Dark Matter Search Results from the PICO - 60 C 3 F 8 Bubble Chamber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amole, C.; Ardid, M.; Arnquist, I. J.

2017-06-01

New results are reported from the operation of the PICO-60 dark matter detector, a bubble chamber filled with 52 kg of C 3F 8 located in the SNOLAB underground laboratory. As in previous PICO bubble chambers, PICO-60C 3F 8 exhibits excellent electron recoil and alpha decay rejection, and the observed multiple-scattering neutron rate indicates a single-scatter neutron background of less than one event per month.

Dark Matter Limits From a 2L C3F8 Filled Bubble Chamber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robinson, Alan Edward

2015-12-01

The PICO-2L C3F8 bubble chamber search forWeakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter was operated in the SNOLAB underground laboratory at the same location as the previous CF3I lled COUPP-4kg detector. Neutron calibrations using photoneutron sources in C3F8 and CF3I lled calibration bubble chambers were performed to verify the sensitivity of these target uids to dark matter scattering. This data was combined with similar measurements using a low-energy neutron beam at the University of Montreal and in situ calibrations of the PICO-2L and COUPP-4kg detectors. C3F8 provides much greater sensitivity to WIMP-proton scattering than CF3I in bubble chamber detectors. PICO-2Lmore » searched for dark matter recoils with energy thresholds below 10 keV. Radiopurity assays of detector materials were performed and the expected neutron recoil background was evaluated to be 1.6+0:3« less

Constraining the GENIE model of neutrino-induced single pion production using reanalyzed bubble chamber data

DOE PAGES

Rodrigues, Philip; Wilkinson, Callum; McFarland, Kevin

2016-08-24

The longstanding discrepancy between bubble chamber measurements of ν μ-induced single pion production channels has led to large uncertainties in pion production cross section parameters for many years. We extend the reanalysis of pion production data in deuterium bubble chambers where this discrepancy is solved to include the ν μn → μ –pπ 0 and ν μn→μ –nπ + channels, and use the resulting data to fit the parameters of the GENIE pion production model. We find a set of parameters that can describe the bubble chamber data better than the GENIE default parameters, and provide updated central values andmore » reduced uncertainties for use in neutrino oscillation and cross section analyses which use the GENIE model. Here, we find that GENIE’s non-resonant background prediction has to be significantly reduced to fit the data, which may help to explain the recent discrepancies between simulation and data observed by the MINERνA coherent pion and NOνA oscillation analyses.« less

Anterior Chamber Air Bubble to Achieve Graft Attachment After DMEK: Is Bigger Always Better?

PubMed

Ćirković, Aleksandar; Beck, Christina; Weller, Julia M; Kruse, Friedrich E; Tourtas, Theofilos

2016-04-01

To analyze the influence of the size of the air bubble subsequent to Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) surgery on the rate of graft detachment and need for rebubbling, the incidence of pupillary block, and the observed endothelial cell loss. This is a single-center, retrospective, consecutive case series of 74 cases undergoing DMEK and fulfilling the inclusion criteria concerning the size of the air bubble at the end of surgery. Based on the medical records, patients were divided into 2 groups (n = 37, respectively). The first group had an air bubble with a volume of approximately 50% and the second group of approximately 80% of the anterior chamber (AC) volume, respectively. Patients who did not comply with instructions to remain in the supine position until complete resorption of AC air or cases in which difficulties in graft preparation (eg, radial breaks) occurred were excluded from data analysis. The central corneal thickness and endothelial cell density were measured 6 months after surgery. Ten of 37 patients (27.0%) in the 50% air bubble group and 3 of 37 patients (8.1%) in the 80% air bubble group needed 1 rebubbling procedure (P = 0.032). There was no difference between the groups after 6 months regarding endothelial cell density and central corneal thickness. No pupillary block was observed. Larger air bubbles of 80% anterior chamber volume decrease the risk of graft detachment after DMEK with no detrimental effect on the outcome and risk for pupillary block.

Anterior chamber gas bubble emergence pattern during femtosecond LASIK-flap creation.

PubMed

Robert, Marie-Claude; Khreim, Nour; Todani, Amit; Melki, Samir A

2015-09-01

To characterise the emergence pattern of cavitation bubbles into the anterior chamber (AC) following femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)-flap creation Retrospective review of patients undergoing femtosecond LASIK surgery at Boston Laser, a private refractive surgery practice in Boston, Massachusetts, between December 2008 and February 2014. Patient charts were reviewed to identify all cases with gas bubble migration into the AC. Surgical videos were examined and the location of bubble entry was recorded separately for right and left eyes. Five thousand one hundred and fifty-eight patients underwent femtosecond LASIK surgery. Air bubble migration into the AC, presumably via the Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork, occurred in 1% of cases. Patients with AC bubbles had an average age of 33±8 years with a measured LASIK flap thickness of 96±21 μm. The occurrence of gas bubbles impaired iris registration in 64% of cases. Gas bubbles appeared preferentially in the nasal or inferior quadrants for right (92% of cases) and left (100% of cases) eyes. This bubble emergence pattern is significantly different from that expected with a random distribution (p<0.0001) and did not seem associated with decentration of the femtosecond laser docking system. The migration of gas bubbles into the AC is a rare occurrence during femtosecond laser flap creation. The preferential emergence of gas bubbles into the nasal and inferior quadrants of the AC may indicate a distinctive anatomy of the nasal Schlemm's canal. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

A Bubble Chamber Simulator: A New Tool for the Physics Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gagnon, Michel

2011-01-01

Mainly used in the 1960s, bubble chambers played a major role in particle physics. Now replaced with modern electronic detectors, we believe they remain an important didactic tool to introduce particle physics as they provide visual, appealing and insightful pictures. Sadly, this rare type of detector is mostly accessible through open-door events…

A measurement of the holographic minimum-observable beam branching ratio in the FERMILAB 15-ft bubble chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aderholz, M.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Akbari, H.; Allport, P. P.; Badyal, S. K.; Ballagh, H. C.; Barth, M.; Baton, J. P.; Bingham, H. H.; Bjelkhagen, H.; Brucker, E. B.; Burnstein, R. A.; Campbell, J. R.; Cence, R. J.; Chatterjee, T. K.; Clayton, E. F.; Corrigan, G.; Coutures, C.; DeProspo, D.; Devanand; De Wolf, E. A.; Faulkner, P. J. W.; Foeth, H.; Fretter, W. B.; Geissler, K.; Gupta, V. K.; Hanlon, J.; Harigel, G. G.; Harris, F. A.; Hawkins, J.; Jabiol, M. A.; Jacques, P.; Jones, G. T.; Jones, M. D.; Kafka, T.; Kalelkar, M.; Kasper, P.; Kohli, J. M.; Koller, E. L.; Krawiec, R. J.; Lauko, M.; Lys, J. E.; Marage, P.; Milburn, R. H.; Miller, D. B.; Mittra, I. S.; Mobayyen, M. M.; Moreels, J.; Morrison, D. R. O.; Myatt, G.; Naon, R.; Napier, A.; Naylor, P.; Neveu, M.; Passmore, D.; Peters, M. W.; Peterson, V. Z.; Plano, R.; Rao, N. K.; Rubin, H. A.; Sacton, J.; Sambyal, S. S.; Schmitz, N.; Schneps, J.; Sekulin, R. L.; Sewell, S.; Singh, J. B.; Smart, W.; Stamer, P.; Varvell, K. E.; Verluyten, L.; Voyvodic, L.; Wachsmuth, H.; Wainstein, S.; Williams, W.; Willocq, S.; Yost, G. P.; E-632 Collaboration

1999-01-01

Holography has been used successfully in combination with conventional optics for the first time in a large cryogenic bubble chamber, the 15-foot bubble chamber at Fermilab, during a physics run. The innovative system combined the reference beam with the object beam, irradiating a conical volume of ˜1.4 m 3. Bubble tracks from neutrino interactions with a width of ˜120 μm have been recorded with good contrast. The ratio of intensities of the object light to the reference light striking the film is called the beam branching ratio. We obtained in our experiment an exceedingly small minimum-observable ratio of (0.54±0.21)×10 -7. The technology has the potential for a wide range of applications.

A Measurement of the holographic minimum observable beam branching ratio in the Fermilab 15-foot bubble chamber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aderholz, M.; Aggarwal, M.M.; Akbari, H.

1997-01-01

Holography has been used successfully in combination with conventional optics for the first time in a large cryogenic bubble chamber, the 15-Foot Bubble Chamber at Fermilab, during a physics run. The innovative system combined the reference beam with the object beam, illuminating a conical volume of {approx} 1.4 m{sup 3}. Bubble tracks from neutrino interactions with a width of {approx} 120 {micro}m have been recorded with good contrast. The ratio of intensities of the object light to the reference light striking the film is called the Beam Branching Ratio. We obtained in our experiment an exceedingly small minimum-observable ratio ofmore » (0.54 {+-} 0.21) x 10{sup -7}. The technology has the potential for a wide range of applications.« less

Dark Matter Search Results from the PICO-60 C$$_3$$F$$_8$$ Bubble Chamber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amole, C.; et al.

2017-02-24

New results are reported from the operation of the PICO-60 dark matter detector, a bubble chamber filled with 52 kg of Cmore » $$_3$$F$$_8$$ located in the SNOLAB underground laboratory. As in previous PICO bubble chambers, PICO-60 C$$_3$$F$$_8$$ exhibits excellent electron recoil and alpha decay rejection, and the observed multiple-scattering neutron rate indicates a single-scatter neutron background of less than 1 event per month. A blind analysis of an efficiency-corrected 1167-kg-day exposure at a 3.3-keV thermodynamic threshold reveals no single-scattering nuclear recoil candidates, consistent with the predicted background. These results set the most stringent direct-detection constraint to date on the WIMP-proton spin-dependent cross section at 3.4 $$\\times$$ 10$$^{-41}$$ cm$^2$ for a 30-GeV$$\\thinspace$$c$$^{-2}$$ WIMP, more than one order of magnitude improvement from previous PICO results.« less

Dark Matter Search Results from the PICO -60 C 3F8 Bubble Chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amole, C.; Ardid, M.; Arnquist, I. J.; Asner, D. M.; Baxter, D.; Behnke, E.; Bhattacharjee, P.; Borsodi, H.; Bou-Cabo, M.; Campion, P.; Cao, G.; Chen, C. J.; Chowdhury, U.; Clark, K.; Collar, J. I.; Cooper, P. S.; Crisler, M.; Crowder, G.; Dahl, C. E.; Das, M.; Fallows, S.; Farine, J.; Felis, I.; Filgas, R.; Girard, F.; Giroux, G.; Hall, J.; Harris, O.; Hoppe, E. W.; Jin, M.; Krauss, C. B.; Laurin, M.; Lawson, I.; Leblanc, A.; Levine, I.; Lippincott, W. H.; Mamedov, F.; Maurya, D.; Mitra, P.; Nania, T.; Neilson, R.; Noble, A. J.; Olson, S.; Ortega, A.; Plante, A.; Podviyanuk, R.; Priya, S.; Robinson, A. E.; Roeder, A.; Rucinski, R.; Scallon, O.; Seth, S.; Sonnenschein, A.; Starinski, N.; Štekl, I.; Tardif, F.; Vázquez-Jáuregui, E.; Wells, J.; Wichoski, U.; Yan, Y.; Zacek, V.; Zhang, J.; PICO Collaboration

2017-06-01

New results are reported from the operation of the PICO-60 dark matter detector, a bubble chamber filled with 52 kg of C3 F8 located in the SNOLAB underground laboratory. As in previous PICO bubble chambers, PICO -60 C 3F8 exhibits excellent electron recoil and alpha decay rejection, and the observed multiple-scattering neutron rate indicates a single-scatter neutron background of less than one event per month. A blind analysis of an efficiency-corrected 1167-kg day exposure at a 3.3-keV thermodynamic threshold reveals no single-scattering nuclear recoil candidates, consistent with the predicted background. These results set the most stringent direct-detection constraint to date on the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-proton spin-dependent cross section at 3.4 ×10-41 cm2 for a 30 -GeV c-2 WIMP, more than 1 order of magnitude improvement from previous PICO results.

Eight-Liter Hydrogen-Deuterium Bubble Chamber in Magnetic Field; VOS MILITROVAYA VODORODNO-DEITERIEVAYA PUZYR'KOVAYA KAMERA V MAGNITNOM POLE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blokhintseva, T.D.; Vasilenko, A.T.; Grebinnik, V.G.

1961-01-01

A design of an 8-liter hydrogen-deuterium bubble chamber is described, and its operating characteristics are given. The chamber is a metal-glass device with the vertical location of its working volume. The chamber is illuminated by means of a lens. In the expansion system the bellows are used. The magnetic field is 12000 oersted in the working volume. The operating cycle of the chamber does not exceed 2 secs. (auth)

Viscoelastic Tamponade Applied to the Ocular Surface for Enhanced Control of Gaseous Egress From the Anterior Chamber During Final Bubble Titration in DMEK Surgery: The "Polite" Burp.

PubMed

Sales, Christopher S; Fernandez, Ana Alzaga; Anwar, Zane

2018-07-01

To present a novel technique for enhancing the surgeon's control over the volume of air or gas that is "burped" from the anterior chamber during final bubble and intraocular pressure (IOP) titration in Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty. After ascertaining that the intracameral bubble is either too large and/or has rendered IOP too high, a bead of ophthalmic viscoelastic is applied to the ocular surface over a paracentesis incision, which is then depressed in the usual fashion to burp gas from the anterior chamber. The weight and viscosity of the viscoelastic create a tamponade that slows the egress of gas from the anterior chamber, thereby making it more controllable. If the bubble size or IOP needs to be reduced at the conclusion of the Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty procedure, application of ophthalmic viscoelastic over the paracentesis can enhance the surgeon's control over the volume of gas burped from the anterior chamber, thereby reducing the tendency to swing between a bubble that is too large or too small.

PICASSO, COUPP and PICO - Search for dark matter with bubble chambers

DOE PAGES

Amole, C.; Ardid, M.; Asner, D. M.; ...

2015-05-29

The PICASSO and COUPP collaborations use superheated liquid detectors to search for cold dark matter through the direct detection of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). These experiments, located in the underground laboratory of SNOLAB, Canada, detect phase transitions triggered by nuclear recoils in the keV range induced by interactions with WIMPs. We present details of the construction and operation of these detectors as well as the results, obtained by several years of observations. We also introduce PICO, which is a joint effort of the two collaborations to build a second generation ton-scale bubble chamber with 250 liters of active liquid.

High-resolution recording of particle tracks with in-line holography in a large cryogenic bubble chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harigel, Gert G.

2000-10-01

Holography has been used successfully in combination with conventional optics for the first time in a large cryogenic bubble chamber, the 15-Foot Bubble Chamber at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), during a physics run in a high energy neutrino beam. The innovative system combined the reference beam with the object beam, irradiating a conical volume of approx1.5m3. Bubble tracks from neutrino interactions with a width of approx 120 micrometers have been recorded with good contrast. The ratio of intensities of the object light to the reference light striking the film is called the beam branching ratio (BBR). We obtained in our experiment an exceedingly small minimum- observable ration of BBR = (0.54 divided by 0.21) x 107. The technology has the potential for a wide range of applications. This paper describes the various difficulties in achieving the success. It required the development of laser pulse stretching via enhanced closed loop control with slow Q- switching, to overcome excessive heating of the cryogenic liquid by the powerful laser beam. A sophisticated system of light-absorbing baffles had to be installed to avoid stray light reaching the holographic film. Optical decoupling of classical and holographic illumination systems was required. Real and virtual image replay machines for holograms were built, tailored to our illumination technique.

8. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 1 October 1970 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 1 October 1970 (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Morrison-Knudsen Company and Associates, photographer. View of 43-foot high midsection of Spartan launch tube and exhaust chamber as it was being prepared for sprint missile silo liners, prior to their installation within the subsurface holes at the missile launch site (June 1971). Note the silo liner at right; atop this is the launch preparation equipment chamber (LPEC) - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Launch Area, Within Exclusion Area, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Bubble Chamber : A novel technique for measuring thermonuclear rates at low energies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Talwar, R.; Benesh, J.; Digiovine, B.; Grames, J.; Holt, R. J.; Kharashvili, G.; Meekins, D.; Moser, D.; Poelkar, M.; Rehm, K. E.; Robinson, A.; Sonnenschein, A.; Stutzman, M.; Suleiman, R.; Tennant, C.; Ugalde, C.

2016-03-01

Adopting ideas from dark matter search experiments, we have found that a superheated liquid in a bubble detector is sensitive to recoils produced by γ-ray beams impinging on the nuclei in the liquid. Such a target-detector system has a density factor of four orders of magnitude higher than conventional gas targets and is practically insensitive to the γ-ray beam itself. Also, since photodisintegration reactions have approximately two orders of magnitude higher cross-sections than direct particle capture reactions, such a technique can pave the way towards measuring these reactions within the stellar Gamow window. In an effort to study the 16O(γ , α)12C system using the bubble chamber technique, the first test of the superheated N2O liquid with a low-energy bremsstrahlung beam at JLab has been completed. This test has been performed to understand the background contributions from 17O and 18O nuclei in N2O. The experimental technique, results and future plans will be presented. This work has been supported by US DOE (DE-AC02-06CH11357) and Jefferson Science Associations, LLC (DE-AC05-06OR23177).

Observations of the Dynamics and Acoustics of Travelling Bubble Cavitation

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-25

and Hollander (1948) and Parkin (1952)), and a cavitation bubble collapsing near a solid boundary may produce a microjet of fluid, which has been...bubbles collapsing near a solid surface (Lauterborn and Bolle (1975) and Kimoto (1987), for example), and this microjet is suspected to be the main cause of...cavitation erosion damage. Although many photographs were taken, a reentrant microjet was not observed in any of the photographs of bubble collapse

GAS AND BUBBLE PRODUCTION BY SIPHONOPHORES.

DTIC Science & Technology

Gas-filled siphonophore floats collected from a deep scattering layer (DSL) were photographed in the act of voluntarily expelling bubbles of nearly...Such free bubbles, together with the siphonophore floats themselves, constitute a biological family of potentially resonant sonar targets

Evaluation of white-to-white distance and anterior chamber depth measurements using the IOL Master, slit-lamp adapted optical coherence tomography and digital photographs in phakic eyes.

PubMed

Wilczyński, Michał; Pośpiech-Zabierek, Aleksandra

2015-01-01

The accurate measurement of the anterior chamber internal diameter and depth is important in ophthalmic diagnosis and before some eye surgery procedures. The purpose of the study was to compare the white-to-white distance measurements performed using the IOL-Master and photography with internal anterior chamber diameter determined using slit lamp adapted optical coherence tomography in healthy eyes, and to compare anterior chamber depth measurements by IOL-Master and slit lamp adapted optical coherence tomography. The data were gathered prospectively from a non-randomized consecutive series of patients. The examined group consisted of 46 eyes of 39 patients. White-to-white was measured using IOL-Master and photographs of the eye were taken with a digital camera. Internal anterior chamber diameter was measured with slit-lamp adapted optical coherence tomography. Anterior chamber depth was measured using the IOL Master and slit-lamp adapted optical coherence tomography. Statistical analysis was performed using parametric tests. A Bland-Altman plot was drawn. White-to-white distance by the IOL Master was 11.8 +/- 0.40 mm, on photographs it was 11.29 +/- 0.58 mm and internal anterior chamber diameter by slit-lamp adapted optical coherence tomography was 11.34?0.54 mm. A significant difference was found between IOL-Master and slit-lamp adapted optical coherence tomography (p<0.01), as well as between IOL Master and digital photographs (p<0.01). There was no difference between SL-OCT and digital photographs (p>0.05). All measurements were correlated (Spearman p<0.001). Mean anterior chamber depth determined using the IOL-Master was 2.99 +/- 0.50 mm and by slit-lamp adapted optical coherence tomography was 2.56 +/- 0.46 mm. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The correlation between the values was also statistically significant (Spearman, p<0.001). Automated measurements using IOL-Master yield constantly higher values than measurements based on direct

9. Photographic copy of photograph, dated June 1971 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Photographic copy of photograph, dated June 1971 (original print in possession of James E. Zielinski, Earth Tech, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. View of sprint missile silo liners, prior to their installation within the subsurface holes at the missile launch site (June 1971). Not the silo liner at right; atop this is the launch preparation equipment chamber (LPEC). - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Launch Area, Within Exclusion Area, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, in 1963 a "Y" ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, in 1963 a "Y" branch connector was introduced at the Dd test station in order to add a second test cell (named Dy) to the Dd train of coolers and ejectors. This view shows the diffuser used to connect the Dy test chamber with the "Y" branch. This Dy chamber was the second one installed at this station; it was later moved and incorporated into a larger horizontal test station retaining the Dy designation. (JPL negative no. 384-11176-B, 17 May 1976) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Transient bubbles, bublets and breakup

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keen, Giles; Blake, John

1999-11-01

The non-spherical nature of the collapse of bubbles has important ramifications in many practical situations such as ultrasonic cleaning, tanning of leather, and underwater explosions. In particular the high speed liquid jet that can thread a collapsing bubble is central to the functional performance. An impressive photographic record of a liquid jet was obtained by Crum using a bubble situated in the vicinity of a platform oscillating vertically at a frequency of 60 Hz. A boundary integral method is used to model this situation and is found to closely mimic some of the observations. However, a slight variation of parameters or a change in the phase of the driving frequency can lead to dramatically different bubble behaviour, a feature also observed by Crum.

Aspherical bubble dynamics and oscillation times

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Godwin, R.P.; Chapyak, E.J.; Noack, J.

1999-03-01

The cavitation bubbles common in laser medicine are rarely perfectly spherical and are often located near tissue boundaries, in vessels, etc., which introduce aspherical dynamics. Here, novel features of aspherical bubble dynamics are explored. Time-resolved experimental photographs and simulations of large aspect ratio (length:diameter {approximately}20) cylindrical bubble dynamics are presented. The experiments and calculations exhibit similar dynamics. A small high-pressure cylindrical bubble initially expands radially with hardly any axial motion. Then, after reaching its maximum volume, a cylindrical bubble collapses along its long axis with relatively little radial motion. The growth-collapse period of these very aspherical bubbles differs only sightlymore » from twice the Rayleigh collapse time for a spherical bubble with an equivalent maximum volume. This fact justifies using the temporal interval between the acoustic signals emitted upon bubble creation and collapse to estimate the maximum bubble volume. As a result, hydrophone measurements can provide an estimate of the bubble energy even for aspherical bubbles. The prolongation of the oscillation period of bubbles near solid boundaries relative to that of isolated spherical bubbles is also discussed.« less

DESIGN OF A PATTERN RECOGNITION DIGITAL COMPUTER WITH APPLICATION TO THE AUTOMATIC SCANNING OF BUBBLE CHAMBER NEGATIVES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCormick, B.H.; Narasimhan, R.

1963-01-01

The overall computer system contains three main parts: an input device, a pattern recognition unit (PRU), and a control computer. The bubble chamber picture is divided into a grid of st run. Concent 1-mm squares on the film. It is then processed in parallel in a two-dimensional array of 1024 identical processing modules (stalactites) of the PRU. The array can function as a two- dimensional shift register in which results of successive shifting operations can be accumulated. The pattern recognition process is generally controlled by a conventional arithmetic computer. (A.G.W.)

Dark matter search results from the PICO-2L C$$_3$$F$$_8$$ bubble chamber

DOE PAGES

Amole, C.

2015-06-11

New data are reported from the operation of a 2 liter C 3F 8 bubble chamber in the SNOLAB underground laboratory, with a total exposure of 211.5 kg days at four different energy thresholds below 10 keV. These data show that C 3F 8 provides excellent electron-recoil and alpha rejection capabilities at very low thresholds. The chamber exhibits an electron-recoil sensitivity of < 3.5 × 10 –10 and an alpha rejection factor of > 98.2%. These data also include the first observation of a dependence of acoustic signal on alpha energy. Twelve single nuclear recoil event candidates were observed duringmore » the run. The candidate events exhibit timing characteristics that are not consistent with the hypothesis of a uniform time distribution, and no evidence for a dark matter signal is claimed. Lastly, these data provide the most sensitive direct detection constraints on WIMP-proton spin-dependent scattering to date, with significant sensitivity at low WIMP masses for spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering.« less

Photographic copy of a photograph, dated June 1993 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of a photograph, dated June 1993 (original print in the possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Gerald Greenwood, photographer. Close-up view of sprint cell at missile field of remote sprint launch site #3, with launch cell cover marked "inert". Adjacent and to the right is the launch preparation equipment chamber (LPEC) cover. Other cell covers can be seen in the background - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Exclusion Area Sentry Station, At Service Road entrance to Missile Field, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Bubble Combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Corrigan, Jackie

2004-01-01

A method of energy production that is capable of low pollutant emissions is fundamental to one of the four pillars of NASA s Aeronautics Blueprint: Revolutionary Vehicles. Bubble combustion, a new engine technology currently being developed at Glenn Research Center promises to provide low emissions combustion in support of NASA s vision under the Emissions Element because it generates power, while minimizing the production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxides (NOx), both known to be Greenhouse gases. and allows the use of alternative fuels such as corn oil, low-grade fuels, and even used motor oil. Bubble combustion is analogous to the inverse of spray combustion: the difference between bubble and spray combustion is that spray combustion is spraying a liquid in to a gas to form droplets, whereas bubble combustion involves injecting a gas into a liquid to form gaseous bubbles. In bubble combustion, the process for the ignition of the bubbles takes place on a time scale of less than a nanosecond and begins with acoustic waves perturbing each bubble. This perturbation causes the local pressure to drop below the vapor pressure of the liquid thus producing cavitation in which the bubble diameter grows, and upon reversal of the oscillating pressure field, the bubble then collapses rapidly with the aid of the high surface tension forces acting on the wall of the bubble. The rapid and violent collapse causes the temperatures inside the bubbles to soar as a result of adiabatic heating. As the temperatures rise, the gaseous contents of the bubble ignite with the bubble itself serving as its own combustion chamber. After ignition, this is the time in the bubble s life cycle where power is generated, and CO2, and NOx among other species, are produced. However, the pollutants CO2 and NOx are absorbed into the surrounding liquid. The importance of bubble combustion is that it generates power using a simple and compact device. We conducted a parametric study using CAVCHEM

Micro-Bubble Experiments at the Van de Graaff Accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, Z. J.; Wardle, Kent E.; Quigley, K. J.

In order to test and verify the experimental designs at the linear accelerator (LINAC), several micro-scale bubble ("micro-bubble") experiments were conducted with the 3-MeV Van de Graaff (VDG) electron accelerator. The experimental setups included a square quartz tube, sodium bisulfate solution with different concentrations, cooling coils, gas chromatography (GC) system, raster magnets, and two high-resolution cameras that were controlled by a LabVIEW program. Different beam currents were applied in the VDG irradiation. Bubble generation (radiolysis), thermal expansion, thermal convection, and radiation damage were observed in the experiments. Photographs, videos, and gas formation (O 2 + H 2) data were collected.more » The micro-bubble experiments at VDG indicate that the design of the full-scale bubble experiments at the LINAC is reasonable.« less

Optical observation of shock waves and cavitation bubbles in high intensity laser-induced shock processes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marti-Lopez, L.; Ocana, R.; Porro, J. A.

2009-07-01

We report an experimental study of the temporal and spatial dynamics of shock waves, cavitation bubbles, and sound waves generated in water during laser shock processing by single Nd:YAG laser pulses of nanosecond duration. A fast ICCD camera (2 ns gate time) was employed to record false schlieren photographs, schlieren photographs, and Mach-Zehnder interferograms of the zone surrounding the laser spot site on the target, an aluminum alloy sample. We recorded hemispherical shock fronts, cylindrical shock fronts, plane shock fronts, cavitation bubbles, and phase disturbance tracks.

Numerical study of gravity effects on phase separation in a swirl chamber.

PubMed

Hsiao, Chao-Tsung; Ma, Jingsen; Chahine, Georges L

2016-01-01

The effects of gravity on a phase separator are studied numerically using an Eulerian/Lagrangian two-phase flow approach. The separator utilizes high intensity swirl to separate bubbles from the liquid. The two-phase flow enters tangentially a cylindrical swirl chamber and rotate around the cylinder axis. On earth, as the bubbles are captured by the vortex formed inside the swirl chamber due to the centripetal force, they also experience the buoyancy force due to gravity. In a reduced or zero gravity environment buoyancy is reduced or inexistent and capture of the bubbles by the vortex is modified. The present numerical simulations enable study of the relative importance of the acceleration of gravity on the bubble capture by the swirl flow in the separator. In absence of gravity, the bubbles get stratified depending on their sizes, with the larger bubbles entering the core region earlier than the smaller ones. However, in presence of gravity, stratification is more complex as the two acceleration fields - due to gravity and to rotation - compete or combine during the bubble capture.

Methane emission by bubbling from Gatun Lake, Panama

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keller, Michael; Stallard, Robert F.

1994-01-01

We studied methane emission by bubbling from Gatun Lake, Panama, at water depths of less than 1 m to about 10 m. Gas bubbles were collected in floating traps deployed during 12- to 60-hour observation periods. Comparison of floating traps and floating chambers showed that about 98% of methane emission occurred by bubbling and only 2% occurred by diffusion. Average methane concentration of bubbles at our sites varied from 67% to 77%. Methane emission by bubbling occurred episodically, with greatest rates primarily between the hours of 0800 and 1400 LT. Events appear to be triggered by wind. The flux of methane associated with bubbling was strongly anticorrelated with water depth. Seasonal changes in water depth caused seasonal variation of methane emission. Bubble methane fluxes through the lake surface into the atmosphere measured during 24-hour intervals were least (10-200 mg/m2/d) at deeper sites (greater than 7 m) and greatest (300-2000 mg/m2/d) at shallow sites (less than 2 m).

2. Credit JPL. Photographic copy of photograph, looking northeast at ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Credit JPL. Photographic copy of photograph, looking northeast at unfinished original Test Stand 'C' construction. A portion of the corrugated steel tunnel tube connecting Test Stand 'C' to the first phase of JPL tunnel system construction is visible in the foreground. The steel frame used to support propellant tanks and engine equipment has been erected. The open trap door leads to a chamber inside the Test Stand 'C' base where gaseous nitrogen is distributed via manifolds to Test Stand 'C' control valves. (JPL negative no. 384-1568-A, 19 March 1957) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand C, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, interior view of Dd ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, interior view of Dd test cell with VO (Viking Orbiter)-75 spacecraft engine mounted for testing. (Viking was a Mars orbiter and lander mission.) The end of the engine nozzle is inserted into a diffuser in order to conduct exhaust gases out of the chamber. All piping and tubing is stainless steel. Note ports in background through which instrumentation wiring passes. Nozzles at top of view are part of an internal fire suppression (or "Firex") system. (JPL negative no. 384-9428, 24 April 1972) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Acoustic Cluster Therapy: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Measurement of Activated Bubble Size Distribution and Temporal Dynamics.

PubMed

Healey, Andrew John; Sontum, Per Christian; Kvåle, Svein; Eriksen, Morten; Bendiksen, Ragnar; Tornes, Audun; Østensen, Jonny

2016-05-01

Acoustic cluster technology (ACT) is a two-component, microparticle formulation platform being developed for ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. Sonazoid microbubbles, which have a negative surface charge, are mixed with micron-sized perfluoromethylcyclopentane droplets stabilized with a positively charged surface membrane to form microbubble/microdroplet clusters. On exposure to ultrasound, the oil undergoes a phase change to the gaseous state, generating 20- to 40-μm ACT bubbles. An acoustic transmission technique is used to measure absorption and velocity dispersion of the ACT bubbles. An inversion technique computes bubble size population with temporal resolution of seconds. Bubble populations are measured both in vitro and in vivo after activation within the cardiac chambers of a dog model, with catheter-based flow through an extracorporeal measurement flow chamber. Volume-weighted mean diameter in arterial blood after activation in the left ventricle was 22 μm, with no bubbles >44 μm in diameter. After intravenous administration, 24.4% of the oil is activated in the cardiac chambers. Copyright © 2016 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Microjet Penetrator - medical use of laser induced shock waves and bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoh, Jack

2013-06-01

The laser-driven microjet penetrator system accelerates liquids drug and delivers them without a needle, which is shown to overcome the weaknesses of existing piston-driven jet injectors. The system consists of two back-to-back chambers separated by a rubber membrane, one containing ``driving'' water behind another of the liquid drug to be delivered. The laser pulse is sent once, and a bubble forms in the water chamber, which puts elastic strain on the membrane, causing the drug to be forcefully ejected from a miniature nozzle in a narrow jet of 150 micron in diameter. The impacting jet pressure is higher than the skin tensile strength and thus causes the jet to penetrate into the targeted depth underneath the skin. Multiple pulses of the laser increase the desired dosage. The experiments are performed with commercially available Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers for clinical applications in laser dermatology and dentistry. The difference in bubble behavior within the water chamber comes from pulse duration and wavelength. For Nd:YAG laser, the pulse duration is very short relative to the bubble lifetime making the bubble behavior close to that of a cavitation bubble (inertial), while in Er:YAG case the high absorption in water and the longer pulse duration change the initial behavior of the bubble making it close to a vapor bubble (thermal). The contraction and subsequent rebound for both cases were seen typical of cavitation bubble. The laser-induced microjet penetrators generate velocities which are sufficient for delivery of drug into a guinea-pig skin for both laser beams of different pulse duration and wavelength. We estimate the typical velocity within 30-80 m/s range and the breakup length to be larger than 1 mm, thus making it a contamination-free medical procedure. Hydrodynamic theory confirms the nozzle exit jet velocity obtained by the microjet system. A significant increase in the delivered dose of drugs is achieved with multiple pulses of a 2.9 μm Er

The interaction of bubbles with solidification interfaces. [during coasting phase of sounding rocket flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Papazian, J. M.; Wilcox, W. R.

1977-01-01

The behavior of bubbles at a dendritic solidification interface was studied during the coasting phase of a sounding rocket flight. Sequential photographs of the gradient freeze experiment showed nucleation, growth and coalescence of bubbles at the moving interface during both the low-gravity and one-gravity tests. In the one-gravity test the bubbles were observed to detach from the interface and float to the top of the melt. However, in the low-gravity tests no bubble detachment from the interface or steady state bubble motion occurred and large voids were grown into the crystal. These observations are discussed in terms of the current theory of thermal migration of bubbles and in terms of their implications on the space processing of metals.

22. PHOTOCOPY OF PHOTOGRAPH. View north of main control panels, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. PHOTOCOPY OF PHOTOGRAPH. View north of main control panels, Artic and Tropic Chambers, ca. 1955. (Source: NRDEC). - Natick Research & Development Laboratories, Climatic Chambers Building, U.S. Army Natick Research, Development & Engineering Center (NRDEC), Natick, Middlesex County, MA

Erzion interpretation of negative penetrating cosmic ray particles excess flux observed in bubble chamber "SKAT"

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bazhutov, Yu. N.

2001-08-01

It is discussed the interpretation of negative penetrating cosmic ray particles excess flux observed in bubble chamber "SKAT" for the momentum range P > P0 = 30 GeV/c by Erzions, hypothetical heavy stable penetrating hadrons, proposed to explain the anomalous vertical muons energy spectrum at small depth underground. Here it is shown that negative charge of p articles observed in "SKAT" is the same as predicted by theoretical Erzion model. The excess particles flux ( J ˜ 10-5 cm-2 s-1 sr-1 ) corresponds to the Erzion intensity observed by scintillation telescope in our previous experiment. The threshold momentum ( P0 ) and the track length threshold ( L0 = 50 cm of liquid BrF3C) are in good accordance with Erzion stop path as for the single charged particle with mass M ≅ 200 GeV/c2 . But to don't contradict with all previous charge ratio results for cosmic ray muons in 30 - 100 GeV/c momentum range it is necessary to propose for such particles the Solar sporadic origin taking to account that both Erzion observations were in the active Sun years (April 23,1979 & July, 1999). INTRODUCTION. 20 years ago to explain anomalous energy spectrum of vertical cosmic ray muons, observed at sea level and small depth underground (<100 m.w.e.) [1,2], it was proposed hypothesis of existing in cosmic rays new heavy stable penetrating hadrons [3]. From that time our experiments to search such particles were started [4,5,6]. Later the theoretical model U(1)xSUl(2)xSU r(2)xSU(3) of such particles (Erzions) has been created in framework of "mirror" models [7,8], which without contradictions to elementary particles Standard Model has explained large kind of another anomalous results in cosmic rays and nuclear physics [9-19]. At last after almost 20 years Erzions search they have been observed due to small vertical original scintillation telescope "Doch-4" [20,21,22]. The observed Erz ions mass was ME = (175+/-25) GeV/c2 and intensity at sea level - JE = (1.8+/-0.4)ṡ10-6 cm-2 sr-1 s

Resonances, radiation pressure and optical scattering phenomena of drops and bubbles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marston, P. L.; Goosby, S. G.; Langley, D. S.; Loporto-Arione, S. E.

1982-01-01

Acoustic levitation and the response of fluid spheres to spherical harmonic projections of the radiation pressure are described. Simplified discussions of the projections are given. A relationship between the tangential radiation stress and the Konstantinov effect is introduced and fundamental streaming patterns for drops are predicted. Experiments on the forced shape oscillation of drops are described and photographs of drop fission are displayed. Photographs of critical angle and glory scattering by bubbles and rainbow scattering by drops are displayed.

View of sugar crystals in a water bubble on Expedition Six

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-03-14

ISS006-E-39259 (14 March 2003) --- A view of sugar crystals in a water bubble within a 50-millimeter (mm) metal loop was photographed by an Expedition Six crewmember. The experiment took place in the Destiny laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS).

Transient Flow Dynamics in Optical Micro Well Involving Gas Bubbles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, B.; Chen, C. P.; Jenkins, A.; Spearing, S.; Monaco, L. A.; Steele, A.; Flores, G.

2006-01-01

The Lab-On-a-Chip Application Development (LOCAD) team at NASA s Marshall Space Flight Center is utilizing Lab-On-a-Chip to support technology development specifically for Space Exploration. In this paper, we investigate the transient two-phase flow patterns in an optic well configuration with an entrapped bubble through numerical simulation. Specifically, the filling processes of a liquid inside an expanded chamber that has bubbles entrapped. Due to the back flow created by channel expansion, the entrapped bubbles tend to stay stationary at the immediate downstream of the expansion. Due to the huge difference between the gas and liquid densities, mass conservation issues associated with numerical diffusion need to be specially addressed. The results are presented in terms of the movement of the bubble through the optic well. Bubble removal strategies are developed that involve only pressure gradients across the optic well. Results show that for the bubble to be moved through the well, pressure pulsations must be utilized in order to create pressure gradients across the bubble itself.

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, view looking northeast down ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, view looking northeast down onto new Dd test station from Test Stand "D" tower. Hatch of Dd test cell is open, and a test engine sits on a dolly nearby awaiting mounting. Note the water-cooled diffuser on the east end of the test chamber; this was soon replaced with a new diffuser and a steam-driven ejector for simulated high-altitude tests. A closed circuit television camera is mounted on the west end of the test cell. At the lower left of the view are fuel and oxidizer run tanks which supply propellants for test runs. (JPL negative no. 384-2650-A, 8 February 1961) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Dimuon production by neutrinos in the Fermilab 15-ft bubble chamber at the Tevatron

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jain, V.; Harris, F. A.; Aderholz, M.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Akbari, H.; Allport, P. P.; Baba, P. V.; Badyal, S. K.; Barth, M.; Baton, J. P.; Bingham, H. H.; Brucker, E. B.; Burnstein, R. A.; Campbell, J. R.; Cence, R. J.; Chatterjee, T. K.; Clayton, E. F.; Corrigan, G.; Coutures, C.; Deprospo, D.; Devanand; de Wolf, E.; Faulkner, P. J.; Fretter, W. B.; Gupta, V. K.; Guy, J.; Hanlon, J.; Harigel, G. G.; Jabiol, M. A.; Jacques, P.; Jones, G. T.; Jones, M. D.; Kafka, T.; Kalelkar, M.; Kasper, P.; Kaul, G. L.; Kaur, M.; Kohli, J. M.; Koller, E. L.; Krawiec, R. J.; Lauko, M.; Lys, J.; Marage, P.; Milburn, R. H.; Miller, D. B.; Mittra, I. S.; Mobayyen, M. M.; Moreels, J.; Morrison, D. R.; Myatt, G.; Nailor, P.; Naon, R.; Napier, A.; Neveu, M.; Passmore, D.; Peters, M. W.; Peterson, V. Z.; Plano, R.; Rao, N. K.; Rubin, H. A.; Sacton, J.; Saitta, B.; Schmid, P.; Schmitz, N.; Schneps, J.; Sekulin, R.; Sewell, S.; Singh, J. B.; Sood, P. M.; Smart, W.; Stamer, P.; Varvell, K. E.; Venus, W.; Verluyten, L.; Voyvodic, L.; Wachsmuth, H.; Wainstein, S.; Willocq, S.; Yost, G. P.

1990-04-01

The Fermilab 15-ft bubble chamber has been exposed to a quadrupole triplet neutrino beam produced at the Tevatron. The ratio of ν to ν¯ in the beam is approximately 2.5. The mean event energy for ν-induced charged-current events is 150 GeV, and for ν¯-induced charged-current events it is 110 GeV. A total of 64 dimuon candidates (1 μ+μ+, 52 μ-μ+ and μ+μ-, and 11 μ-μ-) is observed in the data sample of approximately 13 300 charged-current events. The number and properties of the μ-μ- and μ+μ+ candidates are consistent with their being produced by background processes, the important sources being π and K decay and punchthrough. The 90%-C.L. upper limit for μ-μ-/μ- for muon momenta above 4 GeV/c is 1.2×10-3, and for momenta above 9 GeV/c this limit is 1.1×10-3. The opposite-sign-dimuon-to-single-muon ratio is (0.62+/-0.13)% for muon momenta above 4 GeV/c. There are eight neutral strange particles in the opposite-sign sample, leading to a rate per dimuon event of 0.65+/-0.29. The opposite-sign-dimuon sample is consistent with the hypothesis of charm production and decay.

Experimental observation of the thermocapillary driven motion of bubbles in a molten glass under low gravity conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, H. D.; Mattox, D. M.; Wilcox, W. R.; Subramanian, R. S.; Meyyappan, M.

1982-01-01

An experiment was carried out on board a Space Processing Applications Rocket with the aim of demonstrating bubble migration in molten glass due to a temperature gradient under low gravity conditions. During the flight, a sample of a sodium borate melt with a specific bubble array, contained in a platinum/fused silica cell, was subjected to a well defined temperature gradient for more than 4 minutes. Photographs taken at one second intervals during the experiment clearly show that the bubbles move toward the hot spot on the platinum heater strip. This result is consistent with the predictions of the theory of thermocapillary driven bubble motion.

Use of a "small-bubble technique" to increase the success of Anwar's "big-bubble technique" for deep lamellar keratoplasty with complete baring of Descemet's membrane.

PubMed

Parthasarathy, Anand; Por, Yong Ming; Tan, Donald T H

2007-10-01

To describe a quick and simple "small-bubble" technique to immediately determine the success of attaining complete Descemet's membrane (DM) separation from corneal stroma through Anwar's "big-bubble" technique of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for complete stromal removal. A partial trephination was followed by a lamellar dissection of the anterior stroma. Deep stromal air injection was then attempted to achieve the big bubble to help separate the stroma from the DM. To confirm that a big bubble had been achieved, a small air bubble was injected into the anterior chamber (AC) through a limbal paracentesis. If the small bubble is then seen at the corneal periphery, it confirms that the big-bubble separation of DM was successful because the convex nature of the bubble will cause it to protrude posteriorly, forcing the small AC bubble to the periphery. If the small AC bubble is not seen in the corneal periphery, this means that it is present in the centre, beneath the opaque corneal stroma, and therefore the big bubble has not been achieved. We used the small-bubble technique to confirm the presence of the big bubble in three (one keratoconus, one interstitial keratitis and one dense corneal scar) out of 41 patients who underwent DALK. The small-bubble technique confirmed that the big bubble was achieved in the eye of all three patients. Complete stromal removal with baring of the DM was achieved, and postoperatively all three eyes achieved best corrected vision of 6/6. The small-bubble technique can be a useful surgical tool for corneal surgeons attempting lamellar keratoplasty using the big-bubble technique. It helps in confirming the separation of DM from the deep stroma, which is important in achieving total stromal replacement. It will help to make the transition to lamellar keratoplasty smoother, enhance corneal graft success and improve visual outcomes in patients.

Period adding cascades: experiment and modeling in air bubbling.

PubMed

Pereira, Felipe Augusto Cardoso; Colli, Eduardo; Sartorelli, José Carlos

2012-03-01

Period adding cascades have been observed experimentally/numerically in the dynamics of neurons and pancreatic cells, lasers, electric circuits, chemical reactions, oceanic internal waves, and also in air bubbling. We show that the period adding cascades appearing in bubbling from a nozzle submerged in a viscous liquid can be reproduced by a simple model, based on some hydrodynamical principles, dealing with the time evolution of two variables, bubble position and pressure of the air chamber, through a system of differential equations with a rule of detachment based on force balance. The model further reduces to an iterating one-dimensional map giving the pressures at the detachments, where time between bubbles come out as an observable of the dynamics. The model has not only good agreement with experimental data, but is also able to predict the influence of the main parameters involved, like the length of the hose connecting the air supplier with the needle, the needle radius and the needle length.

3. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, 1957 INTERIOR OF OVEN CHAMBER. - Bricker Outdoor Bake Oven, Taneytown & Wheat Fields Roads, Gettysburg, Adams County, PA

12. Historic American Buildings Survey, George J. Vaillancourt, Photographer, 1940 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Historic American Buildings Survey, George J. Vaillancourt, Photographer, 1940 FIRE-ROOM CHAMBER FIREPLACE AND OVEN (SECOND STORY). - Thomas Fenner House, 1538 Plainfield Street, Thornton, Providence County, RI

A stable and convenient protein electrophoresis titration device with bubble removing system.

PubMed

Zhang, Qiang; Fan, Liu-Yin; Li, Wen-Lin; Cong, Feng-Song; Zhong, Ran; Chen, Jing-Jing; He, Yu-Chen; Xiao, Hua; Cao, Cheng-Xi

2017-07-01

Moving reaction boundary titration (MRBT) has a potential application to immunoassay and protein content analysis with high selectivity. However, air bubbles often impair the accuracy of MRBT, and the leakage of electrolyte greatly decreases the safety and convenience of electrophoretic titration. Addressing these two issues a reliable MRBT device with modified electrolyte chamber of protein titration was designed. Multiphysics computer simulation was conducted for optimization according to two-phase flow. The single chamber was made of two perpendicular cylinders with different diameters. After placing electrophoretic tube, the resident air in the junction next to the gel could be eliminated by a simple fast electrolyte flow. Removing the electrophoretic tube automatically prevented electrolyte leakage at the junction due to the gravity-induced negative pressure within the chamber. Moreover, the numerical simulation and experiments showed that the improved MRBT device has following advantages: (i) easy and rapid setup of electrophoretic tube within 20 s; (ii) simple and quick bubble dissipates from the chamber of titration within 2 s; (iii) no electrolyte leakage from the two chambers: and (iv) accurate protein titration and safe instrumental operation. The developed technique and apparatus greatly improves the performance of the previous MRBT device, and providing a new route toward practical application. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Temperature change rate actuated bubble mixing for homogeneous rehydration of dry pre-stored reagents in centrifugal microfluidics.

PubMed

Hin, S; Paust, N; Keller, M; Rombach, M; Strohmeier, O; Zengerle, R; Mitsakakis, K

2018-01-16

In centrifugal microfluidics, dead volumes in valves downstream of mixing chambers can hardly be avoided. These dead volumes are excluded from mixing processes and hence cause a concentration gradient. Here we present a new bubble mixing concept which avoids such dead volumes. The mixing concept employs heating to create a temperature change rate (TCR) induced overpressure in the air volume downstream of mixing chambers. The main feature is an air vent with a high fluidic resistance, representing a low pass filter with respect to pressure changes. Fast temperature increase causes rapid pressure increase in downstream structures pushing the liquid from downstream channels into the mixing chamber. As air further penetrates into the mixing chamber, bubbles form, ascend due to buoyancy and mix the liquid. Slow temperature/pressure changes equilibrate through the high fluidic resistance air vent enabling sequential heating/cooling cycles to repeat the mixing process. After mixing, a complete transfer of the reaction volume into the downstream fluidic structure is possible by a rapid cooling step triggering TCR actuated valving. The new mixing concept is applied to rehydrate reagents for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). After mixing, the reaction mix is aliquoted into several reaction chambers for geometric multiplexing. As a measure for mixing efficiency, the mean coefficient of variation (C[combining macron]V[combining macron], n = 4 LabDisks) of the time to positivity (t p ) of the LAMP reactions (n = 11 replicates per LabDisk) is taken. The C[combining macron]V[combining macron] of the t p is reduced from 18.5% (when using standard shake mode mixing) to 3.3% (when applying TCR actuated bubble mixing). The bubble mixer has been implemented in a monolithic fashion without the need for any additional actuation besides rotation and temperature control, which are needed anyhow for the assay workflow.

Bubble dynamics and bubble-induced turbulence of a single-bubble chain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Joohyoung; Park, Hyungmin

2016-11-01

In the present study, the bubble dynamics and liquid-phase turbulence induced by a chain of bubbles injected from a single nozzle have been experimentally investigated. Using a high-speed two-phase particle image velociemtry, measurements on the bubbles and liquid-phase velocity field are conducted in a transparent tank filled with water, while varying the bubble release frequency from 0.1 to 35 Hz. The tested bubble size ranges between 2.0-3.2 mm, and the corresponding bubble Reynolds number is 590-1100, indicating that it belongs to the regime of path instability. As the release frequency increases, it is found that the global shape of bubble dispersion can be classified into two regimes: from asymmetric (regular) to axisymmetric (irregular). In particular, at higher frequency, the wake vortices of leading bubbles cause an irregular behaviour of the following bubble. For the liquid phase, it is found that a specific trend on the bubble-induced turbulence appears in a strong relation to the above bubble dynamics. Considering this, we try to provide a theoretical model to estimate the liquid-phase turbulence induced by a chain of bubbles. Supported by a Grant funded by Samsung Electronics, Korea.

Close-up view of Sodium Chloride crystals in a water bubble on Expedition Six.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-03-14

ISS006-E-39236 (14 March 2003) --- A view of sodium chloride crystals in a water bubble within a 50-millimeter metal loop was photographed by an Expedition Six crewmember. The experiment took place in the Destiny laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS).

Layered storage of biogenic methane-enriched gas bubbles in peat: A lumped capacitance model controlled by soil structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, X.; Comas, X.; Binley, A. M.; Slater, L. D.

2017-12-01

Methane can accumulate in the gaseous phase in peats, and enter the atmosphere as gas bubbles with a mass flux higher than that via diffusion and plant-mediated pathways. A complete understanding of the mechanisms regulating bubble storage in peats remains incomplete. We developed a layered model to quantify the storage of gas bubbles over a peat column based on a general lumped capacitance model. This conceptual model was applied to explain the effects of peat structure on bubble storage at different depths observed in a laboratory experiment. A peat monolith was collected from the Everglades, a subtropical wetland located in Florida (USA), and kept submerged in a cuboid chamber over 102 days until gas bubble saturation was achieved. Time-lapse ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to estimate changes in gas content of each layer and the corresponding average dimensions of stored gas bubbles. The results highlight a hotspot layer of bubble accumulation at depths between 5 and 10 cm below the monolith surface. Bubbles in this shallow hotspot layer were larger relative to those in deeper layers, whilst the degree of decomposition of the upper layers was generally smaller than that of the lower layers based on von Post humification tests. X-ray Computer tomography (CT) was applied to resin-impregnated peat sections from different depths and the results showed that a higher porosity promotes bubbles storage. The stored gas bubbles were released by changing water levels and the air CH4 concentrations above the peat monolith were measured using a flow-through chamber system to confirm the high CH4 concentration in the stored bubbles. Our findings suggest that bubble capacitance is related to the difference in size between gas bubbles and peat pores. This work has implications for better understanding how changes in water table elevation associated with climate change and sea level rise (particularly for freshwater wetlands near coastal areas like the Everglades) may

Close-up view of Sodium Chloride crystals in a water bubble on Expedition Six.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-03-13

ISS006-E-39211 (13 March 2003) --- A close up view of sodium chloride crystals in a water bubble within a 50-millimeter metal loop was photographed by an Expedition Six crewmember. The experiment took place in the Destiny laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS).

Close-up view of Sodium Chloride crystals in a water bubble on Expedition Six.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-03-14

ISS006-E-39238 (14 March 2003) --- A close up view of sodium chloride crystals in a water bubble within a 50-millimeter metal loop was photographed by an Expedition Six crewmember. The experiment took place in the Destiny laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS).

Investigation of Ignition and Combustion Processes of Diesel Engines Operating with Turbulence and Air-storage Chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Petersen, Hans

1938-01-01

The flame photographs obtained with combustion-chamber models of engines operating respectively, with turbulence chamber and air-storage chambers or cells, provide an insight into the air and fuel movements that take place before and during combustion in the combustion chamber. The relation between air velocity, start of injection, and time of combustion was determined for the combustion process employing a turbulence chamber.

Ring Bubbles of Dolphins

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shariff, Karim; Marten, Ken; Psarakos, Suchi; White, Don J.; Merriam, Marshal (Technical Monitor)

1996-01-01

The article discusses how dolphins create and play with three types of air-filled vortices. The underlying physics is discussed. Photographs and sketches illustrating the dolphin's actions and physics are presented. The dolphins engage in this behavior on their own initiative without food reward. These behaviors are done repeatedly and with singleminded effort. The first type is the ejection of bubbles which, after some practice on the part of the dolphin, turn into toroidal vortex ring bubbles by the mechanism of baroclinic torque. These bubbles grow in radius and become thinner as they rise vertically to the surface. One dolphin would blow two in succession and guide them to fuse into one. Physicists call this a vortex reconnection. In the second type, the dolphins first create an invisible vortex ring in the water by swimming on their side and waving their tail fin (also called flukes) vigorously. This vortex ring travels horizontally in the water. The dolphin then turns around, finds the vortex and injects a stream of air into it from its blowhole. The air "fills-out" the core of the vortex ring. Often, the dolphin would knock-off a smaller ring bubble from the larger ring (this also involves vortex reconnection) and steer the smaller ring around the tank. One other dolphin employed a few other techniques for planting air into the fluke vortex. One technique included standing vertically in the water with tail-up, head-down and tail piercing the free surface. As the fluke is waved to create the vortex ring, air is entrained from above the surface. Another technique was gulping air in the mouth, diving down, releasing air bubbles from the mouth and curling them into a ring when they rose to the level of the fluke. In the third type, demonstrated by only one dolphin, the longitudinal vortex created by the dorsal fin on the back is used to produce 10-15 foot long helical bubbles. In one technique she swims in a curved path. This creates a dorsal fin vortex since

20. PHOTOCOPY OF PHOTOGRAPH. View south of north elevation under ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. PHOTOCOPY OF PHOTOGRAPH. View south of north elevation under construction, ca. 1954. (Source: NRDEC). - Natick Research & Development Laboratories, Climatic Chambers Building, U.S. Army Natick Research, Development & Engineering Center (NRDEC), Natick, Middlesex County, MA

CFD analysis of hydrodynamic studies of a bubbling fluidized bed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rao, B. J. M.; Rao, K. V. N. S.; Ranga Janardhana, G.

2018-03-01

Fluidization velocity is one of the most important parameter to characterize the hydrodynamic studies of fluidized bed asit determines different flow regimes. Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations are carriedfor a cylindrical bubbling fluidized bed with a static bed height 1m with 0.150m diameter of gasification chamber. The parameter investigated is fluidization velocity in range of 0.05m/s to 0.7m/s. Sand with density 2600kg/m3 and with a constant particle diameter of sand 385μm is employed for all the simulations. Simulations are conducted using the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics software, ANSYS-FLUENT.The bubbling flow regime is appeared above the air inlet velocity of 0.2m/s. Bubbling character is increased with increase in inlet air velocities indicated by asymmetrical fluctuations of volume fractions in radial directions at different bed heights

Air Bubble-Induced High Intraocular Pressure After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty.

PubMed

Röck, Daniel; Bartz-Schmidt, Karl Ulrich; Röck, Tobias; Yoeruek, Efdal

2016-08-01

To investigate the incidence and risk factors of pupillary block caused by an air bubble in the anterior chamber in the early postoperative period after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). A retrospective review was conducted in 306 eyes that underwent DMEK from September 2009 through October 2014 at the Tübingen Eye Hospital. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was defined as a spike above 30 mm Hg. In the first 190 eyes, an intraoperative peripheral iridectomy was performed at the 12-o'clock position and in the other 116 eyes at the 6-o'clock position. If possible, reasons for IOP elevation were identified. For all eyes, preoperative and postoperative slit-lamp examinations and IOP measurements were performed. Overall, 30 eyes (9.8%) showed a postoperative IOP elevation within the first postoperative day. The incidence of IOP elevation was 13.9% (5/36) in the triple DMEK group, and 2 of 5 phakic eyes (40%) developed an air bubble-induced IOP elevation. All eyes presented with a de novo IOP elevation, associated in 25 patients with pupillary block from air anterior to iris and in 5 patients with angle closure from air migration posterior to the iris. All of them had an iridectomy at the 12-o'clock position. A postoperative pupillary block with IOP elevation caused by the residual intraoperative air bubble may be an important complication that could be avoided by close and frequent observations, especially in the first postoperative hours and by an inferior peripheral iridectomy and an air bubble with a volume of ≤80% of the anterior chamber.

Electromagnetically actuated micromanipulator using an acoustically oscillating bubble

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwon, J. O.; Yang, J. S.; Lee, S. J.; Rhee, K.; Chung, S. K.

2011-11-01

A novel non-invasive micromanipulation technique has been developed where a microrobot swimming in an aqueous medium manipulates micro-objects, through electromagnetic actuation using an acoustically oscillating bubble attached to the microrobot as a grasping tool. This micromanipulation concept was experimentally verified; an investigation of electromagnetic actuation and acoustic excitation was also performed. Two-dimensional propulsion of a magnetic piece was demonstrated through electromagnetic actuation, using three pairs of electric coils surrounding the water chamber, and confirming that the propulsion speed of the magnetic piece was linearly proportional to the applied current intensity. Micro-object manipulation was separately demonstrated using an air bubble with glass beads (80 µm diameter) and a steel ball (800 µm diameter) in an aqueous medium. Upon acoustic excitation of the bubble by a piezo-actuator around its resonant frequency, the generated radiation force attracted and captured the neighboring glass beads and steel ball. The grasping force was indirectly measured by exposing the glass beads captured by the oscillating bubble to a stream generated by an auto-syringe pump in a mini-channel. By measuring the maximum speed of the streaming flow when the glass beads detached from the oscillating bubble and flowed downstream, the grasping force was calculated as 50 nN, based on Stokes' drag approximation. Finally, a fish egg was successfully manipulated with the integration of electromagnetic actuation and acoustic excitation, using a mini-robot consisting of a millimeter-sized magnetic piece with a bubble attached to its bottom. This novel micromanipulation may be an efficient tool for both micro device assembly and single-cell manipulation.

Rigorous buoyancy driven bubble mixing for centrifugal microfluidics.

PubMed

Burger, S; Schulz, M; von Stetten, F; Zengerle, R; Paust, N

2016-01-21

We present batch-mode mixing for centrifugal microfluidics operated at fixed rotational frequency. Gas is generated by the disk integrated decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to liquid water (H2O) and gaseous oxygen (O2) and inserted into a mixing chamber. There, bubbles are formed that ascent through the liquid in the artificial gravity field and lead to drag flow. Additionaly, strong buoyancy causes deformation and rupture of the gas bubbles and induces strong mixing flows in the liquids. Buoyancy driven bubble mixing is quantitatively compared to shake mode mixing, mixing by reciprocation and vortex mixing. To determine mixing efficiencies in a meaningful way, the different mixers are employed for mixing of a lysis reagent and human whole blood. Subsequently, DNA is extracted from the lysate and the amount of DNA recovered is taken as a measure for mixing efficiency. Relative to standard vortex mixing, DNA extraction based on buoyancy driven bubble mixing resulted in yields of 92 ± 8% (100 s mixing time) and 100 ± 8% (600 s) at 130g centrifugal acceleration. Shake mode mixing yields 96 ± 11% and is thus equal to buoyancy driven bubble mixing. An advantage of buoyancy driven bubble mixing is that it can be operated at fixed rotational frequency, however. The additional costs of implementing buoyancy driven bubble mixing are low since both the activation liquid and the catalyst are very low cost and no external means are required in the processing device. Furthermore, buoyancy driven bubble mixing can easily be integrated in a monolithic manner and is compatible to scalable manufacturing technologies such as injection moulding or thermoforming. We consider buoyancy driven bubble mixing an excellent alternative to shake mode mixing, in particular if the processing device is not capable of providing fast changes of rotational frequency or if the low average rotational frequency is challenging for the other integrated fluidic operations.

Residual corneal stroma in big-bubble deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty: a histological study in eye-bank corneas.

PubMed

McKee, Hamish D; Irion, Luciane C D; Carley, Fiona M; Jhanji, Vishal; Brahma, Arun K

2011-10-01

To determine if residual corneal stroma remains on the recipient posterior lamella in big-bubble deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). Pneumodissection using the big-bubble technique was carried out on eye-bank corneas mounted on an artificial anterior chamber. Samples that had a successful big-bubble formation were sent for histological evaluation to determine if any residual stroma remained on the Descemet membrane (DM). Big-bubble formation was achieved in 32 donor corneas. Two distinct types of big-bubble were seen: the bubble had either a white margin (30 corneas) or a clear margin (two corneas). The posterior lamellae of all the white margin corneas showed residual stroma on DM with a mean central thickness of 7.0 μm (range 2.6-17.4 μm). The clear margin corneas showed no residual stroma on DM. It should no longer be assumed that big-bubble DALK, where the bubble has a white margin, routinely bares DM. True baring of DM may only occur with the less commonly seen clear margin bubble.

Observation of interaction of shock wave with gas bubble by image converter camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshii, M.; Tada, M.; Tsuji, T.; Isuzugawa, Kohji

1995-05-01

When a spark discharge occurs at the first focal point of a semiellipsoid or a reflector located in water, a spherical shock wave is produced. A part of the wave spreads without reflecting on the reflector and is called direct wave in this paper. Another part reflects on the semiellipsoid and converges near the second focal point, that is named the focusing wave, and locally produces a high pressure. This phenomenon is applied to disintegrators of kidney stone. But it is concerned that cavitation bubbles induced in the body by the expansion wave following the focusing wave will injure human tissue around kidney stone. In this paper, in order to examine what happens when shock waves strike bubbles on human tissue, the aspect that an air bubble is truck by the spherical shock wave or its behavior is visualized by the schlieren system and its photographs are taken using an image converter camera. Besides,the variation of the pressure amplitude caused by the shock wave and the flow of water around the bubble is measured with a pressure probe.

Characteristics of carbon nanotubes based micro-bubble generator for thermal jet printing.

PubMed

Zhou, Wenli; Li, Yupeng; Sun, Weijun; Wang, Yunbo; Zhu, Chao

2011-12-01

We propose a conceptional thermal printhead with dual microbubble generators mounted parallel in each nozzle chamber, where multiwalled carbon nanotubes are adopted as heating elements with much higher energy efficiency than traditional approaches using noble metals or polysilicon. Tailing effect of droplet can be excluded by appropriate control of grouped bubble generations. Characteristics of the corresponding micro-fabricated microbubble generators were comprehensively studied before the formation of printhead. Electrical properties of the microheaters on glass substrate in air and performance of bubble generation underwater focusing on the relationships between input power, device resistance and bubble behavior were probed. Proof-of-concept bubble generations grouped to eliminate the tailing effect of droplet were performed indicating precise pattern with high resolution could be realized by this kind of printhead. Experimental results revealed guidance to the geometric design of the printhead as well as its fabrication margin and the electrical control of the microbubble generators.

Observation of excess flux for negative cosmic ray penetrating particles in bubble chamber "SKAT" for momentum range (30GeV/c

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bazhutov, Yu. N.; Baranov, D. S.

2001-08-01

There are presented the first results of the new heavy stable cosmic ray particles search in the bubble chamber "SKAT" (450 x 160 x 90 cm3 ), which was exposed in the neutrino beam of Serpukhov Accelerator during 1976 - 1992 years and was viewed along the horizontal direction so as the magnet field direction (MDM > 150 GeV/c). From looking over 1,270 stills (1 roll for April 23, 1979) it was selected 757 tracks of cosmic ray particles with zenith angle θ < 45°, track length - L > 50 cm and momentum P>2.0GeV/c. From this events there were constructed momentum spectrums for both negative and positive vertical cosmic ray penetrating particles in the (2.0 - 126) GeV/c range and calculated their charge ratio. For positive particles the momentum spectrum has normal shape in all studied range the same as for negative particles but only for momentum range (2.0 - 32) GeV/c and charge ratio for this range is normal and the same as for cosmic muons. But for momentum P>32GeV/c it was observed negative particles excess flux (~10-5 cm-2 s-1 sr-1 ) with changed charge ratio - R = 0.62 +/0.18 (˜>3.5σ) for momentum range (32GeV/c3σ) and for momentum range (3.6GeV/c107 cm2 ṡsṡsr); 2) the installation place

Molecular dynamics simulations of bubble nucleation in dark matter detectors.

PubMed

Denzel, Philipp; Diemand, Jürg; Angélil, Raymond

2016-01-01

Bubble chambers and droplet detectors used in dosimetry and dark matter particle search experiments use a superheated metastable liquid in which nuclear recoils trigger bubble nucleation. This process is described by the classical heat spike model of F. Seitz [Phys. Fluids (1958-1988) 1, 2 (1958)PFLDAS0031-917110.1063/1.1724333], which uses classical nucleation theory to estimate the amount and the localization of the deposited energy required for bubble formation. Here we report on direct molecular dynamics simulations of heat-spike-induced bubble formation. They allow us to test the nanoscale process described in the classical heat spike model. 40 simulations were performed, each containing about 20 million atoms, which interact by a truncated force-shifted Lennard-Jones potential. We find that the energy per length unit needed for bubble nucleation agrees quite well with theoretical predictions, but the allowed spike length and the required total energy are about twice as large as predicted. This could be explained by the rapid energy diffusion measured in the simulation: contrary to the assumption in the classical model, we observe significantly faster heat diffusion than the bubble formation time scale. Finally we examine α-particle tracks, which are much longer than those of neutrons and potential dark matter particles. Empirically, α events were recently found to result in louder acoustic signals than neutron events. This distinction is crucial for the background rejection in dark matter searches. We show that a large number of individual bubbles can form along an α track, which explains the observed larger acoustic amplitudes.

How many bubbles in your glass of bubbly?

PubMed

Liger-Belair, Gérard

2014-03-20

The issue about how many carbon dioxide bubbles are likely to nucleate in a glass of champagne (or bubbly) is of concern for sommeliers, wine journalists, experienced tasters, and any open minded physical chemist wondering about complex phenomena at play in a glass of bubbly. The whole number of bubbles likely to form in a single glass is the result of the fine interplay between dissolved CO2, tiny gas pockets trapped within particles acting as bubble nucleation sites, and ascending bubble dynamics. Based on theoretical models combining ascending bubble dynamics and mass transfer equations, the falsely naı̈ve question of how many bubbles are likely to form per glass is discussed in the present work. A theoretical relationship is derived, which provides the whole number of bubbles likely to form per glass, depending on various parameters of both the wine and the glass itself.

193. Photographic copy of original construction drawing dated October 31, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

193. Photographic copy of original construction drawing dated October 31, 1932 (from Record Group 115, Denver Branch of the National Archives, Denver). TUNNEL NO. 1 CONTROLLING WORKS; GATE CHAMBER; UNDERHUNG CRANE AND HOIST-HAND OPERATED. - Owyhee Dam, Across Owyhee River, Nyssa, Malheur County, OR

Anti-Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tufaile, Alberto; Sartorelli, José Carlos

2003-08-01

An anti-bubble is a striking kind of bubble in liquid that seemingly does not comply the buoyancy, and after few minutes it disappears suddenly inside the liquid. Different from a simple air bubble that rises directly to the liquid surface, an anti-bubble wanders around in the fluid due to its slightly lesser density than the surrounding liquid. In spite of this odd behavior, an anti-bubble can be understood as the opposite of a conventional soap bubble in air, which is a shell of liquid surrounding air, and an anti-bubble is a shell of air surrounding a drop of the liquid inside the liquid. Two-phase flow has been a subject of interest due to its relevance to process equipment for contacting gases and liquids applied in industry. A chain of bubbles rising in a liquid formed from a nozzle is a two-phase flow, and there are certain conditions in which spherical air shells, called anti-bubbles, are produced. The purpose of this work is mainly to note the existence of anti-bubbling regime as a sequel of a bubbling system. We initially have presented the experimental apparatus. After this we have described the evolution of the bubbling regimes, and emulated the effect of bubbling coalescence with simple maps. Then is shown the inverted dripping as a consequence of the bubble coalescence, and finally the conditions for anti-bubble formation.

Close-up view of sugar crystals in a water bubble within a metal loop on Expedition Six

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-03-15

ISS006-E-39299 (15 March 2003) --- A close up view of sugar crystals in a water bubble within a 50-millimeter (mm) metal loop was photographed by an Expedition Six crewmember. The experiment took place in the Destiny laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS).

Space shuttle orbit maneuvering engine reusable thrust chamber: Adverse operating conditions test report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tobin, R. D.

1974-01-01

Test hardware, facilities, and procedures are described along with results of electrically heated tube and channel tests conducted to determine adverse operating condition limits for convectively cooled chambers typical of Space Shuttle Orbit Manuevering Engine designs. Hot-start tests were conducted with corrosion resistant steel and nickel tubes with both monomethylhydrazine and 50-50 coolants. Helium ingestion, in both bubble and froth form, was studied in tubular test sections. Helium bubble ingestion and burn-out limits in rectangular channels were also investigated.

Vapor Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prosperetti, Andrea

2017-01-01

This article reviews the fundamental physics of vapor bubbles in liquids. Work on bubble growth and condensation for stationary and translating bubbles is summarized and the differences with bubbles containing a permanent gas stressed. In particular, it is shown that the natural frequency of a vapor bubble is proportional not to the inverse radius, as for a gas bubble, but to the inverse radius raised to the power 2/3. Permanent gas dissolved in the liquid diffuses into the bubble with strong effects on its dynamics. The effects of the diffusion of heat and mass on the propagation of pressure waves in a vaporous bubbly liquid are discussed. Other topics briefly touched on include thermocapillary flow, plasmonic nanobubbles, and vapor bubbles in an immiscible liquid.

2. VIEW LOOKING NORTHWEST AT SETTLING CHAMBER OF 8FOOT HIGH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. VIEW LOOKING NORTHWEST AT SETTLING CHAMBER OF 8-FOOT HIGH SPEED WIND TUNNEL. Jet Lowe, HAER Photographer, December 1995. - NASA Langley Research Center, 8-Foot High Speed Wind Tunnel, 641 Thornell Avenue, Hampton, Hampton, VA

Geyser preplay and eruption in a laboratory model with a bubble trap

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adelstein, Esther; Tran, Aaron; Saez, Carolina Muñoz; Shteinberg, Alexander; Manga, Michael

2014-09-01

We present visual observations and temperature measurements from a laboratory model of a geyser. Our model incorporates a bubble trap, a zone in which vapor can accumulate in the geyser's subsurface plumbing, in a vertical conduit connected to a basal chamber. Analogous features have been identified at several natural geysers. We observe three types of eruptions: 1) rising bubbles eject a small volume of liquid in a weak spout (small eruption); 2) boiling occurs in the conduit above the bubble trap (medium eruption); and 3) boiling occurs in the conduit and chamber (large eruption). In the last two cases, boiling in the conduit causes a rapid hydrostatic pressure drop that allows for the rise and eruption of liquid water in a vigorous spout. Boiling initiates at depth rather than propagating downward from the surface. In a single eruption cycle, multiple small eruptions precede every medium and large eruption. At least one eruption cycle that culminates in a medium eruption (i.e., a quiescent period followed by a series of small eruptions leading up to a medium eruption) precedes every eruption cycle that culminates in a large eruption. We find that the transfer of fluid with high enthalpy to the upper conduit during small and medium eruptions is necessary to heat the upper conduit and prepare the system for the full boiling required for a large eruption. The placement of the bubble trap midway up the conduit allows for more efficient heating of the upper conduit. Our model provides insight into the influence of conduit geometry on eruption style and the importance of heat transfer by smaller events in preparing the geyser system for eruption.

Trypan blue staining of the anterior capsule under an air bubble with a modified cannula.

PubMed

Toprak, Ahmet Baris; Erkin, Esin Fatma; Guler, Cenap

2003-01-01

To attain good visibility of the anterior capsule in the advanced or white cataract, trypan blue 0.1% is used to stain the anterior capsule. The dye is usually injected under an air bubble. However, it is difficult to inject the dye properly due to capillary forces. An ordinary anterior chamber cannula was modified and its coverage area increased to facilitate the staining of the anterior capsule under an air bubble. The anterior capsule was stained properly by using the modified cannula in all of the cases.

Bursting Bubbles from Combustion of Thermoplastic Materials in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Butler, K. B.

1999-01-01

Many thermoplastic materials in common use for a wide range of applications, including spacecraft, develop bubbles internally as they burn due to chemical reactions taking place within the bulk. These bubbles grow and migrate until they burst at the surface, forceably ejecting volatile gases and, occasionally, molten fuel. In experiments in normal gravity, Kashiwagi and Ohlemiller observed vapor jets extending a few centimeters from the surface of a radiatively heated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sample, with some molten material ejected into the gas phase. These physical phenomena complicated the combustion process considerably. In addition to the non-steady release of volatiles, the depth of the surface layer affected by oxygen was increased, attributed to the roughening of the surface by bursting events. The ejection of burning droplets in random directions presents a potential fire hazard unique to microgravity. In microgravity combustion experiments on nylon Velcro fasteners and on polyethylene wire insulation, the presence of bursting fuel vapor bubbles was associated with the ejection of small particles of molten fuel as well as pulsations of the flame. For the nylon fasteners, particle velocities were higher than 30 cm/sec. The droplets burned robustly until all fuel was consumed, demonstrating the potential for the spread of fire in random directions over an extended distance. The sequence of events for a bursting bubble has been photographed by Newitt et al.. As the bubble reaches the fluid surface, the outer surface forms a dome while the internal bubble pressure maintains a depression at the inner interface. Liquid drains from the dome until it breaks into a cloud of droplets on the order of a few microns in size. The bubble gases are released rapidly, generating vortices in the quiescent surroundings and transporting the tiny droplets. The depression left by the escaping gases collapses into a central jet, which rises with a high velocity and may

Sidewall crystallization and saturation front formation in silicic magma chambers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lake, E. T.

2012-12-01

The cooling and crystallization style of silicic magma bodies in the upper crust falls on a continuum between whole-chamber processes of convection, crystal settling, and cumulate formation and interface driven processes of conduction and crystallization front migration. In the former case, volatile saturation occurs uniformly chamber wide, in the latter volatile saturation occurs along an inward propagating front. Ambient thermal gradient primarily controls the propagation rate; warm (> 30 °C / km) geothermal gradients promote 1000m+ thick crystal mush zones but slow crystallization front propagation. Cold geothermal gradients support the opposite. Magma chamber geometry plays a second order role in controlling propagation rates; bodies with high surface to magma ratio and large Earth's surface parallel faces exhibit more rapid propagation and smaller mush zones. Crystallization front propagation occurs at speeds of up to 6 cm/year (rhyolitic magma, thin sill geometry, 10 °C / km geotherm), far faster than diffusion of volatiles in magma and faster than bubbles can nucleate and ascend under certain conditions. Saturation front propagation is fixed by pressure and magma crystal content; above certain modest initial water contents (4.4 wt% in a dacite) mobile magma above 10 km depth always contains a saturation front. Saturation fronts propagate down from the magma chamber roof at lower water contents (3.3 wt% in a dacite at 5 km depth), creating an upper saturated interface for most common (4 - 6 wt%) magma water contents. This upper interface promotes the production of a fluid pocket underneath the apex of the magma chamber. Magma de-densification by bubble nucleation promotes convection and homogenization in dacitic systems. If the fluid pocket grew rapidly without draining, hydro-fracturing and eruption would result. The combination of fluid escape pathways and metal scavenging would generate economic vein or porphyry deposits.

[Cracow medical chamber in the special collection of the main medical library].

PubMed

Szkudaj, T

2000-01-01

The article on Cracow Medical Chamber in the Special Collection of the Main Medical Library concerns the history of establishing medical chambers and covers the period from 1893 to 1950. It presents in detail the territorial extent of Cracow Medical Chamber, its membership and presidents' functions as well as the composition of its various boards and councils. It also talks about the legal acts regulating the functioning of medical chambers and their sphere of activity. The collection of archived records kept in the Special Collection of Main Medical Library constitutes a small percentage of the preserved records; these being mainly personal files of doctors comprising personal questionnaires, registration cards and photographs.

Photographic Equipment Test System (PETS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The Photographic Equipment Test System is presented. The device is a mobile optical system designed for evaluating performance of various sensors in a laboratory, in a vacuum chamber or on a flight line. The carriage is designed to allow elevation as well as azimuth control of the direction of the light from the collimator. The pneumatic tires provide an effective vibration isolation system. A target/illumination system is mounted on a motor driven linear slide, and focusing and exposure control can be operated remotely from the small electronics control console.

Coarsening Dynamics and Marangoni Effects in Thin Liquid Crystal Bubbles in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clark, Noel; Glaser, Matthew; Maclennan, Joseph; Park, Cheol; Tin, Padetha; Hall, Nancy R.; Sheehan, Christopher; Storck, Jennifer

2015-01-01

The Observation and Analysis of Smectic Islands in Space (OASIS) flight hardware was successfully launched on SpaceX-6 on April 15, 2015 and was operated in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) on board the International Space Station (ISS). The OASIS project comprises a series of experiments that probe the interfacial and hydrodynamic behavior of spherical-bubble freely suspended liquid crystal (FSLC) membranes in space. These are the thinnest known stable condensed phase structures, making them ideal for studies of two-dimensional (2D) coarsening dynamics and thermocapillary phenomena in microgravity. The OASIS experimental investigation was carried out using four different smectic A and C liquid crystal materials in four separate sample chambers housed inside the MSG. In this report, we present the behavior of collective dynamics on 2D bubble surface, including the equilibrium spatial organization and interaction of islands in electric fields and temperature gradients, and the diffusion and coalescence-driven coarsening dynamics of island emulsions in microgravity. We have observed spontaneous bubble thickening behavior caused by gradients between the bubble-blowing needle and ambient air temperatures. A uniform, thicker band forms during coarsening as a result of non-uniform heating by the LED illumination panels. These are proposed to be a result of Marangoni convection on the bubble surface.

Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prosperetti, Andrea

2004-06-01

Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas: bubbles are emptiness, non-liquid, a tiny cloud shielding a mathematical singularity. Born from chance, a violent and brief life ending in the union with the (nearly) infinite. But a wealth of phenomena spring forth from this nothingness: underwater noise, sonoluminescence, boiling, and many others. Some recent results on a "blinking bubble" micropump and vapor bubbles in sound fields are outlined. The last section describes Leonardo da Vinci's observation of the non-rectlinear ascent of buoyant bubbles and justifies the name Leonardo's paradox recently attributed to this phenomenon.

Freezing Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kingett, Christian; Ahmadi, Farzad; Nath, Saurabh; Boreyko, Jonathan

2017-11-01

The two-stage freezing process of a liquid droplet on a substrate is well known; however, how bubbles freeze has not yet been studied. We first deposited bubbles on a silicon substrate that was chilled at temperatures ranging from -10 °C to -40 °C, while the air was at room temperature. We observed that the freeze front moved very slowly up the bubble, and in some cases, even came to a complete halt at a critical height. This slow freezing front propagation can be explained by the low thermal conductivity of the thin soap film, and can be observed more clearly when the bubble size or the surface temperature is increased. This delayed freezing allows the frozen portion of the bubble to cool the air within the bubble while the top part is still liquid, which induces a vapor pressure mismatch that either collapses the top or causes the top to pop. In cases where the freeze front reaches the top of the bubble, a portion of the top may melt and slowly refreeze; this can happen more than just once for a single bubble. We also investigated freezing bubbles inside of a freezer where the air was held at -20 °C. In this case, the bubbles freeze quickly and the ice grows radially from nucleation sites instead of perpendicular to the surface, which provides a clear contrast with the conduction limited room temperature bubbles.

Bubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Journal of Chemical Education, 2001

2001-01-01

Bubbles are a fun way to introduce the concepts of surface tension, intermolecular forces, and the use of surfactants. Presents two activities in which students add chemicals to liquid dishwashing detergent with water in order to create longer lasting bubbles. (ASK)

Bubble dynamics in a standing sound field: the bubble habitat.

PubMed

Koch, P; Kurz, T; Parlitz, U; Lauterborn, W

2011-11-01

Bubble dynamics is investigated numerically with special emphasis on the static pressure and the positional stability of the bubble in a standing sound field. The bubble habitat, made up of not dissolving, positionally and spherically stable bubbles, is calculated in the parameter space of the bubble radius at rest and sound pressure amplitude for different sound field frequencies, static pressures, and gas concentrations of the liquid. The bubble habitat grows with static pressure and shrinks with sound field frequency. The range of diffusionally stable bubble oscillations, found at positive slopes of the habitat-diffusion border, can be increased substantially with static pressure.

Photographic copy of computer enhanced color photographic image. Photographer and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of computer enhanced color photographic image. Photographer and computer draftsman unknown. Original photographic image located in the office of Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers at 1055 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70130. COMPUTER ENHANCED COLOR PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING THE PROPOSED HUEY P. LONG BRIDGE WIDENING LOOKING FROM THE WEST BANK TOWARD THE EAST BANK. - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

Micro-bubble emission boiling with the cavitation bubble blow pit

PubMed Central

Inada, Shigeaki; Shinagawa, Kazuaki; Illias, Suhaimi Bin; Sumiya, Hiroyuki; Jalaludin, Helmisyah A.

2016-01-01

The miniaturization boiling (micro-bubble emission boiling [MEB]) phenomenon, with a high heat removal capacity that contributes considerably to the cooling of the divertor of the nuclear fusion reactor, was discovered in the early 1980s. Extensive research on MEB has been performed since its discovery. However, the progress of the application has been delayed because the generation mechanism of MEB remains unclear. Reasons for this lack of clarity include the complexity of the phenomenon itself and the high-speed phase change phenomenon in which boiling and condensation are rapidly generated. In addition, a more advanced thermal technique is required to realize the MEB phenomenon at the laboratory scale. To the authors’ knowledge, few studies have discussed the rush mechanism of subcooled liquid to the heating surface, which is critical to elucidating the mechanism behind MEB. This study used photographic images to verify that the cavitation phenomenon spreads to the inside of the superheated liquid on the heating surface and thus clarify the mechanism of MEB. PMID:27628271

Bubble colloidal AFM probes formed from ultrasonically generated bubbles.

PubMed

Vakarelski, Ivan U; Lee, Judy; Dagastine, Raymond R; Chan, Derek Y C; Stevens, Geoffrey W; Grieser, Franz

2008-02-05

Here we introduce a simple and effective experimental approach to measuring the interaction forces between two small bubbles (approximately 80-140 microm) in aqueous solution during controlled collisions on the scale of micrometers to nanometers. The colloidal probe technique using atomic force microscopy (AFM) was extended to measure interaction forces between a cantilever-attached bubble and surface-attached bubbles of various sizes. By using an ultrasonic source, we generated numerous small bubbles on a mildly hydrophobic surface of a glass slide. A single bubble picked up with a strongly hydrophobized V-shaped cantilever was used as the colloidal probe. Sample force measurements were used to evaluate the pure water bubble cleanliness and the general consistency of the measurements.

Bubble Size Distribution in a Vibrating Bubble Column

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohagheghian, Shahrouz; Wilson, Trevor; Valenzuela, Bret; Hinds, Tyler; Moseni, Kevin; Elbing, Brian

2016-11-01

While vibrating bubble columns have increased the mass transfer between phases, a universal scaling law remains elusive. Attempts to predict mass transfer rates in large industrial scale applications by extrapolating laboratory scale models have failed. In a stationary bubble column, mass transfer is a function of phase interfacial area (PIA), while PIA is determined based on the bubble size distribution (BSD). On the other hand, BSD is influenced by the injection characteristics and liquid phase dynamics and properties. Vibration modifies the BSD by impacting the gas and gas-liquid dynamics. This work uses a vibrating cylindrical bubble column to investigate the effect of gas injection and vibration characteristics on the BSD. The bubble column has a 10 cm diameter and was filled with water to a depth of 90 cm above the tip of the orifice tube injector. BSD was measured using high-speed imaging to determine the projected area of individual bubbles, which the nominal bubble diameter was then calculated assuming spherical bubbles. The BSD dependence on the distance from the injector, injector design (1.6 and 0.8 mm ID), air flow rates (0.5 to 5 lit/min), and vibration conditions (stationary and vibration conditions varying amplitude and frequency) will be presented. In addition to mean data, higher order statistics will also be provided.

Emulsion Chamber Technology Experiment (ECT)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gregory, John C.; Takahashi, Yoshiyuki

1996-01-01

The experimental objective of Emulsion Chamber Technology (ECT) was to develop space-borne emulsion chamber technology so that cosmic rays and nuclear interactions may subsequently be studied at extremely high energies with long exposures in space. A small emulsion chamber was built and flown on flight STS-62 of the Columbia in March 1994. Analysis of the several hundred layers of radiation-sensitive material has shown excellent post-flight condition and suitability for cosmic ray physics analysis at much longer exposures. Temperature control of the stack was 20 +/-1 C throughout the active control period and no significant deviations of temperature or pressure in the chamber were observed over the entire mission operations period. The unfortunate flight attitude of the orbiter (almost 90% Earth viewing) prevented any significant number of heavy particles (Z greater than or equal to 10) reaching the stack and the inverted flow of shower particles in the calorimeter has not allowed evaluation of absolute primary cosmic ray-detection efficiency nor of the practical time limits of useful exposure of these calorimeters in space to the level of detail originally planned. Nevertheless, analysis of the observed backgrounds and quality of the processed photographic and plastic materials after the flight show that productive exposures of emulsion chambers are feasible in low orbit for periods of up to one year or longer. The engineering approaches taken in the ECT program were proven effective and no major environmental obstacles to prolonged flight are evident.

$pi$$sup +-$ TRACKS IN A FILAMENT SCINTILLATION CHAMBER

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reynolds, G.T.; Swanson, R.A.; Scarl, D.B.

1960-09-01

The performance of a filament scintillation chamber system designed for studies on stopping mesons was studied by exposing it to the 90-Mev pi/sup plus or minus/ beam of the Nevis cyclotron and taking a total of 16,000 photographs. THe results indicate that (1) except for meson tracks, the chamber appears clean even without the 200-mu sec gating and the iron blockhouse, (2) the magnetic field has no effect on the performance and resolution, (3) three or four tracks can appear in a single picture of the 1-in.-diameter chamber without confusion, and (4) even at the highest beam fluxes, the gatingmore » restricts the tracks to those selected by the counter system. Pictures of the distinguishable stopping of pi/ sup +/ and pi/sup -/ mesons are included. (D.L.C.)« less

The Investigation of the Effects of Gravity on Single Bubble Sonoluminescence

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dzikowicz, Ben; Thiessen, David B.; Marston, Philip

2000-01-01

In single bubble following it's rapid collapse each cycle of oscillation of an ultrasonic field. Since widely varying length and time scales affect the bubble dynamics and optical emission processes, it is difficult to anticipate the importance of the effects of gravity present for observations on earth. Our bubble is driven in an acoustically resonating cavity at it's first harmonic mode. The acoustical radiation pressure (Bjerknes force) will then keep it suspended in the center near the pressure antinode. When driven in a region where the diffusive processes balance the bubble it acts in a nonlinear but regular way, emitting a short (approx. 200ps) burst of light each acoustic cycle. Balancing the Bjerknes force with buoyancy, as in, we can see that the bubble should be displaced from the velocity node approximately 20m at normal gravity. Therefore, water flows past the bubble at the time of collapse. Gravitation also changes the ambient pressure at the bubble's location, as Delta.P = rho.g.h this gives a change of approximately -0.5% in our experiment when going from 1.8g to 0g. Studies of ambient pressure changes were also done in order to assess these effects. Inside a pressure sealed chamber a spherical glass cell is filled with distilled water which has been degassed to 120mmHg. A bubble is then trapped in the center and driven by a piezoelectric transducer at 32.2kHz attached to the side of the cell. An optical system is then set up to take strobbed video images along and light emission data simultaneously. Temperature, pressure, drive voltage, and listener voltage are also monitored. PMT output in Volts The radii of the bubbles for both experiment s are fit using the Rayleigh-Plesset equation and the acoustic drive amplitude and the ambient bubble radius are found. There is little change in the acoustic drive amplitude as we expect, since we are not varying the drive voltage. However. the ambient bubble radius goes up considerably. These changes

2. Wayne Chandler, Photographer, November 2000 Photographic copy of photograph ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Wayne Chandler, Photographer, November 2000 Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of Heritage Research, Ltd. Menomonee Falls, WI) John N. Vogel, Photographer, July 2000 View to southeast. Aerial view of Soo Complex. From left to right, locks are Sabin, Davis, New Poe, and MacArthur - St. Mary's Falls Canal, Soo Locks, St. Mary's River at Falls, Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa County, MI

Photographic combustion characterization of LOX/hydrocarbon type propellants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Judd, D. C.

1979-01-01

Single element injectors and two fuels were tested with the aim of photographically characterizing observed combustion phenomena. The three injectors tested were the O-F-O triplet, the transverse like on like (TLOL), and the rectangular unlike doublet (RUD). The fuels tested were RP-1 and propane. The hot firings were conducted in a specifically constructed chamber fitted with quartz windows for photographically viewing the impingement spray field. All LOX/HC testing demonstrated coking with the RP-1 fuel leaving far more soot than the propane fuel. No fuel freezing or popping was experienced under the test conditions evaluated. Carbon particle emission and combustion light brilliance increased with Pc for both fuels although RP-1 was far more energetic in this respect. The RSS phenomena appear to be present in the high Pc tests as evidenced by striations in the spray pattern and by separate fuel rich and oxidizer rich areas. The RUD element was also tested as a fuel rich gas generator element by switching the propellant circuits. Excessive sooting occurred at this low mixture ratio (0.55), precluding photographic data.

The effect of vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade on intraocular pressure and anterior chamber morphology.

PubMed

Suic, S P; Sikić, J

2001-01-01

We measured the tamponading effect of silicone oil, saline and air after vitrectomy, on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor outflow in 85 patients with highly proliferative retina and vitreous changes. Silicone oil as retinal tamponading agent after vitrectomy was used in 45 patients, and saline or air in 39 patients. The mean intraocular pressure measured at one month after treatment was greatly elevated in patients with silicone oil tamponade as compared to those with saline or air tamponade. At 6 and 12 months examinations, mean intraocular pressures were compared in these two groups of patients. Gonioscopy revealed silicone oil emulsification and presence of emulsified bubbles in the anterior chamber in 22.22% of patients, and narrowing of the chamber angle in several patients with silicone oil tamponade. Intraocular pressure elevation following vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade was found to be of transient rather than permanent nature, since it regressed after silicone oil removal. This transient elevation was due to silicone oil tendency to emulsify. Silicone oil bubbles changed the morphology of the anterior chamber angle and fine trabecular structures by creating a barrier to aqueous humor outflow.

Double bubble with the big-bubble technique during deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty.

PubMed

Wise, Stephanie; Dubord, Paul; Yeung, Sonia N

2017-04-28

To report a case of intraoperative double bubble that formed during big-bubble DALK surgery in a patient with corneal scarring secondary to herpetic stromal keratitis. Case report. A 22 year old woman presented with a large corneal scar, likely secondary to previous herpetic stromal keratitis. She underwent big-bubble DALK surgery for visual rehabilitation. Intraoperatively, a mixed bubble with persistent type 2 bubble postoperatively was noted. The second bubble resorbed with clearance of the graft and good visual outcome after 6 weeks. This case report describes the unusual development of a mixed bubble during big-bubble DALK surgery. This graft cleared with resolution of the second bubble postoperatively without further surgical intervention.

Enriched Air Nitrox Breathing Reduces Venous Gas Bubbles after Simulated SCUBA Diving: A Double-Blind Cross-Over Randomized Trial.

PubMed

Souday, Vincent; Koning, Nick J; Perez, Bruno; Grelon, Fabien; Mercat, Alain; Boer, Christa; Seegers, Valérie; Radermacher, Peter; Asfar, Pierre

2016-01-01

To test the hypothesis whether enriched air nitrox (EAN) breathing during simulated diving reduces decompression stress when compared to compressed air breathing as assessed by intravascular bubble formation after decompression. Human volunteers underwent a first simulated dive breathing compressed air to include subjects prone to post-decompression venous gas bubbling. Twelve subjects prone to bubbling underwent a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial including one simulated dive breathing compressed air, and one dive breathing EAN (36% O2) in a hyperbaric chamber, with identical diving profiles (28 msw for 55 minutes). Intravascular bubble formation was assessed after decompression using pulmonary artery pulsed Doppler. Twelve subjects showing high bubble production were included for the cross-over trial, and all completed the experimental protocol. In the randomized protocol, EAN significantly reduced the bubble score at all time points (cumulative bubble scores: 1 [0-3.5] vs. 8 [4.5-10]; P < 0.001). Three decompression incidents, all presenting as cutaneous itching, occurred in the air versus zero in the EAN group (P = 0.217). Weak correlations were observed between bubble scores and age or body mass index, respectively. EAN breathing markedly reduces venous gas bubble emboli after decompression in volunteers selected for susceptibility for intravascular bubble formation. When using similar diving profiles and avoiding oxygen toxicity limits, EAN increases safety of diving as compared to compressed air breathing. ISRCTN 31681480.

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 1942 (original print located ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 1942 (original print located at Southern UTE Agency, Bureau of Indian Affairs Office, Ignacio, Colorado). West front and south side of boy's dormitory. - Southern Ute Boarding School, Boy's Dormitory, Ouray & Capote Drives, Ignacio, La Plata County, CO

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 1942 (original print located ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 1942 (original print located at Southern UTE Agency, Bureau of Indian Affairs Office, Ignacio, Colorado). East rear and north side of boy's dormitory. - Southern Ute Boarding School, Boy's Dormitory, Ouray & Capote Drives, Ignacio, La Plata County, CO

Experimental study of the vidicon system for information recording using the wide-gap spark chamber of gamma - telescope gamma-I

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Akimov, V. V.; Bazer-Bashv, R.; Voronov, S. A.; Galper, A. M.; Gro, M.; Kalinkin, L. F.; Kerl, P.; Kozlov, V. D.; Koten, F.; Kretol, D.

1979-01-01

The development of the gamma ray telescope is investigated. The wide gap spark chambers, used to identify the gamma quanta and to determine the directions of their arrival, are examined. Two systems of information recording with the spark chambers photographic and vidicon system are compared.

Bubble diagnostics

DOEpatents

Visuri, Steven R.; Mammini, Beth M.; Da Silva, Luiz B.; Celliers, Peter M.

2003-01-01

The present invention is intended as a means of diagnosing the presence of a gas bubble and incorporating the information into a feedback system for opto-acoustic thrombolysis. In opto-acoustic thrombolysis, pulsed laser radiation at ultrasonic frequencies is delivered intraluminally down an optical fiber and directed toward a thrombus or otherwise occluded vessel. Dissolution of the occlusion is therefore mediated through ultrasonic action of propagating pressure or shock waves. A vapor bubble in the fluid surrounding the occlusion may form as a result of laser irradiation. This vapor bubble may be used to directly disrupt the occlusion or as a means of producing a pressure wave. It is desirable to detect the formation and follow the lifetime of the vapor bubble. Knowledge of the bubble formation and lifetime yields critical information as to the maximum size of the bubble, density of the absorbed radiation, and properties of the absorbing material. This information can then be used in a feedback system to alter the irradiation conditions.

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, August 1912 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, August 1912 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington). "A VIEW OF METHOD OF DAM CONSTRUCTION" - Kachess Dam, Kachess River, 1.5 miles north of Interstate 90, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, ca. 1930 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, ca. 1930 (original print located at Colorado Historical Society, Denver, Colorado). Overall view of Southern UTE Agency Boarding School, with boys dormitory at center. - Southern Ute Boarding School, Boy's Dormitory, Ouray & Capote Drives, Ignacio, La Plata County, CO

38. Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 26 March 1915 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

38. Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 26 March 1915 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington). " Dredge after failure of control dam." - Keechelus Dam, Yakima River, 10 miles northwest of Easton, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

39. Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 26 March 1915 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

39. Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 26 March 1915 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington). "View of control dam after failure." - Keechelus Dam, Yakima River, 10 miles northwest of Easton, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

Diagnostic-Photographic Determination of Drag/Lift/Torque Coefficients of High Speed Rigid Body in Water Column

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

various physical processes such as supercavitation and bubbles. A diagnostic- photographic method is developed in this study to determine the drag...nonlinear dynamics, body and multi-phase fluid interaction, supercavitation , and instability theory. The technical application of the hydrodynamics of...uV U ω= = − ×V e e e ei i , (29) where Eq.(9) is used. For a supercavitation area, a correction factor may be

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, August 1912 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, August 1912 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington). "METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING DAM AFTER REMOVING OF TRESTLE" - Kachess Dam, Kachess River, 1.5 miles north of Interstate 90, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

6. Photographic copy of photograph. No date. Photographer unknown. (Source: ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photographic copy of photograph. No date. Photographer unknown. (Source: SCIP office, Coolidge, AZ) CHINA WASH FLUME UNDER CONSTRUCTION - San Carlos Irrigation Project, China Wash Flume, Main (Florence-Case Grande) Canal at Station 137+00, T4S, R10E, S14, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, ca. 1930 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, ca. 1930 (original print located at Colorado Historical Society, Denver, Colorado). Overall views of Southern Ute Agency Boarding School, with boys' dormitory at left of lower view. - Southern Ute Boarding School, Boy's Dormitory, Ouray & Capote Drives, Ignacio, La Plata County, CO

46. Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 24 July 1916 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

46. Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 24 July 1916 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington). "Scheme for shelter for cransemen on bucyrus steam shovel." - Keechelus Dam, Yakima River, 10 miles northwest of Easton, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

How are soap bubbles blown? Fluid dynamics of soap bubble blowing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davidson, John; Lambert, Lori; Sherman, Erica; Wei, Timothy; Ryu, Sangjin

2013-11-01

Soap bubbles are a common interfacial fluid dynamics phenomenon having a long history of delighting not only children and artists but also scientists. In contrast to the dynamics of liquid droplets in gas and gas bubbles in liquid, the dynamics of soap bubbles has not been well documented. This is possibly because studying soap bubbles is more challenging due to there existing two gas-liquid interfaces. Having the thin-film interface seems to alter the characteristics of the bubble/drop creation process since the interface has limiting factors such as thickness. Thus, the main objective of this study is to determine how the thin-film interface differentiates soap bubbles from gas bubbles and liquid drops. To investigate the creation process of soap bubbles, we constructed an experimental model consisting of air jet flow and a soap film, which consistently replicates the conditions that a human produces when blowing soap bubbles, and examined the interaction between the jet and the soap film using the high-speed videography and the particle image velocimetry.

Femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery in vitrectomized eye with posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens

PubMed Central

Anisimova, Natalia; Malyugin, Boris; Arbisser, Lisa B.; Sobolev, Nikolay

2017-01-01

Summary We describe a case of femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) in an eye with multiple comorbidities, including retinal detachment surgery, high myopia, posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PC pIOL) and residual, emulsified, silicone oil located in the anterior chamber. FLACS was affected by the optical blockage, but the incomplete capsular tear was recoverable. The case suggests that silicone oil bubbles concentrated at the dome of the posterior corneal surface, along with the PC pIOL optic edges and scars after corneal astigmatic relaxing incisions can lead to incomplete anterior capsulotomy. PMID:28924422

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, ca. 1915 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, ca. 1915 (original print located at Southern Ute Agency, Bureau of Indian Affairs Office, Ignacio, Colorado). Overall view of Southern Ute Agency Boarding School, with main building (boy's dormitory) at right. - Southern Ute Boarding School, Boy's Dormitory, Ouray & Capote Drives, Ignacio, La Plata County, CO

Formation and evolution of bubbly screens in confined oscillating bubbly liquids.

PubMed

Shklyaev, Sergey; Straube, Arthur V

2010-01-01

We consider the dynamics of dilute monodisperse bubbly liquid confined by two plane solid walls and subject to small-amplitude high-frequency oscillations normal to the walls. The initial state corresponds to the uniform distribution of bubbles and motionless liquid. The period of external driving is assumed much smaller than typical relaxation times for a single bubble but larger than the period of volume eigenoscillations. The time-averaged description accounting for the two-way coupling between the liquid and the bubbles is applied. We show that the model predicts accumulation of bubbles in thin sheets parallel to the walls. These singular structures, which are formally characterized by infinitely thin width and infinitely high concentration, are referred to as bubbly screens. The formation of a bubbly screen is described analytically in terms of a self-similar solution, which is in agreement with numerical simulations. We study the evolution of bubbly screens and detect a one-dimensional stationary state, which is shown to be unconditionally unstable.

Formation and evolution of bubbly screens in confined oscillating bubbly liquids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shklyaev, Sergey; Straube, Arthur V.

2010-01-01

We consider the dynamics of dilute monodisperse bubbly liquid confined by two plane solid walls and subject to small-amplitude high-frequency oscillations normal to the walls. The initial state corresponds to the uniform distribution of bubbles and motionless liquid. The period of external driving is assumed much smaller than typical relaxation times for a single bubble but larger than the period of volume eigenoscillations. The time-averaged description accounting for the two-way coupling between the liquid and the bubbles is applied. We show that the model predicts accumulation of bubbles in thin sheets parallel to the walls. These singular structures, which are formally characterized by infinitely thin width and infinitely high concentration, are referred to as bubbly screens. The formation of a bubbly screen is described analytically in terms of a self-similar solution, which is in agreement with numerical simulations. We study the evolution of bubbly screens and detect a one-dimensional stationary state, which is shown to be unconditionally unstable.

6. Photographic copy of historic photograph (date and photograph unknown) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photographic copy of historic photograph (date and photograph unknown) of upper dam showing retaining walls (original in possession of United States Department of Agriculture-Forest Service-Allegheny National Forest). VIEW WEST - Loleta Recreation Area, Upper Dam, 6 miles Southeast of interesection of State Route 24041 & State Route 66, Loleta, Elk County, PA

Photographic copy of photograph, Walter Lubken, photographer, 1908 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, Walter Lubken, photographer, 1908 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Pacific Northwest Regional Office, Boise, Idaho). GOVERNMENT FORCES CONSTRUCTION CAMP AT THE BOISE RIVER DIVERSION DAMSITE BEFORE BEGINNING OF CONSTRUCTION ON DIVERSION STRUCTURE - Boise Project, Boise River Diversion Dam, Across Boise River, Boise, Ada County, ID

PDMS free-flow electrophoresis chips with integrated partitioning bars for bubble segregation.

PubMed

Köhler, Stefan; Weilbeer, Claudia; Howitz, Steffen; Becker, Holger; Beushausen, Volker; Belder, Detlev

2011-01-21

In this work, a microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis device with a novel approach for preventing gas bubbles from entering the separation area is presented. This is achieved by integrating partitioning bars to reduce the channel depth between electrode channels and separation chamber in order to obtain electrical contact and simultaneously prevent bubbles from entering the separation area. The three-layer sandwich chip features a reusable carrier plate with integrated ports for fluidic connection combined with a softlithographically cast microfluidic PDMS layer and a sealing glass slide. This design allows for a straightforward and rapid chip prototyping process. The performance of the device is demonstrated by free-flow zone electrophoretic separations of fluorescent dye mixtures as well as by the separation of labeled amines and amino acids with separation voltages up to 297 V.

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 18 February 1908 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 18 February 1908 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington). "LAKE KACHESS CRIB DAM. TAKEN FROM UPSTREAM SIDE. 4 FEET OF SNOW" - Kachess Dam, 1904 Cascade Canal Company Crib Dam, Kachess River, 1.5 miles north of Interstate 90, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

Oceanic Gas Bubble Measurements Using an Acoustic Bubble Spectrometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilson, S. J.; Baschek, B.; Deane, G.

2008-12-01

Gas bubble injection by breaking waves contributes significantly to the exchange of gases between atmosphere and ocean at high wind speeds. In this respect, CO2 is primarily important for the global ocean and climate, while O2 is especially relevant for ecosystems in the coastal ocean. For measuring oceanic gas bubble size distributions, a commercially available Dynaflow Acoustic Bubble Spectrometer (ABS) has been modified. Two hydrophones transmit and receive selected frequencies, measuring attenuation and absorption. Algorithms are then used to derive bubble size distributions. Tank test were carried out in order to test the instrument performance.The software algorithms were compared with Commander and Prosperetti's method (1989) of calculating sound speed ratio and attenuation for a known bubble distribution. Additional comparisons with micro-photography were carried out in the lab and will be continued during the SPACE '08 experiment in October 2008 at Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory. The measurements of gas bubbles will be compared to additional parameters, such as wind speed, wave height, white cap coverage, or dissolved gases.

Acoustic bubble removal method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trinh, E. H.; Elleman, D. D.; Wang, T. G. (Inventor)

1983-01-01

A method is described for removing bubbles from a liquid bath such as a bath of molten glass to be used for optical elements. Larger bubbles are first removed by applying acoustic energy resonant to a bath dimension to drive the larger bubbles toward a pressure well where the bubbles can coalesce and then be more easily removed. Thereafter, submillimeter bubbles are removed by applying acoustic energy of frequencies resonant to the small bubbles to oscillate them and thereby stir liquid immediately about the bubbles to facilitate their breakup and absorption into the liquid.

Photographic copy of photograph, B.G. James, photographer, 9 September 1935 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, B.G. James, photographer, 9 September 1935 (original print located at National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado). "DEBRIS IN SPILLWAY BASIN PILED BY HAND BY CCC WORKERS" - Kachess Dam, Kachess River, 1.5 miles north of Interstate 90, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

Chaotic bubbling and nonstagnant foams.

PubMed

Tufaile, Alberto; Sartorelli, José Carlos; Jeandet, Philippe; Liger-Belair, Gerard

2007-06-01

We present an experimental investigation of the agglomeration of bubbles obtained from a nozzle working in different bubbling regimes. This experiment consists of a continuous production of bubbles from a nozzle at the bottom of a liquid column, and these bubbles create a two-dimensional (2D) foam (or a bubble raft) at the top of this column. The bubbles can assemble in various dynamically stable arrangement, forming different kinds of foams in a liquid mixture of water and glycerol, with the effect that the bubble formation regimes influence the foam obtained from this agglomeration of bubbles. The average number of bubbles in the foam is related to the bubble formation frequency and the bubble mean lifetime. The periodic bubbling can generate regular or irregular foam, while a chaotic bubbling only generates irregular foam.

11. Photographic copy of aerial photograph dated ca. 1954; Photographer ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photographic copy of aerial photograph dated ca. 1954; Photographer unknown; Original owned by Waterloo Courier, Waterloo, Iowa; AERIAL VIEW OF RATH COMPLEX, LOOKING WEST; BEEF KILLING BUILDING (149 AND LIVESTOCK HOLDING AREAS ARE AT LEFT CENTER; FERTILIZER PLANT/STORAGE BUILDINGS ARE AT BOTTOM OF PHOTO - Rath Packing Company, Sycamore Street between Elm & Eighteenth Streets, Waterloo, Black Hawk County, IA

15. Photographic copy of photograph dated ca. 1929; Photographer unknown; ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Photographic copy of photograph dated ca. 1929; Photographer unknown; Original in Rath collection at Grout Museum, Waterloo, Iowa; Filed under: Rath Packing Company, Box 4; THE RATH COMPLEX IN THE LATE 1920S; LOOKING WEST FROM 18TH STREET; LARGE BUILDING AT CENTER IS HOG KILL (BUILDING 40) - Rath Packing Company, Sycamore Street between Elm & Eighteenth Streets, Waterloo, Black Hawk County, IA

18. Photographic copy of photograph, 1970 (original photograph in STRATCOM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. Photographic copy of photograph, 1970 (original photograph in STRATCOM Historian files, Offutt AFB, Bellevue, Nebraska). Interior view of two crew members operating the data display system in the battle staff compartment. - Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Looking Glass Aircraft, On Operational Apron covering northeast half of Project Looking Glass Historic District, Bellevue, Sarpy County, NE

23. Photographic copy of photograph (ca. 1930, photograph taken by ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

23. Photographic copy of photograph (ca. 1930, photograph taken by Harold Youngren; print located at Two Harbors Public Library, Two Harbors). "Machine shop and blacksmith shop." West end wall of boiler shop section of roundhouse also visible. Note monitors atop each section. View to northeast. - Duluth & Iron Range Rail Road Company Shops, Roundhouse, Southwest of downtown Two Harbors, northwest of Agate Bay, Two Harbors, Lake County, MN

11. Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 2 July 1938 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photographic copy of photograph, photographer unknown, 2 July 1938 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington). "Inspecting concrete on upstream face of Keechelus Dam spillway. Joseph Jacobs, consulting engineer; M.B. Lemon, Gatetender; Paul Taylor, assistant engineer; and C.H. Paul, consulting engineer." - Keechelus Dam, Spillway, Yakim River, 10 miles northwest of Easton, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

Bubble levitation and translation under single-bubble sonoluminescence conditions.

PubMed

Matula, Thomas J

2003-08-01

Bubble levitation in an acoustic standing wave is re-examined for conditions relevant to single-bubble sonoluminescence. Unlike a previous examination [Matula et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102, 1522-1527 (1997)], the stable parameter space [Pa,R0] is accounted for in this realization. Forces such as the added mass force and drag are included, and the results are compared with a simple force balance that equates the Bjerknes force to the buoyancy force. Under normal sonoluminescence conditions, the comparison is quite favorable. A more complete accounting of the forces shows that a stably levitated bubble does undergo periodic translational motion. The asymmetries associated with translational motion are hypothesized to generate instabilities in the spherical shape of the bubble. A reduction in gravity results in reduced translational motion. It is hypothesized that such conditions may lead to increased light output from sonoluminescing bubbles.

Cavitation bubble nucleation induced by shock-bubble interaction in a gelatin gel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oguri, Ryota; Ando, Keita

2018-05-01

An optical visualization technique is developed to study cavitation bubble nucleation that results from interaction between a laser-induced shock and a preexisting gas bubble in a 10 wt. % gelatin gel; images of the nucleated cavitation bubbles are captured and the cavitation inception pressure is determined based on Euler flow simulation. A spherical gas cavity is generated by focusing an infrared laser pulse into a gas-supersaturated gel and the size of the laser-generated bubble in mechanical equilibrium is tuned via mass transfer of the dissolved gas into the bubble. A spherical shock is then generated, through rapid expansion of plasma induced by the laser focusing, in the vicinity of the gas bubble. The shock-bubble interaction is recorded by a CCD camera with flash illumination of a nanosecond green laser pulse. The observation captures cavitation inception in the gel under tension that results from acoustic impedance mismatching at the bubble interface interacting with the shock. We measure the probability of cavitation inception from a series of the repeated experiments, by varying the bubble radius and the standoff distance. The threshold pressure is defined at the cavitation inception probability equal to one half and is calculated, through comparisons to Euler flow simulation, at -24.4 MPa. This threshold value is similar to that from shock-bubble interaction experiments using water, meaning that viscoelasticity of the 10 wt. % gelatin gel has a limited impact on bubble nucleation dynamics.

Documentation of Plant Growth in an EPO-Kit C Chamber taken during Expedition 15

NASA Image and Video Library

2007-08-20

ISS015-E-23475 (20 Aug. 2007) --- Close-up view of a plant growth experiment in an Education Payload Operations experiment collapsible growth chamber (labeled "Lettuce") photographed in the U.S. Laboratory or Destiny module aboard the International Space Station during Expedition 15.

12. Photographic copy of photograph, I.E. Houk, Jr., photographer, 26 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photographic copy of photograph, I.E. Houk, Jr., photographer, 26 September 1951 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington). "Keechelus Dam spillway. Placing concrete with scoopmobile and 'buggies', Hall Atwater Co." - Keechelus Dam, Spillway, Yakim River, 10 miles northwest of Easton, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

13. Photocopy of photograph. Photographer unknown, circa 1940. Original photograph ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. Photocopy of photograph. Photographer unknown, circa 1940. Original photograph can be found in Marvine Colliery folder in the archives of the Lackawanna Historical Society, Scranton, Pennsylvania. VIEW SHOWING SOUTH AND EAST FACADES OF BREAKER, WITH OVERHEAD PIPING IN FOREGROUND AND RETAIL SCALES OFFICE AT FAR RIGHT, LOOKING NORTHWEST - Marvine Colliery, Breaker No. 2, West side Boulevard Avenue, between East Parker Street & Route 380, Scranton, Lackawanna County, PA

11. Photocopy of photograph. Photographer unknown, circa 1955. Original photograph ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photocopy of photograph. Photographer unknown, circa 1955. Original photograph can be found in Marvine Colliery folder in the archives of the Lackawanna Historical Society, Scranton, Pennsylvania. VIEW SHOWING EAST AND NORTH FACADES OF BREAKER, WITH BOILER HOUSE AT FAR LEFT AND RETAIL SCALES OFFICE DIRECTLY EAST OF BREAKER, LOOKING SOUTHWEST - Marvine Colliery, Breaker No. 2, West side Boulevard Avenue, between East Parker Street & Route 380, Scranton, Lackawanna County, PA

RECORDING DEVICE FOR 128 CHANNEL IONIZATION CHAMBERS (in Russian)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Goryunov, N.N.

1959-05-01

Descriptions are given of a 128-channel amplitude recording device desiged for operation with ionization chambers. Each channl has a large puse recording dynamic amplitude range (amplitudes can vary from each other up to 8000 fold). The recording of amplitudes is accomplished by photographing pulses on a cathode ray tube. With the aid of a commutation device it is possible to record 64 pulses simultaneously on one tube screen. (tr-auth)

15. Photographic copy of photograph, n.d. (original photograph in STRATCOM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Photographic copy of photograph, n.d. (original photograph in STRATCOM Historian files, Offutt AFB, Bellevue, Nebraska). Interior view of crew members at work in battle staff compartment. - Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Looking Glass Aircraft, On Operational Apron covering northeast half of Project Looking Glass Historic District, Bellevue, Sarpy County, NE

Aerobic exercise before diving reduces venous gas bubble formation in humans

PubMed Central

Dujić, Željko; Duplančic, Darko; Marinovic-Terzić, Ivana; Baković, Darija; Ivančev, Vladimir; Valic, Zoran; Eterović, Davor; Petri, Nadan M; Wisløff, Ulrik; Brubakk, Alf O

2004-01-01

We have previously shown in a rat model that a single bout of high-intensity aerobic exercise 20h before a simulated dive reduces bubble formation and after the dive protects from lethal decompression sickness. The present study investigated the importance of these findings in man. Twelve healthy male divers were compressed in a hyperbaric chamber to 280kPa at a rate of 100kPamin−1 breathing air and remaining at pressure for 80min. The ascent rate was 9mmin−1 with a 7min stop at 130kPa. Each diver underwent two randomly assigned simulated dives, with or without preceding exercise. A single interval exercise performed 24h before the dive consisted of treadmill running at 90% of maximum heart rate for 3min, followed by exercise at 50% of maximum heart rate for 2min; this was repeated eight times for a total exercise period of 40min. Venous gas bubbles were monitored with an ultrasonic scanner every 20min for 80min after reaching surface pressure. The study demonstrated that a single bout of strenuous exercise 24h before a dive to 18 m of seawater significantly reduced the average number of bubbles in the pulmonary artery from 0.98 to 0.22 bubbles cm−2(P= 0.006) compared to dives without preceding exercise. The maximum bubble grade was decreased from 3 to 1.5 (P= 0.002) by pre-dive exercise, thereby increasing safety. This is the first report to indicate that pre-dive exercise may form the basis for a new way of preventing serious decompression sickness. PMID:14755001

Dynamics of Vapour Bubbles in Nucleate Boiling. 2; Evolution of Thermally Controlled Bubbles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buyevich, Yu A.; Webbon, Bruce W.; Callaway, Robert (Technical Monitor)

1995-01-01

The previously developed dynamic theory of growth and detachment of vapour bubbles under conditions of nucleate pool boiling is applied to study motion and deformation of a bubble evolving at a single nucleation site. The bubble growth is presumed to be thermally controlled, and two components of heat transfer to the bubble are accounted of: the one from the bulk of surrounding liquid and the one due to heat conduction across a liquid microlayer formed underneath the bubble. Bubble evolution is governed by the buoyancy and an effective surface tension force, both the forces making the bubble centre of mass move away from the wall and, thus, assisting its detachment. Buoyancy-controlled and surface-tension-controlled regimes are considered separately in a meticulous way. The duration of the whole process of bubble evolution till detachment, the rate of growth, and the bubble departure size are found as functions of time and physical and operating parameters. Some repeatedly observed phenomena, such as an influence of gravity on the growth rate, are explained. Inferences of the model agree qualitatively with available experimental evidence, and conclusions pertaining to the dependence on gravity of the bubble radius at detachment and the whole time of the bubble development when being attached to the wall are confirmed quantitatively.

Photocopy of photograph. Photographer unknown. Typical suggestion award photograph from ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photocopy of photograph. Photographer unknown. Typical suggestion award photograph from the World War II period. Useful suggestions were awarded a $ 50 bond and usually a photo in the shipyard newspaper, the beacon. This photo shows an improved bilge block template layout table left to right: Stuart S. Sanders, Rosalie Moschella, Eddie Ormond, Lt. CDR. J.M. Ballinger, and A.A. Goldman. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, League Island, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

16. Photographic copy of photograph, 1973 (original photograph in 55th ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. Photographic copy of photograph, 1973 (original photograph in 55th Wing Historian files, Offutt AFB, Bellevue, Nebraska). Interior view showing Major General Jerry Johnson and crew at work in battle staff compartment. - Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Looking Glass Aircraft, On Operational Apron covering northeast half of Project Looking Glass Historic District, Bellevue, Sarpy County, NE

Interfacial Bubble Deformations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seymour, Brian; Shabane, Parvis; Cypull, Olivia; Cheng, Shengfeng; Feitosa, Klebert

Soap bubbles floating at an air-water experience deformations as a result of surface tension and hydrostatic forces. In this experiment, we investigate the nature of such deformations by taking cross-sectional images of bubbles of different volumes. The results show that as their volume increases, bubbles transition from spherical to hemispherical shape. The deformation of the interface also changes with bubble volume with the capillary rise converging to the capillary length as volume increases. The profile of the top and bottom of the bubble and the capillary rise are completely determined by the volume and pressure differences. James Madison University Department of Physics and Astronomy, 4VA Consortium, Research Corporation for Advancement of Science.

14. Photographic copy of photograph dated ca. 1925; Photographer unknown; ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Photographic copy of photograph dated ca. 1925; Photographer unknown; Original in Rath collection at Iowa State University Libraries, Department of Special Collection, Ames, Iowa; Filed under: Rath Packing Company, Public Relations, Symbol N, Box 106, File 6: THE RATH COMPLEX IN THE MID 1920; LARGE BUILDING TO LEFT OF SMOKESTACK IS HOG KILL (BUILDING 40); LOOKING NORTH FROM ACROSS CEDAR RIVER - Rath Packing Company, Sycamore Street between Elm & Eighteenth Streets, Waterloo, Black Hawk County, IA

Bubble Dynamics and Resulting Noise from Traveling Bubble Cavitation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-13

proportional to the gas content. The subjectivity of visual cavitation determination is evidenced by the maximum standard deviation. As mentioned before...bubble radii at the maximum radius position on the model. The point on the model where the bubble will be at its maximum volume was determined by...48 3.7 Recording Bubble Dynamics . • . * . . . . 52 3.8 Measurement of Gas Nuclei in Water 0 • 52 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Paqe

Nonspherical laser-induced cavitation bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lim, Kang Yuan; Quinto-Su, Pedro A.; Klaseboer, Evert; Khoo, Boo Cheong; Venugopalan, Vasan; Ohl, Claus-Dieter

2010-01-01

The generation of arbitrarily shaped nonspherical laser-induced cavitation bubbles is demonstrated with a optical technique. The nonspherical bubbles are formed using laser intensity patterns shaped by a spatial light modulator using linear absorption inside a liquid gap with a thickness of 40μm . In particular we demonstrate the dynamics of elliptic, toroidal, square, and V-shaped bubbles. The bubble dynamics is recorded with a high-speed camera at framing rates of up to 300000 frames per second. The observed bubble evolution is compared to predictions from an axisymmetric boundary element simulation which provides good qualitative agreement. Interesting dynamic features that are observed in both the experiment and simulation include the inversion of the major and minor axis for elliptical bubbles, the rotation of the shape for square bubbles, and the formation of a unidirectional jet for V-shaped bubbles. Further we demonstrate that specific bubble shapes can either be formed directly through the intensity distribution of a single laser focus, or indirectly using secondary bubbles that either confine the central bubble or coalesce with the main bubble. The former approach provides the ability to generate in principle any complex bubble geometry.

The dynamics of histotripsy bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kreider, Wayne; Bailey, Michael R.; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A.; Khokhlova, Vera A.; Crum, Lawrence A.

2011-09-01

Histotripsy describes treatments in which high-amplitude acoustic pulses are used to excite bubbles and erode tissue. Though tissue erosion can be directly attributed to bubble activity, the genesis and dynamics of bubbles remain unclear. Histotripsy lesions that show no signs of thermal coagulative damage have been generated with two different acoustic protocols: relatively long acoustic pulses that produce local boiling within milliseconds and relatively short pulses that are higher in amplitude but likely do not produce boiling. While these two approaches are often distinguished as `boiling' versus `cavitation', such labels can obscure similarities. In both cases, a bubble undergoes large changes in radius and vapor is transported into and out of the bubble as it oscillates. Moreover, observations from both approaches suggest that bubbles grow to a size at which they cease to collapse violently. In order to better understand the dynamics of histotripsy bubbles, a single-bubble model has been developed that couples acoustically excited bubble motions to the thermodynamic state of the surrounding liquid. Using this model for bubbles exposed to histotripsy sound fields, simulations suggest that two mechanisms can act separately or in concert to lead to the typically observed bubble growth. First, nonlinear acoustic propagation leads to the evolution of shocks and an asymmetry in the positive and negative pressures that drive bubble motion. This asymmetry can have a rectifying effect on bubble oscillations whereby the bubble grows on average during each acoustic cycle. Second, vapor transport to/from the bubble tends to produce larger bubbles, especially at elevated temperatures. Vapor transport by itself can lead to rectified bubble growth when the ambient temperature exceeds 100 °C (`boiling') or local heating in the vicinity of the bubble leads to a superheated boundary layer.

FERMI BUBBLES AND BUBBLE-LIKE EMISSION FROM THE GALACTIC PLANE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

De Boer, Wim; Weber, Markus, E-mail: wim.de.boer@kit.edu, E-mail: markus.weber2@kit.edu

2014-10-10

The diffuse gamma-ray sky revealed ''bubbles'' of emission above and below the Galactic plane, symmetric around the center of the Milky Way, with a height of 10 kpc in both directions. At present, there is no convincing explanation for the origin. To understand the role of the Galactic center, one has to study the bubble spectrum inside the disk, a region that has been excluded from previous analyses because of the large foreground. From a novel template fit, which allows a simultaneous determination of the signal and foreground in any direction, we find that bubble-like emission is not only found inmore » the halo, but in the Galactic plane as well, with a width in latitude coinciding with the molecular clouds. The longitude distribution has a width corresponding to the Galactic bar with an additional contribution from the Scutum-Centaurus arm. The energy spectrum of the bubbles coincides with the predicted contribution from CRs trapped in sources (SCRs). Also, the energetics fits well. Hence, we conclude that the bubble-like emission has a hadronic origin that arises from SCRs, and the bubbles in the halo arise from hadronic interactions in advected gas. Evidence for advection is provided by the ROSAT X-rays of hot gas in the bubble region.« less

Comparison of two different methods of preoperative marking for toric intraocular lens implantation: bubble marker versus pendulum marker.

PubMed

Farooqui, Javed Hussain; Koul, Archana; Dutta, Ranjan; Shroff, Noshir Minoo

2016-01-01

To compare the accuracy of two different methods of preoperative marking for toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, bubble marker versus pendulum marker, as a means of establishing the reference point for the final alignment of the toric IOL to achieve an outcome as close as possible to emmetropia. Toric IOLs were implanted in 180 eyes of 110 patients. One group (55 patients) had preoperative marking of both eyes done with bubble marker (ASICO AE-2791TBL) and the other group (55 patients) with pendulum marker (Rumex(®)3-193). Reference marks were placed at 3-, 6-, and 9-o'clock positions on the limbus. Slit-lamp photographs were analyzed using Adobe Photoshop (version 7.0). Amount of alignment error (in degrees) induced in each group was measured. Mean absolute rotation error in the preoperative marking in the horizontal axis was 2.42±1.71 in the bubble marker group and 2.83±2.31in the pendulum marker group (P=0.501). Sixty percent of the pendulum group and 70% of the bubble group had rotation error ≤3 (P=0.589), and 90% eyes of the pendulum group and 96.7% of the bubble group had rotation error ≤5 (P=0.612). Both preoperative marking techniques result in approximately 3 of alignment error. Both marking techniques are simple, predictable, reproducible and easy to perform.

Electrowetting of soap bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arscott, Steve

2013-07-01

A proof-of-concept demonstration of the electrowetting-on-dielectric of a sessile soap bubble is reported here. The bubbles are generated using a commercial soap bubble mixture—the surfaces are composed of highly doped, commercial silicon wafers covered with nanometer thick films of Teflon®. Voltages less than 40 V are sufficient to observe the modification of the bubble shape and the apparent bubble contact angle. Such observations open the way to inter alia the possibility of bubble-transport, as opposed to droplet-transport, in fluidic microsystems (e.g., laboratory-on-a-chip)—the potential gains in terms of volume, speed, and surface/volume ratio are non-negligible.

Photographic copy of photograph, B.G. James, photographer, 15 October 1935 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, B.G. James, photographer, 15 October 1935 (original print located at National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado). "PERSONNEL IN CONNECTION WITH WORK. LEFT TO RIGHT - PAUL TAYLOR (BUREAU), CAPTAIN ORDWAY (ARMY), LIEUT. MCCALL (ARMY), LIEUT. LAWSON (ARMY), CAMP SUPT H.E. HOLMAN, MECHANIC WM. PROCTOR WHO SUPERVISED CCC WORKERS" - Kachess Dam, Kachess River, 1.5 miles north of Interstate 90, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

Nonlinear Bubble Dynamics And The Effects On Propagation Through Near-Surface Bubble Layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leighton, Timothy G.

2004-11-01

Nonlinear bubble dynamics are often viewed as the unfortunate consequence of having to use high acoustic pressure amplitudes when the void fraction in the near-surface oceanic bubble layer is great enough to cause severe attenuation (e.g. >50 dB/m). This is seen as unfortunate since existing models for acoustic propagation in bubbly liquids are based on linear bubble dynamics. However, the development of nonlinear models does more than just allow quantification of the errors associated with the use of linear models. It also offers the possibility of propagation modeling and acoustic inversions which appropriately incorporate the bubble nonlinearity. Furthermore, it allows exploration and quantification of possible nonlinear effects which may be exploited. As a result, high acoustic pressure amplitudes may be desirable even in low void fractions, because they offer opportunities to gain information about the bubble cloud from the nonlinearities, and options to exploit the nonlinearities to enhance communication and sonar in bubbly waters. This paper presents a method for calculating the nonlinear acoustic cross-sections, scatter, attenuations and sound speeds from bubble clouds which may be inhomogeneous. The method allows prediction of the time dependency of these quantities, both because the cloud may vary and because the incident acoustic pulse may have finite and arbitrary time history. The method can be readily adapted for bubbles in other environments (e.g. clouds of interacting bubbles, sediments, structures, in vivo, reverberant conditions etc.). The possible exploitation of bubble acoustics by marine mammals, and for sonar enhancement, is explored.

Chamber for the optical manipulation of microscopic particles

DOEpatents

Buican, Tudor N.; Upham, Bryan D.

1992-01-01

A particle control chamber enables experiments to be carried out on biological cells and the like using a laser system to trap and manipulate the particles. A manipulation chamber provides a plurality of inlet and outlet ports for the particles and for fluids used to control or to contact the particles. A central manipulation area is optically accessible by the laser and includes first enlarged volumes for containing a selected number of particles for experimentation. A number of first enlarged volumes are connected by flow channels through second enlarged volumes. The second enlarged volumes act as bubble valves for controlling the interconnections between the first enlarged volumes. Electrode surfaces may be applied above the first enlarged volumes to enable experimentation using the application of electric fields within the first enlarged volumes. A variety of chemical and environmental conditions may be established within individual first enlarged volumes to enable experimental conditions for small scale cellular interactions.

Coarsening Dynamics of Inclusions and Thermocapillary Phenomena in Smectic Liquid Crystal Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Cheol; Maclennan, Joseph; Glaser, Matthew; Clark, Noel; Trittel, Torsten; Eremin, Alexey; Stannarius, Ralf; Tin, Padetha; Hall, Nancy

The Observation and Analysis of Smectic Islands in Space (OASIS) project comprises a series of experiments that probe interfacial and hydrodynamic behavior of thin spherical-bubbles of smectic liquid crystal in microgravity. Smectic films are the thinnest known stable condensed phase structures, making them ideal for studies of two-dimensional (2D) coarsening dynamics and thermocapillary phenomena in microgravity. The OASIS flight hardware was launched on SpaceX-6 in April 2015 and experiments were carried out on the International Space Station using four different smectic A and C liquid crystal materials in separate sample chambers. We will describe the behavior of collective island dynamics on the bubbles, including temperature gradient-induced themomigration, and the diffusion and coalescence-driven coarsening dynamics of island emulsions in microgravity. This work was supported by NASA Grant No. NNX-13AQ81G, and NSF MRSEC Grants No. DMR-0820579 and DMR-1420736.

Letter: Entrapment and interaction of an air bubble with an oscillating cavitation bubble

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kannan, Y. S.; Karri, Badarinath; Sahu, Kirti Chandra

2018-04-01

The mechanism of the formation of an air bubble due to an oscillating cavitation bubble in its vicinity is reported from an experimental study using high-speed imaging. The cavitation bubble is created close to the free surface of water using a low-voltage spark circuit comprising two copper electrodes in contact with each other. Before the bubble is created, a third copper wire is positioned in contact with the free surface of water close to the two crossing electrodes. Due to the surface tension at the triple point (wire-water-air) interface, a small dip is observed in the free surface at the point where the wire is immersed. When the cavitation bubble is created, the bubble pushes at the dip while expanding and pulls at it while collapsing. The collapse phase leads to the entrapment of an air bubble at the wire immersion point. During this phase, the air bubble undergoes a "catapult" effect, i.e., it expands to a maximum size and then collapses with a microjet at the free surface. To the best of our knowledge, this mechanism has not been reported so far. A parametric study is also conducted to understand the effects of wire orientation and bubble distance from the free surface.

14. Photographic copy of photograph, n.d. (original photograph in 55th ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Photographic copy of photograph, n.d. (original photograph in 55th Wing Historian files, Offutt AFB, Bellevue, Nebraska). Detail of funnel-shaped drogue that holds the trailing wire antenna, a component of the aircraft's communication system. - Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Looking Glass Aircraft, On Operational Apron covering northeast half of Project Looking Glass Historic District, Bellevue, Sarpy County, NE

Bubble bath soap poisoning

MedlinePlus

... medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002762.htm Bubble bath soap poisoning To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Bubble bath soap poisoning occurs when someone swallows bubble bath soap. ...

Focal Point Inside the Vacuum Chamber for Solar Thermal Propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1999-01-01

Researchers at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) have designed, fabricated, and tested the first solar thermal engine, a non-chemical rocket engine that produces lower thrust but has better thrust efficiency than a chemical combustion engine. MSFC turned to solar thermal propulsion in the early 1990s due to its simplicity, safety, low cost, and commonality with other propulsion systems. Solar thermal propulsion works by acquiring and redirecting solar energy to heat a propellant. The 20- by 24-ft heliostat mirror (not shown in this photograph) has dual-axis control that keeps a reflection of the sunlight on an 18-ft diameter concentrator mirror, which then focuses the sunlight to a 4-in focal point inside the vacuum chamber. The focal point has 10 kilowatts of intense solar power. This photograph is a close-up view of a 4-in focal point inside the vacuum chamber at the MSFC Solar Thermal Propulsion Test facility. As part of MSFC's Space Transportation Directorate, the Propulsion Research Center serves as a national resource for research of advanced, revolutionary propulsion technologies. The mission is to move the Nation's capabilities beyond the confines of conventional chemical propulsion into an era of aircraft-like access to Earth orbit, rapid travel throughout the solar system, and exploration of interstellar space.

Visualization of airflow growing soap bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al Rahbi, Hamood; Bock, Matthew; Ryu, Sangjin

2016-11-01

Visualizing airflow inside growing soap bubbles can answer questions regarding the fluid dynamics of soap bubble blowing, which is a model system for flows with a gas-liquid-gas interface. Also, understanding the soap bubble blowing process is practical because it can contribute to controlling industrial processes similar to soap bubble blowing. In this study, we visualized airflow which grows soap bubbles using the smoke wire technique to understand how airflow blows soap bubbles. The soap bubble blower setup was built to mimic the human blowing process of soap bubbles, which consists of a blower, a nozzle and a bubble ring. The smoke wire was placed between the nozzle and the bubble ring, and smoke-visualized airflow was captured using a high speed camera. Our visualization shows how air jet flows into the growing soap bubble on the ring and how the airflow interacts with the soap film of growing bubble.

A derivation of the stable cavitation threshold accounting for bubble-bubble interactions.

PubMed

Guédra, Matthieu; Cornu, Corentin; Inserra, Claude

2017-09-01

The subharmonic emission of sound coming from the nonlinear response of a bubble population is the most used indicator for stable cavitation. When driven at twice their resonance frequency, bubbles can exhibit subharmonic spherical oscillations if the acoustic pressure amplitude exceeds a threshold value. Although various theoretical derivations exist for the subharmonic emission by free or coated bubbles, they all rest on the single bubble model. In this paper, we propose an analytical expression of the subharmonic threshold for interacting bubbles in a homogeneous, monodisperse cloud. This theory predicts a shift of the subharmonic resonance frequency and a decrease of the corresponding pressure threshold due to the interactions. For a given sonication frequency, these results show that an optimal value of the interaction strength (i.e. the number density of bubbles) can be found for which the subharmonic threshold is minimum, which is consistent with recently published experiments conducted on ultrasound contrast agents. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Single Bubble Sonoluminescence in Low Gravity and Optical Radiation Pressure Positioning of the Bubble

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thiessen, D. B.; Young, J. E.; Marr-Lyon, M. J.; Richardson, S. L.; Breckon, C. D.; Douthit, S. G.; Jian, P. S.; Torruellas, W. E.; Marston, P. L.

1999-01-01

Several groups of researchers have demonstrated that high frequency sound in water may be used to cause the regular repeated compression and luminescence of a small bubble of gas in a flask. The phenomenon is known as single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL). It is potentially important because light emitted by the bubble appears to be associated with a significant concentration of energy within the volume of the bubble. Unfortunately, the detailed physical mechanisms causing the radiation of light by oscillating bubbles are poorly understood and there is some evidence that carrying out experiments in a weightless environment may provide helpful clues. In addition, the radiation pressure of laser beams on the bubble may provide a way of simulating weightless experiments in the laboratory. The standard model of SBSL attributes the light emission to heating within the bubble by a spherically imploding shock wave to achieve temperatures of 50,000 K or greater. In an alternative model, the emission is attributed to the impact of a jet of water which is required to span the bubble and the formation of the jet is linked to the buoyancy of the bubble. The coupling between buoyancy and jet formation is a consequence of the displacement of the bubble from a velocity node (pressure antinode) of the standing acoustic wave that drives the radial bubble oscillations. One objective of this grant is to understand SBSL emission in reduced buoyancy on KC-135 parabolic flights. To optimize the design of those experiments and for other reasons which will help resolve the role of buoyancy, laboratory experiments are planned in simulated low gravity in which the radiation pressure of laser light will be used to position the bubble at the acoustic velocity node of the ultrasonic standing wave. Laser light will also be used to push the bubble away from the velocity node, increasing the effective buoyancy. The original experiments on the optical levitation and radiation pressure on bubbles

Comparison of two different methods of preoperative marking for toric intraocular lens implantation: bubble marker versus pendulum marker

PubMed Central

Farooqui, Javed Hussain; Koul, Archana; Dutta, Ranjan; Shroff, Noshir Minoo

2016-01-01

AIM To compare the accuracy of two different methods of preoperative marking for toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, bubble marker versus pendulum marker, as a means of establishing the reference point for the final alignment of the toric IOL to achieve an outcome as close as possible to emmetropia. METHODS Toric IOLs were implanted in 180 eyes of 110 patients. One group (55 patients) had preoperative marking of both eyes done with bubble marker (ASICO AE-2791TBL) and the other group (55 patients) with pendulum marker (Rumex®3-193). Reference marks were placed at 3-, 6-, and 9-o'clock positions on the limbus. Slit-lamp photographs were analyzed using Adobe Photoshop (version 7.0). Amount of alignment error (in degrees) induced in each group was measured. RESULTS Mean absolute rotation error in the preoperative marking in the horizontal axis was 2.42±1.71 in the bubble marker group and 2.83±2.31in the pendulum marker group (P=0.501). Sixty percent of the pendulum group and 70% of the bubble group had rotation error ≤3 (P=0.589), and 90% eyes of the pendulum group and 96.7% of the bubble group had rotation error ≤5 (P=0.612). CONCLUSION Both preoperative marking techniques result in approximately 3 of alignment error. Both marking techniques are simple, predictable, reproducible and easy to perform. PMID:27275425

Generating Singlet Oxygen Bubbles: A New Mechanism for Gas-Liquid Oxidations in Water

PubMed Central

Bartusik, Dorota; Aebisher, David; Ghafari, BiBi

2012-01-01

Laser-coupled microphotoreactors were developed to bubble singlet oxygen [1O2 (1Δg)] into an aqueous solution containing an oxidizable compound. The reactors consisted of custom-modified SMA fiber-optic receptacles loaded with 150-μm silicon phthalocyanine glass sensitizer particles, where the particles were isolated from direct contact with water by a membrane adhesively bonded to the bottom of each device. A tube fed O2 gas to the reactor chambers. In the presence of O2, singlet oxygen was generated by illuminating the sensitizer particles with 669-nm light from an optical fiber coupled to the top of the reactor. The generated 1O2 was transported through the membrane by the O2 stream and formed bubbles in solution. In solution, singlet oxygen reacted with probe compounds (either 9,10-anthracene dipropionate dianion, trans-2-methyl-2-pentanoate anion, N-benzoyl-D,L-methionine, and N-acetyl-D,L-methionine) to give oxidized products in two stages. The early stage was rapid and showed that 1O2 transfer occurred via bubbles mainly in the bulk water solution. The later stage was slow, it arose only from 1O2-probe molecule contact at the gas/liquid interface. A mechanism is proposed that involves 1O2 mass transfer and solvation, where smaller bubbles provide better penetration of 1O2 into the flowing stream due to higher surface-to-volume contact between the probe molecules and 1O2. PMID:22260325

Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prosperetti, Andrea

2002-11-01

``Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas": bubbles are emptiness, non-liquid, a tiny cloud shielding a mathematical singularity. Born from chance, a violent and brief life ending in the union with the (nearly) infinite. But a wealth of phenomena spring forth from this nothingness: underwater noise, sonoluminescence, boiling, many others. Ultimately, diffusive processes govern much of the physics, and the difference between the diffusivity of heat and dissolved gases in ordinary liquids holds the key to the striking differences between gas and vapor bubbles.

Fermi Bubble: Giant Gamma-Ray Bubbles in the Milky Way

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Meng

Data from the Fermi-LAT reveal two gigantic gamma-ray emitting bubble structures (known as the Fermibubbles), extending˜50° above and below the Galactic center symmetric about the Galactic plane, with a width of˜40∘ in longitude. The gamma-ray emission associated with these bubbles has a significantly harder spectrum ({dN}/{dE} ˜ {E}^{-2}) than the inverse Compton emission from known cosmic ray electrons in the Galactic disk, or the gamma-rays produced by decay of pions from proton-ISM collisions. The bubbles are spatially correlated with the hard-spectrum microwave excess known as the WMAPhaze; the edges of the bubbles also line up with features in the ROSATsoft X-ray maps at 1.5-2keV. The Fermibubble is most likely created by some large episode of energy injection in the Galactic center, such as past accretion events onto the central massive black hole, or a nuclear starburst in the last˜10Myr. Study of the origin and evolution of the bubbles also has the potential to improve our understanding of recent energetic events in the inner Galaxy and the high-latitude cosmic ray population.

Bubble measuring instrument and method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Magari, Patrick J. (Inventor); Kline-Schoder, Robert (Inventor)

2003-01-01

Method and apparatus are provided for a non-invasive bubble measuring instrument operable for detecting, distinguishing, and counting gaseous embolisms such as bubbles over a selectable range of bubble sizes of interest. A selected measurement volume in which bubbles may be detected is insonified by two distinct frequencies from a pump transducer and an image transducer, respectively. The image transducer frequency is much higher than the pump transducer frequency. The relatively low-frequency pump signal is used to excite bubbles to resonate at a frequency related to their diameter. The image transducer is operated in a pulse-echo mode at a controllable repetition rate that transmits bursts of high-frequency ultrasonic signal to the measurement volume in which bubbles may be detected and then receives the echo. From the echo or received signal, a beat signal related to the repetition rate may be extracted and used to indicate the presence or absence of a resonant bubble. In a preferred embodiment, software control maintains the beat signal at a preselected frequency while varying the pump transducer frequency to excite bubbles of different diameters to resonate depending on the range of bubble diameters selected for investigation.

Bubble Measuring Instrument and Method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kline-Schoder, Robert (Inventor); Magari, Patrick J. (Inventor)

2002-01-01

Method and apparatus are provided for a non-invasive bubble measuring instrument operable for detecting, distinguishing, and counting gaseous embolisms such as bubbles over a selectable range of bubble sizes of interest. A selected measurement volume in which bubbles may be detected is insonified by two distinct frequencies from a pump transducer and an image transducer. respectively. The image transducer frequency is much higher than the pump transducer frequency. The relatively low-frequency pump signal is used to excite bubbles to resonate at a frequency related to their diameter. The image transducer is operated in a pulse-echo mode at a controllable repetition rate that transmits bursts of high-frequency ultrasonic signal to the measurement volume in which bubbles may be detected and then receives the echo. From the echo or received signal, a beat signal related to the repetition rate may be extracted and used to indicate the presence or absence of a resonant bubble. In a preferred embodiment, software control maintains the beat signal at a preselected frequency while varying the pump transducer frequency to excite bubbles of different diameters to resonate depending on the range of bubble diameters selected for investigation.

47. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph property ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

47. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph property of The Wichita Eagle newspaper, Wichita, Kansas), photographer unknown, date on photograph 1948. View of southeast, Building 8 - Veterans Administration Center, Officers Duplex Quarters, 5302 East Kellogg (Legal Address); 5500 East Kellogg (Common Address), Wichita, Sedgwick County, KS

BLOWING COSMIC BUBBLES

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

This NASA Hubble Space Telescope image reveals an expanding shell of glowing gas surrounding a hot, massive star in our Milky Way Galaxy. This shell is being shaped by strong stellar winds of material and radiation produced by the bright star at the left, which is 10 to 20 times more massive than our Sun. These fierce winds are sculpting the surrounding material - composed of gas and dust - into the curve-shaped bubble. Astronomers have dubbed it the Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635). The nebula is 10 light-years across, more than twice the distance from Earth to the nearest star. Only part of the bubble is visible in this image. The glowing gas in the lower right-hand corner is a dense region of material that is getting blasted by radiation from the Bubble Nebula's massive star. The radiation is eating into the gas, creating finger-like features. This interaction also heats up the gas, causing it to glow. Scientists study the Bubble Nebula to understand how hot stars interact with the surrounding material. Credit: Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA)

A Bubble Bursts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

RCW 79 is seen in the southern Milky Way, 17,200 light-years from Earth in the constellation Centaurus. The bubble is 70-light years in diameter, and probably took about one million years to form from the radiation and winds of hot young stars.

The balloon of gas and dust is an example of stimulated star formation. Such stars are born when the hot bubble expands into the interstellar gas and dust around it. RCW 79 has spawned at least two groups of new stars along the edge of the large bubble. Some are visible inside the small bubble in the lower left corner. Another group of baby stars appears near the opening at the top.

NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope easily detects infrared light from the dust particles in RCW 79. The young stars within RCW 79 radiate ultraviolet light that excites molecules of dust within the bubble. This causes the dust grains to emit infrared light that is detected by Spitzer and seen here as the extended red features.

Bubble nucleation and inflationary perturbations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Firouzjahi, Hassan; Jazayeri, Sadra; Karami, Asieh; Rostami, Tahereh

2017-12-01

In this work we study the imprints of bubble nucleation on primordial inflationary perturbations. We assume that the bubble is formed via the tunneling of a spectator field from the false vacuum of its potential to its true vacuum. We consider the configuration in which the observable CMB sphere is initially outside of the bubble. As the bubble expands, more and more regions of the exterior false vacuum, including our CMB sphere, fall into the interior of the bubble. The modes which leave the horizon during inflation at the time when the bubble wall collides with the observable CMB sphere are affected the most. The bubble wall induces non-trivial anisotropic and scale dependent corrections in the two point function of the curvature perturbation. The corrections in the curvature perturbation and the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of CMB power spectrum are estimated.

17. Photographic copy of photograph of north elevation taken on ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. Photographic copy of photograph of north elevation taken on March 22, 1957, photographer unknown. Original photograph property of the City of Philadelphia. Division of Aviation. Reprinted with permission of the Division of Aviation. - TWA Maintenance Hangar, South side of Tinicum Island Road, Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

20. Photographic copy of photograph of roof suspender system taken ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. Photographic copy of photograph of roof suspender system taken on March 22, 1957. Photographer unknown. Original photograph property of the City of Philadelphia, Division of Aviation. Reprinted with permission of the Division of Aviation. - TWA Maintenance Hangar, South side of Tinicum Island Road, Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Surveyor Atlas-Centaur Shroud Venting Structural Test in the Space Power Chambers

NASA Image and Video Library

1967-06-21

Setup of a Surveyor/Atlas/Centaur shroud in the Space Power Chambers for a leak test at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center. Centaur was a 15,000-pound thrust second-stage rocket designed for the military in 1957 and 1958 by General Dynamics. It was the first major rocket to use the liquid hydrogen technology developed by Lewis in the 1950s. The Centaur Program suffered numerous problems before being transferred to Lewis in 1962. Several test facilities at Lewis’ main campus and Plum Brook Station were built or modified specifically for Centaur, including the Space Power Chambers. In 1961, NASA Lewis management decided to convert its Altitude Wind Tunnel into two large test chambers and later renamed it the Space Power Chambers. The conversion, which took over 2 years, included the removal of the tunnel’s internal components and insertion of bulkheads to seal off the new chambers. The larger chamber, seen here, could simulate altitudes of 100,000 feet. It was used for Centaur shroud separation and propellant management studies until the early 1970s. The leak test in this photograph was likely an attempt to verify that the shroud’s honeycomb shell did not seep any of its internal air when the chamber was evacuated to pressures similar to those found in the upper atmosphere.

18. Photographic copy of photograph of south and east elevations ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. Photographic copy of photograph of south and east elevations taken on March 22, 1957. Photographer unknown. Original photograph property of the City of Philadelphia, Division of Aviation. Reprinted with permission of the Division of Aviation. - TWA Maintenance Hangar, South side of Tinicum Island Road, Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

22. Photographic copy of photograph of interior of hangar looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. Photographic copy of photograph of interior of hangar looking west taken on March 22, 1957. Photographer unknown. Original photograph property of the City of Philadelphia, Division of Aviation. Reprinted with permission of the Division of Aviation. - TWA Maintenance Hangar, South side of Tinicum Island Road, Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

21. Photographic copy of photograph of interior of hangar looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

21. Photographic copy of photograph of interior of hangar looking east taken on March 22, 1957. Photographer unknown. Original photograph property of the City of Philadelphia, Division of Aviation. Reprinted with permission of the Division of Aviation. - TWA Maintenance Hangar, South side of Tinicum Island Road, Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

23. Photographic copy of photograph of interior of hangar looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

23. Photographic copy of photograph of interior of hangar looking south taken on March 22, 1957. Photographer unknown. Original photograph property of the City of Philadelphia, Division of Aviation. Reprinted with permission of the Division of Aviation. - TWA Maintenance Hangar, South side of Tinicum Island Road, Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

24. Photographic copy of photograph of mezzanine, interior of hangar, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. Photographic copy of photograph of mezzanine, interior of hangar, taken on March 22, 1957. Photographer unknown. Original photograph property of the City of Philadelphia, Division of Aviation. Reprinted with permission of the Division of Aviation. - TWA Maintenance Hangar, South side of Tinicum Island Road, Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

46. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph property ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

46. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph property of The Wichita Eagle newspaper, Wichita, Kansas), photographer unknown, date on photograph 1943. View southeast, Building 8 is first structure on right - Veterans Administration Center, Officers Duplex Quarters, 5302 East Kellogg (Legal Address); 5500 East Kellogg (Common Address), Wichita, Sedgwick County, KS

Bubble Transport through Micropillar Arrays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Kenneth; Savas, Omer

2012-11-01

In current energy research, artificial photosynthetic devices are being designed to split water and harvest hydrogen gas using energy from the sun. In one such design, hydrogen gas bubbles evolve on the catalytic surfaces of arrayed micropillars. If these bubbles are not promptly removed from the surface, they can adversely affect gas evolution rates, water flow rates, sunlight capture, and heat management of the system. Therefore, an efficient method of collecting the evolved gas bubbles is crucial. Preliminary flow visualization has been conducted of bubbles advecting through dense arrays of pillars. Bubbles moving through square and hexagonal arrays are tracked, and the results are qualitatively described. Initial attempts to correlate bubble motion with relevant lengthscales and forces are also presented. These observations suggest how bubble transport within such pillar arrays can be managed, as well as guide subsequent experiments that investigate bubble evolution and collection. This material is based upon work performed by the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, a DOE Energy Innovation Hub, supported through the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Award Number DE-SC0004993.

Gas bubble detector

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mount, Bruce E. (Inventor); Burchfield, David E. (Inventor); Hagey, John M. (Inventor)

1995-01-01

A gas bubble detector having a modulated IR source focused through a bandpass filter onto a venturi, formed in a sample tube, to illuminate the venturi with modulated filtered IR to detect the presence of gas bubbles as small as 0.01 cm or about 0.004 in diameter in liquid flowing through the venturi. Means are provided to determine the size of any detected bubble and to provide an alarm in the absence of liquid in the sample tube.

Behavior of Rapidly Sheared Bubble Suspensions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sangani, A. S.; Kushch, V. I.; Hoffmann, M.; Nahra, H.; Koch, D. L.; Tsang, Y.

2002-01-01

An experiment to be carried out aboard the International Space Station is described. A suspension consisting of millimeter-sized bubbles in water containing some dissolved salt, which prevents bubbles from coalescing, will be sheared in a Couette cylindrical cell. Rotation of the outer cylinder will produce centrifugal force which will tend to accumulate the bubbles near the inner wall. The shearing will enhance collisions among bubbles creating thereby bubble phase pressure that will resist the tendency of the bubbles to accumulate near the inner wall. The bubble volume fraction and velocity profiles will be measured and compared with the theoretical predictions. Ground-based research on measurement of bubble phase properties and flow in vertical channel are described.

The N.A.C.A. Photographic Apparatus for Studying Fuel Sprays from Oil Engine Injection Valves and Test Results from Several Researches

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beardsley, Edward G

1928-01-01

Apparatus for recording photographically the start, growth, and cut-off of oil sprays from injection valves has been developed at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. The apparatus consists of a high-tension transformer by means of which a bank of condensers is charged to a high voltage. The controlled discharge of these condensers in sequence, at a rate of several thousand per second, produces electric sparks of sufficient intensity to illuminate the moving spray for photographing. The sprays are injected from various types of valves into a chamber containing gases at pressures up to 600 pounds per square inch. Several series of pictures are shown. The results give the effects of injection pressure, chamber pressure, specific gravity of the fuel oil used, and injection-valve design, upon spray characteristics.

Doughnut-shaped soap bubbles.

PubMed

Préve, Deison; Saa, Alberto

2015-10-01

Soap bubbles are thin liquid films enclosing a fixed volume of air. Since the surface tension is typically assumed to be the only factor responsible for conforming the soap bubble shape, the realized bubble surfaces are always minimal area ones. Here, we consider the problem of finding the axisymmetric minimal area surface enclosing a fixed volume V and with a fixed equatorial perimeter L. It is well known that the sphere is the solution for V=L(3)/6π(2), and this is indeed the case of a free soap bubble, for instance. Surprisingly, we show that for V<αL(3)/6π(2), with α≈0.21, such a surface cannot be the usual lens-shaped surface formed by the juxtaposition of two spherical caps, but is rather a toroidal surface. Practically, a doughnut-shaped bubble is known to be ultimately unstable and, hence, it will eventually lose its axisymmetry by breaking apart in smaller bubbles. Indisputably, however, the topological transition from spherical to toroidal surfaces is mandatory here for obtaining the global solution for this axisymmetric isoperimetric problem. Our result suggests that deformed bubbles with V<αL(3)/6π(2) cannot be stable and should not exist in foams, for instance.

Doughnut-shaped soap bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Préve, Deison; Saa, Alberto

2015-10-01

Soap bubbles are thin liquid films enclosing a fixed volume of air. Since the surface tension is typically assumed to be the only factor responsible for conforming the soap bubble shape, the realized bubble surfaces are always minimal area ones. Here, we consider the problem of finding the axisymmetric minimal area surface enclosing a fixed volume V and with a fixed equatorial perimeter L . It is well known that the sphere is the solution for V =L3/6 π2 , and this is indeed the case of a free soap bubble, for instance. Surprisingly, we show that for V <α L3/6 π2 , with α ≈0.21 , such a surface cannot be the usual lens-shaped surface formed by the juxtaposition of two spherical caps, but is rather a toroidal surface. Practically, a doughnut-shaped bubble is known to be ultimately unstable and, hence, it will eventually lose its axisymmetry by breaking apart in smaller bubbles. Indisputably, however, the topological transition from spherical to toroidal surfaces is mandatory here for obtaining the global solution for this axisymmetric isoperimetric problem. Our result suggests that deformed bubbles with V <α L3/6 π2 cannot be stable and should not exist in foams, for instance.

Bubble generation during transformer overload

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oommen, T.V.

1990-03-01

Bubble generation in transformers has been demonstrated under certain overload conditions. The release of large quantities of bubbles would pose a dielectric breakdown hazard. A bubble prediction model developed under EPRI Project 1289-4 attempts to predict the bubble evolution temperature under different overload conditions. This report details a verification study undertaken to confirm the validity of the above model using coil structures subjected to overload conditions. The test variables included moisture in paper insulation, gas content in oil, and the type of oil preservation system. Two aged coils were also tested. The results indicated that the observed bubble temperatures weremore » close to the predicted temperatures for models with low initial gas content in the oil. The predicted temperatures were significantly lower than the observed temperatures for models with high gas content. Some explanations are provided for the anomalous behavior at high gas levels in oil. It is suggested that the dissolved gas content is not a significant factor in bubble evolution. The dominant factor in bubble evolution appears to be the water vapor pressure which must reach critical levels before bubbles can be released. Further study is needed to make a meaningful revision of the bubble prediction model. 8 refs., 13 figs., 11 tabs.« less

Bubble transport in bifurcations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bull, Joseph; Qamar, Adnan

2017-11-01

Motivated by a developmental gas embolotherapy technique for cancer treatment, we examine the transport of bubbles entrained in liquid. In gas embolotherapy, infarction of tumors is induced by selectively formed vascular gas bubbles that originate from acoustic vaporization of vascular droplets. In the case of non-functionalized droplets with the objective of vessel occlusion, the bubbles are transported by flow through vessel bifurcations, where they may split prior to eventually reach vessels small enough that they become lodged. This splitting behavior affects the distribution of bubbles and the efficacy of flow occlusion and the treatment. In these studies, we investigated bubble transport in bifurcations using computational and theoretical modeling. The model reproduces the variety of experimentally observed splitting behaviors. Splitting homogeneity and maximum shear stress along the vessel walls is predicted over a variety of physical parameters. Maximum shear stresses were found to decrease with increasing Reynolds number. The initial bubble length was found to affect the splitting behavior in the presence of gravitational asymmetry. This work was supported by NIH Grant R01EB006476.

Interaction Mechanisms of Cavitation Bubbles Induced by Spatially and Temporally Separated fs-Laser Pulses

PubMed Central

Tinne, Nadine; Kaune, Brigitte; Krüger, Alexander; Ripken, Tammo

2014-01-01

The emerging use of femtosecond lasers with high repetition rates in the MHz regime together with limited scan speed implies possible mutual optical and dynamical interaction effects of the individual cutting spots. In order to get more insight into the dynamics a time-resolved photographic analysis of the interaction of cavitation bubbles is presented. Particularly, we investigated the influence of fs-laser pulses and their resulting bubble dynamics with various spatial as well as temporal separations. Different time courses of characteristic interaction effects between the cavitation bubbles were observed depending on pulse energy and spatio-temporal pulse separation. These ranged from merely no interaction to the phenomena of strong water jet formation. Afterwards, the mechanisms are discussed regarding their impact on the medical application of effective tissue cutting lateral to the laser beam direction with best possible axial precision: the mechanical forces of photodisruption as well as the occurring water jet should have low axial extend and a preferably lateral priority. Furthermore, the overall efficiency of energy conversion into controlled mechanical impact should be maximized compared to the transmitted pulse energy and unwanted long range mechanical side effects, e.g. shock waves, axial jet components. In conclusion, these experimental results are of great importance for the prospective optimization of the ophthalmic surgical process with high-repetition rate fs-lasers. PMID:25502697

Compressible bubbles in Stokes flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crowdy, Darren G.

2003-02-01

The problem of a two-dimensional inviscid compressible bubble evolving in Stokes flow is considered. By generalizing the work of Tanveer & Vasconcelos (1995) it is shown that for certain classes of initial condition the quasi-steady free boundary problem for the bubble shape evolution is reducible to a finite set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations, the form of which depends on the equation of state governing the relationship between the bubble pressure and its area. Recent numerical calculations by Pozrikidis (2001) using boundary integral methods are retrieved and extended. If the ambient pressures are small enough, it is shown that bubbles can expand significantly. It is also shown that a bubble evolving adiabatically is less likely to expand than an isothermal bubble.

Photographic Study of Combustion in a Rocket Engine I : Variation in Combustion of Liquid Oxygen and Gasoline with Seven Methods of Propellant Injection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bellman, Donald R; Humphrey, Jack C

1948-01-01

Motion pictures at camera speeds up to 3000 frames per second were taken of the combustion of liquid oxygen and gasoline in a 100-pound-thrust rocket engine. The engine consisted of thin contour and injection plates clamped between two clear plastic sheets forming a two-dimensional engine with a view of the entire combustion chamber and nozzle. A photographic investigation was made of the effect of seven methods of propellant injection on the uniformity of combustion. From the photographs, it was found that the flame front extended almost to the faces of the injectors with most of the injection methods, all the injection systems resulted in a considerable nonuniformity of combustion, and luminosity rapidly decreased in the divergent part of the nozzle. Pressure vibration records indicated combustion vibrations that approximately corresponded to the resonant frequencies of the length and the thickness of the chamber. The combustion temperature divided by the molecular weight of the combustion gases as determined from the combustion photographs was about 50 to 70 percent of the theoretical value.

19. Photographic copy of photograph of portion of east elevation ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. Photographic copy of photograph of portion of east elevation taken on March 22, 1957 showing door beam and ladder to building roof. Photographer unknown. Original photograph property of the City of Philadelphia. Division of Aviation. Reprinted with permission of the Division of Aviation. - TWA Maintenance Hangar, South side of Tinicum Island Road, Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

16. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 black and white print in the Army Port Contractors' 'Completion Report' at the Engineering Office, Oakland Army Base, California). Photograph taken prior to June 1942 by unknown photographer. SOUTHWEST BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF WAREHOUSES (BLDGS. 802-805). - Oakland Army Base, Warehouse Type, Tobruk Street, between Warehouse Road & Fifteenth Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

Bubble propagation on a rail: a concept for sorting bubbles by size

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Franco-Gómez, Andrés; Thompson, Alice B.; Hazel, Andrew L.; Juel, Anne

We demonstrate experimentally that the introduction of a rail, a small height constriction, within the cross-section of a rectangular channel could be used as a robust passive sorting device in two-phase fluid flows. Single air bubbles carried within silicone oil are generally transported on one side of the rail. However, for flow rates marginally larger than a critical value, a narrow band of bubble sizes can propagate (stably) over the rail, while bubbles of other sizes segregate to the side of the rail. The width of this band of bubble sizes increases with flow rate and the size of the most stable bubble can be tuned by varying the rail width. We present a complementary theoretical analysis based on a depth-averaged theory, which is in qualitative agreement with the experiments. The theoretical study reveals that the mechanism relies on a non-trivial interaction between capillary and viscous forces that is fully dynamic, rather than being a simple modification of capillary static solutions.

Transformer overload characteristics---Bubble evolution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Woods, E.E.; Wendel, R.C.; Dresser, R.D.

1988-08-01

Project RP1289-3 explores significant parameters affecting bubble evolution from transformer oil under high temperature operating conditions to address the question: Does ''real life'' operation of a transformer cause harmful bubbling conditions. Studies outlined in the project are designed to determine when bubbling occurs in transformers and if bubbling can be harmful during the normal operation of these transformers. Data obtained from these studies should provide a basis for utilities to perform risk assessments in relation to their loading practices. The program is designed to demonstrate those conditions under which bubbling occurs in transformers by using controlled models and actual signalmore » phase transformers that were designed to give access to both high and low voltage windings for the purpose of viewing bubble generation. Results and observations from tests on the full-size transformers, thermal models, and electrical models have led to the conclusion that bubbles can occur under operating conditions. The electrical models show that dielectric strength can be reduced by as much as 40 percent due to the presence of bubbles. Because of factory safety considerations, the transformers could not be tested at hot spot temperatures greater than 140/degree/C. Therefore, there is no information on the dielectric strength of the full-size transformers under bubbling conditions. 4 refs., 28 figs., 45 tabs.« less

'Blue bubble' technique: an ab interno approach for Descemet separation in deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty using trypan blue stained viscoelastic device.

PubMed

Livny, Eitan; Bahar, Irit; Hammel, Naama; Nahum, Yoav

2018-04-01

In this study, we examined a novel variant of 'big-bubble' deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty using trypan-blue-stained viscoelastic device for the creation of a pre-descemetic bubble. Ten corneoscleral rims were mounted on an artificial anterior chamber (AC). The AC was filled with air through a limbal paracentesis. A Melles' triangulated spatula was inserted through the paracentesis, with its tip penetrating the AC, was then slightly retracted and pushed into the deep stroma above the roof of the paracentesis. A mixture of trypan blue and viscoelastic device (Healon, Abbott Medical Optics, Abbott Park, Illinois) was injected into this intra-stromal pocket using a 27-G cannula to create a pre-descemetic separation bubble. Bubble type and visualization of dyed viscoelastic device were noted. The method was later employed in three cases. In all 10 corneoscleral rims, the technique successfully created a visible pre-descemetic (type 1) bubble that could be expanded up to the predicted diameter of trephination. Subsequent trephination and the removal of corneal stroma were uneventful. In two out of four clinical cases, a type 1 bubble was created, while in two others, visco-dissection failed and dyed viscoelastic was seen in the AC. The presented technique holds promise of being a relatively easy to perform, predictable and well-controlled alternative for achieving a type 1 bubble during deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty surgery. The trypan-blue-stained viscoelastic device facilitates proper visualization and control of the separation bubble and assists in identifying the penetrance to the separation bubble prior to removal of the stromal cap. © 2017 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists.

Bakeout Chamber Within Vacuum Chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taylor, Daniel M.; Soules, David M.; Barengoltz, Jack B.

1995-01-01

Vacuum-bakeout apparatus for decontaminating and measuring outgassing from pieces of equipment constructed by mounting bakeout chamber within conventional vacuum chamber. Upgrade cost effective: fabrication and installation of bakeout chamber simple, installation performed quickly and without major changes in older vacuum chamber, and provides quantitative data on outgassing from pieces of equipment placed in bakeout chamber.

6. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 black and white print in the Army Port Contractors' 'Completion Report' at the Engineering Office, Oakland Army Base, California). Photograph taken April 6, 1942 by unknown photographer. SOUTH AND EAST SIDES OBLIQUE VIEW OF PRIVATE VEHICLE INSPECTION BUILDING (VEHICLE SHED, BLDG. 4). - Oakland Army Base, Private Vehicle Inspection Building, Africa Street & Bataan Avenue, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

11. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 black and white print in the Army Port Contractors' 'Completion Report' at the Engineering Office, Oakland Army Base, California). Photograph taken January 31, 1942 by unknown photographer. EAST AND NORTH SIDES OBLIQUE VIEW OF EXCHANGE CAFETERIA (BLDG. 60). - Oakland Army Base, Private Exchange Cafeteria, Bataan Avenue & Attu Street, facing Post Headquarters Building, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

In Search of the Big Bubble

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simoson, Andrew; Wentzky, Bethany

2011-01-01

Freely rising air bubbles in water sometimes assume the shape of a spherical cap, a shape also known as the "big bubble". Is it possible to find some objective function involving a combination of a bubble's attributes for which the big bubble is the optimal shape? Following the basic idea of the definite integral, we define a bubble's surface as…

8. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Coronado ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Coronado Historical Association). Photographer Unknown, circa 1922. HEILMAN VILLAS FROM ORANGE AVENUE - Heilman Villas, 706-720 Orange Avenue & 1060-1090 Seventh Street, Coronado, San Diego County, CA

10. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph located in National Park ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph located in National Park Service, U.S.S. Arizona Memorial, 14th Naval District Photograph Collection), 14th ND PHOG no. PH 00-46. U.S. Navy photograph, 1946. FACILITY 250 AT MAKALAPA WITH ADDED WOOD-FRAMED STORIES. - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet, Intersection of Halawa & Makalapa Drives, Makalapa Administration Area, Pearl City, Honolulu County, HI

Gas depletion through single gas bubble diffusive growth and its effect on subsequent bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moreno Soto, Alvaro; Prosperetti, Andrea; Lohse, Detlef; van der Meer, Devaraj; Physics of Fluid Group Collaboration; MCEC Netherlands CenterMultiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion Collaboration

2016-11-01

In weakly supersaturated mixtures, bubbles are known to grow quasi-statically as diffusion-driven mass transfer governs the process. In the final stage of the evolution, before detachment, there is an enhancement of mass transfer, which changes from diffusion to natural convection. Once the bubble detaches, it leaves behind a gas-depleted area. The diffusive mass transfer towards that region cannot compensate for the amount of gas which is taken away by the bubble. Consequently, the consecutive bubble will grow in an environment which contains less gas than for the previous one. This reduces the local supersaturation of the mixture around the nucleation site, leading to a reduced bubble growth rate. We present quantitative experimental data on this effect and the theoretical model for depletion during the bubble growth rate. This work was supported by the Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion (MCEC), an NWO Gravitation programme funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the government of the Netherlands.

Droplets, Bubbles and Ultrasound Interactions.

PubMed

Shpak, Oleksandr; Verweij, Martin; de Jong, Nico; Versluis, Michel

2016-01-01

The interaction of droplets and bubbles with ultrasound has been studied extensively in the last 25 years. Microbubbles are broadly used in diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications, for instance, as ultrasound contrast agents. They have a similar size as red blood cells, and thus are able to circulate within blood vessels. Perfluorocarbon liquid droplets can be a potential new generation of microbubble agents as ultrasound can trigger their conversion into gas bubbles. Prior to activation, they are at least five times smaller in diameter than the resulting bubbles. Together with the violent nature of the phase-transition, the droplets can be used for local drug delivery, embolotherapy, HIFU enhancement and tumor imaging. Here we explain the basics of bubble dynamics, described by the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, bubble resonance frequency, damping and quality factor. We show the elegant calculation of the above characteristics for the case of small amplitude oscillations by linearizing the equations. The effect and importance of a bubble coating and effective surface tension are also discussed. We give the main characteristics of the power spectrum of bubble oscillations. Preceding bubble dynamics, ultrasound propagation is introduced. We explain the speed of sound, nonlinearity and attenuation terms. We examine bubble ultrasound scattering and how it depends on the wave-shape of the incident wave. Finally, we introduce droplet interaction with ultrasound. We elucidate the ultrasound-focusing concept within a droplets sphere, droplet shaking due to media compressibility and droplet phase-conversion dynamics.

Single-bubble sonoluminescence in sulfuric acid and water: bubble dynamics, stability, and continuous spectra.

PubMed

Puente, Gabriela F; García-Martínez, Pablo; Bonetto, Fabián J

2007-01-01

We present theoretical calculations of an argon bubble in a liquid solution of 85%wt sulfuric acid and 15%wt water in single-bubble sonoluminescence. We used a model without free parameters to be adjusted. We predict from first principles the region in parameter space for stable bubble evolution, the temporal evolution of the bubble radius, the maximum temperature, pressures, and the light spectra due to thermal emissions. We also used a partial differential equation based model (hydrocode) to compute the temperature and pressure evolutions at the center of the bubble during maximum compression. We found the behavior of this liquid mixture to be very different from water in several aspects. Most of the models in sonoluminescence were compared with water experimental results.

Electric field observations of equatorial bubbles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aggson, T. L.; Maynard, N. C.; Hanson, W. B.; Saba, Jack L.

1992-01-01

Results from the double floating probe experiment performed on the San Marco D satellite are presented, with emphasis on the observation of large incremental changes in the convective electric field vector at the boundary of equatorial plasma bubbles. Attention is given to isolated bubble structures in the upper ionospheric F regions; these observed bubble encounters are divided into two types - type I (live bubbles) and type II (dead bubbles). Type I bubbles show varying degrees of plasma depletion and large upward velocities range up to 1000 km/s. The geometry of these bubbles is such that the spacecraft orbit may cut them where they are tilting either eastward or (more often) westward. Type II bubbles exhibit plasma density depletion but no appreciable upward convection. Both types of events are usually surrounded by a halo of plasma turbulence, which can extend considerably beyond the region of plasma depletion.

Photographic copy of July 30, 1934 black and white photograph. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of July 30, 1934 black and white photograph. Loose in oversized box located at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. Original Photographer unknown. 1934 PHOTOGRAPH OF PIER IV LOOKING NORTHWEST FROM BEST BANK TOWARD EAST BANK. - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

Photographic copy of early black and white photograph. Located loose ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of early black and white photograph. Located loose in oversized box at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. Original Photographer unknown. EARLY PHOTOGRAPH OF BRIDGE TAKEN FROM WEST BANK APPROACH LOOKING NORTH TOWARD EAST BANK. - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

7. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 black and white print in the Army Port Contractors' 'Completion Report' at the Engineering Office, Oakland Army Base, California). Photograph taken January 28, 1942 by unknown photographer. AT CENTER RIGHT, SOUTH AND EAST SIDES OBLIQUE VIEW OF POST HEADQUARTERS BUILDING (ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, BLDG. 1) TAKEN FROM EAST SIDE OF MARITIME STREET. - Oakland Army Base, Maritime Street at West Grand Avenue, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

Single bubble sonoluminescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dan, Manas

In recent years considerable attention has been directed to the phenomenon of single bubble sonoluminescence, SBSL in which a single, stable, acoustically levitated bubble is made to oscillate with sufficiently large amplitude so as to emit picosecond light pulses in each cycle of the acoustic drive pressure. Remarkably, the phenomenon represents about twelve orders of magnitude of energy focusing. SBSL has been carefully and thoroughly studied in part of parameter space by previous authors. In the present work, the experimental observation of the influence of another important parameter namely the ambient pressure will be presented. It is the first complete and controlled study of the modifications of the bubble dynamics and SL emission due to the variation of the ambient pressure. It has been observed that the equilibrium radius as well as the maximum radius increase as the ambient pressure is decreased at constant driving pressure. Furthermore the expansion ratio (Rmax/ Rmin) increases as the ambient pressure is decreased, resulting in a change in the SL radiation. The intensity of SL emission increases about seven times for only a fifteen percent decrease of ambient pressure at constant driving pressure. However, it is not possible to push SL radiation beyond a certain limit by continuously decreasing the ambient pressure. On the other hand increasing the ambient pressure decreases the equilibrium radius, as well as the expansion ratio leading to a decrease of SL intensity. Amongst the SBSL emissions the light emission has been investigated rather elaborately. The other single bubble emission is the acoustic emission, AE. Here a detailed study of AE will be presented. The AE has been measured by a calibrated needle hydrophone in different regimes of bubble motion. The hydrophone response shows a large amplitude AE pulse which corresponds to the principal collapse, along with smaller amplitude pulses which can be associated with the after bounces of the bubble

11. Photocopy of photograph (original located in Photograph's Office, Hawthorne ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photocopy of photograph (original located in Photograph's Office, Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant, Hawthorne, Nevada). View of gymnasium, photograph no. 20107-28. - Hawthorne Naval Ammunition Depot, Gymnasium, North Main Avenue, Industrial Area, Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant, Hawthorne, Mineral County, NV

12. Photocopy of photograph (original located in Photograph's Office, Hawthorne ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photocopy of photograph (original located in Photograph's Office, Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant, Hawthorne, Nevada). View of swimming pool, photograph no. 20107-27. - Hawthorne Naval Ammunition Depot, Gymnasium, North Main Avenue, Industrial Area, Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant, Hawthorne, Mineral County, NV

9. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Coronado ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Coronado Historical Association). Photographer Unknown, circa 1922. HEILMAN VILLAS FROM CORNER OF ORANGE AVENUE AND SEVENTH STREET - Heilman Villas, 706-720 Orange Avenue & 1060-1090 Seventh Street, Coronado, San Diego County, CA

1. Photographic copy of photograph, in possession of SCIP Office, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Photographic copy of photograph, in possession of SCIP Office, Coolidge, AZ. No date, circa 1940. Photographer unknown. HEADQUARTERS OFFICE, 205 W. ROOSEVELT, COOLIDGE, AZ. - San Carlos Irrigation Project, San Carlos Irrigation Project Headquarters, 205 West Roosevelt, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

Sterilization Effect of Wet Oxygen Plasma in the Bubbling Method.

PubMed

Tamazawa, Kaoru; Shintani, Hideharu; Tamazawa, Yoshinori; Shimauchi, Hidetoshi

2015-01-01

A new low-temperature sterilization method to replace the ethylene oxide gas sterilization is needed. Strong bactericidal effects of OH and O2H radicals are well known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sterilization effect of wet oxygen ("O2+H2O") plasma in the bubbling method, confirming the effect of humidity. Sterility assurance was confirmed by using a biological indicator (Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC7953, Namsa, USA). One hundred and eight samples (10(5) spores/carrier) were divided into three groups of 36 in each for treatment with a different type of gas (O2, O2+H2O, Air+H2O). Plasma processing was conducted using a plasma ashing apparatus (13.56 MHz, PACK-3(®), Y. A. C., Japan) under various gas pressures (13, 25, 50 Pa) and gas flows (50, 100, 200 sccm). Fixed plasma treatment parameters were power at 150 W, temperature of 60 ℃, treatment time of 10 min. The samples after treatment were incubated in trypticase soy broth at 58 ℃ for 72 h. The negative culture rate in the "O2+H2O" group was significantly (Mantel-Haenszel procedure, p<0.001) higher than in the other gas groups. It is suggested that the significant sterilization effect of the "O2+H2O" group depends on the bubbling method which is the method of introducing vapor into the chamber. The bubbling method seems able to generate OH and O2H radicals in a stable way.

Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Each Bubble Behavior in Coarsening of Cavitation Bubbles in a Finite Space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuda, Shin-Ichi; Nakano, Yuta; Watanabe, Satoshi

2017-11-01

Recently, several studies using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation have been conducted for investigation of Ostwald ripening of cavitation bubbles in a finite space. The previous studies focused a characteristic length of bubbles as one of the spatially-averaged quantities, but each bubble behavior was not been investigated in detail. The objective of this study is clarification of the characteristics of each bubble behavior in Ostwald ripening, and we conducted MD simulation of a Lennard-Jones fluid in a semi-confined space. As a result, the time dependency of the characteristic length of bubbles as a spatially-averaged quantity suggested that the driving force of the Ostwald ripening is Evaporation/Condensation (EC) across liquid-vapor surface, which is the same result as the previous works. The radius change of the relatively larger bubbles also showed the same tendency to a classical EC model. However, the sufficiently smaller bubbles than the critical size, e.g., the bubbles just before collapsing, showed a different characteristic from the classical EC model. Those smaller bubbles has a tendency to be limited by mechanical non-equilibrium in which viscosity of liquid is dominant rather than by EC across liquid-vapor surface. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16K06085.

44. Photocopy of photograph, photographer unknown, 1415 June 1929 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

44. Photocopy of photograph, photographer unknown, 14-15 June 1929 (original print located at Utah State Historical Society Photograph Collection, Salt Lake City UT). DEDICATION CEREMONY AT BRIDGE. - Navajo Bridge, Spanning Colorado River at U.S. Highway 89 Alternate, Page, Coconino County, AZ

14. Photocopy of historic photograph (original photograph on file at ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Photocopy of historic photograph (original photograph on file at Fairchild Air Force Museum, Spokane, WA) Photographer unknown, date unknown BOMBER ALERT FACILITY, INTERIOR, SLEEPING QUARTERS - Fairchild Air Force Base, Bomber Alert Facility, 803G South Taxi Way, Spokane, Spokane County, WA

Photocopy of photograph (from NBPPNSY) photographer unknown, 1988 view east ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photocopy of photograph (from NBP-PNSY) photographer unknown, 1988 view east of marine railway (Haer no. Pa-387-W). The railway was being dismantled at the time this photograph was taken. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, League Island, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Bubble memory module for spacecraft application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hayes, P. J.; Looney, K. T.; Nichols, C. D.

1985-01-01

Bubble domain technology offers an all-solid-state alternative for data storage in onboard data systems. A versatile modular bubble memory concept was developed. The key module is the bubble memory module which contains all of the storage devices and circuitry for accessing these devices. This report documents the bubble memory module design and preliminary hardware designs aimed at memory module functional demonstration with available commercial bubble devices. The system architecture provides simultaneous operation of bubble devices to attain high data rates. Banks of bubble devices are accessed by a given bubble controller to minimize controller parts. A power strobing technique is discussed which could minimize the average system power dissipation. A fast initialization method using EEPROM (electrically erasable, programmable read-only memory) devices promotes fast access. Noise and crosstalk problems and implementations to minimize these are discussed. Flight memory systems which incorporate the concepts and techniques of this work could now be developed for applications.

8. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Photographic copy of photograph (from original 4 x 5 black and white print in the Army Port Contractors' 'Completion Report' at the Engineering Office, Oakland Army Base, California). Photograph taken May 13, 1942 by unknown photographer. BIRDS-EYE VIEW FROM THE SOUTH OF PRINTING PLANT (STOREHOUSE, BLDG. 85) AT CENTER TOP; STOREHOUSE (BLDG. 88) AT TOP RIGHT; GENERAL PURPOSE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING (BLDG. 90) AT CENTER. - Oakland Army Base, Maritime Street at West Grand Avenue, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

9. Photocopy of photograph showing myrtlecovered spring. The original photograph ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Photocopy of photograph showing myrtle-covered spring. The original photograph was taken on May 21, 1936 by Edouard E. Exline and is one of five photographs in the album, 'A Sketch of Mountain Life: Great Smoky Mountains National Park', compiled by Edouard E. Exline and C.S. Grossman. The album is on file at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park; the photograph number is II-B-(7)-8096. - Walker Family Farm (General views), Gatlinburg, Sevier County, TN

2. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph/negative located at the Remote ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph/negative located at the Remote Sensing Laboratory, Nellis Air Force Base, Las Vegas, Nevada). David Wehner, EG&G Photographic Services Photographer, October 13, 1992. Overall view of Japanese village, facing north - Nevada Test Site, Japanese Village, Area 4, Yucca Flat, 4-04 Road near Rainier Mesa Road, Mercury, Nye County, NV

Consistent cosmic bubble embeddings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haque, S. Shajidul; Underwood, Bret

2017-05-01

The Raychaudhuri equation for null rays is a powerful tool for finding consistent embeddings of cosmological bubbles in a background spacetime in a way that is largely independent of the matter content. We find that spatially flat or positively curved thin wall bubbles surrounded by a cosmological background must have a Hubble expansion that is either contracting or expanding slower than the background, which is a more stringent constraint than those obtained by the usual Israel thin-wall formalism. Similarly, a cosmological bubble surrounded by Schwarzschild space, occasionally used as a simple "swiss cheese" model of inhomogenities in an expanding universe, must be contracting (for spatially flat and positively curved bubbles) and bounded in size by the apparent horizon.

Sinking bubbles in stout beers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, W. T.; Kaar, S.; O'Brien, S. B. G.

2018-04-01

A surprising phenomenon witnessed by many is the sinking bubbles seen in a settling pint of stout beer. Bubbles are less dense than the surrounding fluid so how does this happen? Previous work has shown that the explanation lies in a circulation of fluid promoted by the tilted sides of the glass. However, this work has relied heavily on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Here, we show that the phenomenon of sinking bubbles can be predicted using a simple analytic model. To make the model analytically tractable, we work in the limit of small bubbles and consider a simplified geometry. The model confirms both the existence of sinking bubbles and the previously proposed mechanism.

14. Photograph of a photograph in possession of the Watervliet ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Photograph of a photograph in possession of the Watervliet Arsenal Museum, New York. CONSTRUCTION PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING CAST IRON TRUSS SYSTEM IN WHAT IS PROBABLY UNIT 2. TAKEN IN 1865. - Watervliet Arsenal, Building No. 40, Broadway between Dalliba & Watervliet Avenues, Watervliet, Albany County, NY

Interaction mechanism of double bubbles in hydrodynamic cavitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Fengchao; Cai, Jun; Huai, Xiulan; Liu, Bin

2013-06-01

Bubble-bubble interaction is an important factor in cavitation bubble dynamics. In this paper, the dynamic behaviors of double cavitation bubbles driven by varying pressure field downstream of an orifice plate in hydrodynamic cavitation reactor are examined. The bubble-bubble interaction between two bubbles with different radii is considered. We have shown the different dynamic behaviors between double cavitation bubbles and a single bubble by solving two coupling nonlinear equations using the Runge-Kutta fourth order method with adaptive step size control. The simulation results indicate that, when considering the role of the neighbor smaller bubble, the oscillation of the bigger bubble gradually exhibits a lag in comparison with the single-bubble case, and the extent of the lag becomes much more obvious as time goes by. This phenomenon is more easily observed with the increase of the initial radius of the smaller bubble. In comparison with the single-bubble case, the oscillation of the bigger bubble is enhanced by the neighbor smaller bubble. Especially, the pressure pulse of the bigger bubble rises intensely when the sizes of two bubbles approach, and a series of peak values for different initial radii are acquired when the initial radius ratio of two bubbles is in the range of 0.9˜1.0. Although the increase of the center distance between two bubbles can weaken the mutual interaction, it has no significant influence on the enhancement trend. On the one hand, the interaction between two bubbles with different radii can suppress the growth of the smaller bubble; on the other hand, it also can enhance the growth of the bigger one at the same time. The significant enhancement effect due to the interaction of multi-bubbles should be paid more attention because it can be used to reinforce the cavitation intensity for various potential applications in future.

Bubbles in live-stranded dolphins.

PubMed

Dennison, S; Moore, M J; Fahlman, A; Moore, K; Sharp, S; Harry, C T; Hoppe, J; Niemeyer, M; Lentell, B; Wells, R S

2012-04-07

Bubbles in supersaturated tissues and blood occur in beaked whales stranded near sonar exercises, and post-mortem in dolphins bycaught at depth and then hauled to the surface. To evaluate live dolphins for bubbles, liver, kidneys, eyes and blubber-muscle interface of live-stranded and capture-release dolphins were scanned with B-mode ultrasound. Gas was identified in kidneys of 21 of 22 live-stranded dolphins and in the hepatic portal vasculature of 2 of 22. Nine then died or were euthanized and bubble presence corroborated by computer tomography and necropsy, 13 were released of which all but two did not re-strand. Bubbles were not detected in 20 live wild dolphins examined during health assessments in shallow water. Off-gassing of supersaturated blood and tissues was the most probable origin for the gas bubbles. In contrast to marine mammals repeatedly diving in the wild, stranded animals are unable to recompress by diving, and thus may retain bubbles. Since the majority of beached dolphins released did not re-strand it also suggests that minor bubble formation is tolerated and will not lead to clinically significant decompression sickness.

Bubbles in an acoustic field: an overview.

PubMed

Ashokkumar, Muthupandian; Lee, Judy; Kentish, Sandra; Grieser, Franz

2007-04-01

Acoustic cavitation is the fundamental process responsible for the initiation of most of the sonochemical reactions in liquids. Acoustic cavitation originates from the interaction between sound waves and bubbles. In an acoustic field, bubbles can undergo growth by rectified diffusion, bubble-bubble coalescence, bubble dissolution or bubble collapse leading to the generation of primary radicals and other secondary chemical reactions. Surface active solutes have been used in association with a number of experimental techniques in order to isolate and understand these activities. A strobe technique has been used for monitoring the growth of a single bubble by rectified diffusion. Multibubble sonoluminescence has been used for monitoring the growth of the bubbles as well as coalescence between bubbles. The extent of bubble coalescence has also been monitored using a newly developed capillary technique. An overview of the various experimental results has been presented in order to highlight the complexities involved in acoustic cavitation processes, which on the other hand arise from a simple, mechanical interaction between sound waves and bubbles.

Photographic copy of circa 1934, black and white photograph. Located ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of circa 1934, black and white photograph. Located loose in oversized box at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. Original Photographer unknown. CIRCA 1934 PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN ON WEST BANK APPROACH ROADWAY LOOKING NORTHEAST TOWARD EAST BANK SHOWING DETAIL OF RAILING AND DECORATIVE LIGHT STANDARD AND FIXTURE. - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

13. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1926. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 29, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. PIMA LATERAL DROP NEAR KENILWORTH, 5/10/26 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Pima Lateral, Main Canal at Sacaton Dam, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

13. Photograph of a photograph in possession of the Watervliet ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. Photograph of a photograph in possession of the Watervliet Arsenal Museum, New York. CONSTRUCTION PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING CAST IRON COLUMNS IN WHAT IS PROBABLY THE SECOND FLOOR OF UNIT 1. TAKEN IN 1865. - Watervliet Arsenal, Building No. 40, Broadway between Dalliba & Watervliet Avenues, Watervliet, Albany County, NY

Bubble bursting at an interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kulkarni, Varun; Sajjad, Kumayl; Anand, Sushant; Fezzaa, Kamel

2017-11-01

Bubble bursting is crucial to understanding the life span of bubbles at an interface and more importantly the nature of interaction between the bulk liquid and the outside environment from the point of view of chemical and biological material transport. The dynamics of the bubble as it rises from inside the liquid bulk to its disappearance on the interface after bursting is an intriguing process, many aspects of which are still being explored. In our study, we make detailed high speed imaging measurements to examine carefully the hole initiation and growth in bursting bubbles that unearth some interesting features of the process. Previous analyses available in literature are revisited based on our novel experimental visualizations. Using a combination of experiments and theory we investigate the role of various forces during the rupturing process. This work aims to further our current knowledge of bubble dynamics at an interface with an aim of predicting better the bubble evolution from its growth to its eventual integration with the liquid bulk.

Void fraction, bubble size and interfacial area measurements in co-current downflow bubble column reactor with microbubble dispersion

DOE PAGES

Hernandez-Alvarado, Freddy; Kalaga, Dinesh V.; Turney, Damon; ...

2017-05-06

Micro-bubbles dispersed in bubble column reactors have received great interest in recent years, due to their small size, stability, high gas-liquid interfacial area concentrations and longer residence times. The high gas-liquid interfacial area concentrations lead to high mass transfer rates compared to conventional bubble column reactors. In the present work, experiments have been performed in a down-flow bubble column reactor with micro-bubbles generated and dispersed by a novel mechanism to determine the gas-liquid interfacial area concentrations by measuring the void fraction and bubble size distributions. Gamma-ray densitometry has been employed to determine the axial and radial distributions of void fractionmore » and a high speed camera equipped with a borescope is used to measure the axial and radial variations of bubble sizes. Also, the effects of superficial gas and liquid velocities on the two-phase flow characteristics have been investigated. Further, reconstruction techniques of the radial void fraction profiles from the gamma densitometry's chordal measurements are discussed and compared for a bubble column reactor with dispersed micro-bubbles. The results demonstrate that the new bubble generation technique offers high interfacial area concentrations (1,000 to 4,500 m 2/m 3) with sub-millimeter bubbles (500 to 900 µm) and high overall void fractions (10% – 60%) in comparison with previous bubble column reactor designs. The void fraction data was analyzed using slip velocity model and empirical correlation has been proposed to predict the Sauter mean bubble diameter.« less

Void fraction, bubble size and interfacial area measurements in co-current downflow bubble column reactor with microbubble dispersion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hernandez-Alvarado, Freddy; Kalaga, Dinesh V.; Turney, Damon

Micro-bubbles dispersed in bubble column reactors have received great interest in recent years, due to their small size, stability, high gas-liquid interfacial area concentrations and longer residence times. The high gas-liquid interfacial area concentrations lead to high mass transfer rates compared to conventional bubble column reactors. In the present work, experiments have been performed in a down-flow bubble column reactor with micro-bubbles generated and dispersed by a novel mechanism to determine the gas-liquid interfacial area concentrations by measuring the void fraction and bubble size distributions. Gamma-ray densitometry has been employed to determine the axial and radial distributions of void fractionmore » and a high speed camera equipped with a borescope is used to measure the axial and radial variations of bubble sizes. Also, the effects of superficial gas and liquid velocities on the two-phase flow characteristics have been investigated. Further, reconstruction techniques of the radial void fraction profiles from the gamma densitometry's chordal measurements are discussed and compared for a bubble column reactor with dispersed micro-bubbles. The results demonstrate that the new bubble generation technique offers high interfacial area concentrations (1,000 to 4,500 m 2/m 3) with sub-millimeter bubbles (500 to 900 µm) and high overall void fractions (10% – 60%) in comparison with previous bubble column reactor designs. The void fraction data was analyzed using slip velocity model and empirical correlation has been proposed to predict the Sauter mean bubble diameter.« less

Mechanisms of single bubble cleaning.

PubMed

Reuter, Fabian; Mettin, Robert

2016-03-01

The dynamics of collapsing bubbles close to a flat solid is investigated with respect to its potential for removal of surface attached particles. Individual bubbles are created by nanosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses focused into water close to glass plates contaminated with melamine resin micro-particles. The bubble dynamics is analysed by means of synchronous high-speed recordings. Due to the close solid boundary, the bubble collapses with the well-known liquid jet phenomenon. Subsequent microscopic inspection of the substrates reveals circular areas clean of particles after a single bubble generation and collapse event. The detailed bubble dynamics, as well as the cleaned area size, is characterised by the non-dimensional bubble stand-off γ=d/Rmax, with d: laser focus distance to the solid boundary, and Rmax: maximum bubble radius before collapse. We observe a maximum of clean area at γ≈0.7, a roughly linear decay of the cleaned circle radius for increasing γ, and no cleaning for γ>3.5. As the main mechanism for particle removal, rapid flows at the boundary are identified. Three different cleaning regimes are discussed in relation to γ: (I) For large stand-off, 1.8<γ<3.5, bubble collapse induced vortex flows touch down onto the substrate and remove particles without significant contact of the gas phase. (II) For small distances, γ<1.1, the bubble is in direct contact with the solid. Fast liquid flows at the substrate are driven by the jet impact with its subsequent radial spreading, and by the liquid following the motion of the collapsing and rebounding bubble wall. Both flows remove particles. Their relative timing, which depends sensitively on the exact γ, appears to determine the extension of the area with forces large enough to cause particle detachment. (III) At intermediate stand-off, 1.1<γ<1.8, only the second bubble collapse touches the substrate, but acts with cleaning mechanisms similar to an effective small γ collapse: particles are removed by

12. Photograph of a photograph in possession of the Watervliet ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photograph of a photograph in possession of the Watervliet Arsenal Museum, New York. CONSTRUCTION PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING CAST IRON COLUMNS AND BEAMS IN WHAT IS PROBABLY THE SECOND FLOOR OF UNIT 2. TAKEN IN 1865. - Watervliet Arsenal, Building No. 40, Broadway between Dalliba & Watervliet Avenues, Watervliet, Albany County, NY

Photographic copy of circa 1934 black and white aerial photograph. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of circa 1934 black and white aerial photograph. Loose in oversized box located at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. Original Photographer unknown. CIRCA 1934 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FROM EAST BANK LOOKING SOUTH TOWARD WEST BANK SHOWING COMPLETED BRIDGE PIERS AND DECK TRUSS BETWEEN PIERS C, B, AND V. - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

17. Photographic copy of photograph. Location unknown but assumed to ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. Photographic copy of photograph. Location unknown but assumed to be uper end of canal. Features no longer extant. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. MAIN (TITLED FLORENCE) CANAL, WASTEWAY, SLUICEWAY, & BRIDGE, 1/26/25. - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Marin Canal, Amhurst-Hayden Dam to Picacho Reservoir, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

Dynamics of two-dimensional bubbles.

PubMed

Piedra, Saúl; Ramos, Eduardo; Herrera, J Ramón

2015-06-01

The dynamics of two-dimensional bubbles ascending under the influence of buoyant forces is numerically studied with a one-fluid model coupled with the front-tracking technique. The bubble dynamics are described by recording the position, shape, and orientation of the bubbles as functions of time. The qualitative properties of the bubbles and their terminal velocities are described in terms of the Eötvos (ratio of buoyancy to surface tension) and Archimedes numbers (ratio of buoyancy to viscous forces). The terminal Reynolds number result from the balance of buoyancy and drag forces and, consequently, is not an externally fixed parameter. In the cases that yield small Reynolds numbers, the bubbles follow straight paths and the wake is steady. A more interesting behavior is found at high Reynolds numbers where the bubbles follow an approximately periodic zigzag trajectory and an unstable wake with properties similar to the Von Karman vortex street is formed. The dynamical features of the motion of single bubbles are compared to experimental observations of air bubbles ascending in a water-filled Hele-Shaw cell. Although the comparison is not strictly valid in the sense that the effect of the lateral walls is not incorporated in the model, most of the dynamical properties observed are in good qualitative agreement with the numerical calculations. Hele-Shaw cells with different gaps have been used to determine the degree of approximation of the numerical calculation. It is found that for the relation between the terminal Reynolds number and the Archimedes number, the numerical calculations are closer to the observations of bubble dynamics in Hele-Shaw cells of larger gaps.

Acoustical stability of a sonoluminescing bubble

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holzfuss, Joachim; Rüggeberg, Matthias; Holt, R. Glynn

2002-10-01

In the parameter region for sonoluminescence of a single levitated bubble in a water-filled resonator it is observed that the bubble may have an enormous spatial stability leaving it ``pinned'' in the fluid and allowing it to emit light pulses of picosecond accuracy. We report here observations of a complex harmonic structure in the acoustic field surrounding a sonoluminescing bubble. We show that this complex sound field determines the position of the bubble and may either increase or decrease its spatial stability. The acoustic environment of the bubble is the result of the excitation of high-order normal modes of the resonator by the outgoing shock wave generated by the bubble collapse.

Between soap bubbles and vesicles: The dynamics of freely floating smectic bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stannarius, Ralf; May, Kathrin; Harth, Kirsten; Trittel, Torsten

2013-03-01

The dynamics of droplets and bubbles, particularly on microscopic scales, are of considerable importance in biological, environmental, and technical contexts. We introduce freely floating bubbles of smectic liquid crystals and report their unique dynamic properties. Smectic bubbles can be used as simple models for dynamic studies of fluid membranes. In equilibrium, they form minimal surfaces like soap films. However, shape transformations of closed smectic membranes that change the surface area involve the formation and motion of molecular layer dislocations. These processes are slow compared to the capillary wave dynamics, therefore the effective surface tension is zero like in vesicles. Freely floating smectic bubbles are prepared from collapsing catenoid films and their dynamics is studied with optical high-speed imaging. Experiments are performed under normal gravity and in microgravity during parabolic flights. Supported by DLR within grant OASIS-Co.

39. Photocopy of building model photograph, ca. 1974, photographer unknown. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

39. Photocopy of building model photograph, ca. 1974, photographer unknown. Original photograph property of United States Air Force, 21" Space Command. CAPE COD AIR STATION PAVE PAWS FACILITY MODEL - SHOWING "A" AND "B" FACES. - Cape Cod Air Station, Technical Facility-Scanner Building & Power Plant, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Sandwich, Barnstable County, MA

10. Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. Comparison of Spartan and sprint missiles. The sprint missile is on the left; the Spartan missile is on the right - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Launch Area, Within Exclusion Area, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

34. Photographic copy of photograph (ca. 1962, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. Photographic copy of photograph (ca. 1962, original print in possession of Army Corps of Engineers, Ft. Belvoir, Virginia) Photographer unknown. View of launch control facility under construction, security gate at left - Ellsworth Air Force Base, Delta Flight, 10 mile radius around Exit 127 off Interstate 90, Interior, Jackson County, SD

11. Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. View of rocket models, allowing a comparison of the Spartan, galosh (USSR), minute man III, and SS-9 (USSR) missiles - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Launch Area, Within Exclusion Area, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Cohesion of Bubbles in Foam

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ross, Sydney

1978-01-01

The free-energy change, or binding energy, of an idealized bubble cluster is calculated on the basis of one mole of gas, and on the basis of a single bubble going from sphere to polyhedron. Some new relations of bubble geometry are developed in the course of the calculation. (BB)

Photographic copy of photograph, Joseph Yolo, photographer, 1936 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, Joseph Yolo, photographer, 1936 (original print located at U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington). "WAHT A GOVERNMENT CANAL AND AN ASSURED WATER SUPPLY WILL DO IN A DESERT AREA IS SHOWN IN THIS AIR VIEW OF A SECTION OF THE YAKIMA FEDERAL RECLAMATION PROJECT IN CENTRAL WASHINGTON. THE MAIN CANAL IS SEEN RUNNING DOWN THE MIDDLE OF THE VALLEY WITH PATCHES OF ORCHARDS AND FIELDS ON EITHER SIDE, BUT ABOVE THE CANAL LINE THE SAGE BRUSH DESERT REMAINS, AS CAN BE SEEN ON THE LEFT. THE YAKIMA PROJECT SUPPORTS MORE THAN 110,000 PEOPLE IN A TERRITORY WHICH WAS DESERT 35 YEARS AGO. MANY OF THE ORIGINAL SETTLERS WHO CAME, LIKE THOSE WHO ARE NOW SETTLING ON THE VALE PROJECT, TO BREAK THE RAW DESERT LAND, ARE STILL LIVING ON THESE NEATLY CHECKERBOARDED FARMS" - Kachess Dam, Kachess River, 1.5 miles north of Interstate 90, Easton, Kittitas County, WA

Capillarity-Driven Bubble Separations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wollman, Andrew; Weislogel, Mark; Dreyer, Michael

2013-11-01

Techniques for phase separation in the absence of gravity continue to be sought after 5 decades of space flight. This work focuses on the fundamental problem of gas bubble separation in bubbly flows through open wedge-shaped channel in a microgravity environment. The bubbles appear to rise in the channel and coalesce with the free surface. Forces acting on the bubble are the combined effects of surface tension, wetting conditions, and geometry; not buoyancy. A single dimensionless group is identified that characterizes the bubble behavior and supportive experiments are conducted in a terrestrial laboratory, in a 2.1 second drop tower, and aboard the International Space Station as part of the Capillary Channel Flow (CCF) experiments. The data is organized into regime maps that provide insight on passive phase separations for applications ranging from liquid management aboard spacecraft to lab-on-chip technologies. NASA NNX09AP66A, NASA Oregon Space Grant NNX10AK68H, NASA NNX12AO47A, DLR 50WM0535/0845/1145

Elimination of CT-detected gas bubbles derived from decompression illness with abdominal symptoms after a short hyperbaric oxygen treatment in a monoplace chamber: a case report.

PubMed

Oyaizu, Takuya; Enomoto, Mitsuhiro; Tsujimoto, Toshihide; Kojima, Yasushi; Okawa, Atsushi; Yagishita, Kazuyoshi

2017-01-01

We report the case of a 54-year-old male compressed-air worker with gas bubbles detected by computed tomography (CT). He had complained of strong abdominal pain 30 minutes after decompression after working at a pressure equivalent to 17 meters of sea water for three hours. The initial CT images revealed gas bubbles in the intrahepatic portal vein, pulmonary artery and bilateral femoral vein. After the first hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO₂ at 2.5 atmospheres absolute/ATA for 150 minutes), no bubbles were detected on repeat CT examination. The patient still exhibited abdominal distension, mild hypesthesia and slight muscle weakness in the upper extremities. Two sessions of U.S. Navy Treatment Table 6 (TT6) were performed on Days 6 and 7 after onset. The patient recovered completely on Day 7. This report describes the important role of CT imaging in evaluating intravascular gas bubbles as well as eliminating the diagnosis of other conditions when divers or compressed-air workers experience uncommon symptoms of decompression illness. In addition, a short treatment table of HBO₂ using non-TT6 HBO₂ treatment may be useful to reduce gas bubbles and the severity of decompression illness in emergent cases. Copyright© Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society.

44. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

44. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on file at Veterans Administration in Wichita, Kansas), government photograph certified by W.B. Hayes, Jr., Superintendent of Construction, Veterans Administration, photographic firm Carlson and Bull, 4 May 1934, listed as "Project VAC-0206, no. 9 of 10 views, set no. 2 of 2 sets, subject - Shrubbery and Plantings, contractor Williams & Harvey Nurseries Co., Kansas City, Kansas." View southeast, Building 8 - Veterans Administration Center, Officers Duplex Quarters, 5302 East Kellogg (Legal Address); 5500 East Kellogg (Common Address), Wichita, Sedgwick County, KS

Photographic copy of 8” x 10” black and white photograph ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of 8” x 10” black and white photograph of photograph of Ralph Modjeski (1861–1940). Photographer unknown: Loose in separate folder in oversized box located at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. PHOTOGRAPH OF RALPH MODJESKI (1861 - 1940). - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

12. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. PIMA LATERAL, LINING EQUIPMENT, 5/13/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Pima Lateral, Main Canal at Sacaton Dam, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

14. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.s. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.s. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1927. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, District #4, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 29, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. PIMA LATERAL, MCCLELLAN CONDUIT, ENTRANCE BEFORE POURING THE CONDUIT, 4/30/27 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Pima Lateral, Main Canal at Sacaton Dam, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

15. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1927. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, District #4, RG 75, Entry 655, BOx 29, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. PIMA LATERAL, MCCLELLAN WASH CONDUIT, LOOKING SOUTH-WEST, 4/16/27 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Pima Lateral, Main Canal at Sacaton Dam, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

20. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1926. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 29, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM, BRIDGE FROM SOUTH END, 8/29/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

40. Photocopy of building model photograph, ca., 1974, photographer unknown. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

40. Photocopy of building model photograph, ca., 1974, photographer unknown. Original photograph property of United States Air Force, 21" Space Command. CAPE COD AIR STATION PAVE PAWS FACILITY MODEL - ELEVATION SHOWING FLOOR AND EQUIPMENT LAYOUT. - Cape Cod Air Station, Technical Facility-Scanner Building & Power Plant, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Sandwich, Barnstable County, MA

3. Photographic copy of photograph dated 1941; Gerald Young, Chicago, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Photographic copy of photograph dated 1941; Gerald Young, Chicago, photographer; Original in Rath collection at Grout Museum, Waterloo, Iowa; Filed under: Rath Parking Company, Box 5; SKINNING CATTLE IN THE OLD BEEF HOUSE - Rath Packing Company, Cooler Building-1929 Beef House, Sycamore Street between Elm & Eighteenth Streets, Waterloo, Black Hawk County, IA

11. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPY OF ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPH, DATED APRIL 29, 1926, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPY OF ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPH, DATED APRIL 29, 1926, 7TH CAVALRY CANTONMENT MESS HALL, NATIONAL ARCHIVES PHOTOGRAPH, RECORD GROUP 92, GEOGRAPHIC FILE, 1922-1935, No. 600-1, FORT BLISS - Fort Bliss, 7th Cavalry Buildings, U.S. Army Air Defence Artillery Center & Fort Bliss, El Paso, El Paso County, TX

2. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Atlanta ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Atlanta Housing Authority, Atlanta, GA). Photographer unknown, circa 1940. Aerial view of Clark Howell Homes, center, Techwood Homes, left, Georgia Institute of Technology, bottom. - Clark Howell Homes (Public Housing), Bounded by North Avenue, Lovejoy Street, Mills Street & Luckie Street, Atlanta, Fulton County, GA

1. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Atlanta ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Atlanta Housing Authority, Atlanta, GA). Photographer unknown, circa 1940. Aerial view, Clark Howell Homes, left, Techwood Homes, right, Georgia Institute of Technology, top, right. - Clark Howell Homes (Public Housing), Bounded by North Avenue, Lovejoy Street, Mills Street & Luckie Street, Atlanta, Fulton County, GA

Leverage bubble

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Wanfeng; Woodard, Ryan; Sornette, Didier

2012-01-01

Leverage is strongly related to liquidity in a market and lack of liquidity is considered a cause and/or consequence of the recent financial crisis. A repurchase agreement is a financial instrument where a security is sold simultaneously with an agreement to buy it back at a later date. Repurchase agreement (repo) market size is a very important element in calculating the overall leverage in a financial market. Therefore, studying the behavior of repo market size can help to understand a process that can contribute to the birth of a financial crisis. We hypothesize that herding behavior among large investors led to massive over-leveraging through the use of repos, resulting in a bubble (built up over the previous years) and subsequent crash in this market in early 2008. We use the Johansen-Ledoit-Sornette (JLS) model of rational expectation bubbles and behavioral finance to study the dynamics of the repo market that led to the crash. The JLS model qualifies a bubble by the presence of characteristic patterns in the price dynamics, called log-periodic power law (LPPL) behavior. We show that there was significant LPPL behavior in the market before that crash and that the predicted range of times predicted by the model for the end of the bubble is consistent with the observations.

The Early Years: Blowing Bubbles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ashbrook, Peggy

2016-01-01

Blowing bubbles is not only a favorite summer activity for young children. Studying bubbles that are grouped together, or "foam," is fun for children and fascinating to many real-world scientists. Foam is widely used--from the bedroom (mattresses) to outer space (insulating panels on spacecraft). Bubble foam can provide children a…

43. Photographic copy of photograph (ca. 1962, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. Photographic copy of photograph (ca. 1962, original print in possession of Peter Kiewit Sons' Co., Omaha, Nebraska) Photographer unknown. View of launch closure, launch closure apron at left, personnel access hatch open at right - Ellsworth Air Force Base, Delta Flight, 10 mile radius around Exit 127 off Interstate 90, Interior, Jackson County, SD

42. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Sacramento ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

42. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center, Sacramento, California) Original photographer and year unknown. BEANS GROWING ON THE PHILIP S. DRIVER ESTATE LANDS IN NATOMAS DISTRICT NO. 1000. - Reclamation District 1000, Northwest Sacramento County & southwest Sutter County, bisected by State Highway No. 99, Sacramento, Sacramento County, CA

Photographic copy of 8” x 10” black and white photograph ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of 8” x 10” black and white photograph of photograph of Franklin M. Masters (1883–1974). Photographer unknown: Loose in separate folder in oversized box located at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. PHOTOGRAPH OF FRANKLIN M. MASTERS (1883-1974). - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

Infinite stream of Hele--Shaw bubbles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burgess, D.; Tanveer, S.

1991-03-01

Exact solutions are presented for a steady stream of bubbles in a Hele--Shaw cell when the effect of surface tension is neglected. These solutions form a three-parameter family. For specified area and distance between bubbles, the speed of the bubble remains arbitrary when surface tension is neglected. However, numerical and analytical evidence indicates that this arbitrariness is removed by the effect of surface tension. The branch of solutions that corresponds to the McLean--Saffman finger solution were primarily studied. A dramatic increase was observed in bubble speeds when the distance between bubbles is on the order of a bubble diameter, whichmore » may have relevance to experiments done by Maxworthy (J. Fluid Mech. {bold 173}, 95 (1986)).« less

Revision of the genus Philonome Chambers and its proposed reassignment to the family Tineidae (Lepidoptera, Tineoidea)

PubMed Central

Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Davis, Donald R.; Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos

2015-01-01

Abstract The New World genus Philonome Chambers, 1874 is revised. This genus comprises twelve species, seven of which are described as new: two species, Philonome nigrescens sp. n. and Philonome wielgusi sp. n., from the United States; four species, Philonome albivittata sp. n., Philonome curvilineata sp. n., Philonome kawakitai sp. n., and Philonome lambdagrapha sp. n., from French Guiana; and one species, Philonome penerivifera sp. n., from Brazil. Lectotypes are designated for Philonome clemensella Chambers, 1874 and Philonome rivifera Meyrick, 1915. Partially on evidence of their head morphology and particularly from molecular evidence, the genus Philonome, previously associated with Bucculatricidae or Lyonetiidae, is reassigned to Tineidae. A possible systematic position of Philonome within Tineidae is discussed. Eurynome Chambers, 1875, is synonymized with Argyresthia Hübner, 1825 (Argyresthiidae). Photographs of adults and illustrations of genitalia, when available, are provided for all described species of Philonome and two species previously misplaced in Philonome, Argyresthia luteella (Chambers, 1875) and Elachista albella (Chambers, 1877). In addition, DNA barcodes were used for the delimitation of most species. PMID:25901115

23. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

23. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1926. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 29, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown, SACATON DAM, NORTH SIDE SIPHON AND INTAKE GATES, 2/23/26 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

14. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. MAIN (TITLED FLORENCE) CANAL, PRISON WASH CROSSING, 3/9/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Marin Canal, Amhurst-Hayden Dam to Picacho Reservoir, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

21. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

21. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1926. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 29, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM, UPSTREAM SIDE FROM SOUTH END, 8/29/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

16. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. MAIN (TITLED FLORENCE) CANAL, CHECK AND PIMA, LATERAL TURNOUT, 3/9/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Marin Canal, Amhurst-Hayden Dam to Picacho Reservoir, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

15. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. MAIN (TITLED FLORENCE) CANAL, BOGARD WASH INTAKE, 3/9/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Marin Canal, Amhurst-Hayden Dam to Picacho Reservoir, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

22. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1926. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 29, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM, SOUTH END WITH CANAL AND ROADWAY, 8/29/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

Time-Dependent Changes in a Shampoo Bubble

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chattopadhyay, Arun

2000-10-01

This article demonstrates the fascinating phenomenon of time evolution of a shampoo bubble through experiments that can be performed by undergraduate students. The changes in thickness of the bubble films with time are followed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The change in chemical composition as a bubble film evolves is monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. It is observed that the change in thickness of a typical shampoo bubble film enclosed in a container is gradual and slow, and the hydrocarbon components of the bubble drain from the bubble much more slowly than water. An additional agent, such as acetonitrile, strikingly alters the dynamics of evolution of such a bubble.

Bubble baths: just splashing around?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robinson, Wesley; Speirs, Nathan; Sharker, Saberul Islam; Hurd, Randy; Williams, Bj; Truscott, Tadd

2016-11-01

Soap Bubbles on the water surface would seem to be an intuitive means for splash suppression, but their presence appears to be a double edged sword. We present on the water entry of hydrophilic spheres where the liquid surface is augmented by the presence of a bubble layer, similar to a bubble bath. While the presence of a bubble layer can diminish splashing upon impact at low Weber numbers, it also induces cavity formation at speeds below the critical velocity. The formation of a cavity generally results in larger Worthington jets and thus, larger amounts of ejected liquid. Bubble layers induce cavity formation by wetting the sphere prior to liquid impact, causing them to form cavities similar to those created by hydrophobic spheres. Droplets present on a pre-wetted sphere disrupt the flow of the advancing liquid during entry, pushing it away from the impacting body to form an entrained air cavity. This phenomena was noted by Worthington with pre-wetted stone marbles, and suggests that the application of a bubble layer is generally ineffective as a means of splash suppression.

Coarse-grained discrete particle simulations of particle segregation in rotating fluidized beds in vortex chambers [Discrete particle simulations of particle segregation in rotating fluidized beds in vortex chambers

DOE PAGES

Verma, Vikrant; Li, Tingwen; De Wilde, Juray

2017-05-26

Vortex chambers allow the generation of rotating fluidized beds, offering high-G intensified gas-solid contact, gas-solids separation and solids-solids segregation. Focusing on binary particle mixtures and fixing the density and diameter of the heavy/large particles, transient batch CFD-coarse-grained DPM simulations were carried out with varying densities or sizes of the light/small particles to evaluate to what extent combining these three functionalities is possible within a vortex chamber of given design. Both the rate and quality of segregation were analyzed. Within a relatively wide density and size range, fast and efficient segregation takes place, with an inner and slower rotating bed ofmore » the lighter/small particles forming within the outer and faster rotating bed of the heavier/large particles. Simulations show that the contamination of the outer bed with lighter particles occurs more easily than contamination of the inner bed with heavier particles and increases with decreasing difference in size or density of the particles. Bubbling in the inner bed is observed with an inner bed of very low density or small particles. Porosity plots show that vortex chambers with a sufficient number of gas inlet slots have to be used to guarantee a uniform gas distribution and particle bed. Lastly, the flexibility of particle segregation in vortex chambers with respect to the gas flow rate is demonstrated.« less

Coarse-grained discrete particle simulations of particle segregation in rotating fluidized beds in vortex chambers [Discrete particle simulations of particle segregation in rotating fluidized beds in vortex chambers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Verma, Vikrant; Li, Tingwen; De Wilde, Juray

Vortex chambers allow the generation of rotating fluidized beds, offering high-G intensified gas-solid contact, gas-solids separation and solids-solids segregation. Focusing on binary particle mixtures and fixing the density and diameter of the heavy/large particles, transient batch CFD-coarse-grained DPM simulations were carried out with varying densities or sizes of the light/small particles to evaluate to what extent combining these three functionalities is possible within a vortex chamber of given design. Both the rate and quality of segregation were analyzed. Within a relatively wide density and size range, fast and efficient segregation takes place, with an inner and slower rotating bed ofmore » the lighter/small particles forming within the outer and faster rotating bed of the heavier/large particles. Simulations show that the contamination of the outer bed with lighter particles occurs more easily than contamination of the inner bed with heavier particles and increases with decreasing difference in size or density of the particles. Bubbling in the inner bed is observed with an inner bed of very low density or small particles. Porosity plots show that vortex chambers with a sufficient number of gas inlet slots have to be used to guarantee a uniform gas distribution and particle bed. Lastly, the flexibility of particle segregation in vortex chambers with respect to the gas flow rate is demonstrated.« less

42. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph displayed ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

42. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph displayed in office at Veterans Administration in Wichita, Kansas), photographer unknown, ca. 1935. Panoramic of campus, view of north and east, Building 8 is first structure on right - Veterans Administration Center, Officers Duplex Quarters, 5302 East Kellogg (Legal Address); 5500 East Kellogg (Common Address), Wichita, Sedgwick County, KS

9. Photographic copy of historic photograph showing lower dam without ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Photographic copy of historic photograph showing lower dam without stone apron and water flowing over the overspill. Date and photographer unknown. (original in possession of United States Department of Agriculture-Forest Service-Allegheny National Forest) VIEW WEST - Loleta Recreation Area, Lower Dam, 6 miles Southeast of interesection of State Route 24041 & State Route 66, Loleta, Elk County, PA

24. Photographic copy of undated photo; Photographer unknown; Original in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. Photographic copy of undated photo; Photographer unknown; Original in Rath collection at Iowa State University Libraries, Ames, Iowa; Filed under: Rath Packing Company, Printed Photographs, Symbol M, Box 2; REMOVING HIDES ON THE MOVING SKINNING TABLE; LOOKING NORTH - Rath Packing Company, Beef Killing Building, Sycamore Street between Elm & Eighteenth Streets, Waterloo, Black Hawk County, IA

12. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Atlanta ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Atlanta Housing Authority, Atlanta, GA). Photographer unknown, circa 1945. View across park and playground between Techwood Homes and Clark Howell Homes, facing west with Clark Howell Homes in background. - Clark Howell Homes (Public Housing), Bounded by North Avenue, Lovejoy Street, Mills Street & Luckie Street, Atlanta, Fulton County, GA

9. Photographic copy of photograph (circa 1908, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Photographic copy of photograph (circa 1908, original print in Archives, Public Affairs Department, Sears Merchandise Group, Hoffman Estates, Illinois), Photographer unknown. OVERALL VIEW OF PRINTING AND ADVERTISING BUILDING, ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, AND MERCHANDISE BUILDING, VIEW TO WEST-SOUTHWEST - Sears Roebuck & Company Mail Order Plant, Bounded by Lexington & Grenshaw Streets, Kedzie Avenue & Independence Boulevard, Chicago, Cook County, IL

10. Photocopy of photographs (original photographs in possession of Coronado ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. Photocopy of photographs (original photographs in possession of Coronado Historical Association). Chris Ackerman, Photographer, 1992. THREE VIEWS OF BABCOCK COURT: 1) CENTRAL COURTYARD FROM SECOND STORY PORCH, 2) AREA BEHIND BUNGALOWS, 3) OBLIQUE VIEW OF BUNGALOW FRONTS WITH TWO-STORY APARTMENT IN REAR - Heilman Villas, 706-720 Orange Avenue & 1060-1090 Seventh Street, Coronado, San Diego County, CA

Photographic copy of photograph, ca. 1919 (original print located in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, ca. 1919 (original print located in the National Archives & Records Administration, Still Picture Branch, Panama Canal Collection Series 185-G, #352, Washington, D.C.). Photographer unknown. View of El Prado from administration building with Balboa Elementary School on left side, looking west. - Balboa School, Northeast end of El Prado, Balboa, Former Panama Canal Zone, CZ

19. Photographic copy of photograph (ca. 1962, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. Photographic copy of photograph (ca. 1962, original print in possession of Peter Kiewit Sons' Co., Omaha, Nebraska) Photographer unknown. Road signs for Alpha Flight Launch Facility sites 8-11 and Bravo Flight Launch Facility sites 2 and 11 - Ellsworth Air Force Base, Delta Flight, 10 mile radius around Exit 127 off Interstate 90, Interior, Jackson County, SD

11. Photocopy of photograph in the collection of Photographic Branch, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photocopy of photograph in the collection of Photographic Branch, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, WA. Original is labelled: Yard Photo 42. Date unknown, probably 1940's. Photographer unknown. HABS negative is a 4x5' copy negative. Perspective view of NE corner of Building 78. - Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Administration Building, Farragut Avenue, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

10. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPY OF ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPH, DATED APRIL 29, 1926, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPY OF ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPH, DATED APRIL 29, 1926, DOUBLE BARRACK, BUILDING 452, (ORIGINAL No. 655), SOUTH FRONT AND RIGHT SIDE, NATIONAL ARCHIVES PHOTOGRAPH, RECORD GROUP 92, GEOGRAPHIC FILE, 1922-1935, No. 600-1, FORT BLISS - Fort Bliss, 7th Cavalry Buildings, U.S. Army Air Defence Artillery Center & Fort Bliss, El Paso, El Paso County, TX

Neural basis of economic bubble behavior.

PubMed

Ogawa, A; Onozaki, T; Mizuno, T; Asamizuya, T; Ueno, K; Cheng, K; Iriki, A

2014-04-18

Throughout human history, economic bubbles have formed and burst. As a bubble grows, microeconomic behavior ceases to be constrained by realistic predictions. This contradicts the basic assumption of economics that agents have rational expectations. To examine the neural basis of behavior during bubbles, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants traded shares in a virtual stock exchange with two non-bubble stocks and one bubble stock. The price was largely deflected from the fair price in one of the non-bubble stocks, but not in the other. Their fair prices were specified. The price of the bubble stock showed a large increase and battering, as based on a real stock-market bust. The imaging results revealed modulation of the brain circuits that regulate trade behavior under different market conditions. The premotor cortex was activated only under a market condition in which the price was largely deflected from the fair price specified. During the bubble, brain regions associated with the cognitive processing that supports order decisions were identified. The asset preference that might bias the decision was associated with the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The activity of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) was correlated with the score of future time perspective, which would bias the estimation of future price. These regions were deemed to form a distinctive network during the bubble. A functional connectivity analysis showed that the connectivity between the DLPFC and the IPL was predominant compared with other connectivities only during the bubble. These findings indicate that uncertain and unstable market conditions changed brain modes in traders. These brain mechanisms might lead to a loss of control caused by wishful thinking, and to microeconomic bubbles that expand, on the macroscopic scale, toward bust. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

17. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM AND BRIDGE, CONSTRUCTION OF WEIR, 1/17/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

14. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM AND BRIDGE, CONSTRUCTION BRIDGE PIERS - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

15. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM AND BRIDGE, CONSTRUCTION BRIDGE DECK, 4/5/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

Soap bubbles in paintings: Art and science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Behroozi, F.

2008-12-01

Soap bubbles became popular in 17th century paintings and prints primarily as a metaphor for the impermanence and fragility of life. The Dancing Couple (1663) by the Dutch painter Jan Steen is a good example which, among many other symbols, shows a young boy blowing soap bubbles. In the 18th century the French painter Jean-Simeon Chardin used soap bubbles not only as metaphor but also to express a sense of play and wonder. In his most famous painting, Soap Bubbles (1733/1734) a translucent and quavering soap bubble takes center stage. Chardin's contemporary Charles Van Loo painted his Soap Bubbles (1764) after seeing Chardin's work. In both paintings the soap bubbles have a hint of color and show two bright reflection spots. We discuss the physics involved and explain how keenly the painters have observed the interaction of light and soap bubbles. We show that the two reflection spots on the soap bubbles are images of the light source, one real and one virtual, formed by the curved surface of the bubble. The faint colors are due to thin film interference effects.

Influence of the bubble-bubble interaction on destruction of encapsulated microbubbles under ultrasound.

PubMed

Yasui, Kyuichi; Lee, Judy; Tuziuti, Toru; Towata, Atsuya; Kozuka, Teruyuki; Iida, Yasuo

2009-09-01

Influence of the bubble-bubble interaction on the pulsation of encapsulated microbubbles has been studied by numerical simulations under the condition of the experiment reported by Chang et al. [IEEE Trans. Ultrason Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 48, 161 (2001)]. It has been shown that the natural (resonance) frequency of a microbubble decreases considerably as the microbubble concentration increases to relatively high concentrations. At some concentration, the natural frequency may coincide with the driving frequency. Microbubble pulsation becomes milder as the microbubble concentration increases except at around the resonance condition due to the stronger bubble-bubble interaction. This may be one of the reasons why the threshold of acoustic pressure for destruction of an encapsulated microbubble increases as the microbubble concentration increases. A theoretical model for destruction has been proposed.

41. Photocopy of progress photograph ca. 1974, photographer unknown. Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

41. Photocopy of progress photograph ca. 1974, photographer unknown. Original photograph Property of United States Air Force, 21" Space Command. This is the source for views 41 to 47. CAPE COD AIR STATION PAVE PAWS FACILITY - SHOWING BUILDING "RED IRON" STEEL STRUCTURE NEARING COMPLETION. - Cape Cod Air Station, Technical Facility-Scanner Building & Power Plant, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Sandwich, Barnstable County, MA

11. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Val ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph in possession of Val Brose, General Dynamics Space Systems Division, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California). Photographer unknown, circa July 1961. CREW OF FIRST LAUNCH FROM POINT ARGUELLO LAUNCH COMPLEX 1, PAD 2, (SLC-3E) ON LAUNCH PAD. - Vandenberg Air Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3, Napa & Alden Roads, Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, CA

40. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

40. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on file at Veterans Administration in Wichita, Kansas), photographer unknown, ca. 1933. Panoramic aerial view of Veterans Administration Center, view north, City of Wichita in background, Building 8 is first structure on right - Veterans Administration Center, Officers Duplex Quarters, 5302 East Kellogg (Legal Address); 5500 East Kellogg (Common Address), Wichita, Sedgwick County, KS

25. Photographic copy of undated photo; Photographer unknown; Original in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

25. Photographic copy of undated photo; Photographer unknown; Original in Rath collection at Iowa State University Libraries, Ames, Iowa; Filed under: Rath Packing Company, Printed Photographs, Symbol M, Box 2; REMOVING HIDES ON THE SKINNING TABLE; CARCASSES IN HALF-HOIST POSITION; LOOKING SOUTH - Rath Packing Company, Beef Killing Building, Sycamore Street between Elm & Eighteenth Streets, Waterloo, Black Hawk County, IA

3. Photographic copy of a photograph, dated June 1993 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Photographic copy of a photograph, dated June 1993 (original print in the possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Gerald Greenwood, photographer. Interior of remote launch operations building, room unknown, demonstrating the result of salvaging operations. Note the ceiling tiles have been removed - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Remote Launch Operations Building, Near Service Road exit from Patrol Road, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Dissolving Bubbles in Glass

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weinberg, M. C.; Oronato, P. I.; Uhlmann, D. R.

1984-01-01

Analytical expression used to calculate time it takes for stationary bubbles of oxygen and carbon dioxide to dissolve from glass melt. Technique based on analytical expression for bubble radius as function time, with consequences of surface tension included.

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles

DOE PAGES

Jiang, Wanjun; Upadhyaya, Pramey; Zhang, Wei; ...

2015-06-11

The formation of soap bubbles from thin films is accompanied by topological transitions. In this paper, we show how a magnetic topological structure, a skyrmion bubble, can be generated in a solid-state system in a similar manner. Using an inhomogeneous in-plane current in a system with broken inversion symmetry, we experimentally “blow” magnetic skyrmion bubbles from a geometrical constriction. The presence of a spatially divergent spin-orbit torque gives rise to instabilities of the magnetic domain structures that are reminiscent of Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities in fluid flows. We determine a phase diagram for skyrmion formation and reveal the efficient manipulation of thesemore » dynamically created skyrmions, including depinning and motion. Finally, the demonstrated current-driven transformation from stripe domains to magnetic skyrmion bubbles could lead to progress in skyrmion-based spintronics.« less

12. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM AND BRIDGE FROM QUARRY HILL, PRACTICALLY COMPLETED, 6/18/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

16. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol, I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM AND BRIDGE, SHOWING WEIR APRONS AND BRIDGE, 6/18/25. - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

13. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM AND BRIDGE, CONSTRUCTION OF MAIN APRON, 12/9/24 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

11. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM AND BRIDGE SITE FROM QUARRY HILL, 10/1/24 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

Soap bubbles in analytical chemistry. Conductometric determination of sub-parts per million levels of sulfur dioxide with a soap bubble.

PubMed

Kanyanee, Tinakorn; Borst, Walter L; Jakmunee, Jaroon; Grudpan, Kate; Li, Jianzhong; Dasgupta, Purnendu K

2006-04-15

Soap bubbles provide a fascinating tool that is little used analytically. With a very low liquid volume to surface area ratio, a soap bubble can potentially provide a very useful interface for preconcentration where mass transfer to an interfacial surface is important. Here we use an automated system to create bubbles of uniform size and film thickness. We utilize purified Triton-X 100, a nonionic surfactant, to make soap bubbles. We use such bubbles as a gas-sampling interface. Incorporating hydrogen peroxide into the bubble provides a system where electrical conductance increases as the bubble is exposed to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide gas. We theoretically derive the conductance of a hollow conducting spherical thin film with spherical cap electrodes. We measure the film thickness by incorporating a dye in the bubble making solution and laser transmission photometry and find that it agrees well with the geometrically computed thickness. With the conductance of the bubble-making soap solution being measured by conventional methods, we show that the measured values of the bubble conductance with known bubble and electrode dimensions closely correspond to the theoretically computed value. Finally, we demonstrate that sub-ppm levels of SO(2) can readily be detected by the conductivity change of a hydrogen peroxide-doped soap bubble, measured in situ, when the gas flows around the bubble.

Catalog of earth photographs from the Apollo-Soyuz test project. [listing cloud photographs and data acquired at time photograph was taken

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

El-Baz, F. (Editor)

1979-01-01

Information is given on earth photographs obtained by the Apollo astronauts during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project. The data are arranged in three sections. A map index shows the boundaries of each photograph and is used for a quick survey of the coverage for a given geographical area. A tabular index provides the following data: list of photographs by serial number, description of geographic location, latitude and longitude of the center point of the photograph, date when photograph was taken, ground elapsed time, revolution number of Apollo spacecraft, approximate spacecraft altitude, tilt, sun angle, camera, and lens. The photographic index provides same size black and white prints made from the original color negatives.

FEASTING BLACK HOLE BLOWS BUBBLES

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

A monstrous black hole's rude table manners include blowing huge bubbles of hot gas into space. At least, that's the gustatory practice followed by the supermassive black hole residing in the hub of the nearby galaxy NGC 4438. Known as a peculiar galaxy because of its unusual shape, NGC 4438 is in the Virgo Cluster, 50 million light-years from Earth. These NASA Hubble Space Telescope images of the galaxy's central region clearly show one of the bubbles rising from a dark band of dust. The other bubble, emanating from below the dust band, is barely visible, appearing as dim red blobs in the close-up picture of the galaxy's hub (the colorful picture at right). The background image represents a wider view of the galaxy, with the central region defined by the white box. These extremely hot bubbles are caused by the black hole's voracious eating habits. The eating machine is engorging itself with a banquet of material swirling around it in an accretion disk (the white region below the bright bubble). Some of this material is spewed from the disk in opposite directions. Acting like high-powered garden hoses, these twin jets of matter sweep out material in their paths. The jets eventually slam into a wall of dense, slow-moving gas, which is traveling at less than 223,000 mph (360,000 kph). The collision produces the glowing material. The bubbles will continue to expand and will eventually dissipate. Compared with the life of the galaxy, this bubble-blowing phase is a short-lived event. The bubble is much brighter on one side of the galaxy's center because the jet smashed into a denser amount of gas. The brighter bubble is 800 light-years tall and 800 light-years across. The observations are being presented June 5 at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Rochester, N.Y. Both pictures were taken March 24, 1999 with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. False colors were used to enhance the details of the bubbles. The red regions in the picture denote the hot gas

Photographic copy of photograph, dated September 1973 (original in the ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, dated September 1973 (original in the possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville AL). Photographer unknown. Aerial photograph (west to 0 east) of remote sprint launch site #1. In background are waste stabilization pounds. On next row are the sprint cells. In foreground are the remote launch operations building on left and the limited area sentry station on right. The view illustrates the relatively flat topography of the SRMSC area Benjamin Halpern, 5-18 October 1992 - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Remote Sprint Launch Site No. 1, Just South of Ramsey-Cavalier County line & 3 miles West of Hampden, ND, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Slowing down bubbles with sound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poulain, Cedric; Dangla, Remie; Guinard, Marion

2009-11-01

We present experimental evidence that a bubble moving in a fluid in which a well-chosen acoustic noise is superimposed can be significantly slowed down even for moderate acoustic pressure. Through mean velocity measurements, we show that a condition for this effect to occur is for the acoustic noise spectrum to match or overlap the bubble's fundamental resonant mode. We render the bubble's oscillations and translational movements using high speed video. We show that radial oscillations (Rayleigh-Plesset type) have no effect on the mean velocity, while above a critical pressure, a parametric type instability (Faraday waves) is triggered and gives rise to nonlinear surface oscillations. We evidence that these surface waves are subharmonic and responsible for the bubble's drag increase. When the acoustic intensity is increased, Faraday modes interact and the strongly nonlinear oscillations behave randomly, leading to a random behavior of the bubble's trajectory and consequently to a higher slow down. Our observations may suggest new strategies for bubbly flow control, or two-phase microfluidic devices. It might also be applicable to other elastic objects, such as globules, cells or vesicles, for medical applications such as elasticity-based sorting.

3. Photographic copy of historic photograph. JulyDec. 1947 OAMA. (Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Photographic copy of historic photograph. July-Dec. 1947 OAMA. (Original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, North of State Highway 193, East of Interstate 15, South of Davis-Weber Canal, West of Wherry Road, Layton, Davis County, UT

4. Photographic copy of historic photograph. Jan.June 1948 OAMA. (Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. Photographic copy of historic photograph. Jan.-June 1948 OAMA. (Original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, North of State Highway 193, East of Interstate 15, South of Davis-Weber Canal, West of Wherry Road, Layton, Davis County, UT

10. Photographic copy of historic photograph. Jan.June 1954 OAMA. (Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. Photographic copy of historic photograph. Jan.-June 1954 OAMA. (Original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, North of State Highway 193, East of Interstate 15, South of Davis-Weber Canal, West of Wherry Road, Layton, Davis County, UT

7. Photographic copy of historic photograph. Jan.June 1951 OAMA. (Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. Photographic copy of historic photograph. Jan.-June 1951 OAMA. (Original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, North of State Highway 193, East of Interstate 15, South of Davis-Weber Canal, West of Wherry Road, Layton, Davis County, UT

8. Photographic copy of historic photograph. JulyDec. 1951 OAMA. (Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Photographic copy of historic photograph. July-Dec. 1951 OAMA. (Original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, North of State Highway 193, East of Interstate 15, South of Davis-Weber Canal, West of Wherry Road, Layton, Davis County, UT

6. Photographic copy of historic photograph. Jan.June 1951 OAMA. (Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photographic copy of historic photograph. Jan.-June 1951 OAMA. (Original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, North of State Highway 193, East of Interstate 15, South of Davis-Weber Canal, West of Wherry Road, Layton, Davis County, UT

5. Photographic copy of historic photograph. JulyDec. 1950 OAMA. (Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Photographic copy of historic photograph. July-Dec. 1950 OAMA. (Original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, North of State Highway 193, East of Interstate 15, South of Davis-Weber Canal, West of Wherry Road, Layton, Davis County, UT

2. Photographic copy of historic photograph. JulyDec. 1947 OAMA. (Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Photographic copy of historic photograph. July-Dec. 1947 OAMA. (Original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, North of State Highway 193, East of Interstate 15, South of Davis-Weber Canal, West of Wherry Road, Layton, Davis County, UT

1. Photographic copy of historic photograph. JulySept. 1946 OAMA. (Original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Photographic copy of historic photograph. July-Sept. 1946 OAMA. (Original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, North of State Highway 193, East of Interstate 15, South of Davis-Weber Canal, West of Wherry Road, Layton, Davis County, UT

5. Photographic copy of photograph, dated June 1993 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Photographic copy of photograph, dated June 1993 (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Gerald Greenwood, photographer. View within Spartan missile silo. Launch rail is located in the north section of all silos. At right is mechanical electrical equipment vault. Top of photo is up, bottom is down - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Launch Area, Within Exclusion Area, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

12. Photocopy of photographs (original photographs in possession of Coronado ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photocopy of photographs (original photographs in possession of Coronado Historical Association). Chris Ackerman, Photographer, 1992. THREE VIEWS OF BABCOCK COURT: 1) SIDE OF BUNGALOW AND BOUGAINVILLEA IN LEFT FOREGROUND, BUNGALOW IN RIGHT BACKGROUND, 2) OBLIQUE VIEW OF BUNGALOW FRONTS ALONG SEVENTH STREET, 3) PORTION OF BUNGALOW FRONT DOOR - Heilman Villas, 706-720 Orange Avenue & 1060-1090 Seventh Street, Coronado, San Diego County, CA

11. Photocopy of photographs (original photographs in possession of Coronado ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photocopy of photographs (original photographs in possession of Coronado Historical Association). Chris Ackerman, Photographer, 1992. THREE VIEWS OF BABCOCK COURT: 1) BUNGALOW FRONT WITH ORANGE AVENUE IN REAR, 2) COMMEMORATIVE BRONZE PLAQUE IN FOREGROUND, BUNGALOW FRONTS IN BACKGROUND, 3) OBLIQUE VIEW OF BUNGALOW ARCHED WINDOW AND ROOF PARAPET - Heilman Villas, 706-720 Orange Avenue & 1060-1090 Seventh Street, Coronado, San Diego County, CA

Photocopy of photograph (original photograph located in the Hawaii State ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photocopy of photograph (original photograph located in the Hawaii State Archives, Admiral Furlong Collection), HAS Neg. 199.016. U.S. Navy photograph, August 21, 1919. MRS. JOSEPHUS DANIELS, WIFE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, PUSHED A BUTTON AND DRYDOCK NO. 1 (FACILITY S779) WAS OFFICIALLY INAUGURATED. - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Waterfront Facilities, Various locations throughout base, Pearl City, Honolulu County, HI

19. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM AND BRIDGE, CANAL BRIDGE, OPERATING HOUSE AND INTAKE, SOUTH END, 2/14/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

4. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. MAIN (TITLED FLORENCE) CANAL, CHINA WASH FLUME, 5/13/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, China Wash Flume, Main (Florence-Case Grande) Canal at Station 137+00, T4S, R10E, S14, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

18. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. SACATON DAM AND BRIDGE, SOUTH END SLUICEWAY, INTAKE CANAL BRIDGE, OPERATING HOUSE, AND MAIN BRIDGE, 6/18/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Sacaton Dam & Bridge, Gila River, T4S R6E S12/13, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

5. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1925. Vol. I, Narrative and Photographs, Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, Entry 655, Box 28, National Archives, Washington, DC.) Photographer unknown. MAIN (TITLED FLORENCE) CANAL, CHINA WASH FLUME, 5/13/25 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, China Wash Flume, Main (Florence-Case Grande) Canal at Station 137+00, T4S, R10E, S14, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

Unorthodox bubbles when boiling in cold water.

PubMed

Parker, Scott; Granick, Steve

2014-01-01

High-speed movies are taken when bubbles grow at gold surfaces heated spotwise with a near-infrared laser beam heating water below the boiling point (60-70 °C) with heating powers spanning the range from very low to so high that water fails to rewet the surface after bubbles detach. Roughly half the bubbles are conventional: They grow symmetrically through evaporation until buoyancy lifts them away. Others have unorthodox shapes and appear to contribute disproportionately to heat transfer efficiency: mushroom cloud shapes, violently explosive bubbles, and cavitation events, probably stimulated by a combination of superheating, convection, turbulence, and surface dewetting during the initial bubble growth. Moreover, bubbles often follow one another in complex sequences, often beginning with an unorthodox bubble that stirs the water, followed by several conventional bubbles. This large dataset is analyzed and discussed with emphasis on how explosive phenomena such as cavitation induce discrepancies from classical expectations about boiling.

Pinch-off Scaling Law of Soap Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davidson, John; Ryu, Sangjin

2014-11-01

Three common interfacial phenomena that occur daily are liquid drops in gas, gas bubbles in liquid and thin-film bubbles. One aspect that has been studied for these phenomena is the formation or pinch-off of the drop/bubble from the liquid/gas threads. In contrast to the formation of liquid drops in gas and gas bubbles in liquid, thin-film bubble pinch-off has not been well documented. Having thin-film interfaces may alter the pinch-off process due to the limiting factor of the film thickness. We observed the pinch-off of one common thin-film bubble, soap bubbles, in order to characterize its pinch-off behavior. We achieved this by constructing an experimental model replicating the process of a human producing soap bubbles. Using high-speed videography and image processing, we determined that the minimal neck radius scaled with the time left till pinch-off, and that the scaling law exponent was 2/3, similar to that of liquid drops in gas.

Bubbles in Sediments

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-09-30

saturated poroelastic medium. The transition matrix scattering formalism was used to develop the scattered acoustic field(s) such that appropriate...sediment increases from a fluid model (simplest) to a fluid-saturated poroelastic model (most complex). Laboratory experiments in carefully quantified...of a linear acoustic field from a bubble, collection of bubbles, or other targets embedded in a fluid-saturated sediment are not well known. This

Bubbles with shock waves and ultrasound: a review.

PubMed

Ohl, Siew-Wan; Klaseboer, Evert; Khoo, Boo Cheong

2015-10-06

The study of the interaction of bubbles with shock waves and ultrasound is sometimes termed 'acoustic cavitation'. It is of importance in many biomedical applications where sound waves are applied. The use of shock waves and ultrasound in medical treatments is appealing because of their non-invasiveness. In this review, we present a variety of acoustics-bubble interactions, with a focus on shock wave-bubble interaction and bubble cloud phenomena. The dynamics of a single spherically oscillating bubble is rather well understood. However, when there is a nearby surface, the bubble often collapses non-spherically with a high-speed jet. The direction of the jet depends on the 'resistance' of the boundary: the bubble jets towards a rigid boundary, splits up near an elastic boundary, and jets away from a free surface. The presence of a shock wave complicates the bubble dynamics further. We shall discuss both experimental studies using high-speed photography and numerical simulations involving shock wave-bubble interaction. In biomedical applications, instead of a single bubble, often clouds of bubbles appear (consisting of many individual bubbles). The dynamics of such a bubble cloud is even more complex. We shall show some of the phenomena observed in a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) field. The nonlinear nature of the sound field and the complex inter-bubble interaction in a cloud present challenges to a comprehensive understanding of the physics of the bubble cloud in HIFU. We conclude the article with some comments on the challenges ahead.

Bubbles with shock waves and ultrasound: a review

PubMed Central

Ohl, Siew-Wan; Klaseboer, Evert; Khoo, Boo Cheong

2015-01-01

The study of the interaction of bubbles with shock waves and ultrasound is sometimes termed ‘acoustic cavitation'. It is of importance in many biomedical applications where sound waves are applied. The use of shock waves and ultrasound in medical treatments is appealing because of their non-invasiveness. In this review, we present a variety of acoustics–bubble interactions, with a focus on shock wave–bubble interaction and bubble cloud phenomena. The dynamics of a single spherically oscillating bubble is rather well understood. However, when there is a nearby surface, the bubble often collapses non-spherically with a high-speed jet. The direction of the jet depends on the ‘resistance' of the boundary: the bubble jets towards a rigid boundary, splits up near an elastic boundary, and jets away from a free surface. The presence of a shock wave complicates the bubble dynamics further. We shall discuss both experimental studies using high-speed photography and numerical simulations involving shock wave–bubble interaction. In biomedical applications, instead of a single bubble, often clouds of bubbles appear (consisting of many individual bubbles). The dynamics of such a bubble cloud is even more complex. We shall show some of the phenomena observed in a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) field. The nonlinear nature of the sound field and the complex inter-bubble interaction in a cloud present challenges to a comprehensive understanding of the physics of the bubble cloud in HIFU. We conclude the article with some comments on the challenges ahead. PMID:26442143

Predawn plasma bubble cluster observed in Southeast Asia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watthanasangmechai, Kornyanat; Yamamoto, Mamoru; Saito, Akinori; Tsunoda, Roland; Yokoyama, Tatsuhiro; Supnithi, Pornchai; Ishii, Mamoru; Yatini, Clara

2016-06-01

Predawn plasma bubble was detected as deep plasma depletion by GNU Radio Beacon Receiver (GRBR) network and in situ measurement onboard Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F15 (DMSPF15) satellite and was confirmed by sparse GPS network in Southeast Asia. In addition to the deep depletion, the GPS network revealed the coexisting submesoscale irregularities. A deep depletion is regarded as a primary bubble. Submesoscale irregularities are regarded as secondary bubbles. Primary bubble and secondary bubbles appeared together as a cluster with zonal wavelength of 50 km. An altitude of secondary bubbles happened to be lower than that of the primary bubble in the same cluster. The observed pattern of plasma bubble cluster is consistent with the simulation result of the recent high-resolution bubble (HIRB) model. This event is only a single event out of 76 satellite passes at nighttime during 3-25 March 2012 that significantly shows plasma depletion at plasma bubble wall. The inside structure of the primary bubble was clearly revealed from the in situ density data of DMSPF15 satellite and the ground-based GRBR total electron content.

Acoustic Methods Remove Bubbles From Liquids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trinh, E.; Elleman, D. D.; Wang, T. G.

1983-01-01

Two acoustic methods applied to molten glass or other viscous liquids to remove bubbles. Bubbles are either absorbed or brought to surface by applying high-intensity Sonic field at resonant frequency. Sonic oscillation increases surface area of bubbles and causes them to dissipate.

18. Photographic copy of photograph (at teh offices of Finch, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. Photographic copy of photograph (at teh offices of Finch, Pruyn & Company, Glen Street, Glens Falls, New York), Beach?, Photographer, June 31, 1913. Panoramic view east to southwest of the Glens Falls Dam after the 1913 flood taken from the west end of the Finch, Pruyn & Company intake structure. - Glens Falls Dam, 100' to 450' West of U.S. Route 9 Bridge Spanning Hudson River, Glens Falls, Warren County, NY

17. Photographic copy of photograph (at the offices of Finch, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. Photographic copy of photograph (at the offices of Finch, Pruyn & Company, Glen Street, Glens Falls, New York), Beach?, Photographer, March 28, 1913. Panoramic view of the Hudson River at Glens Falls during the March 1913 flood showing overtopped Glens Falls Dam and washed out bridge. Facing southwest. - Glens Falls Dam, 100' to 450' West of U.S. Route 9 Bridge Spanning Hudson River, Glens Falls, Warren County, NY

4. Photographic copy of photograph, dated June 1993 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. Photographic copy of photograph, dated June 1993 (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Gerald Greenwood, photographer. View of Spartan silo "headworks." In front center is personnel access hatch leading to launch preparation equipment vault (LPEV); On right is launch area antenna; behind are the two launch cell protective covers - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Launch Area, Within Exclusion Area, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

45. Photographic copy of photograph, dated October 1970 (original print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

45. Photographic copy of photograph, dated October 1970 (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. Aerial mid-construction view (northeast to southwest) of perimeter acquisition radar building and par power plant. These buildings were approximately 33% complete at the time - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Perimeter Acquisition Radar Building, Limited Access Area, between Limited Access Patrol Road & Service Road A, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

46. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 21 August 1972 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

46. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 21 August 1972 (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. View from below of the sloping perimeter acquisition radar building face or "radar eye", emphasizing a portion of the over 6,800 radar penetrations - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Perimeter Acquisition Radar Building, Limited Access Area, between Limited Access Patrol Road & Service Road A, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

14. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 21 July 1971 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 21 July 1971 (original print in possession of U.S. Space & Strategic Defense Command Historic Office CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. View of missile site control building turret wall during early construction, illustrating the massive amount of rebar utilized in the project. - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Site Control Building, Northeast of Tactical Road; southeast of Tactical Road South, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Optical observations of the bubble nebula N 157C (= 0536.6 6914) and the tight clusters in the association LH90 in LMC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lortet, M. C.; Testor, G.

1984-10-01

Monochromatic photographs (Hβ, [O III], Hα) have been obtained of a field 10arcmin in diameter, centered on the stellar association LH 90 (Lucke and Hodge, 1970), which seems to be the core of N 157C, a bubble of ionized gas. The authors discuss the nebular morphology and excitation and compare with radio structures at 843 MHz (Mills and Turtle, 1984). The photographs allow to distinguish numerous stars (up to 20 - 30) in each of several tight clusters. The stellar content of LH 90 is shown to be in striking contrast with that of the associations LH 85 and 89, from which it is separated by a conspicuous dust lane. The WN3 star Brey 66 is found to be surrounded by a [O III]-rich ring nebula.

Mesoporous hollow spheres from soap bubbling.

PubMed

Yu, Xianglin; Liang, Fuxin; Liu, Jiguang; Lu, Yunfeng; Yang, Zhenzhong

2012-02-01

The smaller and more stable bubbles can be generated from the large parent bubbles by rupture. In the presence of a bubble blowing agent, hollow spheres can be prepared by bubbling a silica sol. Herein, the trapped gas inside the bubble acts as a template. When the porogen, i.e., other surfactant, is introduced, a mesostructured shell forms by the co-assembly with the silica sol during sol-gel process. Morphological evolution emphasizes the prerequisite of an intermediate interior gas flow rate and high exterior gas flow rate for hollow spheres. The method is valid for many compositions from inorganic, polymer to their composites. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rotating bubble membrane radiator

DOEpatents

Webb, Brent J.; Coomes, Edmund P.

1988-12-06

A heat radiator useful for expelling waste heat from a power generating system aboard a space vehicle is disclosed. Liquid to be cooled is passed to the interior of a rotating bubble membrane radiator, where it is sprayed into the interior of the bubble. Liquid impacting upon the interior surface of the bubble is cooled and the heat radiated from the outer surface of the membrane. Cooled liquid is collected by the action of centrifical force about the equator of the rotating membrane and returned to the power system. Details regarding a complete space power system employing the radiator are given.

Experimental study of the flow pattern around a bubble confined in a microfluidic Hele-Shaw cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsoumpas, Yannis; Fajolles, Christophe; Malloggi, Florent

2017-11-01

The flow field around a bubble moving with respect to a surrounding liquid in a Hele-Shaw cell can usually be characterized by a recirculating flow, which is typically attributed to a Marangoni effect due to surface tension gradients generated by a non-uniform distribution of surfactants (or temperature) along the liquid-gas interface. In the present study, we try to visualize such a flow employing 3D micro-particle tracking velocimetry. We perform experiments on an immobile flattened air bubble that is surrounded by a flow of aqueous solution of surfactant (SDS), in a microfluidic chamber described in the work of Sungyon Lee et al.. The suspending fluid is seeded with spherical micro-particles, with those captured by the recirculating flow orbiting in a three-dimensional trajectory in the vicinity of the liquid-air interface. We address the effect of velocity of the surrounding fluid, surfactant concentration and bubble radius on the recirculating flow pattern. The case of a liquid-liquid interface, with a hexadecane drop as the dispersed phase, is also discussed. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Enhanced Eurotalents program (an FP7 Marie Skłodowska-Curie COFUND program) & ANR (ANR-13-BS09-0011).

Surfactants for Bubble Removal against Buoyancy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raza, Md. Qaisar; Kumar, Nirbhay; Raj, Rishi

2016-01-01

The common phenomenon of buoyancy-induced vapor bubble lift-off from a heated surface is of importance to many areas of science and technology. In the absence of buoyancy in zero gravity of space, non-departing bubbles coalesce to form a big dry patch on the heated surface and heat transfer deteriorates despite the high latent heat of vaporization of water. The situation is worse on an inverted heater in earth gravity where both buoyancy and surface tension act upwards to oppose bubble removal. Here we report a robust passive technique which uses surfactants found in common soaps and detergents to avoid coalescence and remove bubbles downwards, away from an inverted heater. A force balance model is developed to demonstrate that the force of repulsion resulting from the interaction of surfactants adsorbed at the neighboring liquid-vapor interfaces of the thin liquid film contained between bubbles is strong enough to overcome buoyancy and surface tension. Bubble removal frequencies in excess of ten Hz resulted in more than twofold enhancement in heat transfer in comparison to pure water. We believe that this novel bubble removal mechanism opens up opportunities for designing boiling-based systems for space applications.

Surfactants for Bubble Removal against Buoyancy

PubMed Central

Raza, Md. Qaisar; Kumar, Nirbhay; Raj, Rishi

2016-01-01

The common phenomenon of buoyancy-induced vapor bubble lift-off from a heated surface is of importance to many areas of science and technology. In the absence of buoyancy in zero gravity of space, non-departing bubbles coalesce to form a big dry patch on the heated surface and heat transfer deteriorates despite the high latent heat of vaporization of water. The situation is worse on an inverted heater in earth gravity where both buoyancy and surface tension act upwards to oppose bubble removal. Here we report a robust passive technique which uses surfactants found in common soaps and detergents to avoid coalescence and remove bubbles downwards, away from an inverted heater. A force balance model is developed to demonstrate that the force of repulsion resulting from the interaction of surfactants adsorbed at the neighboring liquid-vapor interfaces of the thin liquid film contained between bubbles is strong enough to overcome buoyancy and surface tension. Bubble removal frequencies in excess of ten Hz resulted in more than twofold enhancement in heat transfer in comparison to pure water. We believe that this novel bubble removal mechanism opens up opportunities for designing boiling-based systems for space applications. PMID:26743179

Gas Diffusion in Fluids Containing Bubbles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zak, M.; Weinberg, M. C.

1982-01-01

Mathematical model describes movement of gases in fluid containing many bubbles. Model makes it possible to predict growth and shrink age of bubbles as function of time. New model overcomes complexities involved in analysis of varying conditions by making two simplifying assumptions. It treats bubbles as point sources, and it employs approximate expression for gas concentration gradient at liquid/bubble interface. In particular, it is expected to help in developing processes for production of high-quality optical glasses in space.

16. Photocopy of photograph (Photographer unknown, Date unknown) SUPPOSED OLDEST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. Photocopy of photograph (Photographer unknown, Date unknown) SUPPOSED OLDEST VIEW OF MAIN AND EAST ELEVATIONS - Caleb Pusey House, 15 Race Street (Landingford Plantation), Upland, Delaware County, PA

31. Photocopy of photograph (original print in Helgesen Collection) Photographer ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

31. Photocopy of photograph (original print in Helgesen Collection) Photographer unknown 1928 MEN'S MEZZANINE SMOKING ROOM - B. F. Keith Memorial Theatre, 539 Washington Street, Boston, Suffolk County, MA

41. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

41. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on file at Veterans Administration in Wichita, Kansas), photographer unknown, ca. 1933. Aerial view of Veterans Administration Center, view north and east, in the forefront, left to right, are Building 3, Building 1, and Building 2, Buildings 10 through 14 are in background at right - Veterans Administration Center, Officers Duplex Quarters, 5302 East Kellogg (Legal Address); 5500 East Kellogg (Common Address), Wichita, Sedgwick County, KS

8. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: Department of Interior. Bureau ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: Department of Interior. Bureau of Reclamation. Bitterroot Project History 1931-1962. National Archives, Denver, RG 115, Accession #115-90-039, Box 243) Photographer unknown. View of original rock-fill crib diversion structure, September 13, 1949. Diversion and head works for big ditch on Rock Creek. - Bitter Root Irrigation Project, Rock Creek Diversion Dam, One mile east of Como Dam, west of U.S. Highway 93, Darby, Ravalli County, MT

2. Photographic copy of photograph dated 1941; Gerald Young, Chicago, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Photographic copy of photograph dated 1941; Gerald Young, Chicago, photographer; Original in Rath collection at Grout Museum, Waterloo, Iowa; Filed under: Rath Parking Company, Box 5; REMOVING HIDES ON THE FLOOR IN OLD BEEF HOUSE; SHARPENED PRITCH STICKS SET INTO DEEP GROOVES ON THE FLOOR PLATES HELD CARCASSES IN POSITION FOR SKINNING - Rath Packing Company, Cooler Building-1929 Beef House, Sycamore Street between Elm & Eighteenth Streets, Waterloo, Black Hawk County, IA

Bubble migration in a compacting crystal-liquid mush

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boudreau, Alan

2016-04-01

Recent theoretical models have suggested that bubbles are unlikely to undergo significant migration in a compaction crystal mush by capillary invasion while the system remains partly molten. To test this, experiments of bubble migration during compaction in a crystal-liquid mush were modeled using deformable foam crystals in corn syrup in a volumetric burette, compacted with rods of varying weights. A bubble source was provided by sodium bicarbonate (Alka-Seltzer®). Large bubbles (>several crystal sizes) are pinched by the compacting matrix and become overpressured and deformed as the bubbles experience a load change from hydrostatic to lithostatic. Once they begin to move, they move much faster than the compaction-driven liquid. Bubbles that are about the same size as the crystals but larger than the narrower pore throats move by deformation or breaking into smaller bubbles as they are forced through pore restrictions. Bubbles that are less than the typical pore diameter generally move with the liquid: The liquid + bubble mixture behaves as a single phase with a lower density than the bubble-free liquid, and as a consequence it rises faster than bubble-free liquid and allows for faster compaction. The overpressure required to force a bubble through the matrix (max grain size = 5 mm) is modest, about 5 %, and it is estimated that for a grain size of 1 mm, the required overpressure would be about 25 %. Using apatite distribution in a Stillwater olivine gabbro as an analog for bubble nucleation and growth, it is suggested that relatively large bubbles initially nucleate and grow in liquid-rich channels that develop late in the compaction history. Overpressure from compaction allows bubbles to rise higher into hotter parts of the crystal pile, where they redissolve and increase the volatile content of the liquid over what it would have without the bubble migration, leading to progressively earlier vapor saturation during crystallization of the interstitial liquid

12. Photographic copy of photograph (circa 1920's, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photographic copy of photograph (circa 1920's, original print in Archives, Public Affairs Department, Sears Merchandise Group, Hoffman Estates, Illinois), Photographer unknown. OVERALL VIEW OF PRINTING AND ADVERTISING BUILDING, ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, AND MERCHANDISE BUILDING, VIEW TO SOUTHEAST - Sears Roebuck & Company Mail Order Plant, Bounded by Lexington & Grenshaw Streets, Kedzie Avenue & Independence Boulevard, Chicago, Cook County, IL

1. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph/negative located at the Remote ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Photocopy of photograph (original photograph/negative located at the Remote Sensing Laboratory, Nellis Air Force Base, Las Vegas, Nevada). R.B., Photograph for Civil Effects Test Organization, May 9, 1962. Historic view of Japanese village, facing west - Nevada Test Site, Japanese Village, Area 4, Yucca Flat, 4-04 Road near Rainier Mesa Road, Mercury, Nye County, NV

36. Photocopy of photograph Standard Scenic Company, Photographers 1907 SOUTH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

36. Photocopy of photograph Standard Scenic Company, Photographers 1907 SOUTH FRONT LOOKING WEST - Patent Office Building, Bounded by Seventh, Ninth, F & G Streets, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

5. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in the possession of the Wisconsin Veterans Museums). SIX COTTAGES. VIEW UNKNOWN. - Wisconsin Home for Veterans, King, Waupaca County, WI

8. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in the possession of the Wisconsin Veterans Museums). SEVEN COTTAGES. VIEW UNKNOWN. - Wisconsin Home for Veterans, King, Waupaca County, WI

Photographic copy of reproduced photograph dated 1942. Exterior view, west ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of reproduced photograph dated 1942. Exterior view, west elevation. Building camouflaged during World War II. - Grand Central Air Terminal, 1310 Air Way, Glendale, Los Angeles County, CA

Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Ultrasound in Liquids with Gas Bubble Agglomerates: Examples of Bubbly-Liquid-Type Acoustic Metamaterials (BLAMMs)

PubMed Central

Vanhille, Christian

2017-01-01

This work deals with a theoretical analysis about the possibility of using linear and nonlinear acoustic properties to modify ultrasound by adding gas bubbles of determined sizes in a liquid. We use a two-dimensional numerical model to evaluate the effect that one and several monodisperse bubble populations confined in restricted areas of a liquid have on ultrasound by calculating their nonlinear interaction. The filtering of an input ultrasonic pulse performed by a net of bubbly-liquid cells is analyzed. The generation of a low-frequency component from a single cell impinged by a two-frequency harmonic wave is also studied. These effects rely on the particular dispersive character of attenuation and nonlinearity of such bubbly fluids, which can be extremely high near bubble resonance. They allow us to observe how gas bubbles can change acoustic signals. Variations of the bubbly medium parameters induce alterations of the effects undergone by ultrasound. Results suggest that acoustic signals can be manipulated by bubbles. This capacity to achieve the modification and control of sound with oscillating gas bubbles introduces the concept of bubbly-liquid-based acoustic metamaterials (BLAMMs). PMID:28106748

Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Ultrasound in Liquids with Gas Bubble Agglomerates: Examples of Bubbly-Liquid-Type Acoustic Metamaterials (BLAMMs).

PubMed

Vanhille, Christian

2017-01-17

This work deals with a theoretical analysis about the possibility of using linear and nonlinear acoustic properties to modify ultrasound by adding gas bubbles of determined sizes in a liquid. We use a two-dimensional numerical model to evaluate the effect that one and several monodisperse bubble populations confined in restricted areas of a liquid have on ultrasound by calculating their nonlinear interaction. The filtering of an input ultrasonic pulse performed by a net of bubbly-liquid cells is analyzed. The generation of a low-frequency component from a single cell impinged by a two-frequency harmonic wave is also studied. These effects rely on the particular dispersive character of attenuation and nonlinearity of such bubbly fluids, which can be extremely high near bubble resonance. They allow us to observe how gas bubbles can change acoustic signals. Variations of the bubbly medium parameters induce alterations of the effects undergone by ultrasound. Results suggest that acoustic signals can be manipulated by bubbles. This capacity to achieve the modification and control of sound with oscillating gas bubbles introduces the concept of bubbly-liquid-based acoustic metamaterials (BLAMMs).

A multi-functional bubble-based microfluidic system

PubMed Central

Khoshmanesh, Khashayar; Almansouri, Abdullah; Albloushi, Hamad; Yi, Pyshar; Soffe, Rebecca; Kalantar-zadeh, Kourosh

2015-01-01

Recently, the bubble-based systems have offered a new paradigm in microfluidics. Gas bubbles are highly flexible, controllable and barely mix with liquids, and thus can be used for the creation of reconfigurable microfluidic systems. In this work, a hydrodynamically actuated bubble-based microfluidic system is introduced. This system enables the precise movement of air bubbles via axillary feeder channels to alter the geometry of the main channel and consequently the flow characteristics of the system. Mixing of neighbouring streams is demonstrated by oscillating the bubble at desired displacements and frequencies. Flow control is achieved by pushing the bubble to partially or fully close the main channel. Patterning of suspended particles is also demonstrated by creating a large bubble along the sidewalls. Rigorous analytical and numerical calculations are presented to describe the operation of the system. The examples presented in this paper highlight the versatility of the developed bubble-based actuator for a variety of applications; thus providing a vision that can be expanded for future highly reconfigurable microfluidics. PMID:25906043

The life and death of film bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poulain, S.; Villermaux, E.; Bourouiba, L.

2017-11-01

Following its burst, the fragmentation of a large bubble (film bubble) at the air-water interface can release hundreds of micrometer-sized film-drops in the air we breathe. This mechanism of droplet formation is one of the most prominent sources of sea spray. Indoor or outdoor, pathogens from contaminated water are transported by these droplets and have also been linked to respiratory infection. The lifetime and thickness of bubbles govern the number and size of the droplets they produce. Despite these important implications, little is known about the factors influencing the life and death of surface film bubbles. In particular, the fundamental physical mechanisms linking bubble aging, thinning, and lifetime remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we present the results of an extensive investigation of the aging of film-drop-producing bubbles in various ambient air, water composition, and temperature conditions. We present and validate a generalized physical picture and model of bubble cap thickness evolution. The model and physical picture are linked to the lifetime of bubbles via a series of cap rupture mechanisms of increasing efficiency.

2. Photocopy of photograph (from Reading Co. Archives) Photographer unknown ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Photocopy of photograph (from Reading Co. Archives) Photographer unknown ca. 1937 NORTHEAST FRONT AND SOUTHEAST SIDE - Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, Terminal Station, 1115-1141 Market Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William Langer Jewel Bearing Plant, Rolla, North Dakota). DRILLING - Turtle Mountain Ordnance Plant, 213 First Street Northwest, Rolla, Rolette County, ND

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William Langer Jewel Bearing Plant, Rolla, North Dakota). OLIVING - Turtle Mountain Ordnance Plant, 213 First Street Northwest, Rolla, Rolette County, ND

15. Photocopy of photograph (from Ardella Fish Shanks) Photographer and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Photocopy of photograph (from Ardella Fish Shanks) Photographer and date unknown FRANKLIN AND HENRIETTA RIDDELL FISH IN STAIRHALL - Riddell Fish House, 245 West K Street, Benicia, Solano County, CA

22. Photocopy of photograph (from San Francisco Chronicle Collection) Photographer ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. Photocopy of photograph (from San Francisco Chronicle Collection) Photographer unknown, Date unknown SIDE VIEW OF CHURCH - Mission San Miguel Arcangel, Highway 101, San Miguel, San Luis Obispo County, CA

Analysis of a deflating soap bubble

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jackson, David P.; Sleyman, Sarah

2010-10-01

A soap bubble on the end of a cylindrical tube is seen to deflate as the higher pressure air inside the bubble escapes through a tube. We perform an experiment to measure the radius of the slowly deflating bubble and observe that the radius decreases to a minimum before quickly increasing. This behavior reflects the fact that the bubble ends up as a flat surface over the end of the tube. A theoretical analysis reproduces this behavior and compares favorably with the experimental data.

5. Photographic copy of a photograph taken from pasteup negatives ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Photographic copy of a photograph taken from paste-up negatives for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers document GF-500-MCP, entitled "Grand Forks Site RLS Army Operating Drawings, Master Composite Photographs for SAFEGUARD TSE Systems and Equipment," Page 9, dated 1 September 1974 (original document and negatives in possession of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. View of pneumatic control panel regulating entrance to waiting room #116. The panel activated the pneumatic cylinder for opening and closing of blast doors #116 and #118. A rotary air motor actuated locking and unlocking of the doors. - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Remote Launch Operations Building, Near Service Road exit from Patrol Road, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Photographic copy of circa, 1934 black and white photograph. Loose ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of circa, 1934 black and white photograph. Loose in oversized box located at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. Original Photographer unknown. DECK TRUSS UNDER CONSTRUCTION BETWEEN PIERS C, B, AND V TAKEN AT GROUND LEVEL FROM EAST BANK. - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

Photographic copy of photograph, dated September 1971, (original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, dated September 1971, (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. Aerial view looking north of remote sprint launch site #2, during construction. In the foreground is the remote launch operations building (RLOB); sprint silos are being installed in the background - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Remote Sprint Launch Site No. 2, West of Mile Marker 220 on State Route 1, 6.0 miles North of Langdon, ND, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

38. Historic photograph, photographer unknown, c. 1944. VIEW SHOWING BURROS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

38. Historic photograph, photographer unknown, c. 1944. VIEW SHOWING BURROS (OR MULES) CROSSING BRIDGE, LOOKING NORTHEAST. - Verde River Sheep Bridge, Spanning Verde River (Tonto National Forest), Cave Creek, Maricopa County, AZ

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William Langer Jewel Bearing Plant, Rolla, North Dakota). MACHINE SHOP - Turtle Mountain Ordnance Plant, 213 First Street Northwest, Rolla, Rolette County, ND

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William Langer Jewel Bearing Plant, Rolla, North Dakota). FINAL INSPECTION - Turtle Mountain Ordnance Plant, 213 First Street Northwest, Rolla, Rolette County, ND

7. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in the possession of the Wisconsin Veterans Museums). LAKE IN FOREGROUND, COTTAGES IN BACK. - Wisconsin Home for Veterans, King, Waupaca County, WI

Agitation, Mixing, and Transfers Induced by Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Risso, Frédéric

2018-01-01

Bubbly flows involve bubbles randomly distributed within a liquid. At large Reynolds number, they experience an agitation that can combine shear-induced turbulence (SIT), large-scale buoyancy-driven flows, and bubble-induced agitation (BIA). The properties of BIA strongly differ from those of SIT. They have been determined from studies of homogeneous swarms of rising bubbles. Regarding the bubbles, agitation is mainly caused by the wake-induced path instability. Regarding the liquid, two contributions must be distinguished. The first one corresponds to the anisotropic flow disturbances generated near the bubbles, principally in the vertical direction. The second one is the almost isotropic turbulence induced by the flow instability through a population of bubbles, which turns out to be the main cause of horizontal fluctuations. Both contributions generate a k-3 spectral subrange and exponential probability density functions. The subsequent issue will be to understand how BIA interacts with SIT.

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William Langer Jewel Bearing Plant, Rolla, North Dakota). LARGE HOLE-OPENING - Turtle Mountain Ordnance Plant, 213 First Street Northwest, Rolla, Rolette County, ND

19. Photocopy of photograph Photographer unknown, ca. 1895 GENERAL VIEW ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. Photocopy of photograph Photographer unknown, ca. 1895 GENERAL VIEW OF KEY WEST WITH FORT TAYLOR IN THE BACKGROUND LOOKING WEST SOUTHWEST - Fort Taylor, Whitehead Spit Vicinity, Key West, Monroe County, FL

15. Photocopy of photograph (original in WACC), photographer unknown, c. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Photocopy of photograph (original in WACC), photographer unknown, c. 1917 BEN ERICKSON IN WWI UNIFORM STANDING IN FRONT OF SOUTH LIVING ROOM WINDOW (ADOBE WALLS) - Faraway Ranch, Willcox, Cochise County, AZ

37. Photocopy of photograph (original in possession of WACC), photographer ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

37. Photocopy of photograph (original in possession of WACC), photographer unknown, c.1930 VIEW OF MAIN HOUSE LOOKING NORTHEAST - Faraway Ranch, Erickson-Riggs Ranch House, State Highway 181, Willcox, Cochise County, AZ

Electroweak bubble wall speed limit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bödeker, Dietrich; Moore, Guy D., E-mail: bodeker@physik.uni-bielefeld.de, E-mail: guymoore@ikp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de

In extensions of the Standard Model with extra scalars, the electroweak phase transition can be very strong, and the bubble walls can be highly relativistic. We revisit our previous argument that electroweak bubble walls can 'run away,' that is, achieve extreme ultrarelativistic velocities γ ∼ 10{sup 14}. We show that, when particles cross the bubble wall, they can emit transition radiation. Wall-frame soft processes, though suppressed by a power of the coupling α, have a significance enhanced by the γ-factor of the wall, limiting wall velocities to γ ∼ 1/α. Though the bubble walls can move at almost the speedmore » of light, they carry an infinitesimal share of the plasma's energy.« less

18. C54G AIRCRAFT IN HANGAR. Photographic copy of historic photograph. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. C-54G AIRCRAFT IN HANGAR. Photographic copy of historic photograph. Jan.-June 1948 OAMA, (original print located at Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah). Photographer unknown. - Hill Field, Airplane Repair Hangars No. 1-No. 4, 5875 Southgate Avenue, Layton, Davis County, UT

Let Them Blow Bubbles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Korenic, Eileen

1988-01-01

Describes a series of activities and demonstrations involving the science of soap bubbles. Starts with a recipe for bubble solution and gives instructions for several activities on topics such as density, interference colors, optics, static electricity, and galaxy formation. Contains some background information to help explain some of the effects.…

Flow chamber

DOEpatents

Morozov, Victor [Manassas, VA

2011-01-18

A flow chamber having a vacuum chamber and a specimen chamber. The specimen chamber may have an opening through which a fluid may be introduced and an opening through which the fluid may exit. The vacuum chamber may have an opening through which contents of the vacuum chamber may be evacuated. A portion of the flow chamber may be flexible, and a vacuum may be used to hold the components of the flow chamber together.

4. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in the possession of the Wisconsin Veterans Museums). COTTAGES WITH DIRT ROAD IN FOREGROUND. LOCATION UNKNOWN. - Wisconsin Home for Veterans, King, Waupaca County, WI

MOBI: Microgravity Observations of Bubble Interactions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koch, Donald L.; Sangani, Ashok

2004-01-01

One of the greatest uncertainties affecting the design of multiphase flow technologies for space exploration is the spatial distribution of phases that will arise in microgravity or reduced gravity. On Earth, buoyancy-driven motion predominates whereas the shearing of the bubble suspension controls its behavior in microgravity. We are conducting a series of ground-based experiments and a flight experiment spanning the full range of ratios of buoyancy to shear. These include: (1) bubbles rising in a quiescent liquid in a vertical channel; (2) weak shear flow induced by slightly inclining the channel; (3) moderate shear flow in a terrestrial vertical pipe flow; and (4) shearing of a bubble suspension in a cylindrical Couette cell in microgravity. We consider nearly monodisperse suspensions of 1 to 1.8 mm diameter bubbles in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The liquid velocity disturbance produced by bubbles in this size range can often be described using an inviscid analysis. Electrolytic solutions lead to hydrophilic repulsion forces that stabilize the bubble suspension without causing Marangoni stresses. We will discuss the mechanisms that control the flow behavior and phase distribution in the ground-based experiments and speculate on the factors that may influence the suspension flow and bubble volume fraction distribution in the flight experiment.

Average properties of bidisperse bubbly flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serrano-García, J. C.; Mendez-Díaz, S.; Zenit, R.

2018-03-01

Experiments were performed in a vertical channel to study the properties of a bubbly flow composed of two distinct bubble size species. Bubbles were produced using a capillary bank with tubes with two distinct inner diameters; the flow through each capillary size was controlled such that the amount of large or small bubbles could be controlled. Using water and water-glycerin mixtures, a wide range of Reynolds and Weber number ranges were investigated. The gas volume fraction ranged between 0.5% and 6%. The measurements of the mean bubble velocity of each species and the liquid velocity variance were obtained and contrasted with the monodisperse flows with equivalent gas volume fractions. We found that the bidispersity can induce a reduction of the mean bubble velocity of the large species; for the small size species, the bubble velocity can be increased, decreased, or remain unaffected depending of the flow conditions. The liquid velocity variance of the bidisperse flows is, in general, bound by the values of the small and large monodisperse values; interestingly, in some cases, the liquid velocity fluctuations can be larger than either monodisperse case. A simple model for the liquid agitation for bidisperse flows is proposed, with good agreement with the experimental measurements.

Influences of non-uniform pressure field outside bubbles on the propagation of acoustic waves in dilute bubbly liquids.

PubMed

Zhang, Yuning; Du, Xiaoze

2015-09-01

Predictions of the propagation of the acoustic waves in bubbly liquids is of great importance for bubble dynamics and related applications (e.g. sonochemistry, sonochemical reactor design, biomedical engineering). In the present paper, an approach for modeling the propagation of the acoustic waves in dilute bubbly liquids is proposed through considering the non-uniform pressure field outside the bubbles. This approach is validated through comparing with available experimental data in the literature. Comparing with the previous models, our approach mainly improves the predictions of the attenuation of acoustic waves in the regions with large kR0 (k is the wave number and R0 is the equilibrium bubble radius). Stability of the oscillating bubbles under acoustic excitation are also quantitatively discussed based on the analytical solution. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bifurcation scenarios for bubbling transition.

PubMed

Zimin, Aleksey V; Hunt, Brian R; Ott, Edward

2003-01-01

Dynamical systems with chaos on an invariant submanifold can exhibit a type of behavior called bubbling, whereby a small random or fixed perturbation to the system induces intermittent bursting. The bifurcation to bubbling occurs when a periodic orbit embedded in the chaotic attractor in the invariant manifold becomes unstable to perturbations transverse to the invariant manifold. Generically the periodic orbit can become transversely unstable through a pitchfork, transcritical, period-doubling, or Hopf bifurcation. In this paper a unified treatment of the four types of bubbling bifurcation is presented. Conditions are obtained determining whether the transition to bubbling is soft or hard; that is, whether the maximum burst amplitude varies continuously or discontinuously with variation of the parameter through its critical value. For soft bubbling transitions, the scaling of the maximum burst amplitude with the parameter is derived. For both hard and soft transitions the scaling of the average interburst time with the bifurcation parameter is deduced. Both random (noise) and fixed (mismatch) perturbations are considered. Results of numerical experiments testing our theoretical predictions are presented.

45. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

45. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on file at Veterans Administration in Wichita, Kansas), government photograph certified by W.B. Hayes, Jr., Superintendent of Construction, Veterans Administration, 29 September 1934, listed as Project VAC-507, no. 7 of 7 views, set no. 2 of 3 sets, subject - Awnings, contractor Langdon Tent & Awning Co., Wichita, Kansas." View southeast, Building 8 - Veterans Administration Center, Officers Duplex Quarters, 5302 East Kellogg (Legal Address); 5500 East Kellogg (Common Address), Wichita, Sedgwick County, KS

43. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. Photocopy of photograph (negative made from original photograph on file at Veterans Administration in Wichita, Kansas), government photograph certified by Willis B. Hayes, Jr., Superintendent of Construction, Veterans Administration, 15 March 1933, listed as "Project VAC-206, No. 26 of 26 views, set no. 4 of 5 sets, subject - final photos, contractor Henry B. Ryan Co." View southeast, Building 8 - Veterans Administration Center, Officers Duplex Quarters, 5302 East Kellogg (Legal Address); 5500 East Kellogg (Common Address), Wichita, Sedgwick County, KS

Photographic copy of photograph, view of rail launcher used for ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, view of rail launcher used for 'Baby Corporal E' missiles on 6 and 7 May 1946 at JPL-Muroc Army Air Base (later Edwards Air Force Base) (This launcher was also used for 'Baby WAC' missiles at Goldstone, Fort Irwin, California in 1945). Photocopy of 35mm photograph made in December 1994, looking west with Test Stand 'A' immediately behind the rail launcher. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Photographic copy of black and white, 4” x 8” photograph. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of black and white, 4” x 8” photograph. Located loose in oversized box at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. Original Photographer unknown. EARLY PHOTOGRAPH OF BRIDGE TAKEN AT NIGHT FROM WEST BANK APPROACH LOOKING NORTH TOWARD EAST BANK SHOWING ILLUMINATED LIGHT FIXTURES AT EDGE OF ROADWAY. - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

38. Photocopy of photograph (original in possession of WACC) photographer ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

38. Photocopy of photograph (original in possession of WACC) photographer unknown, c.1930 'GARFIELD' FIREPLACE AND PART OF NORTH BACK WALL - Faraway Ranch, Erickson-Riggs Ranch House, State Highway 181, Willcox, Cochise County, AZ

9. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1928 Vol I. Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, BIA-Phoenix, Box 40, National Archives, Pacific Southwest Region) Photographer unknown. CASA BLANCA CANAL, HEADING AND FLUME, APRIL 10, 1928 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Casa Blanca Canal, Gila River, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

10. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. Photographic copy of photograph. (Source: U.S. Department of Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Indian Irrigation Service. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1928. Vol I. Irrigation District #4, California and Southern Arizona, RG 75, BIA-Phoenix, Box 40, National Archives, Pacific Southwest Region) Photographer unknown. CASA BLANCA CANAL, HEADING AND FLUME, APRIL 10, 1928 - San Carlos Irrigation Project, Casa Blanca Canal, Gila River, Coolidge, Pinal County, AZ

The Minnaert bubble: an acoustic approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Devaud, Martin; Hocquet, Thierry; Bacri, Jean-Claude; Leroy, Valentin

2008-11-01

We propose an ab initio introduction to the well-known Minnaert pulsating bubble at graduate level. After a brief recall of the standard stuff, we begin with a detailed discussion of the radial movements of an air bubble in water. This discussion is managed from an acoustic point of view, and using the Lagrangian rather than the Eulerian variables. In unbounded water, the air-water system has a continuum of eigenmodes, some of them correspond to regular Fabry-Pérot resonances. A singular resonance, the lowest one, is shown to coincide with that of Minnaert. In bounded water, the eigenmodes spectrum is discrete, with a finite fundamental frequency. A spectacular quasi-locking of the latter occurs if it happens to exceed the Minnaert frequency, which provides an unforeseen one-bubble alternative version of the famous 'hot chocolate effect'. In the (low) frequency domain in which sound propagation inside the bubble reduces to a simple 'breathing' (i.e. inflation/deflation), the light air bubble can be 'dressed' by the outer water pressure forces, and is turned into the heavy Minnaert bubble. Thanks to this unexpected renormalization process, we demonstrate that the Minnaert bubble definitely behaves like a true harmonic oscillator of the spring-bob type, but with a damping term and a forcing term in apparent disagreement with those commonly admitted in the literature. Finally, we underline the double role played by the water. In order to tell the water motion associated with water compressibility (i.e. the sound) from the simple incompressible accompaniment of the bubble breathing, we introduce a new picture analogous to the electromagnetic radiative picture in Coulomb gauge, which naturally leads us to split the water displacement in an instantaneous and a retarded part. The Minnaert renormalized mass of the dressed bubble is then automatically recovered.

39. Photocopy of photograph (original in possession of WACC), photographer ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

39. Photocopy of photograph (original in possession of WACC), photographer unknown, c.1930's GUEST DINING ROOM WITH TABLE LAID FOR GUESTS - Faraway Ranch, Erickson-Riggs Ranch House, State Highway 181, Willcox, Cochise County, AZ

5. Photograph of a photograph in possession of Rock Island ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Photograph of a photograph in possession of Rock Island Arsenal Historical Office. WEST ELEVATION IN UNALTERED CONDITION. ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED 1898. - Rock Island Arsenal, Building No. 280, Sylvan Drive, Rock Island, Rock Island County, IL

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph (original print in possession of William Langer Jewel Bearing Plant, Rolla, North Dakota). PASTING JEWEL BLANKS, PREPARATION FOR DRILLING. - Turtle Mountain Ordnance Plant, 213 First Street Northwest, Rolla, Rolette County, ND

43. Photocopy of photograph (Pentran file), photographer and date unknown ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. Photocopy of photograph (Pentran file), photographer and date unknown (circa 1960). VIEW WEST, EAST SIDE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING - Newport News & Old Point Railway & Electric Company, Trolley Barn & Administration Building, 3400 Victoria Boulevard, Hampton, Hampton, VA

Gas Bubble Dynamics under Mechanical Vibrations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohagheghian, Shahrouz; Elbing, Brian

2017-11-01

The scientific community has a limited understanding of the bubble dynamics under mechanical oscillations due to over simplification of Navier-Stockes equation by neglecting the shear stress tensor and not accounting for body forces when calculating the acoustic radiation force. The current work experimental investigates bubble dynamics under mechanical vibration and resulting acoustic field by measuring the bubble size and velocity using high-speed imaging. The experimental setup consists of a custom-designed shaker table, cast acrylic bubble column, compressed air injection manifold and an optical imaging system. The mechanical vibrations resulted in accelerations between 0.25 to 10 times gravitational acceleration corresponding to frequency and amplitude range of 8 - 22Hz and 1 - 10mm respectively. Throughout testing the void fraction was limited to <5%. The bubble size is larger than resonance size and smaller than acoustic wavelength. The amplitude of acoustic pressure wave was estimated using the definition of Bjerknes force in combination with Rayleigh-Plesset equation. Physical behavior of the system was capture and classified. Bubble size, velocity as well as size and spatial distribution will be presented.

Fearless versus fearful speculative financial bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andersen, J. V.; Sornette, D.

2004-06-01

Using a recently introduced rational expectation model of bubbles, based on the interplay between stochasticity and positive feedbacks of prices on returns and volatility, we develop a new methodology to test how this model classifies nine time series that have been previously considered as bubbles ending in crashes. The model predicts the existence of two anomalous behaviors occurring simultaneously: (i) super-exponential price growth and (ii) volatility growth, that we refer to as the “fearful singular bubble” regime. Out of the nine time series, we find that five pass our tests and can be characterized as “fearful singular bubbles”. The four other cases are the information technology Nasdaq bubble and three bubbles of the Hang Seng index ending in crashes in 1987, 1994 and 1997. According to our analysis, these four bubbles have developed with essentially no significant increase of their volatility. This paper thus proposes that speculative bubbles ending in crashes form two groups hitherto unrecognized, namely those accompanied by increasing volatility (reflecting increasing risk perception) and those without change of volatility (reflecting an absence of risk perception).

Simulations of Bubble Motion in an Oscillating Liquid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kraynik, A. M.; Romero, L. A.; Torczynski, J. R.

2010-11-01

Finite-element simulations are used to investigate the motion of a gas bubble in a liquid undergoing vertical vibration. The effect of bubble compressibility is studied by comparing "compressible" bubbles that obey the ideal gas law with "incompressible" bubbles that are taken to have constant volume. Compressible bubbles exhibit a net downward motion away from the free surface that does not exist for incompressible bubbles. Net (rectified) velocities are extracted from the simulations and compared with theoretical predictions. The dependence of the rectified velocity on ambient gas pressure, bubble diameter, and bubble depth are in agreement with the theory. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Time-evolving bubbles in two-dimensional stokes flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tanveer, Saleh; Vasconcelos, Giovani L.

1994-01-01

A general class of exact solutions is presented for a time evolving bubble in a two-dimensional slow viscous flow in the presence of surface tension. These solutions can describe a bubble in a linear shear flow as well as an expanding or contracting bubble in an otherwise quiescent flow. In the case of expanding bubbles, the solutions have a simple behavior in the sense that for essentially arbitrary initial shapes the bubble will asymptote an expanding circle. Contracting bubbles, on the other hand, can develop narrow structures ('near-cusps') on the interface and may undergo 'break up' before all the bubble-fluid is completely removed. The mathematical structure underlying the existence of these exact solutions is also investigated.

UGTA Photograph Database

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NSTec Environmental Restoration

One of the advantages of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) is that most of the geologic and hydrologic features such as hydrogeologic units (HGUs), hydrostratigraphic units (HSUs), and faults, which are important aspects of flow and transport modeling, are exposed at the surface somewhere in the vicinity of the NTS and thus are available for direct observation. However, due to access restrictions and the remote locations of many of the features, most Underground Test Area (UGTA) participants cannot observe these features directly in the field. Fortunately, National Security Technologies, LLC, geologists and their predecessors have photographed many of these featuresmore » through the years. During fiscal year 2009, work was done to develop an online photograph database for use by the UGTA community. Photographs were organized, compiled, and imported into Adobe® Photoshop® Elements 7. The photographs were then assigned keyword tags such as alteration type, HGU, HSU, location, rock feature, rock type, and stratigraphic unit. Some fully tagged photographs were then selected and uploaded to the UGTA website. This online photograph database provides easy access for all UGTA participants and can help “ground truth” their analytical and modeling tasks. It also provides new participants a resource to more quickly learn the geology and hydrogeology of the NTS.« less

Photographic copy of 10” x 14”, black and white photograph ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of 10” x 14”, black and white photograph mounted on card stock. Loose in oversized box located at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. Original Photographer unknown. PHOTOGRAPH OF WEST BOUND DESCENDING ROADWAY LOOKING SOUTHEAST TOWARD THE WEST BANK. BRIDGE ROADWAY NEAR COMPLETION, LIGHT POLES IN PLACE, NO FIXTURES. - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

43. Photocopy of photograph, photographer unknown, ca January 1929 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. Photocopy of photograph, photographer unknown, ca January 1929 (original print located at Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix AZ). COMPLETED BRIDGE. - Navajo Bridge, Spanning Colorado River at U.S. Highway 89 Alternate, Page, Coconino County, AZ

6. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photographic copy of photograph (date unknown, original print in the possession of the Wisconsin Veterans Museums). COTTAGES, INCLUDING 'J.P. McPHERSON POST NO. 27 CAFE GENEVA'. - Wisconsin Home for Veterans, King, Waupaca County, WI

Robust acoustic wave manipulation of bubbly liquids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gumerov, N. A., E-mail: gumerov@umiacs.umd.edu; Center for Micro- and Nanoscale Dynamics of Dispersed Systems, Bashkir State University, Ufa 450076; Akhatov, I. S.

Experiments with water–air bubbly liquids when exposed to acoustic fields of frequency ∼100 kHz and intensity below the cavitation threshold demonstrate that bubbles ∼30 μm in diameter can be “pushed” away from acoustic sources by acoustic radiation independently from the direction of gravity. This manifests formation and propagation of acoustically induced transparency waves (waves of the bubble volume fraction). In fact, this is a collective effect of bubbles, which can be described by a mathematical model of bubble self-organization in acoustic fields that matches well with our experiments.

7. Photographic copy of photograph, date unknown (original print in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. Photographic copy of photograph, date unknown (original print in possession of James E. Zielinski Earth Tech, Huntsville, AL). Pan American World Airways, photographer. Aerial view (north to south) of missile launch area. Warhead handling building can be seen at the bottom center of the picture and the universal missile building in the middle right. In the distance can be seen the missile site control building and related structures - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Launch Area, Within Exclusion Area, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

12. Photocopy of photograph in the collection of Photographic Branch, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photocopy of photograph in the collection of Photographic Branch, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, WA. Original is labelled: Yard Photo 110. Date unknown, probably 1940's. Photographer unknown. HABS negative is a 4x5' copy negative. Perspective view of NW corner of Building 78 with marching band in foreground. Compare to 1917 photo (WA-203-A-1); note removal of chimney and addition of two extra floors at NW corner of building. - Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Administration Building, Farragut Avenue, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

15. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 30 August 1971 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 30 August 1971 (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. View (southwest to northeast) of missile site control building. Of particular interest is the uncompleted subterranean portion and the workers, who give an indication of the actual scale of the building. In the foreground can be seen the beginning of the heat sink - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Site Control Building, Northeast of Tactical Road; southeast of Tactical Road South, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Photographic copy of photograph, dated September 1973 (original in possession ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, dated September 1973 (original in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. Aerial view (northwest to southeast) of remote sprint launch site #4 during construction. In the background are the waste stabilization ponds. In the foreground, left to right, are the remote launch operations building, the exclusion area sentry stations, and the sprint launch cells - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Remote Sprint Launch Site No. 4, North of State Highway 17, approximately 9 miles Northwest of Adams, ND, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Hubble's Cosmic Bubbles

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

This entrancing image shows a few of the tenuous threads that comprise Sh2-308, a faint and wispy shell of gas located 5,200 light-years away in the constellation of Canis Major (The Great Dog). Sh2-308 is a large bubble-like structure wrapped around an extremely large, bright type of star known as a Wolf-Rayet Star — this particular star is called EZ Canis Majoris. These type of stars are among the brightest and most massive stars in the Universe, tens of times more massive than our own sun, and they represent the extremes of stellar evolution. Thick winds continually poured off the progenitors of such stars, flooding their surroundings and draining the outer layers of the Wolf-Rayet stars. The fast wind of a Wolf-Rayet star therefore sweeps up the surrounding material to form bubbles of gas. EZ Canis Majoris is responsible for creating the bubble of Sh2-308 — the star threw off its outer layers to create the strands visible here. The intense and ongoing radiation from the star pushes the bubble out farther and farther, blowing it bigger and bigger. Currently the edges of Sh2-308 are some 60 light-years apart! Beautiful as these cosmic bubbles are, they are fleeting. The same stars that form them will also cause their death, eclipsing and subsuming them in violent supernova explosions. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

Bubbly Little Star

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2007-01-01

In this processed Spitzer Space Telescope image, baby star HH 46/47 can be seen blowing two massive 'bubbles.' The star is 1,140 light-years away from Earth.

The infant star can be seen as a white spot toward the center of the Spitzer image. The two bubbles are shown as hollow elliptical shells of bluish-green material extending from the star. Wisps of green in the image reveal warm molecular hydrogen gas, while the bluish tints are formed by starlight scattered by surrounding dust.

These bubbles formed when powerful jets of gas, traveling at 200 to 300 kilometers per second, or about 120 to 190 miles per second, smashed into the cosmic cloud of gas and dust that surrounds HH 46/47. The red specks at the end of each bubble show the presence of hot sulfur and iron gas where the star's narrow jets are currently crashing head-on into the cosmic cloud's gas and dust material.

Whenever astronomers observe a star, or snap a stellar portrait, through the lens of any telescope, they know that what they are seeing is slightly blurred. To clear up the blurring in Spitzer images, astronomers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed an image processing technique for Spitzer called Hi-Res deconvolution.

This process reduces blurring and makes the image sharper and cleaner, enabling astronomers to see the emissions around forming stars in greater detail. When scientists applied this image processing technique to the Spitzer image of HH 46/47, they were able to see winds from the star and jets of gas that are carving the celestial bubbles.

This infrared image is a three-color composite, with data at 3.6 microns represented in blue, 4.5 and 5.8 microns shown in green, and 24 microns represented as red.

Bernoulli Suction Effect on Soap Bubble Blowing?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davidson, John; Ryu, Sangjin

2015-11-01

As a model system for thin-film bubble with two gas-liquid interfaces, we experimentally investigated the pinch-off of soap bubble blowing. Using the lab-built bubble blower and high-speed videography, we have found that the scaling law exponent of soap bubble pinch-off is 2/3, which is similar to that of soap film bridge. Because air flowed through the decreasing neck of soap film tube, we studied possible Bernoulli suction effect on soap bubble pinch-off by evaluating the Reynolds number of airflow. Image processing was utilized to calculate approximate volume of growing soap film tube and the volume flow rate of the airflow, and the Reynolds number was estimated to be 800-3200. This result suggests that soap bubbling may involve the Bernoulli suction effect.

Further experimentation on bubble generation during transformer overload

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oommen, T.V.

1992-03-01

This report covers additional work done during 1990 and 1991 on gas bubble generation under overload conditions. To improve visual bubble detection, a single disc coil was used. To further improve detection, a corona device was also used which signaled the onset of corona activity in the early stages of bubble formation. A total of fourteen model tests were conducted, half of which used the Inertaire system, and the remaining, a conservator (COPS). Moisture content of paper in the coil varied from 1.0% to 8.0%; gas (nitrogen) content varied from 1.0% to 8.8%. The results confirmed earlier observations that themore » mathematical bubble prediction model was not valid for high gas content model with relatively low moisture levels in the coil. An empirical relationship was formulated to accurately predict bubble evolution temperatures from known moisture and gas content values. For low moisture content models (below 2%), the simple Piper relationship was sufficient to predict bubble evolution temperatures, regardless of gas content. Moisture in the coil appears to be the key factor in bubble generation. Gas blanketed (Inertaire) systems do not appear to be prone to premature bubble generation from overloads as previously thought. The new bubble prediction model reveals that for a coil with 2% moisture, the bubble evolution temperature would be about 140{degrees}C. Since old transformers in service may have as much as 2% moisture in paper, the 140{degrees}C bubble evolution temperature may be taken as the lower limit of bubble evolution temperature under overload conditions for operating transformers. Drier insulation would raise the bubble evolution temperature.« less

"Photographers Are the Devil": An Essay in the Historiography of Photographing Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hardcastle, John

2013-01-01

Today, the use of photographs in publications and exhibitions is commonplace, but this was not always so. This article shows how photographs of certain schools that have had lasting impact on design stand in ambiguous relationships to the buildings themselves. Photographs function as part of the design process; they record details of construction…

6. Photocopy of photograph Photographer unknown, date unknown DETAIL OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photocopy of photograph Photographer unknown, date unknown DETAIL OF BOTTOM OF DRUM, SHOWING DECORATIVE MOLDING OF DRUM AND ARCHES: NOTE EFFECT OF BOX BEAMS CREATED BY MOLDING - University of Kentucky, Carnegie Library, Lexington, Fayette County, KY

6. Photographic copy of photograph (Source: Salt River Project Archives, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photographic copy of photograph (Source: Salt River Project Archives, Tempe, Lubken collection, #R-295) Transformer house under construction. View looking north. October 5, 1908. - Theodore Roosevelt Dam, Transformer House, Salt River, Tortilla Flat, Maricopa County, AZ

5. Photographic copy of photograph (Source: Salt River Project Archives, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Photographic copy of photograph (Source: Salt River Project Archives, Tempe, Lubken collection, #R-273) Transformer house under construction. View looking north. July 1, 1908. - Theodore Roosevelt Dam, Transformer House, Salt River, Tortilla Flat, Maricopa County, AZ

8. Photographic copy of photograph (Source: Salt River Project Archives, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Photographic copy of photograph (Source: Salt River Project Archives, Tempe, Box 8040, File 29) View of transformer house looking north. No date. CA. 1920. - Theodore Roosevelt Dam, Transformer House, Salt River, Tortilla Flat, Maricopa County, AZ

11. Photocopy of photograph (from St. Paul's Church) Photographer unknown ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Photocopy of photograph (from St. Paul's Church) Photographer unknown 1886 'EPISCOPAL CHURCH, CORNER OF 1ST AND J ST. BENICIA' WEST AND SOUTH SIDES - St. Paul's Episcopal Church, 120 East J Street, Benicia, Solano County, CA

Bubble Dynamics in Polymer Solutions Undergoing Shear.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-01

cavitation bubble in water has been established as the fundamental theoretical approach to understanding this phenomenon. LA_ Laser -induced...cavitation inception. 1-2 Polymer effects on cavity appearance. 2-1 Spherical laser -induced bubble dynamics. 2-2 Vapor cavity jet formation. 2-3 Bubble...distilled water. 2-6B Nonspherical bubble dynamics in dilute polymer. 3-1 Closed-loop hydraulic cavitation tunnel. 3-2 Laser system optical components. 3-3

3. Photograph of a photograph in possession of Rock Island ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Photograph of a photograph in possession of Rock Island Arsenal Historical Office. NORTH ELEVATION IN UNALTERED CONDITION. DATED NOVEMBER 21, 1944. - Rock Island Arsenal, Building No. 103, Rodman Avenue & First Street, Rock Island, Rock Island County, IL

3. Photograph of a photograph in possession of Rock Island ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Photograph of a photograph in possession of Rock Island Arsenal Historical Office. SOUTH ELEVATION IN UNALTERED CONDITION. DATED MARCH 19, 1945. - Rock Island Arsenal, Building No. 61, Rodman Avenue & First Street, Rock Island, Rock Island County, IL

9. Photograph of photograph in possession of Rock Island Arsenal ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Photograph of photograph in possession of Rock Island Arsenal Historical Office. WEST AND NORTH ELEVATIONS. ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED 1887. - Rock Island Arsenal, Building No. 90, East Avenue between North Avenue & King Drive, Rock Island, Rock Island County, IL

4. Photograph of a photograph in possession of Rock Island ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. Photograph of a photograph in possession of Rock Island Arsenal Historical Office. NORTH ELEVATION IN UNALTERED CONDITION. DATED NOVEMBER 21, 1944. - Rock Island Arsenal, Building No. 109, Rodman Avenue & Fourth Street, Rock Island, Rock Island County, IL

Photocopy of photograph (this photograph is an 8x10 enlargement from ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photocopy of photograph (this photograph is an 8x10 enlargement from a 4x5 negative); United State Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District, photographer unknown, November 1968: Aerial (alt 4000') view to south with complex in lower left - Fort Bragg, Noncommissioned Officers' Service Club, South of Butner Road, Fayetteville, Cumberland County, NC

Photograph Analysis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eakle, Arlene H.

The booklet explains how family photographs can be used to teach about history, life style, and social values. The approach can be used in elementary or senior high classes in history, social science, or humanities. The personal aspect of using family photographs is seen to be important in ensuring student interest. As historical documents,…

Evaporation, Boiling and Bubbles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goodwin, Alan

2012-01-01

Evaporation and boiling are both terms applied to the change of a liquid to the vapour/gaseous state. This article argues that it is the formation of bubbles of vapour within the liquid that most clearly differentiates boiling from evaporation although only a minority of chemistry textbooks seems to mention bubble formation in this context. The…

Photographic copy of circa, 1934 black and white photograph. Loose ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of circa, 1934 black and white photograph. Loose in oversized box located at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Archives Center, Work and Industry Division, Washington, D.C. Original Photographer unknown. VIEW FROM EAST BANK LOOKING SOUTH TOWARD WEST BANK AT BRIDGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION SHOWING COMPLETED THROUGH TRUSS SPAN BETWEEN PIER III AND IV AND THE UNCOMPLETED DECK TRUSS SPAN BETWEEN PIER IV AND V. - Huey P. Long Bridge, Spanning Mississippi River approximately midway between nine & twelve mile points upstream from & west of New Orleans, Jefferson, Jefferson Parish, LA

18. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 20 April 1971 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. Photographic copy of photograph, dated 20 April 1971 (original print in possession of CSSD-HO, Huntsville, AL). Photographer unknown. View of missile site control building interior. At the interior of the turret, one can see the inspection fixture (furnished by the weapon system contractor) being installed on the antenna array support ring. This fixture was used to check the locations of the tapped holes through 36 shear key lugs - Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Missile Site Control Building, Northeast of Tactical Road; southeast of Tactical Road South, Nekoma, Cavalier County, ND

Photocopy of photograph. AERIAL VIEW. Original photograph taken April 1957 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photocopy of photograph. AERIAL VIEW. Original photograph taken April 1957 by Mr. Lewis, and on file at the Edison National Historic Site, negative number 0-998 - Thomas A. Edison Laboratories, Main Street & Lakeside Avenue, West Orange, Essex County, NJ

4. Photograph of a photograph in possession of Rock Island ...