based valuation framework for emotions. However, resource limitations make plain model-based valuation impossible and require metareasoning strategies to apportion cognitive resources adaptively. We argue that emotions may implement such metareasoning approximations by restricting the range of behaviors and states considered. We consider the processes that guide the deployment of the approximations, discerning between innate, model-free, heuristic, and model-based controllers. A formal valuation and metareasoning framework may thus provide a principled approach to examining emotions. Copyright © 2017 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

BONE BANKS.

PubMed

de Alencar, Paulo Gilberto Cimbalista; Vieira, Inácio Facó Ventura

2010-01-01

Bone banks are necessary for providing biological material for a series of orthopedic procedures. The growing need for musculoskeletal tissues for transplantation has been due to the development of new surgical techniques, and this has led to a situation in which a variety of hospital services have been willing to have their own source of tissue for transplantation. To increase the safety of transplanted tissues, standards for bone bank operation have been imposed by the government, which has limited the number of authorized institutions. The good performance in a bone bank depends on strict control over all stages, including: formation of well-trained harvesting teams; donor selection; conducting various tests on the tissues obtained; and strict control over the processing techniques used. Combination of these factors enables greater scope of use and numbers of recipient patients, while the incidence of tissue contamination becomes statistically insignificant, and there is traceability between donors and recipients. This paper describes technical considerations relating to how a bone bank functions, the use of grafts and orthopedic applications, the ethical issues and the main obstacles encountered.

Intraoperative Ultrasound Technology in Neuro-Oncology Practice-Current Role and Future Applications.

PubMed

Moiyadi, Aliasgar V

2016-09-01

Surgery for cranial and spinal tumors has evolved tremendously over the years. Not only have neuro-oncologists been able to better understand tumor biology and thereby improve multimodality therapy, but advances in surgical techniques have also directly equipped neurosurgeons with the armamentarium necessary to achieve more radical resections safely. Intraoperative imaging tools are one such adjunct. Though intraoperative magnetic resonance (MR) has emerged as the "gold standard" among these, logistical challenges make it difficult to implement across all centers. On the other hand, the use of ultrasound (US) intraoperatively predates the use of MR. Over the past 4 decades, technologic improvements have refined and expanded the scope and application of intraoperative US technology. Strategies to maximize its efficacy and overcome the various limitations have evolved. A large volume of clinical experience has accumulated with respect to its role as an adjunct specifically in tumor surgery. We performed a literature review to evaluate the role of IOUS in tumor surgery. This review traces the evolution of intraoperative US over the years and reviews the current scope and applications with respect to neuro-oncologic surgery, as well as potential future applications. IOUS has evolved over the years since its introduction. Advances in technology have provided real-time navigated and 3-D techniques, which overcome many of the limitations of older IOUS techniques. This has shown to be very useful in not only localization of lesions, but also in improving resection rates as well as survival. IOUS is a powerful and versatile multipurpose intraoperative adjunct in tumor surgery, especially for resection control. The learning curve is relatively easy to climb and future improvements in technology are likely to widen the scope of its use. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Proteomics on the rims; insights into the biology of the nuclear envelope and flagellar pocket of trypanosomes

PubMed Central

Field, Mark C.; Adung’a, Vincent; Obado, Samson; Chait, Brian T.; Rout, Michael P.

2014-01-01

SUMMERY Trypanosomatids represent the causative agents of major diseases in humans, livestock and plants, with inevitable suffering and economic hardship as a result. They are also evolutionarily highly divergent organisms, and the many unique aspects of trypanosome biology provide opportunities in terms of identification of drug targets, the challenge of exploiting these putative targets, and at the same time significant scope for exploration of novel and divergent cell biology. We can estimate from genome sequences that the degree of divergence of trypanosomes from animals and fungi is extreme, with perhaps one third to one half of predicted trypanosome proteins having no known function based on homology or recognizable protein domains/architecture. Two highly important aspects of trypanosome biology are the flagellar pocket and the nuclear envelope, where in silico analysis clearly suggests great potential divergence in the proteome. The flagellar pocket is the sole site of endo- and exocytosis in trypanosomes and plays important roles in immune evasion via variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) trafficking and providing a location for sequestration of various invariant receptors. The trypanosome nuclear envelope has been largely unexplored, but by analogy with higher eukaryotes, roles in the regulation of chromatin and most significantly, in controlling VSG gene expression are expected. Here we discuss recent successful proteomics-based approaches towards characterization of the nuclear envelope and the endocytic apparatus, the identification of conserved and novel trypanosomatid-specific features, and the implications of these findings. PMID:22309600

Contributions of experimental protobiogenesis to the theory of evolution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fox, S. W.

1976-01-01

Inferences from experiments in protobiogenesis are examined as a forward extension of the theory of evolutionary biology. A nondiscontinuous, intraconsistent theory of general evolution embracing both protobiology and biology is outlined. This overview emphasizes Darwinian selection in the later stages of evolution, and stereochemical molecular selection in some of its earlier stages. It incorporates the concept of limitation of the scope of evolution by internal constraints on variation, based on the argument that internally limiting constraints observed in experiments with molecules are operative in organisms, if chemical processes occur within biological processes and biological processes are assumed to be exponentializations of chemical processes. Major evolutionary events might have occurred by rapid self-assembly processes analogous to those observed in the formation of phase-separated microspheres from amorphous powder or supersaturated solutions.

42 CFR 423.150 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope. 423.150 Section 423.150 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Cost Control and Quality Improvement Requirements...

49 CFR 232.601 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION BRAKE SYSTEM SAFETY STANDARDS FOR FREIGHT AND OTHER NON-PASSENGER TRAINS AND EQUIPMENT; END-OF-TRAIN DEVICES Electronically Controlled Pneumatic (ECP) Braking Systems § 232.601 Scope. This subpart... systems. This subpart also contains specific exceptions from various requirements contained in this part...

Utility of QR codes in biological collections

PubMed Central

Diazgranados, Mauricio; Funk, Vicki A.

2013-01-01

Abstract The popularity of QR codes for encoding information such as URIs has increased exponentially in step with the technological advances and availability of smartphones, digital tablets, and other electronic devices. We propose using QR codes on specimens in biological collections to facilitate linking vouchers’ electronic information with their associated collections. QR codes can efficiently provide such links for connecting collections, photographs, maps, ecosystem notes, citations, and even GenBank sequences. QR codes have numerous advantages over barcodes, including their small size, superior security mechanisms, increased complexity and quantity of information, and low implementation cost. The scope of this paper is to initiate an academic discussion about using QR codes on specimens in biological collections. PMID:24198709

Utility of QR codes in biological collections.

PubMed

Diazgranados, Mauricio; Funk, Vicki A

2013-01-01

The popularity of QR codes for encoding information such as URIs has increased exponentially in step with the technological advances and availability of smartphones, digital tablets, and other electronic devices. We propose using QR codes on specimens in biological collections to facilitate linking vouchers' electronic information with their associated collections. QR codes can efficiently provide such links for connecting collections, photographs, maps, ecosystem notes, citations, and even GenBank sequences. QR codes have numerous advantages over barcodes, including their small size, superior security mechanisms, increased complexity and quantity of information, and low implementation cost. The scope of this paper is to initiate an academic discussion about using QR codes on specimens in biological collections.

Skylab Experiments, Volume I, Physical Science, Solar Astronomy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC.

Up-to-date knowledge about Skylab experiments is presented for the purpose of informing high school teachers about scientific research performed in orbit and enabling them to broaden their scope of material selection. The first volume is concerned with the solar astronomy program. The related fields are physics, electronics, biology, chemistry,…

Cellular respiration: replicating in vivo systems biology for in vitro exploration of human exposome, microbiome, and disease pathogenesis biomarkers

EPA Science Inventory

This editorial develops a philosophy for expanding the scope of Journal of Breath Research (JBR) into the realm of cellular level study, and links certain topics back to more traditional systemic research for understanding human health based on exhaled breath constituents. The ex...

Microbial management of arthropod pests of tea: current state and prospects.

PubMed

Roy, Somnath; Muraleedharan, Narayanannair

2014-06-01

Sustainable tea cultivation will rely increasingly on alternatives to conventional chemical insecticides for pest management that are environment-friendly and reduce the amount of pesticide residues in made tea. Entomopathogens can provide effective control, conserve biodiversity, and serve as alternatives to chemical insecticides under several conditions. Due to their specificity for insects, these pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and fungi are ideal candidates for incorporation in the integrated pest management strategies for tea where their effects on other natural enemies will be minimal. Biological and ecological characteristics of several dominant natural entomopathogenic microorganisms have been well documented throughout the tea-growing countries particularly China, Japan, and India. But research to convert them to microbial insecticide formulations for tea pest control by evolving suitable techniques for production, standardization, formulation, and application has not progressed well except in Japan and China to some extent. Increased use of microbial control will depend on a variety of factors including improvements in the pathogens' virulence, formulation, delivery, etc. and an increased awareness of their attributes by growers and the general public. In this review, we provide an overview of microbial control of the key insect pests of tea and also the scope for future studies for their better utilization.

A Method to Categorize 2-Dimensional Patterns Using Statistics of Spatial Organization.

PubMed

López-Sauceda, Juan; Rueda-Contreras, Mara D

2017-01-01

We developed a measurement framework of spatial organization to categorize 2-dimensional patterns from 2 multiscalar biological architectures. We propose that underlying shapes of biological entities can be approached using the statistical concept of degrees of freedom, defining it through expansion of area variability in a pattern. To help scope this suggestion, we developed a mathematical argument recognizing the deep foundations of area variability in a polygonal pattern (spatial heterogeneity). This measure uses a parameter called eutacticity . Our measuring platform of spatial heterogeneity can assign particular ranges of distribution of spatial areas for 2 biological architectures: ecological patterns of Namibia fairy circles and epithelial sheets. The spatial organizations of our 2 analyzed biological architectures are demarcated by being in a particular position among spatial order and disorder. We suggest that this theoretical platform can give us some insights about the nature of shapes in biological systems to understand organizational constraints.

Endowing carbon nanotubes with biological and biomedical properties by chemical modifications.

PubMed

Battigelli, Alessia; Ménard-Moyon, Cécilia; Da Ros, Tatiana; Prato, Maurizio; Bianco, Alberto

2013-12-01

The scope of nanotechnology is gaining importance in biology and medicine. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a promising tool due to their unique properties, high specific surface area, and capacity to cross biological barriers. These properties offer a variety of opportunities for applications in nanomedicine, such as diagnosis, disease treatment, imaging, and tissue engineering. Nevertheless, pristine CNTs are insoluble in water and in most organic solvents; thereby functionalization of their surface is necessary to increase biocompatibility. Derivatization of CNTs also gives the possibility to conjugate different biological and bioactive molecules including drugs, proteins, and targeting ligands. This review focuses on the chemical modifications of CNTs that have been developed to impart specific properties for biological and medical purposes. Biomolecules can be covalently grafted or non-covalently adsorbed on the nanotube surface. In addition, the inner core of CNTs can be exploited to encapsulate drugs, nanoparticles, or radioactive elements. © 2013.

A Philosophical Perspective on Evolutionary Systems Biology

PubMed Central

Soyer, Orkun S.; Siegal, Mark L.

2015-01-01

Evolutionary systems biology (ESB) is an emerging hybrid approach that integrates methods, models, and data from evolutionary and systems biology. Drawing on themes that arose at a cross-disciplinary meeting on ESB in 2013, we discuss in detail some of the explanatory friction that arises in the interaction between evolutionary and systems biology. These tensions appear because of different modeling approaches, diverse explanatory aims and strategies, and divergent views about the scope of the evolutionary synthesis. We locate these discussions in the context of long-running philosophical deliberations on explanation, modeling, and theoretical synthesis. We show how many of the issues central to ESB’s progress can be understood as general philosophical problems. The benefits of addressing these philosophical issues feed back into philosophy too, because ESB provides excellent examples of scientific practice for the development of philosophy of science and philosophy of biology. PMID:26085823

44 CFR 327.2 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... equipment under their jurisdiction or control and having emergency preparedness functions assigned by... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope and applicability. 327.2 Section 327.2 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT...

12 CFR 1214.2 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS AVAILABILITY OF NON-PUBLIC INFORMATION § 1214.2 Purpose and scope. (a) Purpose. The purpose of this part is to control the dissemination of non-public information, which includes confidential supervisory information, and maintain its...

25 CFR 41.21 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION GRANTS TO TRIBALLY CONTROLLED COMMUNITY COLLEGES AND NAVAJO COMMUNITY COLLEGE Navajo Community College § 41.21 Scope. The regulations in this subpart are applicable to the provision of financial and technical assistance to Navajo Community College pursuant to the Navajo...

42 CFR 456.700 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Scope. 456.700 Section 456.700 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Drug Use Review (DUR) Program and Electronic Claims Management System...

Survey of the US materials processing and manufacturing in space program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mckannan, E. C.

1981-01-01

To promote potential commercial applications of low-g technology, the materials processing and manufacturing in space program is structured to: (1) analyze the scientific principles of gravitational effects on processes used in producing materials; (2) apply the research toward the technology used to control production process (on Earth or in space, as appropriate); and (3) establish the legal and managerial framework for commercial ventures. Presently federally funded NASA research is described as well as agreements for privately funded commercial activity, and a proposed academic participation process. The future scope of the program and related capabilities using ground based facilities, aircraft, sounding rockets, and space shuttles are discussed. Areas of interest described include crystal growth; solidification of metals and alloys; containerless processing; fluids and chemical processes (including biological separation processes); and processing extraterrestrial materials.

A Concept of Operations for an Unclassified Common Operational Picture in Support of Maritime Domain Awareness

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

Responsibility AWS Amazon Web Services C2 Command and Control C4ISR Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence, Surveillance...and Reconnaissance C5F Commander Fifth Fleet C6F Commander Sixth Fleet C7F Commander Seventh Fleet CAMTES Computer -Assisted Maritime...capabilities. C. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The scope of this study is considerable and encompasses numerous agencies and classification levels. Some

42 CFR 456.700 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Drug Use Review (DUR) Program and Electronic Claims Management System... optional point-of-sale electronic claims management system for processing claims for covered outpatient... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Scope. 456.700 Section 456.700 Public Health...

Networking Foundations for Collaborative Computing at Internet Scope

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

network-supported synchronous multime- dia groupwork at Internet scope and for large user groups. Contributions entail an novel classification for...multimedia resources in interactive groupwork , generalized to the domain of CSCW from the “right to speak” [26]. A floor control protocol mediates access to

32 CFR 223.2 - Applicability and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Applicability and scope. 223.2 Section 223.2 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (CONTINUED) MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE UNCLASSIFIED CONTROLLED NUCLEAR INFORMATION (DOD UCNI) § 223.2 Applicability...

14 CFR 171.21 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FACILITIES NON-FEDERAL NAVIGATION FACILITIES Nondirectional Radio Beacon Facilities § 171.21 Scope. (a) This... radio beacon facilities that are to be involved in the approval of instrument flight rules and air traffic control procedures related to those facilities. (b) A nondirectional radio beacon (“H” facilities...

Laser assisted microdissection, an efficient technique to understand tissue specific gene expression patterns and functional genomics in plants.

PubMed

Gautam, Vibhav; Sarkar, Ananda K

2015-04-01

Laser assisted microdissection (LAM) is an advanced technology used to perform tissue or cell-specific expression profiling of genes and proteins, owing to its ability to isolate the desired tissue or cell type from a heterogeneous population. Due to the specificity and high efficiency acquired during its pioneering use in medical science, the LAM technique has quickly been adopted for use in many biological researches. Today, it has become a potent tool to address a wide range of questions in diverse field of plant biology. Beginning with comparative transcriptome analysis of different tissues such as reproductive parts, meristems, lateral organs, roots etc., LAM has also been extensively used in plant-pathogen interaction studies, proteomics, and metabolomics. In combination with next generation sequencing and proteomics analysis, LAM has opened up promising opportunities in the area of large scale functional studies in plants. Ever since the advent of this technique, significant improvements have been achieved in term of its instrumentation and method, which has made LAM a more efficient tool applicable in wider research areas. Here, we discuss the advancement of LAM technique with special emphasis on its methodology and highlight its scope in modern research areas of plant biology. Although we put emphasis on use of LAM in transcriptome studies, which is mostly used, we also discuss its recent application and scope in proteome and metabolome studies.

Stem Inc. SunShot Incubator Program Final Technical Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Butterfield, Karen

In this Energy Storage Control Algorithms project, Stem sought to develop tools and control algorithms to increase the value and reduce balance-of-system and grid integration costs associated with adding distributed solar generation to the grid. These advances fell under the headings SolarScope and SolarController. Stem sought to create initial market traction with a fully commercialized product for the solar industry to size storage systems (SolarScope) as well as a solar intermittency-mitigation framework for utilities (SolarController) in the course of the project. The company sought to align strategic growth plans and enable the rollout of the products to broader audiences inmore » multiple geographic regions by leveraging the major solar companies in the national market as partners. Both final products were both intended to be commercialized. They are: SolarScope: Analysis tool to identify viable PV + storage projects and thereby expedite the sales and interconnection processes. SolarScope combines customer load data, PV production estimates, utility rate tariff, and simulated storage into a simple user interface for PV developers. Developers can easily identify viable solar + storage sites without the need for complex and time consuming, site-by-site spreadsheet modeling. SolarContoller: Tool to autonomously dispatch distributed storage in order to mitigate voltage fluctuation and reduce curtailment. SolarController co-optimizes, in real time, storage dispatch for circuit stability and curtailment reduction, enabling higher penetrations of PV. SolarController is automated, not requiring utility dispatch or management, as Stem hardware senses grid voltage, frequency, customer load, PV production, and power factor. In the end the two products met with different outcomes. SolarScope was tested by potential users, and continues to be used as a foundational platform for partnership with key solar industry partners. SolarController, on the other hand, was successful in lab testing but was not commercialized due to a lack of marketability and lack of interested customer base. Together the development of these two products marked a material step forward for Stem; and a new milestone along the pathway of integration for the solar and storage industries. SolarScope is leading to real, out-of-the-lab project development in storage + solar for the commercial customer sector. Meanwhile SolarController has opened the eyes of regulators and utility executives alike to the potential of distributed solar and by doing so, has moved the conversation forward for the integration of distributed energy resources more broadly on the grid.« less

Biomimetic machine vision system.

PubMed

Harman, William M; Barrett, Steven F; Wright, Cameron H G; Wilcox, Michael

2005-01-01

Real-time application of digital imaging for use in machine vision systems has proven to be prohibitive when used within control systems that employ low-power single processors without compromising the scope of vision or resolution of captured images. Development of a real-time machine analog vision system is the focus of research taking place at the University of Wyoming. This new vision system is based upon the biological vision system of the common house fly. Development of a single sensor is accomplished, representing a single facet of the fly's eye. This new sensor is then incorporated into an array of sensors capable of detecting objects and tracking motion in 2-D space. This system "preprocesses" incoming image data resulting in minimal data processing to determine the location of a target object. Due to the nature of the sensors in the array, hyperacuity is achieved thereby eliminating resolutions issues found in digital vision systems. In this paper, we will discuss the biological traits of the fly eye and the specific traits that led to the development of this machine vision system. We will also discuss the process of developing an analog based sensor that mimics the characteristics of interest in the biological vision system. This paper will conclude with a discussion of how an array of these sensors can be applied toward solving real-world machine vision issues.

The red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae (Acari: Tetranychidae): its status, biology, ecology and management in tea plantations.

PubMed

Roy, Somnath; Muraleedharan, Narayanannair; Mukhopadhyay, Ananda

2014-08-01

Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acari: Tetranychidae), the red spider mite (RSM), is a major pest of tea (Camellia sinensis) in most tea-producing countries. Nymphs and adults of RSM lacerate cells, producing minute characteristic reddish brown marks on the upper surface of mature leaves, which turn red in severe cases of infestation, resulting in crop loss. The pest is present on tea all the year round, although numbers vary depending on season. Their number increases as the weather warms up and decreases markedly once rains set in. Under optimal conditions there may be 22 overlapping generations in a year. Parthenogenesis is known to occur; consequently, all mite stages can be found at a given time. Their infestation is mainly confined to the upper surface of the mature leaves and could readily be identified by the bronzing of the leaf. There are several naturally occurring insect predators, such as coccinellid and staphylinid larvae, lacewing larvae, and mite predators, most importantly species of the families Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae. Integrated management has been adopted to control this mite pest, involving cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical methods. This review collates the most important works carried out on biology, ecology and management of O. coffeae. Also the scope of future studies for better management of this regular mite pest of tea is discussed.

Life Sciences Space Station planning document: A reference payload for the Life Sciences Research Facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1986-01-01

The Space Station, projected for construction in the early 1990s, will be an orbiting, low-gravity, permanently manned facility providing unprecedented opportunities for scientific research. Facilities for Life Sciences research will include a pressurized research laboratory, attached payloads, and platforms which will allow investigators to perform experiments in the crucial areas of Space Medicine, Space Biology, Exobiology, Biospherics and Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS). These studies are designed to determine the consequences of long-term exposure to space conditions, with particular emphasis on assuring the permanent presence of humans in space. The applied and basic research to be performed, using humans, animals, and plants, will increase our understanding of the effects of the space environment on basic life processes. Facilities being planned for remote observations from platforms and attached payloads of biologically important elements and compounds in space and on other planets (Exobiology) will permit exploration of the relationship between the evolution of life and the universe. Space-based, global scale observations of terrestrial biology (Biospherics) will provide data critical for understanding and ultimately managing changes in the Earth's ecosystem. The life sciences community is encouraged to participate in the research potential the Space Station facilities will make possible. This document provides the range and scope of typical life sciences experiments which could be performed within a pressurized laboratory module on Space Station.

Review of Canadian Light Source facilities for biological applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grochulski, Pawel; Fodje, Michel; Labiuk, Shaun; Wysokinski, Tomasz W.; Belev, George; Korbas, Malgorzata; Rosendahl, Scott M.

2017-11-01

The newly-created Biological and Life Sciences Department at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) encompasses four sets of beamlines devoted to biological studies ranging in scope from the atomic scale to cells, tissues and whole organisms. The Canadian Macromolecular Crystallography Facility (CMCF) consists of two beamlines devoted primarily to crystallographic studies of proteins and other macromolecules. The Mid-Infrared Spectromicroscopy (Mid-IR) beamline focusses on using infrared energy to obtain biochemical, structural and dynamical information about biological systems. The Bio-Medical Imaging and Therapy (BMIT) facility consists of two beamlines devoted to advanced imaging and X-ray therapy techniques. The Biological X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (BioXAS) facility is being commissioned and houses three beamlines devoted to X-ray absorption spectroscopy and multi-mode X-ray fluorescence imaging. Together, these beamlines provide CLS Users with a powerful array of techniques to study today's most pressing biological questions. We describe these beamlines along with their current powerful features and envisioned future capabilities.

Evolutionary game theory for physical and biological scientists. II. Population dynamics equations can be associated with interpretations

PubMed Central

Liao, David; Tlsty, Thea D.

2014-01-01

The use of mathematical equations to analyse population dynamics measurements is being increasingly applied to elucidate complex dynamic processes in biological systems, including cancer. Purely ‘empirical’ equations may provide sufficient accuracy to support predictions and therapy design. Nevertheless, interpretation of fitting equations in terms of physical and biological propositions can provide additional insights that can be used both to refine models that prove inconsistent with data and to understand the scope of applicability of models that validate. The purpose of this tutorial is to assist readers in mathematically associating interpretations with equations and to provide guidance in choosing interpretations and experimental systems to investigate based on currently available biological knowledge, techniques in mathematical and computational analysis and methods for in vitro and in vivo experiments. PMID:25097752

Evaluation of the Consolidation of Real Property Maintenance Activities (RPMA) in the U.S. Army Engineer Activity, Capital Area (USAEA, CA). Volume 2. Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-03-01

MANAGEMENT ................................... 62 Scope of Current Operations 62 Evolution of the Original RMD Plan 66 Financial Management Support Operations...Scope of Current Operations 76 Evolution of SMD From IPG Plan 78 SMD Support to RPMA 81 Efficiency of Supply Service 85 7 PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTING...RPMA are to be realized. This chapter investigates these controls in terms of scope, evolution , operations (a functional assessment), and efficiency

14 CFR 1216.200 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Management; and, (h) Establish internal management controls to monitor NASA actions to assure compliance with... Wetlands Management § 1216.200 Scope. This subpart 1216.2 prescribes procedures to: (a) Avoid long- and... practicable alternative; (c) Reduce the risk of flood loss; (d) Minimize the impact of floods on human health...

42 CFR 420.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Scope and purpose. 420.1 Section 420.1 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... and control information. It also deals with access to records pertaining to certain contracts entered...

42 CFR 420.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Scope and purpose. 420.1 Section 420.1 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... and control information. It also deals with access to records pertaining to certain contracts entered...

42 CFR 420.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Scope and purpose. 420.1 Section 420.1 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... and control information. It also deals with access to records pertaining to certain contracts entered...

40 CFR 82.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Production and Consumption Controls § 82.1 Purpose and scope. (a) The purpose of the regulations in this subpart is to implement the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer... ozone-depleting substances, according to specified schedules. The Protocol also requires each nation...

40 CFR 82.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Production and Consumption Controls § 82.1 Purpose and scope. (a) The purpose of the regulations in this subpart is to implement the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer... ozone-depleting substances, according to specified schedules. The Protocol also requires each nation...

40 CFR 82.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Production and Consumption Controls § 82.1 Purpose and scope. (a) The purpose of the regulations in this subpart is to implement the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer... ozone-depleting substances, according to specified schedules. The Protocol also requires each nation...

40 CFR 82.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Production and Consumption Controls § 82.1 Purpose and scope. (a) The purpose of the regulations in this subpart is to implement the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer... ozone-depleting substances, according to specified schedules. The Protocol also requires each nation...

40 CFR 82.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Production and Consumption Controls § 82.1 Purpose and scope. (a) The purpose of the regulations in this subpart is to implement the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer... ozone-depleting substances, according to specified schedules. The Protocol also requires each nation...

40 CFR 745.61 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... CONTROL ACT LEAD-BASED PAINT POISONING PREVENTION IN CERTAIN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES Lead-Based Paint Hazards § 745.61 Scope and applicability. (a) This subpart identifies lead-based paint hazards. (b) The standards for lead-based paint hazards apply to target housing and child-occupied facilities. (c) Nothing in...

40 CFR 745.61 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... CONTROL ACT LEAD-BASED PAINT POISONING PREVENTION IN CERTAIN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES Lead-Based Paint Hazards § 745.61 Scope and applicability. (a) This subpart identifies lead-based paint hazards. (b) The standards for lead-based paint hazards apply to target housing and child-occupied facilities. (c) Nothing in...

40 CFR 745.61 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... CONTROL ACT LEAD-BASED PAINT POISONING PREVENTION IN CERTAIN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES Lead-Based Paint Hazards § 745.61 Scope and applicability. (a) This subpart identifies lead-based paint hazards. (b) The standards for lead-based paint hazards apply to target housing and child-occupied facilities. (c) Nothing in...

40 CFR 745.61 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... CONTROL ACT LEAD-BASED PAINT POISONING PREVENTION IN CERTAIN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES Lead-Based Paint Hazards § 745.61 Scope and applicability. (a) This subpart identifies lead-based paint hazards. (b) The standards for lead-based paint hazards apply to target housing and child-occupied facilities. (c) Nothing in...

40 CFR 745.61 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... CONTROL ACT LEAD-BASED PAINT POISONING PREVENTION IN CERTAIN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES Lead-Based Paint Hazards § 745.61 Scope and applicability. (a) This subpart identifies lead-based paint hazards. (b) The standards for lead-based paint hazards apply to target housing and child-occupied facilities. (c) Nothing in...

Conservation and development of nontimber forest products in the Pacific Northwest: an annotated bibliography.

Treesearch

Bettina Von Hagen; James F. Weigand; Rebecca McLain; Roger Fight; Harriet H. Christensen

1996-01-01

This bibliography encompasses literature on the historic and current scope of nontimber forest product industries in the Pacific Northwest and includes references on international markets and trade that bear on these industries. Key themes in the bibliography are biological and socioeconomic aspects of resource management for sustainable production; procedures for...

Development of "Bioethical Values Inventory" for Pupils in Secondary Education within the Scope of Bioethical Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keskin-Samanci, Nilay; Özer-Keskin, Melike; Arslan, Orhan

2014-01-01

This study has led to the development of the "Bioethical Values Inventory" that can be used to reveal secondary school students' ethical values in decisions that they make during ethical debates regarding the application of biological sciences. An original inventory development model was used, consisting of four steps and involving…

The BioScope Initiative: Integrating Technology into the Biology Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ashburn, Sarah J.; Eichinger, David C.; Witham, Shelly A.; Cross, Vanessa D.; Krockover, Gerald H.; Pae, Tae-Il; Islam, Samantha; Robinson, J. Paul

2002-01-01

Reports on the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the CD-ROM "Cell Structure and Function" which includes five sections: (1) Basics; (2) Simple Cell; (3) Cell Viewer; (4) Cellular Changes; and (5) Handles. Evaluates the effectiveness of the CD-ROM with the participation of (n=65) students. Applies both qualitative and statistical methods.…

Tomato powder inhibits hepatic steatosis and inflammation potentially through restoring SIRT1 activity and adiponectin function independent of carotenoid cleavage enzymes in mice

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Scope: Beta-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) and beta-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2) metabolize lycopene to biologically active metabolites, which can ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the effects of tomato powder (TP), a whole food containing substantial lycopen...

Copper-Catalyzed C(sp2)-S Coupling Reactions for the Synthesis of Aryl Dithiocarbamates with Thiuram Disulfide Reagents.

PubMed

Dong, Zhi-Bing; Liu, Xing; Bolm, Carsten

2017-11-03

An efficient protocol for the copper-catalyzed preparation of aryl dithiocarbamates from aryl iodides and inexpensive, environmentally benign tetraalkylthiuram disulfides was developed. The features of mild reaction conditions, high yields, and broad substrate scope render this new approach synthetically attractive for the preparation of potentially biologically active compounds.

MX Systems Environmental Programs Scoping Summary.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-04-14

statemet o water resource conflicts o local growth impracts,, particularly loss of gialit-4 o preservation of archaeological and cultural resmew Date...health and safety o Archaeological and historical resources o Energy and nonrenewable resources o Terrestrial and aquatic biology o Air quality o...and regulations Public Health & Safety Noise; security configuration Archaeological /Historical Permitting and compliance with state/ Resources local

Global Invasion History of the Tropical Fire Ant, Solenopsis geminata: A Stowaway on the First Global Trade Routes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Biological invasions are largely thought to be contemporary, having recently increased sharply in the wake of globalization. However, human commerce had already become global in scope by the mid-16th century, when the Spanish connected the New World with Europe and Asia via their Manila galleon and ...

Review Article: Shallow Draughts--Larsen-Freeman and Cameron on Complexity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gregg, Kevin R.

2010-01-01

Complexity theory is a field of physics that studies the nature and behavior of complex systems, systems whose elements interact in complex and unpredictable ways. Recent years have seen a number of attempts to extend its scope to the biological and social sciences, and now Larsen-Freeman and Cameron offer a view of applied linguistics from a…

Experimental manipulations of tissue oxygen supply do not affect warming tolerance of European perch.

PubMed

Brijs, Jeroen; Jutfelt, Fredrik; Clark, Timothy D; Gräns, Albin; Ekström, Andreas; Sandblom, Erik

2015-08-01

A progressive inability of the cardiorespiratory system to maintain systemic oxygen supply at elevated temperatures has been suggested to reduce aerobic scope and the upper thermal limit of aquatic ectotherms. However, few studies have directly investigated the dependence of thermal limits on oxygen transport capacity. By manipulating oxygen availability (via environmental hyperoxia) and blood oxygen carrying capacity (via experimentally induced anaemia) in European perch (Perca fluviatilis Linneaus), we investigated the effects of oxygen transport capacity on aerobic scope and the critical thermal maximum (CT(max)). Hyperoxia resulted in a twofold increase in aerobic scope at the control temperature of 23°C, but this did not translate to an elevated CT(max) in comparison with control fish (34.6±0.1 versus 34.0±0.5°C, respectively). Anaemia (∼43% reduction in haemoglobin concentration) did not cause a reduction in aerobic scope or CT(max) (33.8±0.3°C) compared with control fish. Additionally, oxygen consumption rates of anaemic perch during thermal ramping increased in a similar exponential manner to that in control fish, highlighting that perch have an impressive capacity to compensate for a substantial reduction in blood oxygen carrying capacity. Taken together, these results indicate that oxygen limitation is not a universal mechanism determining the CT(max) of fishes. © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Learning Qualitative Differential Equation models: a survey of algorithms and applications.

PubMed

Pang, Wei; Coghill, George M

2010-03-01

Over the last two decades, qualitative reasoning (QR) has become an important domain in Artificial Intelligence. QDE (Qualitative Differential Equation) model learning (QML), as a branch of QR, has also received an increasing amount of attention; many systems have been proposed to solve various significant problems in this field. QML has been applied to a wide range of fields, including physics, biology and medical science. In this paper, we first identify the scope of this review by distinguishing QML from other QML systems, and then review all the noteworthy QML systems within this scope. The applications of QML in several application domains are also introduced briefly. Finally, the future directions of QML are explored from different perspectives.

Learning Qualitative Differential Equation models: a survey of algorithms and applications

PubMed Central

PANG, WEI; COGHILL, GEORGE M.

2013-01-01

Over the last two decades, qualitative reasoning (QR) has become an important domain in Artificial Intelligence. QDE (Qualitative Differential Equation) model learning (QML), as a branch of QR, has also received an increasing amount of attention; many systems have been proposed to solve various significant problems in this field. QML has been applied to a wide range of fields, including physics, biology and medical science. In this paper, we first identify the scope of this review by distinguishing QML from other QML systems, and then review all the noteworthy QML systems within this scope. The applications of QML in several application domains are also introduced briefly. Finally, the future directions of QML are explored from different perspectives. PMID:23704803

Behavioural ecology cannot turn its back on Lévy walk research. Comment on "Liberating Lévy walk research from the shackles of optimal foraging" by A.M. Reynolds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bartumeus, Frederic

2015-09-01

Interdisciplinary research on Lévy walks at the intersection between physics and biology is here to stay, albeit the scope of its role and utility in different areas of biology, including animal foraging, are still to be defined. After a decade, the field is still sorting out relevant questions from misleading interpretations, separating the wheat from the chaff. This task should be easy but it is not. Some reasons are the interdisciplinarity of the subject (maths, physics, biology), which multiplies semantic problems and the questions of interest, and the tight combination of theory and data that is needed to advance in the field.

Siderocalin-mediated recognition, sensitization, and cellular uptake of actinides.

PubMed

Allred, Benjamin E; Rupert, Peter B; Gauny, Stacey S; An, Dahlia D; Ralston, Corie Y; Sturzbecher-Hoehne, Manuel; Strong, Roland K; Abergel, Rebecca J

2015-08-18

Synthetic radionuclides, such as the transuranic actinides plutonium, americium, and curium, present severe health threats as contaminants, and understanding the scope of the biochemical interactions involved in actinide transport is instrumental in managing human contamination. Here we show that siderocalin, a mammalian siderophore-binding protein from the lipocalin family, specifically binds lanthanide and actinide complexes through molecular recognition of the ligands chelating the metal ions. Using crystallography, we structurally characterized the resulting siderocalin-transuranic actinide complexes, providing unprecedented insights into the biological coordination of heavy radioelements. In controlled in vitro assays, we found that intracellular plutonium uptake can occur through siderocalin-mediated endocytosis. We also demonstrated that siderocalin can act as a synergistic antenna to sensitize the luminescence of trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions in ternary protein-ligand complexes, dramatically increasing the brightness and efficiency of intramolecular energy transfer processes that give rise to metal luminescence. Our results identify siderocalin as a potential player in the biological trafficking of f elements, but through a secondary ligand-based metal sequestration mechanism. Beyond elucidating contamination pathways, this work is a starting point for the design of two-stage biomimetic platforms for photoluminescence, separation, and transport applications.

Stabilizing Effects of Bacterial Biofilms: EPS Penetration and Redistribution of Bed Stability Down the Sediment Profile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, X. D.; Zhang, C. K.; Zhou, Z.; Gong, Z.; Zhou, J. J.; Tao, J. F.; Paterson, D. M.; Feng, Q.

2017-12-01

Biofilms, consisting of microorganisms and their secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), serve as "ecosystem engineers" stabilizing sedimentary environments. Natural sediment bed provides an excellent substratum for biofilm growth. The porous structure and rich nutrients allow the EPS matrix to spread deeper into the bed. A series of laboratory-controlled experiments were conducted to investigate sediment colonization of Bacillus subtilis and the penetration of EPS into the sediment bed with incubation time. In addition to EPS accumulation on the bed surface, EPS also penetrated downward. However, EPS distribution developed strong vertical heterogeneity with a much higher content in the surface layer than in the bottom layer. Scanning electron microscope images of vertical layers also displayed different micromorphological properties of sediment-EPS matrix. In addition, colloidal and bound EPSs exhibited distinctive distribution patterns. After the full incubation, the biosedimentary beds were eroded to test the variation of bed stability induced by biological effects. This research provides an important reference for the prediction of sediment transport and hence deepens the understanding of the biologically mediated sediment system and broadens the scope of the burgeoning research field of "biomorphodynamics."

Siderocalin-mediated recognition, sensitization, and cellular uptake of actinides

PubMed Central

Allred, Benjamin E.; Rupert, Peter B.; Gauny, Stacey S.; An, Dahlia D.; Ralston, Corie Y.; Sturzbecher-Hoehne, Manuel; Strong, Roland K.; Abergel, Rebecca J.

2015-01-01

Synthetic radionuclides, such as the transuranic actinides plutonium, americium, and curium, present severe health threats as contaminants, and understanding the scope of the biochemical interactions involved in actinide transport is instrumental in managing human contamination. Here we show that siderocalin, a mammalian siderophore-binding protein from the lipocalin family, specifically binds lanthanide and actinide complexes through molecular recognition of the ligands chelating the metal ions. Using crystallography, we structurally characterized the resulting siderocalin–transuranic actinide complexes, providing unprecedented insights into the biological coordination of heavy radioelements. In controlled in vitro assays, we found that intracellular plutonium uptake can occur through siderocalin-mediated endocytosis. We also demonstrated that siderocalin can act as a synergistic antenna to sensitize the luminescence of trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions in ternary protein–ligand complexes, dramatically increasing the brightness and efficiency of intramolecular energy transfer processes that give rise to metal luminescence. Our results identify siderocalin as a potential player in the biological trafficking of f elements, but through a secondary ligand-based metal sequestration mechanism. Beyond elucidating contamination pathways, this work is a starting point for the design of two-stage biomimetic platforms for photoluminescence, separation, and transport applications. PMID:26240330

Lumen claims of the STERRAD 100NX sterilizer: testing performance limits when processing equipment containing long, narrow lumens.

PubMed

Diab-Elschahawi, Magda; Blacky, Alexander; Bachhofner, Nicole; Koller, Walter

2011-11-01

According to manufacturers information, the STERRAD 100NX sterilizer-a low temperature H(2)O(2) gas plasma sterilizer-can adequately process single channel stainless steel lumens with an inside diameter of 0.7 mm or larger and a maximum length of 500 mm using standard cycle sterilizing conditions. The aim of this study was to qualify the performance of this H(2)O(2) gas plasma sterilizer under different experimental settings representing worst case conditions. Inoculated carriers were placed at the midpoint position of specified lumens and then submitted to flex scope sterilizing conditions. To simulate insufficient cleaning or crystalline residues, we added organic and inorganic challenges to our inoculated carriers. For experiments done with unchallenged carriers, quantitative analysis reached a log(10) reduction rate of ≥5.71, whereas qualitative results showed no growth in 24 out of 30 biologic indicators tested using flex scope half cycle conditions. Any additional kind of challenge significantly impaired the sterilization outcome. The findings of our current study emphasize the importance of a thorough validated cleaning of medical devices as well as timing for cleaning and decontamination before being exposed to the H(2)O(2) sterilization process and, furthermore, the need for strict adherence to manufacturer's recommendations. Copyright © 2011 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

29 CFR 96.51 - Purpose and scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Resolution § 96.51 Purpose and scope of subpart. This subpart prescribes standards for resolution of audit.... In cases where these standards conflict with statutes or other DOL regulations, the latter shall be controlling. The DOL Office of Inspector General (OIG) is available to assist agencies in the audit resolution...

42 CFR 420.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope and purpose. 420.1 Section 420.1 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... control information. It also deals with access to records pertaining to certain contracts entered into by...

42 CFR 420.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Scope and purpose. 420.1 Section 420.1 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... control information. It also deals with access to records pertaining to certain contracts entered into by...

41 CFR 101-31.000 - Scope of part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Scope of part. 101-31.000 Section 101-31.000 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS SUPPLY AND PROCUREMENT 31-INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL § 101-31...

41 CFR 101-31.000 - Scope of part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2011-07-01 2007-07-01 true Scope of part. 101-31.000 Section 101-31.000 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS SUPPLY AND PROCUREMENT 31-INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL § 101-31...

41 CFR 101-31.000 - Scope of part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Scope of part. 101-31.000 Section 101-31.000 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS SUPPLY AND PROCUREMENT 31-INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL § 101-31...

41 CFR 101-31.000 - Scope of part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Scope of part. 101-31.000 Section 101-31.000 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS SUPPLY AND PROCUREMENT 31-INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL § 101-31...

21 CFR 1403.1 - Purpose and scope of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Purpose and scope of this part. 1403.1 Section 1403.1 Food and Drugs OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR... agreements and subawards to State, local and Indian tribal governments. ...

21 CFR 1403.1 - Purpose and scope of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Purpose and scope of this part. 1403.1 Section 1403.1 Food and Drugs OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR... agreements and subawards to State, local and Indian tribal governments. ...

36 CFR 9.30 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... MINERALS MANAGEMENT Non-Federal Oil and Gas Rights § 9.30 Purpose and scope. (a) These regulations control... the United States, the grantor reserved the rights to the oil and gas. These regulations are designed... leasing is authorized, the applicable regulations can be found at 43 CFR, Group 3100. (c) These...

40 CFR 761.280 - Application and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 761.280 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL... Remediation Waste and Porous Surfaces in Accordance With § 761.61(a)(6) § 761.280 Application and scope...-implementing, on-site disposal of bulk PCB remediation waste and porous surfaces consistent with the levels of...

40 CFR 761.280 - Application and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 761.280 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL... Remediation Waste and Porous Surfaces in Accordance With § 761.61(a)(6) § 761.280 Application and scope...-implementing, on-site disposal of bulk PCB remediation waste and porous surfaces consistent with the levels of...

40 CFR 761.280 - Application and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 761.280 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL... Remediation Waste and Porous Surfaces in Accordance With § 761.61(a)(6) § 761.280 Application and scope...-implementing, on-site disposal of bulk PCB remediation waste and porous surfaces consistent with the levels of...

40 CFR 761.280 - Application and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 761.280 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL... Remediation Waste and Porous Surfaces in Accordance With § 761.61(a)(6) § 761.280 Application and scope...-implementing, on-site disposal of bulk PCB remediation waste and porous surfaces consistent with the levels of...

Control Software

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1997-01-01

Real-Time Innovations, Inc. (RTI) collaborated with Ames Research Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Stanford University to leverage NASA research to produce ControlShell software. RTI is the first "graduate" of Ames Research Center's Technology Commercialization Center. The ControlShell system was used extensively on a cooperative project to enhance the capabilities of a Russian-built Marsokhod rover being evaluated for eventual flight to Mars. RTI's ControlShell is complex, real-time command and control software, capable of processing information and controlling mechanical devices. One ControlShell tool is StethoScope. As a real-time data collection and display tool, StethoScope allows a user to see how a program is running without changing its execution. RTI has successfully applied its software savvy in other arenas, such as telecommunications, networking, video editing, semiconductor manufacturing, automobile systems, and medical imaging.

Self-assembling hybrid diamond-biological quantum devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Albrecht, A.; Koplovitz, G.; Retzker, A.; Jelezko, F.; Yochelis, S.; Porath, D.; Nevo, Y.; Shoseyov, O.; Paltiel, Y.; Plenio, M. B.

2014-09-01

The realization of scalable arrangements of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond remains a key challenge on the way towards efficient quantum information processing, quantum simulation and quantum sensing applications. Although technologies based on implanting NV-centers in bulk diamond crystals or hybrid device approaches have been developed, they are limited by the achievable spatial resolution and by the intricate technological complexities involved in achieving scalability. We propose and demonstrate a novel approach for creating an arrangement of NV-centers, based on the self-assembling capabilities of biological systems and their beneficial nanometer spatial resolution. Here, a self-assembled protein structure serves as a structural scaffold for surface functionalized nanodiamonds, in this way allowing for the controlled creation of NV-structures on the nanoscale and providing a new avenue towards bridging the bio-nano interface. One-, two- as well as three-dimensional structures are within the scope of biological structural assembling techniques. We realized experimentally the formation of regular structures by interconnecting nanodiamonds using biological protein scaffolds. Based on the achievable NV-center distances of 11 nm, we evaluate the expected dipolar coupling interaction with neighboring NV-centers as well as the expected decoherence time. Moreover, by exploiting these couplings, we provide a detailed theoretical analysis on the viability of multiqubit quantum operations, suggest the possibility of individual addressing based on the random distribution of the NV intrinsic symmetry axes and address the challenges posed by decoherence and imperfect couplings. We then demonstrate in the last part that our scheme allows for the high-fidelity creation of entanglement, cluster states and quantum simulation applications.

ISMB 2016 offers outstanding science, networking, and celebration

PubMed Central

Fogg, Christiana

2016-01-01

The annual international conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) is the major meeting of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). Over the past 23 years the ISMB conference has grown to become the world's largest bioinformatics/computational biology conference. ISMB 2016 will be the year's most important computational biology event globally. The conferences provide a multidisciplinary forum for disseminating the latest developments in bioinformatics/computational biology. ISMB brings together scientists from computer science, molecular biology, mathematics, statistics and related fields. Its principal focus is on the development and application of advanced computational methods for biological problems. ISMB 2016 offers the strongest scientific program and the broadest scope of any international bioinformatics/computational biology conference. Building on past successes, the conference is designed to cater to variety of disciplines within the bioinformatics/computational biology community.  ISMB 2016 takes place July 8 - 12 at the Swan and Dolphin Hotel in Orlando, Florida, United States. For two days preceding the conference, additional opportunities including Satellite Meetings, Student Council Symposium, and a selection of Special Interest Group Meetings and Applied Knowledge Exchange Sessions (AKES) are all offered to enable registered participants to learn more on the latest methods and tools within specialty research areas. PMID:27347392

ISMB 2016 offers outstanding science, networking, and celebration.

PubMed

Fogg, Christiana

2016-01-01

The annual international conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) is the major meeting of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). Over the past 23 years the ISMB conference has grown to become the world's largest bioinformatics/computational biology conference. ISMB 2016 will be the year's most important computational biology event globally. The conferences provide a multidisciplinary forum for disseminating the latest developments in bioinformatics/computational biology. ISMB brings together scientists from computer science, molecular biology, mathematics, statistics and related fields. Its principal focus is on the development and application of advanced computational methods for biological problems. ISMB 2016 offers the strongest scientific program and the broadest scope of any international bioinformatics/computational biology conference. Building on past successes, the conference is designed to cater to variety of disciplines within the bioinformatics/computational biology community.  ISMB 2016 takes place July 8 - 12 at the Swan and Dolphin Hotel in Orlando, Florida, United States. For two days preceding the conference, additional opportunities including Satellite Meetings, Student Council Symposium, and a selection of Special Interest Group Meetings and Applied Knowledge Exchange Sessions (AKES) are all offered to enable registered participants to learn more on the latest methods and tools within specialty research areas.

AccessScope project: Accessible light microscope for users with upper limb mobility or visual impairments.

PubMed

Mansoor, Awais; Ahmed, Wamiq M; Samarapungavan, Ala; Cirillo, John; Schwarte, David; Robinson, J Paul; Duerstock, Bradley S

2010-01-01

A web-based application was developed to remotely view slide specimens and control all functions of a research-level light microscopy workstation, called AccessScope. Students and scientists with upper limb mobility and visual impairments are often unable to use a light microscope by themselves and must depend on others in its operation. Users with upper limb mobility impairments and low vision were recruited to assist in the design process of the AccessScope personal computer (PC) user interface. Participants with these disabilities were evaluated in their ability to use AccessScope to perform microscopical tasks. AccessScope usage was compared with inspecting prescanned slide images by grading participants' identification and understanding of histological features and knowledge of microscope operation. With AccessScope subjects were able to independently perform common light microscopy functions through an Internet browser by employing different PC pointing devices or accessibility software according to individual abilities. Subjects answered more histology and microscope usage questions correctly after first participating in an AccessScope test session. AccessScope allowed users with upper limb or visual impairments to successfully perform light microscopy without assistance. This unprecedented capability is crucial for students and scientists with disabilities to perform laboratory coursework or microscope-based research and pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields.

78 FR 4307 - Current Good Manufacturing Practice Requirements for Combination Products

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-22

.... Rationale for the Rulemaking B. The Proposed Rule C. The Final Rule II. Comments on the Proposed Rule A. General B. What is the scope of this subpart? (Sec. 4.1) C. How does FDA define key terms and phrases in... Act (the PHS Act) (42 U.S.C. 262). All biological products regulated under the PHS Act meet the...

Examination of Science and Math Course Achievements of Vocational High School Students in the Scope of Self-Efficacy and Anxiety

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yüksel, Mehmet; Geban, Ömer

2016-01-01

This study attempted to predict physics, chemistry, and biology and math course achievements of vocational high school students according to the variables of student self-efficacy, academic self-efficacy, state anxiety and trait anxiety. Study data were collected using a questionnaire administered to the students of a vocational high school…

Investigate the Relationship between Socio-Economic Class and Tendency to Delinquency among Students of Rey City in Tehran

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bonjar, Abdolreza Bagheri

2017-01-01

Delinquency is a social phenomenon and has social context though biological factors, psychological, geographical, ethnic, racial and other items in the forming and occurring type of delinquency play an important role, explain the issue is on the basis of the social environment, limiting attitude of sociology scope in particular, the performance of…

Sheep: The First Large Animal Model in Nuclear Transfer Research

PubMed Central

Czernik, Marta; Zacchini, Federica; Iuso, Domenico; Scapolo, Pier Augusto

2013-01-01

Abstract The scope of this article is not to provide an exhaustive review of nuclear transfer research, because many authoritative reviews exist on the biological issues related to somatic and embryonic cell nuclear transfer. We shall instead provide an overview on the work done specifically on sheep and the value of this work on the greater nuclear transfer landscape. PMID:24033140

Embodying Markov blankets. Comment on "Answering Schrödinger's question: A free-energy formulation" by Maxwell James Désormeau Ramstead et al.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pezzulo, Giovanni; Levin, Michael

2018-03-01

The free-energy principle (FEP) has been initially proposed as a theory of brain structure and function [1], but its scope is rapidly extending to explain biological phenomena at multiple levels of complexity, from simple life forms and their morphology [2] to complex societal and cultural dynamics [3].

Single-cell sequencing technologies: current and future.

PubMed

Liang, Jialong; Cai, Wanshi; Sun, Zhongsheng

2014-10-20

Intensively developed in the last few years, single-cell sequencing technologies now present numerous advantages over traditional sequencing methods for solving the problems of biological heterogeneity and low quantities of available biological materials. The application of single-cell sequencing technologies has profoundly changed our understanding of a series of biological phenomena, including gene transcription, embryo development, and carcinogenesis. However, before single-cell sequencing technologies can be used extensively, researchers face the serious challenge of overcoming inherent issues of high amplification bias, low accuracy and reproducibility. Here, we simply summarize the techniques used for single-cell isolation, and review the current technologies used in single-cell genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic sequencing. We discuss the merits, defects, and scope of application of single-cell sequencing technologies and then speculate on the direction of future developments. Copyright © 2014 Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Genetics Society of China. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Toxicophore exploration as a screening technology for drug design and discovery: techniques, scope and limitations.

PubMed

Singh, Pankaj Kumar; Negi, Arvind; Gupta, Pawan Kumar; Chauhan, Monika; Kumar, Raj

2016-08-01

Toxicity is a common drawback of newly designed chemotherapeutic agents. With the exception of pharmacophore-induced toxicity (lack of selectivity at higher concentrations of a drug), the toxicity due to chemotherapeutic agents is based on the toxicophore moiety present in the drug. To date, methodologies implemented to determine toxicophores may be broadly classified into biological, bioanalytical and computational approaches. The biological approach involves analysis of bioactivated metabolites, whereas the computational approach involves a QSAR-based method, mapping techniques, an inverse docking technique and a few toxicophore identification/estimation tools. Being one of the major steps in drug discovery process, toxicophore identification has proven to be an essential screening step in drug design and development. The paper is first of its kind, attempting to cover and compare different methodologies employed in predicting and determining toxicophores with an emphasis on their scope and limitations. Such information may prove vital in the appropriate selection of methodology and can be used as screening technology by researchers to discover the toxicophoric potentials of their designed and synthesized moieties. Additionally, it can be utilized in the manipulation of molecules containing toxicophores in such a manner that their toxicities might be eliminated or removed.

21 CFR 1010.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Radiation Control of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (formerly the Radiation Control for Health and... control electronic product radiation from such products. Standards so prescribed are subject to amendment...

21 CFR 1010.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Radiation Control of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (formerly the Radiation Control for Health and... control electronic product radiation from such products. Standards so prescribed are subject to amendment...

21 CFR 1010.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Radiation Control of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (formerly the Radiation Control for Health and... control electronic product radiation from such products. Standards so prescribed are subject to amendment...

21 CFR 1010.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Radiation Control of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (formerly the Radiation Control for Health and... control electronic product radiation from such products. Standards so prescribed are subject to amendment...

21 CFR 1010.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Radiation Control of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (formerly the Radiation Control for Health and... control electronic product radiation from such products. Standards so prescribed are subject to amendment...

The scope and control of attention: Sources of variance in working memory capacity.

PubMed

Chow, Michael; Conway, Andrew R A

2015-04-01

Working memory capacity is a strong positive predictor of many cognitive abilities, across various domains. The pattern of positive correlations across domains has been interpreted as evidence for a unitary source of inter-individual differences in behavior. However, recent work suggests that there are multiple sources of variance contributing to working memory capacity. The current study (N = 71) investigates individual differences in the scope and control of attention, in addition to the number and resolution of items maintained in working memory. Latent variable analyses indicate that the scope and control of attention reflect independent sources of variance and each account for unique variance in general intelligence. Also, estimates of the number of items maintained in working memory are consistent across tasks and related to general intelligence whereas estimates of resolution are task-dependent and not predictive of intelligence. These results provide insight into the structure of working memory, as well as intelligence, and raise new questions about the distinction between number and resolution in visual short-term memory.

41 CFR 102-85.10 - What is the scope of this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL MANAGEMENT REGULATION REAL PROPERTY 85-PRICING POLICY FOR OCCUPANCY IN GSA SPACE Pricing Policy-General § 102-85.10 What is the scope of this part? (a) This part describes GSA policy and principles for the assignment and occupancy of space under its control and the...

77 FR 75885 - Control of Communicable Diseases: Foreign; Scope and Definitions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-26

... primary authority supporting this rulemaking is section 361 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C... the scope and definitions to part 71 to reflect modern science and current practices. HHS/CDC has... products'' in subpart F. This revision more adequately reflects modern science and current practice which...

ChickScope: An Interactive MRI Classroom Curriculum Innovation for K-12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bruce, B. C.; Carragher, B. O.; Damon, B. M.; Dawson, M. J.; Eurell, J. A.; Gregory, C. D.; Lauterbur, P. C.; Marjanovic, M. M.; Mason-Fossum, B.; Morris, H. D.; Potter, C. S.; Thakkar, U.

1997-01-01

Describes ChickScope, a 21-day chick embryonic development project, to demonstrate the remote control of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instrument through the World Wide Web. Topics include remote instrumentation and the Web, teacher-based implementation, impact in elementary and secondary school classrooms, and future directions. (Author/LRW)

Detection of S-Nitrosothiols

PubMed Central

Diers, Anne R.; Keszler, Agnes; Hogg, Neil

2015-01-01

BACKGROUND S-Nitrosothiols have been recognized as biologically-relevant products of nitric oxide that are involved in many of the diverse activities of this free radical. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review serves to discuss current methods for the detection and analysis of protein S-nitrosothiols. The major methods of S-nitrosothiol detection include chemiluminescence-based methods and switch-based methods, each of which comes in various flavors with advantages and caveats. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The detection of S-nitrosothiols is challenging and prone to many artifacts. Accurate measurements require an understanding of the underlying chemistry of the methods involved and the use of appropriate controls. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Nothing is more important to a field of research than robust methodology that is generally trusted. The field of S-Nitrosation has developed such methods but, as S-nitrosothiols are easy to introduce as artifacts, it is vital that current users learn from the lessons of the past. PMID:23988402

Arsenic: A Review of the Element's Toxicity, Plant Interactions, and Potential Methods of Remediation.

PubMed

Hettick, Bryan E; Cañas-Carrell, Jaclyn E; French, Amanda D; Klein, David M

2015-08-19

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element with a long history of toxicity. Sites of contamination are found worldwide as a result of both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The broad scope of arsenic toxicity to humans and its unique interaction with the environment have led to extensive research into its physicochemical properties and toxic behavior in biological systems. The purpose of this review is to compile the results of recent studies concerning the metalloid and consider the chemical and physical properties of arsenic in the broad context of human toxicity and phytoremediation. Areas of focus include arsenic's mechanisms of human toxicity, interaction with plant systems, potential methods of remediation, and protocols for the determination of metals in experimentation. This assessment of the literature indicates that controlling contamination of water sources and plants through effective remediation and management is essential to successfully addressing the problems of arsenic toxicity and contamination.

mRNA interactome capture in mammalian cells.

PubMed

Kastelic, Nicolai; Landthaler, Markus

2017-08-15

Throughout their entire life cycle, mRNAs are associated with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), forming ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes with highly dynamic compositions. Their interplay is one key to control gene regulatory mechanisms from mRNA synthesis to decay. To assay the global scope of RNA-protein interactions, we and others have published a method combining crosslinking with highly stringent oligo(dT) affinity purification to enrich proteins associated with polyadenylated RNA (poly(A)+ RNA). Identification of the poly(A)+ RNA-bound proteome (also: mRNA interactome capture) has by now been applied to a diversity of cell lines and model organisms, uncovering comprehensive repertoires of RBPs and hundreds of novel RBP candidates. In addition to determining the RBP catalog in a given biological system, mRNA interactome capture allows the examination of changes in protein-mRNA interactions in response to internal and external stimuli, altered cellular programs and disease. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

[Obesity among the poor in Brazil: female vulnerability].

PubMed

Ferreira, Vanessa Alves; Magalhães, Rosana

2011-04-01

The increase in obesity among women in the lower income bracket in Brazil has been singled out as a priority issue in the field of Public Health today. Concern about future repercussions of obesity in the less privileged groups calls for an in-depth theoretical approach and the energetic definition of public policy for prevention and control of the affliction in these segments. In this respect, the scope of this work is to attempt to pinpoint some analytical categories in the phenomenon of obesity among the underprivileged female population in Brazil. Biological, socioeconomic and cultural factors appear to interact in the dynamics of female obesity in the context of poverty revealing the complexity of this problem. Public policies of job creation, social inclusion and gender equality in the labor market would appear to be more promising ways of tackling obesity in underprivileged females in Brazil.

LudusScope: Accessible Interactive Smartphone Microscopy for Life-Science Education

PubMed Central

Kim, Honesty; Gerber, Lukas Cyrill; Chiu, Daniel; Lee, Seung Ah; Cira, Nate J.; Xia, Sherwin Yuyang; Riedel-Kruse, Ingmar H.

2016-01-01

For centuries, observational microscopy has greatly facilitated biology education, but we still cannot easily and playfully interact with the microscopic world we see. We therefore developed the LudusScope, an accessible, interactive do-it-yourself smartphone microscopy platform that promotes exploratory stimulation and observation of microscopic organisms, in a design that combines the educational modalities of build, play, and inquire. The LudusScope’s touchscreen and joystick allow the selection and stimulation of phototactic microorganisms such as Euglena gracilis with light. Organismal behavior is tracked and displayed in real time, enabling open and structured game play as well as scientific inquiry via quantitative experimentation. Furthermore, we used the Scratch programming language to incorporate biophysical modeling. This platform is designed as an accessible, low-cost educational kit for easy construction and expansion. User testing with both teachers and students demonstrates the educational potential of the LudusScope, and we anticipate additional synergy with the maker movement. Transforming observational microscopy into an interactive experience will make microbiology more tangible to society, and effectively support the interdisciplinary learning required by the Next Generation Science Standards. PMID:27706189

Weapons of mass destruction: Overview of the CBRNEs (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives).

PubMed

Prockop, Leon D

2006-11-01

The events of September 11, 2001, made citizens of the world acutely aware of disasters consequent to present-day terrorism. This is a war being waged for reasons obscure to many of its potential victims. The term "NBCs" was coined in reference to terrorist weapons of mass destruction, i.e., nuclear, biological and chemical. The currently accepted acronym is "CBRNE" which includes Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive weapons. Non-nuclear explosives are the most common terrorist weapon now in use. Nuclear and radiological weapons are beyond the scope of this publication, which focuses on the "CBEs", i.e. chemical, biological and explosive weapons. Although neurologists will not be the first responders to CBEs, they must know about the neurological effects in order to provide diagnosis and treatment to survivors. Neurological complications of chemical, biological and explosive weapons which have or may be used by terrorists are reviewed by international experts in this publication. Management and treatment profiles are outlined.

Synthetic biology approaches in drug discovery and pharmaceutical biotechnology.

PubMed

Neumann, Heinz; Neumann-Staubitz, Petra

2010-06-01

Synthetic biology is the attempt to apply the concepts of engineering to biological systems with the aim to create organisms with new emergent properties. These organisms might have desirable novel biosynthetic capabilities, act as biosensors or help us to understand the intricacies of living systems. This approach has the potential to assist the discovery and production of pharmaceutical compounds at various stages. New sources of bioactive compounds can be created in the form of genetically encoded small molecule libraries. The recombination of individual parts has been employed to design proteins that act as biosensors, which could be used to identify and quantify molecules of interest. New biosynthetic pathways may be designed by stitching together enzymes with desired activities, and genetic code expansion can be used to introduce new functionalities into peptides and proteins to increase their chemical scope and biological stability. This review aims to give an insight into recently developed individual components and modules that might serve as parts in a synthetic biology approach to pharmaceutical biotechnology.

Optimum temperature in juvenile salmonids: connecting subcellular indicators to tissue function and whole-organism thermal optimum.

PubMed

Anttila, Katja; Casselman, Matthew T; Schulte, Patricia M; Farrell, Anthony P

2013-01-01

Temperature affects processes at all levels of biological organization, but it is unclear whether processes at different levels have similar thermal optima (T(opt)). Here, we compare the T(opt) for aerobic scope, a whole-organism measure of performance, with both the Arrhenius breakpoint temperature for maximum heart rate (HR-ABT), a measure of tissue level performance, and the temperature at which AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is phosphorylated in the heart, an indicator of an increase in dependence on anaerobic energy metabolism at the cellular level in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The T(opt) for aerobic scope was 19°C, with aerobic scope being maintained at ≥90% of maximum (termed a "T(opt) window") from 16.5° to 20.5°C. HR-ABT occurred at [Formula: see text], while the profile of AMPK phosphorylation started to change from baseline at 19°C, suggesting that these processes have similar thermal sensitivities as a fish is warmed to T(opt). The effects of temperature on AMPK phosphorylation were also measured in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch hearts and compared with previously published values for HR-ABT and aerobic scope T(opt). AMPK phosphorylation in coho hearts began to change at temperatures above 17°C, which again is comparable with the published T(opt) for aerobic scope (17°C) and HR-ABT ([Formula: see text]) in these individuals. Thus, the thermal sensitivity of these subcellular, tissue, and whole-organism functions are highly correlated in both rainbow trout and coho salmon and may depend on each other.

Design of multifunction anti-terrorism robotic system based on police dog

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

You, Bo; Liu, Suju; Xu, Jun; Li, Dongjie

2007-11-01

Aimed at some typical constraints of police dogs and robots used in the areas of reconnaissance and counterterrorism currently, the multifunction anti-terrorism robotic system based on police dog has been introduced. The system is made up of two parts: portable commanding device and police dog robotic system. The portable commanding device consists of power supply module, microprocessor module, LCD display module, wireless data receiving and dispatching module and commanding module, which implements the remote control to the police dogs and takes real time monitor to the video and images. The police dog robotic system consists of microprocessor module, micro video module, wireless data transmission module, power supply module and offence weapon module, which real time collects and transmits video and image data of the counter-terrorism sites, and gives military attack based on commands. The system combines police dogs' biological intelligence with micro robot. Not only does it avoid the complexity of general anti-terrorism robots' mechanical structure and the control algorithm, but it also widens the working scope of police dog, which meets the requirements of anti-terrorism in the new era.

Precipitation of hydroxyapatite on electrospun polycaprolactone/aloe vera/silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

PubMed

Shanmugavel, Suganya; Reddy, Venugopal Jayarama; Ramakrishna, Seeram; Lakshmi, B S; Dev, Vr Giri

2014-07-01

Advances in electrospun nanofibres with bioactive materials have enhanced the scope of fabricating biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering. The present research focuses on fabrication of polycaprolactone/aloe vera/silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds by electrospinning followed by hydroxyapatite deposition by calcium-phosphate dipping method for bone tissue engineering. Morphology, composition, hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone/aloe vera/silk fibroin-hydroxyapatite nanofibrous scaffolds along with controls polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone/aloe vera/silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle and tensile tests, respectively. Adipose-derived stem cells cultured on polycaprolactone/aloe vera/silk fibroin-hydroxyapatite nanofibrous scaffolds displayed highest cell proliferation, increased osteogenic markers expression (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin), osteogenic differentiation and increased mineralization in comparison with polycaprolactone control. The obtained results indicate that polycaprolactone/aloe vera/silk fibroin-hydroxyapatite nanofibrous scaffolds have appropriate physico-chemical and biological properties to be used as biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

Synthetic Biology: Putting Synthesis into Biology

PubMed Central

Liang, Jing; Luo, Yunzi; Zhao, Huimin

2010-01-01

The ability to manipulate living organisms is at the heart of a range of emerging technologies that serve to address important and current problems in environment, energy, and health. However, with all its complexity and interconnectivity, biology has for many years been recalcitrant to engineering manipulations. The recent advances in synthesis, analysis, and modeling methods have finally provided the tools necessary to manipulate living systems in meaningful ways, and have led to the coining of a field named synthetic biology. The scope of synthetic biology is as complicated as life itself – encompassing many branches of science, and across many scales of application. New DNA synthesis and assembly techniques have made routine the customization of very large DNA molecules. This in turn has allowed the incorporation of multiple genes and pathways. By coupling these with techniques that allow for the modeling and design of protein functions, scientists have now gained the tools to create completely novel biological machineries. Even the ultimate biological machinery – a self-replicating organism – is being pursued at this moment. It is the purpose of this review to dissect and organize these various components of synthetic biology into a coherent picture. PMID:21064036

Population Biology of Schistosoma Mating, Aggregation, and Transmission Breakpoints: More Reliable Model Analysis for the End-Game in Communities at Risk

PubMed Central

Gurarie, David; King, Charles H.

2014-01-01

Mathematical modeling is widely used for predictive analysis of control options for infectious agents. Challenging problems arise for modeling host-parasite systems having complex life-cycles and transmission environments. Macroparasites, like Schistosoma, inhabit highly fragmented habitats that shape their reproductive success and distribution. Overdispersion and mating success are important factors to consider in modeling control options for such systems. Simpler models based on mean worm burden (MWB) formulations do not take these into account and overestimate transmission. Proposed MWB revisions have employed prescribed distributions and mating factor corrections to derive modified MWB models that have qualitatively different equilibria, including ‘breakpoints’ below which the parasite goes to extinction, suggesting the possibility of elimination via long-term mass-treatment control. Despite common use, no one has attempted to validate the scope and hypotheses underlying such MWB approaches. We conducted a systematic analysis of both the classical MWB and more recent “stratified worm burden” (SWB) modeling that accounts for mating and reproductive hurdles (Allee effect). Our analysis reveals some similarities, including breakpoints, between MWB and SWB, but also significant differences between the two types of model. We show the classic MWB has inherent inconsistencies, and propose SWB as a reliable alternative for projection of long-term control outcomes. PMID:25549362

The structural identifiability and parameter estimation of a multispecies model for the transmission of mastitis in dairy cows with postmilking teat disinfection.

PubMed

White, L J; Evans, N D; Lam, T J G M; Schukken, Y H; Medley, G F; Godfrey, K R; Chappell, M J

2002-01-01

A mathematical model for the transmission of two interacting classes of mastitis causing bacterial pathogens in a herd of dairy cows is presented and applied to a specific data set. The data were derived from a field trial of a specific measure used in the control of these pathogens, where half the individuals were subjected to the control and in the others the treatment was discontinued. The resultant mathematical model (eight non-linear simultaneous ordinary differential equations) therefore incorporates heterogeneity in the host as well as the infectious agent and consequently the effects of control are intrinsic in the model structure. A structural identifiability analysis of the model is presented demonstrating that the scope of the novel method used allows application to high order non-linear systems. The results of a simultaneous estimation of six unknown system parameters are presented. Previous work has only estimated a subset of these either simultaneously or individually. Therefore not only are new estimates provided for the parameters relating to the transmission and control of the classes of pathogens under study, but also information about the relationships between them. We exploit the close link between mathematical modelling, structural identifiability analysis, and parameter estimation to obtain biological insights into the system modelled.

Liquid crystal templating as an approach to spatially and temporally organise soft matter.

PubMed

van der Asdonk, Pim; Kouwer, Paul H J

2017-10-02

Chemistry quickly moves from a molecular science to a systems science. This requires spatial and temporal control over the organisation of molecules and molecular assemblies. Whilst Nature almost by default (transiently) organises her components at multiple different length scales, scientists struggle to realise even relatively straightforward patterns. In the past decades, supramolecular chemistry has taught us the rules to precisely engineer molecular assembly at the nanometre scale. At higher length scales, however, we are bound to top-down nanotechnology techniques to realise order. For soft, biological matter, many of these top-down techniques come with serious limitations since the molecules generally show low susceptibilities to the applied stimuli. A new method is based on liquid crystal templating. In this hierarchical approach, a liquid crystalline host serves as the scaffold to order polymers or assemblies. Being a liquid crystal, the host material can be ordered at many different length scales and on top of that, is highly susceptible to many external stimuli, which can even be used to manipulate the liquid crystal organisation in time. As a result, we anticipate large control over the organisation of the materials inside the liquid crystalline host. Recently, liquid crystal templating was also realised in water. This suddenly makes this tool highly applicable to start organising more delicate biological materials or even small organisms. We review the scope and limitations of liquid crystal templating and look out to where the technique may lead us.

Serum Ferritin: Past, Present and Future

PubMed Central

Wang, Wei; Knovich, Mary Ann; Coffman, Lan G.; Torti, Frank M.; Torti, Suzy V.

2010-01-01

Background Serum ferritin was discovered in the 1930’s, and was developed as a clinical test in the 1970’s. Many diseases are associated with iron overload or iron deficiency. Serum ferritin is widely used in diagnosing and monitoring these diseases. Scope of Review In this chapter, we discuss the role of serum ferritin in physiological and pathological processes and its use as a clinical tool. Major Conclusions Although many aspects of the fundamental biology of serum ferritin remain surprisingly unclear, a growing number of roles have been attributed to extracellular ferritin, including newly described roles in iron delivery, angiogenesis, inflammation, immunity, signaling and cancer. General Significance Serum ferritin remains a clinically useful tool. Further studies on the biology of this protein may provide new biological insights. PMID:20304033

Innovation in academic chemical screening: filling the gaps in chemical biology.

PubMed

Hasson, Samuel A; Inglese, James

2013-06-01

Academic screening centers across the world have endeavored to discover small molecules that can modulate biological systems. To increase the reach of functional-genomic and chemical screening programs, universities, research institutes, and governments have followed their industrial counterparts in adopting high-throughput paradigms. As academic screening efforts have steadily grown in scope and complexity, so have the ideas of what is possible with the union of technology and biology. This review addresses the recent conceptual and technological innovation that has been propelling academic screening into its own unique niche. In particular, high-content and whole-organism screening are changing how academics search for novel bioactive compounds. Importantly, we recognize examples of successful chemical probe development that have punctuated the changing technology landscape. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Emancipation through interaction--how eugenics and statistics converged and diverged.

PubMed

Louçã, Francisco

2009-01-01

The paper discusses the scope and influence of eugenics in defining the scientific programme of statistics and the impact of the evolution of biology on social scientists. It argues that eugenics was instrumental in providing a bridge between sciences, and therefore created both the impulse and the institutions necessary for the birth of modern statistics in its applications first to biology and then to the social sciences. Looking at the question from the point of view of the history of statistics and the social sciences, and mostly concentrating on evidence from the British debates, the paper discusses how these disciplines became emancipated from eugenics precisely because of the inspiration of biology. It also relates how social scientists were fascinated and perplexed by the innovations taking place in statistical theory and practice.

The Eighth Central European Conference “Chemistry towards Biology”: Snapshot†

PubMed Central

Perczel, András; Atanasov, Atanas G.; Sklenář, Vladimír; Nováček, Jiří; Papoušková, Veronika; Kadeřávek, Pavel; Žídek, Lukáš; Kozłowski, Henryk; Watły, Joanna; Hecel, Aleksandra; Kołkowska, Paulina; Koča, Jaroslav; Svobodová-Vařeková, Radka; Pravda, Lukáš; Sehnal, David; Horský, Vladimír; Geidl, Stanislav; Enriz, Ricardo D.; Matějka, Pavel; Jeništová, Adéla; Dendisová, Marcela; Kokaislová, Alžběta; Weissig, Volkmar; Olsen, Mark; Coffey, Aidan; Ajuebor, Jude; Keary, Ruth; Sanz-Gaitero, Marta; van Raaij, Mark J.; McAuliffe, Olivia; Waltenberger, Birgit; Mocan, Andrei; Šmejkal, Karel; Heiss, Elke H.; Diederich, Marc; Musioł, Robert; Košmrlj, Janez; Polanński, Jarosław; Jampílek, Josef

2017-01-01

The Eighth Central European Conference “Chemistry towards Biology” was held in Brno, Czech Republic, on 28 August–1 September 2016 to bring together experts in biology, chemistry and design of bioactive compounds; promote the exchange of scientific results, methods and ideas; and encourage cooperation between researchers from all over the world. The topics of the conference covered “Chemistry towards Biology”, meaning that the event welcomed chemists working on biology-related problems, biologists using chemical methods, and students and other researchers of the respective areas that fall within the common scope of chemistry and biology. The authors of this manuscript are plenary speakers and other participants of the symposium and members of their research teams. The following summary highlights the major points/topics of the meeting. PMID:27763518

Biology Division. Progress report, August 1, 1982-September 30, 1983

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1984-01-01

The Biology Division is the component of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory that investigates the potential adverse health effects of energy-related substances. The body of this report provides summaries of the aims, scope and progress of the research of groups of investigators in the Division during the period of August 1, 1982, through September 30, 1983. At the end of each summary is a list of publications covering the same period (published or accepted for publication). For convenience, the summaries are assembled under Sections in accordance with the current organizational structure of the Biology Division; each Section begins with anmore » overview. It will be apparent, however, that currents run throughout the Division and that the various programs support and interact with each other.« less

Trapping para-Quinone Methide Intermediates with Ferrocene: Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Evaluation of New Phenol-Ferrocene Conjugates.

PubMed

González-Pelayo, Silvia; López, Enol; Borge, Javier; de-Los-Santos-Álvarez, Noemí; López, Luis A

2018-06-01

The reaction of para -hydroxybenzyl alcohols with ferrocene in the presence of a catalytic amount of InCl₃ provided ferrocenyl phenol derivatives, an interesting class of organometallic compounds with potential applications in medicinal chemistry. This transformation exhibited a reasonable substrate scope delivering the desired products in synthetically useful yields. Evidence of involvement of a para -quinone methide intermediate in this coupling process was also provided. Preliminary biological evaluation demonstrated that some of the ferrocene derivatives available by this methodology exhibit significant cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines with IC 50 values within the range of 1.07⁻4.89 μM.

21 CFR 1302.01 - Scope of part 1302.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Scope of part 1302. 1302.01 Section 1302.01 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LABELING AND PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS... packaging of controlled substances pursuant to sections 1305 and 1008(d) of the Act (21 U.S.C. 825 and 958(d...

21 CFR 1302.01 - Scope of part 1302.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Scope of part 1302. 1302.01 Section 1302.01 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LABELING AND PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS... packaging of controlled substances pursuant to sections 1305 and 1008(d) of the Act (21 U.S.C. 825 and 958(d...

76 FR 8353 - Notice of Information for Additional NEPA Public Scoping Meetings for the Great Lakes and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-14

... pathways. DATES: USACE will be accepting public comments on the scope of GLMRIS until March 31, 2011... prevent ANS transfer between the basins through aquatic pathways. Potential ANS controls may include, but... (CAWS), the only known continuous aquatic pathway between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins...

9 CFR 49.1 - Scope and applicability of rules of practice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Scope and applicability of rules of practice. 49.1 Section 49.1 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATIVE CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF LIVESTOCK OR POULTRY DISEASES RULES OF PRACTICE GOVERNING PROCEEDINGS UNDER CERTAIN...

The Isolated and Combined Effects of Intervention Components on Mathematic Fluency

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hastings, Kimberly A.

2010-01-01

Scope and Method of Study: The scope of the study was to compare empirically supported math fluency interventions to a control group as well as each other. The intervention components were isolated to investigate their initial strength as well as adding them together to investigate if the combined intervention was actually stronger or more…

21 CFR 1302.01 - Scope of part 1302.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Scope of part 1302. 1302.01 Section 1302.01 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LABELING AND PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS... packaging of controlled substances pursuant to sections 1305 and 1008(d) of the Act (21 U.S.C. 825 and 958(d...

21 CFR 1302.01 - Scope of part 1302.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Scope of part 1302. 1302.01 Section 1302.01 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LABELING AND PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS... packaging of controlled substances pursuant to sections 1305 and 1008(d) of the Act (21 U.S.C. 825 and 958(d...

The High/Scope Perry Preschool Program: Cost-Benefit Analysis Using Data from the Age-40 Followup

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Belfield, Clive R.; Nores, Milagros; Barnett, Steve; Schweinhart, Lawrence

2006-01-01

This paper presents an updated cost-benefit analysis of the High/Scope Perry preschool Program, using data on individuals aged 40. Children were randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. Program costs are compared against treatment impacts on educational resources, earnings, criminal activity, and welfare receipt. Net present values are…

Updating the Economic Impacts of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nores, Milagros; Belfield, Clive R.; Barnett, W. Steven; Schweinhart, Lawrence

2005-01-01

This article derives an updated cost-benefit ratio for the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program, an intensive preschool intervention delivered during the 1960s to at-risk children in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Because children were randomly assigned to the program or a control group, differences in outcomes are probably attributable to program status.…

10 CFR 51.10 - Purpose and scope of subpart; application of regulations of Council on Environmental Quality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Responsibilities and Policy Statement on Implementation of Section 511 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act... National Environmental Policy Act-Regulations Implementing Section 102(2) § 51.10 Purpose and scope of... Policy Act of 1969, as amended (NEPA) directs that, to the fullest extent possible: (1) The policies...

42 CFR 456.200 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Mental Hospitals Utilization Review (ur) Plan... requirements for a written utilization review (UR) plan for each mental hospital providing Medicaid services...

Diterpene lactones with labdane, halimane and clerodane frameworks.

PubMed

Silva, Lúcia; Gomes, Arlindo C; Rodilla, Jesus M L

2011-04-01

The labdane, halimane and clerodane type diterpenoids are compounds that have been isolated in plants of several families. These molecules and their derivatives with a lactone group on the side chain or on the decaline system, have a great interest because of their biological properties as insect antifeedant, antiviral, cytotoxic and trypanocidal. The scope of this review is lactones diterpenoids with labdane, halimane and clerodane frameworks.

Benchmark Evaluation of True Single Molecular Sequencing to Determine Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiome Diversity.

PubMed

Hahn, Andrea; Bendall, Matthew L; Gibson, Keylie M; Chaney, Hollis; Sami, Iman; Perez, Geovanny F; Koumbourlis, Anastassios C; McCaffrey, Timothy A; Freishtat, Robert J; Crandall, Keith A

2018-01-01

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease associated with recurrent lung infections that can lead to morbidity and mortality. The impact of antibiotics for treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbations on the CF airway microbiome remains unclear with prior studies giving conflicting results and being limited by their use of 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Our primary objective was to validate the use of true single molecular sequencing (tSMS) and PathoScope in the analysis of the CF airway microbiome. Three control samples were created with differing amounts of Burkholderia cepacia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Prevotella melaninogenica , three common bacteria found in cystic fibrosis lungs. Paired sputa were also obtained from three study participants with CF before and >6 days after initiation of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistant B. cepacia and P. aeruginosa were identified in concurrently obtained respiratory cultures. Direct sequencing was performed using tSMS, and filtered reads were aligned to reference genomes from NCBI using PathoScope and Kraken and unique clade-specific marker genes using MetaPhlAn. A total of 180-518 K of 6-12 million filtered reads were aligned for each sample. Detection of known pathogens in control samples was most successful using PathoScope. In the CF sputa, alpha diversity measures varied based on the alignment method used, but similar trends were found between pre- and post-antibiotic samples. PathoScope outperformed Kraken and MetaPhlAn in our validation study of artificial bacterial community controls and also has advantages over Kraken and MetaPhlAn of being able to determine bacterial strains and the presence of fungal organisms. PathoScope can be confidently used when evaluating metagenomic data to determine CF airway microbiome diversity.

Does peer-assisted learning improve academic performance? A scoping review.

PubMed

Williams, Brett; Reddy, Priya

2016-07-01

Due to the diverse and ever-changing nature of the healthcare industry, teaching pedagogies such as peer-assisted learning (PAL) are being implemented to align with external competency standards. A scoping review was conducted in order to map the breadth of literature available on PAL and its impact on student performance. This review used Arksey and O'Malley's six stage scoping methodology. The databases searched included: Cinahl, Ovid Medline, Proquest and Embase as well as grey literature sites and dissertations. 22 articles were included in this review, 10 of which were mixed methods randomised controlled trials, one retrospective study, four controlled trials, two randomised cross over controlled trial, three prospective randomised controlled trials, one thesis and one comparative research design. Analysis of the included articles identified three major themes outlining student performance. Student teachers themselves showed the most significant improvement in objective outcomes. The predominant healthcare field addressed were medical students with very few studies being completed on other professions. The search indicated an overall positive response to PAL with the measurable outcome of student tutors being of most significance. Further research is required to determine the relevance for the wider healthcare community. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Profile: Institute of Society, Ethics and the Life Sciences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Callahan, Daniel

1971-01-01

Describes an institute founded to examine moral, ethical, and legal issues raised by possibilities of euthanasia, genetic engineering, behavior control, population control, and improved disease control. Indicates scope of present research. (Editor/AL)

PUBLISHER'S ANNOUNCEMENT: A revised scope for Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering A revised scope for Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Forbes, Ian

2010-05-01

Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering is well known for publishing excellent work in highly competitive timescales. The journal's coverage has consistently evolved to reflect the current state of the field, and from May 2010 it will revisit its scope once again. The aims of the journal remain unchanged, however: to be the first choice of authors and readers in MEMS and micro-scale research. The new scope continues to focus on highlighting the link between fabrication technologies and their capacity to create novel devices. This link will be considered paramount in the journal, and both prospective authors and readers should let it serve as an inspiration to them. The burgeoning fields of NEMS and nano-scale engineering are more explicitly supported in the new scope. Research which ten years ago would have been considered science fiction has, through the tireless efforts of the community, become reality. The Editorial Board feel it is important to reflect the growing significance of this work in the scope. The new scope, drafted by Editor-in-Chief Professor Mark Allen, and approved by the Editorial Board, is as follows: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering covers all aspects of microelectromechanical structures, devices, and systems, as well as micromechanics and micromechatronics. The journal focuses on original work in fabrication and integration technologies, on the micro- and nano-scale. The journal aims to highlight the link between new fabrication technologies and their capacity to create novel devices. Original work in microengineering and nanoengineering is also reported. Such work is defined as applications of these fabrication and integration technologies to structures in which key attributes of the devices or systems depend on specific micro- or nano-scale features. Such applications span the physical, chemical, electrical and biological realms. New fabrication and integration techniques for both silicon and non-silicon materials are reported. Relevant modelling papers in micro- and nanoengineering are reported where supported by experimental data. The journal also covers integration of interface electronics with micro- and nanoengineered systems, as well as vacuum microelectronics, microfabricated electrically passive elements, and other micro- or nanoengineering-enabled electrical devices.

Aerobic scope measurements of fishes in an era of climate change: respirometry, relevance and recommendations.

PubMed

Clark, Timothy D; Sandblom, Erik; Jutfelt, Fredrik

2013-08-01

Measurements of aerobic scope [the difference between minimum and maximum oxygen consumption rate ( and , respectively)] are increasing in prevalence as a tool to address questions relating to fish ecology and the effects of climate change. However, there are underlying issues regarding the array of methods used to measure aerobic scope across studies and species. In an attempt to enhance quality control before the diversity of issues becomes too great to remedy, this paper outlines common techniques and pitfalls associated with measurements of , and aerobic scope across species and under different experimental conditions. Additionally, we provide a brief critique of the oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis, a concept that is intricately dependent on aerobic scope measurements and is spreading wildly throughout the literature despite little evidence for its general applicability. It is the intention of this paper to encourage transparency and accuracy in future studies that measure the aerobic metabolism of fishes, and to highlight the fundamental issues with assuming broad relevance of the OCLTT hypothesis.

Genetic control of root growth: from genes to networks

PubMed Central

Slovak, Radka; Ogura, Takehiko; Satbhai, Santosh B.; Ristova, Daniela; Busch, Wolfgang

2016-01-01

Background Roots are essential organs for higher plants. They provide the plant with nutrients and water, anchor the plant in the soil, and can serve as energy storage organs. One remarkable feature of roots is that they are able to adjust their growth to changing environments. This adjustment is possible through mechanisms that modulate a diverse set of root traits such as growth rate, diameter, growth direction and lateral root formation. The basis of these traits and their modulation are at the cellular level, where a multitude of genes and gene networks precisely regulate development in time and space and tune it to environmental conditions. Scope This review first describes the root system and then presents fundamental work that has shed light on the basic regulatory principles of root growth and development. It then considers emerging complexities and how they have been addressed using systems-biology approaches, and then describes and argues for a systems-genetics approach. For reasons of simplicity and conciseness, this review is mostly limited to work from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, in which much of the research in root growth regulation at the molecular level has been conducted. Conclusions While forward genetic approaches have identified key regulators and genetic pathways, systems-biology approaches have been successful in shedding light on complex biological processes, for instance molecular mechanisms involving the quantitative interaction of several molecular components, or the interaction of large numbers of genes. However, there are significant limitations in many of these methods for capturing dynamic processes, as well as relating these processes to genotypic and phenotypic variation. The emerging field of systems genetics promises to overcome some of these limitations by linking genotypes to complex phenotypic and molecular data using approaches from different fields, such as genetics, genomics, systems biology and phenomics. PMID:26558398

Assessing anthropogenic impact on boreal lakes with historical fish species distribution data and hydrogeochemical modeling.

PubMed

Valinia, Salar; Englund, Göran; Moldan, Filip; Futter, Martyn N; Köhler, Stephan J; Bishop, Kevin; Fölster, Jens

2014-09-01

Quantifying the effects of human activity on the natural environment is dependent on credible estimates of reference conditions to define the state of the environment before the onset of adverse human impacts. In Europe, emission controls that aimed at restoring ecological status were based on hindcasts from process-based models or paleolimnological reconstructions. For instance, 1860 is used in Europe as the target for restoration from acidification concerning biological and chemical parameters. A more practical problem is that the historical states of ecosystems and their function cannot be observed directly. Therefore, we (i) compare estimates of acidification based on long-term observations of roach (Rutilus rutilus) populations with hindcast pH from the hydrogeochemical model MAGIC; (ii) discuss policy implications and possible scope for use of long-term archival data for assessing human impacts on the natural environment and (iii) present a novel conceptual model for interpreting the importance of physico-chemical and ecological deviations from reference conditions. Of the 85 lakes studied, 78 were coherently classified by both methods. In 1980, 28 lakes were classified as acidified with the MAGIC model, however, roach was present in 14 of these. In 2010, MAGIC predicted chemical recovery in 50% of the lakes, however roach only recolonized in five lakes after 1990, showing a lag between chemical and biological recovery. Our study is the first study of its kind to use long-term archival biological data in concert with hydrogeochemical modeling for regional assessments of anthropogenic acidification. Based on our results, we show how the conceptual model can be used to understand and prioritize management of physico-chemical and ecological effects of anthropogenic stressors on surface water quality. © 2014 The Authors Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Benefits, Costs, and Explanation of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schweinhart, Lawrence J.

The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study is a study of the effects of a high-quality preschool program for children born in poverty. Following 123 children randomly assigned to program or no-program control groups, the study has had little attrition on a variety of measures from age 3 to age 41. The study has found evidence of preschool program…

CO2 induced seawater acidification impacts sea urchin larval development I: elevated metabolic rates decrease scope for growth and induce developmental delay.

PubMed

Stumpp, M; Wren, J; Melzner, F; Thorndyke, M C; Dupont, S T

2011-11-01

Anthropogenic CO(2) emissions are acidifying the world's oceans. A growing body of evidence is showing that ocean acidification impacts growth and developmental rates of marine invertebrates. Here we test the impact of elevated seawater pCO(2) (129 Pa, 1271 μatm) on early development, larval metabolic and feeding rates in a marine model organism, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Growth and development was assessed by measuring total body length, body rod length, postoral rod length and posterolateral rod length. Comparing these parameters between treatments suggests that larvae suffer from a developmental delay (by ca. 8%) rather than from the previously postulated reductions in size at comparable developmental stages. Further, we found maximum increases in respiration rates of +100% under elevated pCO(2), while body length corrected feeding rates did not differ between larvae from both treatments. Calculating scope for growth illustrates that larvae raised under high pCO(2) spent an average of 39 to 45% of the available energy for somatic growth, while control larvae could allocate between 78 and 80% of the available energy into growth processes. Our results highlight the importance of defining a standard frame of reference when comparing a given parameter between treatments, as observed differences can be easily due to comparison of different larval ages with their specific set of biological characters. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biosimilarity Versus Manufacturing Change: Two Distinct Concepts.

PubMed

Declerck, Paul; Farouk-Rezk, Mourad; Rudd, Pauline M

2016-02-01

As products of living cells, biologics are far more complicated than small molecular-weight drugs not only with respect to size and structural complexity but also their sensitivity to manufacturing processes and post-translational changes. Most of the information on the manufacturing process of biotherapeutics is proprietary and hence not fully accessible to the public. This information gap represents a key challenge for biosimilar developers and plays a key role in explaining the differences in regulatory pathways required to demonstrate biosimilarity versus those required to ensure that a change in manufacturing process did not have implications on safety and efficacy. Manufacturing process changes are frequently needed for a variety of reasons including response to regulatory requirements, up scaling production, change in facility, change in raw materials, improving control of quality (consistency) or optimising production efficiency. The scope of the change is usually a key indicator of the scale of analysis required to evaluate the quality. In most cases, where the scope of the process change is limited, only quality and analytical studies should be sufficient while comparative clinical studies can be required in case of major changes (e.g., cell line changes). Biosimilarity exercises have been addressed differently by regulators on the understanding that biosimilar developers start with fundamental differences being a new cell line and also a knowledge gap of the innovator's processes, including culture media, purification processes, and potentially different formulations, and are thus required to ensure that differences from innovators do not result in differences in efficacy and safety.

Refinement of ERCP by using the Olympus V-scope system with a 0.025 in. compatible and complete fixable Visiglide(®) guidewire.

PubMed

Raithel, Martin; Naegel, Andreas; Seidel, Sebastian; Raithel, Sandra; Diebel, Hiwot; Neurath, Markus F; Maiss, Juergen

2011-10-01

Prospective evaluation of the new 0.025 in. Visiglide(®) guidewire to facilitate endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography using the Olympus V-scope. Interventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography was performed in 9 patients with the Olympus V-scope and the 0.025 in. Visiglide(®) guidewire (VS group), whilst 9 other patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography with a conventional Olympus duodenoscope using 0.035 in. conventional guidewires (controls). Exchange time of accessories, X-ray time, dose and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography examination time were investigated. The VS group showed a significantly lower exchange time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography accessories (9; 4-10s, p<0.0001) than controls (29; 19-44s). The Visiglide(®) guidewire was complete fixable by the elevator in 35/36 instrument exchanges (97%) compared to 16/31 exchanges (52%) using conventional guidewires. Single-centre study, small patient numbers, two investigators. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography using the Olympus V-scope with the new 0.025 in. Visiglide(®) guidewire enables a 3-fold faster exchange of accessories due to a nearly complete fixation of the guidewire. Copyright © 2011 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High definition for systems biology of microbial communities: metagenomics gets genome-centric and strain-resolved.

PubMed

Turaev, Dmitrij; Rattei, Thomas

2016-06-01

The systems biology of microbial communities, organismal communities inhabiting all ecological niches on earth, has in recent years been strongly facilitated by the rapid development of experimental, sequencing and data analysis methods. Novel experimental approaches and binning methods in metagenomics render the semi-automatic reconstructions of near-complete genomes of uncultivable bacteria possible, while advances in high-resolution amplicon analysis allow for efficient and less biased taxonomic community characterization. This will also facilitate predictive modeling approaches, hitherto limited by the low resolution of metagenomic data. In this review, we pinpoint the most promising current developments in metagenomics. They facilitate microbial systems biology towards a systemic understanding of mechanisms in microbial communities with scopes of application in many areas of our daily life. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A paler shade of green? The toxicology of biodiesel emissions ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Background: Biodiesel produced primarily from plants and algal feedstocks is believed to have advantages for production and use compared to petroleum and to some other fuel sources. There is some speculation that exposure to biodiesel combustion emissions may not induce biological responses or health effects or at a minimum reduce the effects relative to other fuels. In evaluating the overall environmental and health effects of biodiesel production to end use scenario, empirical data or modeling data based on such data are needed.Scope of Review: This manuscript examines the available toxicology reports examining combustion derived biodiesel emissions since approximately 2007, when our last review of the topic occurred. Toxicity derived from other end uses of biodiesel- eg, spills, dermal absorption, etc- are not examined. Findings from biodiesel emissions are roughly divided into three areas: whole non-human animal model exposures; in vitro exposures of mammalian and bacterial cells (used for mutation studies primarily); and human exposures in controlled or other exposure fashions. Major Conclusions: Overall, these more current studies clearly demonstrate that biodiesel combustion emission exposure- to either 100% biodiesel or a blend in petroleum diesel- can induce biological effects. There are reports that show biodiesel exposure generally induces more effects or a greater magnitude of effect than petroleum diesel, however there are also a similar number

Computational protein design: a review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coluzza, Ivan

2017-04-01

Proteins are one of the most versatile modular assembling systems in nature. Experimentally, more than 110 000 protein structures have been identified and more are deposited every day in the Protein Data Bank. Such an enormous structural variety is to a first approximation controlled by the sequence of amino acids along the peptide chain of each protein. Understanding how the structural and functional properties of the target can be encoded in this sequence is the main objective of protein design. Unfortunately, rational protein design remains one of the major challenges across the disciplines of biology, physics and chemistry. The implications of solving this problem are enormous and branch into materials science, drug design, evolution and even cryptography. For instance, in the field of drug design an effective computational method to design protein-based ligands for biological targets such as viruses, bacteria or tumour cells, could give a significant boost to the development of new therapies with reduced side effects. In materials science, self-assembly is a highly desired property and soon artificial proteins could represent a new class of designable self-assembling materials. The scope of this review is to describe the state of the art in computational protein design methods and give the reader an outline of what developments could be expected in the near future.

7 CFR 275.10 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... to enhanced funding. (b) The objectives of quality control reviews are to provide: (1) A systematic... FOOD STAMP AND FOOD DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM PERFORMANCE REPORTING SYSTEM Quality Control (QC) Reviews... responsible for conducting quality control reviews. For food stamp quality control reviews, a sample of...

21 CFR 808.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Product Radiation Control of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (formerly the Radiation Control for... Administration issues specific requirements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act applicable to these...

21 CFR 808.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Product Radiation Control of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (formerly the Radiation Control for... Administration issues specific requirements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act applicable to these...

21 CFR 808.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Product Radiation Control of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (formerly the Radiation Control for... Administration issues specific requirements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act applicable to these...

21 CFR 808.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Product Radiation Control of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (formerly the Radiation Control for... Administration issues specific requirements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act applicable to these...

Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction (PASCC)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD, defined as nuclear, chemical , and biological) and weapons of mass effect (WME, defined as other high... Chemical Weapons • Scoping Study for a U.S.-Israel Strategic Dialogued 5 • U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue • Implications of Indian Tactical...of Chemical Weapons : Strategic Dialogue, Research, and Report Performer: Arizona State University (ASU) Principal Investigator: Orde Kittrie Cost

Chesapeake Bay study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Love, W. J.

1972-01-01

The objectives and scope of the Chesapeake Bay study are discussed. The physical, chemical, biological, political, and social phenomena of concern to the Chesapeake Bay area are included in the study. The construction of a model of the bay which will provide a means of accurately studying the interaction of the ecological factors is described. The application of the study by management organizations for development, enhancement, conservation, preservation, and restoration of the resources is examined.

Stream biological surveys - self-defense for coal mine operators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hampton, E.L.; Pennington, W.L.; Lackey, J.L.

1979-12-01

According to Section 779.20 of the Permanent Regulatory Program Regulations, Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Operations, Department of the Interior, office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, coal mine operators must provide information on fish and wildlife resources in order to obtain mining permits. Although considered to be a liability by many mine operators, stream biological surveys can, in reality, become a significant asset. When combined with appropriate water quality measurements, stream biological surveys can adequately assess a stream's health. Although initially adding cost, stream biological surveys can actually save money and potential litigation during the mining period. However, streammore » biological surveys must be conducted before any mining activity is initiated and should continue on a periodic basis thereafter. Only in this manner can mine operators be assured that biological measurements made on streams affected by their operation are accurate reflections of pre- and post-mining conditions. Armed with this vital information, mine operators have a basis to defend against any unjustified claims that their operations are having deleterious effects on the stream in question. This paper addresses the purpose, scope, methodology, and interpretation of results of stream biological surveys. Additionally, methods for utilizing information from stream biological surveys will be stressed.« less

Digital Full-Scope Simulation of a Conventional Nuclear Power Plant Control Room, Phase 2: Installation of a Reconfigurable Simulator to Support Nuclear Plant Sustainability

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ronald L. Boring; Vivek Agarwal; Kirk Fitzgerald

2013-03-01

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Light Water Reactor Sustainability program has developed a control room simulator in support of control room modernization at nuclear power plants in the U.S. This report highlights the recent completion of this reconfigurable, full-scale, full-scope control room simulator buildout at the Idaho National Laboratory. The simulator is fully reconfigurable, meaning it supports multiple plant models developed by different simulator vendors. The simulator is full-scale, using glasstop virtual panels to display the analog control boards found at current plants. The present installation features 15 glasstop panels, uniquely achieving a complete control room representation. The simulator ismore » also full-scope, meaning it uses the same plant models used for training simulators at actual plants. Unlike in the plant training simulators, the deployment on glasstop panels allows a high degree of customization of the panels, allowing the simulator to be used for research on the design of new digital control systems for control room modernization. This report includes separate sections discussing the glasstop panels, their layout to mimic control rooms at actual plants, technical details on creating a multi-plant and multi-vendor reconfigurable simulator, and current efforts to support control room modernization at U.S. utilities. The glasstop simulator provides an ideal testbed for prototyping and validating new control room concepts. Equally importantly, it is helping create a standardized and vetted human factors engineering process that can be used across the nuclear industry to ensure control room upgrades maintain and even improve current reliability and safety.« less

41 CFR 109-1.5300 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... identification, accounting, control, and disposal policy guidance for the following categories of high risk... categories of high risk personal property are controlled by other life cycle management programs and...

Biomolecular Deuteration for Neutron Structural Biology and Dynamics.

PubMed

Haertlein, Michael; Moulin, Martine; Devos, Juliette M; Laux, Valerie; Dunne, Orla; Forsyth, V Trevor

2016-01-01

Neutron scattering studies provide important information in structural biology that is not accessible using other approaches. The uniqueness of the technique, and its complementarity with X-ray scattering, is greatest when full use is made of deuterium labeling. The ability to produce tailor-made deuterium-labeled biological macromolecules allows neutron studies involving solution scattering, crystallography, reflection, and dynamics to be optimized in a manner that has major impact on the scope, quality, and throughput of work in these areas. Deuteration facilities have now been developed at many neutron centres throughout the world; these are having a crucial effect on neutron studies in the life sciences and on biologically related studies in soft matter. This chapter describes methods that have been developed for the efficient production of deuterium-labeled samples for a wide range of neutron scattering applications. Examples are given that illustrate the use of these samples for each of the main techniques. Perspectives for biological deuterium labeling are discussed in relation to developments at current facilities and those that are planned in the future. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Big Data in Plant Science: Resources and Data Mining Tools for Plant Genomics and Proteomics.

PubMed

Popescu, George V; Noutsos, Christos; Popescu, Sorina C

2016-01-01

In modern plant biology, progress is increasingly defined by the scientists' ability to gather and analyze data sets of high volume and complexity, otherwise known as "big data". Arguably, the largest increase in the volume of plant data sets over the last decade is a consequence of the application of the next-generation sequencing and mass-spectrometry technologies to the study of experimental model and crop plants. The increase in quantity and complexity of biological data brings challenges, mostly associated with data acquisition, processing, and sharing within the scientific community. Nonetheless, big data in plant science create unique opportunities in advancing our understanding of complex biological processes at a level of accuracy without precedence, and establish a base for the plant systems biology. In this chapter, we summarize the major drivers of big data in plant science and big data initiatives in life sciences with a focus on the scope and impact of iPlant, a representative cyberinfrastructure platform for plant science.

A review of chemical methods for the selective sulfation and desulfation of polysaccharides.

PubMed

Bedini, Emiliano; Laezza, Antonio; Parrilli, Michelangelo; Iadonisi, Alfonso

2017-10-15

Sulfated polysaccharides are known to possess several biological activities, with their sulfation pattern acting as a code able to transmit functional information. Due to their high biological and biomedical importance, in the last two decades many reports on the chemical modification of their sulfate distribution as well as on the regioselective insertion of sulfate groups on non-sulfated polysaccharides appeared in literature. In this Review we have for the first time collected these reports together, categorizing them into three different classes: i) regioselective sulfation reactions, ii) regioselective desulfation reactions, iii) regioselective insertion of sulfate groups through multi-step strategies, and discussing their scope and limitations. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

47 CFR 87.213 - Scope of service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... control (ATC) purposes other than to relay ATC information between the pilot and air traffic controller... runways, types of fuel available, wind conditions, weather information, dispatching, or other necessary information. At any airport at which a control tower, control tower remote communications outlet station (RCO...

47 CFR 87.213 - Scope of service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... control (ATC) purposes other than to relay ATC information between the pilot and air traffic controller... runways, types of fuel available, wind conditions, weather information, dispatching, or other necessary information. At any airport at which a control tower, control tower remote communications outlet station (RCO...

Temperature, metabolic power and the evolution of endothermy.

PubMed

Clarke, Andrew; Pörtner, Hans-Otto

2010-11-01

Endothermy has evolved at least twice, in the precursors to modern mammals and birds. The most widely accepted explanation for the evolution of endothermy has been selection for enhanced aerobic capacity. We review this hypothesis in the light of advances in our understanding of ATP generation by mitochondria and muscle performance. Together with the development of isotope-based techniques for the measurement of metabolic rate in free-ranging vertebrates these have confirmed the importance of aerobic scope in the evolution of endothermy: absolute aerobic scope, ATP generation by mitochondria and muscle power output are all strongly temperature-dependent, indicating that there would have been significant improvement in whole-organism locomotor ability with a warmer body. New data on mitochondrial ATP generation and proton leak suggest that the thermal physiology of mitochondria may differ between organisms of contrasting ecology and thermal flexibility. Together with recent biophysical modelling, this strengthens the long-held view that endothermy originated in smaller, active eurythermal ectotherms living in a cool but variable thermal environment. We propose that rather than being a secondary consequence of the evolution of an enhanced aerobic scope, a warmer body was the means by which that enhanced aerobic scope was achieved. This modified hypothesis requires that the rise in metabolic rate and the insulation necessary to retain metabolic heat arose early in the lineages leading to birds and mammals. Large dinosaurs were warm, but were not endotherms, and the metabolic status of pterosaurs remains unresolved. © 2010 The Authors. Biological Reviews © 2010 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Single-frame 3D fluorescence microscopy with ultraminiature lensless FlatScope

PubMed Central

Adams, Jesse K.; Boominathan, Vivek; Avants, Benjamin W.; Vercosa, Daniel G.; Ye, Fan; Baraniuk, Richard G.; Robinson, Jacob T.; Veeraraghavan, Ashok

2017-01-01

Modern biology increasingly relies on fluorescence microscopy, which is driving demand for smaller, lighter, and cheaper microscopes. However, traditional microscope architectures suffer from a fundamental trade-off: As lenses become smaller, they must either collect less light or image a smaller field of view. To break this fundamental trade-off between device size and performance, we present a new concept for three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging that replaces lenses with an optimized amplitude mask placed a few hundred micrometers above the sensor and an efficient algorithm that can convert a single frame of captured sensor data into high-resolution 3D images. The result is FlatScope: perhaps the world’s tiniest and lightest microscope. FlatScope is a lensless microscope that is scarcely larger than an image sensor (roughly 0.2 g in weight and less than 1 mm thick) and yet able to produce micrometer-resolution, high–frame rate, 3D fluorescence movies covering a total volume of several cubic millimeters. The ability of FlatScope to reconstruct full 3D images from a single frame of captured sensor data allows us to image 3D volumes roughly 40,000 times faster than a laser scanning confocal microscope while providing comparable resolution. We envision that this new flat fluorescence microscopy paradigm will lead to implantable endoscopes that minimize tissue damage, arrays of imagers that cover large areas, and bendable, flexible microscopes that conform to complex topographies. PMID:29226243

Roles of the spreading scope and effectiveness in spreading dynamics on multiplex networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Ming; Liu, Run-Ran; Peng, Dan; Jia, Chun-Xiao; Wang, Bing-Hong

2018-02-01

Comparing with single networks, the multiplex networks bring two main effects on the spreading process among individuals. First, the pathogen or information can be transmitted to more individuals through different layers at one time, which enlarges the spreading scope. Second, through different layers, an individual can also transmit the pathogen or information to the same individuals more than once at one time, which makes the spreading more effective. To understand the different roles of the spreading scope and effectiveness, we propose an epidemic model on multiplex networks with link overlapping, where the spreading effectiveness of each interaction as well as the variety of channels (spreading scope) can be controlled by the number of overlapping links. We find that for Poisson degree distribution, increasing the epidemic scope (the first effect) is more efficient than enhancing epidemic probability (the second effect) to facilitate the spreading process. However, for power-law degree distribution, the effects of the two factors on the spreading dynamics become complicated. Enhancing epidemic probability makes pathogen or rumor easier to outbreak in a finite system. But after that increasing epidemic scopes is still more effective for a wide spreading. Theoretical results along with reasonable explanation for these phenomena are all given in this paper, which indicates that the epidemic scope could play an important role in the spreading dynamics.

A randomised controlled trial comparing a dilating vaginal speculum with a conventional bivalve speculum.

PubMed

Thomas, A; Weisberg, E; Lieberman, D; Fraser, I S

2001-11-01

Cervical smears are traditionally taken with the aid of a metal or disposable plastic bivalve speculum. Many women complain of discomfort with these specula. This study compares the efficacy and women's experiences of a new 'dilating speculum' called the Veda-scope, with a conventional metal bivalve speculum (Pederson). The aims of this study were: to determine whether the Veda-scope provides adequate visualisation of the cervix and vaginal walls and an adequate cervical cytology specimen; and to compare user acceptability and women's levels of comfort between the Veda-scope and the bivalve speculum. Sixty-four women were randomised to be examined with the Veda-scope and 60 with the bivalve speculum, by one of two operators. Each woman completed a questionnaire that included subjective views of their previous cervical smear experiences, and acceptability of the examination at the study consultation. Cytologists were blinded as to which speculum was used for cervical sampling. Of women examined, 7-83% of women found Veda-scope examinations comfortable, compared to 38-62% of women who found examinations with the bivalve comfortable; 94% of the women preferred the 'comfort' of the Veda-scope. The Veda-scope was as good as the bivalve speculum in providing samples for cytological analysis following the initial learning curve, and also provided markedly superior magnified views of the cervix and vaginal fornices.

Dynamic sensitivity analysis of biological systems

PubMed Central

Wu, Wu Hsiung; Wang, Feng Sheng; Chang, Maw Shang

2008-01-01

Background A mathematical model to understand, predict, control, or even design a real biological system is a central theme in systems biology. A dynamic biological system is always modeled as a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) system. How to simulate the dynamic behavior and dynamic parameter sensitivities of systems described by ODEs efficiently and accurately is a critical job. In many practical applications, e.g., the fed-batch fermentation systems, the system admissible input (corresponding to independent variables of the system) can be time-dependent. The main difficulty for investigating the dynamic log gains of these systems is the infinite dimension due to the time-dependent input. The classical dynamic sensitivity analysis does not take into account this case for the dynamic log gains. Results We present an algorithm with an adaptive step size control that can be used for computing the solution and dynamic sensitivities of an autonomous ODE system simultaneously. Although our algorithm is one of the decouple direct methods in computing dynamic sensitivities of an ODE system, the step size determined by model equations can be used on the computations of the time profile and dynamic sensitivities with moderate accuracy even when sensitivity equations are more stiff than model equations. To show this algorithm can perform the dynamic sensitivity analysis on very stiff ODE systems with moderate accuracy, it is implemented and applied to two sets of chemical reactions: pyrolysis of ethane and oxidation of formaldehyde. The accuracy of this algorithm is demonstrated by comparing the dynamic parameter sensitivities obtained from this new algorithm and from the direct method with Rosenbrock stiff integrator based on the indirect method. The same dynamic sensitivity analysis was performed on an ethanol fed-batch fermentation system with a time-varying feed rate to evaluate the applicability of the algorithm to realistic models with time-dependent admissible input. Conclusion By combining the accuracy we show with the efficiency of being a decouple direct method, our algorithm is an excellent method for computing dynamic parameter sensitivities in stiff problems. We extend the scope of classical dynamic sensitivity analysis to the investigation of dynamic log gains of models with time-dependent admissible input. PMID:19091016

40 CFR 21.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, to the effect that... adequate to comply with requirements established under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C...

40 CFR 21.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, to the effect that... adequate to comply with requirements established under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C...

40 CFR 21.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, to the effect that... adequate to comply with requirements established under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C...

40 CFR 21.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, to the effect that... adequate to comply with requirements established under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C...

NASA TSRV essential flight control system requirements via object oriented analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Duffy, Keith S.; Hoza, Bradley J.

1992-01-01

The objective was to analyze the baseline flight control system of the Transport Systems Research Vehicle (TSRV) and to develop a system specification that offers high visibility of the essential system requirements in order to facilitate the future development of alternate, more advanced software architectures. The flight control system is defined to be the baseline software for the TSRV research flight deck, including all navigation, guidance, and control functions, and primary pilot displays. The Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) methodology developed is used to develop a system requirement definition. The scope of the requirements definition contained herein is limited to a portion of the Flight Management/Flight Control computer functionality. The development of a partial system requirements definition is documented, and includes a discussion of the tasks required to increase the scope of the requirements definition and recommendations for follow-on research.

Railroad classification yard technology : assessment of car speed control systems

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1980-12-01

The scope of this study has encompassed an evaluation of fourteen yard speed : control devices, an identification of four generic speed control systems, a : qualitative assessment of the four systems, and finally a quantitative analysis : of three hy...

Unravelling how plants benefit from ROS and NO reactions, while resisting oxidative stress

PubMed Central

Considine, Michael J.; María Sandalio, Luisa; Helen Foyer, Christine

2015-01-01

Background and Aims Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide (NO), play crucial roles in the signal transduction pathways that regulate plant growth, development and defence responses, providing a nexus of reduction/oxidation (redox) control that impacts on nearly every aspect of plant biology. Here we summarize current knowledge and concepts that lay the foundations of a new vision for ROS/RNS functions – particularly through signalling hubs – for the next decade. Scope Plants have mastered the art of redox control using ROS and RNS as secondary messengers to regulate a diverse range of protein functions through redox-based, post-translational modifications that act as regulators of molecular master-switches. Much current focus concerns the impact of this regulation on local and systemic signalling pathways, as well as understanding how such reactive molecules can be effectively used in the control of plant growth and stress responses. Conclusions The spectre of oxidative stress still overshadows much of our current philosophy and understanding of ROS and RNS functions. While many questions remain to be addressed – for example regarding inter-organellar regulation and communication, the control of hypoxia and how ROS/RNS signalling is used in plant cells, not only to trigger acclimation responses but also to create molecular memories of stress – it is clear that ROS and RNS function as vital signals of living cells. PMID:26649372

Biological Extreme Events - Past, Present, and Future

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gutschick, V. P.

2010-12-01

Biological extreme events span wide ranges temporally and spatially and in type - population dieoffs, extinctions, ecological reorganizations, changes in biogeochemical fluxes, and more. Driving variables consist in meteorology, tectonics, orbital changes, anthropogenic changes (land-use change, species introductions, reactive N injection into the biosphere), and evolution (esp. of diseases). However, the mapping of extremes in the drivers onto biological extremes as organismal responses is complex, as laid out originally in the theoretical framework of Gutschick and BassiriRad (New Phytologist [2003] 100:21-42). Responses are nonlinear and dependent on (mostly unknown and) complex temporal sequences - often of multiple environmental variables. The responses are species- and genotype specific. I review extreme events over from past to present over wide temporal scales, while noting that they are not wholly informative of responses to the current and near-future drivers for at least two reasons: 1) the current combination of numerous environmental extremes - changes in CO2, temperature, precipitation, reactive N, land fragmentation, O3, etc. -is unprecedented in scope, and 2) adaptive genetic variation for organismal responses is constrained by poorly-characterized genetic structures (in organisms and populations) and by loss of genetic variation by genetic drift over long periods. We may expect radical reorganizations of ecosystem and biogeochemical functions. These changes include many ecosystem services in flood control, crop pollination and insect/disease control, C-water-mineral cycling, and more, as well as direct effects on human health. Predictions of such changes will necessarily be very weak in the critical next few decades, given the great deal of observation, experimentation, and theory construction that will be necessary, on both organisms and drivers. To make the research efforts most effective will require extensive, insightful planning, beginning immediately. Massive dieoff of conifers in the US Southwest, an extreme event driven by a remarkably uncommon co-occurrence of high temperature, drought, and long active season for insects

Scale-up of ecological experiments: Density variation in the mobile bivalve Macomona liliana

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schneider, Davod C.; Walters, R.; Thrush, S.; Dayton, P.

1997-01-01

At present the problem of scaling up from controlled experiments (necessarily at a small spatial scale) to questions of regional or global importance is perhaps the most pressing issue in ecology. Most of the proposed techniques recommend iterative cycling between theory and experiment. We present a graphical technique that facilitates this cycling by allowing the scope of experiments, surveys, and natural history observations to be compared to the scope of models and theory. We apply the scope analysis to the problem of understanding the population dynamics of a bivalve exposed to environmental stress at the scale of a harbour. Previous lab and field experiments were found not to be 1:1 scale models of harbour-wide processes. Scope analysis allowed small scale experiments to be linked to larger scale surveys and to a spatially explicit model of population dynamics.

Biology, distribution and control of Anopheles (Cellia) minimus in the context of malaria transmission in northeastern India.

PubMed

Dev, Vas; Manguin, Sylvie

2016-11-15

Among six dominant mosquito vector species involved in malaria transmission in India, Anopheles minimus is a major species in northeast India and held responsible for focal disease outbreaks characterized by high-rise of Plasmodium falciparum infections and attributable death cases. It has been now genetically characterized that among the three-member species of the Minimus Complex spread in Asia, An. minimus (former species A) is prevalent in India including northeastern states and east-central state of Odisha. It is recorded in all seasons and accounts for perennial transmission evidenced by records of sporozoite infections. This species is highly anthropophilic, and largely endophilic and endophagic, recorded breeding throughout the year in slow flowing seepage water streams. The populations of An. minimus in India are reported to be highly diverse indicating population expansion with obvious implications for judicious application of vector control interventions. Given the rapid ecological changes due to deforestation, population migration and expansion and developmental activities, there is scope for further research on the existence of potential additional sibling species within the An. minimus complex and bionomics studies on a large geographical scale for species sanitation. For control of vector populations, DDT continues to be applied on account of retaining susceptibility status even after decades of residual spraying. Anopheles minimus is a highly adaptive species and requires continuous and sustained efforts for its effective control to check transmission and spread of drug-resistant malaria. Anopheles minimus populations are reportedly diminishing in northeastern India whereas it has staged comeback in east-central State of Odisha after decades of disappearance with its eco-biological characteristics intact. It is the high time to siege the opportunity for strengthening interventions against this species for its population diminution to sub-optimal levels for reducing transmission in achieving malaria elimination by target date of 2030.

42 CFR 478.10 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS RECONSIDERATIONS AND APPEALS Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement... procedures for— (a) Reconsiderations conducted by a Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement...

42 CFR 478.10 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS RECONSIDERATIONS AND APPEALS Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement... procedures for— (a) Reconsiderations conducted by a Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement...

42 CFR 478.10 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS RECONSIDERATIONS AND APPEALS Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement... procedures for— (a) Reconsiderations conducted by a Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement...

42 CFR 478.10 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS RECONSIDERATIONS AND APPEALS Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement... procedures for— (a) Reconsiderations conducted by a Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement...

42 CFR 478.10 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS RECONSIDERATIONS AND APPEALS Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement... procedures for— (a) Reconsiderations conducted by a Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement...

The Die Is Cast: Precision Electrophilic Modifications Contribute to Cellular Decision Making

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

This perspective sets out to critically evaluate the scope of reactive electrophilic small molecules as unique chemical signal carriers in biological information transfer cascades. We consider these electrophilic cues as a new volatile cellular currency and compare them to canonical signaling circulation such as phosphate in terms of chemical properties, biological specificity, sufficiency, and necessity. The fact that nonenzymatic redox sensing properties are found in proteins undertaking varied cellular tasks suggests that electrophile signaling is a moonlighting phenomenon manifested within a privileged set of sensor proteins. The latest interrogations into these on-target electrophilic responses set forth a new horizon in the molecular mechanism of redox signal propagation wherein direct low-occupancy electrophilic modifications on a single sensor target are biologically sufficient to drive functional redox responses with precision timing. We detail how the various mechanisms through which redox signals function could contribute to their interesting phenotypic responses, including hormesis. PMID:27617777

Programming languages for synthetic biology.

PubMed

Umesh, P; Naveen, F; Rao, Chanchala Uma Maheswara; Nair, Achuthsankar S

2010-12-01

In the backdrop of accelerated efforts for creating synthetic organisms, the nature and scope of an ideal programming language for scripting synthetic organism in-silico has been receiving increasing attention. A few programming languages for synthetic biology capable of defining, constructing, networking, editing and delivering genome scale models of cellular processes have been recently attempted. All these represent important points in a spectrum of possibilities. This paper introduces Kera, a state of the art programming language for synthetic biology which is arguably ahead of similar languages or tools such as GEC, Antimony and GenoCAD. Kera is a full-fledged object oriented programming language which is tempered by biopart rule library named Samhita which captures the knowledge regarding the interaction of genome components and catalytic molecules. Prominent feature of the language are demonstrated through a toy example and the road map for the future development of Kera is also presented.

The Die Is Cast: Precision Electrophilic Modifications Contribute to Cellular Decision Making.

PubMed

Long, Marcus J C; Aye, Yimon

2016-10-02

This perspective sets out to critically evaluate the scope of reactive electrophilic small molecules as unique chemical signal carriers in biological information transfer cascades. We consider these electrophilic cues as a new volatile cellular currency and compare them to canonical signaling circulation such as phosphate in terms of chemical properties, biological specificity, sufficiency, and necessity. The fact that nonenzymatic redox sensing properties are found in proteins undertaking varied cellular tasks suggests that electrophile signaling is a moonlighting phenomenon manifested within a privileged set of sensor proteins. The latest interrogations into these on-target electrophilic responses set forth a new horizon in the molecular mechanism of redox signal propagation wherein direct low-occupancy electrophilic modifications on a single sensor target are biologically sufficient to drive functional redox responses with precision timing. We detail how the various mechanisms through which redox signals function could contribute to their interesting phenotypic responses, including hormesis.

Biological-inorganic hybrid systems as a generalized platform for chemical production.

PubMed

Nangle, Shannon N; Sakimoto, Kelsey K; Silver, Pamela A; Nocera, Daniel G

2017-12-01

An expanding renewable energy market to supplant petrochemicals has motivated synthesis technologies that use renewable feedstocks, such as CO 2 . Hybrid biological-inorganic systems provide a sustainable, efficient, versatile, and inexpensive chemical synthesis platform. These systems comprise biocompatible electrodes that transduce electrical energy either directly or indirectly into bioavailable energy, such as H 2 and NAD(P)H. In combination, specific bacteria use these energetic reducing equivalents to fix CO 2 into multi-carbon organic compounds. As hybrid biological-inorganic technologies have developed, the focus has shifted from phenomenological and proof-of-concept discovery towards enhanced energy efficiency, production rate, product scope, and industrial robustness. In this review, we highlight the progress and the state-of-the-art of this field and describe the advantages and challenges involved in designing bio- and chemo- compatible systems. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Computational modeling of diffusion in the cerebellum.

PubMed

Marinov, Toma M; Santamaria, Fidel

2014-01-01

Diffusion is a major transport mechanism in living organisms. In the cerebellum, diffusion is responsible for the propagation of molecular signaling involved in synaptic plasticity and metabolism, both intracellularly and extracellularly. In this chapter, we present an overview of the cerebellar structure and function. We then discuss the types of diffusion processes present in the cerebellum and their biological importance. We particularly emphasize the differences between extracellular and intracellular diffusion and the presence of tortuosity and anomalous diffusion in different parts of the cerebellar cortex. We provide a mathematical introduction to diffusion and a conceptual overview of various computational modeling techniques. We discuss their scope and their limit of application. Although our focus is the cerebellum, we have aimed at presenting the biological and mathematical foundations as general as possible to be applicable to any other area in biology in which diffusion is of importance. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rhodium(III)-catalyzed vinylic sp2 C-H bond functionalization: efficient synthesis of pyrido[1,2-α]benzimidazoles and imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines.

PubMed

Dong, Lin; Huang, Ji-Rong; Qu, Chuan-Hua; Zhang, Qian-Ru; Zhang, Wei; Han, Bo; Peng, Cheng

2013-09-28

A simple approach for synthesis of novel aza-fused scaffolds such as pyrido[1,2-α]benzimidazoles and imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines was developed by Rh(III)-catalyzed direct oxidative coupling between alkenes and unactivated alkynes without an extra directing group. The method would allow a broad substrate scope, providing fused heterocycles with potential biological properties.

Copper-catalyzed aerobic decarboxylative sulfonylation of cinnamic acids with sodium sulfinates: stereospecific synthesis of (E)-alkenyl sulfones.

PubMed

Jiang, Qing; Xu, Bin; Jia, Jing; Zhao, An; Zhao, Yu-Rou; Li, Ying-Ying; He, Na-Na; Guo, Can-Cheng

2014-08-15

A copper-catalyzed aerobic decarboxylative sulfonylation of alkenyl carboxylic acids with sodium sulfinates is developed. This study offers a new and expedient strategy for stereoselective synthesis of (E)-alkenyl sulfones that are widely present in biologically active natural products and therapeutic agents. Moreover, the transformation is proposed to proceed via a radical process and exhibits a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.

Study on Contaminant Transportation of a Typical Chemical Industry Park Based on GMS Software

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, LinXian; Liu, GuoZhen; Xing, LiTing; Liu, BenHua; Xu, ZhengHe; Yang, LiZhi; Zhu, HebgHua

2018-03-01

The groundwater solute transport model can effectively simulated the transport path, the transport scope, and the concentration of contaminant which can provide quantitative data for groundwater pollution repair and groundwater resource management. In this study, we selected biological modern technology research base of Shandong province as research objective and simulated the pollution characteristic of typicalcontaminant cis-1, 3-dichloropropene under different operating conditions by using GMS software.

Rhodium(III)-catalyzed three-component reaction of imines, alkynes, and aldehydes through C-H activation.

PubMed

Huang, Ji-Rong; Song, Qiang; Zhu, Yu-Qin; Qin, Liu; Qian, Zhi-Yong; Dong, Lin

2014-12-15

An efficient rhodium(III)-catalyzed tandem three-component reaction of imines, alkynes and aldehydes through CH activation has been developed. High stereo- and regioselectivity, as well as good yields were obtained in most cases. The simple and atom-economical approach offers a broad scope of substrates, providing polycyclic skeletons with potential biological properties. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Biologic relativity: Who is the observer and what is observed?

PubMed

Torday, John S; Miller, William B

2016-05-01

When quantum physics and biological phenomena are analogously explored, it emerges that biologic causation must also be understood independently of its overt appearance. This is similar to the manner in which Bohm characterized the explicate versus the implicate order as overlapping frames of ambiguity. Placed in this context, the variables affecting epigenetic inheritance can be properly assessed as a key mechanistic principle of evolution that significantly alters our understanding of homeostasis, pleiotropy, and heterochrony, and the purposes of sexual reproduction. Each of these become differing manifestations of a new biological relativity in which biologic space-time becomes its own frame. In such relativistic cellular contexts, it is proper to question exactly who has observer status, and who and what are being observed. Consideration within this frame reduces biology to cellular information sharing through cell-cell communication to resolve ambiguities at every scope and scale. In consequence, it becomes implicit that eukaryotic evolution derives from the unicellular state, remaining consistently adherent to it in a continuous evolutionary arc based upon elemental, non-stochastic physiologic first principles. Furthermore, the entire cell including its cytoskeletal apparatus and membranes that participate in the resolution of biological uncertainties must be considered as having equivalent primacy with genomes in evolutionary terms. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Approaches to Understanding and Addressing Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Scoping Review

PubMed Central

Jenkins, Emily; Goldner, Elliot M.

2012-01-01

Treatment-resistant depression is associated with significant disability and, due to its high prevalence, results in substantive economic and societal burden at a population level. The objective of this study is to synthesize extant literature on approaches currently being applied to understand and address this condition. It is hoped that the findings can be used to inform practitioners and guide future research. A scoping review of the scientific literature was conducted with findings categorized and charted by underlying research paradigm. Currently, the vast majority of research stems from a biological paradigm (81%). Research on treatment-resistant depression would benefit from a broadened field of study. Given that multiple etiological mechanisms likely contribute to treatment-resistant depression and current efforts at prevention and treatment have substantial room for improvement, an expanded research agenda could more effectively address this significant public health issue. PMID:22570778

Integrating diverse scientific and practitioner knowledge in ecological risk analysis: a case study of biodiversity risk assessment in South Africa.

PubMed

Dana, G V; Kapuscinski, A R; Donaldson, J S

2012-05-15

Ecological risk analysis (ERA) is a structured evaluation of threats to species, natural communities, and ecosystem processes from pollutants and toxicants and more complicated living stressors such as invasive species, genetically modified organisms, and biological control agents. Such analyses are typically conducted by a narrowly-focused group of scientific experts using technical information. We evaluate whether the inclusion of more diverse experts and practitioners in ERA improved the ecological knowledge base about South African biodiversity and the potential impacts of genetically modified (GM) crops. We conducted two participatory ERA workshops in South Africa, analyzing potential impacts of GM maize on biodiversity. The first workshop involved only four biological scientists, who were joined by 18 diverse scientists and practitioners in the second, and we compared the ERA process and results between the two using descriptive statistics and semi-structured interview responses. The addition of diverse experts and practitioners led to a more comprehensive understanding of biological composition of the agro-ecosystem and a more ecologically relevant set of hazards, but impeded hazard prioritization and the generation of precise risk assessment values. Results suggest that diverse participation can improve the scoping or problem formulation of the ERA, by generating an ecologically robust set of information on which to base the subsequent, more technical risk assessment. The participatory ERA process also increased the transparency of the ERA by exposing the logic and rationale for decisions made at each step. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

7 CFR 275.10 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... FOOD STAMP AND FOOD DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM PERFORMANCE REPORTING SYSTEM Quality Control (QC) Reviews... responsible for conducting quality control reviews. For food stamp quality control reviews, a sample of... terminated (called negative cases). Reviews shall be conducted on active cases to determine if households are...

Dynamic Constraint Satisfaction with Reasonable Global Constraints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frank, Jeremy

2003-01-01

Previously studied theoretical frameworks for dynamic constraint satisfaction problems (DCSPs) employ a small set of primitive operators to modify a problem instance. They do not address the desire to model problems using sophisticated global constraints, and do not address efficiency questions related to incremental constraint enforcement. In this paper, we extend a DCSP framework to incorporate global constraints with flexible scope. A simple approach to incremental propagation after scope modification can be inefficient under some circumstances. We characterize the cases when this inefficiency can occur, and discuss two ways to alleviate this problem: adding rejection variables to the scope of flexible constraints, and adding new features to constraints that permit increased control over incremental propagation.

Nanotechnology: the scope and potential applications in orthopedic surgery.

PubMed

Gavaskar, Ashok; Rojas, D; Videla, F

2018-03-30

Nanotechnology involves manipulation of matter measuring 1-100 nm in at least one of its dimensions at the molecular level. Engineering and manipulation of matter at the molecular level has several advantages in the field of medicine (nanomedicine) since most of the biological molecules exist and function at a nanoscale. Though promising, questions still remain on how much of this will ultimately translate into achieving better patient care. Concerns of cost-effectiveness and nanotechnology safety still remain unclear. Orthopedics is an attractive area for the application of nanotechnology since the bone, and its constituents such as hydroxyapatite, Haversian systems, and the collagen fibrils are nanocompounds. The major orthopedic applications of nanotechnology involve around (i) effective drug delivery systems for antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents, (ii) surface preparation of implants and prosthesis to improve osteointegration and reduce biofilm formation, (iii) controlled drug eluting systems to combat implant-related infections, (iv) tissue engineering for scaffolds preparation to deal with bone and cartilage defects, and (v) diagnostic applications in the field of oncology and musculoskeletal infections.

Anticancer Drugs from Marine Flora: An Overview

PubMed Central

Sithranga Boopathy, N.; Kathiresan, K.

2010-01-01

Marine floras, such as bacteria, actinobacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, microalgae, seaweeds, mangroves, and other halophytes are extremely important oceanic resources, constituting over 90% of the oceanic biomass. They are taxonomically diverse, largely productive, biologically active, and chemically unique offering a great scope for discovery of new anticancer drugs. The marine floras are rich in medicinally potent chemicals predominantly belonging to polyphenols and sulphated polysaccharides. The chemicals have displayed an array of pharmacological properties especially antioxidant, immunostimulatory, and antitumour activities. The phytochemicals possibly activate macrophages, induce apoptosis, and prevent oxidative damage of DNA, thereby controlling carcinogenesis. In spite of vast resources enriched with chemicals, the marine floras are largely unexplored for anticancer lead compounds. Hence, this paper reviews the works so far conducted on this aspect with a view to provide a baseline information for promoting the marine flora-based anticancer research in the present context of increasing cancer incidence, deprived of the cheaper, safer, and potent medicines to challenge the dreadful human disease. PMID:21461373

NASA Thesaurus. Volumes 1 and 2; Hierarchical Listing with Definitions; Rotated Term Display

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2012-01-01

The NASA Thesaurus contains the authorized subject terms by which the documents in the NASA STI Databases are indexed and retrieved. The scope of this controlled vocabulary includes not only aerospace engineering, but all supporting areas of engineering and physics, the natural space sciences (astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science), Earth sciences, and to some extent, the biological sciences. Volume 1 - Hierarchical Listing With Definitions contains over 18,400 subject terms, 4,300 definitions, and more than 4,500 USE cross references. The Hierarchical Listing presents full hierarchical structure for each term along with 'related term' lists, and can serve as an orthographic authority. Volume 2 - Rotated Term Display is a ready-reference tool which provides over 52,700 additional 'access points' to the thesaurus terminology. It contains the postable and nonpostable terms found in the Hierarchical Listing arranged in a KWIC (key-word-in-context) index. This CD-ROM version of the NASA Thesaurus is in PDF format and is updated to the current year of purchase.

BioModels: expanding horizons to include more modelling approaches and formats

PubMed Central

Nguyen, Tung V N; Graesslin, Martin; Hälke, Robert; Ali, Raza; Schramm, Jochen; Wimalaratne, Sarala M; Kothamachu, Varun B; Rodriguez, Nicolas; Swat, Maciej J; Eils, Jurgen; Eils, Roland; Laibe, Camille; Chelliah, Vijayalakshmi

2018-01-01

Abstract BioModels serves as a central repository of mathematical models representing biological processes. It offers a platform to make mathematical models easily shareable across the systems modelling community, thereby supporting model reuse. To facilitate hosting a broader range of model formats derived from diverse modelling approaches and tools, a new infrastructure for BioModels has been developed that is available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biomodels. This new system allows submitting and sharing of a wide range of models with improved support for formats other than SBML. It also offers a version-control backed environment in which authors and curators can work collaboratively to curate models. This article summarises the features available in the current system and discusses the potential benefit they offer to the users over the previous system. In summary, the new portal broadens the scope of models accepted in BioModels and supports collaborative model curation which is crucial for model reproducibility and sharing. PMID:29106614

Creating Order from Chaos: Cellular Regulation by Kinase Anchoring

PubMed Central

Scott, John D.; Dessauer, Carmen W.; Tasken, Kjetil

2012-01-01

Second messenger responses rely on where and when the enzymes that propagate these signals become active. Spatial and temporal organization of certain signaling enzymes is controlled in part by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). This family of regulatory proteins was originally classified on the basis of their ability to compartmentalize the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (also known as protein kinase A, or PKA). However, it is now recognized that AKAPs position G protein–coupled receptors, adenylyl cyclases, G proteins, and their effector proteins in relation to protein kinases and signal termination enzymes such as phosphodiesterases and protein phosphatases. This arrangement offers a simple and efficient means to limit the scope, duration, and directional flow of information to sites deep within the cell. This review focuses on the pros and cons of reagents that define the biological role of kinase anchoring inside cells and discusses recent advances in our understanding of anchored second messenger signaling in the cardiovascular and immune systems. PMID:23043438

A Conceptual Framework for Pharmacodynamic Genome-wide Association Studies in Pharmacogenomics

PubMed Central

Wu, Rongling; Tong, Chunfa; Wang, Zhong; Mauger, David; Tantisira, Kelan; Szefler, Stanley J.; Chinchilli, Vernon M.; Israel, Elliot

2013-01-01

Summary Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have emerged as a powerful tool to identify loci that affect drug response or susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. However, current GWAS based on a simple analysis of associations between genotype and phenotype ignores the biochemical reactions of drug response, thus limiting the scope of inference about its genetic architecture. To facilitate the inference of GWAS in pharmacogenomics, we sought to undertake the mathematical integration of the pharmacodynamic process of drug reactions through computational models. By estimating and testing the genetic control of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters, this mechanistic approach does not only enhance the biological and clinical relevance of significant genetic associations, but also improve the statistical power and robustness of gene detection. This report discusses the general principle and development of pharmacodynamics-based GWAS, highlights the practical use of this approach in addressing various pharmacogenomic problems, and suggests that this approach will be an important method to study the genetic architecture of drug responses or reactions. PMID:21920452

Biosafety assessment protocols for new organisms in New Zealand: Can they apply internationally to emerging technologies?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barratt, B.I.P.; Moeed, A.; Malone, L.A.

2006-05-15

An analysis of established biosafety protocols for release into the environment of exotic plants and biological control agents for weeds and arthropod pests has been carried out to determine whether such protocols can be applied to relatively new and emerging technologies intended for the primary production industries, such as transgenic plants. Example case studies are described to indicate the scope of issues considered by regulators who make decisions on new organism releases. No transgenic plants have been released to date in New Zealand, but two field test approvals are described as examples. An analysis of the biosafety protocols has shownmore » that, while many of the risk criteria considered for decision-making by regulators are similar for all new organisms, a case-by-case examination of risks and potential impacts is required in order to fully assess risk. The value of post-release monitoring and validation of decisions made by regulators is emphasised.« less

Anticancer drugs from marine flora: an overview.

PubMed

Sithranga Boopathy, N; Kathiresan, K

2010-01-01

Marine floras, such as bacteria, actinobacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, microalgae, seaweeds, mangroves, and other halophytes are extremely important oceanic resources, constituting over 90% of the oceanic biomass. They are taxonomically diverse, largely productive, biologically active, and chemically unique offering a great scope for discovery of new anticancer drugs. The marine floras are rich in medicinally potent chemicals predominantly belonging to polyphenols and sulphated polysaccharides. The chemicals have displayed an array of pharmacological properties especially antioxidant, immunostimulatory, and antitumour activities. The phytochemicals possibly activate macrophages, induce apoptosis, and prevent oxidative damage of DNA, thereby controlling carcinogenesis. In spite of vast resources enriched with chemicals, the marine floras are largely unexplored for anticancer lead compounds. Hence, this paper reviews the works so far conducted on this aspect with a view to provide a baseline information for promoting the marine flora-based anticancer research in the present context of increasing cancer incidence, deprived of the cheaper, safer, and potent medicines to challenge the dreadful human disease.

Traffic control device evaluation program : technical report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-03-01

This project provides the Texas Department of Transportation with a mechanism to quickly and effectively conduct : high-priority, limited scope evaluations of traffic control devices. Work during the 20132014 fiscal year included : three main task...

Positive train control test bed interoperability upgrades.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-02-01

Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) upgraded the Positive Train Control (PTC) Test Bed to support additional PTC testing configurations under Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Task Order 270. The scope of work provided additional PTC Co...

Using the written description requirement to limit broad patent scope, allow competition, and encourage innovation in biotechnology.

PubMed

Mull, William C

2004-01-01

The biotechnology research and development process is extremely expensive and companies must attract investors to this high-risk industry to pay for these costs. Biotechnology companies rely on their ability to exclude others from exploiting the benefits of their research through patent protection to attract these investors. Consequently, they seek strong patent protection for their inventions by claiming a broad scope of patent protection for their inventions. Biotechnology is an industry where the scope of protection should be limited. Science-based technologies exploit the perceived technological opportunities from recent scientific developments, concentrating the attention of many inventors on the same areas. This poses several unique problems. First, only the first of several inventors will receive a patent to the invention. Second, due to publicly available, basic techniques, the actual contribution made by the inventor may be relatively small. Finally, there is a significant risk that permitting an overbroad patent scope may permit original patentees to control a variety of improvements and a number of applications. Additionally, a broad scope of protection for an invention tends to cause underutilization of many potential inventions or improvements. By limiting the scope of protection, one allows competitors to utilize these potential inventions or improvements and encourages the advancement of the technology. Traditionally, courts have used the scope of the disclosure to limit a patent with an overly broad scope of protection. The Federal Circuit is correctly applying the written description requirement as part of the disclosure to limit broad claim scope in biotechnology patents. The written description requirement is separate from the enablement requirement and applies to all claims. By requiring a written description to allow a PHOSITA to determine the structural characteristics of the claimed invention, the Federal Circuit is able limit biotechnology patents with overly broad patent scope. Recognizing that particular technologies will become more established as biotechnology matures giving rise to different issues in setting the appropriate level of patent scope, the court allowed the written description requirement to mature in tandem with advances in biotechnology to meet these new developments.

Perceptions of dementia and use of services in minority ethnic communities: a scoping exercise.

PubMed

Parveen, Sahdia; Peltier, Carol; Oyebode, Jan R

2017-03-01

Despite the rapidly ageing population and a predicted sevenfold increase in the prevalence of dementia in minority ethnic communities, people from these communities remain under-represented in specialist dementia services. Leventhal's Model of Self-Regulation suggests perceptions of illness facilitate help-seeking behaviours such as the use of services. This scoping exercise makes use of the model to explore perceptions of dementia in British Indian, African and Caribbean, and East and Central European communities in the United Kingdom. Between August 2013 and April 2014, culturally specific dementia awareness roadshows were attended by people living with dementia, carers and members of the public. During the roadshows, 62 British Indian, 50 African and Caribbean, and 63 East and Central European attenders participated in discussion groups and a dementia knowledge quiz. Thematic and framework analysis were conducted on the discussion group data. Three main themes are presented: Perceptions of dementia, awareness of dementia in the wider family and community, and awareness and use of services. The findings suggest that although groups attributed a biological basis for memory loss, a number of misconceptions prevailed regarding the cause of dementia. Groups also made use of religion, as opposed to medical healthcare services, as a form of personal and treatment control. Seeking help from healthcare services was hindered by lack of awareness of services, and culturally specific barriers such as language. The findings have a number of implications for policy and practice including the development of public health interventions and the need to focus further on reducing barriers to accessing services. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Selective Modification of Chitin and Chitosan: En Route to Tailored Oligosaccharides.

PubMed

Carvalho, Luísa C R; Queda, Fausto; Santos, Cátia V Almeida; Marques, M Manuel B

2016-12-19

Chitin and chitosan are attractive biopolymers with enormous structural possibilities for chemical modification, creating platforms for new chemical entities with a broad scope of applications, ranging from material science to medicine. During the last few years, incredible efforts have been dedicated to the regioselective modification of these biopolymers paving the way for improved properties and tailored activities. Herein, the most recent advances in chitin/chitosan regioselective modification, reaction conditions, selectivity, and the impact on its applications are highlighted. Moreover, the recent focus on chitooligosaccharides, their regioselective and chemoselective functionalization, as well as their role in biological studies, including molecular recognition with several biological targets are also covered. © 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Biological constraints do not entail cognitive closure.

PubMed

Vlerick, Michael

2014-12-01

From the premise that our biology imposes cognitive constraints on our epistemic activities, a series of prominent authors--most notably Fodor, Chomsky and McGinn--have argued that we are cognitively closed to certain aspects and properties of the world. Cognitive constraints, they argue, entail cognitive closure. I argue that this is not the case. More precisely, I detect two unwarranted conflations at the core of arguments deriving closure from constraints. The first is a conflation of what I will refer to as 'representation' and 'object of representation'. The second confuses the cognitive scope of the assisted mind for that of the unassisted mind. Cognitive closure, I conclude, cannot be established from pointing out the (uncontroversial) existence of cognitive constraints. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Physical Biology of the Materials-Microorganism Interface.

PubMed

Sakimoto, Kelsey K; Kornienko, Nikolay; Cestellos-Blanco, Stefano; Lim, Jongwoo; Liu, Chong; Yang, Peidong

2018-02-14

Future solar-to-chemical production will rely upon a deep understanding of the material-microorganism interface. Hybrid technologies, which combine inorganic semiconductor light harvesters with biological catalysis to transform light, air, and water into chemicals, already demonstrate a wide product scope and energy efficiencies surpassing that of natural photosynthesis. But optimization to economic competitiveness and fundamental curiosity beg for answers to two basic questions: (1) how do materials transfer energy and charge to microorganisms, and (2) how do we design for bio- and chemocompatibility between these seemingly unnatural partners? This Perspective highlights the state-of-the-art and outlines future research paths to inform the cadre of spectroscopists, electrochemists, bioinorganic chemists, material scientists, and biologists who will ultimately solve these mysteries.

Project Design Concept for Monitoring and Control System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

MCGREW, D.L.

2000-10-02

This Project Design Concept represents operational requirements established for use in design the tank farm Monitoring and Control System. These upgrades are included within the scope of Project W-314, Tank Farm Restoration and Safe Operations.

27 CFR 478.1 - Scope of regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... firearms and ammunition and are promulgated to implement Title I, State Firearms Control Assistance (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44), of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (82 Stat. 1213) as amended by Pub. L. 99-308 (100...

27 CFR 478.1 - Scope of regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... firearms and ammunition and are promulgated to implement Title I, State Firearms Control Assistance (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44), of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (82 Stat. 1213) as amended by Pub. L. 99-308 (100...

27 CFR 478.1 - Scope of regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... firearms and ammunition and are promulgated to implement Title I, State Firearms Control Assistance (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44), of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (82 Stat. 1213) as amended by Pub. L. 99-308 (100...

A decision support tool for selecting traffic control devices.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-07-01

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and transportation profession continue updating and : publishing the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). However, it is beyond the scope of : the MUTCD to provide the breadth of knowledge neces...

Evaluation of traffic control devices : fifth-year activities.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-02-01

This project was established to provide a means of conducting limited scope evaluations of numerous traffic : control device issues. During the fifth, and final, year of the project, researchers conducted four activities: : improving the interface fo...

MicroScope in 2017: an expanding and evolving integrated resource for community expertise of microbial genomes

PubMed Central

Vallenet, David; Calteau, Alexandra; Cruveiller, Stéphane; Gachet, Mathieu; Lajus, Aurélie; Josso, Adrien; Mercier, Jonathan; Renaux, Alexandre; Rollin, Johan; Rouy, Zoe; Roche, David; Scarpelli, Claude; Médigue, Claudine

2017-01-01

The annotation of genomes from NGS platforms needs to be automated and fully integrated. However, maintaining consistency and accuracy in genome annotation is a challenging problem because millions of protein database entries are not assigned reliable functions. This shortcoming limits the knowledge that can be extracted from genomes and metabolic models. Launched in 2005, the MicroScope platform (http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microscope) is an integrative resource that supports systematic and efficient revision of microbial genome annotation, data management and comparative analysis. Effective comparative analysis requires a consistent and complete view of biological data, and therefore, support for reviewing the quality of functional annotation is critical. MicroScope allows users to analyze microbial (meta)genomes together with post-genomic experiment results if any (i.e. transcriptomics, re-sequencing of evolved strains, mutant collections, phenotype data). It combines tools and graphical interfaces to analyze genomes and to perform the expert curation of gene functions in a comparative context. Starting with a short overview of the MicroScope system, this paper focuses on some major improvements of the Web interface, mainly for the submission of genomic data and on original tools and pipelines that have been developed and integrated in the platform: computation of pan-genomes and prediction of biosynthetic gene clusters. Today the resource contains data for more than 6000 microbial genomes, and among the 2700 personal accounts (65% of which are now from foreign countries), 14% of the users are performing expert annotations, on at least a weekly basis, contributing to improve the quality of microbial genome annotations. PMID:27899624

7 CFR 57.18 - OMB control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false OMB control number. 57.18 Section 57.18 Agriculture... PRODUCTS INSPECTION ACT) Regulations Governing the Inspection of Eggs General § 57.18 OMB control number... and Budget and assigned OMB control number 0581-0113. [63 FR 69970, Dec. 17, 1998] Scope of Inspection ...

M-071 critical data analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hegsted, D. M.

1975-01-01

A prototype balance study was conducted on earth prior to the balance studies conducted in Skylab itself. Collected were daily dietary intake data of 6 minerals and nitrogen, and fecal and urinary outputs on each of three astronauts. Essential statistical issues show what quantities need to be estimated and establish the scope of inference associated with alternative variance estimates. The procedures for obtaining the final variability due both to errors of measurement and total error (total = measurement and biological variability) are exhibited.

Traditional engineering in the biological century: the biotraditional engineer.

PubMed

Friedman, M H

2001-12-01

The increasing importance of life science in all engineering is prompting departments in the traditional engineering disciplines to offer life science as part of their curricula. Students who take advantage of this opportunity--"biotraditional engineers"--will be well positioned for careers in their discipline and in related areas of bioengineering. The founder engineering societies, such as the Bioengineering Division of ASME, are responding to this trend by broadening their scope and working increasingly across interdisciplinary borders.

New developments in crystallography: exploring its technology, methods and scope in the molecular biosciences.

PubMed

Helliwell, John R

2017-08-31

Since the Protein Data Bank (PDB) was founded in 1971, there are now over 120,000 depositions, the majority of which are from X-ray crystallography and 90% of those made use of synchrotron beamlines. At the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD), founded in 1965, there are more than 800,000 'small molecule' crystal structure depositions and a very large number of those are relevant in the biosciences as ligands or cofactors. The technology for crystal structure analysis is still developing rapidly both at synchrotrons and in home labs. Determination of the details of the hydrogen atoms in biological macromolecules is well served using neutrons as probe. Large multi-macromolecular complexes cause major challenges to crystallization; electrons as probes offer unique advantages here. Methods developments naturally accompany technology change, mainly incremental but some, such as the tuneability, intensity and collimation of synchrotron radiation, have effected radical changes in capability of biological crystallography. In the past few years, the X-ray laser has taken X-ray crystallography measurement times into the femtosecond range. In terms of applications many new discoveries have been made in the molecular biosciences. The scope of crystallographic techniques is indeed very wide. As examples, new insights into chemical catalysis of enzymes and relating ligand bound structures to thermodynamics have been gained but predictive power is seen as not yet achieved. Metal complexes are also an emerging theme for biomedicine applications. Our studies of coloration of live and cooked lobsters proved to be an unexpected favourite with the public and schoolchildren. More generally, public understanding of the biosciences and crystallography's role within the field have been greatly enhanced by the United Nations International Year of Crystallography coordinated by the International Union of Crystallography. This topical review describes each of these areas along with illustrative results to document the scope of each methodology. © 2017 The Author(s).

42 CFR 405.201 - Scope of subpart and definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...). (b) Definitions. As used in this subpart— Class I refers to devices for which the general controls of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, such as adherence to good manufacturing practice regulations, are... addition to general controls, require special controls, such as performance standards or postmarket...

42 CFR 405.201 - Scope of subpart and definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...). (b) Definitions. As used in this subpart— Class I refers to devices for which the general controls of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, such as adherence to good manufacturing practice regulations, are... addition to general controls, require special controls, such as performance standards or postmarket...

42 CFR 405.201 - Scope of subpart and definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...). (b) Definitions. As used in this subpart— Class I refers to devices for which the general controls of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, such as adherence to good manufacturing practice regulations, are... addition to general controls, require special controls, such as performance standards or postmarket...

A semantic web ontology for small molecules and their biological targets.

PubMed

Choi, Jooyoung; Davis, Melissa J; Newman, Andrew F; Ragan, Mark A

2010-05-24

A wide range of data on sequences, structures, pathways, and networks of genes and gene products is available for hypothesis testing and discovery in biological and biomedical research. However, data describing the physical, chemical, and biological properties of small molecules have not been well-integrated with these resources. Semantically rich representations of chemical data, combined with Semantic Web technologies, have the potential to enable the integration of small molecule and biomolecular data resources, expanding the scope and power of biomedical and pharmacological research. We employed the Semantic Web technologies Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL) to generate a Small Molecule Ontology (SMO) that represents concepts and provides unique identifiers for biologically relevant properties of small molecules and their interactions with biomolecules, such as proteins. We instanced SMO using data from three public data sources, i.e., DrugBank, PubChem and UniProt, and converted to RDF triples. Evaluation of SMO by use of predetermined competency questions implemented as SPARQL queries demonstrated that data from chemical and biomolecular data sources were effectively represented and that useful knowledge can be extracted. These results illustrate the potential of Semantic Web technologies in chemical, biological, and pharmacological research and in drug discovery.

TPPA and tobacco control: threats to APEC countries.

PubMed

Sy, Deborah K; Stumberg, Robert K

2014-11-01

Twelve-member countries of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) are negotiating the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), a free trade agreement to facilitate international trade and investment. As reported by multiple sources, the TPPA would grant the same trade benefits and legal protections to tobacco products, services and investments that it would provide to other sectors. Malaysia proposed excluding tobacco control measures from the scope of all TPPA chapters while the US proposed only to establish a consultation process in tobacco-related disputes and to declare that tobacco control measures serve a health objective within the scope of the general exceptions. The article analyses selected TPPA trade and investment rules and shows how they strengthen the ability of tobacco companies or a country to challenge the most progressive tobacco control measures. In the absence of a complete TPPA text, the analysis is based on specific leaked chapters, legal analysis from observers in the negotiations, existing free trade agreements among the TPPA parties and positions of the tobacco industry and its allies. Five TPPA chapters pose the most significant threats to tobacco control measures: Investment, Regulatory Coherence, Services, Intellectual Property and Technical Barriers to Trade. Trade negotiators should expand safeguards to ensure that the TPPA does no harm. The most effective would be to exclude (carve out) tobacco control measures from the scope of all TPPA chapters, as Malaysia has proposed. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Veda-scope: More comfortable than the bivalve speculum and cytologically equivalent.

PubMed

Longmore, Peter G

2004-04-01

The aim of the present study was to confirm that the Veda-scope is equivalent to the bivalve speculum in the collection of endocervical cells, as confirmation of adequate cervical sampling for Pap smear testing. The study also aimed to assess the comfort level of the Veda-scope compared to the traditional bivalve speculum and the patient preference of the Veda-scope compared to the bivalve speculum. Multicentre, randomised, controlled crossover, cytologist blinded study. The total number of subjects enrolled in the study were 250. The number of evaluable subjects were 210. In primary efficacy analysis, no significant difference was seen between the presence or absence of endocervical cells in the smears using either the Veda-scope or the bivalve speculum. There was a high concordance level between the diagnosis assigned to each specimen of a paired sample, the diagnosis agreeing in 97.6% cases. The primary reason given by many women for avoidance of regular Pap smear examinations is the discomfort or pain experienced with sample collection with the bivalve speculum. In the present study, 92% of subjects indicated a preference for the Veda-scope for Pap smear collection, while only 8.4% preferred the bivalve speculum. Subject preference was also assessed with respect to how the subject rated the comfort level of her previous Pap smear. In subjects who rated their previous Pap smear as very comfortable or comfortable, 86% expressed a preference for the Veda-scope. This rose to 93% in subjects who rated their previous Pap smear as only tolerable. The results of the present study show that Pap smear collections with the Veda-scope are of equal quality to those collected with the bivalve speculum, with an equivalent diagnostic outcome. A very strong preference for the Veda-scope was shown by the women enrolled in the present study based on the comfort levels experienced with the two devices.

33 CFR 151.2000 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... BALLAST WATER Ballast Water Management for Control of Nonindigenous Species in Waters of the United States... Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4701-4751), as amended by the National Invasive Species Act of 1996. ...

33 CFR 151.2000 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... BALLAST WATER Ballast Water Management for Control of Nonindigenous Species in Waters of the United States... Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4701-4751), as amended by the National Invasive Species Act of 1996. ...

33 CFR 151.2000 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... BALLAST WATER Ballast Water Management for Control of Nonindigenous Species in Waters of the United States... Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4701-4751), as amended by the National Invasive Species Act of 1996. ...

27 CFR 478.1 - Scope of regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... and ammunition and are promulgated to implement Title I, State Firearms Control Assistance (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44), of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (82 Stat. 1213) as amended by Pub. L. 99-308 (100 Stat. 449...

27 CFR 478.1 - Scope of regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... and ammunition and are promulgated to implement Title I, State Firearms Control Assistance (18 U.S.C. Chapter 44), of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (82 Stat. 1213) as amended by Pub. L. 99-308 (100 Stat. 449...

42 CFR 480.101 - Scope and definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ORGANIZATION REVIEW INFORMATION Utilization and Quality Control Quality Improvement Organizations (QIOs... Quality Control Quality Improvement Organization (QIO) (or the review component of a QIO subcontractor) in... sought under Title XVIII of the Act. Aggregate statistical data means any utilization, admission...

Infection

MedlinePlus

... 23(4):251-69. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) guideline. Back to Top Administration ... : Hospital Scope | Glossary | References | Site Map | Credits Freedom of ...

Biological wound dressings sterilized with gamma radiation: Mexican clinical experience

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martínez-Pardo, M. E.; Ley-Chávez, E.; Reyes-Frías, M. L.; Rodríguez-Ferreyra, P.; Vázquez-Maya, L.; Salazar, M. A.

2007-11-01

Biological wound dressings sterilized with gamma radiation, such as amnion and pig skin, are a reality in Mexico. These tissues are currently processed in the tissue bank and sterilized in the Gamma Industrial Irradiation Plant; both facilities belong to the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ) (National Institute of Nuclear Research). With the strong support of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the bank was established at the ININ and the Mexican Ministry of Health issued its sanitary license on July 7, 1999. The Quality Management System of the bank was certified by ISO 9001:2000 on August 1, 2003; the scope of the system is "Research, Development and Processing of Biological Tissues Sterilized with Gamma Radiation". At present, more than 150 patients from 16 hospitals have been successfully treated with these tissues. This paper presents a brief description of the tissue processing, as well as the present Mexican clinical experience with children and adult patients who underwent medical treatment with radiosterilized amnion and pig skin, used as biological wound dressings on burns and ocular surface disorders.

Use of N-Acetylcysteine in Psychiatric Conditions among Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review.

PubMed

Naveed, Sadiq; Amray, Afshan; Waqas, Ahmed; Chaudhary, Amna M; Azeem, Muhammad W

2017-11-29

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a well-known antidote for acetaminophen toxicity and is easily available over the counter. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and an established tolerance and safety profile. Owing to its neuroprotective effects, its clinical use has recently expanded to include the treatment of different psychiatric and non-psychiatric disorders. Although a number of randomized controlled trials have documented the clinical evidence for NAC, there are no reviews that summarize the evidence. The present scoping review summarizes the study designs, the patient characteristics, the evidence and the limitations in randomized controlled trials designed to explore the efficacy of NAC for psychiatric conditions in the pediatric population.

A Network of Automatic Control Web-Based Laboratories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vargas, Hector; Sanchez Moreno, J.; Jara, Carlos A.; Candelas, F. A.; Torres, Fernando; Dormido, Sebastian

2011-01-01

This article presents an innovative project in the context of remote experimentation applied to control engineering education. Specifically, the authors describe their experience regarding the analysis, design, development, and exploitation of web-based technologies within the scope of automatic control. This work is part of an inter-university…

12 CFR 217.1 - Authority, purpose, and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... worldwide consolidated bank assets in excess of $1 billion; (ii) Its parent foreign bank is controlled by a foreign company which owns or controls foreign banks that in the aggregate have total worldwide... foreign companies that own or control foreign banks that in the aggregate have total worldwide...

Quarantine in times of emergency: the scope of s 51(ix) of the Constitution.

PubMed

Reynolds, Christopher

2004-11-01

This article explores the scope of s 51(ix) of the Constitution, the power of the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to "quarantine". While this power has sustained the Quarantine Act without a challenge since 1908, it may be that future national public health emergencies, such as epidemics or bioterrorism, will (as has happened in other countries) demand a level of federal preparedness that requires augmented public health powers at a national level. If so, will the scope of the quarantine power, as determined by the High Court, be wide enough allow the Commonwealth to implement these powers? While there is some advantage in a national approach, there is also some authority suggesting that the quarantine power could not extend to domestic public health controls. If there is uncertainty about the scope of the power, what are the options? Should there be another approach, with the States, Territories and the Commonwealth moving towards uniform legislation and co-operative arrangements?

Program control for mission success

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Longanecker, G. W.

1994-01-01

This article suggests that in order to be able to exercise control over a particular program, the program itself must be controllable. A controllable program therefore, according to the author, is one that has been properly scoped technically, realistically scheduled, and adequately budgeted. The article delves indepth into each of the above aspects of a controllable program and discusses both the pros and cons of each.

A Research Agenda for Helminth Diseases of Humans: Modelling for Control and Elimination

PubMed Central

Basáñez, María-Gloria; McCarthy, James S.; French, Michael D.; Yang, Guo-Jing; Walker, Martin; Gambhir, Manoj; Prichard, Roger K.; Churcher, Thomas S.

2012-01-01

Mathematical modelling of helminth infections has the potential to inform policy and guide research for the control and elimination of human helminthiases. However, this potential, unlike in other parasitic and infectious diseases, has yet to be realised. To place contemporary efforts in a historical context, a summary of the development of mathematical models for helminthiases is presented. These efforts are discussed according to the role that models can play in furthering our understanding of parasite population biology and transmission dynamics, and the effect on such dynamics of control interventions, as well as in enabling estimation of directly unobservable parameters, exploration of transmission breakpoints, and investigation of evolutionary outcomes of control. The Disease Reference Group on Helminth Infections (DRG4), established in 2009 by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), was given the mandate to review helminthiases research and identify research priorities and gaps. A research and development agenda for helminthiasis modelling is proposed based on identified gaps that need to be addressed for models to become useful decision tools that can support research and control operations effectively. This agenda includes the use of models to estimate the impact of large-scale interventions on infection incidence; the design of sampling protocols for the monitoring and evaluation of integrated control programmes; the modelling of co-infections; the investigation of the dynamical relationship between infection and morbidity indicators; the improvement of analytical methods for the quantification of anthelmintic efficacy and resistance; the determination of programme endpoints; the linking of dynamical helminth models with helminth geostatistical mapping; and the investigation of the impact of climate change on human helminthiases. It is concluded that modelling should be embedded in helminth research, and in the planning, evaluation, and surveillance of interventions from the outset. Modellers should be essential members of interdisciplinary teams, propitiating a continuous dialogue with end users and stakeholders to reflect public health needs in the terrain, discuss the scope and limitations of models, and update biological assumptions and model outputs regularly. It is highlighted that to reach these goals, a collaborative framework must be developed for the collation, annotation, and sharing of databases from large-scale anthelmintic control programmes, and that helminth modellers should join efforts to tackle key questions in helminth epidemiology and control through the sharing of such databases, and by using diverse, yet complementary, modelling approaches. PMID:22545162

26 CFR 1.597-4 - Bridge Banks and Agency Control.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 7 2011-04-01 2009-04-01 true Bridge Banks and Agency Control. 1.597-4 Section... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Mutual Savings Banks, Etc. § 1.597-4 Bridge Banks and Agency Control. (a) Scope. This section provides rules that apply to a Bridge Bank or other Institution under Agency Control...

77 FR 38501 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; State of Georgia; Regional Haze State...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-28

... no additional emissions controls for some pollutants but does not specify an appropriately stringent... controls from examination based on economic factors alone. Response 4: The Commenter overstates the scope... beyond the control of the user (see, e.g., 40 CFR 60.7575; Georgia Air Quality Control Rules 391-3-1-.02...

15 CFR 736.2 - General prohibitions and determination of applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... item is controlled for a reason indicated in the applicable Export Control Classification Number (ECCN... concerning the scope of the EAR; (B) It is controlled for a reason indicated in the applicable ECCN; and (C... ECCN of the Commerce Control List at part 774 of the EAR. (B) Conditions defining direct product of a...

26 CFR 1.597-4 - Bridge Banks and Agency Control.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Bridge Banks and Agency Control. 1.597-4 Section... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Mutual Savings Banks, Etc. § 1.597-4 Bridge Banks and Agency Control. (a) Scope. This section provides rules that apply to a Bridge Bank or other Institution under Agency Control...

30 CFR 735.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PERMANENT REGULATORY... State programs for the regulation and control of surface coal mining and reclamation operations; (b) Administer and enforce State programs for the regulation and control of surface coal mining and reclamation...

42 CFR 493.643 - Fee for determination of program compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... laboratory's scope and volume of testing (excluding tests performed for quality control, quality assurance... procedure or examination for a single analyte. (Tests performed for quality control, quality assurance, and... HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION LABORATORY REQUIREMENTS General Administration...

In sickness or in health: TDR's partners. 6. The French Development Research Institute (ORSTOM).

PubMed

1997-10-01

One of the partner agencies working with the UN Development Program/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) is the French development research agency, ORSTOM. ORSTOM has been conducting research in intertropical regions for approximately 50 years with a particular focus on entomoparasitological aspects of vector-borne diseases. ORSTOM's close collaboration with TDR since the TDR Special Program was launched in 1975 has led to 1) improved knowledge about various aspects of trypanosomiasis that allowed identification of ways to control the epidemic; 2) reappraisal of the taxonomy of the parasitic protozoa responsible for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis; 3) improvements in the strategy to fight malaria; 4) assessment of the efficacy of ivermectin as a form of mass treatment for onchocerciasis; 5) improved knowledge about dracunculiasis that contributed to an eradication campaign; 6) expansion of the scope of biological control of bancroftian filariasis and other parasites; and 7) improved knowledge about ways to control two schistosome species. ORSTOM also participated in a training and structural enhancement initiative that resulted in creation of the Boake Medical and Veterinary Entomology Training Center. ORSTOM is currently undergoing a complete restructuring to respond to changes in international tropical disease research and to changing priorities that focus on vector-borne diseases, nutrition, AIDS, and health systems.

Regulating Medicines in Croatia: Five-year Experience of Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices

PubMed Central

Tomić, Siniša; Filipović Sučić, Anita; Plazonić, Ana; Truban Žulj, Rajka; Macolić Šarinić, Viola; Čudina, Branka; Ilić Martinac, Adrijana

2010-01-01

Aim To present the activities of the Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices in the first 5 years of its existence and to define its future challenges. Methods Main activities within the scope of the Agency as a regulatory authority were retrospectively analyzed for the period from 2004-2008. Data were collected from the Agency’s database and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results The number of issued medicine authorizations rose from 240 in 2004 to 580 in 2008. The greatest number of new chemical and biological entities was approved in 2005. The greatest number of regular quality controls (n = 5833) and special quality controls was performed in 2008 (n = 589), while the greatest number of off-shelf quality controls (n = 132) was performed in 2007. The greatest number of medicine labeling irregularities was found in 2007 (n = 19) and of quality irregularities in 2004 (n = 9). The greatest number of adverse reactions was reported in 2008 (n = 1393). The number of registered medical devices rose from 213 in 2004 to 565 in 2008. Conclusion Over its 5 years of existence, the Agency has successfully coped with the constant increase in workload. In the future, as Croatia enters the European Union, the Agency will have to face the challenge of joining the integrated European regulatory framework. PMID:20401952

Long-Term Effects of Dredging Operations Program. Biological Consequences of Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Animals: An Assessment of the Current Literature

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-06-01

at which an effect was first ob- served. The response parameters of growth, reproduction, and some measure of metabolism , such as scope for growth...Aspects of physiological condition in Mytilus edulis L., with special reference to the effects of oxygen tension and salinity . In: Proceed. 9th Europ. Mar...estuarine teleost fish, Gillichthgs mirabilis: Salinity and temperature effects . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6:337-348. Somero, G. N., P. H. Yancey, T

Concise copper-catalyzed synthesis of tricyclic biaryl ether-linked aza-heterocyclic ring systems.

PubMed

Mestichelli, Paola; Scott, Matthew J; Galloway, Warren R J D; Selwyn, Jamie; Parker, Jeremy S; Spring, David R

2013-11-01

A new method for the synthesis of tricyclic biaryl ether-linked ring systems incorporating seven-, eight-, and nine-membered ring amines is presented. In the presence of catalytic quantities of copper(I), readily accessible acyclic precursors undergo an intramolecular carbon-oxygen bond-forming reaction facilitated by a "templating" chelating nitrogen atom. The methodology displays a broad substrate scope, is practical, and generates rare and biologically interesting tricyclic heteroaromatic products that are difficult to access by other means.

Publications of the exobiology program for 1990: A special bibliography

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

The Exobiology Program is an integrated program designed to investigate and understand those processes related to the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the universe. The Exobiology Program is broad in scope, covering the following subject areas: cosmic evolution of biogenic compounds; prebiotic evolution; early evolution of life; evolution of advanced life; solar system exploration; search for extraterrestrial intelligence; planetary protection; and advanced programs in biological systems research. A listing of the 1990 publications resulting from research supported by the Exobiology Program is presented.

Personnel Attrition Rates in Historical Land Combat Operations: Susceptibility and Vulnerability of Major Anatomical Regions

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-01

effectiveness , estimate personnel attr;i"on, perform studies and analyses. or assess protective equipment for personnel. i II CAA-RP-93-3 DEPARTMENT OF THE...weapons or weapons effects that are difficult to localize are excluded from the 1-1 CAA-RP-93-3 scope of this paper Some examples of the types of weapons...or weapon effects excluded atr" .;i,nical weapons (encompassing war gases and other toxic substances, flame weapons. and biological agents), nuclear

Optimizing the Domestic Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Response Enterprise

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

scope of this study was an issue with recall times, the time it takes to assemble the unit at its home location. A total of 13 of the 17 CERFPs surveyed...in the study were not 22 conducting exercises to determine how long a no-notice recall of their forces would ac- tually take, mainly because they...felt such experiences would create tensions between employers and NG members and would adversely affect the unit. Without rehearsing this key component

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in applied research: a year in review of 2014.

PubMed

Lin, Xunxun; Huang, Jia; Shi, Yuan; Liu, Wei

2015-04-01

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) remains to be one of the fastest growing fields, which covers a wide scope of topics of both basic and applied biological researches. This overview article summarized the advancements in applied researches of TERM area, including stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration, material science, and TERM clinical trial. These achievements demonstrated the great potential of clinical regenerative therapy of tissue/organ disease or defect through stem cells and tissue engineering approaches.

Possibilities of surface waters monitoring at mining areas using UAV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lisiecka, Ewa; Motyka, Barbara; Motyka, Zbigniew; Pierzchała, Łukasz; Szade, Adam

2018-04-01

The selected, remote measurement methods are discussed, useful for determining surface water properties using mobile unmanned aerial platforms (UAV). The possibilities of using this type of solutions in the scope of measuring spatial, physicochemical and biological parameters of both natural and anthropogenic water reservoirs, including flood polders, water-filled pits, settling tanks and mining sinks were analyzed. Methods of remote identification of the process of overgrowing this type of ecosystems with water and coastal plant formations have also been proposed.

Cross-Aldol Reaction of Activated Carbonyls with Nitrosocarbonyl Intermediates: Stereoselective Synthesis toward α-Hydroxy-β-amino Esters and Amides.

PubMed

Mallik, Sumitava; Bhajammanavar, Vinod; Ramakrishna, Isai; Baidya, Mahiuddin

2017-07-21

A practical and flexible strategy toward α-hydroxy-β-amino esters and amides, which are important biological motifs, based on an organocatalytic cross-aldol reaction of in situ-generated nitrosocarbonyl intermediates followed by hydrogenation is presented. The protocol features operational simplicity, high yields, a wide substrate scope, and high regio- and diastereoselectivity profiles. The utility of this method was showcased through the synthesis of bestatin analogues and indole formation.

Biology Division progress report, October 1, 1983-September 30, 1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Griesmer, R.A.

1985-01-01

The report provides summaries of the aims, scope and progress from October 1983 through September 1984. Major interest was focused on the health effects of neutron- and heavy-ion radiations on animals with particular attention to the carcinogenic responses to low dose levels and to the RBE of various forms of radiation. Among chemical agents, activities concentrated on evaluating and understanding the toxicological interations when mammals are exposed to complex mixtures, either concurrently or successively. Separate abstracts have been prepared for individual sections. (ACR)

The Proceedings of the Conference on Assessment of Ecological Impacts of Oil Spills Held 14-17 Jun 1978, Keystone, Colorado.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-01-01

the physical and chemical principles involved in the combustion of hydrocarbons is beyond the scope of this study . But, two factors , temperature and...In this study fifty-five saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons were Individually quantitated. Percent recoveries and relative response factors for the...FROM THE SUPERTANKER ‘M~~ULA’, Roy W . Hann 354 BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE METULA OIL SPILL , Dale Straughan 364 SINKING OF OIL IN LOS ANGELES HARBOR

Modifications of the chemical structure of phenolics differentially affect physiological activities in pulvinar cells of Mimosa pudica L. II. Influence of various molecular properties in relation to membrane transport.

PubMed

Rocher, Françoise; Roblin, Gabriel; Chollet, Jean-François

2017-03-01

Early prediction of compound absorption by cells is of considerable importance in the building of an integrated scheme describing the impact of a compound on intracellular biological processes. In this scope, we study the structure-activity relationships of several benzoic acid-related phenolics which are involved in many plant biological phenomena (growth, flowering, allelopathy, defense processes). Using the partial least squares (PLS) regression method, the impact of molecular descriptors that have been shown to play an important role concerning the uptake of pharmacologically active compounds by animal cells was analyzed in terms of the modification of membrane potential, variations in proton flux, and inhibition of the osmocontractile reaction of pulvinar cells of Mimosa pudica leaves. The hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA), polar surface area (PSA), halogen ratio (Hal ratio), number of rotatable bonds (FRB), molar volume (MV), molecular weight (MW), and molar refractivity (MR) were considered in addition to two physicochemical properties (logD and the amount of non-dissociated form in relation to pKa). HBD + HBA and PSA predominantly impacted the three biological processes compared to the other descriptors. The coefficient of determination in the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models indicated that a major part of the observed seismonasty inhibition and proton flux modification can be explained by the impact of these descriptors, whereas this was not the case for membrane potential variations. These results indicate that the transmembrane transport of the compounds is a predominant component. An increasing number of implicated descriptors as the biological processes become more complex may reflect their impacts on an increasing number of sites in the cell. The determination of the most efficient effectors may lead to a practical use to improve drugs in the control of microbial attacks on plants.

The renaissance of continuous culture in the post-genomics age.

PubMed

Bull, Alan T

2010-10-01

The development of continuous culture techniques 60 years ago and the subsequent formulation of theory and the diversification of experimental systems revolutionised microbiology and heralded a unique period of innovative research. Then, progressively, molecular biology and thence genomics and related high-information-density omics technologies took centre stage and microbial growth physiology in general faded from educational programmes and research funding priorities alike. However, there has been a gathering appreciation over the past decade that if the claims of systems biology are going to be realised, they will have to be based on rigorously controlled and reproducible microbial and cell growth platforms. This revival of continuous culture will be long lasting because its recognition as the growth system of choice is firmly established. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to remind microbiologists, particularly those new to continuous culture approaches, of the legacy of what I call the first age of continuous culture, and to explore a selection of researches that are using these techniques in this post-genomics age. The review looks at the impact of continuous culture across a comprehensive range of microbiological research and development. The ability to establish (quasi-) steady state conditions is a frequently stated advantage of continuous cultures thereby allowing environmental parameters to be manipulated without causing concomitant changes in the specific growth rate. However, the use of continuous cultures also enables the critical study of specified transition states and chemical, physical or biological perturbations. Such dynamic analyses enhance our understanding of microbial ecology and microbial pathology for example, and offer a wider scope for innovative drug discovery; they also can inform the optimization of batch and fed-batch operations that are characterized by sequential transitions states.

RetroPath2.0: A retrosynthesis workflow for metabolic engineers.

PubMed

Delépine, Baudoin; Duigou, Thomas; Carbonell, Pablo; Faulon, Jean-Loup

2018-01-01

Synthetic biology applied to industrial biotechnology is transforming the way we produce chemicals. However, despite advances in the scale and scope of metabolic engineering, the research and development process still remains costly. In order to expand the chemical repertoire for the production of next generation compounds, a major engineering biology effort is required in the development of novel design tools that target chemical diversity through rapid and predictable protocols. Addressing that goal involves retrosynthesis approaches that explore the chemical biosynthetic space. However, the complexity associated with the large combinatorial retrosynthesis design space has often been recognized as the main challenge hindering the approach. Here, we provide RetroPath2.0, an automated open source workflow for retrosynthesis based on generalized reaction rules that perform the retrosynthesis search from chassis to target through an efficient and well-controlled protocol. Its easiness of use and the versatility of its applications make this tool a valuable addition to the biological engineer bench desk. We show through several examples the application of the workflow to biotechnological relevant problems, including the identification of alternative biosynthetic routes through enzyme promiscuity or the development of biosensors. We demonstrate in that way the ability of the workflow to streamline retrosynthesis pathway design and its major role in reshaping the design, build, test and learn pipeline by driving the process toward the objective of optimizing bioproduction. The RetroPath2.0 workflow is built using tools developed by the bioinformatics and cheminformatics community, because it is open source we anticipate community contributions will likely expand further the features of the workflow. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing anthropogenic impact on boreal lakes with historical fish species distribution data and hydrogeochemical modeling

PubMed Central

Valinia, Salar; Englund, Göran; Moldan, Filip; Futter, Martyn N; Köhler, Stephan J; Bishop, Kevin; Fölster, Jens

2014-01-01

Quantifying the effects of human activity on the natural environment is dependent on credible estimates of reference conditions to define the state of the environment before the onset of adverse human impacts. In Europe, emission controls that aimed at restoring ecological status were based on hindcasts from process-based models or paleolimnological reconstructions. For instance, 1860 is used in Europe as the target for restoration from acidification concerning biological and chemical parameters. A more practical problem is that the historical states of ecosystems and their function cannot be observed directly. Therefore, we (i) compare estimates of acidification based on long-term observations of roach (Rutilus rutilus) populations with hindcast pH from the hydrogeochemical model MAGIC; (ii) discuss policy implications and possible scope for use of long-term archival data for assessing human impacts on the natural environment and (iii) present a novel conceptual model for interpreting the importance of physico-chemical and ecological deviations from reference conditions. Of the 85 lakes studied, 78 were coherently classified by both methods. In 1980, 28 lakes were classified as acidified with the MAGIC model, however, roach was present in 14 of these. In 2010, MAGIC predicted chemical recovery in 50% of the lakes, however roach only recolonized in five lakes after 1990, showing a lag between chemical and biological recovery. Our study is the first study of its kind to use long-term archival biological data in concert with hydrogeochemical modeling for regional assessments of anthropogenic acidification. Based on our results, we show how the conceptual model can be used to understand and prioritize management of physico-chemical and ecological effects of anthropogenic stressors on surface water quality. PMID:24535943

II. Model building: an electrical theory of control of growth and development in animals, prompted by studies of exogenous magnetic field effects (paper I), and evidence of DNA current conduction, in vitro.

PubMed

Elson, Edward

2009-01-01

A theory of control of cellular proliferation and differentiation in the early development of metazoan systems, postulating a system of electrical controls "parallel" to the processes of molecular biochemistry, is presented. It is argued that the processes of molecular biochemistry alone cannot explain how a developing organism defies a stochastic universe. The demonstration of current flow (charge transfer) along the long axis of DNA through the base-pairs (the "pi-way) in vitro raises the question of whether nature may employ such current flows for biological purposes. Such currents might be too small to be accessible to direct measurement in vivo but conduction has been measured in vitro, and the methods might well be extended to living systems. This has not been done because there is no reasonable model which could stimulate experimentation. We suggest several related, but detachable or independent, models for the biological utility of charge transfer, whose scope admittedly outruns current concepts of thinking about organization, growth, and development in eukaryotic, metazoan systems. The ideas are related to explanations proposed to explain the effects demonstrated on tumors and normal tissues described in Article I (this issue). Microscopic and mesoscopic potential fields and currents are well known at sub-cellular, cellular, and organ systems levels. Not only are such phenomena associated with internal cellular membranes in bioenergetics and information flow, but remarkable long-range fields over tissue interfaces and organs appear to play a role in embryonic development (Nuccitelli, 1992 ). The origin of the fields remains unclear and is the subject of active investigation. We are proposing that similar processes could play a vital role at a "sub-microscopic level," at the level of the chromosomes themselves, and could play a role in organizing and directing fundamental processes of growth and development, in parallel with the more discernible fields and currents described.

S-NITROSOGLUTATHIONE

PubMed Central

Broniowska, Katarzyna A.; Diers, Anne R.; Hogg, Neil

2013-01-01

Background S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is the S-nitrosated derivative of glutathione and is thought to be a critical mediator of the down-stream signaling effects of nitric oxide (NO). GSNO has also been implicated as a contributor to various disease states. Scope of Review This review focuses on the chemical nature of GSNO, its biological activities, the evidence that it is an endogenous mediator of NO action, and implications for therapeutic use. Major Conclusions GSNO clearly exerts its cellular actions through both NO- and S-nitrosation-dependent mechanisms; however, the chemical and biological aspects of this compound should be placed in the context of S-nitrosation as a whole. General Significance GSNO is a central intermediate in formation and degradation of cellular S-nitrosothiols with potential therapeutic applications; thus, it remains an important molecule of study. PMID:23416062

12 CFR 303.245 - Waiver of liability for commonly controlled depository institutions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Waiver of liability for commonly controlled depository institutions. 303.245 Section 303.245 Banks and Banking FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION... controlled depository institutions. (a) Scope. Section 5(e) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1815(e)) creates...

78 FR 38970 - California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Within-the-Scope Determination for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-28

... Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets and... Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets and...-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets and Facilities Where TRUs Operate Be...

15 CFR 736.2 - General prohibitions and determination of applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

....-origin commodities, foreign-made commodities that are “bundled” with controlled U.S.-origin software, foreign-made software that is commingled with controlled U.S.-origin software, or foreign-made technology... of controlled U.S. content, as defined in § 734.4 of the EAR concerning the scope of the EAR. (A) It...