Experimental analysis of the sheet metal forming behavior of newly developed press hardening steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meza-García, Enrique; Kräusel, Verena; Landgrebe, Dirk

2018-05-01

The aim of this work was the characterization of the newly developed press hardening sheet alloys 1800 PHS and 2000 PHS developed by SSAB with regard to their hot forming behavior on the basis of the experimental determination of relevant mechanical and technological properties. For this purpose conventional and non-conventional sheet metal testing methods were used. To determine the friction coefficient, the strip drawing test was applied, while the deep drawing cup test was used to determine the maximum draw depth. Finally, a V-bending test was carried out to evaluate the springback behavior of the investigated alloys by varying the blank temperature and quenching media. This work provides a technological guideline for the production of press hardened sheet parts made of these investigated sheet metals.

Numerical analysis of tailored sheets to improve the quality of components made by SPIF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gagliardi, Francesco; Ambrogio, Giuseppina; Cozza, Anna; Pulice, Diego; Filice, Luigino

2018-05-01

In this paper, the authors pointed out a study on the profitable combination of forming techniques. More in detail, the attention has been put on the combination of the single point incremental forming (SPIF) and, generally, speaking, of an additional process that can lead to a material thickening on the initial blank considering the local thinning which the sheets undergo at. Focalizing the attention of the research on the excessive thinning of parts made by SPIF, a hybrid approach can be thought as a viable solution to reduce the not homogeneous thickness distribution of the sheet. In fact, the basic idea is to work on a blank previously modified by a deformation step performed, for instance, by forming, additive or subtractive processes. To evaluate the effectiveness of this hybrid solution, a FE numerical model has been defined to analyze the thickness variation on tailored sheets incrementally formed optimizing the material distribution according to the shape to be manufactured. Simulations based on the explicit formulation have been set up for the model implementation. The mechanical properties of the sheet material have been taken in literature and a frustum of cone as benchmark profile has been considered for the performed analysis. The outcomes of numerical model have been evaluated in terms of both maximum thinning and final thickness distribution. The feasibility of the proposed approach will be deeply detailed in the paper.

Efficient simulation of press hardening process through integrated structural and CFD analyses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Palaniswamy, Hariharasudhan; Mondalek, Pamela; Wronski, Maciek

Press hardened steel parts are being increasingly used in automotive structures for their higher strength to meet safety standards while reducing vehicle weight to improve fuel consumption. However, manufacturing of sheet metal parts by press hardening process to achieve desired properties is extremely challenging as it involves complex interaction of plastic deformation, metallurgical change, thermal distribution, and fluid flow. Numerical simulation is critical for successful design of the process and to understand the interaction among the numerous process parameters to control the press hardening process in order to consistently achieve desired part properties. Until now there has been no integratedmore » commercial software solution that can efficiently model the complete process from forming of the blank, heat transfer between the blank and tool, microstructure evolution in the blank, heat loss from tool to the fluid that flows through water channels in the tools. In this study, a numerical solution based on Altair HyperWorks® product suite involving RADIOSS®, a non-linear finite element based structural analysis solver and AcuSolve®, an incompressible fluid flow solver based on Galerkin Least Square Finite Element Method have been utilized to develop an efficient solution for complete press hardening process design and analysis. RADIOSS is used to handle the plastic deformation, heat transfer between the blank and tool, and microstructure evolution in the blank during cooling. While AcuSolve is used to efficiently model heat loss from tool to the fluid that flows through water channels in the tools. The approach is demonstrated through some case studies.« less

A sheet metal forming simulation of automotive outer panels considering the behavior of air in die cavity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Kwang Yong; Kim, Yun Chang; Choi, Hee Kwan; Kang, Chul Ho; Kim, Heon Young

2013-12-01

During a sheet metal forming process of automotive outer panels, the air trapped between a blank sheet and a die tool can become highly compressed, ultimately influencing the blank deformation and the press force. To prevent this problem, vent holes are drilled into die tools and needs several tens to hundreds according to the model size. The design and the drilling of vent holes are based on expert's experience and try-out result and thus the process can be one of reasons increasing development cycle. Therefore the study on the size, the number, and the position of vent holes is demanded for reducing development cycle, but there is no simulation technology for analyzing forming defects, making numerical sheet metal forming process simulations that incorporate the fluid dynamics of air. This study presents a sheet metal forming simulation of automotive outer panels (a roof and a body side outer) that simultaneously simulates the behavior of air in a die cavity. Through CAE results, the effect of air behavior and vent holes to blank deformation was analyzed. For this study, the commercial software PAM-STAMP{trade mark, serif} and PAM-SAFE{trade mark, serif} was used.

Parameter optimization and stretch enhancement of AISI 316 sheet using rapid prototyping technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moayedfar, M.; Rani, A. M.; Hanaei, H.; Ahmad, A.; Tale, A.

2017-10-01

Incremental sheet forming is a flexible manufacturing process which uses the indenter point-to-point force to shape the sheet metal workpiece into manufactured parts in batch production series. However, the problem sometimes arising from this process is the low plastic point in the stress-strain diagram of the material which leads the low stretching amount before ultra-tensile strain point. Hence, a set of experiments is designed to find the optimum forming parameters in this process for optimum sheet thickness distribution while both sides of the sheet are considered for the surface quality improvement. A five-axis high-speed CNC milling machine is employed to deliver the proper motion based on the programming system while the clamping system for holding the sheet metal was a blank mould. Finally, an electron microscope and roughness machine are utilized to evaluate the surface structure of final parts, illustrate any defect may cause during the forming process and examine the roughness of the final part surface accordingly. The best interaction between parameters is obtained with the optimum values which lead the maximum sheet thickness distribution of 4.211e-01 logarithmic elongation when the depth was 24mm with respect to the design. This study demonstrates that this rapid forming method offers an alternative solution for surface quality improvement of 65% avoiding the low probability of cracks and low probability of crystal structure changes.

Formability of Annealed Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloy Sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fann, K. J.; Su, J. Y.; Chang, C. H.

2018-03-01

Ni-Ti shape memory alloy has two specific properties, superelasiticity and shape memory effect, and thus is widely applied in diverse industries. To extend its application, this study attempts to investigate the strength and cold formability of its sheet blank, which is annealed at various temperatures, by hardness test and by Erichsen-like cupping test. As a result, the higher the annealing temperature, the lower the hardness, the lower the maximum punch load as the sheet blank fractured, and the lower the Erichsen-like index or the lower the formability. In general, the Ni-Ti sheet after annealing has an Erichsen-like index between 8 mm and 9 mm. This study has also confirmed via DSC that the Ni-Ti shape memory alloy possesses the austenitic phase and shows the superelasticity at room temperature.

Incremental electrohydraulic forming - A new approach for the manufacture of structured multifunctional sheet metal blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Djakow, Eugen; Springer, Robert; Homberg, Werner; Piper, Mark; Tran, Julian; Zibart, Alexander; Kenig, Eugeny

2017-10-01

Electrohydraulic Forming (EHF) processes permit the production of complex, sharp-edged geometries even when high-strength materials are used. Unfortunately, the forming zone is often limited as compared to other sheet metal forming processes. The use of a special industrial-robot-based tool setup and an incremental process strategy could provide a promising solution for this problem. This paper describes such an innovative approach using an electrohydraulic incremental forming machine, which can be employed to manufacture the large multifunctional and complex part geometries in steel, aluminium, magnesium and reinforced plastic that are employed in lightweight constructions or heating elements.

Improving the Quality of Hot Stamping Parts with Innovative Press Technology and Inline Process Control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vollmer, R.; Palm, C.

2017-09-01

The increasing number of hot stamped parts in the automotive industry is challenging different process areas. This paper presents a method how to improve the production rates over the whole life cycle of a hot forming part. In the core element of a hot forming line, the hydraulic press, mainly two processing steps are performed. Forming and quenching of the sheet metal part. In addition to the forming operation, it is inevitable to optimize the quenching condition in the bottom dead centre in order to reach a fully martensitic structure and tight geometrical tolerances of the part. Deviations in the blank thickness, tool wear, polishing of classical tools impair the quenching condition and therefore the part quality over the time. A new press and tool design has been developed to counter this effect by providing homogenous contact pressure over the whole die. Especially with a multi cavity tool, the new method is advantageous. Test series have shown that the new tool and press concept can produce parts with a blank thickness of 1.0 mm within 8.0 s cycle time. The so called PCH flex principle makes it possible to produce such high output rates under reliable conditions.

Studies in Cup Drawing Behavior of Polymer Laminated Sheet Metal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elnagmi, M.; Jain, M.; Bruhis, M.; Nielsen, K.

2011-08-01

Axisymmetric deep drawing behavior of a polymer laminated sheet metal (PLSM) is investigated using an axisymmetric cup drawing test. PLSMs are of interest as a replacement for painted finishes for automotive applications as they have the potential to achieve good quality long lasting and aesthetically appealing surfaces on stamped parts. However, there is limited understanding of PLSMs in automotive deep drawing situations to produce complex 3-D parts. The tests are carried out using well-controlled, laboratory-based, dual-action, servo-hydraulic forming presses under blank-holder force and punch displacement control conditions. An optical strain mapping system is used to measure the surface strains (and to construct 3D strain maps) from the film side of the deformed samples for a range of forming conditions. Deep drawing characteristics such as punch load versus punch displacement traces, strain distribution along the cup profile, flange wrinkling and fracture characteristics are experimentally assessed for stainless steel-plastic film laminated sheet materials. Also the effect of lamination pressure on wrinkling and delamination is investigated for a decorative pressure sensitive adhesive film affixed to the stainless steel sheet.

48 CFR 43.301 - Use of forms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... result of economic price adjustment, (ii) termination notices, and (iii) purchase order modifications as... Optional Form 336 (OF 336), Continuation Sheet, or a blank sheet of paper, may be used as a continuation...

Development of a low energy micro sheet forming machine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Razali, A. R.; Ann, C. T.; Shariff, H. M.; Kasim, N. I.; Musa, M. A.; Ahmad, A. F.

2017-10-01

It is expected that with the miniaturization of materials being processed, energy consumption is also being `miniaturized' proportionally. The focus of this study was to design a low energy micro-sheet-forming machine for thin sheet metal application and fabricate a low direct current powered micro-sheet-forming machine. A prototype of low energy system for a micro-sheet-forming machine which includes mechanical and electronic elements was developed. The machine was tested for its performance in terms of natural frequency, punching forces, punching speed and capability, energy consumption (single punch and frequency-time based). Based on the experiments, the machine can do 600 stroke per minute and the process is unaffected by the machine's natural frequency. It was also found that sub-Joule of power was required for a single stroke of punching/blanking process. Up to 100micron thick carbon steel shim was successfully tested and punched. It concludes that low power forming machine is feasible to be developed and be used to replace high powered machineries to form micro-products/parts.

Stamping of Thin-Walled Structural Components with Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Fuh-Kuo; Chang, Chih-Kun

2005-08-01

In the present study, the stamping process for manufacturing cell phone cases with magnesium alloy AZ31 sheets was studied using both the experimental approach and the finite element analysis. In order to determine the proper forming temperature and set up a fracture criterion, tensile tests and forming limit tests were first conducted to obtain the mechanical behaviors of AZ31 sheets at various elevated temperatures. The mechanical properties of Z31 sheets obtained from the experiments were then adopted in the finite element analysis to investigate the effects of the process parameters on the formability of the stamping process of cell phone cases. The finite element simulation results revealed that both the fracture and wrinkle defects could not be eliminated at the same time by adjusting blank-holder force or blank size. A drawbead design was then performed using the finite element simulations to determine the size and the location of drawbead required to suppress the wrinkle defect. An optimum stamping process, including die geometry, forming temperature, and blank dimension, was then determined for manufacturing the cell phone cases. The finite element analysis was validated by the good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data. It confirms that the cell phone cases can be produced with magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet by the stamping process at elevated temperatures.

Ductile Damage and Fatigue Behavior of Semi-Finished Tailored Blanks for Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Besserer, Hans-Bernward; Hildenbrand, Philipp; Gerstein, Gregory; Rodman, Dmytro; Nürnberger, Florian; Merklein, Marion; Maier, Hans Jürgen

2016-03-01

To produce parts from sheet metal with thickened functional elements, bulk forming operations can be employed. For this new process class, the term sheet-bulk metal forming has been established recently. Since sheet-bulk metal forming processes such as orbital forming generates triaxial stress and strain states, ductile damage is induced in the form of voids in the microstructure. Typical parts will experience cyclic loads during service, and thus, the influence of ductile damage on the fatigue life of parts manufactured by orbital forming is of interest. Both the formation and growth of voids were characterized following this forming process and then compared to the as-received condition of the ferritic deep drawing steel DC04 chosen for this study. Subsequent to the forming operation, the specimens were fatigued and the evolution of ductile damage and the rearrangement of the dislocation networks occurring during cyclic loading were determined. It was shown, that despite an increased ductile damage due to the forming process, the induced strain hardening has a positive effect on the fatigue life of the material. However, by analyzing the fatigued specimens a development of the ductile damage by an increasing number of voids and a change in the void shape were detected.

Design of Channel Type Indirect Blank Holder for Prevention of Wrinkling and Fracture in Hot Stamping Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Hong-seok; Ha, Se-yoon; Cha, Seung-hoon; kang, Chung-gil; Kim, Byung-min

2011-08-01

The hot stamping process has been used in the automotive industry to reduce the weight of the body-in-white and to increase passenger safety via improved crashworthiness. In this study, a new form die with a simple structure that can prevent defects such as wrinkle and fracture is proposed for the manufacture of hot stamped components. The wrinkling at the flange cannot be eliminated when using a conventional form die. It is known that the initiation of wrinkling is influenced by many factors such as the mechanical properties of the sheet material, geometry of the sheet and tool, and other process parameters, including the blank holding force (BHF) and the contact conditions. In this research, channel type indirect blank holder (CIBH) is introduced to replace general blank holder for manufacturing the hot stamped center pillar. First, we investigate the tension force acting on the blank according to the channel shapes. We determine the appropriate range by comparing the tension force with the upper and lower BHFs in a conventional stamping process. We then use FE-analysis to study the influence of the slope angle and corner radius of the channel on the formability. Finally, the center pillar is manufactured using the form die with the selected channel.

Study of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Effects on Workpiece Quality in Sheet Metal Extrusion Process

PubMed Central

Suriyapha, Chatkaew; Bubphachot, Bopit; Rittidech, Sampan

2015-01-01

Sheet metal extrusion is a metal forming process in which the movement of a punch penetrates a sheet metal surface and it flows through a die orifice; the extruded parts can be deflected to have an extrusion cavity and protrusion on the opposite side. Therefore, this process results in a narrow region of highly localized plastic deformation due to the formation and microstructure effect on the work piece. This research investigated the characteristics of the material-flow behavior during the formation and its effect on the microstructure of the extruded sheet metal using the finite element method (FEM). The actual parts and FEM simulation model were developed using a blank material made from AISI-1045 steel with a thickness of 5 mm; the material's behavior was determined subject to the punch penetration depths of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the sheet thickness. The results indicated the formation and microstructure effects on the sheet metal extrusion parts and defects. Namely, when increasing penetration, narrowing the die orifice the material flows through, the material was formed by extruding, and defects were visibility, and the microstructure of the material's grains' size was flat and very fine. Extrusion defects were not found in the control material flow. The region of highly localized plastic deformation affected the material gain and mechanical properties. The FEM simulation results agreed with the experimental results. Moreover, FEM could be investigated as a tool to decrease the cost and time in trial and error procedures. PMID:26229979

Experimental evaluation of tool wear throughout a continuous stroke blanking process of quenched 22MnB5 ultra-high-strength steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vogt, S.; Neumayer, F. F.; Serkyov, I.; Jesner, G.; Kelsch, R.; Geile, M.; Sommer, A.; Golle, R.; Volk, W.

2017-09-01

Steel is the most common material used in vehicles’ chassis, which makes its research an important topic for the automotive industry. Recently developed ultra-high-strength steels (UHSS) provide extreme tensile strength up to 1,500 MPa and combine great crashworthiness with good weight reduction potential. However, in order to reach the final shape of sheet metal parts additional cutting steps such as trimming and piercing are often required. The final trimming of quenched metal sheets presents a huge challenge to a conventional process, mainly because of the required extreme cutting force. The high cutting impact, due to the materials’ brittleness, causes excessive tool wear or even sudden tool failure. Therefore, a laser is commonly used for the cutting process, which is time and energy consuming. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the capability of a conventional blanking tool design in a continuous stroke piercing process using boron steel 22MnB5 sheets. Two different types of tool steel were tested for their suitability as active cutting elements: electro-slag remelted (ESR) cold work tool steel Bohler K340 ISODUR and powder-metallurgic (PM) high speed steel Bohler S390 MICROCLEAN. A FEM study provided information about an optimized punch design, which withstands buckling under high cutting forces. The wear behaviour of the process was assessed by the tool wear of the active cutting elements as well as the quality of cut surfaces.

The MDT Innovation: Machine-Scoring of Fill-in-the-Blank Tests.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Paul S.

The Multi-Digit Technologies (MDT) testing technique is discussed as the first major advance in computer assisted testing in several decades. The MDT testing method uses fill-in-the-blank or completion-type questions, with an alphabetized long list of possible responses. An MDT answer sheet is used to record the code number of the answer. For…

Effects of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Similar- and Dissimilar-Alloy Friction Stir Welded Blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zadpoor, Amir Abbas; Sinke, Jos

2011-01-01

Friction stir welding is a solid state joining process with relatively low welding temperatures. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of friction stir welded blanks are degraded after welding. Indeed, both strength and ductility of the welds are decreased after welding. Often, the resulting friction stir welded blanks need to be formed to their final structural shape. Therefore, the formability of friction stir welded blanks is of primary importance in the manufacturing of structural parts. This paper studies how the mechanical properties and particularly formability of friction stir welded blanks can be improved by applying a post weld heat treatment. Two aluminum alloys from 2000 and 7000 series, namely 2024-T3 and 7075-T6, are selected for the study. The sheet thickness of both materials is 2,0 mm. The selected alloys are welded in three configurations: 2024-T3 and 2024-T3, 7075-T6 and 7075-T6, and 2024-T3 and 7075-T6. The resulting welds are naturally aged for a few months. Three sets of standard dog bone shape tensile test specimens are then machined from the welds. The first set of the specimens is tested without any heat treatment. The second set of the specimens is solution heat treated and quenched before testing. The third set of the specimens is solution heat treated, quenched, and naturally aged for a week before testing. The mechanical properties of the three different sets of specimens are compared with each other. It is shown that careful selection of post weld heat-treatment can greatly improve the formability of friction stir welded blanks.

A Fundamental Study of Stretch-Drawing Process of Sheet Metals : Single and Double Operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gotoh, Manabu; Kim, Young-soo; Yamashita, Minoru

1998-05-01

Fundamental and informative data of axisymmetric stretch-drawing of several sheet metals with thichness of 0.7 1.0 mm are presented especially for single and double operations. Very small radius is applied to the die-profile (or -shoulder) in all operations to induce wall-thinning by the effect of bending-under-tension, from which the name `stretch-drawing' comes. It is clearly demonstrated that deeper cups could be formed by the single and double stretch-drawings from smaller cirlcular blanks due to such wall-thinning action than in the usual deep-drawing of larger blanks. From this fact, it is emphasized that the deep-drawability of a sheet metal is not evaluated simply by the conventional LDR (=limiting drawing ratio), but the depth of the drawn cup should also be taken into account. Many experimental data about various metals and thicknesses given in this paper offer a valueable information on this process for more general use which recommends to replace the conventional deep-drawing process by the stretch-drawing process both for single and double operations. In the single stretch-drawing, it is also confirmed that a deeper cup can be produced by raising the blank-holding force at later stage of operation. Fracturing is found to occur at the middle section of the wall part or at the die-profile other than at the punch profile common in the usual deep-drawing process. Numerical simulation of the single stretch-drawing process is also performed by use of DYNA-3D code to confirm that a satisfactory prediction especially in the depth of the drawn-cup can be done at least in a practical sense, although this kind of numerical analysis is very difficult because of the severity or localization of deformation around the die profile. The drawn cup of SUS304 among others fractures in a couple of weeks after the operation due to the residual circumferential tensile stress, whereas that of SUS304L does not. In the double stretch-drawing, it is confirmed that very deeper cups can be produced when compared to the usual re-drawing process, which assures typically the usefulness of this operation as a practical process. Fracture often takes place circumferentially or, very peculiarly, even in a spiral mode for SUS304 at the middle of the wall part of the cup.

Rubber pad forming - Efficient approach for the manufacturing of complex structured sheet metal blanks for food industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spoelstra, Paul; Djakow, Eugen; Homberg, Werner

2017-10-01

The production of complex organic shapes in sheet metals is gaining more importance in the food industry due to increasing functional and hygienic demands. Hence it is necessary to produce parts with complex geometries promoting cleanability and general sanitation leading to improvement of food safety. In this context, and especially when stainless steel has to be formed into highly complex geometries while maintaining desired surface properties, it is inevitable that alternative manufacturing processes will need to be used which meet these requirements. Rubber pad forming offers high potential when it comes to shaping complex parts with excellent surface quality, with virtually no tool marks and scratches. Especially in cases where only small series are to be produced, rubber pad forming processes offers both technological and economic advantages. Due to the flexible punch, variation in metal thickness can be used with the same forming tool. The investments to set-up Rubber pad forming is low in comparison to conventional sheet metal forming processes. The process facilitates production of shallow sheet metal parts with complex contours and bends. Different bending sequences in a multiple tool set-up can also be conducted. The planned contribution thus describes a brief overview of the rubber pad technology. It shows the prototype rubber pad forming machine which can be used to perform complex part geometries made from stainless steel (1.4301). Based on an analysis of the already existing systems and new machines for rubber pad forming processes, together with their process properties, influencing variables and areas of application, some relevant parts for the food industry are presented.

Tailor-welded blanks and their production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Qi

2005-01-01

Tailor welded blanks had been widely used in the automobile industry. A tailor welded blank consists of several flat sheets that were laser welded together before stamping. A combination of different materials, thickness, and coatings could be welded together to form a blank for stamping car body panels. As for the material for automobile industry, this technology was one of the development trend for automobile industry because of its weight reduction, safety improvement and economical use of materials. In this paper, the characters and production of tailor welded blanks in the market were discussed in detail. There had two major methods to produce tailor welded blanks. Laser welding would replace mesh seam welding for the production of tailor welded blanks in the future. The requirements on the edge preparation of unwelded blanks for tailor welded blanks were higher than the other steel processing technology. In order to produce the laser welded blank, there had the other process before the laser welding in the factory. In the world, there had three kinds of patterns for the large volume production of tailor welded blanks. In China, steel factory played the important role in the promotion of the application of tailor welded blanks. The competition for the supply of tailor welded blanks to the automobile industry would become fierce in the near future. As a result, the demand for the quality control on the production of tailor welded blanks would be the first priority concern for the factory.

Modeling of the minimum variable blank holder force based on forming limit diagram (FLD) in deep drawing process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Candra, S.; Batan, I. M. L.; Berata, W.; Pramono, A. S.

2017-11-01

This paper presents the mathematical approach of minimum blank holder force to prevent wrinkling in deep drawing process of the cylindrical cup. Based on the maximum of minor-major strain ratio, the slab method was applied to determine the modeling of minimum variable blank holder force (VBHF) and it compared to FE simulation. The Tin steel sheet of T4-CA grade, with the thickness of 0.2 mm was used in this study. The modeling of minimum VBHF can be used as a simple reference to prevent wrinkling in deep drawing.

An advanced constitutive model in the sheet metal forming simulation: the Teodosiu microstructural model and the Cazacu Barlat yield criterion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alves, J. L.; Oliveira, M. C.; Menezes, L. F.

2004-06-01

Two constitutive models used to describe the plastic behavior of sheet metals in the numerical simulation of sheet metal forming process are studied: a recently proposed advanced constitutive model based on the Teodosiu microstructural model and the Cazacu Barlat yield criterion is compared with a more classical one, based on the Swift law and the Hill 1948 yield criterion. These constitutive models are implemented into DD3IMP, a finite element home code specifically developed to simulate sheet metal forming processes, which generically is a 3-D elastoplastic finite element code with an updated Lagrangian formulation, following a fully implicit time integration scheme, large elastoplastic strains and rotations. Solid finite elements and parametric surfaces are used to model the blank sheet and tool surfaces, respectively. Some details of the numerical implementation of the constitutive models are given. Finally, the theory is illustrated with the numerical simulation of the deep drawing of a cylindrical cup. The results show that the proposed advanced constitutive model predicts with more exactness the final shape (medium height and ears profile) of the formed part, as one can conclude from the comparison with the experimental results.

Springback of aluminum alloy brazing sheet in warm forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Kyu Bin; George, Ryan; Kurukuri, Srihari; Worswick, Michael J.; Winkler, Sooky

2017-10-01

The use of aluminum is increasing in the automotive industry due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, recyclability and corrosion resistance. However, aluminum is prone to significant springback due to its low elastic modulus coupled with its high strength. In this paper, a warm forming process is studied to improve the springback characteristics of 0.2 mm thick brazing sheet with an AA3003 core and AA4045 clad. Warm forming decreases springback by lowering the flow stress. The parts formed have complex features and geometries that are representative of automotive heat exchangers. The key objective is to utilize warm forming to control the springback to improve the part flatness which enables the use of harder temper material with improved strength. The experiments are performed by using heated dies at several different temperatures up to 350 °C and the blanks are pre-heated in the dies. The measured springback showed a reduction in curvature and improved flatness after forming at higher temperatures, particularly for the harder temper material conditions.

A study on using pre-forming blank in single point incremental forming process by finite element analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abass, K. I.

2016-11-01

Single Point Incremental Forming process (SPIF) is a forming technique of sheet material based on layered manufacturing principles. The edges of sheet material are clamped while the forming tool is moved along the tool path. The CNC milling machine is used to manufacturing the product. SPIF involves extensive plastic deformation and the description of the process is more complicated by highly nonlinear boundary conditions, namely contact and frictional effects have been accomplished. However, due to the complex nature of these models, numerical approaches dominated by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are now in widespread use. The paper presents the data and main results of a study on effect of using preforming blank in SPIF through FEA. The considered SPIF has been studied under certain process conditions referring to the test work piece, tool, etc., applying ANSYS 11. The results show that the simulation model can predict an ideal profile of processing track, the behaviour of contact tool-workpiece, the product accuracy by evaluation its thickness, surface strain and the stress distribution along the deformed blank section during the deformation stages.

Design study of the geometry of the blanking tool to predict the burr formation of Zircaloy-4 sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ha, Jisun; Lee, Hyungyil; Kim, Dongchul; Kim, Naksoo

2013-12-01

In this work, we investigated factors that influence burr formation for zircaloy-4 sheet used for spacer grids of nuclear fuel roads. Factors we considered are geometric factors of punch. We changed clearance and velocity in order to consider the failure parameters, and we changed shearing angle and corner radius of L-shaped punch in order to consider geometric factors of punch. First, we carried out blanking test with failure parameter of GTN model using L-shaped punch. The tendency of failure parameters and geometric factors that affect burr formation by analyzing sheared edges is investigated. Consequently, geometric factor's influencing on the burr formation is also high as failure parameters. Then, the sheared edges and burr formation with failure parameters and geometric factors is investigated using FE analysis model. As a result of analyzing sheared edges with the variables, we checked geometric factors more affect burr formation than failure parameters. To check the reliability of the FE model, the blanking force and the sheared edges obtained from experiments are compared with the computations considering heat transfer.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Constraint Effect on Deformation Behavior of Tailor-Welded Blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yanhua; Lin, Jianping

2015-08-01

Tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) have been considered as a productive sheet forming method in automotive industries. However, formability of TWBs is reduced due to different properties or thicknesses of the blanks and is a challenge for manufacturing designers. The plastic capacity of TWBs is decreased even when the material and thickness are the same. The constraint effect of the laser weld (including weld and heat-affected zone) material in the forming process of similar TWBs is a key problem to be solved in the research, development and application of thin-sheet TWBs. In this paper, uniaxial tensile tests with full-field strain measurement by digital image correlation and Erichsen tests are performed to investigate the constraint effect on deformation behavior and explore the mechanism of decreasing formability of similar TWBs. In addition, finite element models are conducted under ABAQUS code to further reveal the phenomenal behavior of the constraint effect. The results of the base material and welded blanks are compared for characterizing the differences. Furthermore, in order to better understand this mechanism, theoretical and numerical investigations are employed and compared to interpret the constraint effect of laser weld on the deformation behavior of TWBs. An index is proposed to quantify the constraint effect. Results show that the constraint effect of laser weld appears in both stretch forming and drawing of TWBs. Strain paths are approaching the plane strain condition as compared to the monolithic blank due to the constraint effect. Constraint effect is a major factor affecting the formability of TWBs when the failure occurs away from the weld seam.

Standard-Size Blanks for Furniture and Cabinets

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman

1983-01-01

Blanks are rough-dimension parts of a specific size which may be solid or glued up; quality depends on the final use of the material. Standard-size blanks are blanks made to standard thicknesses, lengths, and widths for each desired quality. Blanks in a few standard sizes can be used to make the thousands of different size rough-dimension parts needed by a furniture or...

Die Deformation Measurement System during Sheet Metal Forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Funada, J.; Takahashi, S.; Fukiharu, H.

2011-08-01

In order to reduce affection to the earth environment, it is necessary to lighten the vehicles. For this purpose, high tensile steels are applied. Because of high strength, high forming force is required for producing automotive sheet metal parts. In this situation, since the dies are elastic, they are deformed during forming parts. For reducing die developing period, sheet metal forming simulation is widely applied. In the numerical simulation, rigid dies are usually used for shortening computing time. It means that the forming conditions in the actual forming and the simulation are different. It will make large errors in the results between actual forming and simulation. It can be said that if contact pressure between dies and a sheet metal in the simulation can be reproduced in the actual forming, the differences of forming results between them can also been reduced. The basic idea is to estimate die shape which can produce the same distribution as computed from simulation with rigid dies. In this study, die deformation analyses with Finite Element Method as basic technologies are evaluated. For example, simple shape and actual dies elastic contact problems were investigated. The contact width between simple shape dies was investigated. The computed solutions were in good agreement with experimental results. The one case of the actual dies in two cases was also investigated. Bending force was applied to the blank holder with a mechanical press machine. The methodology shown with applying inductive displacement sensor for measuring die deformation during applying force was also proposed.

Analysis of hot forming of a sheet metal component made of advanced high strength steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Demirkaya, Sinem; Darendeliler, Haluk; Gökler, Mustafa İlhan; Ayhaner, Murat

2013-05-01

To provide reduction in weight while maintaining crashworthiness and to decrease the fuel consumption of vehicles, thinner components made of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) are being increasingly used in automotive industry. However, AHSS cannot be formed easily at the room temperature (i.e. cold forming). The alternative process involves heating, hot forming and subsequent quenching. A-pillar upper reinforcement of a vehicle is currently being produced by cold forming of DP600 steel sheet with a thickness of 1.8 mm. In this study, the possible decrease in the thickness of this particular part by using 22MnB5 as appropriate AHSS material and applying this alternative process has been studied. The proposed process involves deep drawing, trimming, heating, sizing, cooling and piercing operations. Both the current production process and the proposed process are analyzed by the finite element method. The die geometry, blank holding forces and the design of the cooling channels for the cooling process are determined numerically. It is shown that the particular part made of 22MnB5 steel sheet with a thickness of 1.2 mm can be successfully produced by applying the proposed process sequence and can be used without sacrificing the crashworthiness. With the use of the 22MnB5 steel with a thickness of 1.2 mm instead of DP600 sheet metal with a thickness of 1.8 mm, the weight is reduced by approximately 33%.

FE Simulation Models for Hot Stamping an Automobile Component with Tailor-Welded High-Strength Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Bingtao; Wang, Qiaoling; Wei, Zhaohui; Meng, Xianju; Yuan, Zhengjun

2016-05-01

Ultra-high-strength in sheet metal parts can be achieved with hot stamping process. To improve the crash performance and save vehicle weight, it is necessary to produce components with tailored properties. The use of tailor-welded high-strength steel is a relatively new hot stamping process for saving weight and obtaining desired local stiffness and crash performance. The simulation of hot stamping boron steel, especially tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) stamping, is more complex and challenging. Information about thermal/mechanical properties of tools and sheet materials, heat transfer, and friction between the deforming material and the tools is required in detail. In this study, the boron-manganese steel B1500HS and high-strength low-alloy steel B340LA are tailor welded and hot stamped. In order to precisely simulate the hot stamping process, modeling and simulation of hot stamping tailor-welded high-strength steels, including phase transformation modeling, thermal modeling, and thermal-mechanical modeling, is investigated. Meanwhile, the welding zone of tailor-welded blanks should be sufficiently accurate to describe thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical parameters. FE simulation model using TWBs with the thickness combination of 1.6 mm boron steel and 1.2 mm low-alloy steel is established. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the hot stamped automotive component (mini b-pillar), hardness and microstructure at each region are investigated. The comparisons between simulated results and experimental observations show the reliability of thermo-mechanical and metallurgical modeling strategies of TWBs hot stamping process.

Formability analysis of aluminum alloys through deep drawing process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pranavi, U.; Janaki Ramulu, Perumalla; Chandramouli, Ch; Govardhan, Dasari; Prasad, PVS. Ram

2016-09-01

Deep drawing process is a significant metal forming process used in the sheet metal forming operations. From this process complex shapes can be manufactured with fewer defects. Deep drawing process has different effectible process parameters from which an optimum level of parameters should be identified so that an efficient final product with required mechanical properties will be obtained. The present work is to evaluate the formability of Aluminum alloy sheets using deep drawing process. In which effects of punch radius, lubricating conditions, die radius, and blank holding forces on deep drawing process observed for AA 6061 aluminum alloy sheet of 2 mm thickness. The numerical simulations are performed for deep drawing of square cups using three levels of aforesaid parameters like lubricating conditions and blank holding forces and two levels of punch radii and die radii. For numerical simulation a commercial FEM code is used in which Hollomon's power law and Hill's 1948 yield criterions are implemented. The deep drawing setup used in the FEM code is modeled using a CAD tool by considering the modeling requirements from the literature. Two different strain paths (150x150mm and 200x200mm) are simulated. Punch forces, thickness distributions and dome heights are evaluated for all the conditions. In addition failure initiation and propagation is also observed. From the results, by increasing the coefficient of friction and blank holding force, punch force, thickness distribution and dome height variations are observed. The comparison has done and the optimistic parameters were suggested from the results. From this work one can predict the formability for different strain paths without experimentation.

Experimental formability analysis of bondal sandwich sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kami, Abdolvahed; Banabic, Dorel

2018-05-01

Metal/polymer/metal sandwich sheets have recently attracted the interests of industries like automotive industry. These sandwich sheets have superior properties over single-layer metallic sheets including good sound and vibration damping and light weight. However, the formability of these sandwich sheets should be enhanced which requires more research. In this paper, the formability of Bondal sheet (DC06/viscoelastic polymer/DC06 sandwich sheet) was studied through different types of experiments. The mechanical properties of Bondal were determined by uniaxial tensile tests. Hemispherical punch stretching and hydraulic bulge tests were carried out to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) of Bondal. Furthermore, cylindrical and square cup drawing tests were performed in dry and oil lubricated conditions. These tests were conducted at different blank holding forces (BHFs). An interesting observation about Bondal sheet deep drawing was obtaining of higher drawing depths at dry condition in comparison with oil-lubricated condition.

Alternating phase-shift mask and binary mask for 45-nm node and beyond: the impact on the mask error control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kojima, Yosuke; Shirasaki, Masanori; Chiba, Kazuaki; Tanaka, Tsuyoshi; Inazuki, Yukio; Yoshikawa, Hiroki; Okazaki, Satoshi; Iwase, Kazuya; Ishikawa, Kiichi; Ozawa, Ken

2007-05-01

For 45 nm node and beyond, the alternating phase-shift mask (alt. PSM), one of the most expected resolution enhancement technologies (RET) because of its high image contrast and small mask error enhancement factor (MEEF), and the binary mask (BIM) attract attention. Reducing CD and registration errors and defect are their critical issues. As the solution, the new blank for alt. PSM and BIM is developed. The top film of new blank is thin Cr, and the antireflection film and shielding film composed of MoSi are deposited under the Cr film. The mask CD performance is evaluated for through pitch, CD linearity, CD uniformity, global loading, resolution and pattern fidelity, and the blank performance is evaluated for optical density, reflectivity, sheet resistance, flatness and defect level. It is found that the performance of new blank is equal to or better than that of conventional blank in all items. The mask CD performance shows significant improvement. The lithography performance of new blank is confirmed by wafer printing and AIMS measurement. The full dry type alt. PSM has been used as test plate, and the test results show that new blank can almost meet the specifications of pi-0 CD difference, CD uniformity and process margin for 45 nm node. Additionally, the new blank shows the better pattern fidelity than that of conventional blank on wafer. AIMS results are almost same as wafer results except for the narrowest pattern. Considering the result above, this new blank can reduce the mask error factors of alt. PSM and BIM for 45 nm node and beyond.

Feasibility of tailoring of press formed thermoplastic composite parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sinke, J.

2018-05-01

The Tailor Made Blank concept is widely accepted in the production of sheet metal parts. By joining, adding and subtracting materials, and sometimes even applying different alloys, parts can be produced more efficiently by cost and/or weight, and new design options have been discovered. This paper is about the manufacture of press formed parts of Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics and the evaluation whether the Tailoring concept, though adapted to the material behavior of FRTP, can be applied to these composites as well. From research, the first results and ideas are presented. One of the ideas is the multistep forming process, creating parts with thickness variations and combinations of fibre orientations that are usually not feasible using common press forming strategies. Another idea is the blending of different prepreg materials in one component. This might be useful in case of specific details, like for areas of mechanical fastening or to avoid carbon/metal contact, otherwise resulting in severe corrosion. In a brief overview, future perspectives of the potential of the Tailoring concept are presented.

Testing glueline continuity in standard-size hardwood blanks by mechanical methods

Treesearch

David W. Patterson; Nathan D. Hesterman; Charles Gatchell

1991-01-01

Glueline continuity is very critical in standard-size hardwood blanks because the blanks are cut up into small furniture parts, and a small gap in the glueline of a blank may extend across the whole part—or a gap may appear as a crack in the final product. Strength is not a critical factor. The objective of this study was to determine if a gap in a glueline can be...

Experimental Research on the Elastic Deformation Mode of S235JR Rolled Steel Fastened between the Centers of a Universal Lathe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tabacaru, LL; Axinte, E.; Musca, G.

2016-11-01

Elastic deformations of the technological system occur during the mechanical treatment of a blank, regardless of the manner in which it is fastened. The elastic deformation of the blank is significant especially when machining shaft-like parts. The purpose of our research is to compare the mathematical model of blank deformation to the experimental model when the blank, which is a part belonging to the shaft class, is fastened between centers.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Manufacture of a Novel High-Capacity Engine Oil Pan Subjected to Hydro-Mechanical Deep Drawing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, D. Y.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, S. H.; El-Aty, A. Abd; Ma, Y.

2017-09-01

The oil pan is equipped at the bottom of engine crankcase of the automobile to prevent impurity and collect the lubrication oil from the surfaces of the engine which is helpful for heat dissipation and oxidation prevention. The present study aims at manufacturing a novel high-capacity engine oil pan, which is considered as a complex shaped component with features of thin wall, large size and asymmetric deep cavity through both numerical and experimental methods. The result indicated that it is difficult to form the current part through the common deep drawing process. Accordingly, the hydro-mechanical deep drawing technology was conducted, which consisted of two steps, previous local drawing and the final integral deep drawing with hydraulic pressure. The finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out to investigate the influence of initial blank dimension and the key process parameters such as loading path, draw-bead force and fillet radius on the formability of the sheet blank. Compared with the common deep drawing, the limit drawing ratio by hydro-mechanical deep drawing can be increased from 2.34 to 2.77, while the reduction in blank wall thickness can be controlled in the range of 28%. The formability is greatly improved without any defects such as crack and wrinkle by means of parameters optimisation. The results gained from simulation keep a reasonable agreement with that obtained from experiment trials.

The analysis of bottom forming process for hybrid heating device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bałon, Paweł; Świątoniowski, Andrzej; Kiełbasa, Bartłomiej

2017-10-01

In this paper the authors present an unusual method for bottom forming applicable for various industrial purposes including the manufacture of water heaters or pressure equipment. This method allows for the fabrication of the bottom of a given piece of stainless steel into a pre-determined shape conforming to the DIN standard which determines the most advantageous dimensions for the bottom cross section in terms of working pressure loading. The authors checked the validity of the method in a numerical and experimental way generating a tool designed to produce bottoms of specified geometry. Many problems are encountered during the design and production of parts, especially excessive sheet wrinkling over a large area of the part. The experiment showed that a lack of experience and numerical analysis in the design of such elements would result in the production of highly wrinkled parts. This defect would render the parts impossible to assemble with the cylindrical part. Many tool shops employ a method for drawing elements with a spherical surface which involves additional spinning, stamping, and grading operations, which greatly increases the cost of parts production. The authors present and compare two forming methods for spherical and parabolic objects, and experimentally confirm the validity of the sheet reversing method with adequate pressure force. The applied method produces parts in one drawing operation and in a following operation that is based on laser or water cutting to obtain a round blank. This reduces the costs of tooling manufacturing by requiring just one tool which can be placed on any hydraulic press with a minimum force of 2 000 kN.

Exploring Valued-Added Options - Edge-Glued Panels and Blanks Offer Value-Added Opportunities

Treesearch

Bob Smith; Philip A. Araman

1997-01-01

As sawmills search for new opportunities to add value to rough sawn lumber, many consider producing dimension parts as one solution. Assembling dimension parts into edge-glued panels or standard blanks can add even further value. Blanks are defined as pieces of solid wood (which may be edge-glued) that are manufactured to a predetermined size. This article discusses...

Investigation of the Phase Formation of AlSi-Coatings for Hot Stamping of Boron Alloyed Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Veit, R.; Hofmann, H.; Kolleck, R.; Sikora, S.

2011-01-01

Hot stamping of boron alloyed steel is gaining more and more importance for the production of high strength automotive body parts. Within hot stamping of quenchenable steels the blank is heated up to austenitization temperature, transferred to the tool, formed rapidly and quenched in the cooled tool. To avoid scale formation during the heating process of the blank, the sheet metal can be coated with an aluminium-silicum alloy. The meltimg temperature of this coating is below the austenitization temperature of the base material. This means, that a diffusion process between base material and coating has to take place during heating, leading to a higher melting temperature of the coating. In conventional heating devices, like roller hearth furnaces, the diffusion process is reached by relatively low heating rates. New technologies, like induction heating, reach very high heating rates and offer great potentials for the application in hot stamping. Till now it is not proofed, that this technology can be used with aluminum-silicon coated materials. This paper will present the results of comparative heating tests with a conventional furnace and an induction heating device. For different time/temperature-conditions the phase formation within the coating will be described.

FSW of Aluminum Tailor Welded Blanks across Machine Platforms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hovanski, Yuri; Upadhyay, Piyush; Carlson, Blair

2015-02-16

Development and characterization of friction stir welded aluminum tailor welded blanks was successfully carried out on three separate machine platforms. Each was a commercially available, gantry style, multi-axis machine designed specifically for friction stir welding. Weld parameters were developed to support high volume production of dissimilar thickness aluminum tailor welded blanks at speeds of 3 m/min and greater. Parameters originally developed on an ultra-high stiffness servo driven machine where first transferred to a high stiffness servo-hydraulic friction stir welding machine, and subsequently transferred to a purpose built machine designed to accommodate thin sheet aluminum welding. The inherent beam stiffness, bearingmore » compliance, and control system for each machine were distinctly unique, which posed specific challenges in transferring welding parameters across machine platforms. This work documents the challenges imposed by successfully transferring weld parameters from machine to machine, produced from different manufacturers and with unique control systems and interfaces.« less

Comparing Laser Welding Technologies with Friction Stir Welding for Production of Aluminum Tailor-Welded Blanks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hovanski, Yuri; Carsley, John; Carlson, Blair

2014-01-15

A comparison of welding techniques was performed to determine the most effective method for producing aluminum tailor-welded blanks for high volume automotive applications. Aluminum sheet was joined with an emphasis on post weld formability, surface quality and weld speed. Comparative results from several laser based welding techniques along with friction stir welding are presented. The results of this study demonstrate a quantitative comparison of weld methodologies in preparing tailor-welded aluminum stampings for high volume production in the automotive industry. Evaluation of nearly a dozen welding variations ultimately led to down selecting a single process based on post-weld quality and performance.

A genetic algorithm used for solving one optimization problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shipacheva, E. N.; Petunin, A. A.; Berezin, I. M.

2017-12-01

A problem of minimizing the length of the blank run for a cutting tool during cutting of sheet materials into shaped blanks is discussed. This problem arises during the preparation of control programs for computerized numerical control (CNC) machines. A discrete model of the problem is analogous in setting to the generalized travelling salesman problem with limitations in the form of precursor conditions determined by the technological features of cutting. A certain variant of a genetic algorithm for solving this problem is described. The effect of the parameters of the developed algorithm on the solution result for the problem with limitations is investigated.

Blanks: a computer program for analyzing furniture rough-part needs in standard-size blanks

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman

1983-01-01

A computer program is described that allows a company to determine the number of edge-glued, standard-size blanks required to satisfy its rough-part needs for a given production period. Yield and cost information also is determined by the program. A list of the program inputs, outputs, and uses of outputs is described, and an example analysis with sample output is...

Important Historical Events in Reading Instruction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ediger, Marlow

This paper lists and dates important historical happenings related to reading instruction. John Locke (1632-1704) was an early advocate that school should be a pleasant place to learn. He believed in the "tabula rasa" theory whereby a student had a mind like a blank sheet with nothing printed initially. Starting from the conception that…

Metal flow of a tailor-welded blank in deep drawing process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Qi; Guo, Ruiquan

2005-01-01

Tailor welded blanks were used in the automotive industry to consolidate parts, reduce weight, and increase safety. In recent years, this technology was developing rapidly in China. In Chinese car models, tailor welded blanks had been applied in a lot of automobile parts such as rail, door inner, bumper, floor panel, etc. Concerns on the properties of tailor welded blanks had become more and more important for automobile industry. A lot of research had shown that the strength of the welded seam was higher than that of the base metal, such that the weld failure in the aspect of strength was not a critical issue. However, formability of tailor welded blanks in the stamping process was complex. Among them, the metal flow of tailor welded blanks in the stamping process must be investigated thoroughly in order to reduce the scrap rate during the stamping process in automobile factories. In this paper, the behavior of metal flow for tailor welded blanks made by the laser welding process with two types of different thickness combinations were studied in the deep drawing process. Simulations and experiment verification of the movement of weld line for tailor welded blanks were discussed in detail. Results showed that the control on the movement of welded seam during stamping process by taking some measures in the aspect of blank holder was effective.

Improved process robustness by using closed loop control in deep drawing applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barthau, M.; Liewald, M.; Christian, Held

2017-09-01

The production of irregular shaped deep-drawing parts with high quality requirements, which are common in today’s automotive production, permanently challenges production processes. High requirements on lightweight construction of passenger car bodies following European regulations until 2020 have been massively increasing the use of high strength steels substantially for years and are also leading to bigger challenges in sheet metal part production. Of course, the more and more complex shapes of today’s car body shells also intensify the issue due to modern and future design criteria. The metal forming technology tries to meet these challenges by developing a highly sophisticated layout of deep drawing dies that consider part quality requirements, process robustness and controlled material flow during the deep or stretch drawing process phase. A new method for controlling material flow using a closed loop system was developed at the IFU Stuttgart. In contrast to previous approaches, this new method allows a control intervention during the deep-drawing stroke. The blank holder force around the outline of the drawn part is used as control variable. The closed loop is designed as trajectory follow up with feed forward control. The used command variable is the part-wall stress that is measured with a piezo-electric measuring pin. In this paper the used control loop will be described in detail. The experimental tool that was built for testing the new control approach is explained here with its features. A method for gaining the follow up trajectories from simulation will also be presented. Furthermore, experimental results considering the robustness of the deep drawing process and the gain in process performance with developed control loop will be shown. Finally, a new procedure for the industrial application of the new control method of deep drawing will be presented by using a new kind of active element to influence the local blank holder pressure onto part flange.

Combining the pressure effect with local heat treatment for improving the sheet metal forming process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palumbo, G.; Piccininni, A.; Guglielmi, P.; Sorgente, D.; Tricarico, L.

2016-08-01

The present work deals with the advantages in the Hydromechanical Deep Drawing (HDD) when AA5754 Tailored Heat Treated Blanks (THTBs) are adopted. It is well known that the creation of a suitable distribution of material properties increases the process performance. When non heat-treatable alloys are considered, the THTB approach can be successfully applied to increase the Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR) by changing the peripheral zone into the annealed state starting from a cold-worked blank. If this approach is combined with the advantages of a counterpressure, even more remarkable improvements can be achieved. Due to the large number of involved parameters, the optimized design of both the local treatment and the pressure profile were investigated coupling an axial symmetric Finite Element model with the integration platform modeFRONTIER. Results confirmed the possibility of increasing the LDR from 2.0 (Deep Drawing using a blank in the annealed state) up to about 3.0 if combining the adoption of a THTB with the optimal pressure profile.

Laboratory performance of zinc anodes for impressed current cathodic protection of reinforced concrete

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brousseau, R.; Arnott, M.; Baldock, B.

1995-08-01

Cathodic protection is used increasingly to mitigate steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete. the performance of zinc materials as impressed current anodes was evaluated. The anode materials investigated included rolled zinc sheets, metallized zinc, and 85% Zn-15% Al. The circuit resistance and the adhesion of the anodes was monitored with polarization time. Overall performance of arc-sprayed zinc was good. However, its adhesion to the concrete surface slowly decreased as the current density, or the polarization period, increased. Penny blank sheets and metallized 85% Zn-15% Al were found unsuitable as impressed current anodes.

Experimental and numerical analysis of interlocking rib formation at sheet metal blanking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bolka, Špela; Bratuš, Vitoslav; Starman, Bojan; Mole, Nikolaj

2018-05-01

Cores for electrical motors are typically produced by blanking of laminations and then stacking them together, with, for instance, interlocking ribs or welding. Strict geometrical tolerances, both on the lamination and on the stack, combined with complex part geometry and harder steel strip material, call for use of predictive methods to optimize the process before actual blanking to reduce the costs and speed up the process. One of the major influences on the final stack geometry is the quality of the interlocking ribs. A rib is formed in one step and joined with the rib of the preceding lamination in the next. The quality of the joint determines the firmness of the stack and also influences its. The geometrical and positional accuracy is thus crucial in rib formation process. In this study, a complex experimental and numerical analysis of interlocking rib formation has been performed. The aim of the analysis is to numerically predict the shape of the rib in order to perform a numerical simulation of the stack formation in the next step of the process. A detailed experimental research has been performed in order to characterize influential parameters on the rib formation and the geometry of the ribs itself, using classical and 3D laser microscopy. The formation of the interlocking rib is then simulated using Abaqus Explicit. The Hilll 48 constitutive material model is based on extensive and novel material characterization process, combining data from in-plane and out-of-plane material tests to perform a 3D analysis of both, rib formation and rib joining. The study shows good correlation between the experimental and numerical results.

ULE design considerations for a 3m class light weighted mirror blank for E-ELT M5

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fox, Andrew; Hobbs, Tom; Edwards, Mary; Arnold, Matthew; Sawyer, Kent

2016-07-01

It is expected that the next generation of large ground based astronomical telescopes will need large fast-steering/tip-tilt mirrors made of ultra-lightweight construction. These fast-steering mirrors are used to continuously correct for atmospheric disturbances and telescope vibrations. An example of this is the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) M5 lightweight mirror, which is part of the Tip-Tilt/Field-Stabilization Unit. The baseline design for the E-ELT M5 mirror, as presented in the E-ELT Construction Proposal, is a closed-back ULE mirror with a lightweight core using square core cells. Corning Incorporated (Corning) has a long history of manufacturing lightweight mirror blanks using ULE in a closed-back construction, going back to the 1960's, and includes the Hubble Space Telescope primary mirror, Subaru Telescope secondary and tertiary mirrors, the Magellan I and II tertiary mirrors, and Kepler Space Telescope primary mirror, among many others. A parametric study of 1-meter class lightweight mirror designs showed that Corning's capability to seal a continuous back sheet to a light-weighted core structure provides superior mirror rigidity, in a near-zero thermal expansion material, relative to other existing technologies in this design space. Corning has investigated the parametric performance of several design characteristics for a 3-meter class lightweight mirror blank for the E-ELT M5. Finite Element Analysis was performed on several design scenarios to obtain weight, areal density, and first Eigen frequency. This paper presents an overview of Corning ULE and lightweight mirror manufacturing capabilities, the parametric performance of design characteristics for 1-meter class and 3-meter class lightweight mirrors, as well as the manufacturing advantages and disadvantages of those characteristics.

A study with ESI PAM-STAMP® on the influence of tool deformation on final part quality during a forming process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vrolijk, Mark; Ogawa, Takayuki; Camanho, Arthur; Biasutti, Manfredi; Lorenz, David

2018-05-01

As a result from the ever increasing demand to produce lighter vehicles, more and more advanced high-strength materials are used in automotive industry. Focusing on sheet metal cold forming processes, these materials require high pressing forces and exhibit large springback after forming. Due to the high pressing forces deformations occur in the tooling geometry, introducing dimensional inaccuracies in the blank and potentially impact the final springback behavior. As a result the tool deformations can have an impact on the final assembly or introduce cosmetic defects. Often several iterations are required in try-out to obtain the required tolerances, with costs going up to as much as 30% of the entire product development cost. To investigate the sheet metal part feasibility and quality, in automotive industry CAE tools are widely used. However, in current practice the influence of the tool deformations on the final part quality is generally neglected and simulations are carried out with rigid tools to avoid drastically increased calculation times. If the tool deformation is analyzed through simulation it is normally done at the end of the drawing prosses, when contact conditions are mapped on the die structure and a static analysis is performed to check the deflections of the tool. But this method does not predict the influence of these deflections on the final quality of the part. In order to take tool deformations into account during drawing simulations, ESI has developed the ability to couple solvers efficiently in a way the tool deformations can be real-time included in the drawing simulation without high increase in simulation time compared to simulations with rigid tools. In this paper a study will be presented which demonstrates the effect of tool deformations on the final part quality.

Stable subcutaneous cartilage regeneration of bone marrow stromal cells directed by chondrocyte sheet.

PubMed

Li, Dan; Zhu, Lian; Liu, Yu; Yin, Zongqi; Liu, Yi; Liu, Fangjun; He, Aijuan; Feng, Shaoqing; Zhang, Yixin; Zhang, Zhiyong; Zhang, Wenjie; Liu, Wei; Cao, Yilin; Zhou, Guangdong

2017-05-01

In vivo niche plays an important role in regulating differentiation fate of stem cells. Due to lack of proper chondrogenic niche, stable cartilage regeneration of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in subcutaneous environments is always a great challenge. This study explored the feasibility that chondrocyte sheet created chondrogenic niche retained chondrogenic phenotype of BMSC engineered cartilage (BEC) in subcutaneous environments. Porcine BMSCs were seeded into biodegradable scaffolds followed by 4weeks of chondrogenic induction in vitro to form BEC, which were wrapped with chondrocyte sheets (Sheet group), acellular small intestinal submucosa (SIS, SIS group), or nothing (Blank group) respectively and then implanted subcutaneously into nude mice to trace the maintenance of chondrogenic phenotype. The results showed that all the constructs in Sheet group displayed typical cartilaginous features with abundant lacunae and cartilage specific matrices deposition. These samples became more mature with prolonged in vivo implantation, and few signs of ossification were observed at all time points except for one sample that had not been wrapped completely. Cell labeling results in Sheet group further revealed that the implanted BEC directly participated in cartilage formation. Samples in both SIS and Blank groups mainly showed ossified tissue at all time points with partial fibrogenesis in a few samples. These results suggested that chondrocyte sheet could create a chondrogenic niche for retaining chondrogenic phenotype of BEC in subcutaneous environment and thus provide a novel research model for stable ectopic cartilage regeneration based on stem cells. In vivo niche plays an important role in directing differentiation fate of stem cells. Due to lack of proper chondrogenic niche, stable cartilage regeneration of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in subcutaneous environments is always a great challenge. The current study demonstrated that chondrocyte sheet generated by high-density culture of chondrocytes in vitro could cearte a chondrogenic niche in subcutaneous environment and efficiently retain the chondrogenic phenotype of in vitro BMSC engineered cartilage (vitro-BEC). Furthermore, cell tracing results revealed that the regenerated cartilage mainly derived from the implanted vitro-BEC. The current study not only proposes a novel research model for microenvironment simulation but also provides a useful strategy for stable ectopic cartilage regeneration of stem cells. Copyright © 2017 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hand-Held Calculator Algorithms for Coastal Engineering.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

and water depth at the structure toe, ds. The development of the equation is derived on the solution sheet included with program 104R. Algorithm uses...Limited Design Breaking Wave Height at Structure (AOS logic)... .... ....... ......... .54 6. 105R Wave Transmission - Fuchs’ Equation (RPN logic...58 105A Wave Transmission - Fuchs’ Equation (AOS logic). . . . 61 APPENDIX BLANK PROGRAM FORMS ........ ....................... ... 67 4

Investigation of the Effects of Scorm Adapted Whiteboard Movie Techniques on Students' Success in Physics Classes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Basaran, Bulent; Gonen, Selahattin

2012-01-01

In this study, a web site including instructional materials such as white sheet videos, simulations, and animations and problem solving materials such as true-false questions, fill-in-the-blanks, puzzles, open-ended and multiple-choice questions regarding such important physics units as "Force" and "Movement" was designed. The purpose was to…

Wings of Stretched Metal

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelken, Miranda

2010-01-01

This article presents a lesson that allows students to make bird ornaments using a metal tooling as it can be textured, cut, and colored. In this lesson, students choose a bird and sketch it on a piece of paper. Once the sketches are complete, students copy their pictures on a second piece of paper by taping the sketch over a sheet of blank paper…

Meeting the Solid Wood Needs of the Furniture and Cabinet Industries: Standard-Size Hardwood Blanks

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman; Charles J Gatchell; Hugh W. Reynolds

1982-01-01

Standard-size, kiln-dried hardwood blanks (panels) of specified lengths, widths, thicknesses, and qualities can be used instead of lumber to produce rough dimension furniture parts. Standard sizes were determined by analyzing thousands of part requirements from 20 furniture and 12 kitchen cabinet companies. The International Woodworking Machinery and Furniture Supply...

MBA Attitudes toward Business: What We Don't Know Can Hurt Us or Help Us

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lundstrom, William J.

2011-01-01

MBA students are often treated as a blank sheet of paper on which the MBA program and its faculty etch and imprint the knowledge and philosophy of business success. Implicit in this thinking is that students are willing neophytes in this ritualistic process without a perceptual screen shaping and molding the content being espoused by legions of…

Applications of Charge Transfer Devices in Spectroscopy.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-02-04

Langmuir - Blodgett films deposited on glass and silicon substrates. A direct comparison by Pemberton and Sobocinski (18) of the Raman spectra obtained...wavelength. The measurements are then repeated with an uncoated sheet of poly - ester serving as the reference blank. The double monochromator...give the best sensitivity at trace concentration levels. The less intense lines resulting from non-reson- -’ ance and ionic transitions are used for

Policy Implications of a Hierarchy of Values.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Drews, Elizabeth M.

The author examines (in some detail) five images of man--man as a bad animal, man as a blank sheet, man as a mixture of good and evil, man as naturally good, and man as able to transcend himself. Relying on the work of those like Abraham Maslow who follow the view of man as transcendent, the author sets forth her rationale for the assumption that…

12 CFR Appendix A to Part 1024 - Instructions for Completing HUD-1 and HUD-1a Settlement Statements; Sample HUD-1 and HUD-1a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... lines are provided in section L for any additional settlement charges. Blank lines are also provided for additional insertions in sections J and K. The names of the recipients of the settlement charges in section L... blank lines. Lines and columns in section J which relate to the Borrower's transaction may be left blank...

12 CFR Appendix A to Part 1024 - Instructions for Completing HUD-1 and HUD-1A Settlement Statements; Sample HUD-1 and HUD-1A...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... lines are provided in section L for any additional settlement charges. Blank lines are also provided for additional insertions in sections J and K. The names of the recipients of the settlement charges in section L... blank lines. Lines and columns in section J which relate to the Borrower's transaction may be left blank...

Springback evaluation of friction stir welded TWB automotive sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Junehyung; Lee, Wonoh; Chung, Kyung-Hwan; Kim, Daeyong; Kim, Chongmin; Okamoto, Kazutaka; Wagoner, R. H.; Chung, Kwansoo

2011-02-01

Springback behavior of automotive friction stir welded TWB (tailor welded blank) sheets was experimentally investigated and the springback prediction capability of the constitutive law was numerically validated. Four automotive sheets, aluminum alloy 6111-T4, 5083-H18, 5083-O and dual-phase DP590 steel sheets, each having one or two different thicknesses, were considered. To represent mechanical properties, the modified Chaboche type combined isotropic-kinematic hardening law was utilized along with the non-quadratic orthogonal anisotropic yield function, Yld2000-2d, while the anisotropy of the weld zone was ignored for simplicity. For numerical simulations, mechanical properties previously characterized [1] were applied. For validation purposes, three springback tests including the unconstrained cylindrical bending, 2-D draw bending and OSU draw-bend tests were carried out. The numerical method performed reasonably well in analyzing all verification tests and it was confirmed that the springback of TWB as well as of base samples is significantly affected by the ratio of the yield stress with respect to Young's modulus and thickness.

Weekly gridded Aquarius L-band radiometer/scatterometer observations and salinity retrievals over the polar regions - Part 2: Initial product analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brucker, L.; Dinnat, E. P.; Koenig, L. S.

2014-05-01

Following the development and availability of Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products, this study presents the spatial and temporal radiometer and scatterometer observations at L band (frequency ~1.4 GHz) over the cryosphere including the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, sea ice in both hemispheres, and over sub-Arctic land for monitoring the soil freeze/thaw state. We provide multiple examples of scientific applications for the L-band data over the cryosphere. For example, we show that over the Greenland Ice Sheet, the unusual 2012 melt event lead to an L-band brightness temperature (TB) sustained decrease of ~5 K at horizontal polarization. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, normalized radar cross section (NRCS) observations recorded during ascending and descending orbits are significantly different, highlighting the anisotropy of the ice cover. Over sub-Arctic land, both passive and active observations show distinct values depending on the soil physical state (freeze/thaw). Aquarius sea surface salinity (SSS) retrievals in the polar waters are also presented. SSS variations could serve as an indicator of fresh water input to the ocean from the cryosphere, however the presence of sea ice often contaminates the SSS retrievals, hindering the analysis. The weekly grided Aquarius L-band products used are distributed by the US Snow and Ice Data Center at http://nsidc.org/data/aquarius/index.html , and show potential for cryospheric studies.

Approaches for springback reduction when forming ultra high-strength sheet metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Radonjic, R.; Liewald, M.

2016-11-01

Nowadays, the automotive industry is challenged constantly by increasing environmental regulations and the continuous enhancement of standards with regard to passenger's safety (NCAP, Part 1). In order to fulfil the aforementioned requirements, the use of ultra high-strength steels in research and industrial applications is of high interest. When forming such materials, the main problem results from the large amount of springback which occurs after the release of the part. This paper shows the applicability of several approaches for the reduction of springback amount by forming of one hat channel shaped component. A novel approach for springack reduction which is based on forming with an alternating blank draw-in is presented as well. In this investigation an ultra high-strength steel of the grade DP 980 was used. The part's measurements were taken at significant cross-sections in order to provide a qualitative comparison between the reference geometry and the part's released shape. The obtained results were analysed and used in order to quantify the success of particular approaches for springback reduction. When taking a curved hat channel shaped component as an example, the results achieved in the investigations showed that it is possible to reduce part shape deviations significantly when using DP 980 as workpiece material.

Prosthetics & Orthotics Manufacturing Initiative (POMI)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-21

the two materials. The rod was then put onto a lathe machine, allowing a thin sheet, with stripes of alternating materials, to be cut from the rod...tooling from. Mentis determined a method to use Aquacore, which involved machining blanks via CNC , followed by coating the mold to prevent resin...infusion into the mold. Mentis also attempted to use plaster combined with CNC machining, however, these molds did not survive the machining process

Prototypes of Cognitive Measures for Air Force Officers: Test Development and Item Banking

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-01

with the complexity of the relationship. Relationships may be in terms of shape, size, dimensionality, area of embeddedness , rotation, blank/shaded...administration were used. Test directions were read from the booklet. Demographics and test responses were recorded on a machine-scannable answer sheet...as demographic information would be needed to determine whether sample characteristics accounted for the differences in mean scores for NC, FA, and WD

Mechanical Behaviour of Conventional Materials at Experimental Conditions of Deep Drawing Technological Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikolov, N.; Pashkouleva, D.; Kavardzhikov, V.

2012-09-01

The paper deals with experimental investigations on the mechanical behaviour of body-centred-cubic (BCC) and face-centred-cubic (FCC)-conventionally structured sheet metalic-metalic materials under stress-strain conditions of a deep drawing process determined by a coefficient close to the limiting one for Steel 08 and punch diameter of 50 mm. The mechanical characteristics of the investigated materials are identified by one-dimensional tension tests. The materials' responses, as results of identical loading conditions, are described by the change of blank sizes and characteristics of the forming processes. The chosen deformation path ensures obtaining a qualitative steel piece and leads to failures of aluminium and brass blanks. The reported results could be useful for investigations and predictions of the mechanical responses of such type metallic structures applying microscopic instrumented observations and numerical simulations.

Investigation of holder pressure and size effects in micro deep drawing of rectangular work pieces driven by piezoelectric actuator.

PubMed

Aminzahed, Iman; Mashhadi, Mahmoud Mosavi; Sereshk, Mohammad Reza Vaziri

2017-02-01

Micro forming is a manufacturing process to fabricate micro parts with high quality and a cost effective manner. Deep drawing could be a favorable method for production of complicated parts in macro and micro sizes. In this paper piezoelectric actuator is used as a novel approach in the field of micro manufacturing. Also, in current work, investigations are conducted with four rectangular punches and blanks with various thicknesses. Blank holder pressure effects on thickness distributions, punch force, and springback are studied. According to the results of this work, increasing of blank holder pressure in scaled deep drawing, in contrast to thickness of drawn part, leads to decrease in the punch forces and springback. Furthermore, it is shown that in micro deep drawing, the effects of holder pressure on mentioned parameters can be ignored. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of preconsolidation on consolidation quality after stamp forming of C/PEEK composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slange, T. K.; Warnet, L.; Grouve, W. J. B.; Akkerman, R.

2016-10-01

Stamp forming is a rapid manufacturing technology used to shape flat blanks of thermoplastic composite material into three-dimensional components. Currently, expensive autoclave and press consolidation are used to preconsolidate blanks. This study investigates the influence of preconsolidation on final consolidation quality after stamp forming and explores the potential of alternative blank manufacturing methods that could reduce part costs. Blanks were manufactured using various blank manufacturing methods and subsequently were stamp formed. The consolidation quality both before and after stamp forming was compared, where the focus was on void content as the main measure for consolidation quality. The void content was characterized through thickness and density measurements, as well as by microscopy analysis. Results indicate that preconsolidation quality does have an influence on the final consolidation quality. This is due to the severe deconsolidation and limited reconsolidation during stamp forming. Nevertheless, the potential of automated fiber placement and ultrasonic spot welding as alternative blank manufacturing methods was demonstrated.

Hydroforming Of Patchwork Blanks — Numerical Modeling And Experimental Validation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamprecht, Klaus; Merklein, Marion; Geiger, Manfred

2005-08-01

In comparison to the commonly applied technology of tailored blanks the concept of patchwork blanks offers a number of additional advantages. Potential application areas for patchwork blanks in automotive industry are e.g. local reinforcements of automotive closures, structural reinforcements of rails and pillars as well as shock towers. But even if there is a significant application potential for patchwork blanks in automobile production, industrial realization of this innovative technique is decelerated due to a lack of knowledge regarding the forming behavior and the numerical modeling of patchwork blanks. Especially for the numerical simulation of hydroforming processes, where one part of the forming tool is replaced by a fluid under pressure, advanced modeling techniques are required to ensure an accurate prediction of the blanks' forming behavior. The objective of this contribution is to provide an appropriate model for the numerical simulation of patchwork blanks' forming processes. Therefore, different finite element modeling techniques for patchwork blanks are presented. In addition to basic shell element models a combined finite element model consisting of shell and solid elements is defined. Special emphasis is placed on the modeling of the weld seam. For this purpose the local mechanical properties of the weld metal, which have been determined by means of Martens-hardness measurements and uniaxial tensile tests, are integrated in the finite element models. The results obtained from the numerical simulations are compared to experimental data from a hydraulic bulge test. In this context the focus is laid on laser- and spot-welded patchwork blanks.

Migrating Department of Defense (DoD) Web Service Based Applications to Mobile Computing Platforms

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Geolocation API to identify the device’s location and then center the map on the device. Finally, we modify the entry...THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK xii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations API Application Programming Interface CSS Cascading Style Sheets CLIMO...Java API for XML Web Services Reference Implementation JS JavaScript JSNI JavaScript Native Interface METOC Meteorological and Oceanographic MAA Mobile

Hot granules medium pressure forming process of AA7075 conical parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Guojiang; Zhao, Changcai; Peng, Yaxin; Li, Ying

2015-05-01

High strength aluminum alloy plate has a low elongation at room temperature, which leads to the forming of its components need a high temperature. Liquid or gas is used as the pressure-transfer medium in the existing flexible mould forming process, the heat resistance of the medium and pressurizing device makes the application of aluminum alloy plate thermoforming restricted. To solve this problem, the existing medium is replaced by the heat-resisting solid granules and the general pressure equipments are applied. Based on the pressure-transfer performance test of the solid granules medium, the feasibility that the assumption of the extended Drucker-Prager linear model can be used in the finite element analysis is proved. The constitutive equation, the yield function and the theoretical forming limit diagram(FLD) of AA7075 sheet are established. Through the finite element numerical simulation of hot granules medium pressure forming(HGMF) process, not only the influence laws of the process parameters, such as forming temperature, the blank-holder gap and the diameter of the slab, on sheet metal forming performance are discussed, but also the broken area of the forming process is analyzed and predicted, which are coincided with the technological test. The conical part whose half cone angle is 15° and relative height H/d 0 is 0.57, is formed in one process at 250°C. The HGMF process solves the problems of loading and seal in the existing flexible mould forming process and provides a novel technology for thermoforming of light alloy plate, such as magnesium alloy, aluminium alloy and titanium alloy.

Investigation into Composites Property Effect on the Forming Limits of Multi-Layer Hybrid Sheets Using Hydroforming Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Shichen; Lang, Lihui; Guan, Shiwei; Alexandrov, Seigei; Zeng, Yipan

2018-04-01

Fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) such as Kevlar reinforced aluminum laminate (ARALL), Carbon reinforced aluminum laminate (CARALL), and Glass reinforced aluminum laminate (GLARE) offer great potential for weight reduction applications in automobile and aerospace construction. In order to investigate the feasibility for utilizing such materials in the form of laminates, sheet hydroforming technology are studied under the condition of uniform blank holder force for three-layered aluminum and aluminum-composite laminates using orthogonal carbon and Kevlar as well as glass fiber in the middle. The experimental results validate the finite element results and they exhibited that the forming limit of glass fiber in the middle is the highest among the studied materials, while carbon fiber material performs the worst. Furthermore, the crack modes are different for the three kinds of fiber materials investigated in the research. This study provides fundamental guidance for the selection of multi-layer sheet materials in the future manufacturing field.

Stress and efficiency studies in EFG

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1986-01-01

The goals of this program were: (1) to define minimum stress configurations for silicon sheet growth at high speeds; (2) to quantify dislocation electrical activity and their limits on minority carrier diffusion length in deformed silicon; and (3) to study reasons for degradation of lifetime with increases in doping level in edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) materials. A finite element model was developed for calculating residual stress with plastic deformation. A finite element model was verified for EFG control variable relationships to temperature field of the sheet to permit prediction of profiles and stresses encountered in EFG systems. A residual stress measurement technique was developed for finite size EFG material blanks using shadow Moire interferometry. Transient creep response of silicon was investigated in the temperature range between 800 and 1400 C in strain and strain regimes of interest in stress analysis of sheet growth. Quantitative relationships were established between minority carrier diffusion length and dislocation densities using Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) measurement in FZ silicon deformed in four point bending tests.

Hot forging of roll-cast high aluminum content magnesium alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kishi, Tomohiro; Watari, Hisaki; Suzuki, Mayumi; Haga, Toshio

2017-10-01

This paper reports on hot forging of high aluminum content magnesium alloy sheets manufactured using horizontal twin-roll casting. AZ111 and AZ131 were applied for twin-roll casting, and a hot-forging test was performed to manufacture high-strength magnesium alloy components economically. For twin-roll casting, the casting conditions of a thick sheet for hot forging were investigated. It was found that twin-roll casting of a 10mm-thick magnesium alloy sheet was possible at a roll speed of 2.5m/min. The grain size of the cast strip was 50 to 70µm. In the hot-forging test, blank material was obtained from as-cast strip. A servo press machine with a servo die cushion was used to investigate appropriate forging conditions (e.g., temperature, forging load, and back pressure) for twin-roll casts (TRCs) AZ111 and AZ131. It was determined that high aluminum content magnesium alloy sheets manufactured using twin-roll casting could be forged with a forging load of 150t and a back pressure of 3t at 420 to 430°C. Applying back pressure during hot forging effectively forged a pin-shaped product.

Influence of Filler Alloy Composition and Process Parameters on the Intermetallic Layer Thickness in Single-Sided Cold Metal Transfer Welding of Aluminum-Steel Blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silvayeh, Zahra; Vallant, Rudolf; Sommitsch, Christof; Götzinger, Bruno; Karner, Werner; Hartmann, Matthias

2017-11-01

Hybrid components made of aluminum alloys and high-strength steels are typically used in automotive lightweight applications. Dissimilar joining of these materials is quite challenging; however, it is mandatory in order to produce multimaterial car body structures. Since especially welding of tailored blanks is of utmost interest, single-sided Cold Metal Transfer butt welding of thin sheets of aluminum alloy EN AW 6014 T4 and galvanized dual-phase steel HCT 450 X + ZE 75/75 was experimentally investigated in this study. The influence of different filler alloy compositions and welding process parameters on the thickness of the intermetallic layer, which forms between the weld seam and the steel sheet, was studied. The microstructures of the weld seam and of the intermetallic layer were characterized using conventional optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that increasing the heat input and decreasing the cooling intensity tend to increase the layer thickness. The silicon content of the filler alloy has the strongest influence on the thickness of the intermetallic layer, whereas the magnesium and scandium contents of the filler alloy influence the cracking tendency. The layer thickness is not uniform and shows spatial variations along the bonding interface. The thinnest intermetallic layer (mean thickness < 4 µm) is obtained using the silicon-rich filler Al-3Si-1Mn, but the layer is more than twice as thick when different low-silicon fillers are used.

Effect of Equal Biaxial Pre-Strain on Forming Limit Diagram of AA5083

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhalehfar, F.; Hosseinipour, S. J.; Nourouzi, S.

In this work, the effect of equal biaxial pre-strain on the forming limit curve (FLC) of 5083 aluminum alloy has been investigated. For this purpose, in the first stage, square blanks with dimensions of 200 mm in each length were cut from the original sheet and stretched by a spherical punch to the specified heights. Then, specimens were prepared by cutting the pre-strained blanks with the longitudinal axis parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction. In the second stage, the specimens were tested by the out-of-plane test method to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) according to the ISO 12004.more » Furthermore, forming limit stress diagram (FLSD) was determined by using Hill's quadratic yield function. The results showed that the equal biaxial pre-straining decreased and shifted the FLC to the right hand side of the diagram. However, it had not any effect on the forming limit stress curves.« less

Experimental Investigations on Formability of Aluminum Tailor Friction Stir Welded Blanks in Deep Drawing Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kesharwani, R. K.; Panda, S. K.; Pal, S. K.

2015-02-01

In the present work, tailor friction stir welded blanks (TFSWBs) were fabricated successfully using 2.0-mm-thick AA5754-H22 and AA5052-H32 sheet metals with optimized tool design and process parameters. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array has been used to design the friction stir welding experiments, and the Grey relational analysis has been applied for the multi objective optimization in order to maximize the weld strength and total elongation reducing the surface roughness and energy consumption. The formability of the TFSWBs and parent materials was evaluated and compared in terms of limiting drawing ratio (LDR) using a conventional circular die. It was found that the formability of the TFSWBs was comparable with that of both the parent materials without failure in the weldment. A modified conical tractrix die (MCTD) was proposed to enhance the LDR of the TFSWBs. It was found that the formability was improved by 27% using the MCTD.

Evaluation of Quality-Assurance/Quality-Control Data Collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from Wells and Springs between the Southern Boundary of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and the Hagerman Area, Idaho, 1989 through 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, L.M.; Bartholomay, R.C.; Campbell, L.J.

1998-10-01

The U.S. Geological (USGS) and the Idaho Department of Water Resources, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, collected and analyzed water samples to monitor the water quality of the Snake River Plain aquifer from the southern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory to the Hagerman area, Idaho. Concurrently, replicate samples and blank samples were collected and analyzed as part of the quality-assurance/quality-control program. Samples were analyzed from inorganic constituents, gross radioactivity and radionuclides, organic constituents, and stable isotopes. To evaluate the precision of field and laboratory methods, analytical results of the water-quality and replicate samplesmore » were compared statistically for equivalence on the basis of the precision associated with each result. Statistical comparisons of the data indicated that 95 percent of the results of the replicate pairs were equivalent. Blank-sample analytical results indicated th at the inorganic blank water and volatile organic compound blank water from the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory and the distilled water from the Idaho Department of Water Resources were suitable for blanks; blank water from other sources was not. Equipment-blank analytical results were evaluated to determine if a bias had been introduced and possible sources of bias. Most equipment blanks were analyzed for trace elements and volatile organic compounds; chloroform was found in one equipment blank. Two of the equipment blanks were prepared after collection and analyses of the water-quality samples to determine whether contamination had been introduced during the sampling process. Results of one blank indicated that a hose used to divert water away from pumps and electrical equipment had contaminated the samples with some volatile organic compounds. Results of the other equipment blank, from the apparatus used to filter dissolved organic carbon samples, indicated that the filtering apparatus did not affect water-quality samples.« less

Novel concept for measurement of global blank draw-in when deep drawing outer skin automotive components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kraft, M.; Bürgel, U.

2017-09-01

Modern press shops in the automotive industry have to deal with many challenges. One challenge is to achieve a consistent part quality. In order to reach this target, modern press systems and tools are equipped with several types of sensors. For example, there are sensors to measure characteristic values of blanks or sensors to measure the temperature in the tools. Often several sensors are used simultaneously. A significant parameter for determining the quality of draw panels is the draw-in amount. Previously, it was only possible to measure selective points of the draw-in amount due to sensors in the tools. All the known sensors have disadvantages, for example, they are exposed to wearing or susceptible to contamination. In this paper, a sensor system will be introduced that allows the measurement of the global draw-in amount of a drawn panel. Here, the draw-in amount is not measured in the draw die, it is measured during the transportation of the part to the following operation. Within the short transport time the part can be fully covered by an optical system. This leads to a multitude of advantages compared with previously known systems. For example, it is no longer necessary to equip every tool with sensor technology to measure the draw-in amount. Now it is sufficient to equip every press line with a single system to measure the draw-in. This fact leads not only to lower costs, it also simplifies the tool design. In addition, the risk of contamination of the sensor system is greatly reduced. The paper will also introduce an actuator that was built to locally vary the blankholder forces for a sheet metal forming process. Furthermore, an FEM model is presented that allows the determination of the effective range of these actuators. With the knowledge from the FEM simulation, an approach for an open loop control is presented. With this approach, the press shops at Opel are developing a control procedure in order to influence the stamping process positively.

Conventional Processing of Standard-Size Edge-Glued Blanks for Furniture and Cabinet Parts: a Feasibility Study

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman; Bruce G. Hansen

1983-01-01

Manufacturers of furniture and cabinets use more than 2 billion board feet of hardwood lumber annually. As demand intensifies, we will need to utilize more of the abundant lower grade hardwood resource to assure future supplies at reasonable prices. Conventional processing of standard-size hardwood blanks manufactured from log-run red oak lumber, a resource containing...

Historical glacier outlines from digitized topographic maps of the Swiss Alps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Freudiger, Daphné; Mennekes, David; Seibert, Jan; Weiler, Markus

2018-04-01

Since the end of the Little Ice Age around 1850, the total glacier area of the central European Alps has considerably decreased. In order to understand the changes in glacier coverage at various scales and to model past and future streamflow accurately, long-term and large-scale datasets of glacier outlines are needed. To fill the gap between the morphologically reconstructed glacier outlines from the moraine extent corresponding to the time period around 1850 and the first complete dataset of glacier areas in the Swiss Alps from aerial photographs in 1973, glacier areas from 80 sheets of a historical topographic map (the Siegfried map) were manually digitized for the publication years 1878-1918 (further called first period, with most sheets being published around 1900) and 1917-1944 (further called second period, with most sheets being published around 1935). The accuracy of the digitized glacier areas was then assessed through a two-step validation process: the data were (1) visually and (2) quantitatively compared to glacier area datasets of the years 1850, 1973, 2003, and 2010, which were derived from different sources, at the large scale, basin scale, and locally. The validation showed that at least 70 % of the digitized glaciers were comparable to the outlines from the other datasets and were therefore plausible. Furthermore, the inaccuracy of the manual digitization was found to be less than 5 %. The presented datasets of glacier outlines for the first and second periods are a valuable source of information for long-term glacier mass balance or hydrological modelling in glacierized basins. The uncertainty of the historical topographic maps should be considered during the interpretation of the results. The datasets can be downloaded from the FreiDok plus data repository (https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/15008, https://doi.org/10.6094/UNIFR/15008).

Constitutive model of friction stir weld with consideration of its inhomogeneous mechanical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Ling; Min, Junying; Wang, Bin; Lin, Jianping; Li, Fangfang; Liu, Jing

2016-03-01

In practical engineering, finite element(FE) modeling for weld seam is commonly simplified by neglecting its inhomogeneous mechanical properties. This will cause a significant loss in accuracy of FE forming analysis, in particular, for friction stir welded(FSW) blanks due to the large width and good formability of its weld seam. The inhomogeneous mechanical properties across weld seam need to be well characterized for an accurate FE analysis. Based on a similar AA5182 FSW blank, the metallographic observation and micro-Vickers hardness analysis upon the weld cross-section are performed to identify the interfaces of different sub-zones, i.e., heat affected zone(HAZ), thermal-mechanically affected zone(TMAZ) and weld nugget(WN). Based on the rule of mixture and hardness distribution, a constitutive model is established for each sub-zone to characterize the inhomogeneous mechanical properties across the weld seam. Uniaxial tensile tests of the AA5182 FSW blank are performed with the aid of digital image correlation(DIC) techniques. Experimental local stress-strain curves are obtained for different weld sub-zones. The experimental results show good agreement with those derived from the constitutive models, which demonstrates the feasibility and accuracy of these models. The proposed research gives an accurate characterization of inhomogeneous mechanical properties across the weld seam produced by FSW, which provides solutions for improving the FE simulation accuracy of FSW sheet forming.

The sound insulations of studio doors. Part 1: Door blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Plumb, G. D.; Clark, R.

The sound insulations of a range of different door blanks were measured. The results were compared with the sound insulations of existing BBC door blanks. The new doors were made from medium density fiberboard (MDF) which is more stable than the blockboard used in existing studio doors. Consequently, they should require less maintenance and adjustment and should have a longer lifespan. The doors had higher sound insulations for their weight than existing designs, which might permit savings in the costs of the surrounding building structures. Overall construction costs of the door blanks themselves are likely to be similar to those of existing designs. A companion Report (BBC RD 1994/15) describes sound insulation measurements made on plant-on door seals. The intention of this work was to simplify the construction of the door frame and the fitting of the seals to reduce costs.

Toward Finding Driving Communications Factors in the System of Systems Survivability Simulation Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-01

BLANK 53 LIST OF REFERENCES Bernstein Jr ., R., Flores , R., & Starks, M. (2006). Objectives and capabilities of the system of...Reader Robert Dell Chair, Department of Operations Research iv THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK v ABSTRACT The System of Systems...larger system (Starks & Flores , 2004). One of the primary concerns for a new platform is its survivability, lethality, and vulnerability (SLV) as part

Production of the 4.1-m Zerodur mirror blank for the VISTA Telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doehring, Thorsten; Jedamzik, Ralf; Wittmer, Volker; Thomas, Armin

2004-09-01

VISTA (Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy) is designed to be the world's largest wide field telescope. After finishing of the construction the telescope will be part of ESO and located in Chile close to the VLT observatory at Cerro Paranal. In November 2001 SCHOTT was selected by the VISTA project office at the Royal Observatory of Edinburgh to deliver the 4.1 m diameter primary mirror blank. The manufacturing of the mirror blank made from the zero expansion material Zerodur was challenging especially due to the f/1 design. Several tons of the glass ceramic material were removed during the grinding operation. A meniscus blank with a diameter of 4100 mm and a thickness of 171.5 mm was generated, having a large central hole of 1200 mm and an aspherical shape of the concave surface. Also the handling and turning operations needed special effort and were performed by a skilled team. This paper presents details and pictures of the corresponding production and inspection sequence at SCHOTT. The geometrical parameters were measured during manufacturing by help of a laser tracker system and the achieved parameters were compared with the initial technical specification. The final quality inspection verified the excellent quality of the mirror blank. The close co-operation between the astronomers and industry resulted in a project management without problems. In April 2003 the VISTA blank was delivered successfully within a ceremony dedicated to the anniversary of "100 years of astronomical mirror blanks from SCHOTT."

Influence of asymmetrical drawing radius deviation in micro deep drawing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heinrich, L.; Kobayashi, H.; Shimizu, T.; Yang, M.; Vollertsen, F.

2017-09-01

Nowadays, an increasing demand for small metal parts in electronic and automotive industries can be observed. Deep drawing is a well-suited technology for the production of such parts due to its excellent qualities for mass production. However, the downscaling of the forming process leads to new challenges in tooling and process design, such as high relative deviation of tool geometry or blank displacement compared to the macro scale. FEM simulation has been a widely-used tool to investigate the influence of symmetrical process deviations as for instance a global variance of the drawing radius. This study shows a different approach that allows to determine the impact of asymmetrical process deviations on micro deep drawing. In this particular case the impact of an asymmetrical drawing radius deviation and blank displacement on cup geometry deviation was investigated for different drawing ratios by experiments and FEM simulation. It was found that both variations result in an increasing cup height deviation. Nevertheless, with increasing drawing ratio a constant drawing radius deviation has an increasing impact, while blank displacement results in a decreasing offset of the cups geometry. This is explained by different mechanisms that result in an uneven cup geometry. While blank displacement leads to material surplus on one side of the cup, an unsymmetrical radius deviation on the other hand generates uneven stretching of the cups wall. This is intensified for higher drawing ratios. It can be concluded that the effect of uneven radius geometry proves to be of major importance for the production of accurately shaped micro cups and cannot be compensated by intentional blank displacement.

Laser Beam Welding of Ultra-high Strength Chromium Steel with Martensitic Microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dahmen, Martin; Janzen, Vitalij; Lindner, Stefan; Wagener, Rainer

A new class of steels is going to be introduced into sheet manufacturing. Stainless ferritic and martensitic steels open up opportunities for sheet metal fabrication including hot stamping. Strengths of up to 2 GPa at fracture elongations of 15% can be attained through this. Welding of these materials, as a result, became a challenge. Energy-reduced welding methods with in-situ heat treatment are required in order to ensure the delicate and complex heat control. Laser beam welding is the joining technique of choice to supply minimum heat input to the fusion process and to apply efficient heat control. For two application cases, tailored blank production in as-rolled condition and welding during assembly in hot stamped condition, welding processes have been developed. The welding suitability is shown through metallurgical investigations of the welds. Crash tests based on the KS-II concept as well as fatigue tests prove the applicability of the joining method.

Contact Modelling in Isogeometric Analysis: Application to Sheet Metal Forming Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cardoso, Rui P. R.; Adetoro, O. B.; Adan, D.

2016-08-01

Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) has been growing in popularity in the past few years essentially due to the extra flexibility it introduces with the use of higher degrees in the basis functions leading to higher convergence rates. IGA also offers the capability of easily reproducing discontinuous displacement and/or strain fields by just manipulating the multiplicity of the knot parametric coordinates. Another advantage of IGA is that it uses the Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) basis functions, that are very common in CAD solid modelling, and consequently it makes easier the transition from CAD models to numerical analysis. In this work it is explored the contact analysis in IGA for both implicit and explicit time integration schemes. Special focus will be given on contact search and contact detection techniques under NURBS patches for both the rigid tools and the deformed sheet blank.

24 CFR Appendix A to Part 3500 - Instructions for Completing HUD-1 and HUD-1a Settlement Statements; Sample HUD-1 and HUD-1a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 803 and recorded in the columns. Blank lines are provided in section L for any additional settlement... recipients of the settlement charges in section L and the names of the recipients of adjustments described in... Borrower's transaction may be left blank on the copy of the HUD-1 which will be furnished to the Seller...

Enabling high speed friction stir welding of aluminum tailor welded blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hovanski, Yuri

Current welding technologies for production of aluminum tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) are utilized in low-volume and niche applications, and have yet to be scaled for the high-volume vehicle market. This study targeted further weight reduction, part reduction, and cost savings by enabling tailor-welded blank technology for aluminum alloys at high-volumes. While friction stir welding (FSW) has traditionally been applied at linear velocities less than one meter per minute, high volume production applications demand the process be extended to higher velocities more amenable to cost sensitive production environments. Unfortunately, weld parameters and performance developed and characterized at low to moderate welding velocities do not directly translate to high speed linear friction stir welding. Therefore, in order to facilitate production of high volume aluminum FSW components, parameters were developed with a minimum welding velocity of three meters per minute. With an emphasis on weld quality, welded blanks were evaluated for post-weld formability using a combination of numerical and experimental methods. Evaluation across scales was ultimately validated by stamping full-size production door inner panels made from dissimilar thickness aluminum tailor-welded blanks, which provided validation of the numerical and experimental analysis of laboratory scale tests.

Large optical glass blanks for the ELT generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jedamzik, Ralf; Petzold, Uwe; Dietrich, Volker; Wittmer, Volker; Rexius, Olga

2016-07-01

The upcoming extremely large telescope projects like the E-ELT, TMT or GMT telescopes require not only large amount of mirror blank substrates but have also sophisticated instrument setups. Common instrument components are atmospheric dispersion correctors that compensate for the varying atmospheric path length depending on the telescope inclination angle. These elements consist usually of optical glass blanks that have to be large due to the increased size of the focal beam of the extremely large telescopes. SCHOTT has a long experience in producing and delivering large optical glass blanks for astronomical applications up to 1 m and in homogeneity grades up to H3 quality in the past. The most common optical glass available in large formats is SCHOTT N-BK7. But other glass types like F2 or LLF1 can also be produced in formats up to 1 m. The extremely large telescope projects partly demand atmospheric dispersion components even in sizes beyond 1m up to a range of 1.5 m diameter. The production of such large homogeneous optical glass banks requires tight control of all process steps. To cover this demand in the future SCHOTT initiated a research project to improve the large optical blank production process steps from melting to annealing and measurement. Large optical glass blanks are measured in several sub-apertures that cover the total clear aperture of the application. With SCHOTT's new stitching software it is now possible to combine individual sub-aperture measurements to a total homogeneity map of the blank. In this presentation first results will be demonstrated.

Experimental and Numerical Studies on Isothermal and Non-isothermal Deep Drawing of IS 513 CR3 Steel Sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mayavan, T.; Karthikeyan, L.; Senthilkumar, V. S.

2016-11-01

The present work aims to investigate the effects of the temperature gradient developed within the tool profiles on the formability of IS 513 CR3-grade steel sheets using the cup drawing test. The deformation characteristics of steel sheets were analyzed by comparing the thicknesses in various regions of the formed cup and also the limiting drawing ratios (LDR). Finite element simulations were carried out to predict the behavior of the steel sheets in isothermal and non-isothermal forming using Abaqus/Standard 6.12-1. An analytical model created by Kim was used to validate the experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) results on identical process parameters. Both the FEA and analytical modeling results showed that formability improvement is possible in warm forming; the findings are in good agreement with the experimental results in determining the locations and values of excessive thinning. The results also indicated that formability improvement cannot be achieved by keeping the tooling temperature at the same level. The LDR increased by around 9.5% in isothermal forming and by 19% in non-isothermal forming (with the punch maintained at a lower temperature compared with the die and blank holder). In addition, the fractured surfaces of unsuccessfully formed samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Metallographic investigations confirmed that the fracture mechanism during the forming of IS 513 CR3-grade steel sheets depends on the brittleness, strain hardening value, forming temperature, and magnitude of stresses developed.

New developments in tribomechanical modeling of automotive sheet steel forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khandeparkar, Tushar; Chezan, Toni; van Beeck, Jeroen

2018-05-01

Forming of automotive sheet metal body panels is a complex process influenced by both the material properties and contact conditions in the forming tooling. Material properties are described by the material constitutive behavior and the material flow into the forming die can be described by the tribological system. This paper investigates the prediction accuracy of the forming process using the Tata Steel state of the art description of the material constitutive behavior in combination with different friction models. A cross-die experiment is used to investigate the accuracy of local deformation modes typically seen in automotive sheet metal forming operations. Results of advanced friction models as well as the classical Coulomb friction description are compared to the experimentally measured strain distribution and material draw-in. Two hot-dip galvanized coated steel forming grades were used for the investigations. The results show that the accuracy of the simulation is not guaranteed by the advanced friction models for the entire investigated blank holder force range, both globally and locally. A measurable difference between the calculated and measured local strains is seen for both studied models even in the case where the global indicator, i.e. the draw-in, is well predicted.

Investigation of Flat Clinching Process Combined with Material Forming Technology for Aluminum Alloy.

PubMed

Chen, Chao; Zhao, Shengdun; Han, Xiaolan; Wang, Yongfei; Zhao, Xuzhe

2017-12-15

In recent years, the use of aluminum alloy has tended to increase for building lightweight automobiles to reduce their automotive weight, which is helpful to save energy and protect the environment. In order to join aluminum alloy, a flat-clinching process combined with material forming technology was investigated to join aluminum alloy sheets using an experimental and a numerical method. Al1060 was chosen as the material of the sheet, and DEFORM-2D software was used to build the numerical model. After the numerical model was validated by the experimental results, the influences of punch diameter and holder force on the materials deforming behavior of the clinched joint were analyzed using the numerical model. Then, the material flow, joining ability, and joining quality were investigated to assess the clinched joint. The results showed that an increase in punch diameter could give rise to an increase in neck thickness and interlocking length, while an increase in blank holder force induced a decrease in interlocking length and an increase in neck thickness. The joining quality could be increased by increasing the forming force. It can be concluded that a clinched joint has better joining quality for joining light-weight sheets onto automotive structures.

Fabrication of an optical component

DOEpatents

Nichols, Michael A.; Aikens, David M.; Camp, David W.; Thomas, Ian M.; Kiikka, Craig; Sheehan, Lynn M.; Kozlowski, Mark R.

2000-01-01

A method for forming optical parts used in laser optical systems such as high energy lasers, high average power lasers, semiconductor capital equipment and medical devices. The optical parts will not damage during the operation of high power lasers in the ultra-violet light range. A blank is first ground using a fixed abrasive grinding method to remove the subsurface damage formed during the fabrication of the blank. The next step grinds and polishes the edges and forms bevels to reduce the amount of fused-glass contaminants in the subsequent steps. A loose abrasive grind removes the subsurface damage formed during the fixed abrasive or "blanchard" removal process. After repolishing the bevels and performing an optional fluoride etch, the surface of the blank is polished using a zirconia slurry. Any subsurface damage formed during the loose abrasive grind will be removed during this zirconia polish. A post polish etch may be performed to remove any redeposited contaminants. Another method uses a ceria polishing step to remove the subsurface damage formed during the loose abrasive grind. However, any residual ceria may interfere with the optical properties of the finished part. Therefore, the ceria and other contaminants are removed by performing either a zirconia polish after the ceria polish or a post ceria polish etch.

Lithographic qualification of high-transmission mask blank for 10nm node and beyond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Yongan; Faure, Tom; Viswanathan, Ramya; Lobb, Granger; Wistrom, Richard; Burns, Sean; Hu, Lin; Graur, Ioana; Bleiman, Ben; Fischer, Dan; Mignot, Yann; Sakamoto, Yoshifumi; Toda, Yusuke; Bolton, John; Bailey, Todd; Felix, Nelson; Arnold, John; Colburn, Matthew

2016-04-01

In this paper, we discuss the lithographic qualification of high transmission (High T) mask for Via and contact hole applications in 10nm node and beyond. First, the simulated MEEF and depth of focus (DoF) data are compared between the 6% and High T attnPSM masks with the transmission of High T mask blank varying from 12% to 20%. The 12% High T blank shows significantly better MEEF and larger DoF than those of 6% attnPSM mask blank, which are consistent with our wafer data. However, the simulations show no obvious advantage in MEEF and DoF when the blank transmittance is larger than 12%. From our wafer data, it has been seen that the common process window from High T mask is 40nm bigger than that from the 6% attnPSM mask. In the elongated bar structure with smaller aspect ratio, 1.26, the 12% High T mask shows significantly less develop CD pull back in the major direction. Compared to the High T mask, the optimized new illumination condition for 6% attnPSM shows limited improvement in MEEF and the DoF through pitch. In addition, by using the High T mask blank, we have also investigated the SRAF printing, side lobe printing and the resist profile through cross sections, and no patterning risk has been found for manufacturing. As part of this work new 12% High T mask blank materials and processes were developed, and a brief overview of key mask technology development results have been shared. Overall, it is concluded that the High T mask, 12% transmission, provides the most robust and extendable lithographic solution for 10nm node and beyond.

Magnetron sputtering for the production of EUV mask blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kearney, Patrick; Ngai, Tat; Karumuri, Anil; Yum, Jung; Lee, Hojune; Gilmer, David; Vo, Tuan; Goodwin, Frank

2015-03-01

Ion Beam Deposition (IBD) has been the primary technique used to deposit EUV mask blanks since 1995 when it was discovered it could produce multilayers with few defects. Since that time the IBD technique has been extensively studied and improved and is finally approaching usable defectivities. But in the intervening years, the defectivity of magnetron sputtering has been greatly improved. This paper evaluates the suitability of a modern magnetron tool to produce EUV mask blanks and the ability to support HVM production. In particular we show that the reflectivity and uniformity of these tools are superior to current generation IBD tools, and that the magnetron tools can produce EUV films with defect densities comparable to recent best IBD tool performance. Magnetron tools also offer many advantages in manufacturability and tool throughput; however, challenges remain, including transitioning the magnetron tools from the wafer to mask formats. While work continues on quantifying the capability of magnetron sputtering to meet the mask blank demands of the industry, for the most part the remaining challenges do not require any fundamental improvements to existing technology. Based on the recent results and the data presented in this paper there is a clear indication that magnetron deposition should be considered for the future of EUV mask blank production.

Investigation of Hardness Change for Spot Welded Tailored Blank in Hot Stamping Using CCT and Deformation-CCT Diagrams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yogo, Yasuhiro; Kurato, Nozomi; Iwata, Noritoshi

2018-04-01

When an outer panel of a B-pillar is manufactured with the hot stamping process, reinforcements are spot welded on its inner side. Before reinforcements are added, the microstructure of the outer panel is martensite. However, reheating during spot welding changes the martensite to ferrite, which has a lower hardness in the heat-affected zone than in other areas. If spot welding is conducted before hot stamping for making a spot welded tailored blank, the microstructure in the spot welded tailored blank after hot stamping is martensite. This sequence of processes avoids hardness reduction due to spot welding. In this study, the hardness and microstructure around spot welded parts of the tailored blank were investigated. The results clearly showed that areas close to the spot welded parts are severely stretched during hot stamping. In addition, stretching suppresses the martensitic phase transformation and reduces the hardness. To characterize this phenomenon, a simulation was conducted that considered the effects of pre-strain on the phase transformation. A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram and a deformation continuous cooling transformation (DCCT) diagram were made in order to quantify the effect of the cooling rate and pre-strain on the phase transformation and hardness. The hardness was then calculated using the experimentally measured CCT and DCCT diagrams and the finite element analysis results. The calculated hardness was compared with the experimental hardness. Good agreement was found between the calculated and experimental results.

Investigation of Hardness Change for Spot Welded Tailored Blank in Hot Stamping Using CCT and Deformation-CCT Diagrams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yogo, Yasuhiro; Kurato, Nozomi; Iwata, Noritoshi

2018-06-01

When an outer panel of a B-pillar is manufactured with the hot stamping process, reinforcements are spot welded on its inner side. Before reinforcements are added, the microstructure of the outer panel is martensite. However, reheating during spot welding changes the martensite to ferrite, which has a lower hardness in the heat-affected zone than in other areas. If spot welding is conducted before hot stamping for making a spot welded tailored blank, the microstructure in the spot welded tailored blank after hot stamping is martensite. This sequence of processes avoids hardness reduction due to spot welding. In this study, the hardness and microstructure around spot welded parts of the tailored blank were investigated. The results clearly showed that areas close to the spot welded parts are severely stretched during hot stamping. In addition, stretching suppresses the martensitic phase transformation and reduces the hardness. To characterize this phenomenon, a simulation was conducted that considered the effects of pre-strain on the phase transformation. A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram and a deformation continuous cooling transformation (DCCT) diagram were made in order to quantify the effect of the cooling rate and pre-strain on the phase transformation and hardness. The hardness was then calculated using the experimentally measured CCT and DCCT diagrams and the finite element analysis results. The calculated hardness was compared with the experimental hardness. Good agreement was found between the calculated and experimental results.

Predetermined Flake Production at the Lower/Middle Paleolithic Boundary: Yabrudian Scraper-Blank Technology

PubMed Central

Shimelmitz, Ron; Kuhn, Steven L.; Ronen, Avraham; Weinstein-Evron, Mina

2014-01-01

While predetermined débitage technologies are recognized beginning with the middle Acheulian, the Middle Paleolithic is usually associated with a sharp increase in their use. A study of scraper-blank technology from three Yabrudian assemblages retrieved from the early part of the Acheulo-Yabrudian complex of Tabun Cave (ca. 415–320 kyr) demonstrates a calculated and preplanned production, even if it does not show the same complexity and elaboration as in the Levallois technology. These scraper dominated assemblages show an organization of production based on an intensive use of predetermination blank technology already in place at the end of the Lower Paleolithic of the Levant. These results provide a novel perspective on the differences and similarities between the Lower and Middle Paleolithic industries. We suggest that there was a change in the paradigm in the way hominins exploited stone tools: in many Middle Paleolithic assemblages the potential of the stone tools for hafting was a central feature, in the Lower Paleolithic ergonometric considerations of manual prehension were central to the design of blanks and tools. PMID:25192429

FEM-based strain analysis study for multilayer sheet forming process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Rongjing; Lang, Lihui; Zafar, Rizwan

2015-12-01

Fiber metal laminates have many advantages over traditional laminates (e.g., any type of fiber and resin material can be placed anywhere between the metallic layers without risk of failure of the composite fabric sheets). Furthermore, the process requirements to strictly control the temperature and punch force in fiber metal laminates are also less stringent than those in traditional laminates. To further explore the novel method, this study conducts a finite element method-based (FEM-based) strain analysis on multilayer blanks by using the 3A method. Different forming modes such as wrinkling and fracture are discussed by using experimental and numerical studies. Hydroforming is used for multilayer forming. The Barlat 2000 yield criteria and DYNAFORM/LS-DYNA are used for the simulations. Optimal process parameters are determined on the basis of fixed die-binder gap and variable cavity pressure. The results of this study will enhance the knowledge on the mechanics of multilayer structures formed by using the 3A method and expand its commercial applications.

Reconnaissance geologic map of the Wadi Khulab Quadrangle, sheet 16/43 A, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Blank, Horace Richard; Gettings, Mark E.

1985-01-01

From west to east, the physiography of the mapped area consists of a portion of the Tiharmat Asir, or coastal plain, extending from the Jizan quadrangle to the west (Blank and Gettings, 1984), a northwest-trending hill range close to the western border of the quadrangle; a pediplain; and the foothills of the Red Sea escarpment. The top of the escarpment is about 50 km east of the mapped area, in the Yemen Arab Republic. Within Saudi Arabia, the highest elevation in the quadrangle about 77 m above sea level, is found at Tirf in the western range of hills.

High temperature and dynamic testing of AHSS for an analytical description of the adiabatic cutting process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winter, S.; Schmitz, F.; Clausmeyer, T.; Tekkaya, A. E.; F-X Wagner, M.

2017-03-01

In the automotive industry, advanced high strength steels (AHSS) are widely used as sheet part components to reduce weight, even though this leads to several challenges. The demand for high-quality shear cutting surfaces that do not require reworking can be fulfilled by adiabatic shear cutting: High strain rates and local temperatures lead to the formation of adiabatic shear bands (ASB). While this process is well suited to produce AHSS parts with excellent cutting surface quality, a fundamental understanding of the process is still missing today. In this study, compression tests in a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar with an initial strain rate of 1000 s-1 were performed in a temperature range between 200 °C and 1000 °C. The experimental results show that high strength steels with nearly the same mechanical properties at RT may possess a considerably different behavior at higher temperatures. The resulting microstructures after testing at different temperatures were analyzed by optical microscopy. The thermo-mechanical material behavior was then considered in an analytical model. To predict the local temperature increase that occurs during the adiabatic blanking process, experimentally determined flow curves were used. Furthermore, the influence of temperature evolution with respect to phase transformation is discussed. This study contributes to a more complete understanding of the relevant microstructural and thermo-mechanical mechanisms leading to the evolution of ASB during cutting of AHSS.

On the Development of Multi-Step Inverse FEM with Shell Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Y.; Du, R.

2005-08-01

The inverse or one-step finite element approach is increasingly used in the sheet metal stamping industry to predict strain distribution and the initial blank shape in the preliminary design stage. Based on the existing theory, there are two types of method: one is based on the principle of virtual work and the other is based on the principle of extreme work. Much research has been conducted to improve the accuracy of simulation results. For example, based on the virtual work principle, Batoz et al. developed a new method using triangular DKT shell elements. In this new method, the bending and unbending effects are considered. Based on the principle of extreme work, Majlessi and et al. proposed the multi-step inverse approach with membrane elements and applied it to an axis-symmetric part. Lee and et al. presented an axis-symmetric shell element model to solve the similar problem. In this paper, a new multi-step inverse method is introduced with no limitation on the workpiece shape. It is a shell element model based on the virtual work principle. The new method is validated by means of comparing to the commercial software system (PAMSTAMP®). The comparison results indicate that the accuracy is good.

Reversible micromachining locator

DOEpatents

Salzer, Leander J.; Foreman, Larry R.

1999-01-01

This invention provides a device which includes a locator, a kinematic mount positioned on a conventional tooling machine, a part carrier disposed on the locator and a retainer ring. The locator has disposed therein a plurality of steel balls, placed in an equidistant position circumferentially around the locator. The kinematic mount includes a plurality of magnets which are in registry with the steel balls on the locator. In operation, a blank part to be machined is placed between a surface of a locator and the retainer ring (fitting within the part carrier). When the locator (with a blank part to be machined) is coupled to the kinematic mount, the part is thus exposed for the desired machining process. Because the locator is removably attachable to the kinematic mount, it can easily be removed from the mount, reversed, and reinserted onto the mount for additional machining. Further, the locator can likewise be removed from the mount and placed onto another tooling machine having a properly aligned kinematic mount. Because of the unique design and use of magnetic forces of the present invention, positioning errors of less than 0.25 micrometer for each machining process can be achieved.

On contact modelling in isogeometric analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cardoso, R. P. R.; Adetoro, O. B.

2017-11-01

IsoGeometric Analysis (IGA) has proved to be a reliable numerical tool for the simulation of structural behaviour and fluid mechanics. The main reasons for this popularity are essentially due to: (i) the possibility of using higher order polynomials for the basis functions; (ii) the high convergence rates possible to achieve; (iii) the possibility to operate directly on CAD geometry without the need to resort to a mesh of elements. The major drawback of IGA is the non-interpolatory characteristic of the basis functions, which adds a difficulty in handling essential boundary conditions and makes it particularly challenging for contact analysis. In this work, the IGA is expanded to include frictionless contact procedures for sheet metal forming analyses. Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) are going to be used for the modelling of rigid tools as well as for the modelling of the deformable blank sheet. The contact methods developed are based on a two-step contact search scheme, where during the first step a global search algorithm is used for the allocation of contact knots into potential contact faces and a second (local) contact search scheme where point inversion techniques are used for the calculation of the contact penetration gap. For completeness, elastoplastic procedures are also included for a proper description of the entire IGA of sheet metal forming processes.

Progress on high-performance rapid prototype aluminum mirrors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woodard, Kenneth S.; Myrick, Bruce H.

2017-05-01

Near net shape parts can be produced using some very old processes (investment casting) and the relatively new direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process. These processes have significant advantages for complex blank lightweighting and costs but are not inherently suited for producing high performance mirrors. The DMLS process can provide extremely complex lightweight structures but the high residual stresses left in the material results in unstable mirror figure retention. Although not to the extreme intricacy of DMLS, investment casting can also provide complex lightweight structures at considerably lower costs than DMLS and even conventional wrought mirror blanks but the less than 100% density for casting (and also DMLS) limits finishing quality. This paper will cover the progress that has been made to make both the DMLS and investment casting processes into viable near net shape blank options for high performance aluminum mirrors. Finish and figure results will be presented to show performance commensurate with existing conventional processes.

32 CFR 552.126 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot automatically more than one shot without manual..., trace, incendiary, blank, shotgun, black powder, and shot). Items shall only be considered as ammunition... one or more barrels when held in one hand, and having: (1) A chamber(s) as an integral part(s) of, or...

32 CFR 552.126 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot automatically more than one shot without manual..., trace, incendiary, blank, shotgun, black powder, and shot). Items shall only be considered as ammunition... one or more barrels when held in one hand, and having: (1) A chamber(s) as an integral part(s) of, or...

32 CFR 552.126 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot automatically more than one shot without manual..., trace, incendiary, blank, shotgun, black powder, and shot). Items shall only be considered as ammunition... one or more barrels when held in one hand, and having: (1) A chamber(s) as an integral part(s) of, or...

32 CFR 552.126 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot automatically more than one shot without manual..., trace, incendiary, blank, shotgun, black powder, and shot). Items shall only be considered as ammunition... one or more barrels when held in one hand, and having: (1) A chamber(s) as an integral part(s) of, or...

Some case studies of skewed (and other ab-normal) data distributions arising in low-level environmental research.

PubMed

Currie, L A

2001-07-01

Three general classes of skewed data distributions have been encountered in research on background radiation, chemical and radiochemical blanks, and low levels of 85Kr and 14C in the atmosphere and the cryosphere. The first class of skewed data can be considered to be theoretically, or fundamentally skewed. It is typified by the exponential distribution of inter-arrival times for nuclear counting events for a Poisson process. As part of a study of the nature of low-level (anti-coincidence) Geiger-Muller counter background radiation, tests were performed on the Poisson distribution of counts, the uniform distribution of arrival times, and the exponential distribution of inter-arrival times. The real laboratory system, of course, failed the (inter-arrival time) test--for very interesting reasons, linked to the physics of the measurement process. The second, computationally skewed, class relates to skewness induced by non-linear transformations. It is illustrated by non-linear concentration estimates from inverse calibration, and bivariate blank corrections for low-level 14C-12C aerosol data that led to highly asymmetric uncertainty intervals for the biomass carbon contribution to urban "soot". The third, environmentally, skewed, data class relates to a universal problem for the detection of excursions above blank or baseline levels: namely, the widespread occurrence of ab-normal distributions of environmental and laboratory blanks. This is illustrated by the search for fundamental factors that lurk behind skewed frequency distributions of sulfur laboratory blanks and 85Kr environmental baselines, and the application of robust statistical procedures for reliable detection decisions in the face of skewed isotopic carbon procedural blanks with few degrees of freedom.

On the modeling of separation foils in thermoforming simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Margossian, Alexane; Bel, Sylvain; Hinterhölzl, Roland

2016-10-01

Composite forming simulations consist in modelling the forming process of composite components to anticipate the occurrence of potential flaws such as out-of-plane wrinkles and fibre re-orientation. Forming methods often consist of automated processes in which flat composite blanks are forced to comply with tool geometries. Although Finite Element forming simulations require the modelling of all stakeholders (blankholder, tooling and composite blank), consumables such as separation films are often not considered. Used in thermoforming processes, these films are placed between tooling and composite to ease part removal after forming. These films are also used to decrease tool/ply friction and thus, enhance forming quality. This work presents thermoforming simulations of pre-impregnated carbon fibre thermoplastic blanks in which separation films are modelled in the same manner as composite layers, i.e. by a layer of shell elements. The mechanical properties of such films are also characterised at the same temperature as forming occurs. The proposed approach is finally compared to the actual modelling method, in which separation films are not modelled as such but in which their influence is only considered within the friction coefficient between tooling and blank.

High-Speed Friction-Stir Welding To Enable Aluminum Tailor-Welded Blanks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hovanski, Yuri; Upadhyay, Piyush; Carsley, John

Current joining technologies for automotive aluminum alloys are utilized in low-volume and niche applications, and have yet to be scaled for the high-volume vehicle market. This study targeted further weight reduction, part reduction, and cost savings by enabling tailor-welded blank technology for aluminum alloys at high-volumes. While friction stir welding has been traditionally applied at linear velocities less than one meter per minute, high volume production applications demand the process be extended to higher velocities more amenable to cost sensitive production environments. Unfortunately, weld parameters and performance developed and characterized at low to moderate welding velocities do not directly translatemore » to high speed linear friction stir welding. Therefore, in order to facilitate production of high volume aluminum welded components, parameters were developed with a minimum welding velocity of three meters per minute. With an emphasis on weld quality, welded blanks were evaluated for post-weld formability utilizing a combination of numerical and experimental methods. Evaluation across scales was ultimately validated by stamping full-size production door inner panels made from dissimilar thickness aluminum tailor-welded blanks, which provided validation of the numerical and experimental analysis of laboratory scale tests.« less

Process Design of Aluminum Tailor Heat Treated Blanks.

PubMed

Kahrimanidis, Alexander; Lechner, Michael; Degner, Julia; Wortberg, Daniel; Merklein, Marion

2015-12-09

In many industrials field, especially in the automotive sector, there is a trend toward lightweight constructions in order to reduce the weight and thereby the CO₂ and NO x emissions of the products. An auspicious approach within this context is the substitution of conventional deep drawing steel by precipitation hardenable aluminum alloys. However, based on the low formability, the application for complex stamping parts is challenging. Therefore, at the Institute of Manufacturing Technology, an innovative technology to enhance the forming limit of these lightweight materials was invented. The key idea of the so-called Tailor Heat Treated Blanks (THTB) is optimization of the mechanical properties by local heat treatment before the forming operation. An accurate description of material properties is crucial to predict the forming behavior of tailor heat treated blanks by simulation. Therefore, within in this research project, a holistic approach for the design of the THTB process in dependency of the main influencing parameters is presented and discussed in detail. The capability of the approach for the process development of complex forming operations is demonstrated by a comparison of local blank thickness of a tailgate with the corresponding results from simulation.

Process Design of Aluminum Tailor Heat Treated Blanks

PubMed Central

Kahrimanidis, Alexander; Lechner, Michael; Degner, Julia; Wortberg, Daniel; Merklein, Marion

2015-01-01

In many industrials field, especially in the automotive sector, there is a trend toward lightweight constructions in order to reduce the weight and thereby the CO2 and NOx emissions of the products. An auspicious approach within this context is the substitution of conventional deep drawing steel by precipitation hardenable aluminum alloys. However, based on the low formability, the application for complex stamping parts is challenging. Therefore, at the Institute of Manufacturing Technology, an innovative technology to enhance the forming limit of these lightweight materials was invented. The key idea of the so-called Tailor Heat Treated Blanks (THTB) is optimization of the mechanical properties by local heat treatment before the forming operation. An accurate description of material properties is crucial to predict the forming behavior of tailor heat treated blanks by simulation. Therefore, within in this research project, a holistic approach for the design of the THTB process in dependency of the main influencing parameters is presented and discussed in detail. The capability of the approach for the process development of complex forming operations is demonstrated by a comparison of local blank thickness of a tailgate with the corresponding results from simulation. PMID:28793727

High-Speed Friction-Stir Welding to Enable Aluminum Tailor-Welded Blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hovanski, Yuri; Upadhyay, Piyush; Carsley, John; Luzanski, Tom; Carlson, Blair; Eisenmenger, Mark; Soulami, Ayoub; Marshall, Dustin; Landino, Brandon; Hartfield-Wunsch, Susan

2015-05-01

Current welding technologies for production of aluminum tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) are utilized in low-volume and niche applications, and they have yet to be scaled for the high-volume vehicle market. This study targeted further weight reduction, part reduction, and cost savings by enabling tailor-welded blank technology for aluminum alloys at high volumes. While friction-stir welding (FSW) has been traditionally applied at linear velocities less than 1 m/min, high-volume production applications demand the process be extended to higher velocities more amenable to cost-sensitive production environments. Unfortunately, weld parameters and performance developed and characterized at low-to-moderate welding velocities do not directly translate to high-speed linear FSW. Therefore, to facilitate production of high-volume aluminum FSW components, parameters were developed with a minimum welding velocity of 3 m/min. With an emphasis on weld quality, welded blanks were evaluated for postweld formability using a combination of numerical and experimental methods. An evaluation across scales was ultimately validated by stamping full-size production door inner panels made from dissimilar thickness aluminum TWBs, which provided validation of the numerical and experimental analysis of laboratory-scale tests.

Evolutions of Advanced Stamping CAE — Technology Adventures and Business Impact on Automotive Dies and Stamping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Chuantao (C. T.)

2005-08-01

In the past decade, sheet metal forming and die development has been transformed to a science-based and technology-driven engineering and manufacturing enterprise from a tryout-based craft. Stamping CAE, especially the sheet metal forming simulation, as one of the core components in digital die making and digital stamping, has played a key role in this historical transition. The stamping simulation technology and its industrial applications have greatly impacted automotive sheet metal product design, die developments, die construction and tryout, and production stamping. The stamping CAE community has successfully resolved the traditional formability problems such as splits and wrinkles. The evolution of the stamping CAE technology and business demands opens even greater opportunities and challenges to stamping CAE community in the areas of (1) continuously improving simulation accuracy, drastically reducing simulation time-in-system, and improving operationalability (friendliness), (2) resolving those historically difficult-to-resolve problems such as dimensional quality problems (springback and twist) and surface quality problems (distortion and skid/impact lines), (3) resolving total manufacturability problems in line die operations including blanking, draw/redraw, trim/piercing, and flanging, and (4) overcoming new problems in forming new sheet materials with new forming techniques. In this article, the author first provides an overview of the stamping CAE technology adventures and achievements, and industrial applications in the past decade. Then the author presents a summary of increasing manufacturability needs from the formability to total quality and total manufacturability of sheet metal stampings. Finally, the paper outlines the new needs and trends for continuous improvements and innovations to meet increasing challenges in line die formability and quality requirements in automotive stamping.

Review of Trace-Element Field-Blank Data Collected for the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program, May 2004-January 2008

USGS Publications Warehouse

Olsen, Lisa D.; Fram, Miranda S.; Belitz, Kenneth

2010-01-01

Trace-element quality-control samples (for example, source-solution blanks, field blanks, and field replicates) were collected as part of a statewide investigation of groundwater quality in California, known as the Priority Basins Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basins Project is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) to assess and monitor the quality of groundwater resources used for drinking-water supply and to improve public knowledge of groundwater quality in California. Trace-element field blanks were collected to evaluate potential bias in the corresponding environmental data. Bias in the environmental data could result from contamination in the field during sample collection, from the groundwater coming into contact with contaminants on equipment surfaces or from other sources, or from processing, shipping, or analyzing the samples. Bias affects the interpretation of environmental data, particularly if any constituents are present solely as a result of extrinsic contamination that would have otherwise been absent from the groundwater that was sampled. Field blanks were collected, analyzed, and reviewed to identify and quantify extrinsic contamination bias. Data derived from source-solution blanks and laboratory quality-control samples also were considered in evaluating potential contamination bias. Eighty-six field-blank samples collected from May 2004 to January 2008 were analyzed for the concentrations of 25 trace elements. Results from these field blanks were used to interpret the data for the 816 samples of untreated groundwater collected over the same period. Constituents analyzed were aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), thallium (Tl), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). The detection frequency and the 90th percentile concentration at greater than 90 percent confidence were determined from the field-blank data for each trace element, and these results were compared to each constituent's long-term method detection level (LT-MDL) to determine whether a study reporting level (SRL) was necessary to ensure that no more than 10 percent of the detections in groundwater samples could be attributed solely to contamination bias. Only two of the trace elements analyzed, Li and Se, had zero detections in the 86 field blanks. Ten other trace elements (Sb, As, Be, B, Cd, Co, Mo, Ag, Tl, and U) were detected in fewer than 5 percent of the field blanks. The field-blank results for these constituents did not necessitate establishing SRLs. Of the 13 constituents that were detected in more than 5 percent of the field blanks, six (Al, Ba, Cr, Mn, Hg, and V) had field-blank results that indicated a need for SRLs that were at or below the highest laboratory reporting levels (LRL) used during the sampling period; these SRLs were needed for concentrations between the LT-MDLs and LRLs. The other seven constituents with detection frequencies above 5 percent (Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Sr, W, and Zn) had field-blank results that necessitated SRLs greater than the highest LRLs used during the study period. SRLs for these seven constituents, each set at the 90th percentile of their concentrations in the field blanks, were at least an order of magnitude below the regulatory thresholds established for drinking water for health or aesthetic purposes; therefore, reporting values below the SRLs as less than or equal to (=) the measured value would not prevent the identification of values greater than the drinking-water thresholds. The SRLs and drinking-water thresholds, respectively, for these 7 trace elements are Cu (1.7 ?g/L and 1,300

Automated Rapid Prototyping of 3D Ceramic Parts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McMillin, Scott G.; Griffin, Eugene A.; Griffin, Curtis W.; Coles, Peter W. H.; Engle, James D.

2005-01-01

An automated system of manufacturing equipment produces three-dimensional (3D) ceramic parts specified by computational models of the parts. The system implements an advanced, automated version of a generic rapid-prototyping process in which the fabrication of an object having a possibly complex 3D shape includes stacking of thin sheets, the outlines of which closely approximate the horizontal cross sections of the object at their respective heights. In this process, the thin sheets are made of a ceramic precursor material, and the stack is subsequently heated to transform it into a unitary ceramic object. In addition to the computer used to generate the computational model of the part to be fabricated, the equipment used in this process includes: 1) A commercially available laminated-object-manufacturing machine that was originally designed for building woodlike 3D objects from paper and was modified to accept sheets of ceramic precursor material, and 2) A machine designed specifically to feed single sheets of ceramic precursor material to the laminated-object-manufacturing machine. Like other rapid-prototyping processes that utilize stacking of thin sheets, this process begins with generation of the computational model of the part to be fabricated, followed by computational sectioning of the part into layers of predetermined thickness that collectively define the shape of the part. Information about each layer is transmitted to rapid-prototyping equipment, where the part is built layer by layer. What distinguishes this process from other rapid-prototyping processes that utilize stacking of thin sheets are the details of the machines and the actions that they perform. In this process, flexible sheets of ceramic precursor material (called "green" ceramic sheets) suitable for lamination are produced by tape casting. The binder used in the tape casting is specially formulated to enable lamination of layers with little or no applied heat or pressure. The tape is cut into individual sheets, which are stacked in the sheet-feeding machine until used. The sheet-feeding machine can hold enough sheets for about 8 hours of continuous operation.

Scribbling on the blank sheet: Eddington's structuralist conception of objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

French, Steven

Although Eddington's philosophy of physics has been subjected to critical re-evaluation in recent years, neither the exact nature of his structuralist views nor his response to criticism by the likes of Braithwaite have been made clear. In this paper I trace, in particular, the incorporation into Eddington's structuralism of the non-classical indistinguishability of quantum objects. His metaphysical view of such objects as the product of group-theoretical analysis is crucial for understanding his response to Braithwaite's criticisms of the whole structuralist endeavor. These criticisms closely resemble more recent attacks on structural realism in the philosophy of science. I conclude with a brief comparison between these more modern forms of structuralism and Eddington's.

17 CFR Appendix D to Part 40 - Submission Cover Sheet and Instructions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Submission Cover Sheet and Instructions D Appendix D to Part 40 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION PROVISIONS COMMON TO REGISTERED ENTITIES Pt. 40, App. D Appendix D to Part 40—Submission Cover Sheet and...

Reversible micromachining locator

DOEpatents

Salzer, L.J.; Foreman, L.R.

1999-08-31

This invention provides a device which includes a locator, a kinematic mount positioned on a conventional tooling machine, a part carrier disposed on the locator and a retainer ring. The locator has disposed therein a plurality of steel balls, placed in an equidistant position circumferentially around the locator. The kinematic mount includes a plurality of magnets which are in registry with the steel balls on the locator. In operation, a blank part to be machined is placed between a surface of a locator and the retainer ring (fitting within the part carrier). When the locator (with a blank part to be machined) is coupled to the kinematic mount, the part is thus exposed for the desired machining process. Because the locator is removably attachable to the kinematic mount, it can easily be removed from the mount, reversed, and reinserted onto the mount for additional machining. Further, the locator can likewise be removed from the mount and placed onto another tooling machine having a properly aligned kinematic mount. Because of the unique design and use of magnetic forces of the present invention, positioning errors of less than 0.25 micrometer for each machining process can be achieved. 7 figs.

Silver and tin plating as medieval techniques of producing counterfeit coins and their identification by means of micro-XRF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hložek, M.; Trojek, T.

2017-08-01

Archaeological surveys and metal detector prospecting yield a great amount of coins from the medieval period. Naturally, some of these are counterfeit which an experienced numismatist can determine without using chemical methods. The production of counterfeit coins in the middle ages took place in castles, caves or other remote areas where waste from this activity can still be found today - copper sheets, technical ceramics and counterfeit coins. Until recently, it has been assumed that medieval counterfeit coins are made by silver-plating copper blanks using an amalgam. However, the performed analyses reveal that there are many more techniques of counterfeiting of coins. Other techniques were based on e.g. tin amalgam plating of the blanks or alloying so-called white metal with silver-like appearance from which the coins were minted. Current chemical analyses indicate that the coins were often tinned by hot dipping with no amalgamation. Micro-X-ray fluorescence analysis has been chosen as a suitable non-destructive method to identify present chemical elements in investigated artifacts and to quantify their concentrations. In addition, a quick technique telltale the plating was applied. This technique utilizes the detected fluorescence ratio Kα/Kβ of copper, which is the main ingredient of a lot of historical metallic materials.

32 CFR Appendix E to Part 505 - Litigation Status Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Litigation Status Sheet E Appendix E to Part 505 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY AID OF CIVIL AUTHORITIES AND PUBLIC RELATIONS ARMY PRIVACY ACT PROGRAM Pt. 505, App. E Appendix E to Part 505—Litigation Status Sheet...

32 CFR Appendix E to Part 505 - Litigation Status Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 3 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Litigation Status Sheet E Appendix E to Part 505 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY AID OF CIVIL AUTHORITIES AND PUBLIC RELATIONS ARMY PRIVACY ACT PROGRAM Pt. 505, App. E Appendix E to Part 505—Litigation Status Sheet...

46 CFR Appendix IV to Part 150 - Data Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Data Sheet IV Appendix IV to Part 150 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES COMPATIBILITY OF CARGOES Pt. 150, App. IV Appendix IV to Part 150—Data Sheet EC02FE91.080 EC02FE91.081 ...

46 CFR Appendix IV to Part 150 - Data Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Data Sheet IV Appendix IV to Part 150 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES COMPATIBILITY OF CARGOES Pt. 150, App. IV Appendix IV to Part 150—Data Sheet EC02FE91.080 EC02FE91.081 ...

46 CFR Appendix IV to Part 150 - Data Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Data Sheet IV Appendix IV to Part 150 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES COMPATIBILITY OF CARGOES Pt. 150, App. IV Appendix IV to Part 150—Data Sheet EC02FE91.080 EC02FE91.081 ...

46 CFR Appendix IV to Part 150 - Data Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Data Sheet IV Appendix IV to Part 150 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES COMPATIBILITY OF CARGOES Pt. 150, App. IV Appendix IV to Part 150—Data Sheet EC02FE91.080 EC02FE91.081 ...

46 CFR Appendix IV to Part 150 - Data Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Data Sheet IV Appendix IV to Part 150 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES COMPATIBILITY OF CARGOES Pt. 150, App. IV Appendix IV to Part 150—Data Sheet EC02FE91.080 EC02FE91.081 ...

32 CFR Appendix H to Part 310 - Litigation Status Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Litigation Status Sheet H Appendix H to Part 310 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (CONTINUED) PRIVACY PROGRAM DOD PRIVACY PROGRAM Pt. 310, App. H Appendix H to Part 310—Litigation Status Sheet (See § 310.49...

A high-resolution synthetic bed elevation grid of the Antarctic continent

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Graham, Felicity S.; Roberts, Jason L.; Galton-Fenzi, Ben K.; Young, Duncan; Blankenship, Donald; Siegert, Martin J.

2017-05-01

Digital elevation models of Antarctic bed topography are smoothed and interpolated onto low-resolution ( > 1 km) grids as current observed topography data are generally sparsely and unevenly sampled. This issue has potential implications for numerical simulations of ice-sheet dynamics, especially in regions prone to instability where detailed knowledge of the topography, including fine-scale roughness, is required. Here, we present a high-resolution (100 m) synthetic bed elevation terrain for Antarctica, encompassing the continent, continental shelf, and seas south of 60° S. Although not identically matching observations, the synthetic bed surface - denoted as HRES - preserves topographic roughness characteristics of airborne and ground-based ice-penetrating radar data measured by the ICECAP (Investigating the Cryospheric Evolution of the Central Antarctic Plate) consortium or used to create the Bedmap1 compilation. Broad-scale ( > 5 km resolution) features of the Antarctic landscape are incorporated using a low-pass filter of the Bedmap2 bed elevation data. HRES has applicability in high-resolution ice-sheet modelling studies, including investigations of the interaction between topography, ice-sheet dynamics, and hydrology, where processes are highly sensitive to bed elevations and fine-scale roughness. The data are available for download from the Australian Antarctic Data Centre (doi:10.4225/15/57464ADE22F50).

Embedded Heaters for Joining or Separating Plastic Parts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bryant, Melvin A., III

2004-01-01

A proposed thermal-bonding technique would make it possible to join or separate thermoplastic parts quickly and efficiently. The technique would eliminate the need for conventional welding or for such conventional fastening components as bolted flanges or interlocking hooks. The technique could be particularly useful in the sign industry (in which large quantities of thermoplastics are used) or could be used to join plastic pipes. A thin sheet of a suitable electrically conductive material would be formed to fit between two thermoplastic parts to be joined (see figure). The electrically conductive sheet and the two parts would be put together tightly, then an electrical current would be sent through the conductor to heat the thermoplastic locally. The magnitude of the current and the heating time would be chosen to generate just enough heat to cause the thermoplastic to adhere to both sides of the electrically conductive sheet. Optionally, the electrically conductive sheet could contain many small holes to provide purchase or to increase electrical resistance to facilitate the generation of heat. After thermal bonding, the electrically conductive sheet remains as an integral part of the structure. If necessary, the electrically conductive sheet can be reheated later to separate the joined thermoplastic parts.

Explosive force of primacord grid forms large sheet metal parts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1966-01-01

Primacord which is woven through fish netting in a grid pattern is used for explosive forming of large sheet metal parts. The explosive force generated by the primacord detonation is uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the sheet metal workpiece.

La Palabra es Nuestra: Primaria para Adultos. Segunda Parte, Volumen 1-2. Edicion Experimental (The Language Is Ours: Primer for Adults. Part Two, Volumes 1-2. Experimental Edition).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Instituto Nacional para la Educacion de los Adultos, Mexico City (Mexico).

These workbooks are part of a Mexican series of instructional materials designed for Spanish speaking adults who are in the process becoming literate or have recently become literate in their native language. They provide readings and exercises for developing literacy skills. Pictures and fill-in-the blank exercises appear frequently. Volume 1…

Trusted Computing Exemplar: Life Cycle Management Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-12

Provost The report ...OPNAV N2/N6. Further distribution of all or part of this report is authorized. This report was prepared by...THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 35 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden

77 FR 1668 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-11

... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review... (CVD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period January... companies: Ester Industries Limited (Ester), Garware Polyester Ltd. (Garware), Jindal Poly Films Limited of...

76 FR 39855 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-07

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-825] Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review... order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period January 1, 2009...

Innovative production technology in aircraft construction: CIAM Forming 'made by MBB' - A highly productive example

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

A novel production technology in aircraft construction was developed for manufacturing parts of shapes and dimensions that involve only small quantities for one machine. The process, called computerized integrated and automated manufacturing (CIAM), makes it possible to make ready-to-install sheet-metal parts for all types of aircraft. All of the system's job sequences, which include milling the flat sheet-metal parts in stacks, deburring, heat treatment, and forming under the high-pressure rubber-pad press, are automated. The CIAM production center, called SIAM Forming, fulfills the prerequisites for the cost-effective production of sheet-metal parts made of aluminum alloys, titanium, or steel. The SIAM procedure results in negligible material loss through computerizing both component-contour nesting of the sheet-metal parts and contour milling.

Numerical analysis of the flexible roll forming of an automotive component from high strength steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abeyrathna, B.; Abvabi, A.; Rolfe, B.; Taube, R.; Weiss, M.

2016-11-01

Conventional roll forming is limited to components with uniform cross-section; the recently developed flexible roll forming (FRF) process can be used to form components which vary in both width and depth. It has been suggested that this process can be used to manufacture automotive components from Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) which has limited tensile elongation. In the flexible roll forming process, the pre-cut blank is fed through a set of rolls; some rolls are computer-numerically controlled (CNC) to follow the 3D contours of the part and hence parts with a variable cross-section can be produced. This paper introduces a new flexible roll forming technique which can be used to form a complex shape with the minimum tooling requirements. In this method, the pre-cut blank is held between two dies and the whole system moves back and forth past CNC forming rolls. The forming roll changes its angle and position in each pass to incrementally form the part. In this work, the process is simulated using the commercial software package Copra FEA. The distribution of total strain and final part quality are investigated as well as related shape defects observed in the process. Different tooling concepts are used to improve the strain distribution and hence the part quality.

Space shuttle/payload interface analysis. Volume 4: Business Risk and Value of Operations in Space (BRAVO). Part 3: Workbook

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

A collection of blank worksheets for use on each BRAVO problem to be analyzed is supplied, for the purposes of recording the inputs for the BRAVO analysis, working out the definition of mission equipment, recording inputs to the satellite synthesis computer program, estimating satellite earth station costs, costing terrestrial systems, and cost effectiveness calculations. The group of analysts working BRAVO will normally use a set of worksheets on each problem, however, the workbook pages are of sufficiently good quality that the user can duplicate them, if more worksheet blanks are required than supplied. For Vol. 1, see N74-12493; for Vol. 2, see N74-14530.

NHEXAS PHASE I ARIZONA STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR PESTICIDE METABOLITES IN BLANK SAMPLES

EPA Science Inventory

The Pesticide Metabolites in Blank Samples data set contains the analytical results of measurements of up to 4 pesticide metabolites in 3 blank samples from 3 households. Measurements were made in blank samples of urine. Blank samples were used to assess the potential for sampl...

NHEXAS PHASE I MARYLAND STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR METALS IN BLANKS

EPA Science Inventory

The Metals in Blanks data set contains the analytical results of measurements of up to 11 metals in 115 blank samples from 58 households. Measurements were made in blank samples of indoor and outdoor air, drinking water, beverages, urine, and blood. Blank samples were used to a...

NHEXAS PHASE I MARYLAND STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR PESTICIDES IN BLANKS

EPA Science Inventory

The Pesticides in Blanks data set contains the analytical results of measurements of up to 20 pesticides in 70 blank samples from 46 households. Measurements were made in blank samples of indoor air, dust, soil, drinking water, food, beverages, and blood serum. Blank samples we...

NHEXAS PHASE I MARYLAND STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR PESTICIDE METABOLITES IN BLANKS

EPA Science Inventory

The Pesticide Metabolites in Blanks data set contains the analytical results of measurements of up to 4 pesticide metabolites in 14 blank samples from 13 households. Measurements were made in blank samples of urine. Blank samples were used to assess the potential for sample con...

Strength and Formability Improvement of Al-Cu-Mn Aluminum Alloy Complex Parts by Thermomechanical Treatment with Sheet Hydroforming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yi-Zhe; Liu, Wei; Yuan, Shi-Jian

2015-05-01

Normally, the strength and formability of aluminum alloys can be increased largely by severe plastic deformation and heat treatment. However, many plastic deformation processes are more suitable for making raw material, not for formed parts. In this article, an experimental study of the thermomechanical treatment by using the sheet hydroforming process was developed to improve both mechanical strength and formability for aluminum alloys in forming complex parts. The limiting drawing ratio, thickness, and strain distribution of complex parts formed by sheet hydroforming were investigated to study the formability and sheet-deformation behavior. Based on the optimal formed parts, the tensile strength, microhardness, grain structure, and strengthening precipitates were analyzed to identify the strengthening effect of thermomechanical treatment. The results show that in the solution state, the limiting drawing ratio of cylindrical parts could be increased for 10.9% compared with traditional deep drawing process. The peak values of tensile stress and microhardness of formed parts are 18.0% and 12.5% higher than that in T6 state. This investigation shows that the thermomechanical treatment by sheet hydroforming is a potential method for the products manufacturing of aluminum alloy with high strength and good formability.

Fractional Parts. Elementary Module for Use in a Mathematics Laboratory Setting.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Charbonneau, Manon P.

This module, concerned with fractional parts, contains 15 activity sheets, 12 of these involve students in making fractional parts and discovering the relationships of less than, equal to, and greater than, between different fractional parts. The last three sheets are for extending and enriching experiences with fractional parts. Teaching…

Lightweight long life heat exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, E. K.

1975-01-01

The design, fabrication, and evaluation of a full scale shuttle-type condensing heat exchanger constructed of aluminum and utilizing aluminum clad titanium parting sheets is described. A long term salt spray test of candidate parting sheet specimens is described. The results of an investigation into an alternate method of making composite sheet material are discussed.

76 FR 58244 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-20

... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... review of the antidumping duty (AD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India... Petitioners \\1\\ for five companies: Ester Industries Limited, Garware Polyester Ltd., Jindal Poly Films...

77 FR 3730 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-25

... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period July 1, 2010, through June 30...), Garware Polyester Ltd. (Garware), Jindal Poly Films Limited of India (Jindal), Polyplex [[Page 3731...

76 FR 39855 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-07

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-533-824] Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY... terephthalate film, sheet and strip from India covering the period July 1, 2009, through June 30, 2010. See...

NHEXAS PHASE I REGION 5 STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR METALS IN BLANKS

EPA Science Inventory

This data set includes analytical results for measurements of metals in 205 blank samples and for particles in 64 blank samples. Measurements were made for up to 12 metals in blank samples of air, dust, soil, water, food and beverages, blood, hair, and urine. Blank samples were u...

A new bed elevation model for the Weddell Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeofry, Hafeez; Ross, Neil; Corr, Hugh F. J.; Li, Jilu; Morlighem, Mathieu; Gogineni, Prasad; Siegert, Martin J.

2018-04-01

We present a new digital elevation model (DEM) of the bed, with a 1 km gridding, of the Weddell Sea (WS) sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The DEM has a total area of ˜ 125 000 km2 covering the Institute, Möller and Foundation ice streams, as well as the Bungenstock ice rise. In comparison with the Bedmap2 product, our DEM includes new aerogeophysical datasets acquired by the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) through the NASA Operation IceBridge (OIB) program in 2012, 2014 and 2016. We also improve bed elevation information from the single largest existing dataset in the region, collected by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Polarimetric radar Airborne Science Instrument (PASIN) in 2010-2011, from the relatively crude measurements determined in the field for quality control purposes used in Bedmap2. While the gross form of the new DEM is similar to Bedmap2, there are some notable differences. For example, the position and size of a deep subglacial trough (˜ 2 km below sea level) between the ice-sheet interior and the grounding line of the Foundation Ice Stream have been redefined. From the revised DEM, we are able to better derive the expected routing of basal water and, by comparison with that calculated using Bedmap2, we are able to assess regions where hydraulic flow is sensitive to change. Given the potential vulnerability of this sector to ocean-induced melting at the grounding line, especially in light of the improved definition of the Foundation Ice Stream trough, our revised DEM will be of value to ice-sheet modelling in efforts to quantify future glaciological changes in the region and, from this, the potential impact on global sea level. The new 1 km bed elevation product of the WS sector can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1035488.

Evaluation of quality-control data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey for routine water-quality activities at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 1996–2001

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rattray, Gordon W.

2012-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, collects surface water and groundwater samples at and near the Idaho National Laboratory as part of a routine, site-wide, water-quality monitoring program. Quality-control samples are collected as part of the program to ensure and document the quality of environmental data. From 1996 to 2001, quality-control samples consisting of 204 replicates and 27 blanks were collected at sampling sites. Paired measurements from replicates were used to calculate variability (as reproducibility and reliability) from sample collection and analysis of radiochemical, chemical, and organic constituents. Measurements from field and equipment blanks were used to estimate the potential contamination bias of constituents. The reproducibility of measurements of constituents was calculated from paired measurements as the normalized absolute difference (NAD) or the relative standard deviation (RSD). The NADs and RSDs, as well as paired measurements with censored or estimated concentrations for which NADs and RSDs were not calculated, were compared to specified criteria to determine if the paired measurements had acceptable reproducibility. If the percentage of paired measurements with acceptable reproducibility for a constituent was greater than or equal to 90 percent, then the reproducibility for that constituent was considered acceptable. The percentage of paired measurements with acceptable reproducibility was greater than or equal to 90 percent for all constituents except orthophosphate (89 percent), zinc (80 percent), hexavalent chromium (53 percent), and total organic carbon (TOC; 38 percent). The low reproducibility for orthophosphate and zinc was attributed to calculation of RSDs for replicates with low concentrations of these constituents. The low reproducibility for hexavalent chromium and TOC was attributed to the inability to preserve hexavalent chromium in water samples and high variability with the analytical method for TOC. The reliability of measurements of constituents was estimated from pooled RSDs that were calculated for discrete concentration ranges for each constituent. Pooled RSDs of 15 to 33 percent were calculated for low concentrations of gross-beta radioactivity, strontium-90, ammonia, nitrite, orthophosphate, nickel, selenium, zinc, tetrachloroethene, and toluene. Lower pooled RSDs of 0 to 12 percent were calculated for all other concentration ranges of these constituents, and for all other constituents, except for one concentration range for gross-beta radioactivity, chloride, and nitrate + nitrite; two concentration ranges for hexavalent chromium; and TOC. Pooled RSDs for the 50 to 60 picocuries per liter concentration range of gross-beta radioactivity (reported as cesium-137) and the 10 to 60 milligrams per liter (mg/L) concentration range of nitrate + nitrite (reported as nitrogen [N]) were 17 percent. Chloride had a pooled RSD of 14 percent for the 20 to less than 60 mg/L concentration range. High pooled RSDs of 40 and 51 percent were calculated for two concentration ranges for hexavalent chromium and of 60 percent for TOC. Measurements from (1) field blanks were used to estimate the potential bias associated with environmental samples from sample collection and analysis, (2) equipment blanks were used to estimate the potential bias from cross contamination of samples collected from wells where portable sampling equipment was used, and (3) a source-solution blank was used to verify that the deionized water source-solution was free of the constituents of interest. If more than one measurement was available, the bias was estimated using order statistics and the binomial probability distribution. The source-solution blank had a detectable concentration of hexavalent chromium of 2 micrograms per liter. If this bias was from a source other than the source solution, then about 84 percent of the 117 hexavalent chromium measurements from environmental samples could have a bias of 10 percent or more. Of the 14 field blanks that were collected, only chloride (0.2 milligrams per liter) and ammonia (0.03 milligrams per liter as nitrogen), in one blank each, had detectable concentrations. With an estimated confidencelevel of 95 percent, at least 80 percent of the 1,987 chloride concentrations measured from all environmental samples had a potential bias of less than 8 percent. The ammonia bias, which may have occurred at the analytical laboratory, could produce a potential bias of 5-100 percent in eight potentially affected ammonia measurements. Of the 11 equipment blanks that were collected, chloride was detected in 4 of these blanks, sodium in 3 blanks, and sulfate and hexavalent chromium were each detected in 1 blank. The concentration of hexavalent chromium in the equipment blank was the same concentration as in the source-solution blank collected on the same day, which indicates that the hexavalent chromium in the equipment blank is probably from a source other than the portable sampling equipment, such as the sample bottles or the source-solution water itself. The potential bias for chloride, sodium, and sulfate measurements was estimated for environmental samples that were collected using portable sampling equipment. For chloride, it was estimated with 93 percent confidence that at least 80 percent of the measurements had a bias of less than 18 percent. For sodium and sulfate, it was estimated with 91 percent confidence that at least 70 percent of the measurements had a bias of less than 12 and 5 percent, respectively.

On the construction of a 2-metre mirror blank for the universal reflecting telescope in Tautenburg (German Title: Über die Fertigung eines 2-Meter-Spiegelträgers für das Universal-Spiegelteleskop in Tautenburg )

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lödel, Wolfgang

The astronomers' desire to penetrate deeper into space transforms into a demand for larger telescopes. The primary mirror constitutes the main part of a reflecting telescope, and it determines all subsequent activities. Already in the 1930s activities existed in the Schott company to manufacture mirror blanks up to diameters of 2 metres, which could not be pursued because of political constraints. This ambitious goal was again picked up a few years after the war. At a time when the procurement of raw materials was extremely difficult, the glass workers of Schott in Jena attacked this large project. After some failures, a good mirror blank could be delivered to the Carl Zeiss Company in 1951 for further processing and for the construction of the first 2-metre reflecting telescope. From 1960 to 1986, this mirror made from optical glass ZK7 served its purpose at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg. lt was then replaced by a zero expansion glass ceramics mirror.

Cryogenic Test Results of Hextek Mirror

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hadaway, James; Stahl, H. Philip; Eng, Ron; Hogue, William

2004-01-01

A 250 mm diameter lightweight borosilicate mirror has been interferometrically tested from room-temperature down to 30 K at the X-Ray Calibration Facility (XRCF) at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The minor blank was manufactured by Hextek Corporation using a high-temperature gas fusion process and was then polished at MSFC. It is a sandwich-type mirror consisting of a thin face-sheet (approx.1.5 mm thick), a core structure (20 mm thick, approx.43 mm diameter cells, & 0.5-1.2 mm thick walls), and a thin back-sheet (3 mm thick). The mirror has a 2500 mm spherical radius-of- curvature @/lo). The areal density is 14 kg/sq m. The mirror was tested in the 1 m x 2 m chamber using an Instantaneous Phase Interferometer (PI) from ADE Phase Shift Technologies. The mirror was tested twice. The first test measured the change in surface figure from ambient to 30 K and the repeatability of the change. An attempt was then made by QED Technologies to cryo-figure the mirror using magnetorheological finishing. The second test measured the effectiveness of the cryo- figuring. This paper will describe the test goals, the test instrumentation, and the test results for these cryogenic tests.

Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welded Ultra-high Strength Chromium Steel with Martensitic Microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dahmen, Martin; Janzen, Vitalij; Lindner, Stefan; Wagener, Rainer

A new class of steels is going to be introduced into sheet manufacturing. Stainless ferritic and martensitic steels open up opportunities for sheet metal fabrication including hot stamping. A strength of up to 2 GPa at a fracture strain of 15% can be attained. Welding of these materials became apparently a challenge. Energy-reduced welding methods with in-situ heat treatment are required in order to ensure the delicate and complex heat control. Laser beam welding is the joining technique of choice to supply minimum heat input to the fusion process and to apply an efficient heat control. For two application cases, production of tailored blanks in as-rolled condition and welding in assembly in hot stamped conditions, welding processes have been developed. The welding suitability is shown in metallurgical investigations of the welds. Crash tests based on the KSII concept as well as fatigue tests prove the applicability of the joining method. For the case of assembly also joining with deep drawing and manganese boron steel was taken into consideration. The strength of the joint is determined by the weaker partner but can benefit from its ductility.

U.S.-MEXICO BORDER PROGRAM ARIZONA BORDER STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR METALS IN BLANK SAMPLES

EPA Science Inventory

The Metals in Blank Samples data set contains the analytical results of measurements of up to 27 metals in 52 blank samples. Measurements were made in blank samples of dust, indoor air, food, water, and dermal wipe residue. Blank samples were used to assess the potential for sa...

Improving the safety net for single mothers who face serious barriers to work.

PubMed

Blank, Rebecca M

2007-01-01

Rebecca Blank explores a weakness of the welfare reforms of the mid-1990s--the failure of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program to address the plight of so-called "hard to employ" single mothers and their children. TANF has moved many women on the welfare caseload into work, but the services it provides are not intensive or flexible enough to meet the needs of women with multiple disadvantages who find it difficult to get and keep full-time employment. Blank notes that many of these women have lost welfare benefits because of their failure to find work. Increasingly, studies show that the number of single mothers who are neither working nor on welfare has grown significantly over the past ten years. Such "disconnected" women now make up 20 to 25 percent of all low-income single mothers, and reported income in these families is extremely low. Disconnected women are likely to report multiple and serious barriers to work, including low education, learning disabilities, health problems, or a history of domestic violence or substance abuse. Counting both longer-term welfare recipients and women who are neither working nor on welfare, Blank estimates that about 2.2 million women who head families are not able to find jobs or, if they do, cannot keep them. And almost 4 million children are in the care of these severely challenged single mothers. Blank proposes a Temporary and Partial Work Waiver Program to provide more effective employment assistance and other supports for these women and their children. The program she proposes would recognize that some women might be able to work only part-time or be temporarily unable to work. It would supplement their earnings while also offering referral to services that both address their own work barriers and provide help for their children. The support, however, would be temporary. Women would be regularly reassessed for their readiness to return to work or work more hours. Such a program, Blank notes, would require intensive case management. Estimating the cost of such a program is difficult, she explains, because costs would depend heavily on the number of women who participate. But she offers a rough estimate of $2.8 billion, some of which is already being spent as part of the current TANF program.

Surrogate models for sheet metal stamping problem based on the combination of proper orthogonal decomposition and radial basis function

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dang, Van Tuan; Lafon, Pascal; Labergere, Carl

2017-10-01

In this work, a combination of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) is proposed to build a surrogate model based on the Benchmark Springback 3D bending from the Numisheet2011 congress. The influence of the two design parameters, the geometrical parameter of the die radius and the process parameter of the blank holder force, on the springback of the sheet after a stamping operation is analyzed. The classical Design of Experience (DoE) uses Full Factorial to design the parameter space with sample points as input data for finite element method (FEM) numerical simulation of the sheet metal stamping process. The basic idea is to consider the design parameters as additional dimensions for the solution of the displacement fields. The order of the resultant high-fidelity model is reduced through the use of POD method which performs model space reduction and results in the basis functions of the low order model. Specifically, the snapshot method is used in our work, in which the basis functions is derived from snapshot deviation of the matrix of the final displacements fields of the FEM numerical simulation. The obtained basis functions are then used to determine the POD coefficients and RBF is used for the interpolation of these POD coefficients over the parameter space. Finally, the presented POD-RBF approach which is used for shape optimization can be performed with high accuracy.

Transporter for Treated Sheet Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pollack, M., H.

1983-01-01

Plastic spacers keep parts separated during transport or storage. Cart with rods and spacers holds sheets with delicate finishes for storage or transport. Sheets supported vertically by rods, or horizontally. Spacers keep sheets separated. Designed to eliminate time and expense of tapping, wrapping, and sometimes refinishing aluminum sheets with delicate anodized finished.

An artificial vision solution for reusing discarded parts resulted after a manufacturing process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cohal, V.; Cohal, A.

2016-08-01

The profit of a factory can be improved by reusing the discarded components produced. This paper is based on the case of a manufacturing process where rectangular metallic sheets of different sizes are produced. Using an artificial vision system, the shapes and the sizes of the produced parts can be determined. Those sheets which do not respect the requirements imposed are labeled as discarded. Instead of throwing these parts, a decision algorithm can analyze if another metallic sheet with smaller dimensions can be obtained from these. Two methods of decision are presented in this paper, considering the restriction that the sides of the new sheet has to be parallel with the axis of the coordinate system. The coordinates of each new part obtained from a discarded sheet are computed in order to be delivered to a milling machine. Details about implementing these algorithms (image processing and decision respectively) in the MATLAB environment using Image Processing Toolbox are given.

Friction and lubrication modelling in sheet metal forming: Influence of lubrication amount, tool roughness and sheet coating on product quality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hol, J.; Wiebenga, J. H.; Carleer, B.

2017-09-01

In the stamping of automotive parts, friction and lubrication play a key role in achieving high quality products. In the development process of new automotive parts, it is therefore crucial to accurately account for these effects in sheet metal forming simulations. This paper presents a selection of results considering friction and lubrication modelling in sheet metal forming simulations of a front fender product. For varying lubrication conditions, the front fender can either show wrinkling or fractures. The front fender is modelled using different lubrication amounts, tool roughness’s and sheet coatings to show the strong influence of friction on both part quality and the overall production stability. For this purpose, the TriboForm software is used in combination with the AutoForm software. The results demonstrate that the TriboForm software enables the simulation of friction behaviour for varying lubrication conditions, i.e. resulting in a generally applicable approach for friction characterization under industrial sheet metal forming process conditions.

Material characterization and finite element simulations of aluminum alloy sheets during non-isothermal forming process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Nan

The utilization of more non-ferrous materials is one of the key factors to succeed out of the constantly increasing demand for lightweight vehicles in automotive sector. Aluminum-magnesium alloys have been identified as the most promising substitutions to the conventional steel without significant compromise in structural stiffness and strength. However, the conventional forming methods to deform the aluminum alloy sheets are either costly or insufficient in formability which limit the wide applications of aluminum alloy sheets. A recently proposed non-isothermal hot stamping approach, which is also referred as Hot Blank - Cold Die (HB-CD) stamping, aims at fitting the commercial grade aluminum alloy sheets, such as AA5XXX and AA7XXX, into high-volume and cost-effective production for automotive sector. In essence, HB-CD is a mutation of the conventional hot stamping approach for boron steel (22MnB5) which deforms the hot blank within the cold tool set. By elevating the operation temperature, the formability of aluminum alloy sheets can be significantly improved. Meanwhile, heating the blank only and deforming within the cold tool sets allow to reduce the energy and time consumed. This research work aims at conducting a comprehensive investigation of HB-CD with particular focuses on material characterization, constitutive modeling and coupled thermo-mechanical finite element simulations with validation. The material properties of AA5182-O, a popular commercial grade of aluminum alloy sheet in automotive sector, are obtained through isothermal tensile testing at temperatures from 25° to 300°, covering a quasi-static strain-rate range (0.001--0.1s-1). As the state-of-the-art non-contact strain measurement technique, digital image correlation (DIC) system is utilized to evaluate the stress-strain curves as well as to reveal the details of material deformation with full-field and multi-axis strain measurement. Material anisotropy is characterized by extracting the evolving yield stresses and Lankford coefficients (r-value) at various temperatures with specimens in 0°, 45° and 90° to the rolling direction. Besides, thermally-activated deformation mechanisms, dynamic strain ageing and dislocation climb, are identified to control the material deformation at the ambient-to-warm temperature range. For biaxial loading condition, the hydraulic bulge test has been performed and the evaluated effective stress-strain curve is found to be identical to that from uniaxial tests. A new piece-wised temperature-dependent phenomenological constitutive model has been developed to describe and predict the evolving stress-strain curves within the experimental condition. The power-law model is chosen for temperature ranges from 25° to 100° where negative strain rate sensitivity is observed. At elevated temperatures, a new model has been developed and expressed as the product of two power-law models. This proposed model has been proved to be capable of capturing both strain hardening and thermal softening behaviors of material, even for perfect plasticity with large strain conditions. To account for the directionality of the material properties in sheet metal, Yld2000-2d, which has been proved to be one of the most accurate and efficient yield functions for aluminum alloys in numerical analysis, is selected as the anisotropic yield function in this work. Eight parameters in Yld2000-2d have been determined and calibrated using the experimental results from uniaxial and biaxial testing of AA5182-O. Moreover, those eight parameters are fitted in to the temperature-dependent functions, hence the evolution of yield surface is predictable in response to the temperature changes. It is noticed that the material carries more anisotropy at ambient temperatures and tends to approach the isotropic behavior when the temperature elevated to 300°. The strain-based and stress-based forming limit diagrams (FLD) of AA5182-O at various temperatures have been constructed by calculating the theoretical M-K model with Newton method and backtracking algorithm. The obtained FLDs are found to be instructive and will be applied in the post-processing of FE simulation for stamping so as to identify the critical area of failure. The developed constitutive model and modified yield function are implemented in the form of user defined subroutine (VUMAT) in ABAQUS/Explicit. An explicit stress integration algorithm has been selected for the stress integration with rate-depend viscoplasticity model at temperature higher than 150°. In the low temperature range, the Newton method and cutting plane algorithm are utilized to update the stress tensor with a classic elastoplastic constitutive model. To validate the VUMAT, a non-isothermal tensile testing has been performed with aids of infrared thermal camera and DIC. The heat transfer coefficients in FE model are calibrated with captured thermal images. With appropriate selection of mesh size and mass scaling factor, the punch load vs. displacement curve obtained from the simulation perfectly correlates the experimental result.

15 CFR Appendix 2 to Part 960 - Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of... to Part 960—Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Satellite Systems Dated February 2, 2000 The White House, Office of Science and Technology...

15 CFR Appendix 2 to Part 960 - Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of... to Part 960—Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Satellite Systems Dated February 2, 2000 The White House, Office of Science and Technology...

15 CFR Appendix 2 to Part 960 - Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of... to Part 960—Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Satellite Systems Dated February 2, 2000 The White House, Office of Science and Technology...

15 CFR Appendix 2 to Part 960 - Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of... to Part 960—Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Satellite Systems Dated February 2, 2000 The White House, Office of Science and Technology...

15 CFR Appendix 2 to Part 960 - Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of... to Part 960—Fact Sheet Regarding the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Satellite Systems Dated February 2, 2000 The White House, Office of Science and Technology...

16 CFR 1505.3 - Labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... incandescent lamps. A toy with one or more replaceable incandescent lamps, having a potential difference of... periodically examined for potential hazards and that any potentially hazardous parts be repaired or replaced... Carefully,” the blank being filled in by the manufacturer with a description of the potential hazard such as...

16 CFR 1505.3 - Labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... incandescent lamps. A toy with one or more replaceable incandescent lamps, having a potential difference of... periodically examined for potential hazards and that any potentially hazardous parts be repaired or replaced... Carefully,” the blank being filled in by the manufacturer with a description of the potential hazard such as...

16 CFR 1505.3 - Labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... incandescent lamps. A toy with one or more replaceable incandescent lamps, having a potential difference of... periodically examined for potential hazards and that any potentially hazardous parts be repaired or replaced... Carefully,” the blank being filled in by the manufacturer with a description of the potential hazard such as...

Homogenisation of the strain distribution in stretch formed parts to improve part properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmitz, Roman; Winkelmann, Mike; Bailly, David; Hirt, Gerhard

2018-05-01

Inhomogeneous strain and sheet thickness distributions can be observed in complex sheet metal parts manufactured by stretch forming. In literature, this problem is solved by flexible clampings adapted to the part geometry. In this paper, an approach, which does not rely on extensive tooling, is presented. The strain distribution in the sheet is influenced by means of hole patterns. Holes are introduced into the sheet area between clamping and part next to areas where high strains are expected. When deforming the sheet, high strains are shifted out of the part area. In a local area around the holes, high strains concentrate perpendicular to the drawing direction. Thus, high strains in the part area are reduced and the strain distribution is homogenised. To verify this approach, an FE-model of a stretch forming process of a conical part is implemented in LS-Dyna. The model is validated by corresponding experiments. In the first step, the positioning of the holes is applied manually based on the numerically determined strain distribution and experience. In order to automate the positioning of the holes, an optimisation method is applied in a second step. The presented approach implemented in LS-OPT uses the response surface method to identify the positioning and radius of the holes homogenising the strain in a defined area of the sheet. Due to nonlinear increase of computational complexity with increasing number of holes, the maximum number of holes is set to three. With both, the manual and the automated method, hole patterns were found which allow for a relative reduction of maximum strains and for a homogenisation of the strain distribution. Comparing the manual and automated positioning of holes, the pattern determined by automated optimisation shows better results in terms of homogenising the strain distribution.

16 CFR § 1505.3 - Labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... incandescent lamps. A toy with one or more replaceable incandescent lamps, having a potential difference of... periodically examined for potential hazards and that any potentially hazardous parts be repaired or replaced... Carefully,” the blank being filled in by the manufacturer with a description of the potential hazard such as...

Designing the Horizons of Your Small Business.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Helgemo, Robert R.

This manual outlines the planning process for developing a feasibility study for a small business. The material is composed of three parts: the planning documents filled out for an imaginary campground; a business plan summarized from the planning documents; and blank planning documents with introductions and instructions. The documents can be…

Machine Shop Suggested Job and Task Sheets. Part I. 25 Elementary Jobs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Vocational Instructional Services.

This volume consists of elementary job and task sheets adaptable for use in the regular vocational industrial education programs for the training of machinists and machine shop operators. Twenty-five simple machine shop job sheets are included. Some or all of this material is provided for each job sheet: an introductory sheet with aim, checking…

Evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOC) blank data and application of study reporting levels to groundwater data collected for the California GAMA Priority Basin Project, May 2004 through September 2010

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fram, Miranda S.; Olsen, Lisa D.; Belitz, Kenneth

2012-01-01

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed in quality-control samples collected for the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project. From May 2004 through September 2010, a total of 2,026 groundwater samples, 211 field blanks, and 109 source-solution blanks were collected and analyzed for concentrations of 85 VOCs. Results from analyses of these field and source-solution blanks and of 2,411 laboratory instrument blanks during the same time period were used to assess the quality of data for the 2,026 groundwater samples. Eighteen VOCs were detected in field blanks or source-solution blanks: acetone, benzene, bromodichloromethane, 2-butanone, carbon disulfide, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethene, dichloromethane, ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethene, styrene, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, trichloroethene, trichlorofluoromethane, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, m- and p-xylenes, and o-xylene. The objective of the evaluation of the VOC-blank data was to determine if study reporting levels (SRLs) were needed for any of the VOCs detected in blanks to ensure the quality of the data from groundwater samples. An SRL is equivalent to a raised reporting level that is used in place of the reporting level used by the analyzing laboratory [long‑term method detection level (LT-MDL) or laboratory reporting level (LRL)] to reduce the probability of reporting false-positive detections. Evaluation of VOC-blank data was done in three stages: (1) identification of a set of representative quality‑control field blanks (QCFBs) to be used for calculation of SRLs and identification of VOCs amenable to the SRL approach, (2) evaluation of potential sources of contamination to blanks and groundwater samples by VOCs detected in field blanks, and (3) selection of appropriate SRLs from among four potential SRLs for VOCs detected in field blanks and application of those SRLs to the groundwater data. An important conclusion from this study is that to ensure the quality of the data from groundwater samples, it was necessary to apply different methods of determining SRLs from field blank data to different VOCs, rather than use the same method for all VOCs. Four potential SRL values were defined by using three approaches: two values were defined by using a binomial probability method based on one-sided, nonparametric upper confidence limits, one was defined as equal to the maximum concentration detected in the field blanks, and one was defined as equal to the maximum laboratory method detection level used during the period when samples were collected for the project. The differences in detection frequencies and concentrations among different types of blanks (laboratory instrument blanks, source-solution blanks, and field blanks collected with three different sampling equipment configurations) and groundwater samples were used to infer the sources and mechanisms of contamination for each VOC detection in field blanks. Other chemical data for the groundwater samples (oxidation-reduction state, co-occurrence of VOCs, groundwater age) and ancillary information about the well sites (land use, presence of known sources of contamination) were used to evaluate whether the patterns of detections of VOCs in groundwater samples before and after application of potential SRLs were plausible. On this basis, the appropriate SRL was selected for each VOC that was determined to require an SRL. The SRLs for ethylbenzene [0.06 microgram per liter (μg/L)], m- and p-xylenes (0.33 μg/L), o-xylene (0.12 μg/L), toluene (0.69 μg/L), and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (0.56 μg/L) corresponded to the highest concentrations detected in the QCFBs and were selected because they resulted in the most censoring of groundwater data. Comparisons of hydrocarbon ratios in groundwater samples and blanks and comparisons between detection frequencies of the five hydrocarbons in groundwater samples and different types of blanks suggested three dominant sources of contamination that affected groundwater samples and blanks: (1) ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylenes, o-xylene, and toluene from fuel or exhaust components sorbed onto sampling lines, (2) toluene from vials and the source blank water, and (3) 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene from materials used for collection of samples for radon-222 analysis.

7 CFR 201.35 - Blank spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Blank spaces. 201.35 Section 201.35 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... REGULATIONS Labeling in General § 201.35 Blank spaces. Blank spaces on the label shall be deemed to imply the...

7 CFR 201.35 - Blank spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Blank spaces. 201.35 Section 201.35 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... REGULATIONS Labeling in General § 201.35 Blank spaces. Blank spaces on the label shall be deemed to imply the...

7 CFR 201.35 - Blank spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Blank spaces. 201.35 Section 201.35 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... REGULATIONS Labeling in General § 201.35 Blank spaces. Blank spaces on the label shall be deemed to imply the...

7 CFR 201.35 - Blank spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Blank spaces. 201.35 Section 201.35 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... REGULATIONS Labeling in General § 201.35 Blank spaces. Blank spaces on the label shall be deemed to imply the...

7 CFR 201.35 - Blank spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Blank spaces. 201.35 Section 201.35 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... REGULATIONS Labeling in General § 201.35 Blank spaces. Blank spaces on the label shall be deemed to imply the...

NHEXAS PHASE I REGION 5 STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR VOCS IN BLANKS

EPA Science Inventory

This data set includes analytical results for measurements of VOCs in 88 blank samples. Measurements were made for up to 23 VOCs in blank samples of air, water, and blood. Blank samples were used to assess the potential for sample contamination during collection, storage, shipmen...

NHEXAS PHASE I ARIZONA STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR PESTICIDES IN BLANK SAMPLES

EPA Science Inventory

The Pesticides in Blank Samples data set contains the analytical results of measurements of up to 4 pesticides in 43 blank samples from 29 households. Measurements were made in blank samples of dust, indoor and outdoor air, food and beverages, blood, urine, and dermal wipe resid...

Chemical and radiochemical constituents in water from wells in the vicinity of the naval reactors facility, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1997-98

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bartholomay, Roy C.; Knobel, LeRoy L.; Tucker, Betty J.; Twining, Brian V.

2000-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in response to a request from the U.S. Department of Energy?s Phtsburgh Naval Reactors Ofilce, Idaho Branch Office, sampled water from 13 wells during 1997?98 as part of a long-term project to monitor water quality of the Snake River Plain aquifer in the vicinity of the Naval Reactors Facility, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho. Water samples were analyzed for naturally occurring constituents and man-made contaminants. A totalof91 samples were collected from the 13 monitoring wells. The routine samples contained detectable concentrations of total cations and dissolved anions, and nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen. Most of the samples also had detectable concentrations of gross alpha- and gross beta-particle radioactivity and tritium. Fourteen qualityassurance samples also were collected and analyze~ seven were field-blank samples, and seven were replicate samples. Most of the field blank samples contained less than detectable concentrations of target constituents; however, some blank samples did contain detectable concentrations of calcium, magnesium, barium, copper, manganese, nickel, zinc, nitrite plus nitrate, total organic halogens, tritium, and selected volatile organic compounds.

32 CFR Appendix F to Part 323 - Litigation Status Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Litigation Status Sheet F Appendix F to Part 323 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (CONTINUED) PRIVACY PROGRAM DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY PRIVACY PROGRAM Pt. 323, App. F Appendix F to Part 323—Litigation Status...

32 CFR Appendix F to Part 323 - Litigation Status Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Litigation Status Sheet F Appendix F to Part 323 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (CONTINUED) PRIVACY PROGRAM DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY PRIVACY PROGRAM Pt. 323, App. F Appendix F to Part 323—Litigation Status...

32 CFR Appendix F to Part 323 - Litigation Status Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Litigation Status Sheet F Appendix F to Part 323 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (CONTINUED) PRIVACY PROGRAM DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY PRIVACY PROGRAM Pt. 323, App. F Appendix F to Part 323—Litigation Status...

Research on cutting path optimization of sheet metal parts based on ant colony algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Z. Y.; Ling, H.; Li, L.; Wu, L. H.; Liu, N. B.

2017-09-01

In view of the disadvantages of the current cutting path optimization methods of sheet metal parts, a new method based on ant colony algorithm was proposed in this paper. The cutting path optimization problem of sheet metal parts was taken as the research object. The essence and optimization goal of the optimization problem were presented. The traditional serial cutting constraint rule was improved. The cutting constraint rule with cross cutting was proposed. The contour lines of parts were discretized and the mathematical model of cutting path optimization was established. Thus the problem was converted into the selection problem of contour lines of parts. Ant colony algorithm was used to solve the problem. The principle and steps of the algorithm were analyzed.

Updated study reporting levels (SRLs) for trace-element data collected for the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Priority Basin Project, October 2009-March 2013

USGS Publications Warehouse

Davis, Tracy A.; Olsen, Lisa D.; Fram, Miranda S.; Belitz, Kenneth

2014-01-01

Groundwater samples have been collected in California as part of statewide investigations of groundwater quality conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Priority Basin Project (PBP). The GAMA-PBP is being conducted in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board to assess and monitor the quality of groundwater resources used for drinking-water supply and to improve public knowledge of groundwater quality in California. Quality-control samples (source-solution blanks, equipment blanks, and field blanks) were collected in order to ensure the quality of the groundwater sample results. Olsen and others (2010) previously determined study reporting levels (SRLs) for trace-element results based primarily on field blanks collected in California from May 2004 through January 2008. SRLs are raised reporting levels used to reduce the likelihood of reporting false detections attributable to contamination bias. The purpose of this report is to identify any changes in the frequency and concentrations of detections in field blanks since the last evaluation and update the SRLs for more recent data accordingly. Constituents analyzed were aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), thallium (Tl), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). Data from 179 field blanks and equipment blanks collected from March 2006 through March 2013 by the GAMA-PBP indicated that for trace elements that had a change in detection frequency and concentration since the previous review, the shift occurred near October 2009, in conjunction with a change in the capsule filters used by the study. Results for 89 field blanks and equipment blanks collected from October 2009 through March 2013 were evaluated for potential contamination bias by using the same approach developed by Olsen and others (2010). Some data collected by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program for the Southern California Coastal Drainages study unit were included to supplement the GAMA-PBP data. The detection frequency and upper threshold of potential contamination bias (BD-90/90) were determined from field-blank and equipment-blank data for each trace element. The BD-90/90 is the 90th percentile concentration of potential extrinsic contamination calculated by using the binomial probability distribution for greater than 90 percent confidence. Additionally, data from laboratory blanks and blind blanks analyzed by the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) during water years 2010 through 2013, and compiled by the USGS Branch of Quality Systems (BQS), were considered for each trace element. These results were compared to each constituent’s reporting level to determine whether an SRL was necessary to minimize the potential for detections in the groundwater samples, attributed principally to contamination bias. Results of the evaluation were used to set SRLs for trace-element data for about 1,135 samples of groundwater collected by the GAMA-PBP between October 2009 and March 2013. Ten trace elements analyzed (Sb, As, Be, B, Cd, Li, Se, Ag, Tl, and U) had blank results that did not necessitate establishing SRLs during this review or the review by Olsen and others (2010). Five trace elements analyzed (Al, Ba, Cr, Sr, and V) had blank results that necessitated establishing an SRL during the previous review but did not need an SRL starting October 2009. One trace element (Fe) had field and laboratory-blank results that necessitated keeping the previous SRL (6 micrograms per liter [μg/L]). Two trace elements (Ni and W) had quality-control results that warranted decreasing the previous SRL, and five trace elements (Cu, Pb, Mn, Mo, and Zn) had field, laboratory, or blind blank results that warranted establishing an SRL for the first time or increasing the previous SRL. SRLs for Cu (2.1 μg/L), Pb (0.82 μg/L), Mn (0.66 μg/L), Mo (0.023 μg/L), Ni (0.21 μg/L), W (0.023 μg/L), and Zn (6.2 μg/L) were changed to these levels starting October 2009, based on the BD-90/90 concentration for field blanks or the 99th percentile concentration for laboratory or blind blanks. The SRL for Fe was maintained at 6 μg/L, based on the minimum laboratory reporting level for iron. SRLs for these eight constituents were at least an order of magnitude below the regulatory benchmarks established for drinking water for health and aesthetic purposes; therefore, the practice of reporting concentrations below the SRLs as less than or equal to (≤) the measured value would not prevent the identification of values greater than the drinking-water benchmarks. Co was detected in 99 percent of field blanks, and with a BD-90/90 concentration of 0.38 μg/L, all groundwater results starting October 2009 were coded as “reviewed and rejected.” Co does not currently have a regulatory benchmark for drinking water. The primary sources of contamination for trace elements inferred from this review are the equipment or processes used in the field to collect the samples or in the laboratory. In particular, contamination in field blanks of Co and Mn was attributed to the high-capacity 0.45-micrometer pore-size capsule filters that were in regular use beginning in October 2009 by several USGS programs, including the GAMA-PBP and NAWQA Program, for filtering samples for analysis of trace elements. The SRLs determined in this report are intended to be used for GAMA groundwater-quality data for samples collected October 2009 through March 2013, or for as long as quality-control data indicate contamination similar to what was observed in this report; quality-control data should be continuously reviewed and SRLs re-assessed on at least a study-unit basis.

Method of Making Lightweight, Single Crystal Mirror

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bly, Vincent T. (Inventor)

2015-01-01

A method of making a mirror from a single crystal blank may include fine grinding top and bottom surfaces of the blank to be parallel. The blank may then be heat treated to near its melting temperature. An optical surface may be created on an optical side of the blank. A protector may be bonded to the optical surface. With the protector in place, the blank may be light weighted by grinding a non-optical surface of the blank using computer controlled grinding. The light weighting may include creating a structure having a substantially minimum mass necessary to maintain distortion of the mirror within a preset limit. A damaged layer of the non-optical surface caused by light weighting may be removed with an isotropic etch and/or repaired by heat treatment. If an oxide layer is present, the entire blank may then be etched using, for example, hydrofluoric acid. A reflecting coating may be deposited on the optical surface.

Understanding EUV mask blank surface roughness induced LWR and associated roughness requirement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Pei-Yang; Zhang, Guojing; Gullikson, Eric M.; Goldberg, Ken A.; Benk, Markus P.

2015-03-01

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) mask multi-layer (ML) blank surface roughness specification historically comes from blank defect inspection tool requirement. Later, new concerns on ML surface roughness induced wafer pattern line width roughness (LWR) arise. In this paper, we have studied wafer level pattern LWR as a function of EUVL mask surface roughness via High-NA Actinic Reticle Review Tool. We found that the blank surface roughness induced LWR at current blank roughness level is in the order of 0.5nm 3σ for NA=0.42 at the best focus. At defocus of ±40nm, the corresponding LWR will be 0.2nm higher. Further reducing EUVL mask blank surface roughness will increase the blank cost with limited benefit in improving the pattern LWR, provided that the intrinsic resist LWR is in the order of 1nm and above.

NHEXAS PHASE I ARIZONA STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR METALS IN BLANK SAMPLES

EPA Science Inventory

The Metals in Blank Samples data set contains the analytical results of measurements of up to 27 metals in 82 blank samples from 26 households. Measurements were made in blank samples of dust, indoor and outdoor air, personal air, food, beverages, blood, urine, and dermal wipe r...

EUVL mask patterning with blanks from commercial suppliers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Pei-Yang; Zhang, Guojing; Nagpal, Rajesh; Shu, Emily Y.; Li, Chaoyang; Qu, Ping; Chen, Frederick T.

2004-12-01

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) reflective mask blank development includes low thermal expansion material fabrication, mask substrate finishing, reflective multi-layer (ML) and capping layer deposition, buffer (optional)/absorber stack deposition, EUV specific metrology, and ML defect inspection. In the past, we have obtained blanks deposited with various layer stacks from several vendors. Some of them are not commercial suppliers. As a result, the blank and patterned mask qualities are difficult to maintain and improve. In this paper we will present the evaluation results of the EUVL mask pattering processes with the complete EUVL mask blanks supplied by the commercial blank supplier. The EUVL mask blanks used in this study consist of either quartz or ULE substrates which is a type of low thermal expansion material (LTEM), 40 pairs of molybdenum/silicon (Mo/Si) ML layer, thin ruthenium (Ru) capping layer, tantalum boron nitride (TaBN) absorber, and chrome (Cr) backside coating. No buffer layer is used. Our study includes the EUVL mask blank characterization, patterned EUVL mask characterization, and the final patterned EUVL mask flatness evaluation.

Research on NC laser combined cutting optimization model of sheet metal parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Z. Y.; Zhang, Y. L.; Li, L.; Wu, L. H.; Liu, N. B.

2017-09-01

The optimization problem for NC laser combined cutting of sheet metal parts was taken as the research object in this paper. The problem included two contents: combined packing optimization and combined cutting path optimization. In the problem of combined packing optimization, the method of “genetic algorithm + gravity center NFP + geometric transformation” was used to optimize the packing of sheet metal parts. In the problem of combined cutting path optimization, the mathematical model of cutting path optimization was established based on the parts cutting constraint rules of internal contour priority and cross cutting. The model played an important role in the optimization calculation of NC laser combined cutting.

Measuring Differential Delays With Sine-Squared Pulses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hurst, Robert N.

1994-01-01

Technique for measuring differential delays among red, green, and blue components of video signal transmitted on different parallel channels exploits sine-squared pulses that are parts of standard test signals transmitted during vertical blanking interval of frame period. Technique does not entail expense of test-signal generator. Also applicable to nonvideo signals including sine-squared pulses.

A Sigh of Relief: The First-Aid Handbook for Childhood Emergencies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Green, Martin I.

This manual contains tips on preventing childhood accidents and instructions for handling those accidents which do occur. Part One outlines ways of preventing accidents involving the home, infant equipment, toys, school, cars, bicycles, playgrounds, sports, hiking, camping, and water; it also provides blank forms for a family's emergency medical…

40 CFR Appendix B to Part 136 - Definition and Procedure for the Determination of the Method Detection Limit-Revision 1.11

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) GUIDELINES ESTABLISHING TEST PROCEDURES... to a wide variety of sample types ranging from reagent (blank) water containing analyte to wastewater... times the standard deviation of replicate instrumental measurements of the analyte in reagent water. (c...

77 FR 14501 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-12

... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... review under the antidumping duty (AD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip from... Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, In Part, of Antidumping Duty...

Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream water samples collected in August 2004--Taylor Mountains 1:250,000 scale Quadrangle, Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wang, Bronwen; Mueller, Seth; Bailey, Elizabeth; Lee, Greg

2006-01-01

We report on the chemical analysis of water samples collected from the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000 quadrangle. Samples were collected as part of the multi-year U.S. Geological Survey's project -- Geologic and Mineral Deposit Data for Alaskan Economic Development. Data presented here are from water samples collected primarily in the northeastern part of the Taylor Mountains quadrangle. The data include samples taken from the Taylor Mountains C1, C2, D1, D2, and D4 1:63,360 scale quadrangles. The data are being released at this time with minimal interpretation. Site selection was based on a regional sampling strategy that focused on first and second order drainages. Water sampling site selection was based on landscape parameters that included physiography, wetland extent, lithological changes, and the cursory field review of the mineralogy from the pan concentrates. Stream water in the Taylor Mountians quadrangle is dominated by bicarbonate (HCO3-), though in a few samples more than 50% of the anionic charge can be attibuted to sulfate ( SO42-). The major-cation chemistry range from Ca/Mg dominated to a mix of Ca/Mg/Na+K. Good agreement was found between the major cation and anions in the duplicate samples. Many trace elements were at or near the method detection limit in these samples but good agreement was found between duplicate samples for elements with detectable concentrations. Major ion concentrations were below detection in all field blanks and the trace elements concentrations generally were below detection. However, Ta (range 0.9 -.1 ug/L) and Zn (1 to 3.5 ug/L) were detected in all blanks and Ba ( 0.24 ug/L) and Th (0.2 ug/L) were detected in one blank. There was good agreement between dupilicate total- and methyl- mercury and DOC samples; however, total mercury, methyl-mercury and dissolve organic carbon (DOC) were detected in the blank at 2.35 ng/L, 0.07 ng/L and 0.57 mg/L, respectively.

49 CFR Appendix A to Part 224 - Schedule of Civil Penalties1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... § 224.105Sheeting dimensions and quantity: Failure to apply minimum amount of retroreflective sheeting in accordance with Table 2 2,500 5,000 Applying retroreflective sheeting of wrong dimensions 2,500 5...

Improvement of formability of high strength steel sheets in shrink flanging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamedon, Z.; Abe, Y.; Mori, K.

2016-02-01

In the shrinkage flanging, the wrinkling tends to occur due to compressive stress. The wrinkling will cause a difficulty in assembling parts, and severe wrinkling may leads to rupture of parts. The shrinkage flange of the ultra-high strength steel sheets not only defects the product by the occurrence of the wrinkling but also causes seizure and wear of the dies and shortens the life of dies. In the present study, a shape of a punch having gradual contact was optimized in order to prevent the wrinkling in shrinkage flanging of ultra-high strength steel sheets. The sheet was gradually bent from the corner of the sheet to reduce the compressive stress. The wrinkling in the shrink flanging of the ultra-high strength steel sheets was prevented by the punch having gradual contact. It was found that the punch having gradual contact is effective in preventing the occurrence of wrinkling in the shrinkage flanging.

A modular tooling set-up for incremental sheet forming (ISF) with subsequent stress-relief annealing under partial constraints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maqbool, Fawad; Bambach, Markus

2017-10-01

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is a manufacturing process most suitable for small-batch production of sheet metal parts. In ISF, a CNC-controlled tool moves over the sheet metal, following a specified contour to form a part of the desired geometry. This study focuses on one of the dominant process limitations associated with the ISF, i.e., the limited geometrical accuracy. In this regard, a case study is performed which shows that increased geometrical accuracy of the formed part can be achieved by a using stress-relief annealing before unclamping. To keep the tooling costs low, a modular die design consisting of a stiff metal frame and inserts made from inexpensive plastics (Sika®) were devised. After forming, the plastics inserts are removed. The metal frame supports the part during stress-relief annealing. Finite Element (FE) simulations of the manufacturing process are performed. Due to the residual stresses induced during the forming, the geometry of the formed part, from FE simulation and the actual manufacturing process, shows severe distortion upon unclamping the part. Stress relief annealing of the formed part under partial constraints exerted by the tool frame shows that a part with high geometrical accuracy can be obtained.

Assessing edge cracking resistance in AHSS automotive parts by the Essential Work of Fracture methodology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frómeta, D.; Tedesco, M.; Calvo, J.; Lara, A.; Molas, S.; Casellas, D.

2017-09-01

Lightweight designs and demanding safety requirements in automotive industry are increasingly promoting the use of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) sheets. Such steels present higher strength (above 800 MPa) but lower ductility than conventional steels. Their great properties allow the reduction of the thickness of automobile structural components without compromising the safety, but also introduce new challenges to parts manufacturers. The fabrication of most cold formed components starts from shear cut blanks and, due to the lower ductility of AHSS, edge cracking problems can appear during forming operations, forcing the stop of the production and slowing down the industrial process. Forming Limit Diagrams (FLD) and FEM simulations are very useful tools to predict fracture problems in zones with high localized strain, but they are not able to predict edge cracking. It has been observed that the fracture toughness, measured through the Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) methodology, is a good indicator of the stretch flangeability in AHSS and can help to foresee this type of fractures. In this work, a serial production automotive component has been studied. The component showed cracks in some flanged edges when using a dual phase steel. It is shown that the conventional approach to explain formability, based on tensile tests and FLD, fails in the prediction of edge cracking. A new approach, based on fracture mechanics, help to solve the problem by selecting steel grades with higher fracture toughness, measured by means of EWF. Results confirmed that fracture toughness, in terms of EWF, can be readily used as a material parameter to rationalize cracking related problems and select AHSS with improved edge cracking resistance.

System 6: A pricing strategy for long blanks

Treesearch

Hugh W. Reynolds; Bruce G. Hansen; Bruce G. Hansen

1986-01-01

In System 6, small-diameter, low-grade hardwood timber is used to make blanks in standard sizes. Blanks are made in one thickness and one quality class but in all the standard lengths during each production run. The quantity of blanks per length can be varied, while keeping total yield high, by using proper production control techniques. However, when the percentage of...

Influence of part orientation on the geometric accuracy in robot-based incremental sheet metal forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Störkle, Denis Daniel; Seim, Patrick; Thyssen, Lars; Kuhlenkötter, Bernd

2016-10-01

This article describes new developments in an incremental, robot-based sheet metal forming process (`Roboforming') for the production of sheet metal components for small lot sizes and prototypes. The dieless kinematic-based generation of the shape is implemented by means of two industrial robots, which are interconnected to a cooperating robot system. Compared to other incremental sheet metal forming (ISF) machines, this system offers high geometrical form flexibility without the need of any part-dependent tools. The industrial application of ISF is still limited by certain constraints, e.g. the low geometrical accuracy. Responding to these constraints, the authors present the influence of the part orientation and the forming sequence on the geometric accuracy. Their influence is illustrated with the help of various experimental results shown and interpreted within this article.

Development of a Prediction Model Based on RBF Neural Network for Sheet Metal Fixture Locating Layout Design and Optimization.

PubMed

Wang, Zhongqi; Yang, Bo; Kang, Yonggang; Yang, Yuan

2016-01-01

Fixture plays an important part in constraining excessive sheet metal part deformation at machining, assembly, and measuring stages during the whole manufacturing process. However, it is still a difficult and nontrivial task to design and optimize sheet metal fixture locating layout at present because there is always no direct and explicit expression describing sheet metal fixture locating layout and responding deformation. To that end, an RBF neural network prediction model is proposed in this paper to assist design and optimization of sheet metal fixture locating layout. The RBF neural network model is constructed by training data set selected by uniform sampling and finite element simulation analysis. Finally, a case study is conducted to verify the proposed method.

Development of a Prediction Model Based on RBF Neural Network for Sheet Metal Fixture Locating Layout Design and Optimization

PubMed Central

Wang, Zhongqi; Yang, Bo; Kang, Yonggang; Yang, Yuan

2016-01-01

Fixture plays an important part in constraining excessive sheet metal part deformation at machining, assembly, and measuring stages during the whole manufacturing process. However, it is still a difficult and nontrivial task to design and optimize sheet metal fixture locating layout at present because there is always no direct and explicit expression describing sheet metal fixture locating layout and responding deformation. To that end, an RBF neural network prediction model is proposed in this paper to assist design and optimization of sheet metal fixture locating layout. The RBF neural network model is constructed by training data set selected by uniform sampling and finite element simulation analysis. Finally, a case study is conducted to verify the proposed method. PMID:27127499

Quality of volatile organic compound data from groundwater and surface water for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, October 1996–December 2008

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bender, David A.; Zogorski, John S.; Mueller, David K.; Rose, Donna L.; Martin, Jeffrey D.; Brenner, Cassandra K.

2011-01-01

This report describes the quality of volatile organic compound (VOC) data collected from October 1996 to December 2008 from groundwater and surface-water sites for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The VOC data described were collected for three NAWQA site types: (1) domestic and public-supply wells, (2) monitoring wells, and (3) surface-water sites. Contamination bias, based on the 90-percent upper confidence limit (UCL) for the 90th percentile of concentrations in field blanks, was determined for VOC samples from the three site types. A way to express this bias is that there is 90-percent confidence that this amount of contamination would be exceeded in no more than 10 percent of all samples (including environmental samples) that were collected, processed, shipped, and analyzed in the same manner as the blank samples. This report also describes how important native water rinsing may be in decreasing carryover contamination, which could be affecting field blanks. The VOCs can be classified into four contamination categories on the basis of the 90-percent upper confidence limit (90-percent UCL) concentration distribution in field blanks. Contamination category 1 includes compounds that were not detected in any field blanks. Contamination category 2 includes VOCs that have a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that is about an order of magnitude lower than the concentration distribution of the environmental samples. Contamination category 3 includes VOCs that have a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that is within an order of magnitude of the distribution in environmental samples. Contamination category 4 includes VOCs that have a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that is at least an order of magnitude larger than the concentration distribution of the environmental samples. Fifty-four of the 87 VOCs analyzed in samples from domestic and public-supply wells were not detected in field blanks (contamination category 1), and 33 VOC were detected in field blanks. Ten of the 33 VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was at least an order of magnitude lower than the concentration distribution in environmental samples (contamination category 2). These 10 VOCs may have had some contamination bias associated with the environmental samples, but the potential contamination bias was negligible in comparison to the environmental data; therefore, the field blanks were assumed to be representative of the sources of contamination bias affecting the environmental samples for these 10 VOCs. Seven VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution of the field blanks that was within an order of magnitude of the concentration distribution of the environmental samples (contamination category 3). Sixteen VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in the field blanks that was at least an order of magnitude greater than the concentration distribution of the environmental samples (contamination category 4). Field blanks for these 16 VOCs appear to be nonrepresentative of the sources of contamination bias affecting the environmental samples because of the larger concentration distributions (and sometimes higher frequency of detection) in field blanks than in environmental samples. Forty-three of the 87 VOCs analyzed in samples from monitoring wells were not detected in field blanks (contamination category 1), and 44 VOCs were detected in field blanks. Eight of the 44 VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was at least an order of magnitude lower than concentrations in environmental samples (contamination category 2). These eight VOCs may have had some contamination bias associated with the environmental samples, but the potential contamination bias was negligible in comparison to the environmental data; therefore, the field blanks were assumed to be representative. Seven VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was of the same order of magnitude as the concentration distribution of the environmental samples (contamination category 3). Twenty-nine VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in the field blanks that was an order of magnitude greater than the distribution of the environmental samples (contamination category 4). Field blanks for these 29 VOCs appear to be nonrepresentative of the sources of contamination bias to the environmental samples. Fifty-four of the 87 VOCs analyzed in surface-water samples were not detected in field blanks (category 1), and 33 VOC were detected in field blanks. Sixteen of the 33 VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was at least an order of magnitude lower than the concentration distribution in environmental samples (contamination category 2). These 16 VOCs may have had some contamination bias associated with the environmental samples, but the potential contamination bias was negligible in comparison to the environmental data; therefore, the field blanks were assumed to be representative. Ten VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in field blanks that was similar to the concentration distribution of environmental samples (contamination category 3). Seven VOCs had a 90-percent UCL concentration distribution in the field blanks that was greater than the concentration distribution in environmental samples (contamination category 4). Field-blank samples for these seven VOCs appear to be nonrepresentative of the sources of contamination bias to the environmental samples. The relation between the detection of a compound in field blanks and the detection in subsequent environmental samples appears to be minimal. The median minimum percent effectiveness of native water rinsing is about 79 percent for the 19 VOCs detected in more than 5 percent of field blanks from all three site types. The minimum percent effectiveness of native water rinsing (10 percent) was for toluene in surface-water samples, likely because of the large detection frequency of toluene in surface-water samples (about 79 percent) and in the associated field-blank samples (46.5 percent). The VOCs that were not detected in field blanks (contamination category 1) from the three site types can be considered free of contamination bias, and various interpretations for environmental samples, such as VOC detection frequency at multiple assessment levels and comparisons of concentrations to benchmarks, are not limited for these VOCs. A censoring level for making comparisons at different assessment levels among environmental samples could be applied to concentrations of 9 VOCs in samples from domestic and public-supply wells, 16 VOCs in samples from monitoring wells, and 9 VOCs in surface-water samples to account for potential low-level contamination bias associated with these selected VOCs. Bracketing the potential contamination by comparing the detection and concentration statistics with no censoring applied to the potential for contamination bias on the basis of the 90-percent UCL for the 90th-percentile concentrations in field blanks may be useful when comparisons to benchmarks are done in a study. The VOCs that were not detected in field blanks (contamination category 1) from the three site types can be considered free of contamination bias, and various interpretations for environmental samples, such as VOC detection frequency at multiple assessment levels and comparisons of concentrations to benchmarks, are not limited for these VOCs. A censoring level for making comparisons at different assessment levels among environmental samples could be applied to concentrations of 9 VOCs in samples from domestic and public-supply wells, 16 VOCs in samples from monitoring wells, and 9 VOCs in surface-water samples to account for potential low-level contamination bias associated with these selected VOCs. Bracketing the potential contamination by comparing the detection and concentration statistics with no censoring applied to the potential for contamination bias on the basis of the 90-percent UCL for the 90th-percentile concentrations in field blanks may be useful when comparisons to benchmarks are done in a study.

Final Rule to Reduce Toxic Air Pollutants from Surface Coating of Plastic Parts and Products Fact Sheet

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page contains an August 2004 fact sheet with information regarding the final NESHAP for Surface Coating of Plastic Parts and Products. This document provides a summary of the information for the information for this regulation.

Modified blank ammunition injuries.

PubMed

Ogunc, Gokhan I; Ozer, M Tahir; Coskun, Kagan; Uzar, Ali Ihsan

2009-12-15

Blank firing weapons are designed only for discharging blank ammunition cartridges. Because they are cost-effective, are easily accessible and can be modified to live firearms plus their unclear legal situation in Turkish Law makes them very popular in Turkey. 2004 through 2008, a total of 1115 modified blank weapons were seized in Turkey. Blank firing weapons are easily modified by owners, making them suitable for discharging live firearm ammunition or modified blank ammunitions. Two common methods are used for modification of blank weapons. After the modification, these weapons can discharge the live ammunition. However, due to compositional durability problems with these types of weapons; the main trend is to use the modified blank ammunitions rather than live firearm ammunition fired from modified blank firing weapons. In this study, two types of modified blank weapons and two types of modified blank cartridges were tested on three different target models. Each of the models' shooting side was coated with 1.3+/-2 mm thickness chrome tanned cowhide as a skin simulant. The first model was only coated with skin simulant. The second model was coated with skin simulant and 100% cotton police shirt. The third model was coated with skin simulant and jean denim. After the literature evaluation four high risky anatomic locations (the neck area; the eyes; the thorax area and inguinal area) were pointed out for the steel and lead projectiles are discharged from the modified blank weapons especially in close range (0-50 cm). The target models were designed for these anatomic locations. For the target models six Transparent Ballistic Candle blocks (TCB) were prepared and divided into two test groups. The first group tests were performed with lead projectiles and second group with steel projectile. The shortest penetration depth (lead projectile: 4.358 cm; steel projectile 8.032 cm) was recorded in the skin simulant and jean denim coated block for both groups. In both groups, the longest penetration depth (lead projectile: 6.434 cm; steel projectile 8.608 cm) was recorded in the only skin simulant coated block. And the penetration depth of skin simulant and 100% cotton police shirt coated model was 5.870 cm for lead projectile; 8.440 cm for steel projectile. According to penetration results, national and international legislations and production standards should be re-evaluated in order to prevent the modification of blank weapons and ammunitions. There are three methods for preventing modification of blank weapons: completely closed barrel structure; intersected restrain pieces application; eccentric barrel structure.

12 CFR Appendix III to Part 27 - Fair Housing Lending Inquiry/Application Log Sheet

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fair Housing Lending Inquiry/Application Log Sheet III Appendix III to Part 27 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY FAIR HOUSING HOME LOAN DATA SYSTEM Pt. 27, App. III Appendix III to Part 27—Fair Housing Lending...

Machine Shop Suggested Job and Task Sheets. Part II. 21 Advanced Jobs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Vocational Instructional Services.

This volume consists of advanced job and task sheets adaptable for use in the regular vocational industrial education programs for the training of machinists and machine shop operators. Twenty-one advanced machine shop job sheets are included. Some or all of this material is provided for each job: an introductory sheet with aim, checking…

Design and evaluation of a field study on the contamination of selected volatile organic compounds and wastewater-indicator compounds in blanks and groundwater samples

USGS Publications Warehouse

Thiros, Susan A.; Bender, David A.; Mueller, David K.; Rose, Donna L.; Olsen, Lisa D.; Martin, Jeffrey D.; Bernard, Bruce; Zogorski, John S.

2011-01-01

The Field Contamination Study (FCS) was designed to determine the field processes that tend to result in clean field blanks and to identify potential sources of contamination to blanks collected in the field from selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and wastewater-indicator compounds (WICs). The VOCs and WICs analyzed in the FCS were detected in blanks collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program during 1996–2008 and 2002–08, respectively. To minimize the number of variables, the study required ordering of supplies just before sampling, storage of supplies and equipment in clean areas, and use of adequate amounts of purge-and-trap volatile-grade methanol and volatile pesticide-grade blank water (VPBW) to clean sampling equipment and to collect field blanks.Blanks and groundwater samples were collected during 2008–09 at 16 sites, which were a mix of water-supply and monitoring wells, located in 9 States. Five different sample types were collected for the FCS at each site: (1) a source-solution blank collected at the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) using laboratory-purged VPBW, (2) source-solution blanks collected in the field using laboratory-purged VPBW, (3) source-solution blanks collected in the field using field-purged VPBW, (4) a field blank collected using field-purged VPBW, and (5) a groundwater sample collected from a well. The source-solution blank and field-blank analyses were used to identify, quantify, and document extrinsic contamination and to help determine the sources and causes of data-quality problems that can affect groundwater samples.Concentrations of compounds detected in FCS analyses were quantified and results were stored in the USGS National Water Information System database after meeting rigorous identification and quantification criteria. The study also utilized information provided by laboratory analysts about evidence indicating the presence of selected compounds, using less rigorous identification criteria than is required for reporting data to the National Water Information System database. For the FCS, these data are considered adequate to indicate "evidence of presence," and were used only for diagnostic purposes. Evidence of VOCs and WICs at low concentrations near or less than the long-term method detection level can indicate a contamination problem that could affect future datasets if method detection levels were ever to be lowered.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yan, Pei-Yang; Zhang, Guojing; Gullickson, Eric M.

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) mask multi-layer (ML) blank surface roughness specification historically comes from blank defect inspection tool requirement. Later, new concerns on ML surface roughness induced wafer pattern line width roughness (LWR) arise. In this paper, we have studied wafer level pattern LWR as a function of EUVL mask surface roughness via High-NA Actinic Reticle Review Tool. We found that the blank surface roughness induced LWR at current blank roughness level is in the order of 0.5nm 3σ for NA=0.42 at the best focus. At defocus of ±40nm, the corresponding LWR will be 0.2nm higher. Further reducing EUVL maskmore » blank surface roughness will increase the blank cost with limited benefit in improving the pattern LWR, provided that the intrinsic resist LWR is in the order of 1nm and above.« less

Ion beam deposition system for depositing low defect density extreme ultraviolet mask blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jindal, V.; Kearney, P.; Sohn, J.; Harris-Jones, J.; John, A.; Godwin, M.; Antohe, A.; Teki, R.; Ma, A.; Goodwin, F.; Weaver, A.; Teora, P.

2012-03-01

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the leading next-generation lithography (NGL) technology to succeed optical lithography at the 22 nm node and beyond. EUVL requires a low defect density reflective mask blank, which is considered to be one of the top two critical technology gaps for commercialization of the technology. At the SEMATECH Mask Blank Development Center (MBDC), research on defect reduction in EUV mask blanks is being pursued using the Veeco Nexus deposition tool. The defect performance of this tool is one of the factors limiting the availability of defect-free EUVL mask blanks. SEMATECH identified the key components in the ion beam deposition system that is currently impeding the reduction of defect density and the yield of EUV mask blanks. SEMATECH's current research is focused on in-house tool components to reduce their contributions to mask blank defects. SEMATECH is also working closely with the supplier to incorporate this learning into a next-generation deposition tool. This paper will describe requirements for the next-generation tool that are essential to realize low defect density EUV mask blanks. The goal of our work is to enable model-based predictions of defect performance and defect improvement for targeted process improvement and component learning to feed into the new deposition tool design. This paper will also highlight the defect reduction resulting from process improvements and the restrictions inherent in the current tool geometry and components that are an impediment to meeting HVM quality EUV mask blanks will be outlined.

Blackfeet Language Coloring Book. Blackfeet Heritage Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, Elizabeth, Comp.

A part of the Blackfeet Indian Heritage Project, this coloring book features 21 pages of pictures of animal and plant life, foods, and numbers. Arranged in alphabetical order, the pictures are accompanied with their names printed in both the English and Blackfeet languages. The reverse side of each page is left blank to give the student room to…

AIS ASM Operational Integration Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

al. | Public August 2013 This page intentionally left blank. AIS ASM Operational Integration Plan v ...that supply AIS Routers as part of their AIS shoreside network software : Kongsberg C-Scope, Gatehouse AIS, Transas AIS Network, and CNS DataSwitch...commercial systems would be suitable for the current USCG traffic conditions. The ASM Manager is software that adds the required queuing and

U.S. Geological Survey laboratory method for methyl tert-Butyl ether and other fuel oxygenates

USGS Publications Warehouse

Raese, Jon W.; Rose, Donna L.; Sandstrom, Mark W.

1995-01-01

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was found in shallow ground-water samples in a study of 8 urban and 20 agricultural areas throughout the United States in 1993 and 1994 (Squillace and others, 1995, p. 1). The compound is added to gasoline either seasonally or year round in many parts of the United States to increase the octane level and to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels in the air. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL), near Denver, uses state-of-the-art technology to analyze samples for MTBE as part of the USGS water-quality studies. In addition, the NWQL offers custom analyses to determine two other fuel oxygenates--ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME). The NWQL was not able to obtain a reference standard for tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE), another possible fuel oxygenate (Shelley and Fouhy, 1994, p. 63). The shallow ground-water samples were collected as part of the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program. These samples were collected from 211 urban wells or springs and 562 agricultural wells sampled by the USGS in 1993 and 1994. The wells were keyed to specific land-use areas to assess the effects of different uses on ground-water quality (Squillace and others, 1995, p. 2). Ground-water samples were preserved on site to pH less than or equal to 2 with a solution of 1:1 hydrochloric acid. All samples were analyzed at the NWQL within 2 weeks after collection. The purpose of this fact sheet is to explain briefly the analytical method implemented by the USGS for determining MTBE and other fuel oxygenates. The scope is necessarily limited to an overview of the analytical method (instrumentation, sample preparation, calibration and quantitation, identification, and preservation of samples) and method performance (reagent blanks, accuracy, and precision).

Consolidation quality and mechanical performance of stamp formed tailored blanks produced by rapid AFP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slange, T. K.; Warnet, L. L.; Grouve, W. J. B.; Akkerman, R.

2018-05-01

Stamp forming is a rapid manufacturing technology used to shape flat blanks of thermoplastic composite material into three-dimensional components. The combination with rapid AFP as blank manufacturing technology can further extend the applicability of stamp forming by allowing rapid lay-up of tailored blanks and offering partial preconsolidation. In an experimental study it is demonstrated that high quality laminates with good flexural strength can be obtained by following this process route. The consolidation of ply-drop regions is demonstrated by flat laminates with a thickness step. The influence of fiber orientations, blank-tooling misalignments and AFP tolerances is investigated.

76 FR 58248 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, In Part, of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-20

... Film, Sheet and Strip From India: Rescission, In Part, of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review... an administrative review of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film...., Jindal Poly Films Limited of India, Polyplex Corporation Ltd., and SRF Limited. The Department also...

PRN 2012-1: Material Safety Data Sheets as Pesticide Labeling

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This Notice updates and clarifies EPA’s determination in PRN 92-4 that a Material Safety Data Sheet that accompanies a pesticide product is considered part of the pesticide’s labeling but does not need EPA approval if it is consistent with 40CFR Part 156.

Holocene deceleration of the Greenland Ice Sheet.

PubMed

MacGregor, Joseph A; Colgan, William T; Fahnestock, Mark A; Morlighem, Mathieu; Catania, Ginny A; Paden, John D; Gogineni, S Prasad

2016-02-05

Recent peripheral thinning of the Greenland Ice Sheet is partly offset by interior thickening and is overprinted on its poorly constrained Holocene evolution. On the basis of the ice sheet's radiostratigraphy, ice flow in its interior is slower now than the average speed over the past nine millennia. Generally higher Holocene accumulation rates relative to modern estimates can only partially explain this millennial-scale deceleration. The ice sheet's dynamic response to the decreasing proportion of softer ice from the last glacial period and the deglacial collapse of the ice bridge across Nares Strait also contributed to this pattern. Thus, recent interior thickening of the Greenland Ice Sheet is partly an ongoing dynamic response to the last deglaciation that is large enough to affect interpretation of its mass balance from altimetry. Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

From Tragedy to Triumph - Rebuilding Green Homes after Disaster (Fact Sheet)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2009-04-01

Energy Efficiency/Renewable Energy Fact Sheets, No. 1. Series to include practical, useful info to help people change their behavior around energy usage and "greenness". Greensburg is hanging its future on sustainable development; these fact sheet sheets should help citizens understand what they can do to be a part of that focus. Fact Sheets cover: saving energy and water, using renewable energy (particular interest in small wind), driving "green", general sustainability, living green.

The Acheulian and Early Middle Paleolithic in Latium (Italy): Stability and Innovation.

PubMed

Villa, Paola; Soriano, Sylvain; Grün, Rainer; Marra, Fabrizio; Nomade, Sebastien; Pereira, Alison; Boschian, Giovanni; Pollarolo, Luca; Fang, Fang; Bahain, Jean-Jacques

2016-01-01

We present here the results of a technological and typological analysis of the Acheulian and early Middle Paleolithic assemblages from Torre in Pietra (Latium, Italy) together with comparisons with the Acheulian small tools of Castel di Guido. The assemblages were never chronometrically dated before. We have now 40Ar/39Ar dates and ESR-U-series dates, within a geomorphological framework, which support correlations to marine isotope stages. The Acheulian (previously correlated to MIS 9) is now dated to MIS 10 while the Middle Paleolithic is dated to MIS 7. Lithic analyses are preceded by taphonomic evaluations. The Levallois method of the Middle Paleolithic assemblage is an innovation characterized by the production of thin flake blanks without cortex. In contrast, the small tool blanks of the Acheulian were either pebbles or thick flakes with some cortex. They provided a relatively easy manual prehension. The choice of Levallois thin flake blanks in the Middle Paleolithic assemblage suggest that the new technology is most likely related to the emergence of hafting. Accordingly, the oldest direct evidence of hafting technology is from the site of Campitello Quarry in Tuscany (Central Italy) where birch-bark tar, found on the proximal part of two flint flakes, is dated to the end of MIS 7. Nevertheless, a peculiar feature of the Middle Paleolithic at Torre in Pietra is the continuous presence of small tool blanks on pebbles and cores and on thick flake albeit at a much lower frequency than in the older Acheulian industries. The adoption of the new technology is thus characterized by innovation combined with a degree of stability. The persistence of these habits in spite of the introduction of an innovative technique underlies the importance of cultural transmission and conformity in the behavior of Neandertals.

The integrated water balance and soil data set of the Rollesbroich hydrological observatory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qu, Wei; Bogena, Heye R.; Huisman, Johan A.; Schmidt, Marius; Kunkel, Ralf; Weuthen, Ansgar; Schiedung, Henning; Schilling, Bernd; Sorg, Jürgen; Vereecken, Harry

2016-10-01

The Rollesbroich headwater catchment located in western Germany is a densely instrumented hydrological observatory and part of the TERENO (Terrestrial Environmental Observatories) initiative. The measurements acquired in this observatory present a comprehensive data set that contains key hydrological fluxes in addition to important hydrological states and properties. Meteorological data (i.e., precipitation, air temperature, air humidity, radiation components, and wind speed) are continuously recorded and actual evapotranspiration is measured using the eddy covariance technique. Runoff is measured at the catchment outlet with a gauging station. In addition, spatiotemporal variations in soil water content and temperature are measured at high resolution with a wireless sensor network (SoilNet). Soil physical properties were determined using standard laboratory procedures from samples taken at a large number of locations in the catchment. This comprehensive data set can be used to validate remote sensing retrievals and hydrological models, to improve the understanding of spatial temporal dynamics of soil water content, to optimize data assimilation and inverse techniques for hydrological models, and to develop upscaling and downscaling procedures of soil water content information. The complete data set is freely available online (http://www.tereno.net, doi:10.5880/TERENO.2016.001, doi:10.5880/TERENO.2016.004, doi:10.5880/TERENO.2016.003) and additionally referenced by three persistent identifiers securing the long-term data and metadata availability.

The Acheulian and Early Middle Paleolithic in Latium (Italy): Stability and Innovation

PubMed Central

Soriano, Sylvain; Grün, Rainer; Marra, Fabrizio; Nomade, Sebastien; Pereira, Alison; Boschian, Giovanni; Pollarolo, Luca; Fang, Fang; Bahain, Jean-Jacques

2016-01-01

We present here the results of a technological and typological analysis of the Acheulian and early Middle Paleolithic assemblages from Torre in Pietra (Latium, Italy) together with comparisons with the Acheulian small tools of Castel di Guido. The assemblages were never chronometrically dated before. We have now 40Ar/39Ar dates and ESR-U-series dates, within a geomorphological framework, which support correlations to marine isotope stages. The Acheulian (previously correlated to MIS 9) is now dated to MIS 10 while the Middle Paleolithic is dated to MIS 7. Lithic analyses are preceded by taphonomic evaluations. The Levallois method of the Middle Paleolithic assemblage is an innovation characterized by the production of thin flake blanks without cortex. In contrast, the small tool blanks of the Acheulian were either pebbles or thick flakes with some cortex. They provided a relatively easy manual prehension. The choice of Levallois thin flake blanks in the Middle Paleolithic assemblage suggest that the new technology is most likely related to the emergence of hafting. Accordingly, the oldest direct evidence of hafting technology is from the site of Campitello Quarry in Tuscany (Central Italy) where birch-bark tar, found on the proximal part of two flint flakes, is dated to the end of MIS 7. Nevertheless, a peculiar feature of the Middle Paleolithic at Torre in Pietra is the continuous presence of small tool blanks on pebbles and cores and on thick flake albeit at a much lower frequency than in the older Acheulian industries. The adoption of the new technology is thus characterized by innovation combined with a degree of stability. The persistence of these habits in spite of the introduction of an innovative technique underlies the importance of cultural transmission and conformity in the behavior of Neandertals. PMID:27525705

The Topology and Dynamics of Mercury's Tail Plasma and Current Sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al Asad, M. M.; Johnson, C. J.; Philpott, L. C.

2018-05-01

In Mercury's environment, the tail plasma and current sheets represent an integral part of the dynamic magnetosphere. Our study aims to understand the time-averaged, as well as the dynamic, properties of these "sheets" in 3D space using MAG data.

A graphical method for determining the dry-depositional component of aerosol samples and their field blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Suilou; Rahn, Kenneth A.; Arimoto, Richard

During the Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE), field blanks of certain elements in aerosol samples occasionally increased abruptly, always during periods of unusually high atmospheric concentrations. We hypothesized that the anomalous blanks were created by coarse aerosol entering the sampling shelters and depositing onto the blank filters. If so, samples taken nearby should have been similarly affected. To test this hypothesis, we developed a simple graphical method in which elemental masses in field blanks are plotted against elemental masses in pumped samples, and zones of proportionality between the two are sought. Data from Bermuda and Mace Head (coastal western Ireland) confirmed that depositional zones did indeed appear, but only for coarse-particle elements and only under certain conditions. Actual increases of crustal and pollution-derived elements agreed well with values predicted from settling velocities and sampling rates: blanks increased up to an order of magnitude or more but samples by less than 1%. Marine elements behaved like crustal elements in most samples but occasionally were much more enriched: blanks increased up to 30-fold and samples up to about 3%. It thus appears that when coarse-particle elements are present in high concentrations, their field blanks and samples may be measurably affected by dry deposition. Depending on the elements of interest, this dry deposition may have to be measured and the concentrations corrected.

Measurement of sub-parts-per-billion levels of carbonyl compounds in marine air by a simple cartridge trapping procedure followed by liquid chromatography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xianliang, Zhou; Mopper, K.

1990-10-01

Carbonyl compounds in clean marine air were trapped onto 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine- (DNPH-) coated cartridges, and their hydrazone derivatives were separated by HPLC and detected by UV absorbance. More than 20 carbonyl compounds were isolated from marine air with >92% collection efficiency. The technique employs a highly effective reagent purification procedure, which results in much lower blanks compared to previously reported trapping techniques for carbonyl compounds. Blanks were routinely <0.07 ppb for formaldehyde and acetone and <0.02 ppb for the others. Humidity and reactive gases have no detectable effect on collection efficiencies. Carbonyl-DNPH derivatives eluted from the cartridges are stable in acetonitrilemore » for at least 2 weeks, which facilitates field studies. Several previously undetected unknown carbonyl compounds were found in marine air by this technique. Typical results for open ocean and coastal marine air are shown.« less

The standard calibration instrument automation system for the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Part 3: Program documentation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryan, D. P.; Roth, G. S.

1982-04-01

Complete documentation of the 15 programs and 11 data files of the EPA Atomic Absorption Instrument Automation System is presented. The system incorporates the following major features: (1) multipoint calibration using first, second, or third degree regression or linear interpolation, (2) timely quality control assessments for spiked samples, duplicates, laboratory control standards, reagent blanks, and instrument check standards, (3) reagent blank subtraction, and (4) plotting of calibration curves and raw data peaks. The programs of this system are written in Data General Extended BASIC, Revision 4.3, as enhanced for multi-user, real-time data acquisition. They run in a Data General Nova 840 minicomputer under the operating system RDOS, Revision 6.2. There is a functional description, a symbol definitions table, a functional flowchart, a program listing, and a symbol cross reference table for each program. The structure of every data file is also detailed.

40 CFR Appendix B to Part 136 - Definition and Procedure for the Determination of the Method Detection Limit-Revision 1.11

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte. Scope and Application This procedure is designed for applicability to a wide variety of sample types ranging from reagent (blank) water containing analyte to wastewater...

40 CFR Appendix B to Part 136 - Definition and Procedure for the Determination of the Method Detection Limit-Revision 1.11

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte. Scope and Application This procedure is designed for applicability to a wide variety of sample types ranging from reagent (blank) water containing analyte to wastewater...

40 CFR Appendix B to Part 136 - Definition and Procedure for the Determination of the Method Detection Limit-Revision 1.11

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte. Scope and Application This procedure is designed for applicability to a wide variety of sample types ranging from reagent (blank) water containing analyte to wastewater...

41 CFR 61-250.11 - On what form must the data required by this part be submitted?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... headquarters location and all other hiring locations for each company should be mailed in one package to the... headquarters location, COMPLETE the name and address for the parent company headquarters, LEAVE BLANK the name..., must file (A) one form covering the principal or headquarters office: (B) A separate form for each...

49 CFR 572.100 - Incorporation by Reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the materials may be inspected at NHTSA's Docket... 92041-018, “Head Form Bill of Materials,” (November 30, 1992); drawing number 78051-148, “Skull-Head... Skin Formulation Hybrid III,” (May 20, 1978); and drawing number C-1797, “Neck Blank, (August 1, 1989...

49 CFR 572.100 - Incorporation by Reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the materials may be inspected at NHTSA's Docket... 92041-018, “Head Form Bill of Materials,” (November 30, 1992); drawing number 78051-148, “Skull-Head... Skin Formulation Hybrid III,” (May 20, 1978); and drawing number C-1797, “Neck Blank, (August 1, 1989...

49 CFR 572.100 - Incorporation by Reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the materials may be inspected at NHTSA's Docket... 92041-018, “Head Form Bill of Materials,” (November 30, 1992); drawing number 78051-148, “Skull-Head... Skin Formulation Hybrid III,” (May 20, 1978); and drawing number C-1797, “Neck Blank, (August 1, 1989...

Green binary and phase shifting mask

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shy, S. L.; Hong, Chao-Sin; Wu, Cheng-San; Chen, S. J.; Wu, Hung-Yu; Ting, Yung-Chiang

2009-12-01

SixNy/Ni thin film green mask blanks were developed , and are now going to be used to replace general chromium film used for binary mask as well as to replace molydium silicide embedded material for AttPSM for I-line (365 nm), KrF (248 nm), ArF (193 nm) and Contact/Proximity lithography. A bilayer structure of a 1 nm thick opaque, conductive nickel layer and a SixNy layer is proposed for binary and phase-shifting mask. With the good controlling of plasma CVD of SixNy under silane (50 sccm), ammonia (5 sccm) and nitrogen (100 sccm), the pressure is 250 mTorr. and RF frequency 13.56 MHz and power 50 W. SixNy has enough deposition latitude to meet the requirements as an embedded layer for required phase shift 180 degree, and the T% in 193, 248 and 365 nm can be adjusted between 2% to 20% for binary and phase shifting mask usage. Ni can be deposited by E-gun, its sheet resistance Rs is less than 1.435 kΩ/square. Jeol e-beam system and I-line stepper are used to evaluate these thin film green mask blanks, feature size less than 200 nm half pitch pattern and 0.558 μm pitch contact hole can be printed. Transmission spectrums of various thickness of SixNy film are inspected by using UV spectrometer and FTIR. Optical constants of the SixNy film are measured by n & k meter and surface roughness is inspected by using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).

Seeing Red and Shooting Blanks: A Study of Red Quasars And Blank Field X-Ray Sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oliversen, Ronald J. (Technical Monitor); Elvis, Martin

2003-01-01

The primary source catalog of 'blanks' (bright ROSAT sources with no optical counterparts) has been published in the Astrophysical Journal. The first follow-up paper has also been published. This paper used a combination of ROSAT, Chandra and ground based data to convincingly identify one of the blanks as a Ultra-luminous X-ray source (ULX) in a spiral galaxy. A paper detailing optical and near-IR imaging observations of the remaining sources is underway.

The information gained from witnesses' responses to an initial "blank" lineup.

PubMed

Palmer, Matthew A; Brewer, Neil; Weber, Nathan

2012-10-01

Wells ("The psychology of lineup identifications," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1984, 14, 89-103) proposed that a blank lineup (an initial lineup of known-to-be-innocent foils) can be used to screen eyewitnesses; witnesses who chose from a blank lineup (initial choosers) were more likely to make an error on a second lineup that contained a suspect than were witnesses who rejected a blank lineup (initial nonchoosers). Recent technological advances (e.g., computer-administered lineups) may overcome many of the practical difficulties cited as a barrier to the use of blank lineups. Our research extended knowledge about the blank lineup procedure by investigating the underlying causes of the difference in identification performance between initial choosers and initial nonchoosers. Studies 1a and 1b (total, N = 303) demonstrated that initial choosers were more likely to reject a second lineup than initial nonchoosers and witnesses who did not view a blank lineup, implying that cognitive biases (e.g., confirmation bias and commitment effects) influenced initial choosers' identification decisions. In Study 2 (N = 200), responses on a forced-choice identification test provided evidence that initial choosers have, on average, poorer memories for the culprit than do initial nonchoosers. We also investigated the usefulness of blank lineups for interpreting identification evidence. Diagnosticity ratios suggested that suspect identifications made by initial nonchoosers (cf. initial choosers) should have a greater impact on estimates of the likely guilt of the suspect. Furthermore, for initial nonchoosers, higher confidence in blank lineup rejections was associated with higher diagnosticity for subsequent suspect identifications. These results have implications for policy to guide the collection and interpretation of identification evidence. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved.

Piezoelectric resonator assembly with thin molybdenum mounting clips

DOEpatents

Peters, R. Donald

1981-01-01

A resonator mounting assembly wherein the resonator blank is mounted agai an essentially planar surface presented by a plurality of peripherally disposed mounting clips and bonded to this surface to provide substantially all the mechanical support for the blank in a direction normal to the major faces of the resonator blank, while being flexible in the directions parallel to said major faces so as to minimize radial stresses on the resonator blank, particularly during thermal cycling of the resonator assembly. The clips are fabricated of a low thermal expansion material, such as molybdenum, which also has considerable yield strength after exposure to processing temperatures; the bonding of the clips to the edges of the resonator blank can be achieved by a polyimide containing electrically conductive particles.

Matters of Cost: Part I. Jones Learns about Balance Sheets: Part II. A Look at Budgetary Control: Part III. The Supervisor's "Do-It-Yourself" Series 3.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, J. E.; And Others

This guide, which is intended for new supervisors and managers to use in an independent study setting, deals with costing, balance sheets, and budgetary control. The first section, "Matters of Cost" by J. E. and J. F. Smith, deals with the following topics: profits and productivity, principles of costing, cost control and cost reduction, fixed and…

Carbon-Carbon Piston Architectures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rivers, H. Kevin (Inventor); Ransone, Philip O. (Inventor); Northam, G. Burton (Inventor); Schwind, Francis A. (Inventor)

2000-01-01

An improved structure for carbon-carbon composite piston architectures is disclosed. The improvement consists of replacing the knitted fiber, three-dimensional piston preform architecture described in U.S. Pat.No. 4,909,133 (Taylor et al.) with a two-dimensional lay-up or molding of carbon fiber fabric or tape. Initially, the carbon fabric of tape layers are prepregged with carbonaceous organic resins and/or pitches and are laid up or molded about a mandrel, to form a carbon-fiber reinforced organic-matrix composite part shaped like a "U" channel, a "T"-bar, or a combination of the two. The molded carbon-fiber reinforced organic-matrix composite part is then pyrolized in an inert atmosphere, to convert the organic matrix materials to carbon. At this point, cylindrical piston blanks are cored from the "U"-channel, "T"-bar, or combination part. These blanks are then densified by reimpregnation with resins or pitches which are subsequently carbonized. Densification is also accomplished by direct infiltration with carbon by vapor deposition processes. Once the desired density has been achieved, the piston billets are machined to final piston dimensions; coated with oxidation sealants; and/or coated with a catalyst. When compared to conventional steel or aluminum alloy pistons, the use of carbon-carbon composite pistons reduces the overall weight of the engine; allows for operation at higher temperatures without a loss of strength; allows for quieter operation; reduces the heat loss; and reduces the level of hydrocarbon emissions.

Carbon-Carbon Piston Architectures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rivers, H. Kevin (Inventor); Ransone, Philip O. (Inventor); Northam, G. Burton (Inventor); Schwind, Francis A. (Inventor)

1999-01-01

An improved structure for carbon-carbon composite piston architectures consists of replacing the knitted fiber, three-dimensional piston preform architecture described in U.S. Pat. No. 4.909,133 (Taylor et al.) with a two-dimensional lay-up or molding of carbon fiber fabric or tape. Initially. the carbon fabric or tape layers are prepregged with carbonaceous organic resins and/or pitches and are laid up or molded about a mandrel. to form a carbon-fiber reinforced organic-matrix composite part shaped like a "U" channel, a "T"-bar. or a combination of the two. The molded carbon-fiber reinforced organic-matrix composite part is then pyrolized in an inert atmosphere, to convert the organic matrix materials to carbon. At this point, cylindrical piston blanks are cored from the "U" channel, "T"-bar, or combination part. These blanks are then densified by reimpregnation with resins or pitches which are subsequently carbonized. Densification is also be accomplished by direct infiltration with carbon by vapor deposition processes. Once the desired density has been achieved, the piston billets are machined to final piston dimensions; coated with oxidation sealants; and/or coated with a catalyst. When compared to conventional steel or aluminum-alloy pistons, the use of carbon-carbon composite pistons reduces the overall weight of the engine; allows for operation at higher temperatures without a loss of strength; allows for quieter operation; reduces the heat loss; and reduces the level of hydrocarbon emissions.

Study of elevation changes along a profile crossing the Greenland Ice Sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hvidegaard, S. M.; Sandberg, L.

2009-04-01

In recent years much research has focused on determining how the Greenland Ice Sheet is responding to the observed climate changes. There is wide agreement on the fact that the Ice Sheet is currently loosing mass, and studies have shown that the mass loss is found near the ice edge and that no significant changes are found in the central part of the Ice Sheet. As a part of European Space Agency's CryoSat Validation Experiment (CryoVEx) running from 2004 to 2008, the National Space Institute (DTU Space) measured the elevations along a profile crossing the Greenland Ice Sheet. The elevation observations were carried out in 2004, 2006 and 2008 using airborne laser altimetry from a Twin Otter aircraft. The observed profile follows the old EGIG line (Expédition Glaciologique au Groenland, measured in the 1950's) situated between 69-71N, heading nearly east-west. This unique dataset gives the opportunity to study elevation changes along the profile crossing the ice sheet. With this work, we outline the observed elevation changes from the different zones of the ice sheet. We furthermore compare elevation changes based on coincident ICESat and airborne laser altimeter data.

Niobium superconducting rf cavity fabrication by electrohydraulic forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cantergiani, E.; Atieh, S.; Léaux, F.; Perez Fontenla, A. T.; Prunet, S.; Dufay-Chanat, L.; Koettig, T.; Bertinelli, F.; Capatina, O.; Favre, G.; Gerigk, F.; Jeanson, A. C.; Fuzeau, J.; Avrillaud, G.; Alleman, D.; Bonafe, J.; Marty, P.

2016-11-01

Superconducting rf (SRF) cavities are traditionally fabricated from superconducting material sheets or made of copper coated with superconducting material, followed by trim machining and electron-beam welding. An alternative technique to traditional shaping methods, such as deep-drawing and spinning, is electrohydraulic forming (EHF). In EHF, half-cells are obtained through ultrahigh-speed deformation of blank sheets, using shockwaves induced in water by a pulsed electrical discharge. With respect to traditional methods, such a highly dynamic process can yield interesting results in terms of effectiveness, repeatability, final shape precision, higher formability, and reduced springback. In this paper, the first results of EHF on high purity niobium are presented and discussed. The simulations performed in order to master the multiphysics phenomena of EHF and to adjust its process parameters are presented. The microstructures of niobium half-cells produced by EHF and by spinning have been compared in terms of damage created in the material during the forming operation. The damage was assessed through hardness measurements, residual resistivity ratio (RRR) measurements, and electron backscattered diffraction analyses. It was found that EHF does not worsen the damage of the material during forming and instead, some areas of the half-cell have shown lower damage compared to spinning. Moreover, EHF is particularly advantageous to reduce the forming time, preserve roughness, and to meet the final required shape accuracy.

Characterization of Tensile Properties, Limiting Strains, and Deep Drawing Behavior of AA5754-H22 Sheet at Elevated Temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Panicker, Sudhy S.; Singh, Har Govind; Panda, Sushanta Kumar; Dashwood, Richard

2015-11-01

Automotive industries are very much interested in characterization of formability improvement of aluminum alloys at elevated temperatures before designing tools, heating systems, and processing sequences for fabrication of auto-body panels by warm forming technology. In this study, tensile tests of AA5754-H22 aluminum alloy were carried out at five different temperatures and three different strain rates to investigate the deformation behavior correlating with Cowper-Symonds constitutive equation. Laboratory scale warm forming facilities were designed and fabricated to perform limiting dome height and deep drawing tests to evaluate forming limit strains and drawability of sheet metal at different tool temperatures. The forming limit strain and dome height improved significantly when both the die and punch were heated to 200 °C. Remarkable improvement in deep drawn cup depth was observed when die and punch temperatures were maintained at 200 and 30 °C, respectively, producing a non-isothermal temperature gradient of approximately 93 °C across the blank from flange to center. The forming behavior at different isothermal and non-isothermal conditions were predicted successfully using a thermo-mechanical FE model incorporating temperature-dependent properties in Barlat-89 yield criterion coupled with Cowper-Symonds hardening model, and the thinning/failure location in deformed cups were validated implementing the experimental limiting strains as damage model.

Dynamics of poroelastocapillary rise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nasouri, Babak; Elfring, Gwynn

2017-11-01

The surface-tension-driven rise of a liquid between two elastic sheets can result in their deformation or coalescence depending on their flexibility. When the sheets are poroelastic, the flexibility of the immersed parts of the sheets can change considerably thereby altering the dynamical behavior of the system. To better understand this phenomenon, we study the poroelastocapillary rise of a wetting liquid between poroelastic sheets. Using the lubrication theory and linear elasticity, we quantify the effects of the change in material properties of the wet sheets on the capillary rise and the equilibrium state of the system.

How To Cut a Round and a Square Inside Opening in a Piece of Sheet Metal Using Aviation Snips. Sheet Metal 1-001. Lesson Plan No. 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shibayama, Guy T.

As part of a 90-hour community college course in sheet metal working, this 50-minute lesson was designed to enable a student to: (1) identify and use right and left hand aviation snips; (2) cut out a 6-inch round opening in a piece of sheet metal using aviation snips; and (3) cut out a 6-by-6 inch square opening in a piece of sheet metal using…

Formulation and in vitro characterization of novel sildenafil citrate-loaded polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer-based orally dissolving films.

PubMed

Xu, Li-Li; Shi, Li-Li; Cao, Qing-Ri; Xu, Wei-Juan; Cao, Yue; Zhu, Xiao-Yin; Cui, Jing-Hao

2014-10-01

This work was aimed to develop novel sildenafil citrate (SC)-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) graft copolymer (Kollicoat(®) IR)-based orally dissolving films (ODFs) using a solvent casting method. Formulation factors such as plasticizers and disintegrants were optimized on the basis of characteristics of blank ODFs. The SC-loaded ODF with a loading capacity up to 6.25mg in an area of 6 cm(2) was prepared and evaluated in terms of mechanical properties, disintegration time and dissolution rate. The physicochemical properties of drug-loaded ODF were also investigated using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The blank ODF composed of Kollicoat(®) IR, sodium alginate (ALG-Na) and glycerol (10:2:1.5, w/w) had a remarkably short disintegration time of about 20s. The SC-loaded ODF showed a delayed disintegration time (about 25s), but exhibited improved mechanical properties when compared to the blank ODF. SC was homogeneously dispersed throughout the ODF and the crystalline form of drug had been partly changed, existing strong hydrogen bonding between the drug and carriers. The Kollicoat(®) IR/ALG-Na based ODFs containing SC might be an alternative to conventional tablet for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 752 - Instructions for Completing Form BIS-748P, Multipurpose Application for Requests for Special...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... within the lines for each Block or box, except where a signature is required. Where there is a choice of... Special Comprehensive License box. Block 6: Documents Submitted with Application. Enter an “x” in the appropriate boxes to indicate which forms are attached. Block 7: Documents on File with Applicant. Leave blank...

15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 752 - Instructions for Completing Form BIS-748P, Multipurpose Application for Requests for Special...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... within the lines for each Block or box, except where a signature is required. Where there is a choice of... Special Comprehensive License box. Block 6: Documents Submitted with Application. Enter an “x” in the appropriate boxes to indicate which forms are attached. Block 7: Documents on File with Applicant. Leave blank...

15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 752 - Instructions for Completing Form BIS-748P, Multipurpose Application for Requests for Special...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... within the lines for each Block or box, except where a signature is required. Where there is a choice of... Special Comprehensive License box. Block 6: Documents Submitted with Application. Enter an “x” in the appropriate boxes to indicate which forms are attached. Block 7: Documents on File with Applicant. Leave blank...

47 CFR 73.646 - Telecommunications Service on the Vertical Blanking Interval and in the Visual Signal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Telecommunications Service on the Vertical Blanking Interval and in the Visual Signal. 73.646 Section 73.646 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS....646 Telecommunications Service on the Vertical Blanking Interval and in the Visual Signal. (a...

State of balance of the cryosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Van Der Veen, C. J.

1991-01-01

Available observations and mass balance estimates of the cryosphere are summarized. Problems discussed include mountain glaciers, the Greenland ice sheet, the Antarctic ice sheet, conventional glacier measurement techniques, and satellite applications in glacier mass balance studies. It is concluded that the interior part of the Greenland ice sheet is thickening or in near equilibrium. Estimates of the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet suggest that it is positive, although the error limits allow for a slightly negative balance.

49 CFR 1312.1 - Scope; definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Transportation Board. Bound tariff means a tariff consisting of two or more sheets bound at the left edge in... single page published as part of a new or reissued looseleaf tariff or as an amendment to such a tariff.... Supplement means a single sheet, or two or more sheets bound at the left edge in pamphlet or book form...

Three-dimensional characterization of extreme ultraviolet mask blank defects by interference contrast photoemission electron microscopy.

PubMed

Lin, Jingquan; Weber, Nils; Escher, Matthias; Maul, Jochen; Han, Hak-Seung; Merkel, Michael; Wurm, Stefan; Schönhense, Gerd; Kleineberg, Ulf

2008-09-29

A photoemission electron microscope based on a new contrast mechanism "interference contrast" is applied to characterize extreme ultraviolet lithography mask blank defects. Inspection results show that positioning of interference destructive condition (node of standing wave field) on surface of multilayer in the local region of a phase defect is necessary to obtain best visibility of the defect on mask blank. A comparative experiment reveals superiority of the interference contrast photoemission electron microscope (Extreme UV illumination) over a topographic contrast one (UV illumination with Hg discharge lamp) in detecting extreme ultraviolet mask blank phase defects. A depth-resolved detection of a mask blank defect, either by measuring anti-node peak shift in the EUV-PEEM image under varying inspection wavelength condition or by counting interference fringes with a fixed illumination wavelength, is discussed.

Method for forming a liquid cooled airfoil for a gas turbine

DOEpatents

Grondahl, Clayton M.; Willmott, Leo C.; Muth, Myron C.

1981-01-01

A method for forming a liquid cooled airfoil for a gas turbine is disclosed. A plurality of holes are formed at spaced locations in an oversized airfoil blank. A pre-formed composite liquid coolant tube is bonded into each of the holes. The composite tube includes an inner member formed of an anti-corrosive material and an outer member formed of a material exhibiting a high degree of thermal conductivity. After the coolant tubes have been bonded to the airfoil blank, the airfoil blank is machined to a desired shape, such that a portion of the outer member of each of the composite tubes is contiguous with the outer surface of the machined airfoil blank. Finally, an external skin is bonded to the exposed outer surface of both the machined airfoil blank and the composite tubes.

Seeing Red and Shooting Blanks: Study of Red Quasars and Blank X-Ray Sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oliversen, Ronald (Technical Monitor); Elvis, Martin

2005-01-01

A major paper describing the technique and providing a list of 'blanks' was published in the Astrophysical Journal (abstract below). The results revealed a fascinating trove of novel X-ray sources: high redshift clusters of galaxies found efficiently; X-ray absorbed, optically clean AGN, which may be the bright prototypes of Chandra Deep Survey sources; and several with a still unknown nature. Recent XMM-Newton results confirm the existence of this class of X-ray source with much refined positions. During the first year of this project we have made a major discovery. The second 'blanks' X-ray source observed with Chandra was found to be extended. Using Chandra data and ground-based R and K band imaging we estimated this to be a high redshift cluster of galaxies with z approx. 0.85. Spectroscopy agrees with this estimate (z=0.89). This success shows that our method of hunting down 'blank' field X-ray sources is a highly efficient method of finding the otherwise elusive high redshift clusters. With extensive follow-up we should be able to use 'blanks' to make cosmological tests. The paper is now in press in the Astrophysical Journal (abstract below.) The other Chandra source is point-like, showing that there are a variety of 'blank' source types. Other follow-up observations with XMM-Newton, and (newly approved in cycle 2) with Chandra are eagerly awaited. A follow-up paper uses a large amount of supporting data for the remaining blanks. A combination of ROSAT, Chandra and ground based data convincingly identified one of the blanks as a Ultra-luminous X-ray source (ULX) in a spiral galaxy (abstract below). This program resulted in 3 refereed papers in major journals, 4 conference proceedings and a significant fraction of the PhD thesis of Dr. Ilaria Cagnoni. Details of the publications are given.

Seeing Red and Shooting Blanks: A Study of Red Quasars and Blank Field X-Ray Sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Elvis, Martin; Oliversen, Ronald J. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

We have identified a population of 'blank field sources' (or 'blanks') among the ROSAT (Roentgen Satellite) bright unidentified X-ray sources with faint optical counterparts. The extreme X-ray over optical flux ratio of blank field sources is not compatible with the main classes of X-ray emitters except for extreme BL Lacertae objects at fx/fv is equal to or less than 35. From the analysis of ROSAT archival data we found evidence for only three sources, out of 16, needing absorption in excess of the Galactic value and no indication of variability. We also found evidence for an extended nature for only one of the five blanks with a serendipitous HRI (High Resolution Imager) detection; this source (1WGA J1226.9+3332) was confirmed as a z=0.89 cluster of galaxies. Palomar images reveal the presence of a red (O - E is equal to or greater than 2) counterpart in the X-ray error circle for six blanks. The identification process brought to the discovery of another high z cluster of galaxies, one (possibly extreme) BL Lac and two apparently normal type 1 AGNs (Active Galactic Nuclei). These AGNs, together with four more AGN-like objects seem to form a well defined group: they present type 1 X-ray spectra but red Palomar counterparts. We discuss the possible explanations for the discrepancy between the X-ray and optical data, among which: a suppressed big blue bump emission, an extreme dust to gas (approximately 40 - 60 the Galactic ratio) ratio value and a high redshift (z is greater than or equal to 3.5) QSO (Quasi-Stellar Object) nature. These AGN-like blanks seem to be the bright (and easier to study) analogs of the sources which are being found in deep Chandra observations. Five more blanks have a still an unknown nature.

SEMATECH produces defect-free EUV mask blanks: defect yield and immediate challenges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antohe, Alin O.; Balachandran, Dave; He, Long; Kearney, Patrick; Karumuri, Anil; Goodwin, Frank; Cummings, Kevin

2015-03-01

Availability of defect-free reflective mask has been one of the most critical challenges to extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). To mitigate the risk, significant progress has been made on defect detection, pattern shifting, and defect repair. Clearly such mitigation strategies are based on the assumption that defect counts and sizes from incoming mask blanks must be below practical levels depending on mask specifics. The leading industry consensus for early mask product development is that there should be no defects greater than 80 nm in the quality area, 132 mm x 132 mm. In addition less than 10 defects smaller than 80 nm may be mitigable. SEMATECH has been focused on EUV mask blank defect reduction using Veeco Nexus TM IBD platform, the industry standard for mask blank production, and assessing if IBD technology can be evolved to a manufacturing solution. SEMATECH has recently announced a breakthrough reduction of defects in the mask blank deposition process resulting in the production of two defect-free EUV mask blanks at 54 nm inspection sensitivity (SiO2 equivalent). This paper will discuss the dramatic reduction of baseline EUV mask blank defects, review the current deposition process run and compare results with previous process runs. Likely causes of remaining defects will be discussed based on analyses as characterized by their compositions and whether defects are embedded in the multilayer stack or non-embedded.

When the Ostrich-Algorithm Fails: Blanking Method Affects Spike Train Statistics.

PubMed

Joseph, Kevin; Mottaghi, Soheil; Christ, Olaf; Feuerstein, Thomas J; Hofmann, Ulrich G

2018-01-01

Modern electroceuticals are bound to employ the usage of electrical high frequency (130-180 Hz) stimulation carried out under closed loop control, most prominent in the case of movement disorders. However, particular challenges are faced when electrical recordings of neuronal tissue are carried out during high frequency electrical stimulation, both in-vivo and in-vitro . This stimulation produces undesired artifacts and can render the recorded signal only partially useful. The extent of these artifacts is often reduced by temporarily grounding the recording input during stimulation pulses. In the following study, we quantify the effects of this method, "blanking," on the spike count and spike train statistics. Starting from a theoretical standpoint, we calculate a loss in the absolute number of action potentials, depending on: width of the blanking window, frequency of stimulation, and intrinsic neuronal activity. These calculations were then corroborated by actual high signal to noise ratio (SNR) single cell recordings. We state that, for clinically relevant frequencies of 130 Hz (used for movement disorders) and realistic blanking windows of 2 ms, up to 27% of actual existing spikes are lost. We strongly advice cautioned use of the blanking method when spike rate quantification is attempted. Blanking (artifact removal by temporarily grounding input), depending on recording parameters, can lead to significant spike loss. Very careful use of blanking circuits is advised.

When the Ostrich-Algorithm Fails: Blanking Method Affects Spike Train Statistics

PubMed Central

Joseph, Kevin; Mottaghi, Soheil; Christ, Olaf; Feuerstein, Thomas J.; Hofmann, Ulrich G.

2018-01-01

Modern electroceuticals are bound to employ the usage of electrical high frequency (130–180 Hz) stimulation carried out under closed loop control, most prominent in the case of movement disorders. However, particular challenges are faced when electrical recordings of neuronal tissue are carried out during high frequency electrical stimulation, both in-vivo and in-vitro. This stimulation produces undesired artifacts and can render the recorded signal only partially useful. The extent of these artifacts is often reduced by temporarily grounding the recording input during stimulation pulses. In the following study, we quantify the effects of this method, “blanking,” on the spike count and spike train statistics. Starting from a theoretical standpoint, we calculate a loss in the absolute number of action potentials, depending on: width of the blanking window, frequency of stimulation, and intrinsic neuronal activity. These calculations were then corroborated by actual high signal to noise ratio (SNR) single cell recordings. We state that, for clinically relevant frequencies of 130 Hz (used for movement disorders) and realistic blanking windows of 2 ms, up to 27% of actual existing spikes are lost. We strongly advice cautioned use of the blanking method when spike rate quantification is attempted. Impact statement Blanking (artifact removal by temporarily grounding input), depending on recording parameters, can lead to significant spike loss. Very careful use of blanking circuits is advised. PMID:29780301

Laser: a tool for light weight steel solutions for the automotive industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prange, Wilfried; Wonneberger, Ingo

2003-03-01

Mid 80th the steel industry discovered the laser as a tool to develop new products made from steel -- the tailored blanks. That means welding single blanks together, which are of different gauge or grades and coating. In the meantime this product is one of the key solutions for light weight vehicles with increasing performances. The market development world wide confirms this statement. But the development of this product is still going on. New high power lasers and new laser generations as Nd:YAG lasers are the basis. Today welded blanks with almost any seam/blank configuration are in high volume production. These blanks offer an additional potential for the optimization of the final product. To produce flat blank is only one possibility. New developments are the tailored tubes as a prematerial for the hydroforming process. This product becomes more and more important for optimized body in white solutions. But this design elements need new solutions in the assembly shops. So the laser is going to get more importance in the 3D welding process as well. This was shown for example in the ULSAB(-AVC)-project. Future vehicles more and more contain different materials. For example the joining of steel and aluminum to Hybrid Blanks can be done successfully by the use of laser. So the laser is one of the most important tools in the future.

Development of a Beam Trajectory Monitoring System Using e+/e- Pair Production Events

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kimura, Shota; Emoto, Yusaku; Fujihara, Kento; Ito, Hiroshi; Kawai, Hideyuki; Kobayashi, Atsushi; Mizuno, Takahiro

2018-01-01

In particle therapy, it is important to monitor the Bragg-peak position. It was simulated by GEANT4 Monte Carlo Simulation Code that the distribution of secondary generated gamma rays on the carbon beam therapy and the proton beam therapy. This simulation shows that gamma rays whose energy is 10 MeV or more are intensively generated at the Bragg-peak position. We are developing the system to monitor the Bragg-peak position which can measure pair production events occurred in the detector by gamma rays from irradiation points. The momentum direction of the gamma ray can be determined by measuring passing points and energy of e+ and e- generated by pair production. This system has 5 parts. The first is the conversion part. This part consists of several layers. Each layer is composed of a La-GPS ((Gd0.75La0.24Ce0.01)2Si2O7) scintillator plate and wavelength-shifting fibre (WLSF) sheets. The scintillator plate is sandwiched between sheets, where the directions of the sheets are in orthogonally x and y directions. In this part, gamma rays are converted to e+ e- pairs and the position where the conversion occured is determined. The second is the tracking part. This part consists of 2 layers of scintillating fibre tracker. Each layer has 6 scintillating fibre sheets for x, x', u, u', v, and v'. The third is the energy measurement part. It measures the energy of e+ and e- by scintillator array and Silicon Photomultipliers. The fourth is the veto counter for bremsstrahlung gamma rays from e+ and e-. The fifth is the beam monitor. By experiment, the number of photoelectrons of La-GPS with a WLSF (B-3(300)MJ, Kuraray) sheet and scintillating fibre (SCSF-78, Kuraray) when charged particle passed was measured as 9.7 and 7.6 respectively.

Experimental characterization and macro-modeling of mechanical strength of multi-sheets and multi-materials spot welds under pure and mixed modes I and II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chtourou, Rim; Haugou, Gregory; Leconte, Nicolas; Zouari, Bassem; Chaari, Fahmi; Markiewicz, Eric

2015-09-01

Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) of multiple sheets with multiple materials are increasingly realized in the automotive industry. The mechanical strength of such new generation of spot welded assemblies is not that much dealt with. This is true in particular for experiments dedicated to investigate the mechanical strength of spot weld made by multi sheets of different grades, and their macro modeling in structural computations. Indeed, the most published studies are limited to two sheet assemblies. Therefore, in the first part of this work an advanced experimental set-up with a reduced mass is proposed to characterize the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behavior and rupture of spot weld made by several sheets of different grades. The proposed device is based on Arcan test, the plates contribution in the global response is, thus, reduced. Loading modes I/II are, therefore, combined and well controlled. In the second part a simplified spot weld connector element (macroscopic modeling) is proposed to describe the nonlinear response and rupture of this new generation of spot welded assemblies. The weld connector model involves several parameters to be set. The remaining parameters are finally identified through a reverse engineering approach using mechanical responses of experimental tests presented in the first part of this work.

Low-Cost Opportunity for Small-Scale Manufacture of Hardwood Blanks

Treesearch

Bruce G. Hansen; Philip A. Araman

1985-01-01

We analyzed the manufacture of standard-size hardwood blanks from lumber on a relatively small scale by conventional processing. Requiring an investment of just over $200,000, the conventional mill can process 500 M bf (thousand board feet) of kiln-dried lumber annually. The study focused on the economics associated with manufacture of blanks from four species -...

76 FR 14697 - Aleris Blanking and Rim Products, Inc., a Division of Aleris International, Inc., Terre Haute, IN...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-17

... Products, Inc., a Division of Aleris International, Inc., Terre Haute, IN; Notice of Revised Determination... workers of Aleris Blanking and Rim Products, Inc., a division of Aleris International, Inc., Terre Haute... Blanking and Rim Products, Inc., a division of Aleris International, Inc., Terre Haute, Indiana, who became...

Modeling Primary Breakup: A Three-Dimensional Eulerian Level Set/Vortex Sheet Method for Two-Phase Interface Dynamics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Herrmann, M.

2003-01-01

This paper is divided into four parts. First, the level set/vortex sheet method for three-dimensional two-phase interface dynamics is presented. Second, the LSS model for the primary breakup of turbulent liquid jets and sheets is outlined and all terms requiring subgrid modeling are identified. Then, preliminary three-dimensional results of the level set/vortex sheet method are presented and discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn and an outlook to future work is given.

[Protection and bidirectional effect of rhubarb anthraquinone and tannins for rats' liver].

PubMed

Qin, Lu-shan; Zhao, Hai-ping; Zhao, Yan-ling; Ma, Zhi-jiel; Zeng, Ling-na; Zhang, Ya-ming; Zhang, Ping; Yan, Dan; Bai, Zhao-fang; Li, Yue; Hao, Qing-xiu; Zhao, Kui-jun; Wang, Jia-bo; Xiao, Xiao-he

2014-06-01

To compare the bidirectional effect of rhubarb total anthraquinone (TA) and total tannins (TT) on rats' liver. One hundred rats were randomly divided into 10 groups, i.e., the blank group, the model group, the blank + high dose TA group, the blank +low dose TA group, the blank + high dose TT group, the blank + low dose TT group, the model + high dose TA group, the model + low dose TA group, the model +high dose TT group, and the model + low dose TT group, 10 in each group. The carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) was used to prepare the acute liver injury rat model. TA and TT of rhubarb (at 5.40 g crude drugs/kg and 14.69 g crude drugs/kg) were intragastrically administrated to rats in all groups except the blank group and the model group, once daily for 6 successive days.The general state of rats, biochemical indices such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), laminin (LN), hyaluronic acid (HA), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), as well pathological results of rat liver tissues. Finally the protection laws of TA and TT for rats' liver were analyzed using factor analysis. Compared with the blank control group, all biochemical indices increased in the blank group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). HA also increased in the blank + high dose TA group; AST, ALT, and HA also increased in the blank +high dose TT group (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, AST, ALT, ALP, HA, and TGF-beta1 significantly decreased in the model + low dose TA group, the model + high dose TA group, the model + low dose TT group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Serum AST, ALT, and ALP also decreased in the model + high dose TT group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Pathological results showed that mild swollen liver cells in the model + high dose TA group. Fatty degeneration and fragmental necrosis around the central veins occurred in the blank + high dose TA group. The pathological injury was inproved in the model +low dose TA group. Two common factors, liver fibrosis and liver cell injury, were extracted by using factor analysis. TA showed stronger improvement of the two common factors than TT. Rhubarb TA and TT showed protective and harmful effects on rats' liver. At an equivalent dosage, TA had better liver protection than TT. High dose TT played a role in liver injury to some extent.

Altimetry, gravimetry, GPS and viscoelastic modeling data for the joint inversion for glacial isostatic adjustment in Antarctica (ESA STSE Project REGINA)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sasgen, Ingo; Martín-Español, Alba; Horvath, Alexander; Klemann, Volker; Petrie, Elizabeth J.; Wouters, Bert; Horwath, Martin; Pail, Roland; Bamber, Jonathan L.; Clarke, Peter J.; Konrad, Hannes; Wilson, Terry; Drinkwater, Mark R.

2018-03-01

The poorly known correction for the ongoing deformation of the solid Earth caused by glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is a major uncertainty in determining the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet from measurements of satellite gravimetry and to a lesser extent satellite altimetry. In the past decade, much progress has been made in consistently modeling ice sheet and solid Earth interactions; however, forward-modeling solutions of GIA in Antarctica remain uncertain due to the sparsity of constraints on the ice sheet evolution, as well as the Earth's rheological properties. An alternative approach towards estimating GIA is the joint inversion of multiple satellite data - namely, satellite gravimetry, satellite altimetry and GPS, which reflect, with different sensitivities, trends in recent glacial changes and GIA. Crucial to the success of this approach is the accuracy of the space-geodetic data sets. Here, we present reprocessed rates of surface-ice elevation change (Envisat/Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite, ICESat; 2003-2009), gravity field change (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, GRACE; 2003-2009) and bedrock uplift (GPS; 1995-2013). The data analysis is complemented by the forward modeling of viscoelastic response functions to disc load forcing, allowing us to relate GIA-induced surface displacements with gravity changes for different rheological parameters of the solid Earth. The data and modeling results presented here are available in the PANGAEA database (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.875745). The data sets are the input streams for the joint inversion estimate of present-day ice-mass change and GIA, focusing on Antarctica. However, the methods, code and data provided in this paper can be used to solve other problems, such as volume balances of the Antarctic ice sheet, or can be applied to other geographical regions in the case of the viscoelastic response functions. This paper presents the first of two contributions summarizing the work carried out within a European Space Agency funded study: Regional glacial isostatic adjustment and CryoSat elevation rate corrections in Antarctica (REGINA).

Construction Upgrade. A Pack To Improve Communication, Numerical and IT Skills for NVQ.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rylands, Judy

This pack of materials is designed to help students working to improve their basic skills as part of their carpentry and joinery course. An introduction lists relevant core skills units and basic skills standards. The six individual sections of the pack are divided into task sheets and fact sheets. The fact sheets give information and teaching…

45. WEST TO CIRCA 1900 SHEET METAL SHEAR, THE MACHINE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

45. WEST TO CIRCA 1900 SHEET METAL SHEAR, THE MACHINE USED TO CUT SHEET METAL USED IN WINDMILLS AND WATER TANKS. IN THE BACKGROUND IS THE INTERIOR WEST WALL OF THE FACTORY, ITS SHELVES BEARING WATER PUMPS, PARTS FOR PUMPS AND WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT, AND NEW OLD STOCK MERCHANDISE. - Kregel Windmill Company Factory, 1416 Central Avenue, Nebraska City, Otoe County, NE

A Suggested Set of Job and Task Sheets for Machine Shop Training.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Vocational Instructional Services.

This set of job and task sheets consists of three multi-part jobs that are adaptable for use in regular vocational industrial education programs for training machinists and machine shop operators. After completing the sheets included in this volume, students should be able to construct a planer jack, a radius cutter, and a surface gage. Each job…

40 CFR Figure 1 to Subpart Qqq of... - Data Summary Sheet for Determination of Average Opacity

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Data Summary Sheet for Determination of... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Copper Smelting Pt. 63, Subpt. QQQ, Fig. 1 Figure 1 to Subpart QQQ of Part 63—Data Summary Sheet for Determination of...

TSCA Chemical Data Reporting Fact Sheet: Imported Articles

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This fact sheet provides guidance and sample reporting scenarios on the reporting exemption for the import of a chemical substance as part of an article, for purposes of the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule.

75 FR 41989 - Content of Periodicals Mail

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-20

... media, since they are not printed sheets. But specifically allowing de minimis product samples will... provision in the DMM allowing product samples in de minimis form to be included as part of a printed sheet...

Electrohydraulic Forming of Near-Net Shape Automotive Panels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Golovaschenko, Sergey F.

2013-09-26

The objective of this project was to develop the electrohydraulic forming (EHF) process as a near-net shape automotive panel manufacturing technology that simultaneously reduces the energy embedded in vehicles and the energy consumed while producing automotive structures. Pulsed pressure is created via a shockwave generated by the discharge of high voltage capacitors through a pair of electrodes in a liquid-filled chamber. The shockwave in the liquid initiated by the expansion of the plasma channel formed between two electrodes propagates towards the blank and causes the blank to be deformed into a one-sided die cavity. The numerical model of the EHFmore » process was validated experimentally and was successfully applied to the design of the electrode system and to a multi-electrode EHF chamber for full scale validation of the process. The numerical model was able to predict stresses in the dies during pulsed forming and was validated by the experimental study of the die insert failure mode for corner filling operations. The electrohydraulic forming process and its major subsystems, including durable electrodes, an EHF chamber, a water/air management system, a pulse generator and integrated process controls, were validated to be capable to operate in a fully automated, computer controlled mode for forming of a portion of a full-scale sheet metal component in laboratory conditions. Additionally, the novel processes of electrohydraulic trimming and electrohydraulic calibration were demonstrated at a reduced-scale component level. Furthermore, a hybrid process combining conventional stamping with EHF was demonstrated as a laboratory process for a full-scale automotive panel formed out of AHSS material. The economic feasibility of the developed EHF processes was defined by developing a cost model of the EHF process in comparison to the conventional stamping process.« less

Extraction of Solar Wind Nitrogen and Noble Gases From the Genesis Gold Foil Collector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schlutter, D. J.; Pepin, R. O.

2005-12-01

The Genesis gold foil is a bulk solar wind collector, integrating fluences from all three of the wind regimes. Pyrolytic extraction of small foil samples at Minnesota yielded He fluences, corrected for backscatter, in good agreement with measurements by on-board spacecraft instruments, and He/Ne elemental ratios close to those implanted in collector foils deployed on the lunar surface during the Apollo missions. Isotopic distributions of He, Ne and Ar are under study. Pyrolysis to temperatures above the gold melting point generates nitrogen blanks large enough to obscure the solar-wind nitrogen component. An alternative technique for nitrogen and noble gas extraction, by room-temperature amalgamation of the gold foil surface, will be discussed. Ne and Ar releases in preliminary tests of this technique on small foil samples were close to 100% of the amounts expected from the high-temperature pyrolysis yields, indicating that amalgamation quantitatively liberates gases from several hundred angstroms deep in the gold, beyond the implantation depth of most of the solar wind. Present work is focused on two problems currently interfering with accurate nitrogen measurements at the required picogram to sub-picogram levels: a higher than expected blank likely due to tiny air bubbles rolled into the gold sheet during fabrication, and the presence of a refractory hydrocarbon film on Genesis collector surfaces (the "brown stain") that, if left in place on the foil, shields the underlying gold from mercury attack. We have found, however, that the film is efficiently removed within tens of seconds by oxygen plasma ashing. Potential nitrogen contaminants introduced during the crash of the sample return canister are inert in amalgamation, and so are not hazards to the measurements.

Automatic classification of blank substrate defects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boettiger, Tom; Buck, Peter; Paninjath, Sankaranarayanan; Pereira, Mark; Ronald, Rob; Rost, Dan; Samir, Bhamidipati

2014-10-01

Mask preparation stages are crucial in mask manufacturing, since this mask is to later act as a template for considerable number of dies on wafer. Defects on the initial blank substrate, and subsequent cleaned and coated substrates, can have a profound impact on the usability of the finished mask. This emphasizes the need for early and accurate identification of blank substrate defects and the risk they pose to the patterned reticle. While Automatic Defect Classification (ADC) is a well-developed technology for inspection and analysis of defects on patterned wafers and masks in the semiconductors industry, ADC for mask blanks is still in the early stages of adoption and development. Calibre ADC is a powerful analysis tool for fast, accurate, consistent and automatic classification of defects on mask blanks. Accurate, automated classification of mask blanks leads to better usability of blanks by enabling defect avoidance technologies during mask writing. Detailed information on blank defects can help to select appropriate job-decks to be written on the mask by defect avoidance tools [1][4][5]. Smart algorithms separate critical defects from the potentially large number of non-critical defects or false defects detected at various stages during mask blank preparation. Mechanisms used by Calibre ADC to identify and characterize defects include defect location and size, signal polarity (dark, bright) in both transmitted and reflected review images, distinguishing defect signals from background noise in defect images. The Calibre ADC engine then uses a decision tree to translate this information into a defect classification code. Using this automated process improves classification accuracy, repeatability and speed, while avoiding the subjectivity of human judgment compared to the alternative of manual defect classification by trained personnel [2]. This paper focuses on the results from the evaluation of Automatic Defect Classification (ADC) product at MP Mask Technology Center (MPMask). The Calibre ADC tool was qualified on production mask blanks against the manual classification. The classification accuracy of ADC is greater than 95% for critical defects with an overall accuracy of 90%. The sensitivity to weak defect signals and locating the defect in the images is a challenge we are resolving. The performance of the tool has been demonstrated on multiple mask types and is ready for deployment in full volume mask manufacturing production flow. Implementation of Calibre ADC is estimated to reduce the misclassification of critical defects by 60-80%.

Validation of Modelled Ice Dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet using Historical Forcing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoffman, M. J.; Price, S. F.; Howat, I. M.; Bonin, J. A.; Chambers, D. P.; Tezaur, I.; Kennedy, J. H.; Lenaerts, J.; Lipscomb, W. H.; Neumann, T.; Nowicki, S.; Perego, M.; Saba, J. L.; Salinger, A.; Guerber, J. R.

2015-12-01

Although ice sheet models are used for sea level rise projections, the degree to which these models have been validated by observations is fairly limited, due in part to the limited duration of the satellite observation era and the long adjustment time scales of ice sheets. Here we describe a validation framework for the Greenland Ice Sheet applied to the Community Ice Sheet Model by forcing the model annually with flux anomalies at the major outlet glaciers (Enderlin et al., 2014, observed from Landsat/ASTER/Operation IceBridge) and surface mass balance (van Angelen et al., 2013, calculated from RACMO2) for the period 1991-2012. The ice sheet model output is compared to ice surface elevation observations from ICESat and ice sheet mass change observations from GRACE. Early results show promise for assessing the performance of different model configurations. Additionally, we explore the effect of ice sheet model resolution on validation skill.

Stamp forming optimization for formability and crystallinity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Donderwinkel, T. G.; Rietman, B.; Haanappel, S. P.; Akkerman, R.

2016-10-01

The stamp forming process is well suited for high volume production of thermoplastic composite parts. The process can be characterized as highly non-isothermal as it involves local quench-cooling of a molten thermoplastic composite blank where it makes contact with colder tooling. The formability of the thermoplastic composite depends on the viscoelastic material behavior of the matrix material, which is sensitive to temperature and degree of crystallinity. An experimental study was performed to determine the effect of temperature and crystallinity on the storage modulus during cooling for a woven glass fiber polyamide-6 composite material. An increase of two decades in modulus was observed during crystallization. As this will significantly impede the blank formability, the onset of crystallization effectively governs the time available for forming. Besides the experimental work, a numerical model is developed to study the temperature and crystallinity throughout the stamp forming process. A process window can be determined by feeding the model with the experimentally obtained data on crystallization.

Homogeneity of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of ZERODUR: a review of a decade of evaluations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jedamzik, Ralf; Westerhoff, Thomas

2017-09-01

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and its spatial homogeneity from small to large formats is the most important property of ZERODUR. Since more than a decade SCHOTT has documented the excellent CTE homogeneity. It started with reviews of past astronomical telescope projects like the VLT, Keck and GTC mirror blanks and continued with dedicated evaluations of the production. In recent years, extensive CTE measurements on samples cut from randomly selected single ZERODUR parts in meter size and formats of arbitrary shape, large production boules and even 4 m sized blanks have demonstrated the excellent CTE homogeneity in production. The published homogeneity data shows single ppb/K peak to valley CTE variations on medium spatial scale of several cm down to small spatial scale of only a few mm mostly at the limit of the measurement reproducibility. This review paper summarizes the results also in respect to the increased CTE measurement accuracy over the last decade of ZERODUR production.

ICAM (Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing) Conceptual Design for Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. Volume 1. Project Overview and Technical Summary

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-06-29

sheet metal, machined and composite parts and assembling the components into final pruJucts o Planning, evaluating, testing, inspecting and...Research showed that current programs were pursuing the design and demonstration of integrated centers for sheet metal, machining and composite ...determine any metal parts required and to schedule these requirements from the machining center. Figure 3-33, Planned Composite Production, shows

Tribological performances of new steel grades for hot stamping tools

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Medea, F.; Venturato, G.; Ghiotti, A.; Bruschi, S.

2017-09-01

In the last years, the use of High Strength Steels (HSS) as structural parts in car body-in-white manufacturing has rapidly increased thanks to their favourable strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness, which allow a reduction of the fuel consumption to accommodate the new restricted regulations for CO2 emissions control. The survey of the technical and scientific literature shows a large interest in the development of different coatings for the blanks from the traditional Al-Si up to new Zn-based coatings and on the analysis of hard PVD, CVD coatings and plasma nitriding applied on the tools. By contrast, fewer investigations have been focused on the development and test of new tools steels grades capable to improve the wear resistance and the thermal properties that are required for the in-die quenching during forming. On this base, the paper deals with the analysis and comparison the tribological performances in terms of wear, friction and heat transfer of new tool steel grades for high-temperature applications, characterized by a higher thermal conductivity than the commonly used tools. Testing equipment, procedures as well as measurements analyses to evaluate the friction coefficient, the wear and heat transfer phenomena are presented. Emphasis is given on the physical simulation techniques that were specifically developed to reproduce the thermal and mechanical cycles on the metal sheets and dies as in the industrial practice. The reference industrial process is the direct hot stamping of the 22MnB5 HSS coated with the common Al-Si coating for automotive applications.

Use of acrylic sheet molds for elastomeric products

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heisman, R. M.; Koerner, A. E.; Messineo, S. M.

1970-01-01

Molds constructed of acrylic sheet are more easily machined than metal, are transparent to ensure complete filling during injection, and have smooth surfaces free of contamination. Technique eliminates flashing on molded parts and mold release agents.

Forming Limit Diagram of Titanium and Stainless Steel Alloys to Study the Formability of Hydro-Mechanical Deep Drawing Parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shirizly, A.

2005-08-01

The increase demand for stronger, lighter and economic sheet metal products, make the Hydromecanical deep drawing process lately more and more popular. The Hydromecanical process is used in almost all types of sheet metal parts from home appliances and kitchenware to automotive and aviation industries. Therefore, many common materials were tested and characterized by their ability to sustain large strains via the well known Forming Limit Diagram (FLD). The aim of this work is to examine the forming capability if the Hydromecanical process in production of hemisphere parts made of materials commonly used in the aviation and aerospace industries. Experimental procedures were carried out to assess their ductility through FLD and the Forming Limit Carve (FLC).Two type of material sheets were tested herewith for demonstrating the procedure: commercial pure titanium and stainless steel 316L. A numerical simulation of the Hydromecanical process was examined and compared to self made Hydromecanical deep drawing of hemispherical parts.

7. (Second sheet of a twosheet set entitled 'Kongensgade 5154') ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. (Second sheet of a two-sheet set entitled 'Kongensgade 51-54') KONGENSGADE (FRONT) ELEVATIONS OF KONGENSGADE 53 (only part of this elevation shown, for full elevation overlap with complementary photograph VI-50-6), & KONGENSGADE 54 (LEFT TO RIGHT) - King Street Area Study, Kongensgade 5-18, 36, 37B, 51-58 (Houses), 5-18, 36-37B, 51-58 King Street, Frederiksted, St. Croix, VI

Research and industrialization of near-net rolling technology used in shaft parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Zhenghuan; Wang, Baoyu; Zheng, Zhenhua

2017-11-01

Shaft part rolling is an efficient and green nearnet shaping technology offering many advantages, including high production efficiency, high material utilization rate, high product quality, and excellent production environment. In this paper, the features of shaft part rolling are introduced along with the working principles of two main shaft part rolling technologies, namely, cross wedge rolling (CWR) and skew rolling (SR). In relation to this technology, some R&D achievements gained by the University of Science and Technology Beijing are summarized. Finally, the latest developments in shaft part rolling are presented, including SR steel balls, precise forming of camshaft blank by CWR, SR phosphorous copper balls at room temperature, and CWR hollow axle sleeve. Although the shaft part rolling technology has been widely used in China, it only accounts for about 15% of applicable parts at present. Nevertheless, this technology has broad application prospects.

Research and industrialization of near-net rolling technology used in shaft parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Zhenghuan; Wang, Baoyu; Zheng, Zhenhua

2018-03-01

Shaft part rolling is an efficient and green nearnet shaping technology offering many advantages, including high production efficiency, high material utilization rate, high product quality, and excellent production environment. In this paper, the features of shaft part rolling are introduced along with the working principles of two main shaft part rolling technologies, namely, cross wedge rolling (CWR) and skew rolling (SR). In relation to this technology, some R&D achievements gained by the University of Science and Technology Beijing are summarized. Finally, the latest developments in shaft part rolling are presented, including SR steel balls, precise forming of camshaft blank by CWR, SR phosphorous copper balls at room temperature, and CWR hollow axle sleeve. Although the shaft part rolling technology has been widely used in China, it only accounts for about 15% of applicable parts at present. Nevertheless, this technology has broad application prospects.

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of AA7075-T6 Sheet: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Micro-texture, and Thermal History

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Jingyi; Upadhyay, Piyush; Hovanski, Yuri; Field, David P.

2018-01-01

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a cost-effective and high-quality joining process for aluminum alloys (especially heat-treatable alloys) that is historically operated at lower joining speeds (up to hundreds of millimeters per minute). In this study, we present a microstructural analysis of friction stir welded AA7075-T6 blanks with high welding speeds up to 3 M/min. Textures, microstructures, mechanical properties, and weld quality are analyzed using TEM, EBSD, metallographic imaging, and Vickers hardness. The higher welding speed results in narrower, stronger heat-affected zones (HAZs) and also higher hardness in the nugget zones. The material flow direction in the nugget zone is found to be leaning towards the welding direction as the welding speed increases. Results are coupled with welding parameters and thermal history to aid in the understanding of the complex material flow and texture gradients within the welds in an effort to optimize welding parameters for high-speed processing.

Analysis of earing behaviour in deep drawing of ASS 304 at elevated temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Amit Kumar; Deole, Aditya; Kotkunde, Nitin; Singh, Swadesh Kumar; jella, Gangadhar

2016-08-01

Earing tendency in a deep drawn cup of circular blanks is one the most prominent characteristics observed due to anisotropy in a metal sheet. Such formation of uneven rim is mainly due to dissimilarity in yield stress as well as Lankford parameter (r- value) in different orientations. In this paper, an analytical function coupled with different yield functions viz., Hill 1948, Barlat 1989 and Barlat Yld 2000-2d has been used to provide an approximation of earing profile. In order to validate the results, material parameters for yield functions and hardening rule have been calibrated for ASS 304 at 250°C and deep drawing experiment is conducted to measure the earing profile. The predicted earing profiles based on analytical results have been validated using experimental earing profile. Based on this analysis, Barlat Yld 2000-2d has been observed to be a well suited yield model for deep drawing of ASS 304, which also confirms the reliability of analytical function for earing profile estimation.

In temperature forming of friction stir lap welds in aluminium alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bruni, Carlo; Cabibbo, Marcello; Greco, Luciano; Pieralisi, Massimiliano

2018-05-01

The objective of such investigation is the study in depth of the forming phase of welds realized on three sheet metal blanks in aluminium alloys by friction stir lap welding. Such forming phase was performed by upsetting at different constant forming temperatures varying from 200°C to 350°C with constant ram velocities of 0.01 and 0.1 mm/s. The temperature values were obtained by the use of heating strips applied on the upper tool and on the lower tool. It was observed an increase in the friction factor, acting at the upsetting tool-workpiece interface, with increasing temperature that is very useful in producing the required localized deformation with which to improve the weld. It was also confirmed that the forming phase allows to realize a required thickness in the weld area allowing to neglect the surficial perturbation produced by the friction stir welding tool shoulder. The obtained thickness could be subjected to springback when too low temperatures are considered.

The Muslim Brotherhood and Modern Education: How Will the Muslim Brotherhood Address Egypt’s Failing Education System?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

Thesis Advisor: Robert Springborg Second Reader: Mohammed M. Hafez THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK i REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form...of secular subjects. vi THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vii TABLE OF CONTENTS I . INTRODUCTION...understanding, this thesis would not have been possible. xii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 1 I . INTRODUCTION A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION The

A gunner model for an AAA tracking task with interrupted observations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yu, C. F.; Wei, K. C.; Vikmanis, M.

1982-01-01

The problem of modeling a trained human operator's tracking performance in an anti-aircraft system under various display blanking conditions is discussed. The input to the gunner is the observable tracking error subjected to repeated interruptions (blanking). A simple and effective gunner model was developed. The effect of blanking on the gunner's tracking performance is approached via modeling the observer and controller gains.

Penetrating ocular trauma associated with blank cartridge

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Blank cartridge guns are generally regarded as being harmless and relative safe. However recent published articles demonstrated that the gas pressure from the exploding propellant of blank cartridge is powerful enough to penetrate the thoracic wall, abdominal muscle, small intestine and the skull. And there has been a limited number of case reports of ocular trauma associated with blank cartridge injury. In addition, no report on case with split extraocular muscle injury with traumatic cataract and penetrating corneoscleral wound associated with blank cartridge has been previously documented. This report describes the case of patient who sustained penetrating ocular injury with extraocular muscle injury by a close-distance blank cartridge that required surgical intervention. Case presentation A 20-year-old man sustained a penetrating globe injury in the right eye while cleaning a blank cartridge pistol. His uncorrected visual acuity at presentation was hand motion and he had a flame burn of his right upper and lower lid with multiple missile wounds. On slit-lamp examination, there was a 12-mm laceration of conjunctiva along the 9 o'clock position with two pinhole-like penetrating injuries of cornea and sclera. There was also a 3-mm corneal laceration between 9 o'clock and 12 o'clock and the exposed lateral rectus muscle was split. Severe Descemet's membrane folding with stromal edema was observed, and numerous yellow, powder-like foreign bodies were impacted in the cornea. Layered anterior chamber bleeding with traumatic cataract was also noted. Transverse view of ultrasonography showed hyperechoic foreign bodies with mild reduplication echoes and shadowing. However, a computed tomographic scan using thin section did not reveal a radiopaque foreign body within the right globe. Conclusion To our best knowledge, this is the first case report of split extraocular muscle injury with traumatic cataract and penetrating ocular injury caused by blank cartridge injury. Intraocular foreign bodies undetectable by CT were identified by B-scan ultrasonography in our patient. This case highlights the importance of additional ultrasonography when evaluating severe ocular trauma. And ophthalmologists should consider the possibility of penetrating injury caused by blank ammunition. PMID:24589340

A JavaScript API for the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) 4.11: towards an online interactive model for the cryosphere community

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larour, Eric; Cheng, Daniel; Perez, Gilberto; Quinn, Justin; Morlighem, Mathieu; Duong, Bao; Nguyen, Lan; Petrie, Kit; Harounian, Silva; Halkides, Daria; Hayes, Wayne

2017-12-01

Earth system models (ESMs) are becoming increasingly complex, requiring extensive knowledge and experience to deploy and use in an efficient manner. They run on high-performance architectures that are significantly different from the everyday environments that scientists use to pre- and post-process results (i.e., MATLAB, Python). This results in models that are hard to use for non-specialists and are increasingly specific in their application. It also makes them relatively inaccessible to the wider science community, not to mention to the general public. Here, we present a new software/model paradigm that attempts to bridge the gap between the science community and the complexity of ESMs by developing a new JavaScript application program interface (API) for the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM). The aforementioned API allows cryosphere scientists to run ISSM on the client side of a web page within the JavaScript environment. When combined with a web server running ISSM (using a Python API), it enables the serving of ISSM computations in an easy and straightforward way. The deep integration and similarities between all the APIs in ISSM (MATLAB, Python, and now JavaScript) significantly shortens and simplifies the turnaround of state-of-the-art science runs and their use by the larger community. We demonstrate our approach via a new Virtual Earth System Laboratory (VESL) website (http://vesl.jpl.nasa.gov, VESL(2017)).

Formation mechanism of the photomask blanks material related haze

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Jung-Jin; Choi, Junyoul; Koh, Soowan; Kim, Minho; Lee, Jiyoung; Lee, Han-Shin; Kim, Byung Gook; Jeon, Chan-uk

2016-05-01

We have observed a new type haze of which formation deviates from the generally accepted models with respect to the size, shape, and removability by chemicals. It has very small size of 50~100nm and are crowded around the cell boundary, while the typical haze doesn't prefer a special region on mask in the majority of cases. It is hard to remove by general cleaning, while the typical haze is easily removed by general cleaning process and even de-ionized water. It is confirmed that the source of the haze is blank material related ions which are formed by chemical etching of blanks during mask cleaning process or the photomask blanks itself.

LTRC Annual Research Program : Fiscal Year July 1, 2012-June 30, 2013

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-06-01

Contents: Budget Recap Sheets; Project Summary Sheets; FHWA Part II SPR Funded Research Program; FHWA IBRD Funded Research Program; FHWA LTAP Funded Program; FHWA STP Funded Technology Transfer & Education Program; State Funded Research Program; Fede...

LTRC annual research program : fiscal year July 1, 2015 - June 30, 2016.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-06-01

Contents: Budget Recap Sheets; Project Summary Sheets; FHWA Part II SPR Funded Research Program; FHWA LTAP Funded Program; FHWA STP Funded Technology Transfer & Education Program; State Funded Research Program; Self-Generated Funded Research; Other D...

LTRC annual research program : fiscal year July 1, 2011-June 30, 2012.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-06-01

Contents: Budget Recaps Sheets; Project Summary Sheets; FHWA Part II SPR Funded Research Program; FHWA IBRD Funded Research Program; FHWA LTAP Funded Program; FHWA STP Funded Technology Transfer & Education Program; State Funded Research Program; Sel...

Improved confidence intervals when the sample is counted an integer times longer than the blank.

PubMed

Potter, William Edward; Strzelczyk, Jadwiga Jodi

2011-05-01

Past computer solutions for confidence intervals in paired counting are extended to the case where the ratio of the sample count time to the blank count time is taken to be an integer, IRR. Previously, confidence intervals have been named Neyman-Pearson confidence intervals; more correctly they should have been named Neyman confidence intervals or simply confidence intervals. The technique utilized mimics a technique used by Pearson and Hartley to tabulate confidence intervals for the expected value of the discrete Poisson and Binomial distributions. The blank count and the contribution of the sample to the gross count are assumed to be Poisson distributed. The expected value of the blank count, in the sample count time, is assumed known. The net count, OC, is taken to be the gross count minus the product of IRR with the blank count. The probability density function (PDF) for the net count can be determined in a straightforward manner.

Estimating surface hardening profile of blank for obtaining high drawing ratio in deep drawing process using FE analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, C. J.; Aslian, A.; Honarvar, B.; Puborlaksono, J.; Yau, Y. H.; Chong, W. T.

2015-12-01

We constructed an FE axisymmetric model to simulate the effect of partially hardened blanks on increasing the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) of cylindrical cups. We partitioned an arc-shaped hard layer into the cross section of a DP590 blank. We assumed the mechanical property of the layer is equivalent to either DP980 or DP780. We verified the accuracy of the model by comparing the calculated LDR for DP590 with the one reported in the literature. The LDR for the partially hardened blank increased from 2.11 to 2.50 with a 1 mm depth of DP980 ring-shaped hard layer on the top surface of the blank. The position of the layer changed with drawing ratios. We proposed equations for estimating the inner and outer diameters of the layer, and tested its accuracy in the simulation. Although the outer diameters fitted in well with the estimated line, the inner diameters are slightly less than the estimated ones.

Lightweight ZERODUR mirror blanks: recent advances supporting faster, cheaper, and better spaceborne optical telescope assemblies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hull, Tony; Westerhoff, Thomas

2014-10-01

While there is no single material solution ideal for all missions, recent advances by SCHOTT in fabricating lightweight mirror blanks makes ZERODUR® a highly viable solution for many spaceborne telescopes. ZERODUR® is a well-characterized very low-expansion material. Monolithic mirrors are made without bonding or fusing out of highly homogeneous and isotropic blanks currently available in sizes up to 4m plus. We will summarize results recently given in a series of papers on the characteristics of these lightweight mirror blanks in sizes from 0.3m up, and describe the method of blank fabrication, with its compatibility to contemporary optical fabrication techniques that control of all optical spatial frequencies. ZERODUR® has a 35 year heritage in space on numerous missions, including the secondary mirror of Hubble, and all the Chandra mirrors. With the lightweighting we will discuss, ZERODUR® is now a high performing, affordable and rapidly produced mirror substrate suitable for lightweight imaging telescopes.

Proceedings of the Meeting of the Coordinating Group on Modern Control Theory (3rd) (20-21 October 1981) US Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, AL. Part I

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-11-01

Systems Direc- "torate, Gen. Thomas J. Rodman Laboratory, Rock Island, IL, June 1976. 93 Next page is blank. _ _l7 - " - ON DESIGNING ROBUST PREDICTORS...34Optimal Terminal Guidance with Constraints at Final Time" Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol 14, No. 6, June 77, pp 381-383 [7] Adler , F. P. "Missile

Determination of Process Parameters in Multi-Stage Hydro-Mechanical Deep Drawing by FE Simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, D. Ravi; Manohar, M.

2017-09-01

In this work, analysis has been carried to simulate manufacturing of a near hemispherical bottom part with large depth by hydro-mechanical deep drawing with an aim to reduce the number of forming steps and to reduce the extent of thinning in the dome region. Inconel 718 has been considered as the material due to its importance in aerospace industry. It is a Ni-based super alloy and it is one of the most widely used of all super alloys primarily due to large-scale applications in aircraft engines. Using Finite Element Method (FEM), numerical simulations have been carried out for multi-stage hydro-mechanical deep drawing by using the same draw ratios and design parameters as in the case of conventional deep drawing in four stages. The results showed that the minimum thickness in the final part can be increased significantly when compared to conventional deep drawing. It has been found that the part could be deep drawn to the desired height (after trimming at the final stage) without any severe wrinkling. Blank holding force (BHF) and peak counter pressure have been found to have a strong influence on thinning in the component. Decreasing the coefficient of friction has marginally increased the minimum thickness in the final component. By increasing the draw ratio and optimizing BHF, counter pressure and die corner radius in the simulations, it has been found that it is possible to draw the final part in three stages. It has been found that thinning can be further reduced by decreasing the initial blank size without any reduction in the final height. This reduced the draw ratio at every stage and optimum combination of BHF and counter pressure have been found for the 3-stage process also.

Blank and sample handling troubleshooting in ultratrace analysis of alkylphenols and bisphenol A by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Salgueiro-González, N; Concha-Graña, E; Turnes-Carou, I; Muniategui-Lorenzo, S; López-Mahía, P; Prada-Rodríguez, D

2012-11-15

Blank contamination is a notorious problem in the ultratrace analysis of alkylphenols and bisphenol A. The achievement of low detection limits is complicated due to the high background signals. Furthermore, overestimations and underestimations in the analytical results can occur when blank levels are not stable. Thus, a review of sources of blank contamination in this type of analysis was carried out. Several sources of contamination were identified and useful guidelines are proposed for the determination of these compounds in water samples by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The system contamination was maintained below 0.09 ng (reagent blank) for all compounds and below 0.003 μg L(-1) (procedure blank). The main improvement was obtained by using LC-MS grade solvent in the mobile phase and PTFE syringe filters for the filtration of the sample extracts. Sample handling aspects such as filtration and storage of the water samples were also considered. The filtration of the samples should be avoided because both contamination and adsorption problems were observed when different kinds of filters were assayed. The refrigerated storage of water samples should be limited to 5 days (without addition of methanol) or 8 days (with 5% methanol). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tug fleet and ground operations schedules and controls. Volume 2: Part 3, appendixes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

A space tug function description data sheet is prepared for each block of the space tug functional flow diagram. A summary of the basic information regarding the activities performed in its respective functional block is provided. The sheets are catalogued by functional flow block numbers with reference blocks at the end. The specific items of information contained in each data sheet are defined.

6. (First sheet of a twosheet set entitled 'Kongensgade 5154') ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. (First sheet of a two-sheet set entitled 'Kongensgade 51-54') KONGENSGADE (FRONT) ELEVATIONS OF KONGENSGADE 51, 52 & 53 (only part of Kongensgade 53 elevation shown, for full elevation overlap with complementary photograph VI-50-7) (LEFT TO RIGHT) - King Street Area Study, Kongensgade 5-18, 36, 37B, 51-58 (Houses), 5-18, 36-37B, 51-58 King Street, Frederiksted, St. Croix, VI

Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet - Ice Surface Velocities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andersen, S. B.; Ahlstrom, A. P.; Boncori, J. M.; Dall, J.

2011-12-01

In 2007, the Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy launched the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) as an ongoing effort to assess changes in the mass budget of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Iceberg calving from the outlet glaciers of the Greenland Ice Sheet, often termed the ice-dynamic mass loss, is responsible for an important part of the mass loss during the last decade. To quantify this part of the mass loss, we combine airborne surveys yielding ice-sheet thickness along the entire margin, with surface velocities derived from satellite synthetic-aperture radar (SAR). In order to derive ice sheet surface velocities from SAR a processing chain has been developed for GEUS by DTU Space based on a commercial software package distributed by GAMMA Remote Sensing. The processor, named SUSIE (Scripts and Utilities for SAR Ice-motion Estimation), can use both differential SAR interferometry and offset-tracking techniques to measure the horizontal velocity components, providing also an estimate of the corresponding measurement error. So far surface velocities have been derived for a number of sites including Nioghalvfjerdsfjord Glacier, the Kangerlussuaq region, the Nuuk region, Helheim Glacier and Daugaard-Jensen Glacier using data from ERS-1/ERS-2, ENVISAT ASAR and ALOS Palsar. Here we will present these first results.

Edge Length and Surface Area of a Blank: Experimental Assessment of Measures, Size Predictions and Utility

PubMed Central

Dogandžić, Tamara; Braun, David R.; McPherron, Shannon P.

2015-01-01

Blank size and form represent one of the main sources of variation in lithic assemblages. They reflect economic properties of blanks and factors such as efficiency and use life. These properties require reliable measures of size, namely edge length and surface area. These measures, however, are not easily captured with calipers. Most attempts to quantify these features employ estimates; however, the efficacy of these estimations for measuring critical features such as blank surface area and edge length has never been properly evaluated. In addition, these parameters are even more difficult to acquire for retouched implements as their original size and hence indication of their previous utility have been lost. It has been suggested, in controlled experimental conditions, that two platform variables, platform thickness and exterior platform angle, are crucial in determining blank size and shape meaning that knappers can control the interaction between size and efficiency by selecting specific core angles and controlling where fracture is initiated. The robustness of these models has rarely been tested and confirmed in context other than controlled experiments. In this paper, we evaluate which currently employed caliper measurement methods result in the highest accuracy of size estimations of blanks, and we evaluate how platform variables can be used to indirectly infer aspects of size on retouched artifacts. Furthermore, we investigate measures of different platform management strategies that control the shape and size of artifacts. To investigate these questions, we created an experimental lithic assemblage, we digitized images to calculate 2D surface area and edge length, which are used as a point of comparison for the caliper measurements and additional analyses. The analysis of aspects of size determinations and the utility of blanks contributes to our understanding of the technological strategies of prehistoric knappers and what economic decisions they made during process of blank production. PMID:26332773

Investigations on the micro-scale surface interactions at the tool and workpiece interface in micro-manufacturing of bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peker, Mevlut Fatih

Micro-forming studies have been more attractive in recent years because of miniaturization trend. One of the promising metal forming processes, micro-stamping, provides durability, strength, surface finish, and low cost for metal products. Hence, it is considered a prominent method for fabricating bipolar plates (BPP) with micro-channel arrays on large metallic surfaces to be used in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). Major concerns in micro-stamping of high volume BPPs are surface interactions between micro-stamping dies and blank metal plates, and tribological changes. These concerns play a critical role in determining the surface quality, channel formation, and dimensional precision of bipolar plates. The surface quality of BPP is highly dependent on the micro-stamping die surface, and process conditions due to large ratios of surface area to volume (size effect) that cause an increased level of friction and wear issues at the contact interface. Due to the high volume and fast production rates, BPP surface characteristics such as surface roughness, hardness, and stiffness may change because of repeated interactions between tool (micro-forming die) and workpiece (sheet blank of interest). Since the surface characteristics of BPPs have a strong effect on corrosion and contact resistance of bipolar plates, and consequently overall fuel cell performance, evolution of surface characteristics at the tool and workpiece should be monitored, controlled, and kept in acceptable ranges throughout the long production cycles to maintain the surface quality. Compared to macro-forming operations, tribological changes in micro-forming process are bigger challenges due to their dominance and criticality. Therefore, tribological size effect should be considered for better understanding of tribological changes in micro-scale. The integrity of process simulation to the experiments, on the other hand, is essential. This study describes an approach that aims to investigate the surface topography changes during long-run micro-stamping of BPPs, and establish relationships between surface roughness--corrosion resistance and surface roughness-contact resistance characteristics of BPPs. Formability levels of formed BPPs and repeatability characteristics of the process were investigated. In addition, blank thickness changes, von-Mises stress, plastic strain levels and distributions of micro-stamping process were determined via finite element analysis (FEA). Test results revealed that the surface roughness change for the stamping dies and BPPs was unsteady (no trend) due to the continuous change of surface topography (i.e. asperity deformation). Sub-micron range local plastic deformations on stamping dies led to surface topography changes on BPP in long-run manufacturing case. As surface defects trigger corrosion, the correlation between surface roughness and corrosion resistance of BPPs was found to be direct. Increasing number of surface irregularities (asperities) lowered contact surface area that resulted in increased contact resistance. ZrN coated BPPs, on the other hand, did not change surface roughness, however; it improved the protection of BPPs against corrosion significantly. In addition, ZrN coating increased the conductivity of BPPs and reduced the contact resistance between BPP and gas diffusion layer (GDL), at certain extent. As dimensional stability and repeatability was confirmed in forming of both uncoated and coated BPPs during the long run manufacturing, different formability levels were achieved for coated and uncoated samples. Lower channel height values were obtained for coated plates because of the different surface hardness of uncoated and coated plates. In tribological size effect part of study, micro stamping experiments using three different dies with distinct channel height values at different stamping force levels were performed. It was concluded that decrease in forming die dimensions led to increase in coefficient of friction as previously reported by other researchers as one of the consequences of tribological size effect. On the other hand, coefficient of friction values were not affected by the force levels used in the experiments and simulations, whereas plastic strain, equivalent stress, and formability levels were increased with increasing stamping force, as expected. In essence, this study proposed a methodology to investigate the long-run manufacturing effects on dimensional stability and surface characteristics of micro-stamped sheets. It also correlates these parameters to fuel cell performance measures such as interfacial contact and corrosion resistance.

Prediction of Supersonic Store Separation Characteristics Including Fuselage and Stores of Noncircular Cross Section. Volume III. Appendices A and B, Details of Program I.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-11-01

IZPT,ITH,IDEL,NTAP7,IAR,IAN,IUB, IGB(7) ,IVB,IU,IV,IW,IVA,IWA, ICP, IPHI,IYB,NAG,NAP,NAV,NAS, NASHK, NAFLD ,IAO,IDO,ISKO,TYIMI,IZIM,ISVN,ISKP,NRING,IROW...locations in blank common required in SOLVE NASHIK maximum locations in blank common required in BSHOCK NAFLD maximum locations in blank common

Radar Thickness Measurements over the Southern Part of the Greenland Ice Sheet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chuah, Teong Sek; Gogineni, Siva Prasad; Allen, Christopher; Wohletz, Brad; Wong, Y. C.; Ng, P. Y.; Ajayi, E.

1996-01-01

We performed ice thickness measurements over the southern part of the Greenland ice sheet during June and July 1993. We used an airborne coherent radar depth sounder for these measurements. The radar was operated from a NASA P-3 aircraft equipped with GPS receivers. Radar data were collected in conjunction with laser altimeter and microwave altimeter measurements of ice surface elevation. This report provides radio echograms and thickness profiles from data collected during 1993.

A numerical analysis on forming limits during spiral and concentric single point incremental forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gipiela, M. L.; Amauri, V.; Nikhare, C.; Marcondes, P. V. P.

2017-01-01

Sheet metal forming is one of the major manufacturing industries, which are building numerous parts for aerospace, automotive and medical industry. Due to the high demand in vehicle industry and environmental regulations on less fuel consumption on other hand, researchers are innovating new methods to build these parts with energy efficient sheet metal forming process instead of conventionally used punch and die to form the parts to achieve the lightweight parts. One of the most recognized manufacturing process in this category is Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF). SPIF is the die-less sheet metal forming process in which the single point tool incrementally forces any single point of sheet metal at any process time to plastic deformation zone. In the present work, finite element method (FEM) is applied to analyze the forming limits of high strength low alloy steel formed by single point incremental forming (SPIF) by spiral and concentric tool path. SPIF numerical simulations were model with 24 and 29 mm cup depth, and the results were compare with Nakajima results obtained by experiments and FEM. It was found that the cup formed with Nakajima tool failed at 24 mm while cups formed by SPIF surpassed the limit for both depths with both profiles. It was also notice that the strain achieved in concentric profile are lower than that in spiral profile.

Laboratory Powder Metallurgy Makes Tough Aluminum Sheet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Royster, D. M.; Thomas, J. R.; Singleton, O. R.

1993-01-01

Aluminum alloy sheet exhibits high tensile and Kahn tear strengths. Rapid solidification of aluminum alloys in powder form and subsequent consolidation and fabrication processes used to tailor parts made of these alloys to satisfy such specific aerospace design requirements as high strength and toughness.

Radiocarbon Analysis of Individual Amino Acids: Carbon Blank Quantification for a Small-Sample High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Purification Method.

PubMed

Bour, Amy L; Walker, Brett D; Broek, Taylor A B; McCarthy, Matthew D

2016-04-05

Compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) of amino acids (AAs) is of great interest as a proxy for organic nitrogen (N) cycling rates, dating archeological bone collagen, and investigating processes shaping the biogeochemistry of global N reservoirs. However, recoverable quantities of individual compounds from natural samples are often insufficient for radiocarbon ((14)C) analyses (<50 μg C). Constraining procedural carbon (C) blanks and their isotopic contributions is critical for reporting of accurate CSRA measurements. Here, we report the first detailed quantification of C blanks (including sources, magnitudes, and variability) for a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method designed to purify individual AAs from natural samples. We used pairs of AA standards with either modern (M) or dead (D) fraction modern (Fm) values to quantify MC and DC blanks within several chromatographic regions. Blanks were determined for both individual and mixed AA standard injections with peak loadings ranging from 10 to 85 μg C. We found 0.8 ± 0.4 μg of MC and 1.0 ± 0.5 μg of DC were introduced by downstream sample preparation (drying, combustion, and graphitization), which accounted for essentially the entire procedural blank for early eluting AAs. For late-eluting AAs, higher eluent organic content and fraction collected volumes contributed to total blanks of 1.5 ± 0.75 μg of MC and 3.0 ± 1.5 μg of DC. Our final measurement uncertainty for 20 μg of C of most AAs was ±0.02 Fm, although sample size requirements are larger for similar uncertainty in late-eluting AAs. These results demonstrate the first CSRA protocol for many protein AAs with uncertainties comparable to the lowest achieved in prior studies.

Inspection of lithographic mask blanks for defects

DOEpatents

Sommargren, Gary E.

2001-01-01

A visible light method for detecting sub-100 nm size defects on mask blanks used for lithography. By using optical heterodyne techniques, detection of the scattered light can be significantly enhanced as compared to standard intensity detection methods. The invention is useful in the inspection of super-polished surfaces for isolated surface defects or particulate contamination and in the inspection of lithographic mask or reticle blanks for surface defects or bulk defects or for surface particulate contamination.

ZERODUR thermo-mechanical modelling and advanced dilatometry for the ELT generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jedamzik, Ralf; Kunisch, Clemens; Westerhoff, Thomas

2016-07-01

Large amounts of low thermal expansion material are required for the upcoming ELT projects. The main mirror is designed using several hundreds of hexagonal 1.4 m sized mirror blanks. The M2 and M3 are monolithic 4 m class mirror blanks. The mirror blank material needs to fulfill tight requirements regarding CTE specification and homogeneity. Additionally the mirror blanks need to be dimensionally stable for more than 30 years. In particular, stress effects due to the changes in the environment shall not entail shape variation of more than 0.5 μm PV within 30 years. In 2010 SCHOTT developed a physically based model to describe the thermal and mechanical long time behavior of ZERODUR. The model enables simulation of the long time behavior of ZERODUR mirror blanks under realistic mechanical and thermal constraints. This presentation shows FEM simulation results on the long time behavior of the ELT M1, M2 and M3 mirror blanks under different loading conditions. Additionally the model results will be compared to an already 15 years lasting long time measurement of a ZERODUR sample at the German federal physical standardization institute (PTB). In recent years SCHOTT pushed the push rod dilatometer measurement technology to its limit. With the new Advanced Dilatometer CTE measurement accuracies of +- 3 ppb/K and reproducibilities of better 1 ppb/K have been achieved. The new Advanced Dilatometer exhibits excellent long time stability.

Optimal Design of Sheet Pile Wall Embedded in Clay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Manas Ranjan; Das, Sarat Kumar

2015-09-01

Sheet pile wall is a type of flexible earth retaining structure used in waterfront offshore structures, river protection work and temporary supports in foundations and excavations. Economy is an essential part of a good engineering design and needs to be considered explicitly in obtaining an optimum section. By considering appropriate embedment depth and sheet pile section it may be possible to achieve better economy. This paper describes optimum design of both cantilever and anchored sheet pile wall penetrating clay using a simple optimization tool Microsoft Excel ® Solver. The detail methodology and its application with examples are presented for cantilever and anchored sheet piles. The effects of soil properties, depth of penetration and variation of ground water table on the optimum design are also discussed. Such a study will help professional while designing the sheet pile wall penetrating clay.

A global, high-resolution data set of ice sheet topography, cavity geometry, and ocean bathymetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schaffer, Janin; Timmermann, Ralph; Arndt, Jan Erik; Savstrup Kristensen, Steen; Mayer, Christoph; Morlighem, Mathieu; Steinhage, Daniel

2016-10-01

The ocean plays an important role in modulating the mass balance of the polar ice sheets by interacting with the ice shelves in Antarctica and with the marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland. Given that the flux of warm water onto the continental shelf and into the sub-ice cavities is steered by complex bathymetry, a detailed topography data set is an essential ingredient for models that address ice-ocean interaction. We followed the spirit of the global RTopo-1 data set and compiled consistent maps of global ocean bathymetry, upper and lower ice surface topographies, and global surface height on a spherical grid with now 30 arcsec grid spacing. For this new data set, called RTopo-2, we used the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO_2014) as the backbone and added the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean version 3 (IBCAOv3) and the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) version 1. While RTopo-1 primarily aimed at a good and consistent representation of the Antarctic ice sheet, ice shelves, and sub-ice cavities, RTopo-2 now also contains ice topographies of the Greenland ice sheet and outlet glaciers. In particular, we aimed at a good representation of the fjord and shelf bathymetry surrounding the Greenland continent. We modified data from earlier gridded products in the areas of Petermann Glacier, Hagen Bræ, and Sermilik Fjord, assuming that sub-ice and fjord bathymetries roughly follow plausible Last Glacial Maximum ice flow patterns. For the continental shelf off Northeast Greenland and the floating ice tongue of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier at about 79° N, we incorporated a high-resolution digital bathymetry model considering original multibeam survey data for the region. Radar data for surface topographies of the floating ice tongues of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier and Zachariæ Isstrøm have been obtained from the data centres of Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Operation Icebridge (NASA/NSF), and Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI). For the Antarctic ice sheet/ice shelves, RTopo-2 largely relies on the Bedmap-2 product but applies corrections for the geometry of Getz, Abbot, and Fimbul ice shelf cavities. The data set is available in full and in regional subsets in NetCDF format from the PANGAEA database at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.856844.

Vacuum forming of thermoplastic sheet results in low-cost investment casting patterns

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clarke, A. E., Jr.

1964-01-01

Vacuum forming of a sheet of thermoplastic material around a mandrel conforming to the shape of the finished object provides a pattern for an investment mold. The thickness of the metal part is determined by the thickness of the plastic pattern.

Theoretical Analysis on Mechanical Deformation of Membrane-Based Photomask Blanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marumoto, Kenji; Aya, Sunao; Yabe, Hedeki; Okada, Tatsunori; Sumitani, Hiroaki

2012-04-01

Membrane-based photomask is used in proximity X-ray lithography including that in LIGA (Lithographie, Galvanoformung und Abformung) process, and near-field photolithography. In this article, out-of-plane deformation (OPD) and in-plane displacement (IPD) of membrane-based photomask blanks are theoretically analyzed to obtain the mask blanks with flat front surface and low stress absorber film. First, we derived the equations of OPD and IPD for the processing steps of membrane-based photomask such as film deposition, back-etching and bonding, using a theory of symmetrical bending of circular plates with a coaxial circular hole and that of deformation of cylinder under hydrostatic pressure. The validity of the equations was proved by comparing the calculation results with experimental ones. Using these equations, we investigated the relation between the geometry of the mask blanks and the distortions generally, and gave the criterion to attain the flat front surface. Moreover, the absorber stress-bias required to obtain zero-stress on finished mask blanks was also calculated and it has been found that only little stress-bias was required for adequate hole size of support plate.

Investigation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine impregnated adsorbent tubes for the collection of airborne aldehydes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holdren, M.W.; Smith, D.L.; Russell, N.K.

1988-06-01

The objective of the study was to investigate the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) impregnated adsorbents for sampling airborne aldehydes. Experimental results using a 17 cu m environmental chamber and various spiked amounts of aldehyde material (low ppb levels) showed that the DNPH coated cartridge and the DNPH/acetonitrile impinger methods gave equivalent results. Blank levels of the DNPH-coated cartridges were studied as a function of storage time using various containers and temperature conditions. Canisters pressurized with zero-grade nitrogen provided the best storage device. Lower blank levels were also obtained when the cartridges were stored at lower temperatures. Blank levels appear tomore » equilibrate after six days of storage. To assure that quality data will be obtained, cartridges should be grouped according to batch number and blank levels should be determined prior to any field monitoring effort. Blank cartridge levels should be an order of magnitude lower than sample cartridge level. High performance liquid chromatography with UV detection proved to be a sensitive and stable analytical method for the DNPH derivatives.« less

Attentional Lapses in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Blank Rather Than Wandering Thoughts.

PubMed

Van den Driessche, Charlotte; Bastian, Mikaël; Peyre, Hugo; Stordeur, Coline; Acquaviva, Éric; Bahadori, Sara; Delorme, Richard; Sackur, Jérôme

2017-10-01

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties sustaining their attention on external tasks. Such attentional lapses have often been characterized as the simple opposite of external sustained attention, but the different types of attentional lapses, and the subjective experiences to which they correspond, remain unspecified. In this study, we showed that unmedicated children (ages 6-12) with ADHD, when probed during a standard go/no-go task, reported more mind blanking (a mental state characterized by the absence of reportable content) than did control participants. This increase in mind blanking happened at the expense of both focused and wandering thoughts. We also found that methylphenidate reverted the level of mind blanking to baseline (i.e., the level of mind blanking reported by control children without ADHD). However, this restoration led to mind wandering more than to focused attention. In a second experiment, we extended these findings to adults who had subclinical ADHD. These results suggest that executive functions impaired in ADHD are required not only to sustain external attention but also to maintain an internal train of thought.

Methods to assess carbonaceous aerosol sampling artifacts for IMPROVE and other long-term networks.

PubMed

Watson, John G; Chow, Judith C; Chen, L W Antony; Frank, Neil H

2009-08-01

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) adsorb to quartz fiber filters during fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10, respectively) sampling for thermal/optical carbon analysis that measures organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). Particulate SVOCs can evaporate after collection, with a small portion adsorbed within the filter. Adsorbed organic gases are measured as particulate OC, so passive field blanks, backup filters, prefilter organic denuders, and regression methods have been applied to compensate for positive OC artifacts in several long-term chemical speciation networks. Average backup filter OC levels from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network were approximately 19% higher than field blank values. This difference is within the standard deviation of the average and likely results from low SVOC concentrations in the rural to remote environments of most IMPROVE sites. Backup filters from an urban (Fort Meade, MD) site showed twice the OC levels of field blanks. Sectioning backup filters from top to bottom showed nonuniform OC densities within the filter, contrary to the assumption that VOCs and SVOCs on a backup filter equal those on the front filter. This nonuniformity may be partially explained by evaporation and readsorption of vapors in different parts of the front and backup quartz fiber filter owing to temperature, relative humidity, and ambient concentration changes throughout a 24-hr sample duration. OC-PM2.5 regression analysis and organic denuder approaches demonstrate negative sampling artifact from both Teflon membrane and quartz fiber filters.

ARARS Q's and A's: The fund-balancing waiver. Fact sheet

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-01-01

The fact sheet implements the applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) provisions EPA has developed guidance and provided training to Regions and States on the identification of and compliance with ARARs. It is part of a series that provide guidance on a number of questions that arose in developing ARARs policies, in ARARs training sessions, and in identifying and complying with ARARs at specific sites. The fact sheet addresses the Fund-balancing waiver.

The geology of a part of Acadia and the nature of the Acadian orogeny across Central and Eastern Maine

USGS Publications Warehouse

Tucker, R.D.; Osberg, P.H.; Berry, H.N.

2001-01-01

The zone of Acadian collision between the Medial New England and Composite Avalon terranes is well preserved in Maine. A transect from northwest (Rome) to southeast (Camden) crosses the eastern part of Medial New England comprising the Central Maine basin, Liberty-Orrington thrust sheet, and Fredericton trough, and the western part of Composite Avalon, including the Graham Lake, Clarry Hill, and Clam Cove thrust sheets. U-Pb geochronology of events before, during, and after the Acadian orogeny helps elucidate the nature and distribution of tectonostrati& graphic belts in this zone and the timing of some Acadian events in the Northern Appalachians. The Central Maine basin consists of sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Middle Ordovician (???470 to ???460 Ma) age overlain with probable conformity by latest Ordovician(?) through earliest Devonian marine rift and flysch sedimentary rocks; these are intruded by weakly to undeformed plutonic rocks of Early and Middle Devonian age (???399??378 Ma). The Fredericton trough consists of Early Silurian gray pelite and sandstone to earliest Late Silurian calcareous turbidite, deformed and variably metamorphosed prior to the emplacement of Late Silurian (???422 Ma) and Early to Late Devonian (???418 to ???368 Ma) plutons. The Liberty-Orrington thrust sheet consists of Cambrian(?)-Ordovician (>???474 to ???469 Ma and younger) clastic sedimentary and volcanic rocks intruded by highly deformed Late Silurian (???424 to ???422 Ma) and Devonian (???418 to ???389 Ma) plutons, possibly metamorphosed in Late Silurian time (prior to ???417 Ma), and metamorphosed to amphibolite facies in Early to Middle Devonian time (???400 to ???381 Ma). The Graham Lake thrust sheet contains possible Precambrian rocks, Cambrian sedimentary rocks with a volcanic unit dated at ???503 Ma, and Ordovician rocks with possible Caradocian Old World fossils, metamor& phosed and deformed in Silurian time and intruded by mildly to undeformed Late Silurian (???421 Ma) and Late Devonian (???371 to ???368 Ma) plutons. The Clarry Hill thrust sheet consists of poorly studied, highly metamorphosed Cambrian(?) rocks. The Clam Cove thrust sheet contains highly deformed Precambrian limestone, shale, sandstone, and conglomerate, metamorphosed to epidote amphibolite facies and intruded by a mildly deformed pluton dated at ???421 Ma. Metamorphism, deformation, and voluminous intrusive igneous activity of Silu& rian age are common to both the most southeastern parts of Medial New England and the thrust sheets of Composite Avalon. In contrast to Medial New England, the thrust sheets of Composite Avalon show only modest effects of Devonian deformation and metamorphism. Regional stratigraphic relations, paleontologic findings, and U-Pb geochronology suggest that the Graham Lake, Clarry Hill, and Clam Cove thrust sheets are far-traveled allochthons that were widely separated from Medial New England in the Silurian.

Seeing Red and Shooting Blanks: A Study of Red Quasars and Blank Field X-Ray Sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oliversen, Ronald J. (Technical Monitor); Elvis, Martin

2004-01-01

One type of "Blank Field X-ray Source" is now being seen in deep Chandra and XMM-Newton surveys. These are the newly dubbed "XBONGs" (X-ray Bright, Optically Normal Galaxies). The study of the brighter counterparts from ROSAT and XMM- Newton serendipitous surveys is therefore of renewed interest and topicality. We continue to define the properties of the ROSAT sample which is the basis of this grant. We expect to publish the SEDs of these sources soon.

Attenuated phase-shift mask (PSM) blanks for flat panel display

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kageyama, Kagehiro; Mochizuki, Satoru; Yamakawa, Hiroyuki; Uchida, Shigeru

2015-10-01

The fine pattern exposure techniques are required for Flat Panel display applications as smart phone, tablet PC recently. The attenuated phase shift masks (PSM) are being used for ArF and KrF photomask lithography technique for high end pattern Semiconductor applications. We developed CrOx based large size PSM blanks that has good uniformity on optical characteristics for FPD applications. We report the basic optical characteristics and uniformity, stability data of large sized CrOx PSM blanks.

40 CFR 52.1100 - Original identification of plan section.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Coating, Interior Sheet Drum Lining). (i) Incorporation by reference. (A) Revisions to COMAR 10.18.21.10... paper and plastic parts coating, including definitions for the terms fountain, letterpress printing... coating, and the addition of definitions for the terms sheet-fed paper coating and ultraviolet curable...

49 CFR 1180.9 - Financial information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., TRACKAGE RIGHTS, AND LEASE PROCEDURES General Acquisition Procedures § 1180.9 Financial information. The...'s Uniform System of Accounts, 49 CFR part 1201: (a) Pro forma balance sheet (exhibit 16). Where the transaction involves a proceeding other than a control, a pro forma balance sheet statement giving effect to...

The EPIC-MOS Particle-Induced Background Spectra

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kuntz, K. D.; Sowden, S. L.

2007-01-01

In order to analyse diffuse emission that fills the field of view, one must accurately characterize the instrumental backgrounds. For the XMM-Newton EPIC instrument these backgrounds include a temporally variable "quiescent" component. as well as the strongly variable soft proton contamination. We have characterized the spectral and spatial response of the EPIC detectors to these background components and have developed tools to remove these backgrounds from observations. The "quiescent" component was characterized using a combination of the filter-wheel-closed data and a database of unexposed-region data. The soft proton contamination was characterized by differencing images and spectra taken during flared and flare-free intervals. After application of our modeled backgrounds, the differences between independent observations of the same region of "blank sky" are consistent with the statistical uncertainties except when there is clear spectral evidence of solar wind charge exchange emission. Using a large sample of blank sky data, we show that strong magnetospheric SWCX emission requires elevated solar wind fluxes; observations through the densest part of the magnetosheath are not necessarily strongly contaminated with SWCX emission.

Hydrography and biogeochemistry dedicated to the Mediterranean BGC-Argo network during a cruise with RV Tethys 2 in May 2015

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taillandier, Vincent; Wagener, Thibaut; D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio; Mayot, Nicolas; Legoff, Hervé; Ras, Joséphine; Coppola, Laurent; Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens; Schmechtig, Catherine; Diamond, Emilie; Bittig, Henry; Lefevre, Dominique; Leymarie, Edouard; Poteau, Antoine; Prieur, Louis

2018-03-01

We report on data from an oceanographic cruise, covering western, central and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, on the French research vessel Tethys 2 in May 2015. This cruise was fully dedicated to the maintenance and the metrological verification of a biogeochemical observing system based on a fleet of BGC-Argo floats. During the cruise, a comprehensive data set of parameters sensed by the autonomous network was collected. The measurements include ocean currents, seawater salinity and temperature, and concentrations of inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll pigments. The analytical protocols and data processing methods are detailed, together with a first assessment of the calibration state for all the sensors deployed during the cruise. Data collected at stations are available at https://doi.org/10.17882/51678 and data collected along the ship track are available at https://doi.org/10.17882/51691.

Prevention of crack in stretch flanging process using hot stamping technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Syafiq, Y. Mohd; Hamedon, Z.; Azila Aziz, Wan; Razlan Yusoff, Ahmad

2017-10-01

Demand for enhancing of passenger safety as well as weight reduction of automobiles has increased the use of high strength steel sheets. As a sheet metal is a lightweight having high strength is suitable for producing automotive parts such as white body panel. The stretch flanging of the high strength steel sheet is a problem due to high springback and easy to crack. This study uses three methods to stretch flange the sheets; using lubricants, shear-edge polishing and hot stamping. The effectiveness of these methods will be measured by comparing the flange length of each methods can achieved. For stretch flange with lubricant and polished sheared edge, the flange length failed to achieve the target 15 mm while hot stamping improved the formability of the sheet and preventing the occurrence of the springback and crack. Hot stamping not only improved formability of the sheet but also transformed the microstructure into martensite thus improve the hardness and the strength of the sheet after been quenched with the dies.

Implementation of a Diabetes Management Flow Sheet in a Long-Term Care Setting.

PubMed

Williams, Evelyn; Curtis, Ashley

2015-08-01

Physicians lack clear guidance about adaptation of clinical practice guidelines for elderly institutionalized patients with diabetes. In a large long-term care facility, a diabetes management flow sheet was trialed to determine which clinical parameters were found useful by clinicians in the management of diabetes in that setting. Clinical practice guidelines for diabetes management were reviewed with attending physicians. Diabetes management flow sheets were distributed for all patients coded as having diabetes on their most recent minimum data sets. After a period of 14 months, flow sheet completion rates were ascertained and physicians were surveyed regarding the utility of the flow sheet. Initial flow sheet data were completed in full or in part for only 57% of the 121 study subjects; 39% of the subjects died within 14 months. Quarterly follow-up data were completed for 58% of the flow sheets. The diabetes management flow sheet was not found to be useful by attending physicians as a chronic-disease management tool. Copyright © 2015 Canadian Diabetes Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

46 CFR 160.052-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Plastic Foam... Preservers, Unicellular Plastic Foam, Adult and Child. 164.015—Plastic Foam, Unicellular, Buoyant Sheet and... manufactured, form a part of this subpart: Dwg. No. 160.052-1: Sheet 1—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement...

46 CFR 160.052-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Plastic Foam... Preservers, Unicellular Plastic Foam, Adult and Child. 164.015—Plastic Foam, Unicellular, Buoyant Sheet and... manufactured, form a part of this subpart: Dwg. No. 160.052-1: Sheet 1—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement...

46 CFR 160.052-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Plastic Foam... Preservers, Unicellular Plastic Foam, Adult and Child. 164.015—Plastic Foam, Unicellular, Buoyant Sheet and... manufactured, form a part of this subpart: Dwg. No. 160.052-1: Sheet 1—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement...

46 CFR 160.052-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Plastic Foam... Preservers, Unicellular Plastic Foam, Adult and Child. 164.015—Plastic Foam, Unicellular, Buoyant Sheet and... manufactured, form a part of this subpart: Dwg. No. 160.052-1: Sheet 1—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement...

77 FR 76840 - Minimum Capital Ratios; Issuance of Directives

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-31

... Advanced Measurement Approaches * * * * * Part I. General Provisions Section 1. Purpose, Applicability... total on-balance sheet foreign exposure at the most recent year-end equal to $10 billion or more (where total on-balance sheet foreign exposure equals total cross-border claims less claims with head office or...

Introduction to Sheet Metal. Introduction to Construction Series. Instructor Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oklahoma State Dept. of Vocational and Technical Education, Stillwater. Curriculum and Instructional Materials Center.

This competency-based curriculum guide on the specialty area of sheet metal is part of the Introduction to Construction series. The series is designed with the flexible training requirements of open shop contractors, preapprenticeship programs, multicraft high school programs, technology education programs, and cooperative education programs in…

Rapid iconic erasure without masking.

PubMed

Tijus, Charles Albert; Reeves, Adam

2004-01-01

We report on the erasure of the iconic memory of an array of 12 black letters flashed on a continuously- present white field. Erasure is accomplished by replacing the 16 ms letter array (frame 1) with a blank white frame for 16 ms (frame 2). The letter array returns in frame 3, with from one to six letters missing. Report of the missing letters is accurate without the blank white frame but is impoverished with it, as if interposing the blank erases the icon. Erasure occurs without any obvious luminance masking, 'mud splashes', pattern masking (backward, forward, or metacontrast), lateral masking, or masking by object substitution. Erasure is greatly decreased if the blank is presented one frame earlier or later. We speculate that erasure is due to a rapid reset of the icon produced by an informational mis-match.

Preliminary evaluation of new polymer matrix for solid-phase extraction of nonylphenol from water samples.

PubMed

Guerreiro, António; Soares, Ana; Piletska, Elena; Mattiasson, Bo; Piletsky, Sergey

2008-03-31

Molecularly imprinted (MIP) and blank polymers with affinity for nonylphenol were designed using computational modelling. Chromatographic tests demonstrated higher affinity of imprinted polymers towards the template nonylphenol as compared with blank polymers. The performance of both polymers in solid-phase extraction was however very similar. Both blank and imprinted polymers appeared to be suitable for the removal and pre-concentration of nonylphenol from contaminated water samples with 99% efficiency of the recovery. The commercial resins PH(EC) (Biotage) and C18 (Varian) tested in the same conditions used for comparative purposes had recovery rate <84%. The polymer capacity for nonylphenol was 231 mg g(-1) for blank and 228 mg g(-1) for MIP. The synthesised materials can have significance for sample pre-concentration and environmental analysis of this class of compounds.

Blank corrections for ramped pyrolysis radiocarbon dating of sedimentary and soil organic carbon.

PubMed

Fernandez, Alvaro; Santos, Guaciara M; Williams, Elizabeth K; Pendergraft, Matthew A; Vetter, Lael; Rosenheim, Brad E

2014-12-16

Ramped pyrolysis (RP) targets distinct components of soil and sedimentary organic carbon based on their thermochemical stabilities and allows the determination of the full spectrum of radiocarbon ((14)C) ages present in a soil or sediment sample. Extending the method into realms where more precise ages are needed or where smaller samples need to be measured involves better understanding of the blank contamination associated with the method. Here, we use a compiled data set of RP measurements of samples of known age to evaluate the mass of the carbon blank and its associated (14)C signature, and to assess the performance of the RP system. We estimate blank contamination during RP using two methods, the modern-dead and the isotope dilution method. Our results indicate that during one complete RP run samples are contaminated by 8.8 ± 4.4 μg (time-dependent) of modern carbon (MC, fM ∼ 1) and 4.1 ± 5.5 μg (time-independent) of dead carbon (DC, fM ∼ 0). We find that the modern-dead method provides more accurate estimates of uncertainties in blank contamination; therefore, the isotope dilution method should be used with caution when the variability of the blank is high. Additionally, we show that RP can routinely produce accurate (14)C dates with precisions ∼100 (14)C years for materials deposited in the last 10,000 years and ∼300 (14)C years for carbon with (14)C ages of up to 20,000 years.

Physical Chemistry of Reaction Dynamics in Ionic Liquids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Margulis, Claudio Javier

2016-10-31

The Margulis group BES funded research at the University of Iowa is part of a broader collaborative effort that includes the groups of Blank (U. Minnesota), Castner (Rutgers U.), Maroncelli (Penn. State U.) and Wishart (BNL). The goal of this group of PIs is to better understand from an experimental and a theoretical perspective different aspects of photo-initiated electron transfer processes in a set of different room-temperature ionic-liquid systems. The Margulis contribution is theoretical and computational. Details are presented in the attached documentation.

Image Segmentation for Improvised Explosive Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-01

us to generate color models for IEDs without user input that labels parts of the IED. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi Table of Contents 1...has to be generated. All graph cut algorithms we analyze define the undirected network G( V ,E) as a set of nodes V , edges E, and capacities C: E → R. 3...algorithms we study, this objective function is the sum of the two functions U and V , where the function U is a region property which evaluates the

The FBI is Leading the Way by Making the Private Sector an Integral Part of the Counterterrorism Homeland Security Enterprise

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

Pentagon, U.S. National Parks and Monuments and Reagan National Airport. Amidst the PCC sits Pentagon City Mall, home to more than 170 stores, a movie...integrated into the homeland security apparatus. As the threat our nation and her allies face continues to evolve, so must our responses. Integrating the...Advisor Dan Moran, PhD Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iv THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK v ABSTRACT This thesis

Weekly gridded Aquarius L-band radiometer/scatterometer observations and salinity retrievals over the polar regions - Part 1: Product description

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brucker, L.; Dinnat, E. P.; Koenig, L. S.

2014-05-01

Passive and active observations at L band (frequency ~1.4 GHz) from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission offer new capabilities to study the polar regions. Due to the lack of polar-gridded products, however, applications over the cryosphere have been limited. We present three weekly polar-gridded products of Aquarius data to improve our understanding of L-band observations of ice sheets, sea ice, permafrost, and the polar oceans. Additionally, these products intend to facilitate access to L-band data, and can be used to assist in algorithm developments. Aquarius data at latitudes higher than 50° are averaged and gridded into weekly products of brightness temperature (TB), normalized radar cross section (NRCS), and sea surface salinity (SSS). Each grid cell also contains sea ice fraction, the standard deviation of TB, NRCS, and SSS, and the number of footprint observations collected during the seven-day cycle. The largest 3 dB footprint dimensions are 97 km × 156 km and 74 km × 122 km (along × across track) for the radiometers and scatterometer, respectively. The data is gridded to the Equal-Area Scalable Earth version 2.0 (EASE2.0) grid, with a grid cell resolution of 36 km. The data sets start in August 2011, with the first Aquarius observations and will be updated on a monthly basis following the release schedule of the Aquarius Level 2 data sets. The weekly gridded products are distributed by the US National Snow and Ice Data Center at http://nsidc.org/data/aquarius/index.html .

Exploring the Sandy Province of Herschel Crater

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-09-04

This view from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shows the downwind stretches of a sand sheet in central part of the much larger Herschel Crater. This sandy province began kilometers upwind in a string of barchan sand dunes. As the north-to-south blowing wind weakened downwind, it could no longer fashion the sand into dunes but rather into amorphously-shaped sand sheets. While perhaps not awe-inspiringly beautiful, sand sheets can tell us about Mars' current and past environmental conditions as a piece of the puzzle for understanding habitability. Having dunes upwind of sheets is the opposite situation Earth has, where upwind sand sheets evolve downwind into sand dunes. This mystery is receiving ongoing research to to understand these sandy differences between Earth and Mars. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21933

Understanding Greenland ice sheet hydrology using an integrated multi-scale approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rennermalm, A. K.; Moustafa, S. E.; Mioduszewski, J.; Chu, V. W.; Forster, R. R.; Hagedorn, B.; Harper, J. T.; Mote, T. L.; Robinson, D. A.; Shuman, C. A.; Smith, L. C.; Tedesco, M.

2013-03-01

Improved understanding of Greenland ice sheet hydrology is critically important for assessing its impact on current and future ice sheet dynamics and global sea level rise. This has motivated the collection and integration of in situ observations, model development, and remote sensing efforts to quantify meltwater production, as well as its phase changes, transport, and export. Particularly urgent is a better understanding of albedo feedbacks leading to enhanced surface melt, potential positive feedbacks between ice sheet hydrology and dynamics, and meltwater retention in firn. These processes are not isolated, but must be understood as part of a continuum of processes within an integrated system. This letter describes a systems approach to the study of Greenland ice sheet hydrology, emphasizing component interconnections and feedbacks, and highlighting research and observational needs.

Fossil and active fumaroles in the 1912 eruptive deposits, Valley of ten thousand smokes, Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Keith, T.E.C.

1991-01-01

Fumaroles in the ash-flow sheet emplaced during the 1912 eruption of Novarupta were intensely active throughout the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS) when first studied in 1917. Fumarole temperatures recorded in 1919 were as hot as 645??C. Influx of surface waters into the hot ash-flow sheet provided the fluid flow to sustain the fumaroles but also enhanced cooling so that by the mid-1930's vigorous activity survived only in the vent region. Configuration and distribution of high-temperature fissure fumaroles tens of meters long, that are prevalent in the middle and upper VTTS, were controlled largely by sintering and degree of welding, which in turn controlled fracturing and permeability of the ash-flow tuff. One fracture type developed parallel to the enclosing valley walls during compaction of the ash-flow sheet. Another type extends across the VTTS nearly perpendicular to the flow direction. A third type of randomly oriented fractures developed as cooling contraction cracks during vapor-phase devitrification. In distal parts of the ash-flow sheet where the tuff is nonwelded, prominent fumaroles have irregular funnel-shaped morphologies. Fumarole distribution in the nonwelded part of the ash-flow sheet is concentrated above pre-emplacement river channels. The hottest, longest-lived fumaroles occurred in the upper VTTS near the 1912 vent where the ash-flow sheet is thicker, more indurated, and on average more mafic (richer in dacite and andesite) in contrast to the thinner, nonwelded rhyolitic tuff in the distal part of the sheet. Fumarolic activity was less intense in the distal part of the tuff because of lower emplacement temperatures, more diffuse fumarole conduits in the nonwelded tuff, and the thinness of the ash-flow sheet. Chemical leaching of ash-flow tuff by hot rising fluids took place adjacent to fumarolic conduits in deep parts of the fumaroles. Deposition of incrustation minerals, the components of which were carried upward by fumarolic gases, took place in the upper part of the ejecta, mostly in the fallout layers. The permeability difference between the ash-flow tuff and the overlying coarse dacite fallout was a critical factor in promoting the abrupt gradients in temperature, pressure, and fO2 that resulted in deposition of minerals from the fumarolic gases. The permeability difference between nonwelded ash-flow tuff and overlying fine-grained fall layers in the lower VTTS is less pronounced. The total mass of fumarolically deposited minerals appears large at first glance owing to the conspicuous coloration by Fe minerals; the mass is appreciably less than is apparent, however, because most incrustations are composed largely of ejecta coated or cemented by fine-grained fumarolic minerals. A large mass of unstable incrustation minerals, mainly chlorides and sulfates, reported during the 1917-1919 studies have since been removed by dissolution and weathering. In the vent region, argillic alteration that followed high-temperature degassing is localized along arcuate subsidence fractures in fallback ejecta. At widely scattered residual orifices, fumarolic gases presently are near-neutral steam, and temperatures are as hot as 90??C. ?? 1991.

Structure, burial history, and petroleum potential of frontal thrust belt and adjacent foreland, southwest Montana.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Perry, W.J.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Bostick, N.H.; Maughan, E.K.

1983-01-01

The frontal thrust belt in the Lima area of SW Montana consists of blind (nonsurfacing) thrusts of the Lima thrust system beneath the Lima anticline and the Tendoy thrust sheet to the W. The Tendoy sheet involves Mississippian through Cretaceous rocks of the SW-plunging nose of the Mesozoic Blacktail-Snowcrest uplift that are thrust higher (NE) onto the uplift. The front of the Tendoy sheet W of Lima locally has been warped by later compressive deformation which also involved synorogenic conglomerates of the structurally underlying Beaverhead Formation. To the N, recent extension faulting locally has dropped the front of the Tendoy sheet beneath Quaternary gravels. Rocks of the exposed Tendoy sheet have never been deeply buried, based on vitrinite relectance of = or <0.6%, conodont CAI (color alteration index) values that are uniformly 1, and on supporting organic geochemical data from Paleozoic rocks from the Tendoy thrust sheet. Directly above and W of the Tendoy sheet lie formerly more deeply buried rocks of the Medicine Lodge thrust system. Their greater burial depth is indicated by higher conodont CAI values. W-dipping post-Paleocene extension faults truncate much of the rear part of the Tendoy sheet and also separate the Medicine Lodge sheet from thrust sheets of the Beaverhead Range still farther W. -from Authors

CTEPP NC DATA QA/QC RESULTS

EPA Science Inventory

This data set contains the method performance results. This includes field blanks, method blanks, duplicate samples, analytical duplicates, matrix spikes, and surrogate recovery standards.

The Children’s Total Exposure to Persistent Pesticides and Other Persistent Pollutant (...

Porous mandrels provide uniform deformation in hydrostatic powder metallurgy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gripshover, P. J.; Hanes, H. D.

1967-01-01

Porous copper mandrels prevent uneven deformation of beryllium machining blanks. The beryllium powder is arranged around these mandrels and hot isostatically pressed to form the blanks. The mandrels are then removed by leaching.

76 FR 37063 - Marine Mammals; File No. 16510

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-24

... Blank Park Zoo [Kevin V. Drees, Responsible Party], 7401 SW. Ninth, Des Moines, IA 50315, has applied in... Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, Canada for purposes of public display at the Blank Park Zoo. The receiving...

What the Hell Do We Do Now? A Policy Options Analysis of State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Participation in Immigration Enforcement

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

less like adversaries and more like partners with the affected communities in the effort. 94 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 95 LIST OF... INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK i REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is...ABSTRACT UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 ii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iii Approved

Super-Resolution Algorithm in Cumulative Virtual Blanking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Montillet, J. P.; Meng, X.; Roberts, G. W.; Woolfson, M. S.

2008-11-01

The proliferation of mobile devices and the emergence of wireless location-based services have generated consumer demand for precise location. In this paper, the MUSIC super-resolution algorithm is applied to time delay estimation for positioning purposes in cellular networks. The goal is to position a Mobile Station with UMTS technology. The problem of Base-Stations herability is solved using Cumulative Virtual Blanking. A simple simulator is presented using DS-SS signal. The results show that MUSIC algorithm improves the time delay estimation in both the cases whether or not Cumulative Virtual Blanking was carried out.

Development of a new surgical sheet containing both silk fibroin and thermoplastic polyurethane for cardiovascular surgery.

PubMed

Shimada, Ryo; Konishi, Hayato; Ozawa, Hideki; Katsumata, Takahiro; Tanaka, Ryou; Nakazawa, Yasumoto; Nemoto, Shintaro

2018-05-01

The surgical sheets that are currently used for congenital cardiovascular surgery have several drawbacks, including material deterioration, calcification, and pseudo-intimal proliferation resulting in hemodynamic disturbance. The aim of this study was to evaluate a newly developed sheet made from a combination of silk fibroin (SF) and a synthetic polymer, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), for surgical use. The hybrid SF/TPU sheet was a non-woven fabric with nanofibers that was made using the electrospinning method. The mechanical properties of the SF/TPU sheet were characterized. To determine its biocompatibility, part of the wall of the canine descending aorta was replaced with a SF/TPU sheet as a patch. The patches were removed after 3 months and a histological examination was performed. The flexibility, water permeability, and suture retention strength of the SF/TPU sheet were excellent and equivalent to those of existing sheets. The SF/TPU sheet had excellent handling properties and fit well into the vascular wall without needle hole bleeding. The histological examination revealed that the intimal tissue was restored well over the intraluminal surface of the explanted SF/TPU sheet, the absence of calcium deposition, and minimal inflammatory reaction, without signs of degradation. The SF/TPU sheet had excellent mechanical properties and tissue biocompatibility. These favorable features and possible biodegradability of the SF portion warrant a long-term follow-up study.

Characteristics of the aluminum alloy sheets for forming and application examples

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Uema, Naoyuki; Asano, Mineo

2013-12-01

In this paper, the characteristics and application examples of aluminum alloy sheets developed for automotive parts by Sumitomo Light Metal are described. For the automotive closure panels (ex., hood, back-door), an Al-Mg-Si alloy sheet having an excellent hemming performance was developed. The cause of the occurrence and the propagation of cracks by bending were considered to be the combined effect of the shear bands formed across several crystal grains and the micro-voids formed around the second phase particles. By reducing the shear band formation during bending by controlling the crystallographic texture, the Al-Mg-Si alloy sheets showed an excellent hemming performance. For the automotive outer panels (ex., roof, fender, trunk-lid), an Al-Mg alloy sheet, which has both a good hot blow formability and excellent surface appearance after hot blow forming was developed, and hot blow forming technology was put to practical use using this developed Al-Mg alloy sheet. For automotive heat insulators, a high ductile Al-Fe alloy sheet was developed. The heat insulator, which integrated several panels, was put into practical use using this developed Al-Fe alloy sheet. The textured sheet was often used as a heat insulator in order to reduce the thickness of the aluminum alloy sheet and obtain good press formability. The new textured sheet, which has both high rigidity and good press formability for heat insulators, was developed by FE analysis.

Lightweight Long Life Heat Exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, E. K.

1976-01-01

A shuttle orbiter flight configuration aluminum heat exchanger was designed, fabricated, and tested. The heat exchanger utilized aluminum clad titanium composite parting sheets for protection against parting sheet pin hole corrosion. The heat exchanger, which is fully interchangeable with the shuttle condensing heat exchanger, includes slurpers (a means for removing condensed water from the downstream face of the heat exchanger), and both the core air passes and slurpers were hydrophilic coated to enhance wettability. The test program included performance tests which demonstrated the adequacy of the design and confirmed the predicted weight savings.

Evaluation of TF11 attenuated-PSM mask blanks with DUV laser patterning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xing, Kezhao; Björnberg, Charles; Karlsson, Henrik; Paulsson, Adisa; Beiming, Peter; Vedenpää, Jukka; Walford, Jonathan

2008-05-01

Tightening requirements on resolution, CD uniformity and positional accuracy push the development of improved photomask blanks. One such blank for 45nm node attenuated phase shift masks (att-PSM) provides a thinner chrome film, TF11, with a higher etch rate compared to previous generation NTAR5 att-PSM blanks from the same supplier. FEP-171, a positive chemically amplified resist, is commonly used in mask manufacturing for both e-beam and DUV laser pattern generators. TF11 chrome allows the FEP-171 resist thickness to be decreased at least down to 2000 Å while maintaining sufficient etch resistance, thereby improving photomask CD performance. The lower stress level in TF11 chrome films also reduces the image placement error induced by the material. In this study, TF11 chrome and FEP-171 resist are evaluated with exposures on a 248 nm DUV laser pattern generator, the Sigma7500. Patterning is first characterized for resist thicknesses of 2000 Å to 2600 Å in steps of 100 Å, assessing the minimum feature resolution, CD linearity, isolated-dense CD bias and dose sensitivity. Swing curve analysis shows a minimum near 2200 Å and a maximum near 2500 Å, corresponding closely to the reflectivity measurements provided by the blank supplier. The best overall patterning performance is obtained when operating near the swing maximum. The patterning performance is then studied in more detail with a resist thickness of 2550 Å that corresponds to the reflectivity maximum. This is compared to the results with 2000 Å resist, a standard thickness for e-beam exposures on TF11. The lithographic performance on NTAR5 att-PSM blanks with 3200 Å resist is also included for reference. This evaluation indicates that TF11 blanks with 2550 Å resist provide the best overall mask patterning performance obtained with the Sigma7500, showing a global CD uniformity below 4 nm (3s) and minimum feature resolution below 100 nm.

Effects of Lugol staining on stenosis formation induced by radiofrequency ablation of esophageal squamous epithelium: a study in a porcine model.

PubMed

Schölvinck, D W; Alvarez Herrero, L; Visser, M; Bergman, J J G H M; Weusten, B L A M

2015-10-01

Preliminary data show higher stricture rates after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for early esophageal squamous neoplasia compared with Barrett's esophagus. We studied the effects of Lugol stain (LS) directly prior to RFA on stricture formation in squamous epithelium. Of 16 pigs, the distal half of the esophagus was LS, followed by circumferential RFA (single application 12 J/cm(2) ) in the unstained and stained esophagus. Pigs were euthanized at day 0 (n = 4), 3 (n = 4), or 28 (n = 8). Histology was evaluated in four areas: blank-control (no RFA, no LS), blank-RFA (no LS), LS+RFA, and LS-control (no RFA). Stenosis severity in LS+RFA and blank-RFA at 28 days was assessed by the ratio of the mucosal diameter at the RFA area to the diameter 2 cm proximal of this zone. Histology showed submucosal edema in 50% of LS+RFA versus 0% in blank-RFA. Severity and depth of inflammation (day 3) was equal in LS+RFA and blank-RFA. Severity and depth of fibrosis (day 28) appeared more severe in LS+RFA. Consequently, stenosis was present in 100% (LS+RFA) versus 12.5% (blank-RFA). The stenosis-severity ratio was 0.40 (interquartile range 0.29-0.45) in LS+RFA versus 0.73 (interquartile range 0.64-0.78) in blank-RFA (P = 0.012). Limitations of this study were the difference in uptake of LS between pigs and humans, the difference in esophageal anatomy between pigs and humans, and between the proximal and distal esophagus within pigs. In conclusion, in the porcine squamous esophagus, stenosis rate and severity after RFA increased when preceded by LS. LS may be contributing in the altered response of squamous epithelium to RFA as compared with Barrett's esophagus. © 2014 International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus.

A geochemical investigation of selected areas in Greenville and Laurens counties, South Carolina--implications for mineral resources

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jackson, John C.

1992-01-01

The purpose of this study is to geochemically evaluate three areas within the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle (see index map) that have been shown by previous studies to contain anomalously high amounts of tin. Jackson and Moore (1992) reported the presence of cassiterite (SnO2)-bearing heavy-mineral concentrates from stream sediment samples that were collected during a regional geochemical reconnaissance of the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle. The data reported here confirm identified in selected heavy-mineral concentrate samples. In addition, anomalously high concentrations of barium, beryllium, lanthanum, and thorium are also reported for parts of the same areas. No significant mineral deposits are known to occur in the study areas. There was, however, minor production of monazite from several nearby localities (Sloan, 1908), and gold was produced from deposits in the northeastern part of Greenville County and nearby Spartanburg County (McCauley and Butler, 1966). The three areas selected for resampling are located in the Inner Piedmont physiographic province of South Carolina (see index map). The generalized tectonic setting of the region and the locations of the study is just north of Greenville, S.C. Much of it is within the moderately to steeply sloped terrane of Paris Mountain State Park where elevations reach approximately 600 m. Simpsonville, S.C., is neat the center of the second study area, and the southernmost study area is near Hickory Tavern, S.C. Both the Simpsonville and Hickory Tavern study areas are in more gently rolling Piedmont terrane. Each of the sampled areas is drained by tributaries of the Enoree and Reedy Rivers. Parts of three different thrust sheets underlie the region covered by this study (fig. 1); in ascending structural position, they are the Six Mile, Paris Mountain, and Laurens thrust sheets (Nelson and others, 1987). Nelson (1988, p. 7) described the contacts between these sheets as being along unnamed faults. The rocks in and around the study areas have undergone sillimanite-muscovite-grade metamorphism (Nelson, 1988, p. 9). Nelson (1988, p. 13) reports that the Six Mile thrust sheet was metamorphosed about 344 Ma. The geology of these sheets as described in this study, including geologic contacts, rock descriptions, and unit names, generally follows that of Nelson and others (1987, 1989). Within the Paris Mountain study area, rocks of the Paris Mountain thrust sheet predominate (fig. 2) and consist of a biotite-muscovite-sillimanite schist (EZsp) that has extensive lenses of fine- to medium- grained biotite granite gneiss (Pzgp). Areas of biotite granite gneiss that occur in the southern part of the Paris Mountain study area contain extensive pegmatitic and leucogranitic phases. These pegmatitic zones consist mostly of coarse-grained microcline feldspar and quartz with minor amounts of muscovite, biotite, and garnet. Smaller pegmatite lenses (<0.5 m thick) that occur within the biotite-muscovite-sillimanite schist of the Paris Mountain study area are generally of similar mineralogy, although some contain tourmaline crystals up to 5 cm in length. The Six Mile thrust sheet underlies the northern edge of the Paris Mountain study area, where it is composed of gneissic biotitic granites of the Caesars Head Granite (figs. 1 and 2). The northwestern part of the Simpsonville study area (figs. 1 and 3), within the Paris Mountain thrust sheet, is underlain by a biotite-muscovite-sillimanite schist (EZsp) that contains lenses of biotite granite gneiss (Pzgp). In the southeastern part of the Simpsonville study area, within the Laurens thrust sheet, biotite gneiss (EZgl), biotite granite gneiss (Pzgf), and minor amphibolite (EZal) are interlayered biotite (EZgl), granite gneiss (Dgg), and amphibolite (EZal) of the Laurens thrust sheet (fig. 4).

CTEPP-OH DATA QA/QC RESULTS

EPA Science Inventory

This data set contains the method performance results for CTEPP-OH. This includes field blanks, method blanks, duplicate samples, analytical duplicates, matrix spikes, and surrogate recovery standards.

The Children’s Total Exposure to Persistent Pesticides and Other Persisten...

Numerical simulation of the hole-flanging process for steel-polymer sandwich sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griesel, Dominic; Keller, Marco C.; Groche, Peter

2018-05-01

In light of increasing demand for lightweight structures, hybrid materials are frequently used in load-optimized parts. Sandwich structures like metal-polymer sandwich sheets provide equal bending stiffness as their monolithic counterparts at a drastically reduced weight. In addition, sandwich sheets have noise-damping properties, thus they are well-suited for a large variety of parts, e.g. façade and car body panels, but also load-carrying components. However, due to the creep tendency and low heat resistance of the polymer cores, conventional joining technologies are only applicable to a limited degree. Through hole-flanging it is possible to create branches in sandwich sheets to be used as reinforced joints. While it is state of the art for monolithic materials, hole-flanging of sandwich sheets has not been investigated yet. In order to simulate this process for different material combinations and tool geometries, an axisymmetric model has been developed in the FE software Abaqus/CAE. In the present paper, various modeling strategies for steel-polymer sandwich sheets are examined, including volume elements, shell elements and combinations thereof. Different methods for joining the distinct layers in the FE model are discussed. By comparison with CT scans and optical 3D measurements of experimentally produced hole-flanges, the feasibility of the presented models is evaluated. Although a good agreement of the numerical and experimental results has been achieved, it becomes clear that the classical forming limit diagram (FLD) does not adequately predict failure of the steel skins.

Fatalities caused by spherical bullets fired from blank cartridge guns in Istanbul, Turkey.

PubMed

Uzün, Ibrahim; Büyük, Yalçin; Erkol, Zerrin; Ağritmiş, Hasan; Kir, Ziya

2009-09-01

Blank cartridge guns are generally regarded as being harmless and are not considered to be firearms in the legal sense in most countries. To show the danger of these guns upon simple modifications, we report 59 fatalities resulting from these simply modified blank cartridge guns in Istanbul, Turkey. The great majority of the victims were males and the age of those ranged from 11 to 61 years. In 55.9% of these cases, homicide was the origin followed by suicide (39%). The right temporal region was detected to be the preferred region in suicidal shots by blank cartridge guns with a frequency of 56.5%. In trial shots, all these guns were detected to discharge steel or lead spherical objects, generally 4 or 5 mm in diameter, successfully. Our findings strongly suggest that these guns should also be considered as handguns in the legal sense.

Method and apparatus for inspecting reflection masks for defects

DOEpatents

Bokor, Jeffrey; Lin, Yun

2003-04-29

An at-wavelength system for extreme ultraviolet lithography mask blank defect detection is provided. When a focused beam of wavelength 13 nm is incident on a defective region of a mask blank, three possible phenomena can occur. The defect will induce an intensity reduction in the specularly reflected beam, scatter incoming photons into an off-specular direction, and change the amplitude and phase of the electric field at the surface which can be monitored through the change in the photoemission current. The magnitude of these changes will depend on the incident beam size, and the nature, extent and size of the defect. Inspection of the mask blank is performed by scanning the mask blank with 13 nm light focused to a spot a few .mu.m in diameter, while measuring the reflected beam intensity (bright field detection), the scattered beam intensity (dark-field detection) and/or the change in the photoemission current.

Formability of dual-phase steels in deep drawing of rectangular parts: Influence of blank thickness and die radius

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

López, Ana María Camacho; Regueras, José María Gutiérrez

2017-10-01

The new goals of automotive industry related with environment concerns, the reduction of fuel emissions and the security requirements have driven up to new designs which main objective is reducing weight. It can be achieved through new materials such as nano-structured materials, fibre-reinforced composites or steels with higher strength, among others. Into the last group, the Advance High Strength Steels (AHSS) and particularly, dual-phase steels are in a predominant situation. However, despite of their special characteristics, they present issues related to their manufacturability such as springback, splits and cracks, among others. This work is focused on the deep drawing processof rectangular shapes, a very usual forming operation that allows manufacturing several automotive parts like oil pans, cases, etc. Two of the main parameters in this process which affect directly to the characteristics of final product are blank thickness (t) and die radius (Rd). Influence of t and Rd on the formability of dual-phase steels has been analysed considering values typically used in industrial manufacturing for a wide range of dual-phase steels using finite element modelling and simulation; concretely, the influence of these parameters in the percentage of thickness reduction pt(%), a quite important value for manufactured parts by deep drawing operations, which affects to its integrity and its service behaviour. Modified Morh Coulomb criteria (MMC) has been used in order to obtain Fracture Forming Limit Diagrams (FFLD) which take into account an important failure mode in dual-phase steels: shear fracture. Finally, a relation between thickness reduction percentage and studied parameters has been established fordual-phase steels, obtaining a collection of equations based on Design of Experiments (D.O.E) technique, which can be useful in order to predict approximate results.

14. VIEW OF METAL ROLLING OPERATION. THE METALS ARE BEING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. VIEW OF METAL ROLLING OPERATION. THE METALS ARE BEING PREPARED TO BE ROLLED INTO SHEETS OF SPECIFIC THICKNESS. COMPONENT PARTS WERE FABRICATED FROM THE METAL SHEETS. (11/82) - Rocky Flats Plant, Uranium Rolling & Forming Operations, Southeast section of plant, southeast quadrant of intersection of Central Avenue & Eighth Street, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

Electrical Experiments. VT-214-12-5. Part V. Transformers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connecticut State Dept. of Education, Hartford. Div. of Vocational Education.

Designed for high school electronics students, this fifth document in a series of six electrical learning activity packages focuses on transformers. An introductory section gives the objective for the activities, an introduction, and an outline of the content. The remainder of the activity book is comprised of information sheets and job sheets on…

17 CFR Appendix D to Part 40 - Submission Cover Sheet and Instructions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... electronically by a registered entity to the Secretary of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, at [email protected] in a format specified by the Secretary of the Commission. Each submission should include... Identifier Code at the top of the cover sheet. Such codes are commonly generated by the exchanges or clearing...

Structure, Mechanics and Synthesis of Nanoscale Carbon and Boron Nitride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rinaldo, Steven G.

This thesis is divided into two parts. In Part I, we examine the properties of thin sheets of carbon and boron nitride. We begin with an introduction to the theory of elastic sheets, where the stretching and bending modes are considered in detail. The coupling between stretching and bending modes is thought to play a crucial role in the thermodynamic stability of atomically-thin 2D sheets such as graphene. In Chapter 2, we begin by looking at the fabrication of suspended, atomically thin sheets of graphene. We then study their mechanical resonances which are read via an optical transduction technique. The frequency of the resonators was found to depend on their temperature, as was their quality factor. We conclude by offering some interpretations of the data in terms of the stretching and bending modes of graphene. In Chapter 3, we look briefly at the fabrication of thin sheets of carbon and boron nitride nanotubes. We examine the structure of the sheets using transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM, respectively). We then show a technique by which one can make sheets suspended over a trench with adjustable supports. Finally, DC measurements of the resistivity of the sheets in the temperature range 600 -- 1400 C are presented. In Chapter 4, we study the folding of few-layer graphene oxide, graphene and boron nitride into 3D aerogel monoliths. The properties of graphene oxide are first considered, after which the structure of graphene and boron nitride aerogels is examined using TEM and SEM. Some models for their structure are proposed. In Part II, we look at synthesis techniques for boron nitride (BN). In Chapter 5, we study the conversion of carbon structures of boron nitride via the application of carbothermal reduction of boron oxide followed by nitridation. We apply the conversion to a wide variety of morphologies, including aerogels, carbon fibers and nanotubes, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. In the latter chapters, we look at the formation of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). In Chapter 6, we look at various methods of producing BNNTs from boron droplets, and introduce a new method involving injection of boron powder into an induction furnace. In Chapter 7 we consider another useful process, where ammonia is reacted with boron vapor generated in situ, either through the reaction of boron with metal oxides or through the decomposition of metal borides.

Membrane Pore Formation by Amyloid beta (25-35) Peptide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kandel, Nabin; Tatulian, Suren

Amyloid (A β) peptide contributes to Alzheimer's disease by a yet unidentified mechanism. One of the possible mechanisms of A β toxicity is formation of pores in cellular membranes. We have characterized the formation of pores in phospholipid membranes by the Aβ25 - 35 peptide (GSNKGAIIGLM) using fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) techniques. CD and FTIR identified formation of β-sheet structure upon incubation of the peptide in aqueous buffer for 2 hours. Unilamellar vesicles composed of a zwitterionic lipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), and 70 % POPC plus 30 % of an acidic lipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), are made in 30 mM CaCl2. Quin-2, a fluorophore that displays increased fluorescence upon Ca2+ binding, is added to the vesicles externally. Peptide addition results in increased Quin-2 fluorescence, which is interpreted by binding of the peptide to the vesicles, pore formation, and Ca2+ leakage. The positive and negative control measurements involve addition of a detergent, Triton X-100, which causes vesicle rupture and release of total calcium, and blank buffer, respectively.

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of AA7075-T6 Sheet: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Micro-texture, and Thermal History

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Jingyi; Upadhyay, Piyush; Hovanski, Yuri

Friction-stir-welding (FSW) is a cost-effective and high quality joining process for aluminum alloys (especially heat-treatable allo ys) that has been applied successfully in the aerospace industry. However, the full potential of FSW on more cost-sensitive applications is still limited by the production rate, namely the welding speed of the process. The majority of literature evaluating FSW of aluminum alloys is based on welds made in the range of welding speeds around hundreds of millimeters per minute, and only a handful are at a moderate speed of 1 m/min. In this study we present a microstructural analysis of friction stir weldedmore » AA7075-T6 blanks with welding speeds up to 3 m/min. Textures, microstructures, mechanical properties, and weld quality are analyzed using TEM, EBSD, metallographic imaging, and Vickers hardness. Results are coupled with welding parameters to aid in the understanding of the complex material flow and texture gradients within the welds in an effort to optimize welding parameters for high speed processing.« less

Fabrication of seamless calandria tubes by cold pilgering route using 3-pass and 2-pass schedules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saibaba, N.

2008-12-01

Calandria tube is a large diameter, extremely thin walled zirconium alloy tube which has diameter to wall thickness ratio as high as 90-95. Such tubes are conventionally produced by the 'welded route', which involves extrusion of slabs followed by a series of hot and cold rolling passes, intermediate anneals, press forming of sheets into circular shape and closing the gap by TIG welding. Though pilgering is a well established process for the fabrication of seamless tubes, production of extremely thin walled tubes offers several challenges during pilgering. Nuclear fuel complex (NFC), Hyderabad, has successfully developed a process for the production of Zircaloy-4 calandria tubes by adopting the 'seamless route' which involves hot extrusion of mother blanks followed by three-pass pilgering or two-pass pilgering schedules. This paper deals with standardization of the seamless route processes for fabrication of calandria tubes, comparison between the tubes produced by 2-pass and 3-pass pilgering schedules, role of ultrasonic test charts for control of process parameters, development of new testing methods for burst testing and other properties.

preparation of microgram samples on iron wool for radiocarbon analysis via accelerator mass spectrometry: A closed-system approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verkouteren, R. Michael; Klouda, George A.; Currie, Lloyd A.; Donahue, Douglas J.; Jull, A. J. Timothy; Linick, T. W.

1987-11-01

A technique has been developed at NBS for the production of high quality targets for radiocarbon analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Our process optimizes chemical yields, ion currents and characterizes the chemical blank. The approach encompasses sample combustion to CO 2, catalytic reduction of CO 2 by Zn to CO, reduction to graphitic carbon on high-purity iron wool and in situ formation of a homogeneous iron-carbon bead; all steps are performed in a closed system. The total measurement system blank and variability are considered in the light of contributions from combustion, iron wool, reduction, bead formation and instrument blank. Additionally, use of this approach provides an increase in throughput, i.e. the effective management of large numbers of samples. Chemical yields for 50-800 μg C samples deposited on 15 mg iron wool were greater than 90%. Integrated 12C - ion currents observed were significant, being 4-64% of those observed in pure graphite. These currents are about an order of magnitude greater than those expected from dilution of graphite with an inert substrate. Isotopic accuracy, precision and blank were assessed by measuring the {14C }/{13C } ratios of a series of targets prepared from dead carbon and oxalic acid (SRM 4990C). Each target was typically measured for one hour; bead consumption was estimated at 5% to 10%. System blank subsequent to combustion was equivalent to (2.2 ± 0.5) μg modern carbon (chemistry + instrument); combustion blank currently stands at (0.4 ± 0.1) (SE, n = 6) μg C.

ZERODUR 4-m blank surviving up to 20 g acceleration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Westerhoff, Thomas; Werner, Thomas; Gehindy, Thorsten

2017-09-01

The glass ceramic ZERODUR developed as astronomical telescope mirror substrate material has been widely used in many telescopes due to its excellent small coefficient of thermal expansion. Many large and medium sized mirror substrate blanks have been delivered in the almost 50 years of ZERODUR business so far. Packaging and transportation of mirror substrates of 4 to 8 m in diameter with a weight between 3 and 20 tons requires special attention and sophisticated skills to successful deliver the blanks to their destination at polishing shops all over the world. Typically, a combination of road and sea transport needs to be organized. The requirements on the transport container are depending on the transport route and may vary from destination to destination. In any case the container needs to be able to sufficiently support the multi ton ZERODUR blank to avoid breaking under gravity. Additionally, the configuration needs to be able to absorb shocks happening during transport and loading between truck trailer and ship. For insurance reasons the transport container is always equipped with a GPS trackable shock recorder allowing to download the recorded accelerations on the container and the blank throughout the entire journey. This paper reports on the event of a 4 m class ZERODUR blank exposed to shocks up to 20 g during transport. The event will be discussed in detail together with lessons learned to avoid such events for future transports. Additionally, the 20 g acceleration will be discussed in respect to the data on bending strength for ZERODUR ground surfaces reported in numerous papers by Peter Hartmann et.al. in the last couple of years.

Evolution of Lava Sheets for LIPs: Types of Local and Regional Trends

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rakhmenkulova, I. F.; Sharapov, V. N.

2011-12-01

The North-Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP), the Permian-Triassic traps of the Siberian Platform (SP), and the volcanic shields of the Hawaiian Ridge can be regarded as the examples of local and regional trends for lava sheets evolution of LIPs. Complex statistical analysis for distribution functions of petrogenic and trace components showed that cyclicity and spatial asymmetry for melt compositions are typical for all lava sheets of LIPs. NAIP has the following features: 1) the formation of continental swell and its rifting; 2) the oceanic basin formation as a system of open basins at the east and the opening of the Central Atlantic to the north with the transverse volcanic zone of the Ferraro Ridge; 3) quick opening of the oceanic basin with the formation and accretion of lava sheet in the centre of the spreading zone (MOR). At the western NAIP part, during the sheet breakage, magnesian melts were forming, in the east - 'typical' trap tholeiitic association with thick lava profiles; oceanic part of the system contains various oceanic basalts. Iceland lava sheet passed through at least three subsequent formation stages with typical petrochemical igneous rock complexes. There are local petrochemical trends in the Iceland sheet: as the basalt crust thickens, acid melt amounts increase. The Permian-Triassic SP traps at the southern part of the Khatanga Rift (where the province started to develop spatially) have the following zones: layered profiles of tuffaceous rocks in the Tunguska Syncline, with various quantities of lava flows in the upper part of the profiles; to the south, within the holes between the net of fissure and central lava-breccia volcanic structures, reloaded tuff material is located; more to the south this structural zone changes to swarms of dyke-diatreme structures having typical near-vent depressions. The explosive coefficient within these zones increases from the north to the south. In the western part of trap zone there is a petrochemical zoning - in general basalts become less magnesian from the Norilsk mulde to the Angaro-Ilim iron-ore region, while intrusive rocks become more titanic and alkaline. In local time distribution functions of petrogenic and trace components various trends are recorded. The above-mentioned LIP characteristics for the Hawaiian volcanic ridge have the following specific features: 1) lava compositions and volumes change from the north to the south along the strike of the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain; 2) lava compositions in the southern part of the Hawaiian Ridge are asymmetric transversely; 3) magma compositions in local lava shields for Kea and Loa lines of the southern part of the Hawaiian Ridge are cyclic; 4) volcanogenic rocks of this area have some general properties: the compositions of petrogenic and trace components, as well as and the amounts of Pb and Hf isotopes increase in lavas from the south to the north; there are no spatial trends for Ti compounds and Sr isotopes; the amounts of Al, Fe, Mn, Na, K; P, C oxides, as well as the amounts of Sr, Eu, Tb, Rb, La, Th and Nd, Os isotopes decrease. We think that the recorded variation of LIP parameters is due to geodynamic conditions and the lithosphere rocks compositions.

New method for obliterative treatment of an anterior wall aneurysm in the internal carotid artery: encircling silicone sheet clip procedure--technical case report.

PubMed

Kurokawa, Y; Wanibuchi, M; Ishiguro, M; Inaba, K

2001-08-01

Aneurysms on the anterior surface of the internal carotid artery (ICA) have been shown to be somewhat different from ordinary berry aneurysms because they are rather small, grow rapidly in a short time, and easily lead to rupture, especially during surgery. The most difficult problem is that this type of aneurysm cannot be eliminated easily by an ordinary clipping procedure without causing apparent arterial stenosis or occlusion. A 52-year-old man experienced a subarachnoid hemorrhage because of a ruptured aneurysm located on the anterior surface of the ICA. The tiny aneurysmal body, which was covered with a layer of brain tissue, was successfully exposed. The ICA seemed to be atherosclerotic, and the aneurysmal portion was solitary and had a reddish color. A large silicone sheet encircling clip (Vascwrap; Mizuho Ikakogyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was selected for this patient. The proximal margin of the silicone sheet was incised with a V-shaped cut, and the middle part of the sheet, which covered the diagonal part of the ICA, was trimmed to make it shorter. The blade of the fenestrated clip was applied to obliterate the aneurysm and was attached to the normal arterial wall together with this modified Vascwrap sheet to create a small space between the normal arterial wall and the surrounding Vascwrap sheet. Then tiny pieces of Teflon fiber (E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, DE) was inserted from both margins, and the whole Vascwrap sheet was sealed with fibrin glue to ensure good adhesion. This method seemed adequate in treating this difficult aneurysm without causing postoperative regrowth or occlusion of the patient's ICA.

NASA: First Map Of Thawed Areas Under Greenland Ice Sheet

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

NASA researchers have helped produce the first map showing what parts of the bottom of the massive Greenland Ice Sheet are thawed – key information in better predicting how the ice sheet will react to a warming climate. Greenland’s thick ice sheet insulates the bedrock below from the cold temperatures at the surface, so the bottom of the ice is often tens of degrees warmer than at the top, because the ice bottom is slowly warmed by heat coming from the Earth’s depths. Knowing whether Greenland’s ice lies on wet, slippery ground or is anchored to dry, frozen bedrock is essential for predicting how this ice will flow in the future, But scientists have very few direct observations of the thermal conditions beneath the ice sheet, obtained through fewer than two dozen boreholes that have reached the bottom. Now, a new study synthesizes several methods to infer the Greenland Ice Sheet’s basal thermal state –whether the bottom of the ice is melted or not– leading to the first map that identifies frozen and thawed areas across the whole ice sheet. Map caption: This first-of-a-kind map, showing which parts of the bottom of the Greenland Ice Sheet are likely thawed (red), frozen (blue) or still uncertain (gray), will help scientists better predict how the ice will flow in a warming climate. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/Jesse Allen Read more: go.nasa.gov/2avKgl2 NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

2. D Street facade and rear (east) blank wall of ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. D Street facade and rear (east) blank wall of parking garage. Farther east is 408 8th Street (National Art And Frame Company). - PMI Parking Garage, 403-407 Ninth Street, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

Electrical-assisted double side incremental forming and processes thereof

DOEpatents

Roth, John; Cao, Jian

2014-06-03

A process for forming a sheet metal component using an electric current passing through the component is provided. The process can include providing a double side incremental forming machine, the machine operable to perform a plurality of double side incremental deformations on the sheet metal component and also apply an electric direct current to the sheet metal component during at least part of the forming. The direct current can be applied before or after the forming has started and/or be terminated before or after the forming has stopped. The direct current can be applied to any portion of the sheet metal. The electrical assistance can reduce the magnitude of force required to produce a given amount of deformation, increase the amount of deformation exhibited before failure and/or reduce any springback typically exhibited by the sheet metal component.

Interim results of quality-control sampling of surface water for the Upper Colorado River National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit, water years 1995-96

USGS Publications Warehouse

Spahr, N.E.; Boulger, R.W.

1997-01-01

Quality-control samples provide part of the information needed to estimate the bias and variability that result from sample collection, processing, and analysis. Quality-control samples of surface water collected for the Upper Colorado River National Water-Quality Assessment study unit for water years 1995?96 are presented and analyzed in this report. The types of quality-control samples collected include pre-processing split replicates, concurrent replicates, sequential replicates, post-processing split replicates, and field blanks. Analysis of the pre-processing split replicates, concurrent replicates, sequential replicates, and post-processing split replicates is based on differences between analytical results of the environmental samples and analytical results of the quality-control samples. Results of these comparisons indicate that variability introduced by sample collection, processing, and handling is low and will not affect interpretation of the environmental data. The differences for most water-quality constituents is on the order of plus or minus 1 or 2 lowest rounding units. A lowest rounding unit is equivalent to the magnitude of the least significant figure reported for analytical results. The use of lowest rounding units avoids some of the difficulty in comparing differences between pairs of samples when concentrations span orders of magnitude and provides a measure of the practical significance of the effect of variability. Analysis of field-blank quality-control samples indicates that with the exception of chloride and silica, no systematic contamination of samples is apparent. Chloride contamination probably was the result of incomplete rinsing of the dilute cleaning solution from the outlet ports of the decaport sample splitter. Silica contamination seems to have been introduced by the blank water. Sampling and processing procedures for water year 1997 have been modified as a result of these analyses.

Seismic Characterization of a Gas Hydrate Chimney Associated with Acoustic Blanking: Pegasus Basin, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Henrys, S. A.; Fraser, D. R. A.; Gorman, A. R.; Pecher, I. A.; Crutchley, G. J.

2016-12-01

The Pegasus Basin on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island in the southern part of the Hikurangi Margin is a frontier petroleum basin that is also expected to contain significant gas hydrate deposits. Extensive faulting in the basin has lead to the development of many interesting and unique focused accumulations of gas hydrates. A 2D seismic dataset acquired in 2009/2010 was reprocessed to examine the gas hydrate systems within the basin. Here, we present one of the more interesting hydrate features in the dataset: a presumed gas chimney within the regional gas hydrate stability zone at the centre of a roughly triangular (in 2D) region of low reflectivity, approximately 8 km wide, that is interpreted to be the result of acoustic blanking. Using automated high density velocity picking, the chimney structure is interpreted to be cored by a 200 m wide low-velocity zone which contains free gas and is flanked by high-velocity bands that are 200-400 m wide. The high-velocity zone is interpreted to correspond to concentrated hydrate deposits within the sedimentary pore spaces. Amplitude vs offset (AVO) and inversion techniques have been applied and the results of this work correspond well to the high-density velocity analyses. The analysis methods all indicate zones of free gas below the Bottom Simulating Reflection (BSR) and within the chimney. Areas of increased hydrate concentrations, including at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone, were also identified. A model for fluid flow and how free gas within the chimney at the centre of the blanking zone is converted to hydrate is discussed. The potential size of the gas hydrate resource present in this feature can be estimated based on the seismic velocities and physical properties determined by inversion.

Dynamic recrystallization during deformation of polycrystalline ice: insights from numerical simulations

PubMed Central

Griera, Albert; Steinbach, Florian; Bons, Paul D.; Jansen, Daniela; Roessiger, Jens; Lebensohn, Ricardo A.

2017-01-01

The flow of glaciers and polar ice sheets is controlled by the highly anisotropic rheology of ice crystals that have hexagonal symmetry (ice lh). To improve our knowledge of ice sheet dynamics, it is necessary to understand how dynamic recrystallization (DRX) controls ice microstructures and rheology at different boundary conditions that range from pure shear flattening at the top to simple shear near the base of the sheets. We present a series of two-dimensional numerical simulations that couple ice deformation with DRX of various intensities, paying special attention to the effect of boundary conditions. The simulations show how similar orientations of c-axis maxima with respect to the finite deformation direction develop regardless of the amount of DRX and applied boundary conditions. In pure shear this direction is parallel to the maximum compressional stress, while it rotates towards the shear direction in simple shear. This leads to strain hardening and increased activity of non-basal slip systems in pure shear and to strain softening in simple shear. Therefore, it is expected that ice is effectively weaker in the lower parts of the ice sheets than in the upper parts. Strain-rate localization occurs in all simulations, especially in simple shear cases. Recrystallization suppresses localization, which necessitates the activation of hard, non-basal slip systems. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’. PMID:28025295

Dynamic recrystallization during deformation of polycrystalline ice: insights from numerical simulations.

PubMed

Llorens, Maria-Gema; Griera, Albert; Steinbach, Florian; Bons, Paul D; Gomez-Rivas, Enrique; Jansen, Daniela; Roessiger, Jens; Lebensohn, Ricardo A; Weikusat, Ilka

2017-02-13

The flow of glaciers and polar ice sheets is controlled by the highly anisotropic rheology of ice crystals that have hexagonal symmetry (ice lh). To improve our knowledge of ice sheet dynamics, it is necessary to understand how dynamic recrystallization (DRX) controls ice microstructures and rheology at different boundary conditions that range from pure shear flattening at the top to simple shear near the base of the sheets. We present a series of two-dimensional numerical simulations that couple ice deformation with DRX of various intensities, paying special attention to the effect of boundary conditions. The simulations show how similar orientations of c-axis maxima with respect to the finite deformation direction develop regardless of the amount of DRX and applied boundary conditions. In pure shear this direction is parallel to the maximum compressional stress, while it rotates towards the shear direction in simple shear. This leads to strain hardening and increased activity of non-basal slip systems in pure shear and to strain softening in simple shear. Therefore, it is expected that ice is effectively weaker in the lower parts of the ice sheets than in the upper parts. Strain-rate localization occurs in all simulations, especially in simple shear cases. Recrystallization suppresses localization, which necessitates the activation of hard, non-basal slip systems.This article is part of the themed issue 'Microdynamics of ice'. © 2016 The Author(s).

Energy information sheets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-12-02

The National Energy Information Center (NEIC), as part of its mission, provides energy information and referral assistance to Federal, State, and local governments, the academic community, business and industrial organizations, and the general public. Written for the general public, the EIA publication Energy Information Sheets was developed to provide information on various aspects of fuel production, prices, consumption and capability. The information contained herein pertains to energy data as of December 1991. Additional information on related subject matter can be found in other EIA publications as referenced at the end of each sheet.

Wide Strip Casting Technology of Magnesium Alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, W.-J.; Kim, J. J.; Kim, I. J.; Choo, D.

Extensive investigations relating to the production of high performance and low cost magnesium sheet by strip casting have been performed for the application to automotive parts and electronic devices. Research on magnesium sheet production technology started in 2004 by Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST) with support of Pohang Iron and Steel Company (POSCO). POSCO has completed the world's first plant to manufacture magnesium coil. Another big project in order to develop wide strip casting technology for the automotive applications of magnesium sheets was started in succession.

77 FR 6584 - Specialty Bar Products Company,a Subsidiary of Doncasters, Inc., Blairsville, PA; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-08

... gun blanks. The initial investigation resulted in a negative determination based on the findings that the subject firm did not shift the production of pins, bushings, gun blanks (or like or directly...

Numerical investigation of effects on blanks for press hardening process during longitudinal flux heating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dietrich, André; Nacke, Bernard

2018-05-01

With the induction heating technology, it is possible to heat up blanks for the press hardening process in 20 s or less. Furthermore, the dimension of an induction system is small and easy to control in comparison to conventional heating systems. To bring the induction heating technology to warm forming industry it is necessary to analyze the process under the view of induction. This paper investigates the edge- and end-effects of a batch heated blank. The results facilitate the later design of induction heating systems for the batch process.

Closed-Loop Control of Myoelectric Prostheses With Electrotactile Feedback: Influence of Stimulation Artifact and Blanking.

PubMed

Hartmann, Cornelia; Dosen, Strahinja; Amsuess, Sebastian; Farina, Dario

2015-09-01

Electrocutaneous stimulation is a promising approach to provide sensory feedback to amputees, and thus close the loop in upper limb prosthetic systems. However, the stimulation introduces artifacts in the recorded electromyographic (EMG) signals, which may be detrimental for the control of myoelectric prostheses. In this study, artifact blanking with three data segmentation approaches was investigated as a simple method to restore the performance of pattern recognition in prosthesis control (eight motions) when EMG signals are corrupted by stimulation artifacts. The methods were tested over a range of stimulation conditions and using four feature sets, comprising both time and frequency domain features. The results demonstrated that when stimulation artifacts were present, the classification performance improved with blanking in all tested conditions. In some cases, the classification performance with blanking was at the level of the benchmark (artifact-free data). The greatest pulse duration and frequency that allowed a full performance recovery were 400 μs and 150 Hz, respectively. These results show that artifact blanking can be used as a practical solution to eliminate the negative influence of the stimulation artifact on EMG pattern classification in a broad range of conditions, thus allowing to close the loop in myoelectric prostheses using electrotactile feedback.

Evaluation of the memory effect on gold-coated silica adsorption tubes used for the analysis of gaseous mercury by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry.

PubMed

Rahman, Mohammad Mahmudur; Brown, Richard J C; Kim, Ki-Hyun; Yoon, Hye-On; Phan, Nhu-Thuc

2013-01-01

In an effort to reduce the experimental bias involved in the analysis of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(o)), the blank response from gold-coated adsorption tubes has been investigated using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). Our study has been compared with our recent investigation on memory effect in a cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS). The pattern of blank responses was quantified after loading different amounts of mercury and after different time intervals of 1, 14, and 45 days. In case of the one day interval, the result of five to six instant blank heating cycles confirmed successful liberation of mercury following the second and third blank heating cycles. The results of 14 or 45 days generally suggest that liberation of excess mercury is affected by both the initial loading amount and the length of storage time prior to analysis. We have demonstrated a possibly effective way to reduce memory effects. Some similarities of these results with those from CVAFS experiment suggests that the blank response is caused by a combination of mercury absorbed within the bulk gold and micro- and nanoparticles liberated during heating and not from coabsorbing interfering gaseous species.

Evaluation of the Memory Effect on Gold-Coated Silica Adsorption Tubes Used for the Analysis of Gaseous Mercury by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

PubMed Central

Rahman, Mohammad Mahmudur; Brown, Richard J. C.; Yoon, Hye-On; Phan, Nhu-Thuc

2013-01-01

In an effort to reduce the experimental bias involved in the analysis of gaseous elemental mercury (Hgo), the blank response from gold-coated adsorption tubes has been investigated using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). Our study has been compared with our recent investigation on memory effect in a cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS). The pattern of blank responses was quantified after loading different amounts of mercury and after different time intervals of 1, 14, and 45 days. In case of the one day interval, the result of five to six instant blank heating cycles confirmed successful liberation of mercury following the second and third blank heating cycles. The results of 14 or 45 days generally suggest that liberation of excess mercury is affected by both the initial loading amount and the length of storage time prior to analysis. We have demonstrated a possibly effective way to reduce memory effects. Some similarities of these results with those from CVAFS experiment suggests that the blank response is caused by a combination of mercury absorbed within the bulk gold and micro- and nanoparticles liberated during heating and not from coabsorbing interfering gaseous species. PMID:23589708

Influence of prepreg characteristics on stamp consolidation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slange, T. K.; Warnet, L. L.; Grouve, W. J. B.; Akkerman, R.

2017-10-01

Stamp forming is a rapid manufacturing technology used to shape flat blanks of thermoplastic composite material into three-dimensional components. The development of automated lay-up technologies further extends the applicability of stamp forming by allowing rapid lay-up of tailored blanks and partial preconsolidation. This partial preconsolidation makes the influence of prepreg more critical compared to conventional preconsolidation methods which provide full preconsolidation. This paper aims to highlight consolidation challenges that can appear when stamp forming blanks manufactured by automated lay-up. Important prepreg characteristics were identified based on an experimental study where a comparison was made between various prepreg in their as-received, deconsolidated and stamp consolidated state. It was found that adding up small thickness variations across the width of a prepreg when stacking plies into a blank by automated lay-up can cause non-uniform consolidation. Additionally, deconsolidation of the prepreg does not seem to obstruct interlaminar bonding, while intralaminar voids initially present in a prepreg cannot be removed during stamp forming. An additional preconsolidation step after automated lay-up seems necessary to remove blank thickness variations and intralaminar voids for the current prepregs. Eliminating this process step and the successful combination of rapid automated lay-up and stamp forming requires prepregs which are void-free and have less thickness variation.

40 CFR Appendix I to Part 204 - Appendix I to Part 204

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Part 204 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) NOISE ABATEMENT PROGRAMS NOISE EMISSION STANDARDS FOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT Pt. 204, App. I Appendix I to Part 204 Table I... Noise Data Sheet Test report number: Subject: Manufacturer: Model: Serial No.: Rated speed: Rpm: Rated...

40 CFR Appendix I to Part 204 - Appendix I to Part 204

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Part 204 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) NOISE ABATEMENT PROGRAMS NOISE EMISSION STANDARDS FOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT Pt. 204, App. I Appendix I to Part 204 Table I... Noise Data Sheet Test report number: Subject: Manufacturer: Model: Serial No.: Rated speed: Rpm: Rated...

Changing Melt-Migration Geometries with Crustal Depth: an Example From the Eastern Transverse Ranges.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown, K. L.; Paterson, S. R.; Barth, A. P.

2006-12-01

Detailed studies of North American Cordilleran sheeted plutons (Miller and Paterson, 2001; Mahan et al., 2003; Manduca et al., 1993) reveal that some have predominantly sub-vertical geometries, indicating construction within fundamentally vertical boundary zones in mid-crustal terrains. In contrast, the Bighorn sheeted complex of the eastern Transverse Ranges in southern California preserves fabrics that indicate a gently to moderately dipping geometry. Preliminary barometry shows that the eastern Transverse Ranges constitutes a tilted cross- section of the Mesozoic arc to depths of about 24 km. Whereas the shallow part of the tilted section is dominated by comparatively homogeneous Mesozoic plutons that intrude Proterozoic basement, the deeper part is dominated by mid-crustal sheeted plutons of Jurassic and Late Cretaceous age. Volumetrically dominant components of the western sheeted plutonic complex are biotite hornblende tonalite, granodiorite, and two mica-garnet granite sheets interlayered at meter to decimeter scale. Field observations indicate a transition from discordant plutons with weak magmatic fabrics to the contemporaneous deeper sheeted plutons with intense magmatic fabrics, suggesting that fabric intensity is related to pluton geometry and depth. Microscope investigations reveal that magmatic textures and fabrics are dominant in sheeted igneous rocks. Magmatic textures are defined by euhedral to subhedral plagioclase, hornblende, and biotite that do not show significant internal crystal-plastic deformation. Magmatic fabrics observable at the outcrop scale are defined by shape preferred orientations of euhedral to subhedral plagioclase, hornblende, and biotite grains. Although magmatic textures and fabrics are observed in all compositions, intense magmatic fabrics are prominent in granodiorite and fine-grained tonalite. Solid-state textures are defined by recrystallization of interstitial quartz and microfracturing of feldspar. Although the sheeted plutons were originally described as foliated metamorphic rocks, the preserved magmatic textures and fabrics suggest that this zone is melt dominated. In addition, the pluton geometries may be explained by changing melt-migration patterns with depth.

Possible contribution of ice-sheet/lithosphere interactions to past glaciological changes in Greenland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alley, R. B.; Parizek, B. R.; Anandakrishnan, S.; Pollard, D.; Stevens, N. T.; Pourpoint, M.

2017-12-01

Ice-lithosphere interactions may have influenced the history of ice-sheet sensitivity to climate change. The Greenland ice sheet (GIS) is sensitive to warming, and is likely to be largely removed if subjected to relatively small additional temperature increases. The recent report (Schaefer et al., 2016, Nature) of near-complete GIS removal under modest Pleistocene forcing suggests that GIS sensitivity may be even greater than generally modeled, but lack of major Holocene retreat is more consistent with existing models. As shown by Stevens et al. (2016, JGR), peak lithospheric flexural stresses associated with ice-age GIS cycling are of the same order as dike-driving stresses in plutonic systems, and migrate over ice-age cycles. The full analysis by Stevens et al. suggests the possibility that the onset of cyclic ice-sheet loading allowed deep melt associated with the passage of the Icelandic hot spot beneath Greenland to work up though the crust to or near the base of the ice sheet, helping explain the anomalous geothermal heat fluxes observed at the head of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream and elsewhere in the northern part of GIS. If ice-age cycling aided extraction of an existing reservoir of melted rock, then geothermal heat flux would have risen with the onset of extraction and migration, but with a subsequent fall associated with reservoir depletion. Simple parameterized flow-model simulations confirm intuition that a higher geothermal flux makes deglaciation easier, with the northern part of the ice sheet especially important. Large uncertainties remain in quantification, but we suggest the hypothesis that, following the onset of ice-age cycling, deglaciation of the GIS first became easier and then more difficult in response to feedbacks involving the ice sheet and the geological system beneath. In turn, this suggests that evidence of past deglaciation under moderate forcing is consistent with existing ice-sheet models.

Analysis of low-dose radiation shield effectiveness of multi-gate polymeric sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, S. C.; Lee, H. K.; Cho, J. H.

2014-07-01

Computed tomography (CT) uses a high dose of radiation to create images of the body. As patients are exposed to radiation during a CT scan, the use of shielding materials becomes essential in CT scanning. This study was focused on the radiation shielding materials used for patients during a CT scan. In this study, sheets were manufactured to shield the eyes and the thyroid, the most sensitive parts of the body, against radiation exposure during a CT scan. These sheets are manufactured using silicone polymers, barium sulfate (BaSO4) and tungsten, with the aim of making these sheets equally or more effective in radiation shielding and more cost-effective than lead sheets. The use of barium sulfate drew more attention than tungsten due to its higher cost-effectiveness. The barium sulfate sheets were coated to form a multigate structure by applying the maximum charge rate during the agitator and subsequent mixing processes and creating multilayered structures on the surface. To measure radiation shielding effectiveness, the radiation dose was measured around both eyes and the thyroid gland using sheets in three different thicknesses (1, 2 and 3 mm). Among the 1 and 2 mm sheets, the Pb sheets exhibited greater effectiveness in radiation shielding around both eyes, but the W sheets were more effective in radiation shielding around the thyroid gland. In the 3 mm sheets, the Pb sheet also attenuated a higher amount of radiation around both eyes while the W sheet was more effective around the thyroid gland. In conclusion, the sheets made from barium sulfate and tungsten proved highly effective in shielding against low-dose radiation in CT scans without causing ill-health effects, unlike lead.

Laser-assisted micro sheet forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holtkamp, Jens; Gillner, Arnold

2008-01-01

The fast growing market for micro technical products requires parts with increasing complexity. While sheet metal forming enables low cost mass production with short cycle times, it is limited by the maximum degree of deformation and the quality of the cut edge. The technology of warm forming partially eliminates these deficiencies. This operation takes place at elevated temperatures before structural transformation is initiated. It combines characteristic advantages of traditional cold and hot forming processes. Lasers as heat sources provide a high, selective and controllable energy input. The general difficulty of a uniform temperature distribution during the heating process can be reached by using an Axicon which generates an annulus on the sheet metal surface. The temperature of the workpiece, measured by a pyrometer, is tuned by a PI-Controller. A tool incorporating a multistage operation die is used for the manufacturing of up to three parts at the same time. The tool is integrated into a hydraulical press. A gearwheel made of the magnesium alloy AZ31 is chosen as metal demonstrator. The quality of these punched parts could be significantly improved at elevated temperatures

A Technique for the Growth of Epidermal Sheets Obtained from Patients Undergoing Reduction Mammoplasty.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-06

flask with Dispase, a neutral protease and attached to petrolatum gauze. At this point the sheets could be used as skin grafts . Progress: 1...a composite in vitro skin graft . We believe that development of an artificial dermis as part of a composite in vitro graft is where our future

Development of a Cavitation Erosion Resistant Advanced Material System

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-11-01

Sheet EPD M results .............................................................................. 47 Figure 5.11 - EPDM rubber samples, sheet (left...Testing The long test times of EPDM rubber and other durable elastomer samples created a need for overnight testing capability. In the original test setup...seals, adhesives and molded flexible parts. Common examples of elastomers include natural and synthetic rubber , silicone, neoprene, EPDM , polyurethane

Remedial Sheets for Progress Checks, Segments 19-40.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York Inst. of Tech., Old Westbury.

The second part of the Self-Paced Physics Course remediation materials is presented for U. S. Naval Academy students who miss core problems on the progress check. The total of 101 problems is incorporated in this volume to match study segments 19 through 40. Each remedial sheet is composed of a statement of the missed problem and references to…

46 CFR 160.047-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... reference to the following documents: (1) Federal Specification: L-P-375C—Plastic Film, Flexible, Vinyl... part of this subpart: Dwg. No. 160.047-1: Sheet 1, Rev. 2—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement, Models AK-1, and AF-1. Sheet 2, Rev. 2—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement, Models CKM-1 and CFM-1...

46 CFR 160.047-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... reference to the following documents: (1) Federal Specification: L-P-375C—Plastic Film, Flexible, Vinyl... part of this subpart: Dwg. No. 160.047-1: Sheet 1, Rev. 2—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement, Models AK-1, and AF-1. Sheet 2, Rev. 2—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement, Models CKM-1 and CFM-1...

46 CFR 160.047-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... reference to the following documents: (1) Federal Specification: L-P-375C—Plastic Film, Flexible, Vinyl... part of this subpart: Dwg. No. 160.047-1: Sheet 1, Rev. 2—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement, Models AK-1, and AF-1. Sheet 2, Rev. 2—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement, Models CKM-1 and CFM-1...

46 CFR 160.047-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... reference to the following documents: (1) Federal Specification: L-P-375C—Plastic Film, Flexible, Vinyl... part of this subpart: Dwg. No. 160.047-1: Sheet 1, Rev. 2—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement, Models AK-1, and AF-1. Sheet 2, Rev. 2—Cutting Pattern and General Arrangement, Models CKM-1 and CFM-1...

Summary of Internet Terms and Resources. NRC Fact Sheet

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zubal, Rachael; Hall, Mair

2010-01-01

What is the Internet? The Internet is a worldwide network of computers communicating with each other. This paper offers some basic, easy-to-understand meanings of words about the Internet that individuals may have questions about.[The preparation of this fact sheet was supported in part by the National Resource Center on Supported Living and…

Performance analysis of the incremental sheet forming on PMMA using a combined chemical and mechanical approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conte, R.; Gagliardi, F.; Ambrogio, G.; Filice, F.; Russo, P.

2017-10-01

Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) has been widely investigated highlighting advantages as low-cost, higher formability and greater process flexibility if compared to traditional processes [1]. Recent works have proven the SPIF feasibility for polymers processing. Experimental researches have been carried out with the aim to investigate the influence of several working variables, i.e. spindle speed, tool diameter, step depth, etc., on the final quality of the formed parts [2, 3]. The processed thermoplastic materials are characterized by glass temperatures close to the room temperature and, therefore, SPIF has been performed without external thermal source, exploiting mostly the friction heat generated during the forming phases. In the proposed work, the attention has been focused on extruded poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sheets, which are characterized by a glass temperature of more than 100 °C. Because of that, an experimental equipment has been designed and the PMMA sheets have been placed on the top of chamber with controlled temperature before SPIF beginning. The temperature on the upper face of the sheets has been monitored by thermocamera, which has been properly set by matching its readings with the ones extracted by a thermocouple in contact with the sheets. SPIF at different temperatures has been carried out by changing both the heater temperature and the process parameters which have an influence on the workpiece heating. The influence of the highlighted process conditions on the worked parts and on the process feasibility has been investigated. Furthermore, examinations on the quality of the formed parts have been performed pointing out the effects that different process conditions have on surface integrity.

Current and Future Uses of Aluminum in the Automotive Industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Long, R. S.; Boettcher, E.; Crawford, D.

2017-12-01

Aluminum use is growing in automotive closures and body in white applications to improve vehicle performance and fuel economy. The auto industry is looking for higher-strength aluminum materials needed for strength-driven safety-critical parts. Through cooperation with industrial partners and support from the Department of Energy (DOE), multiple experimental 7xxx alloys were developed for automotive applications. The objective is to enable complex shapes to be formed at temperatures below 225°C. A demonstration part has been developed that is representative of the forming challenges within a current hot-stamped door ring component. This part tooling has been built and installed into a press line which includes blank heating and robotic transfer. Forming trials of these alloys are currently underway and the formability, strength and corrosion performance of these materials are being evaluated.

Current and Future Uses of Aluminum in the Automotive Industry

DOE PAGES

Long, R. S.; Boettcher, E.; Crawford, D.

2017-08-29

Aluminum use is growing in automotive closures and body in white applications to improve vehicle performance and fuel economy. The auto industry is looking for higher strength aluminum materials needed for strength driven safety critical parts. Through cooperation with industrial partners and support from the Department of Energy (DOE), multiple experimental 7xxx alloys were developed for automotive applications. The objective is to enable complex shapes to be formed at temperatures below 225° C. A demonstration part has been developed that is representative of the forming challenges within a current hot stamped door ring component. This part tooling has been builtmore » and installed into a press line which includes blank heating and robotic transfer. Forming trials of these alloys are currently underway and the formability, strength and corrosion performance of these materials are being evaluated.« less

Current and Future Uses of Aluminum in the Automotive Industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Long, R. S.; Boettcher, E.; Crawford, D.

Aluminum use is growing in automotive closures and body in white applications to improve vehicle performance and fuel economy. The auto industry is looking for higher strength aluminum materials needed for strength driven safety critical parts. Through cooperation with industrial partners and support from the Department of Energy (DOE), multiple experimental 7xxx alloys were developed for automotive applications. The objective is to enable complex shapes to be formed at temperatures below 225° C. A demonstration part has been developed that is representative of the forming challenges within a current hot stamped door ring component. This part tooling has been builtmore » and installed into a press line which includes blank heating and robotic transfer. Forming trials of these alloys are currently underway and the formability, strength and corrosion performance of these materials are being evaluated.« less

Testing single point incremental forming moulds for rotomoulding operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afonso, Daniel; de Sousa, Ricardo Alves; Torcato, Ricardo

2017-10-01

Low pressure polymer processes as thermoforming or rotational moulding use much simpler moulds than high pressure processes like injection. However, despite the low forces involved in the process, moulds manufacturing for these applications is still a very material, energy and time consuming operation. Particularly in rotational moulding there is no standard for the mould manufacture and very different techniques are applicable. The goal of this research is to develop and validate a method for manufacturing plastically formed sheet metal moulds by single point incremental forming (SPIF) for rotomoulding and rotocasting operations. A Stewart platform based SPIF machine allow the forming of thick metal sheets, granting the required structural stiffness for the mould surface, and keeping a short manufacture lead time and low thermal inertia. The experimental work involves the proposal of a hollow part, design and fabrication of a sheet metal mould using dieless incremental forming techniques and testing its operation in the production of prototype parts.

Spatial and temporal genetic structure of a river-resident Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after millennia of isolation

PubMed Central

Sandlund, Odd Terje; Karlsson, Sten; Thorstad, Eva B; Berg, Ole Kristian; Kent, Matthew P; Norum, Ine C J; Hindar, Kjetil

2014-01-01

The river-resident Salmo salar (“småblank”) has been isolated from other Atlantic salmon populations for 9,500 years in upper River Namsen, Norway. This is the only European Atlantic salmon population accomplishing its entire life cycle in a river. Hydropower development during the last six decades has introduced movement barriers and changed more than 50% of the river habitat to lentic conditions. Based on microsatellites and SNPs, genetic variation within småblank was only about 50% of that in the anadromous Atlantic salmon within the same river. The genetic differentiation (FST) between småblank and the anadromous population was 0.24. This is similar to the differentiation between anadromous Atlantic salmon in Europe and North America. Microsatellite analyses identified three genetic subpopulations within småblank, each with an effective population size Ne of a few hundred individuals. There was no evidence of reduced heterozygosity and allelic richness in contemporary samples (2005–2008) compared with historical samples (1955–56 and 1978–79). However, there was a reduction in genetic differentiation between sampling localities over time. SNP data supported the differentiation of småblank into subpopulations and revealed downstream asymmetric gene flow between subpopulations. In spite of this, genetic variation was not higher in the lower than in the upper areas. The meta-population structure of småblank probably maintains genetic variation better than one panmictic population would do, as long as gene flow among subpopulations is maintained. Småblank is a unique endemic island population of Atlantic salmon. It is in a precarious situation due to a variety of anthropogenic impacts on its restricted habitat area. Thus, maintaining population size and avoiding further habitat fragmentation are important. PMID:24967074

Heated Hydro-Mechanical Deep Drawing of Magnesium Sheet Metal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurz, Gerrit

In order to reduce fuel consumption efforts have been made to decrease the weight of automobile constructions by increasing the use of lightweight materials. In this field of application magnesium alloys are important because of their low density. A promising alternative to large surfaced and thin die casting parts has been found in construction parts that are manufactured by sheet metal forming of magnesium. Magnesium alloys show a limited formability at room temperature. A considerable improvement of formability can be achieved by heating the material. Formability increases above a temperature of approximately T = 225 °C.

Boston Harbor, Massachusetts Feasibility Report for Debris Removal. Volume 2. Part A-Debris Inventory. Summary Sheets. Part B - Land Enhancement. Summary Sheets. Revision.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-05-01

Holand -American line to Rotterdam, the Havana line to Havana, the American-Indian line from Calcutta, the China-Japan line from Yokohama and the Clay... f1 ) >i ’(D C 4- -𔃾 C - C) cc- 0i.L 0f 0’~ 44 U))v) 0 ~~5,~0 P) j ~ UCC 4-) .) - 0 ’ ~ 0 0~ 4-’ C)’C 0 00D fU LO. 00 C -H 𔃺*.4 Q ) U)j 0E . 00.3q C

Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and accompanying conodont data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Till, Alison B.; Dumoulin, Julie A.; Werdon, Melanie B.; Bleick, Heather A.

2010-01-01

This 1:500,000-scale geologic map depicts the bedrock geology of Seward Peninsula, western Alaska, on the North American side of the Bering Strait. The map encompasses all of the Teller, Nome, Solomon, and Bendeleben 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, and parts of the Shishmaref, Kotzebue, Candle, and Norton Bay 1:250,000-scale quadrangles (sheet 1; sheet 2). The geologic map is presented on Sheet 1. The pamphlet includes an introductory text, unit descriptions, tables of geochronologic data, and an appendix containing conodont (microfossil) data and a text about those data. Sheet 2 shows metamorphic and tectonic units, conodont color alteration indices, key metamorphic minerals, and locations of geochronology samples listed in the pamphlet.

Robot-based additive manufacturing for flexible die-modelling in incremental sheet forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rieger, Michael; Störkle, Denis Daniel; Thyssen, Lars; Kuhlenkötter, Bernd

2017-10-01

The paper describes the application concept of additive manufactured dies to support the robot-based incremental sheet metal forming process (`Roboforming') for the production of sheet metal components in small batch sizes. Compared to the dieless kinematic-based generation of a shape by means of two cooperating industrial robots, the supporting robot models a die on the back of the metal sheet by using the robot-based fused layer manufacturing process (FLM). This tool chain is software-defined and preserves the high geometrical form flexibility of Roboforming while flexibly generating support structures adapted to the final part's geometry. Test series serve to confirm the feasibility of the concept by investigating the process challenges of the adhesion to the sheet surface and the general stability as well as the influence on the geometric accuracy compared to the well-known forming strategies.

Algae Drive Enhanced Darkening of Bare Ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stibal, Marek; Box, Jason E.; Cameron, Karen A.; Langen, Peter L.; Yallop, Marian L.; Mottram, Ruth H.; Khan, Alia L.; Molotch, Noah P.; Chrismas, Nathan A. M.; Calı Quaglia, Filippo; Remias, Daniel; Smeets, C. J. P. Paul; van den Broeke, Michiel R.; Ryan, Jonathan C.; Hubbard, Alun; Tranter, Martyn; van As, Dirk; Ahlstrøm, Andreas P.

2017-11-01

Surface ablation of the Greenland ice sheet is amplified by surface darkening caused by light-absorbing impurities such as mineral dust, black carbon, and pigmented microbial cells. We present the first quantitative assessment of the microbial contribution to the ice sheet surface darkening, based on field measurements of surface reflectance and concentrations of light-absorbing impurities, including pigmented algae, during the 2014 melt season in the southwestern part of the ice sheet. The impact of algae on bare ice darkening in the study area was greater than that of nonalgal impurities and yielded a net albedo reduction of 0.038 ± 0.0035 for each algal population doubling. We argue that algal growth is a crucial control of bare ice darkening, and incorporating the algal darkening effect will improve mass balance and sea level projections of the Greenland ice sheet and ice masses elsewhere.

Application technologies for effective utilization of advanced high strength steel sheets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Suehiro, Masayoshi, E-mail: suehiro.kp5.masayoshi@jp.nssmc.com

Recently, application of high strength steel sheets for automobiles has increased in order to meet a demand of light weighting of automobiles to reduce a carbon footprint while satisfying collision safety. The formability of steel sheets generally decreases with the increase in strength. Fracture and wrinkles tend to occur easily during forming. The springback phenomenon is also one of the issues which we should cope with, because it makes it difficult to obtain the desired shape after forming. Advanced high strength steel sheets with high formability have been developed in order to overcome these issues, and at the same timemore » application technologies have been developed for their effective utilization. These sheets are normally used for cold forming. As a different type of forming, hot forming technique has been developed in order to produce parts with ultra high strength. In this report, technologies developed at NSSMC in this field will be introduced.« less

Plasma regimes in the deep geomagnetic tail - ISEE 3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bame, S. J.; Anderson, R. C.; Asbridge, J. R.; Baker, D. N.; Feldman, W. C.; Gosling, J. T.; Hones, E. W., Jr.; McComas, D. J.; Zwickl, R. D.

1983-09-01

The spacecraft remained close to or within a previously unexplored part of the distant (60-220 earth radii) geomagnetic tail nearly continuously from January 1 to March 30, 1983. Analysis of the data reveals that all of the plasma regimes identified previously with near-earth measurements (plasma sheet, low-latitude boundary layer, plasma mantle, lobe, and magnetosheath) remain recognizable in the distant tail. These regimes, however, are found to be intermingled in a more chaotic fashion than near the earth. Within the plasma sheet at approximately 200 earth radii, typical flow velocities are about 500 km/s tailward, considerably higher than in the near-earth plasma sheet. Earthward flow within the plasma sheet is observed occasionally, indicating the temporary presence of a neutral line beyond 220 earth radii. Also found are strong bidirectional electron anisotropies throughout much of the distant plasma sheet, boundary layer, and magnetosheath.

Automatic Tool Selection in V-bending Processes by Using an Intelligent Collision Detection Algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salem, A. A.

2017-09-01

V-bending is widely used to produce the sheet metal components. There are global Changes in the shape of the sheet metal component during progressive bending processes. Accordingly, collisions may be occurred between part and tool during bending. Collision-free is considered one of the feasibility conditions of V-bending process planning which the tool selection is verified by the absence of the collisions. This paper proposes an intelligent collision detection algorithm which has the ability to distinguish between 2D bent parts and the other bent parts. Due to this ability, 2D and 3D collision detection subroutines have been developed in the proposed algorithm. This division of algorithm’s subroutines could reduce the computational operations during collisions detecting.

Circum-North Pacific tectonostratigraphic terrane map

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nokleberg, Warren J.; Parfenov, Leonid M.; Monger, James W.H.; Baranov, Boris B.; Byalobzhesky, Stanislav G.; Bundtzen, Thomas K.; Feeney, Tracey D.; Fujita, Kazuya; Gordey, Steven P.; Grantz, Arthur; Khanchuk, Alexander I.; Natal'in, Boris A.; Natapov, Lev M.; Norton, Ian O.; Patton, William W.; Plafker, George; Scholl, David W.; Sokolov, Sergei D.; Sosunov, Gleb M.; Stone, David B.; Tabor, Rowland W.; Tsukanov, Nickolai V.; Vallier, Tracy L.; Wakita, Koji

1994-01-01

after accretion of most terranes in the region; (2) Cenozoic and Mesozoic basinal deposits that occur within a terrane or on the craton; (3) plutonic rocks. The postaccretion igneous units are identified by age-lithologic abbreviations and by name. These overlap assemblages and basinal deposits formed mainly during sedimentation and magmatism that occurred after accretion of terranes to each other or to a continental margin. Overlap assemblages provide minimum ages on the timing of accretion of terranes. Some Cenozoic and Mesozoic overlap assemblages and basinal deposits, as well as fragments of terranes, are extensively offset by movement along postaccretion faults. In addition, in onshore areas, the map depicts major preaccretion plutonic rocks that are limited to individual terranes. and in offshore areas. the map depicts major oceanic plates,-ocean floor magnetic lineations. oceanic spreading ridges, and seamounts. The map consists of five sheets. Sheets I and 2 depict, at a scale of I :5.000.000. the tectonostratigraphic terranes. preaccretion plutonic rocks, and postaccretion Cenozoic and Mesozoic overlap sedimentary, volcanic. and plutonic assemblages, and basinal deposits for the Circum- orth Pacific including the Russian Far East, northern Hokkaido Island of Japan, Alaska. the Canadian Cordillera, part of the U.S.A. Pacific Northwest. and adjacent offshore areas. Sheet 3 provides the list of map units for Sheets I and 2. Sheet 4 is a index map showing generalized onshore terranes and overlap assemblages for onshore parts of the Circum-North Pacific at a scale of I: I 0,000,000. Sheet 4 is a guide to the more complicated onshore features depicted on Sheets I and 2. Sheet 5 is an index map showing the major geographic regions for the Circum-North Pacific. Significant differences exist between the representation of onshore and offshore geology on Sheets I and 2. These are: (I) compared to the onshore part of the map, the offshore part is depicted in a more schematic fashion because of more limited data and because the offshore terranes and early Cenozoic and older overlap assemblages generally are obscured by extensive late Cenozoic sedimentary cover that is not shown unless thicker than two kilometers; (2) marginal contacts of offshore Cenozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary basins do not match contacts of onshore Cenozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary units because offshore basins are limited to those regions with sediment thicknesses greater than two kilometers; (3) stratigraphic columns, included at the end of this explanation. are provided only for onshore terranes because the geology of offshore terranes is generally less well-known; and (4) for simplicity, the major onshore Cenozoic sedimentary basins are generally not defined and described separately because the onshore part of the map is designed to emphasize terranes and overlap volcanic assemblages that are crucial for both for tectonic and metallogenic analyses published elsewhere (Nokleberg and others, 1993, 1994a). Several key geologic sources were used in the compilation of the map. For Alaska. the basic outcrop pattern for the map is from Beikman (1980), Gehrels and Berg (1992, 1994). Barker and others ( 1994). Brew (1994), and Moli-Stalcup and others ( 1994b). The distribution of terranes is from Jones and others (1987) and Monger and Berg (1987), with modification by Grantz and other (1991 ). Worall (199 1 ), okleberg and others (1993, 1994a), the cited references, and the Alaskan co-authors of this report. For the Canadian Cordillera. the basic outcrop pattern is from Monger and Berg ( 1987), Wheeler and other (1988). and Wheeler and McFeeley ( 1991) with modifications by the Canadian authors. For the northern part of the Russian Far East. the basic outcrop pattern is from So unov (1985) with modifications by the Russian authors. For the outhern part of the Russian Far East, the basic outcrop pattern is from Krasny (1991) and Bazhanov and Oleinik ( 1986) with modification by the Russian authors. The Russian Far East part of the map is the first attempt to define and delineate terranes in that region. In their compilation. the Russian authors utilized the methodology of U.S.A. and Canadian geologists. Because this map is the first attempt to display the terranes. Cenozoic and Mesozoic overlap assemblages. basinal deposit , and plutonic belts of the Russian Far East. the Russian author will appreciate constructive sugge tions for improving the map.

Department of Defense Financial Management Regulation. Volume 8. Civilian Pay Policy and Procedures

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-01-01

Nationals in Foreign Areas," Decembner 5 , 1980 £ (au) V•oD Manual 1410.6-M, "Foreign National Compensation," January 1990.. , 0 (av) Part 251 of title...Regulation I (This page intentionally left blank.) e • * US 0 0 - S - 0 5 II DoD Financial Management Regulation Volume 8, Definitions DEFINITIONS I 1...ith payroll func- small, unique payroll sysltins, such as for for- tion with the general ledger, costi accouunting, and I 0 5 0S S 50 0 S Volume 8

Systems Analysis Directorate Activities Summary, Aug 1976

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-09-01

expensive development program. I Incl M. RHIAN wd Inc] 1&2 Acting Director Added I incl Systems Analysis Directcrate 3. DA 2028 31 Fe . was .1 Okla i*,f...PUBLICATIONS AND DATE BLANK FORMS U.s, Ptrt if (reverse) for Repair Parts and Special Tool Lists (RPSTL) and Supply F 09 ohis a t. fe -, suea AR 310-1...ac ptep penst asmcy Is Pe US Catalgus/Supply Manuals (SC/SM). 30 Jul 76 Army Adiut•*t Gesetol castep. TO: ’FP e, rd fe Proponent of pubfi eftio. w

Hector Field, Fargo North Dakota. Revised Uniform Summary of Surface Weather Observations (RUSSWO). Parts A-F.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-01

HOLRS I TSTMS C/OR RAIN L/OR HAIL WITH FOG C/OR uLO6ING C/OR A/LBST TOIAL ULT) I ORIZILL C/OP SLEET PRECIP PAZE SNOb SAND 10 0bC I RZZLE VIS ION JA. LE...AISARTEITItS TO t MILES ANT) GREATER THAN L rALT S. T1-.LBOPE TI J-L LOEUMN FOB BICIbILI TIES F,;ijAL T0 OR GREATER THAN 1D MALLS APPEAl BLANK. AS A "EL

Assessment of Hyporheic Zone, Flood-Plain, Soil-Gas, Soil, and Surface-Water Contamination at the McCoys Creek Chemical Training Area, Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2009-2010

USGS Publications Warehouse

Guimaraes, Wladmir B.; Falls, W. Fred; Caldwell, Andral W.; Ratliff, W. Hagan; Wellborn, John B.; Landmeyer, James E.

2011-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office of the U.S. Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon, Georgia, assessed the hyporheic zone, flood plain, soil gas, soil, and surface water for contaminants at the McCoys Creek Chemical Training Area (MCTA) at Fort Gordon, from October 2009 to September 2010. The assessment included the detection of organic contaminants in the hyporheic zone, flood plain, soil gas, and surface water. In addition, the organic contaminant assessment included the analysis of organic compounds classified as explosives and chemical agents in selected areas. Inorganic contaminants were assessed in soil and surface-water samples. The assessment was conducted to provide environmental contamination data to the U.S. Army at Fort Gordon pursuant to requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Part B Hazardous Waste Permit process. Ten passive samplers were deployed in the hyporheic zone and flood plain, and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and octane were detected above the method detection level in every sampler. Other organic compounds detected above the method detection level in the hyporheic zone and flood-plain samplers were trichloroethylene, and cis- and trans- 1, 2-dichloroethylene. One trip blank detected TPH below the method detection level but above the nondetection level. The concentrations of TPH in the samplers were many times greater than the concentrations detected in the blank; therefore, all other TPH concentrations detected are considered to represent environmental conditions. Seventy-one soil-gas samplers were deployed in a grid pattern across the MCTA. Three trip blanks and three method blanks were used and not deployed, and TPH was detected above the method detection level in two trip blanks and one method blank. Detection of TPH was observed at all 71 samplers, but because TPH was detected in the trip and method blanks, TPH was censored and, therefore, only 7 of the 71 samplers were reported as detecting TPH. In addition, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene were detected above the method detection level in 22 samplers. Other compounds detected above the method detection level included naphthalene, octane, undecane, tridecane, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroform, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Subsequent to the soil-gas survey, five locations with elevated contaminant mass were selected and a passive sampler was deployed at those locations to detect the presence of organic compounds classified as explosives or chemical agents. No explosives or chemical agents were detected above the method detection level, but some compounds were detected below the method detection level but above the nondetection level. Dimethyl disulfide, benzothiazole, chloroacetophenones, and para-chlorophenyl methyl sulfide were all detected below the method detection level but above the nondetection level. The compounds 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and para-chlorophenyl methyl sulfone were detected in samplers but also were detected in trip blanks and are not considered as present in the MCTA. The same five locations that were selected for sampling of explosives and chemical agents were selected for soil sampling. Metal concentrations in composite soil samples collected at five locations from land surface to a depth of 6 inches did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regional Screening Levels for Industrial Soil. Concentrations in some compounds were higher than the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control background levels for nearby South Carolina, including aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and potassium. A surface-water sample was collected from McCoys Creek and analyzed for volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, and inorganic compounds (metals). No volatile organic compounds and (or) semivolatile organic compounds were detected at levels above the maximum contaminant level of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) National Primary Drinking Water Standard, and no inorganic compounds exceeded the maximum contaminant level of the USEPA National Primary Drinking Water Standard or the Georgia In-Stream Water-Quality Standard. Iron was the only inorganic compound detected in the surface-water sample (578 micrograms per liter) that exceeded the USEPA National Secondary Drinking Water Standard of 300 micrograms per liter.

Glycosides of naphthohydroquinones and anthraquinones isolated from the aerial parts of Morinda parvifolia Bartl. ex DC (Rubiaceae) increase p53 mRNA expression in A2780 cells.

PubMed

Su, Xianming; Zhang, Jian; Li, Changkang; Li, Fenghua; Wang, Hongqing; Gu, Haifeng; Li, Baoming; Chen, Ruoyun; Kang, Jie

2018-05-11

Eight previously undescribed naphthohydroquinone glycosides, namely morindaparvins H-O, together with four known anthraquinone glycosides were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of the aerial parts of Morinda parvifolia Bartl. ex DC (Rubiaceae). The structures of morindaparvins H-O were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation of quinone glycosides from the plant M. parvifolia. The results showed that all 12 compounds at the concentration of 50 μM significantly increased p53 mRNA expression in A2780 cells compared with the blank control group. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Adjustable extender for instrument module

DOEpatents

Sevec, J.B.; Stein, A.D.

1975-11-01

A blank extender module used to mount an instrument module in front of its console for repair or test purposes has been equipped with a rotatable mount and means for locking the mount at various angles of rotation for easy accessibility. The rotatable mount includes a horizontal conduit supported by bearings within the blank module. The conduit is spring-biased in a retracted position within the blank module and in this position a small gear mounted on the conduit periphery is locked by a fixed pawl. The conduit and instrument mount can be pulled into an extended position with the gear clearing the pawl to permit rotation and adjustment of the instrument.

Method for making devices having intermetallic structures and intermetallic devices made thereby

DOEpatents

Paul, Brian Kevin; Wilson, Richard Dean; Alman, David Eli

2004-01-06

A method and system for making a monolithic intermetallic structure are presented. The structure is made from lamina blanks which comprise multiple layers of metals which are patternable, or intermetallic lamina blanks that are patternable. Lamina blanks are patterned, stacked and registered, and processed to form a monolithic intermetallic structure. The advantages of a patterned monolithic intermetallic structure include physical characteristics such as melting temperature, thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Applications are broad, and include among others, use as a microreactor, heat recycling device, and apparatus for producing superheated steam. Monolithic intermetallic structures may contain one or more catalysts within the internal features.

Mercury Deposition Network Site Operator Training for the System Blank and Blind Audit Programs

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wetherbee, Gregory A.; Lehmann, Christopher M.B.

2008-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey operates the external quality assurance project for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/Mercury Deposition Network. The project includes the system blank and blind audit programs for assessment of total mercury concentration data quality for wet-deposition samples. This presentation was prepared to train new site operators and to refresh experienced site operators to successfully process and submit system blank and blind audit samples for chemical analysis. Analytical results are used to estimate chemical stability and contamination levels of National Atmospheric Deposition Program/Mercury Deposition Network samples and to evaluate laboratory variability and bias.

Perforated-Layer Implementation Of Radio-Frequency Lenses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dolgin, Benjamin P.

1996-01-01

Luneberg-type radio-frequency dielectric lenses made of stacked perforated circular dielectric sheets, according to proposal. Perforation pattern designed to achieve required spatial variation of permittivity. Consists of round holes distributed across face of each sheet in "Swiss-cheese" pattern, plus straight or curved slots that break up outer parts into petals in "daisy-wheel" pattern. Holes and slots made by numerically controlled machining.

Examining the Reliability and Validity of Clinician Ratings on the Five-Factor Model Score Sheet

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Few, Lauren R.; Miller, Joshua D.; Morse, Jennifer Q.; Yaggi, Kirsten E.; Reynolds, Sarah K.; Pilkonis, Paul A.

2010-01-01

Despite substantial research use, measures of the five-factor model (FFM) are infrequently used in clinical settings due, in part, to issues related to administration time and a reluctance to use self-report instruments. The current study examines the reliability and validity of the Five-Factor Model Score Sheet (FFMSS), which is a 30-item…

Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 13: Strategies for managing fuels and visual quality

Treesearch

Christine Esposito

2006-01-01

The public's acceptance of forest management practices, including fuels reduction, is heavily based on how forests look. Fuels managers can improve their chances of success by considering aesthetics when making management decisions. This fact sheet reviews a three-part general strategy for managing fuels and visual quality: planning, implementation, and monitoring...

Preliminary geologic map of the Turayf Quadrangle, sheet 31C, and part of the An Nabk quadrangle, sheet 31B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Meissner, C.R.; Riddler, G.P.; Van Eck, Marcel; Aspinall, N.C.; Farasani, A.M.; Dini, S.M.

1989-01-01

Oil shows have been reported in Cretaceous rocks of the Wadi As Sirhan depression, and oil has been discovered recently nearby in Jordan. Geologic and geophysical conditions are favorable for the entrapment of oil in the Wadi As Sirhan area and additional exploration is recommended.

Collection and curation of IDPs in the stratosphere and below. Part 2: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maurette, Michel; Hammer, C.; Harvey, R.; Immel, G.; Kurat, G.; Taylor, S.

1994-01-01

In a companion paper, Zolensky discusses interplanetary dust particles (IDP's) collected in the stratosphere. Here, we describe the recovery of much larger unmelted to partially melted IDP's from the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheet, and discuss problems arising in their collection and curation, as well as future prospects for tackling these problems.

20 Facts on Women Workers. Fact Sheet No. 88-2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Women's Bureau (DOL), Washington, DC.

This fact sheet lists 20 interpreted statistics on women workers. The facts cover the following data: number of women workers and their percentage in the labor force; length of time women are expected to stay in the labor force; racial and ethnic groups in the labor force; part-time and full-time employment; types of occupations in which women are…

Women, Work and Health Hazards: A Fact Sheet and Cosmetologists: Health Risks at Work.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Commission on Working Women, Washington, DC.

The first part of this document is a fact sheet that provides information on health hazards faced by employed women. It covers the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), job-related diseases suffered by workers in female-dominated occupations, employer responsibilities under OSHA, and the lack of statistical reporting on job-related disease.…

Climate Sensitivity Studies of the Greenland Ice Sheet Using Satellite AVHRR, SMMR, SSM/I and in Situ Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steffen, K.; Abdalati, W.; Stroeve, J.

1993-01-01

The feasibility of using satellite data for climate research over the Greenland ice sheet is discussed. In particular, we demonstrate the usefulness of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Local Area Coverage (LAC) and Global Area Coverage (GAC) data for narrow-band albedo retrieval. Our study supports the use of lower resolution AVHRR (GAC) data for process studies over most of the Greenland ice sheet. Based on LAC data time series analysis, we can resolve relative albedo changes on the order of 2-5%. In addition, we examine Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave data for snow typing and other signals of climatological significance. Based on relationships between in situ measurements and horizontally polarized 19 and 37 GHz observations, wet snow regions are identified. The wet snow regions increase in aerial percentage from 9% of the total ice surface in June to a maximum of 26% in August 1990. Furthermore, the relationship between brightness temperatures and accumulation rates in the northeastern part of Greenland is described. We found a consistent increase in accumulation rate for the northeastern part of the ice sheet from 1981 to 1986.

Development and Piloting of the Prosocial Attitude Blank.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wasson, Rebecca; And Others

The Prosocial Attitude Blank (PAB) was designed to assess interpersonal values and ethical awareness of elementary school children. PAB was administered to 405 elementary students as one component of the evaluation of an intervention program designed to reduce interpersonal conflicts, increase literacy skills, and enhance children's ethical…

Social Impacts Module (SIM) Transition

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-28

User String The authorized user’s name to access the PAVE database. Applies only to Microsoft SQL Server; leave blank, otherwise. passwd String The...otherwise. passwd String The password if an authorized user’s name is required; otherwise, leave blank driver String The class name for the driver to

Ice-sheet dynamics through the Quaternary on the mid-Norwegian continental margin inferred from 3D seismic data.

PubMed

Montelli, A; Dowdeswell, J A; Ottesen, D; Johansen, S E

2017-02-01

Reconstructing the evolution of ice sheets is critical to our understanding of the global environmental system, but most detailed palaeo-glaciological reconstructions have hitherto focused on the very recent history of ice sheets. Here, we present a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the changing nature of ice-sheet derived sedimentary architecture through the Quaternary Ice Age of almost 3 Ma. An extensive geophysical record documents a marine-terminating, calving Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) margin present periodically on the mid-Norwegian shelf since the beginning of the Quaternary. Spatial and temporal variability of the FIS is illustrated by the gradual development of fast-flowing ice streams and associated intensification of focused glacial erosion and sedimentation since that time. Buried subglacial landforms reveal a complex and dynamic ice sheet, with converging palaeo-ice streams and several flow-switching events that may reflect major changes in topography and basal thermal regime. Lack of major subglacial meltwater channels suggests a largely distributed drainage system beneath the marine-terminating part of the FIS. This palaeo-environmental examination of the FIS provides a useful framework for ice-sheet modelling and shows that fragmentary preservation of buried surfaces and variability of ice-sheet dynamics should be taken into account when reconstructing glacial history from spatially limited datasets.

CAE Based Die Face Engineering Development to Contribute to the Revitalization of the Tool & Die Industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Arthur; Lee, Wing C.; St. Pierre, Shawn; He, Jeanne; Liu, Kesu; Chen, Chin C.

2005-08-01

Over the past two decades, the Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tools have emerged as one of the most important engineering tools in various industries, due to its flexibility and accuracy in prediction. Nowadays, CAE tools are widely used in the sheet metal forming industry to predict the forming feasibility of a wide variety of complex components, ranging from aerospace and automotive components to household products. As the demand of CAE based formability accelerates, the need for a robust and streamlined die face engineering tool becomes more crucial, especially in the early stage when the tooling layout is not available, but a product design decision must be made. Ability to generate blank, binder and addendum surfaces with an appropriate layout of Drawbead, Punch Opening Line, Trim Line are the primary features and functions of a CAE based die face engineering tool. Once the die face layout is ready, a formability study should be followed to verify the die face layout is adequate to produce a formable part. If successful, the established die face surface should be exported back to the CAD/CAM environment to speed up the tooling and manufacturing design process with confidence that this particular part is formable with this given die face. With a CAE tool as described above, the tool & die industry will be greatly impacted as the processes will enable the bypass of hardware try-out and shorten the overall vehicle production timing. The trend has shown that OEMs and first tiers will source to low cost producers in the world which will have a negative impact to the traditional tool & die makers in the developed countries. CAE based tool as described should be adopted, along with many other solutions, in order to maintain efficiency of producing high quality product and meeting time-to-market requirements. This paper will describe how a CAE based die face engineering (DFE) tool could be further developed to enable the traditional tool & die makers to meet the challenge ahead.

Lowest cost due to highest productivity and highest quality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wenk, Daniel

2003-03-01

Since global purchasing in the automotive industry has been taken up all around the world there is one main key factor that makes a TB-supplier today successful: Producing highest quality at lowest cost. The fact that Tailored Blanks, which today may reach up to 1/3 of a car body weight, are purchased on the free market but from different steel suppliers, especially in Europe and NAFTA, the philosophy on OEM side has been changing gradually towards tough evaluation criteria. "No risk at the stamping side" calls for top quality Tailored- or Tubular Blank products. Outsourcing Tailored Blanks has been starting in Japan but up to now without any quality request from the OEM side like ISO 13919-1B (welding quality standard in Europe and USA). Increased competition will automatically push the quality level and the ongoing approach to combine high strength steel with Tailored- and Tubular Blanks will ask for even more reliable system concepts which enables to weld narrow seams at highest speed. Beside producing quality, which is the key to reduce one of the most important cost driver "material scrap," in-line quality systems with true and reliable evaluation is going to be a "must" on all weld systems. Traceability of all process related data submitted to interfaces according to customer request in combination with ghost-shift-operation of TB systems are tomorrow's state-of-the-art solutions of Tailored Blank-facilities.

Quartz 9-inch size mask blanks for ArF PSM (Phase Shift Mask)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harashima, Noriyuki; Isozaki, Tatsuya; Kawanishi, Arata; Kanai, Shuichiro; Kageyama, Kagehiro; Iso, Hiroyuki; Chishima, Tatsuya

2017-07-01

Semiconductor technology nodes are steadily miniaturizing. On the other hand, various efforts have been made to reduce costs, mass production lines have shifted from 200 mmφ of Si wafer to 300 mmφ, and technology development of Si wafer 450 mmφ is also in progress. As a photomask, 6-inch size binary Cr mask has been used for many years, but in recent years, the use of 9-inch binary Cr masks for Proximity Lithography Process in automotive applications, MEMS, packages, etc. has increased, and cost reduction has been taken. Since the miniaturization will progress in the above applications in the future, products corresponding to miniaturization are also desired in 9-inch photomasks. The high grade Cr - binary mask blanks used in proximity exposure process, there is a prospect of being able to use it by ULVAC COATING CORPORATION's tireless research. As further demands for miniaturization, KrF and ArF Lithography Process, which are used for steppers and scanners , there are also a demand for 9-inch size Mask Blanks. In ULVAC COATING CORPORATION, we developed a 9 - inch size KrF PSM mask Blanks prototype in 2016 and proposed a new high grade 9 - inch photomask. This time, we have further investigated and developed 9-inch size ArF PSM Mask Blanks corresponding to ArF Lithography Process, so we report it.

Summary and evaluation of pesticides in field blanks collected for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 1992-95

USGS Publications Warehouse

Martin, Jeffrey D.; Gilliom, Robert J.; Schertz, Terry L.

1999-01-01

Field blanks did show evidence of contamination by some pesticides. Most of the pesticides detected in field blanks, however, were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in environmental water samples. Two criteria were used to evaluate the need to consider contamination in water-quality assessments: (1) a ratio of the frequency of pesticide detection in environmental water samples to the frequency of detection in field blanks of 5.0 or less and (2) a ratio of the median concentration detected in environmental water samples to the maximum concentration detected in field blanks of 2.0 or less. These criteria indicate that contamination, for the majority of the pesticide data collected for the NAWQA Program, probably does not need to be considered in the analysis and interpretation of (1) the frequency of pesticide detection or (2) the median concentration of pesticides detected. Contamination must be considered, however, in detection frequency for cispermethrin, pronamide, p,p' -DDE, pebulate, propargite, ethalfluralin, and triallate in surface water and fenuron, benfluralin, pronamide, cis-permethrin, triallate, chlorpyrifos, trifluralin, propanil, p,p' -DDE, bromacil, dacthal, diazinon, and diuron in ground water. Contamination also must be considered in median concentrations detected for pronamide, p,p' -DDE, propargite, napropamide, and triallate in surface water and benfluralin, cis-permethrin, triallate, chlorpyrifos, trifluralin, p,p' -DDE, dacthal, and diazinon in ground water.

Production of the 4.26 m ZERODUR mirror blank for the Advanced Technology Solar telescope (ATST)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jedamzik, Ralf; Werner, Thomas; Westerhoff, Thomas

2014-07-01

The Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST, formerly the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope, ATST) will be the most powerful solar telescope in the world. It is currently being built by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) in a height of 3000 m above sea level on the mountain Haleakala of Maui, Hawaii. The primary mirror blank of diameter 4.26 m is made of the extremely low thermal expansion glass ceramic ZERODUR® of SCHOTT AG Advanced Optics. The DKIST primary mirror design is extremely challenging. With a mirror thickness of only 78 to 85 mm it is the smallest thickness ever machined on a mirror of 4.26 m in diameter. Additionally the glassy ZERODUR® casting is one of the largest in size ever produced for a 4 m class ZERODUR® mirror blank. The off axis aspherical mirror surface required sophisticated grinding procedures to achieve the specified geometrical tolerance. The small thickness of about 80 mm required special measures during processing, lifting and transport. Additionally acid etch treatment was applied to the convex back-surface and the conical shaped outer diameter surface to improve the strength of the blank. This paper reports on the challenging tasks and the achievements on the material property and dimensional specification parameter during the production of the 4.26 m ZERODUR® primary mirror blank for AURA.

Curved cap corrugated sheet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, R. C.; Bales, T. T.; Royster, D. M.; Jackson, L. R. (Inventor)

1984-01-01

The report describes a structure for a strong, lightweight corrugated sheet. The sheet is planar or curved and includes a plurality of corrugation segments, each segment being comprised of a generally U-shaped corrugation with a part-cylindrical crown and cap strip, and straight side walls and with secondary corrugations oriented at right angles to said side walls. The cap strip is bonded to the crown and the longitudinal edge of said cap strip extends beyond edge at the intersection between said crown and said side walls. The high strength relative to weight of the structure makes it desirable for use in aircraft or spacecraft.

Electro-thermo-mechanical coupling analysis of deep drawing with resistance heating for aluminum matrix composites sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Kaifeng; Zhang, Tuoda; Wang, Bo

2013-05-01

Recently, electro-plastic forming to be a focus of attention in materials hot processing research area, because it is a sort of energy-saving, high efficient and green manufacturing technology. An electro-thermo-mechanical model can be adopted to carry out the sequence simulation of aluminum matrix composites sheet deep drawing via electro-thermal coupling and thermal-mechanical coupling method. The first step of process is resistance heating of sheet, then turn off the power, and the second step is deep drawing. Temperature distribution of SiCp/2024Al composite sheet by resistance heating and sheet deep drawing deformation were analyzed. During the simulation, effect of contact resistances, temperature coefficient of resistance for electrode material and SiCp/2024Al composite on temperature distribution were integrally considered. The simulation results demonstrate that Sicp/2024Al composite sheet can be rapidly heated to 400° in 30s using resistances heating and the sheet temperature can be controlled by adjusting the current density. Physical properties of the electrode materials can significantly affect the composite sheet temperature distribution. The temperature difference between the center and the side of the sheet is proportional to the thermal conductivity of the electrode, the principal cause of which is that the heat transfers from the sheet to the electrode. SiCp/2024Al thin-wall part can be intactly manufactured at strain rate of 0.08s-1 and the sheet thickness thinning rate is limited within 20%, which corresponds well to the experimental result.

A 25-year Record of Antarctic Ice Sheet Elevation and Mass Change

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shepherd, A.; Muir, A. S.; Sundal, A.; McMillan, M.; Briggs, K.; Hogg, A.; Engdahl, M.; Gilbert, L.

2017-12-01

Since 1992, the European Remote-Sensing (ERS-1 and ERS-2), ENVISAT, and CryoSat-2 satellite radar altimeters have measured the Antarctic ice sheet surface elevation, repeatedly, at approximately monthly intervals. These data constitute the longest continuous record of ice sheet wide change. In this paper, we use these observations to determine changes in the elevation, volume and mass of the East Antarctic and West Antarctic ice sheets, and of parts of the Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet, over a 25-year period. The root mean square difference between elevation rates computed from our survey and 257,296 estimates determined from airborne laser measurements is 54 cm/yr. The longevity of the satellite altimeter data record allows to identify and chart the evolution of changes associated with meteorology and ice flow, and we estimate that 3.6 % of the continental ice sheet, and 21.7 % of West Antarctica, is in a state of dynamical imbalance. Based on this partitioning, we estimate the mass balance of the East and West Antarctic ice sheet drainage basins and the root mean square difference between these and independent estimates derived from satellite gravimetry is less than 5 Gt yr-1.

Enhanced ice sheet growth in Eurasia owing to adjacent ice-dammed lakes.

PubMed

Krinner, G; Mangerud, J; Jakobsson, M; Crucifix, M; Ritz, C; Svendsen, J I

2004-01-29

Large proglacial lakes cool regional summer climate because of their large heat capacity, and have been shown to modify precipitation through mesoscale atmospheric feedbacks, as in the case of Lake Agassiz. Several large ice-dammed lakes, with a combined area twice that of the Caspian Sea, were formed in northern Eurasia about 90,000 years ago, during the last glacial period when an ice sheet centred over the Barents and Kara seas blocked the large northbound Russian rivers. Here we present high-resolution simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model that explicitly simulates the surface mass balance of the ice sheet. We show that the main influence of the Eurasian proglacial lakes was a significant reduction of ice sheet melting at the southern margin of the Barents-Kara ice sheet through strong regional summer cooling over large parts of Russia. In our simulations, the summer melt reduction clearly outweighs lake-induced decreases in moisture and hence snowfall, such as has been reported earlier for Lake Agassiz. We conclude that the summer cooling mechanism from proglacial lakes accelerated ice sheet growth and delayed ice sheet decay in Eurasia and probably also in North America.

Information Operations and FATA Integration into the National Mainstream

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

Edward L. Fisher THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK i REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this...LEFT BLANK vii TABLE OF CONTENTS I . INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1...39 ix i . Computer Network Operations .................................. 40 j. CNO as an IO Core Capability .................................... 40

Nitrogen-Noble Gas Static Mass Sepectrometry of Genesis Collector Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marty, B.; Burnard, P.; Zimmermann, L.; Robert, P.

2005-03-01

Gases (N, Ne, Ar) are extracted from Au-coated sapphire and diamond-like carbon collectors using an F2 excimer laser, without blank contributions the substrate. N is purified using a low blank CuO/Cu cycle prior to analysis by high resolution multicollector mass spectrometer.

Some Data Concerning the Vocational Preference Inventory Scales and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cockriel, Irvin W.

1972-01-01

Occupational scales of the Vocational Preference Inventory were correlated with the Basic Interest scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. The 285 subjects were women freshmen in a College of Education. The results indicate that the scales are not highly correlated. (Author)

76 FR 50537 - Regulatory Guidance Concerning Household Goods Carriers Requiring Shippers To Sign Blank or...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-15

... Concerning Household Goods Carriers Requiring Shippers To Sign Blank or Incomplete Documents AGENCY: Federal.... Basis for This Notice The Agency has received numerous consumer complaints concerning household goods.... The FMCSA is issuing this regulatory guidance to eliminate any ambiguity or confusion concerning the...

U.S.-MEXICO BORDER PROGRAM ARIZONA BORDER STUDY--QA ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR PARTICULATE MATTER IN BLANK SAMPLES

EPA Science Inventory

The Particulate Matter in Blank Samples data set contains the analytical results for measurements of two particle sizes in 12 samples. Filters were pre-weighed, loaded into impactors, kept unexposed in the laboratory, unloaded and post-weighed. Positive weight gains for laborat...

Cost-Effective TiAl based Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moxson, V. S.; Sun, Fusheng; Draper, Susan L.; Froes, F. H.; Duz, V.

2003-01-01

Because of their inherent low ductility, TiAl-based materials are difficult to fabricate, especially thin gage titanium gamma aluminide (TiAl) sheet and foil. In this paper, an innovative powder metallurgy approach for producing cost-effective thin gage TiAl sheets (with 356 mm long and 235 mm wide, and a thickness of 0.74, 1.09, 1.55, and 2.34 mm, respectively) is presented. The microstructures and tensile properties at room and elevated temperatures of the thin gage TiAl are studied. Results show that these TiAl sheets have a relatively homogenous chemistry, uniform microstructure, and acceptable mechanical properties. This work demonstrates a cost-effective method for producing both flat products (sheet/foil) and complex chunky parts of TiAl for various advanced applications including aerospace and automotive industries.

The Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK) - Part 2: Dynamic equilibrium simulation of the Antarctic ice sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, M. A.; Winkelmann, R.; Haseloff, M.; Albrecht, T.; Bueler, E.; Khroulev, C.; Levermann, A.

2010-08-01

We present a dynamic equilibrium simulation of the ice sheet-shelf system on Antarctica with the Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK). The simulation is initialized with present-day conditions for topography and ice thickness and then run to steady state with constant present-day surface mass balance. Surface temperature and basal melt distribution are parameterized. Grounding lines and calving fronts are free to evolve, and their modeled equilibrium state is compared to observational data. A physically-motivated dynamic calving law based on horizontal spreading rates allows for realistic calving fronts for various types of shelves. Steady-state dynamics including surface velocity and ice flux are analyzed for whole Antarctica and the Ronne-Filchner and Ross ice shelf areas in particular. The results show that the different flow regimes in sheet and shelves, and the transition zone between them, are captured reasonably well, supporting the approach of superposition of SIA and SSA for the representation of fast motion of grounded ice. This approach also leads to a natural emergence of streams in this new 3-D marine ice sheet model.

Remotely readable fiber optic compass

DOEpatents

Migliori, Albert; Swift, Gregory W.; Garrett, Steven L.

1986-01-01

A remotely readable fiber optic compass. A sheet polarizer is affixed to a magnet rotatably mounted in a compass body, such that the polarizer rotates with the magnet. The optical axis of the sheet polarizer is preferably aligned with the north-south axis of the magnet. A single excitation light beam is divided into four identical beams, two of which are passed through the sheet polarizer and through two fixed polarizing sheets which have their optical axes at right angles to one another. The angle of the compass magnet with respect to a fixed axis of the compass body can be determined by measuring the ratio of the intensities of the two light beams. The remaining ambiguity as to which of the four possible quadrants the magnet is pointing to is resolved by the second pair of light beams, which are passed through the sheet polarizer at positions which are transected by two semicircular opaque strips formed on the sheet polarizer. The incoming excitation beam and the four return beams are communicated by means of optical fibers, giving a remotely readable compass which has no electrical parts.

Oceanic Forcing of Ice-Sheet Retreat: West Antarctica and More

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alley, Richard B.; Anandakrishnan, Sridhar; Christianson, Knut; Horgan, Huw J.; Muto, Atsu; Parizek, Byron R.; Pollard, David; Walker, Ryan T.

2015-05-01

Ocean-ice interactions have exerted primary control on the Antarctic Ice Sheet and parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet, and will continue to do so in the near future, especially through melting of ice shelves and calving cliffs. Retreat in response to increasing marine melting typically exhibits threshold behavior, with little change for forcing below the threshold but a rapid, possibly delayed shift to a reduced state once the threshold is exceeded. For Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, the threshold may already have been exceeded, although rapid change may be delayed by centuries, and the reduced state will likely involve loss of most of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, causing >3 m of sea-level rise. Because of shortcomings in physical understanding and available data, uncertainty persists about this threshold and the subsequent rate of change. Although sea-level histories and physical understanding allow the possibility that ice-sheet response could be quite fast, no strong constraints are yet available on the worst-case scenario. Recent work also suggests that the Greenland and East Antarctic Ice Sheets share some of the same vulnerabilities to shrinkage from marine influence.

Remotely readable fiber optic compass

DOEpatents

Migliori, A.; Swift, G.W.; Garrett, S.L.

1985-04-30

A remotely readable fiber optic compass. A sheet polarizer is affixed to a magnet rotatably mounted in a compass body, such that the polarizer rotates with the magnet. The optical axis of the sheet polarizer is preferably aligned with the north-south axis of the magnet. A single excitation light beam is divided into four identical beams, two of which are passed through the sheet polarizer and through two fixed polarizing sheets which have their optical axes at right angles to one another. The angle of the compass magnet with respect to a fixed axis of the compass body can be determined by measuring the ratio of the intensities of the two light beams. The remaining ambiguity as to which of the four possible quadrants the magnet is pointing to is resolved by the second pair of light beams, which are passed through the sheet polarizer at positions which are transected by two semicircular opaque strips formed on the sheet polarizer. The incoming excitation beam and the four return beams are communicated by means of optical fibers, giving a remotely readable compass which has no electrical parts.

Rockets, radiosensitizers, and RRx-001: an origin story part I.

PubMed

Oronsky, Bryan; Scicinski, Jan; Ning, Shoucheng; Peehl, Donna; Oronsky, Arnold; Cabrales, Pedro; Bednarski, Mark; Knox, Susan

2016-03-01

From Adam and Eve, to Darwinism, origin stories attempt to fill in the blanks, connect the dots, and define the turning points that are fundamental to subsequent developments. The purpose of this review is to present the origin story of a one-of-a-kind anticancer agent, RRx-001, which emerged from the aerospace industry as a putative radiosensitizer; not since the dynamite-to-dilator transformation of nitroglycerin in 1878 or the post-World War II explosive-to-elixir conversion of hydralazine, an ingredient in rocket fuel, to an antihypertensive, an antidepressant and an antituberculant, has energetic chemistry been harnessed for therapeutic purposes. This is Part 1 of the radiosensitization story; Parts 2 and 3, which detail the crossover activity of RRx-001 as a chemosensitizer in multiple tumor types and disease states including malaria, hemorrhagic shock and sickle cell anemia, are the subject of future reviews.

Feedback control in deep drawing based on experimental datasets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fischer, P.; Heingärtner, J.; Aichholzer, W.; Hortig, D.; Hora, P.

2017-09-01

In large-scale production of deep drawing parts, like in automotive industry, the effects of scattering material properties as well as warming of the tools have a significant impact on the drawing result. In the scope of the work, an approach is presented to minimize the influence of these effects on part quality by optically measuring the draw-in of each part and adjusting the settings of the press to keep the strain distribution, which is represented by the draw-in, inside a certain limit. For the design of the control algorithm, a design of experiments for in-line tests is used to quantify the influence of the blank holder force as well as the force distribution on the draw-in. The results of this experimental dataset are used to model the process behavior. Based on this model, a feedback control loop is designed. Finally, the performance of the control algorithm is validated in the production line.

Learning Partners: Escribamos! Leamos! Juguemos a las Ciencias! Juguemos a las Matematicas! (Learning Partners: Let's Write! Let's Read! Let's Play Mathematics! Let's Play Science!)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington, DC.

This Spanish-language document consists of four single-sheet sets of guidelines developed by the Family Involvement Partnership for Learning to assist parents in facilitating their children's elementary school success. The front part of the sheets describes general ways parents can support their children, including modeling writing, reading aloud,…

Rate and style of ice stream retreat constrained by new surface-exposure ages: The Minch, NW Scotland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bradwell, Tom; Small, David; Fabel, Derek; Dove, Dayton; Cofaigh, Colm O.; Clark, Chris; Consortium, Britice-Chrono

2016-04-01

Chronologically constrained studies of former ice-sheet extents and dynamics are important for understanding past cryospheric responses and modelling future ice-sheet and sea-level change. As part of the BRITICE-CHRONO project, we present new geomorphological and chronological data from a marine-terminating ice stream system in NW Europe that operated during the Late Weichselian Glaciation. A suite of 51 cosmogenic-nuclide exposure ages from ice sheet moraines and glacially transported boulders constrain the maximum extent of the ice sheet on the continental shelf (~28 ka BP) and its subsequent retreat, between ~27 and 16 ka BP, into a large marine embayment (ca. 7000 km2; the Minch, NW Scotland). Recently acquired swath bathymetry and acoustic sub-bottom profiler data reveal several large transverse grounding-zone wedges up to 40 m thick and 5 km wide with diagnostic acoustic-facies architecture. These seabed sediment wedges mark former quasi-stable positions of grounded marine-terminating ice-stream fronts; their size and thickness suggest long-lived stillstands of the order of centuries. Statistically significant clusters of exposure ages from glacial deposits on islands and intervening headlands shed important new light on the age of these marine grounding-zone wedges and, by inference, the rate and timing of Minch palaeo-ice stream retreat. We find strong evidence for episodic ice stream retreat on the continental shelf between ~28-24 ka BP, in the outer Minch between ~24-22 ka BP, and in the central Minch between 22-18.5 ka BP. In contrast, final ice stream deglaciation (<18 ka) across the deepest parts of the inner Minch embayment, was probably rapid and uninterrupted - with the ice sheet margin at or close to the present-day coastline in NW Scotland by 16.1 ka BP. It is hoped that these results will form the empirical basis for future ice-sheet modelling of this dynamically sensitive sector of the British-Irish Ice Sheet.

Extensional faulting in the southern Klamath Mountains, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schweickert, R.A.; Irwin, W.P.

1989-01-01

Large northeast striking normal faults in the southern Klamath Mountains may indicate that substantial crustal extension occurred during Tertiary time. Some of these faults form grabens in the Jurassic and older bedrock of the province. The grabens contain continental Oligocene or Miocene deposits (Weaverville Formation), and in two of them the Oligocene or Miocene is underlain by Lower Cretaceous marine formations (Great Valley sequence). At the La Grange gold placer mine the Oligocene or Miocene strata dip northwest into the gently southeast dipping mylonitic footwall surface of the La Grange fault. The large normal displacement required by the relations at the La Grange mine is also suggested by omission of several kilometers of structural thickness of bedrock units across the northeast continuation of the La Grange fault, as well as by significant changes in bedrock across some northeast striking faults elsewhere in the Central Metamorphic and Eastern Klamath belts. The Trinity ultramafic sheet crops out in the Eastern Klamath terrane as part of a broad northeast trending arch that may be structurally analogous to the domed lower plate of metamorphic core complexes found in eastern parts of the Cordillera. The northeast continuation of the La Grange fault bounds the southeastern side of the Trinity arch in the Eastern Klamath terrane and locally cuts out substantial lower parts of adjacent Paleozoic strata of the Redding section. Faults bounding the northwestem side of the Trinity arch generally trend northeast and juxtapose stacked thrust sheets of lower Paleozoic strata of the Yreka terrane against the Trinity ultramafic sheet. Geometric relations suggest that the Tertiary extension of the southern Klamath Mountains was in NW-SE directions and that the Redding section and the southern part of the Central Metamorphic terrane may be a large Tertiary allochthon detached from the Trinity ultramafic sheet. Paleomagnetic data indicate a lack of rotation about a vertical axis during the extension. We propose that the Trinity ultramafic sheet is structurally analogous to a metamorphic core complex; if so, it is the first core complex to be described that involves ultramafic rocks. We infer that Mesozoic terrane accretion produced a large gravitational instability in the crust that spread laterally during Tertiary extension

Information model construction of MES oriented to mechanical blanking workshop

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jin-bo; Wang, Jin-ye; Yue, Yan-fang; Yao, Xue-min

2016-11-01

Manufacturing Execution System (MES) is one of the crucial technologies to implement informatization management in manufacturing enterprises, and the construction of its information model is the base of MES database development. Basis on the analysis of the manufacturing process information in mechanical blanking workshop and the information requirement of MES every function module, the IDEF1X method was adopted to construct the information model of MES oriented to mechanical blanking workshop, and a detailed description of the data structure feature included in MES every function module and their logical relationship was given from the point of view of information relationship, which laid the foundation for the design of MES database.

The Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK) - Part 1: Model description

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winkelmann, R.; Martin, M. A.; Haseloff, M.; Albrecht, T.; Bueler, E.; Khroulev, C.; Levermann, A.

2010-08-01

We present the Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK), developed at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research to be used for simulations of large-scale ice sheet-shelf systems. It is derived from the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (Bueler and Brown, 2009). Velocities are calculated by superposition of two shallow stress balance approximations within the entire ice covered region: the shallow ice approximation (SIA) is dominant in grounded regions and accounts for shear deformation parallel to the geoid. The plug-flow type shallow shelf approximation (SSA) dominates the velocity field in ice shelf regions and serves as a basal sliding velocity in grounded regions. Ice streams naturally emerge through this approach and can be identified diagnostically as regions with a significant contribution of membrane stresses to the local momentum balance. All lateral boundaries in PISM-PIK are free to evolve, including the grounding line and ice fronts. Ice shelf margins in particular are modeled using Neumann boundary conditions for the SSA equations, reflecting a hydrostatic stress imbalance along the vertical calving face. The ice front position is modeled using a subgrid scale representation of calving front motion (Albrecht et al., 2010) and a physically motivated dynamic calving law based on horizontal spreading rates. The model is validated within the Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (MISMIP) and is used for a dynamic equilibrium simulation of Antarctica under present-day conditions in the second part of this paper (Martin et al., 2010).

Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Read this regulation on emission standards for miscellaneous metal parts and surface coatings. Read the rule history and summary, and find related documents including fact sheets, related rules, and compliance timelines

The Fiscal Blank Check Policy and Its Impact on Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-01

facilities across Iraq has a significant logistical and financial tail associated with it. The increase in food and beverages (to the point of luxuries) has...THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK v ABSTRACT Congress passed declaration of war language for World Wars I and...78 V . CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Intellectual Property Rights for Digital Design and Manufacturing: Issues and Recommendations

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-30

for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited. iv This page intentionally left blank. Distribution A: Approved for...Distribution A: Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited. viii This page intentionally left blank...challenges requires an analysis of intellectual property management and recommendations for its use in a cooperative as well as competitive market

Organizational Strategic Planning and Execution: Should Governmental Organizations Rely on Strategic Planning for the Success of the Organization?

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK i NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18...4 I . INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 7 A. SCOPE...6 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 7 I . INTRODUCTION A. SCOPE The intent

Strong Vocational Interest Blank Scores for Junior College Students in Five Curricula.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Stuart E.

An investigation was conducted to determine if students in five junior college curricula could be differentiated by the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) scores and if such differentiation could be improved by using several scores in combination rather than single scores separately. The SVIB was administered to 130 students at Alfred…

75 FR 9436 - Aleris Blanking and Rim Products, Inc., a Division of Aleris International, Inc., Terre Haute, IN...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-02

... DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Employment and Training Administration [TA-W-72,041] Aleris Blanking and Rim Products, Inc., a Division of Aleris International, Inc., Terre Haute, IN; Notice of Affirmative Determination Regarding Application for Reconsideration By application dated January 29, 2010, the petitioner...