Development of Ocean Noise "Budgets"

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Spain, G. L.; Miller, J. H.; Frisk, G. V.; Bradley, D. L.

2003-12-01

The National Oceanographic Partnership Program recently sponsored the third U.S. National Academy of Sciences study on the potential impact of manmade sound on the marine environment. Several recommendations for future research are made by the 11-member committee in their report titled Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals (National Academies Press, 2003). This presentation will focus on the subset of recommendations related to a "noise budget", i.e., an accounting of the relative contributions of various sources to the ocean noise field. A noise budget is defined in terms of a specific metric of the sound field. The metric, or budget "currency", typically considered is the acoustic pressure spectrum integrated over space and time, which is proportional to the total mechanical energy in the acoustic field. However, this currency may not be the only one of relevance to marine animals. Each of the various ways in which sound can potentially impact these animals, e.g., temporary threshold shift, masking, behavior disruption, etc, probably depends upon a different property, or set of properties, of the sound field. Therefore, a family of noise budgets based on various currencies will be required for complete evaluation of the potential impact of manmade noise on the marine environment. Validation of noise budgets will require sustained, long term measurements of the underwater noise field.

Pattern uniformity control in integrated structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kobayashi, Shinji; Okada, Soichiro; Shimura, Satoru; Nafus, Kathleen; Fonseca, Carlos; Biesemans, Serge; Enomoto, Masashi

2017-03-01

In our previous paper dealing with multi-patterning, we proposed a new indicator to quantify the quality of final wafer pattern transfer, called interactive pattern fidelity error (IPFE). It detects patterning failures resulting from any source of variation in creating integrated patterns. IPFE is a function of overlay and edge placement error (EPE) of all layers comprising the final pattern (i.e. lower and upper layers). In this paper, we extend the use cases with Via in additional to the bridge case (Block on Spacer). We propose an IPFE budget and CD budget using simple geometric and statistical models with analysis of a variance (ANOVA). In addition, we validate the model with experimental data. From the experimental results, improvements in overlay, local-CDU (LCDU) of contact hole (CH) or pillar patterns (especially, stochastic pattern noise (SPN)) and pitch walking are all critical to meet budget requirements. We also provide a special note about the importance of the line length used in analyzing LWR. We find that IPFE and CD budget requirements are consistent to the table of the ITRS's technical requirement. Therefore the IPFE concept can be adopted for a variety of integrated structures comprising digital logic circuits. Finally, we suggest how to use IPFE for yield management and optimization requirements for each process.

Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in South Carolina

USGS Publications Warehouse

Barker, A.C.; Wright, B.C.; Bennett, C.S.

1985-01-01

The cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in South Carolina was documented for the 1983 water yr. Data uses and funding sources were identified for the 76 continuous stream gages currently being operated in South Carolina. The budget of $422,200 for collecting and analyzing streamflow data also includes the cost of operating stage-only and crest-stage stations. The streamflow records for one stream gage can be determined by alternate, less costly methods, and should be discontinued. The remaining 75 stations should be maintained in the program for the foreseeable future. The current policy for the operation of the 75 stations including the crest-stage and stage-only stations would require a budget of $417,200/yr. The average standard error of estimation of streamflow records is 16.9% for the present budget with missing record included. However, the standard error of estimation would decrease to 8.5% if complete streamflow records could be obtained. It was shown that the average standard error of estimation of 16.9% could be obtained at the 75 sites with a budget of approximately $395,000 if the gaging resources were redistributed among the gages. A minimum budget of $383,500 is required to operate the program; a budget less than this does not permit proper service and maintenance of the gages and recorders. At the minimum budget, the average standard error is 18.6%. The maximum budget analyzed was $850,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 7.6 %. (Author 's abstract)

Basis for the power supply reliability study of the 1 MW neutron source

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McGhee, D.G.; Fathizadeh, M.

1993-07-01

The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) upgrade to 1 MW requires new power supply designs. This paper describes the tools and the methodology needed to assess the reliability of the power supplies. Both the design and operation of the power supplies in the synchrotron will be taken into account. To develop a reliability budget, the experiments to be conducted with this accelerator are reviewed, and data is collected on the number and duration of interruptions possible before an experiment is required to start over. Once the budget is established, several accelerators of this type will be examined. The budget ismore » allocated to the different accelerator systems based on their operating experience. The accelerator data is usually in terms of machine availability and system down time. It takes into account mean time to failure (MTTF), time to diagnose, time to repair or replace the failed components, and time to get the machine back online. These estimated times are used as baselines for the design. Even though we are in the early stage of design, available data can be analyzed to estimate the MTTF for the power supplies.« less

United States Navy Contracting Officer Warranting Process

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

by 30% or more of the respondents: Contract Law , Cost Analysis, Market Research, Contract Source Selection, Simplified Acquisition Procedures, and...that the majority of AOs found the following course at least somewhat important: Contract Law , Cost Analysis, Market Research, Contract 52 Source...the budget and appropriation cycle 4. Ethics and conduct standards 5. Basic contract laws and regulations 6. Socio-economic requirements in

40 CFR 97.220 - General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false General CAIR SO2 Trading Program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Permits § 97.220 General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements. (a) For each CAIR SO2 source...

Defense Acquisition Transformation Report to Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-01

current initiatives and for the purposes of this report are put into a framework of workforce, acquisition, requirements, budget, industry and organization...requirements. The Capability Portfolio Management Initiative provides a common framework to recognize federated ownership and senior-level teams have been...Performance Trade Off Constraints Risk Based Source Selection techniques are also being piloted to provide an improved framework for

40 CFR 97.220 - General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false General CAIR SO2 Trading Program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Permits § 97.220 General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements. (a) For each CAIR SO2 source...

40 CFR 97.220 - General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false General CAIR SO2 Trading Program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Permits § 97.220 General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements. (a) For each CAIR SO2 source...

40 CFR 97.220 - General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false General CAIR SO2 Trading Program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Permits § 97.220 General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements. (a) For each CAIR SO2 source...

40 CFR 97.220 - General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false General CAIR SO2 Trading Program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Permits § 97.220 General CAIR SO2 Trading Program permit requirements. (a) For each CAIR SO2 source...

Meteorological Error Budget Using Open Source Data

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

ARL-TR-7831 ● SEP 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Meteorological Error Budget Using Open- Source Data by J Cogan, J Smith, P...needed. Do not return it to the originator. ARL-TR-7831 ● SEP 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Meteorological Error Budget Using...Error Budget Using Open-Source Data 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) J Cogan, J Smith, P Haines

Geologic evidence for onshore sediment transport from the inner continental shelf: Fire Island, New York

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schwab, William C.; Baldwin, Wayne E.; Hapke, Cheryl J.; Lentz, Erika E.; Gayes, Paul T.; Denny, Jane F.; List, Jeffrey H.; Warner, John C.

2013-01-01

Sediment budget analyses along the south shore of Fire Island, New York, have been conducted and debated in the scientific and coastal engineering literature for decades. It is well documented that a primary component of sediment transport in this system is directed alongshore from E to W, but discrepancies in volumetric sediment budget calculations remain. An additional quantity of sand, averaging about 200,000 m3/y is required to explain the growth of the western segment of the barrier island, a prograding spit. Littoral sediment derived from updrift erosion of the coast, addition of beach nourishment fill, and onshore transport of inner continental shelf, shoreface sediments, or both have all been proposed as potential sources of the additional sediment needed to balance the sediment budget deficit. Analysis of high-resolution seafloor mapping data collected in 2011, including seismic reflection profiles and inteferometric sonar acoustic backscatter and swath bathymetry; comparison with seafloor mapping data collected in 1996–1997; and shoreline change analysis from 1933 to 2011 support previous suggestions that the inner-shelf Holocene sedimentary deposit is a likely source to resolve this sediment budget discrepancy.

Establishing a School Foundation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Erickson, Juanita; Stewart, G. Kent

2002-01-01

A school foundation is a nonprofit, tax-exempt organization that finances school projects not covered by the district budget. Legal requirements and accounting procedures; the board of trustees and fund manager; use of volunteers; capitalization and sources of capital (gifts, bequests, fundraising activities); marketing the foundation; examples of…

The Budget Process in Schools of Nursing: A Primer for the Novice Administrator.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Starck, Patricia L.; Bailes, Barbara

1996-01-01

This primer on budgets for nursing schools includes the budgetary process; budgeting techniques; and information about various types of budgets, such as the open-ended budget, incremental budget, quota budget, and alternate-level budget. Questions about budget structure, revenue sources, and budget management and evaluation are answered. (JOW)

Cost-effectiveness of the Federal stream-gaging program in Virginia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carpenter, D.H.

1985-01-01

Data uses and funding sources were identified for the 77 continuous stream gages currently being operated in Virginia by the U.S. Geological Survey with a budget of $446,000. Two stream gages were identified as not being used sufficiently to warrant continuing their operation. Operation of these stations should be considered for discontinuation. Data collected at two other stations were identified as having uses primarily related to short-term studies; these stations should also be considered for discontinuation at the end of the data collection phases of the studies. The remaining 73 stations should be kept in the program for the foreseeable future. The current policy for operation of the 77-station program requires a budget of $446,000/yr. The average standard error of estimation of streamflow records is 10.1%. It was shown that this overall level of accuracy at the 77 sites could be maintained with a budget of $430,500 if resources were redistributed among the gages. A minimum budget of $428,500 is required to operate the 77-gage program; a smaller budget would not permit proper service and maintenance of the gages and recorders. At the minimum budget, with optimized operation, the average standard error would be 10.4%. The maximum budget analyzed was $650,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 5.5%. The study indicates that a major component of error is caused by lost or missing data. If perfect equipment were available, the standard error for the current program and budget could be reduced to 7.6%. This also can be interpreted to mean that the streamflow data have a standard error of this magnitude during times when the equipment is operating properly. (Author 's abstract)

Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Maine; a prototype for nationwide implementation

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fontaine, Richard A.; Moss, M.E.; Smath, J.A.; Thomas, W.O.

1984-01-01

This report documents the results of a cost-effectiveness study of the stream-gaging program in Maine. Data uses and funding sources were identified for the 51 continuous stream gages currently being operated in Maine with a budget of $211,000. Three stream gages were identified as producing data no longer sufficiently needed to warrant continuing their operation. Operation of these stations should be discontinued. Data collected at three other stations were identified as having uses specific only to short-term studies; it is recommended that these stations be discontinued at the end of the data-collection phases of the studies. The remaining 45 stations should be maintained in the program for the foreseeable future. The current policy for operation of the 45-station program would require a budget of $180,300 per year. The average standard error of estimation of streamflow records is 17.7 percent. It was shown that this overall level of accuracy at the 45 sites could be maintained with a budget of approximately $170,000 if resources were redistributed among the gages. A minimum budget of $155,000 is required to operate the 45-gage program; a smaller budget would not permit proper service and maintenance of the gages and recorders. At the minimum budget, the average standard error is 25.1 percent. The maximum budget analyzed was $350,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 8.7 percent. Large parts of Maine's interior were identified as having sparse streamflow data. It was determined that this sparsity be remedied as funds become available.

43 CFR 4610.5 - Improvements by the United States on leased lands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 29031, June 7, 1996] Group 4700—Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Management Note: The information collection requirements contained in Group 4700 have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget and... the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...

43 CFR 4610.5 - Improvements by the United States on leased lands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 29031, June 7, 1996] Group 4700—Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Management Note: The information collection requirements contained in Group 4700 have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget and... the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...

43 CFR 4610.5 - Improvements by the United States on leased lands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 29031, June 7, 1996] Group 4700—Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Management Note: The information collection requirements contained in Group 4700 have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget and... the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...

43 CFR 4610.5 - Improvements by the United States on leased lands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 29031, June 7, 1996] Group 4700—Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Management Note: The information collection requirements contained in Group 4700 have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget and... the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the...

The C-27J Spartan Procurement Program: A Case Study in USAF Sourcing Practices for National Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-15

9  Figure 2: Mobility System Utilization by MCRS Case...into the viability of other missions. Mobility Capabilities and Requirements Study 2016 The Mobility Capabilities and Requirements Study 2016 ( MCRS -16...the second since 9-11, and it was released in February 2010 using the programmed force in the 2009 President’s Budget (PB09). The MCRS -16 Executive

Source partitioning of methane emissions and its seasonality in the U.S. Midwest

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The methane (CH4) budget and its source partitioning are poorly constrained in the Midwestern, United States. We used tall tower (185 m) aerodynamic flux measurements and atmospheric scale factor Bayesian inversions (SFBI) to constrain the monthly budget and to partition the total budget into natura...

Lean Mean Times--Budgeting for School Media Technology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Doug

1995-01-01

Discusses budgeting strategies for school media technology programs. Highlights include sources for school funding, school district budget information, control of the budget, how to write an effective budget, working with other community and school groups, local politics, and sidebars that discuss spreadsheets and maintenance budgets. (LRW)

How Connecticut health directors deal with public health budget cuts at the local level.

PubMed

Prust, Margaret L; Clark, Kathleen; Davis, Brigette; Pallas, Sarah W; Kertanis, Jennifer; O'Keefe, Elaine; Araas, Michael; Iyer, Neel S; Dandorf, Stewart; Platis, Stephanie; Humphries, Debbie

2015-04-01

We investigated the perspectives of local health jurisdiction (LHJ) directors on coping mechanisms used to respond to budget reductions and constraints on their decision-making. We conducted in-depth interviews with 17 LHJ directors. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. LHJ directors use a range of coping mechanisms, including identifying alternative revenue sources, adjusting services, amending staffing arrangements, appealing to local political leaders, and forming strategic partnerships. LHJs also face constraints on their decision-making because of state and local statutory requirements, political priorities, pressures from other LHJs, and LHJ structure. LHJs respond creatively to budget cuts to maintain important public health services. Some LHJ adjustments to administrative resources may obscure the long-term costs of public health budget cuts in such areas as staff morale and turnover. Not all coping strategies are available to each LHJ because of the contextual constraints of its locality, pointing to important policy questions on identifying optimum jurisdiction size and improving efficiency.

77 FR 75673 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-21

... as events occur. There is a one-time submittal of information to receive a license. Renewal... authorizing the receipt, possession, use, or transfer of radioactive source and byproduct material. 7. An...: 10 CFR part 40 establishes requirements for licenses for the receipt, possession, use and transfer of...

Determination of Barometric Altimeter Errors for the Orion Exploration Flight Test-1 Entry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Denise L.; Munoz, Jean-Philippe; Gay, Robert

2011-01-01

The EFT-1 mission is the unmanned flight test for the upcoming Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV). During entry, the EFT-1 vehicle will trigger several Landing and Recovery System (LRS) events, such as parachute deployment, based on onboard altitude information. The primary altitude source is the filtered navigation solution updated with GPS measurement data. The vehicle also has three barometric altimeters that will be used to measure atmospheric pressure during entry. In the event that GPS data is not available during entry, the altitude derived from the barometric altimeter pressure will be used to trigger chute deployment for the drogues and main parachutes. Therefore it is important to understand the impact of error sources on the pressure measured by the barometric altimeters and on the altitude derived from that pressure. There are four primary error sources impacting the sensed pressure: sensor errors, Analog to Digital conversion errors, aerodynamic errors, and atmosphere modeling errors. This last error source is induced by the conversion from pressure to altitude in the vehicle flight software, which requires an atmosphere model such as the US Standard 1976 Atmosphere model. There are several secondary error sources as well, such as waves, tides, and latencies in data transmission. Typically, for error budget calculations it is assumed that all error sources are independent, normally distributed variables. Thus, the initial approach to developing the EFT-1 barometric altimeter altitude error budget was to create an itemized error budget under these assumptions. This budget was to be verified by simulation using high fidelity models of the vehicle hardware and software. The simulation barometric altimeter model includes hardware error sources and a data-driven model of the aerodynamic errors expected to impact the pressure in the midbay compartment in which the sensors are located. The aerodynamic model includes the pressure difference between the midbay compartment and the free stream pressure as a function of altitude, oscillations in sensed pressure due to wake effects, and an acoustics model capturing fluctuations in pressure due to motion of the passive vents separating the barometric altimeters from the outside of the vehicle.

Budgeting Facilities Operation Costs Using the Facilities Operation Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

practices that today’s modern buildings have built into them. Several factors can change from the time the requirement is generated to when actual...information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and...BOS required $4.2 billion.2 In FY2012, it is estimated it will reach $4.6 billion.3 Unlike sustainment and modernization , failure to fund facility

Persistence of deeply sourced iron in the Pacific Ocean

PubMed Central

Horner, Tristan J.; Williams, Helen M.; Hein, James R.; Saito, Mak A.; Burton, Kevin W.; Halliday, Alex N.; Nielsen, Sune G.

2015-01-01

Biological carbon fixation is limited by the supply of Fe in vast regions of the global ocean. Dissolved Fe in seawater is primarily sourced from continental mineral dust, submarine hydrothermalism, and sediment dissolution along continental margins. However, the relative contributions of these three sources to the Fe budget of the open ocean remains contentious. By exploiting the Fe stable isotopic fingerprints of these sources, it is possible to trace distinct Fe pools through marine environments, and through time using sedimentary records. We present a reconstruction of deep-sea Fe isotopic compositions from a Pacific Fe−Mn crust spanning the past 76 My. We find that there have been large and systematic changes in the Fe isotopic composition of seawater over the Cenozoic that reflect the influence of several, distinct Fe sources to the central Pacific Ocean. Given that deeply sourced Fe from hydrothermalism and marginal sediment dissolution exhibit the largest Fe isotopic variations in modern oceanic settings, the record requires that these deep Fe sources have exerted a major control over the Fe inventory of the Pacific for the past 76 My. The persistence of deeply sourced Fe in the Pacific Ocean illustrates that multiple sources contribute to the total Fe budget of the ocean and highlights the importance of oceanic circulation in determining if deeply sourced Fe is ever ventilated at the surface. PMID:25605900

Persistence of deeply sourced iron in the Pacific Ocean.

PubMed

Horner, Tristan J; Williams, Helen M; Hein, James R; Saito, Mak A; Burton, Kevin W; Halliday, Alex N; Nielsen, Sune G

2015-02-03

Biological carbon fixation is limited by the supply of Fe in vast regions of the global ocean. Dissolved Fe in seawater is primarily sourced from continental mineral dust, submarine hydrothermalism, and sediment dissolution along continental margins. However, the relative contributions of these three sources to the Fe budget of the open ocean remains contentious. By exploiting the Fe stable isotopic fingerprints of these sources, it is possible to trace distinct Fe pools through marine environments, and through time using sedimentary records. We present a reconstruction of deep-sea Fe isotopic compositions from a Pacific Fe-Mn crust spanning the past 76 My. We find that there have been large and systematic changes in the Fe isotopic composition of seawater over the Cenozoic that reflect the influence of several, distinct Fe sources to the central Pacific Ocean. Given that deeply sourced Fe from hydrothermalism and marginal sediment dissolution exhibit the largest Fe isotopic variations in modern oceanic settings, the record requires that these deep Fe sources have exerted a major control over the Fe inventory of the Pacific for the past 76 My. The persistence of deeply sourced Fe in the Pacific Ocean illustrates that multiple sources contribute to the total Fe budget of the ocean and highlights the importance of oceanic circulation in determining if deeply sourced Fe is ever ventilated at the surface.

Estimation of diffuse and point source microbial pollution in the ribble catchment discharging to bathing waters in the north west of England.

PubMed

Wither, A; Greaves, J; Dunhill, I; Wyer, M; Stapleton, C; Kay, D; Humphrey, N; Watkins, J; Francis, C; McDonald, A; Crowther, J

2005-01-01

Achieving compliance with the mandatory standards of the 1976 Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC) is required at all U.K. identified bathing waters. In recent years, the Fylde coast has been an area of significant investments in 'point source' control, which have not proven, in isolation, to satisfactorily achieve compliance with the mandatory, let alone the guide, levels of water quality in the Directive. The potential impact of riverine sources of pollution was first confirmed after a study in 1997. The completion of sewerage system enhancements offered the potential for the study of faecal indicator delivery from upstream sources comprising both point sources and diffuse agricultural sources. A research project to define these elements commenced in 2001. Initially, a desk study reported here, estimated the principal infrastructure contributions within the Ribble catchment. A second phase of this investigation has involved acquisition of empirical water quality and hydrological data from the catchment during the 2002 bathing season. These data have been used further to calibrate the 'budgets' and 'delivery' modelling and these data are still being analysed. This paper reports the initial desk study approach to faecal indicator budget estimation using available data from the sewerage infrastructure and catchment sources of faecal indicators.

20 CFR 1001.122 - Reporting and budget requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Reporting and budget requirements. 1001.122... Services to Veterans and Eligible Persons § 1001.122 Reporting and budget requirements. (a) State agencies... agency shall make reports and prepare budgets pursuant to instructions issued by the ASVET and in such...

Source partitioning of methane emissions and its seasonality in the U.S. Midwest

Treesearch

Zichong Chen; Timothy J. Griffis; John M. Baker; Dylan B. Millet; Jeffrey D. Wood; Edward J. Dlugokencky; Arlyn E. Andrews; Colm Sweeney; Cheng Hu; Randall K. Kolka

2018-01-01

The methane (CH4) budget and its source partitioning are poorly constrained in the Midwestern United States. We used tall tower (185 m) aerodynamic flux measurements and atmospheric scale factor Bayesian inversions to constrain the monthly budget and to partition the total budget into natural (e.g., wetlands) and anthropogenic (e.g., livestock,...

Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carpenter, David H.; James, R.W.; Gillen, D.F.

1987-01-01

This report documents the results of a cost-effectiveness study of the stream-gaging program in Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia. Data uses and funding sources were identified for 99 continuously operated stream gages in Maryland , Delaware, and the District of Columbia. The current operation of the program requires a budget of $465,260/year. The average standard error of estimation of streamflow records is 11.8%. It is shown that this overall level of accuracy at the 99 sites could be maintained with a budget of $461,000, if resources were redistributed among the gages. (USGS)

The budget process in schools of nursing: a primer for the novice administrator.

PubMed

Starck, P L; Bailes, B

1996-01-01

All administrators are expected to be competent in budget and financial management. Novice administrators of schools of nursing are expected to know about the budgetary process, budgeting techniques, and the various types of budgets that can be used, such as the open-ended budget, incremental budget, alternate-level budget, quota budget, formula budget, intramural budget, zero-based budget, and cost center budget. In addition, administrators are expected to know what key questions need to be asked about how the budget is structured and revenue sources and how to manage and evaluate their budgets.

Reading College Budgets: A Guide to Recent Changes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dubeck, Leroy W.

1995-01-01

Changes in the National Education Association's new edition of "Budget Handbook for College Faculty and Staff," reflecting new rules for institutional accounting, are summarized and implications for faculty and staff are highlighted. Budget terminology, sources of budget information, and budget components are detailed as well as changes…

Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Ohio

USGS Publications Warehouse

Shindel, H.L.; Bartlett, W.P.

1986-01-01

This report documents the results of the cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Ohio. Data uses and funding sources were identified for 107 continuous stream gages currently being operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in Ohio with a budget of $682,000; this budget includes field work for other projects and excludes stations jointly operated with the Miami Conservancy District. No stream gage were identified as having insufficient reason to continue their operation; nor were any station identified as having uses specifically only for short-term studies. All 107 station should be maintained in the program for the foreseeable future. The average standard error of estimation of stream flow records is 29.2 percent at its present level of funding. A minimum budget of $679,000 is required to operate the 107-gage program; a budget less than this does no permit proper service and maintenance of the gages and recorders. At the minimum budget, the average standard error is 31.1 percent The maximum budget analyzed was $1,282,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 11.1 percent. A need for additional gages has been identified by the other agencies that cooperate in the program. It is suggested that these gage be installed as funds can be made available.

40 CFR 97.22 - Information requirements for NOX Budget permit applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Budget permit applications. 97.22 Section 97.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Permits § 97.22 Information requirements for NOX Budget permit applications. A complete NOX Budget permit...

Analysis of Health Sector Budget of Nepal.

PubMed

Dulal, R K; Magar, A; Karki, S D; Khatiwada, D; Hamal, P K

2014-01-01

Primarily, health sector connects two segments - medicine and public health, where medicine deals with individual patients and public health with the population health. Budget enables both the disciplines to function effectively. The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 has adapted the inspiration of federalism and declared the provision of basic health care services free of cost as a fundamental right, which needs strengthening under foreseen federalism. An observational retrospective cohort study, aiming at examining the health sector budget allocation and outcome, was done. Authors gathered health budget figures (2001 to 2013) and facts published from authentic sources. Googling was done for further information. The keywords for search used were: fiscal federalism, health care, public health, health budget, health financing, external development partner, bilateral and multilateral partners and healthcare accessibility. The search was limited to English and Nepali-language report, articles and news published. Budget required to meet the population's need is still limited in Nepal. The health sector budget could not achieve even gainful results due to mismatch in policy and policy implementation despite of political commitment. Since Nepal is transforming towards federalism, an increased complexity under federated system is foreseeable, particularly in the face of changed political scenario and its players. It should have clear goals, financing policy and strict implementation plans for budget execution, task performance and achieving results as per planning. Additionally, collection of revenue, risk pooling and purchasing of services should be better integrated between central government and federated states to horn effectiveness and efficiency.

Cost effectiveness of the US Geological Survey's stream-gaging program in New York

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wolcott, S.W.; Gannon, W.B.; Johnston, W.H.

1986-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a 5-year nationwide analysis to define and document the most cost effective means of obtaining streamflow data. This report describes the stream gaging network in New York and documents the cost effectiveness of its operation; it also identifies data uses and funding sources for the 174 continuous-record stream gages currently operated (1983). Those gages as well as 189 crest-stage, stage-only, and groundwater gages are operated with a budget of $1.068 million. One gaging station was identified as having insufficient reason for continuous operation and was converted to a crest-stage gage. Current operation of the 363-station program requires a budget of $1.068 million/yr. The average standard error of estimation of continuous streamflow data is 13.4%. Results indicate that this degree of accuracy could be maintained with a budget of approximately $1.006 million if the gaging resources were redistributed among the gages. The average standard error for 174 stations was calculated for five hypothetical budgets. A minimum budget of $970,000 would be needed to operated the 363-gage program; a budget less than this does not permit proper servicing and maintenance of the gages and recorders. Under the restrictions of a minimum budget, the average standard error would be 16.0%. The maximum budget analyzed was $1.2 million, which would decrease the average standard error to 9.4%. (Author 's abstract)

75 FR 69706 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-15

... is required: Reports of medical events, doses to an embryo/fetus or nursing child, or leaking sources... administration of byproduct material or radiation therefrom to humans for medical use. 7. An estimate of the... for the radiation safety of workers, the general public, patients, and human research subjects. The 10...

Progress in Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Using a Broadband Lidar

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heaps, William S.

2010-01-01

In order to better understand the budget of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere it is necessary to develop a global high precision understanding of the carbon dioxide column. In order to uncover the 'missing sink" that is responsible for the large discrepancies in the budget as we presently understand it calculation has indicated that measurement accuracy on the order of 1 ppm is necessary. Because typical column average CO2 has now reached 380 ppm this represents a precision on the order of .25% for these column measurements. No species has ever been measured from space at such a precision. In recognition of the importance of understanding the CO2 budget in order to evaluate its impact on global warming the National Research Council in its decadal survey report to NASA recommended planning for a laser based total CO2 mapping mission in the near future. The extreme measurement accuracy requirements on this mission places very strong requirements on the laser system used for the measurement. This work presents an overview of the characteristics necessary in a laser system used to make this measurement. Consideration is given to the temperature dependence, pressure broadening, and pressure shift of the CO2 lines themselves and how these impact the laser system characteristics We have been examining the possibility of making precise measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide using broad band source of radiation. This means that many of the difficulties in wavelength control can be treated in the detector portion of the system rather than the laser source. It also greatly reduces the number of individual lasers required to make a measurement. Simplifications such as these are extremely desirable for systems designed to operate from space.

Efforts to reform medicaid in a time of fiscal stress: are we merely shuffling chairs on the deck of the titanic?

PubMed

McEldowney, Rene; Jenkins, Carol L

2005-01-01

With states facing their worst financial crisis since World War II, Medicaid programs across the nation are facing a period of significant stress. Medicaid expenditures are a major part of most states' budgets, which make them an important target when policy makers and legislators are faced with budget deficits. This study compares programs across states and identifies major reform trends being used by state officials as they try to balance the needs of their Medicaid recipients with the realities of budget shortfalls. Our research illustrates that the short-term view prevails: many states have relied heavily on one time funding sources, such as tobacco settlement monies in conjunction with traditional cost controlling mechanisms (e.g., freezing provider reimbursement rates, reducing program eligibility levels, requiring prior authorization for services) as their means of addressing the current crisis.

College & University Budgeting. An Introduction for Faculty and Academic Administrators.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meisinger, Richard J., Jr.; Dubeck, Leroy W.

A budgeting handbook for academic administrators and faculty is presented. Economic and political influences on budgeting are considered, along with sources of funds for public and private colleges, and the chronology of the budget process. Multiyear summaries of the budget process in different types of colleges are included. Some major policy…

40 CFR 96.25 - NOX Budget permit revisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false NOX Budget permit revisions. 96.25... (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Permits § 96.25 NOX Budget permit revisions. (a) For a NOX Budget source with a title V operating permit...

40 CFR 97.24 - NOX Budget permit revisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false NOX Budget permit revisions. 97.24... (CONTINUED) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS Permits § 97.24 NOX Budget permit revisions. (a) For a NOX Budget source with a title V operating permit, except as provided...

GLOBAL METHANE EMISSIONS FROM MINOR ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES AND BIOFUEL COMBUSTION IN RESIDENTIAL STOVES (JOURNAL)

EPA Science Inventory

Most global methane (CH4) budgets have failed to include emissions from a diverse group of minor anthropogenic sources. Individually, these minor sources emit small quantities of CH4, but collectively, their contributions to the budget may be significant. In this paper, CH4 emiss...

A Comprehensive Radial Velocity Error Budget for Next Generation Doppler Spectrometers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Halverson, Samuel; Ryan, Terrien; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Roy, Arpita; Bender, Chad; Stefansson, Guomundur Kari; Monson, Andrew; Levi, Eric; Hearty, Fred; Blake, Cullen;

34 CFR 74.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Revision of budget and program plans. 74.25 Section 74... Requirements Financial and Program Management § 74.25 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan...) Recipients are required to report deviations from budget and program plans, and request prior approvals for...

43 CFR 12.925 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Revision of budget and program plans. 12... Organizations Post-Award Requirements § 12.925 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the...) Recipients are required to report deviations from budget and program plans, and request prior approvals for...

International Conference on Problems Related to the Stratosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huntress, W., Jr.

1977-01-01

The conference focused on four main areas of investigation: laboratory studies and stratospheric chemistry and constituents, sources for and chemical budget of stratospheric halogen compounds, sources for and chemical budget of stratospheric nitrous oxide, and the dynamics of decision making on regulation of potential pollutants of the stratosphere. Abstracts of the scientific sessions of the conference as well as complete transcriptions of the panel discussions on sources for an atmospheric budget of holocarbons and nitrous oxide are included. The political, social and economic issues involving regulation of potential stratospheric pollutants were examined extensively.

[Sources of Methane in the Boreal Region

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1998-01-01

In determining the global methane budget the sources of methane must be balanced with the sinks and atmospheric inventory. The approximate contribution of the different methane sources to the budget has been establish showing the major terrestrial inputs as rice, wetlands, bogs, fens, and tundra. Measurements and modeling of production in these sources suggest that temperature, water table height and saturation along with substratum composition are important in controlling methane production and emission. The isotopic budget of 13 C and D/H in methane can be used as a tool to clarify the global budget. This approach has achieved success at constraining the inputs. Studies using the isotopic approach place constraints on global methane production from different sources. Also, the relation between the two biogenic production pathways, acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction, and the effect of substratum composition can be made using isotope measurements shows the relation between the different biogenic, thermogenic and anthropogenic sources of methane as a function of the carbon and hydrogen isotope values for each source and the atmosphere, tropospheric composition. Methane emissions from ponds and fens are a significant source in the methane budget of the boreal region. An initial study in 1993 and 1994 on the isotopic composition of this methane source and the isotopic composition in relation to oxidation of methane at the sediment surface of the ponds or fen was conducted as part of our BOREAS project. The isotopic composition of methane emitted by saturated anoxic sediment is dependent on the sediment composition and geochemistry, but will be influenced by in situ oxidation, in part, a function of rooted plant activity. The influence of oxidation mediated by rooted plant activities on the isotopic composition of methane is not well known and will depend on the plant type, sediment temperature, and numerous other variables. Information on this isotopic composition is important in both understanding the bio-geochemistry of the system and also in determining the regional and global inputs for the methane isotope budget. In determining the destruction of methane for balancing the atmospheric methane budget soil oxidation must be considered.

How Connecticut Health Directors Deal With Public Health Budget Cuts at the Local Level

PubMed Central

Prust, Margaret L.; Clark, Kathleen; Davis, Brigette; Pallas, Sarah W.; Kertanis, Jennifer; O’Keefe, Elaine; Araas, Michael; Iyer, Neel S.; Dandorf, Stewart; Platis, Stephanie

2015-01-01

Objectives. We investigated the perspectives of local health jurisdiction (LHJ) directors on coping mechanisms used to respond to budget reductions and constraints on their decision-making. Methods. We conducted in-depth interviews with 17 LHJ directors. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results. LHJ directors use a range of coping mechanisms, including identifying alternative revenue sources, adjusting services, amending staffing arrangements, appealing to local political leaders, and forming strategic partnerships. LHJs also face constraints on their decision-making because of state and local statutory requirements, political priorities, pressures from other LHJs, and LHJ structure. Conclusions. LHJs respond creatively to budget cuts to maintain important public health services. Some LHJ adjustments to administrative resources may obscure the long-term costs of public health budget cuts in such areas as staff morale and turnover. Not all coping strategies are available to each LHJ because of the contextual constraints of its locality, pointing to important policy questions on identifying optimum jurisdiction size and improving efficiency. PMID:25689206

A Large Underestimate of Formic Acid from Tropical Fires: Constraints from Space-Borne Measurements.

PubMed

Chaliyakunnel, S; Millet, D B; Wells, K C; Cady-Pereira, K E; Shephard, M W

2016-06-07

Formic acid (HCOOH) is one of the most abundant carboxylic acids and a dominant source of atmospheric acidity. Recent work indicates a major gap in the HCOOH budget, with atmospheric concentrations much larger than expected from known sources. Here, we employ recent space-based observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer with the GEOS-Chem atmospheric model to better quantify the HCOOH source from biomass burning, and assess whether fire emissions can help close the large budget gap for this species. The space-based data reveal a severe model HCOOH underestimate most prominent over tropical burning regions, suggesting a major missing source of organic acids from fires. We develop an approach for inferring the fractional fire contribution to ambient HCOOH and find, based on measurements over Africa, that pyrogenic HCOOH:CO enhancement ratios are much higher than expected from direct emissions alone, revealing substantial secondary organic acid production in fire plumes. Current models strongly underestimate (by 10 ± 5 times) the total primary and secondary HCOOH source from African fires. If a 10-fold bias were to extend to fires in other regions, biomass burning could produce 14 Tg/a of HCOOH in the tropics or 16 Tg/a worldwide. However, even such an increase would only represent 15-20% of the total required HCOOH source, implying the existence of other larger missing sources.

Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-30

enhanced if the supreme audit institution were to audit the budget, including all line ministries.” Source: State, 2014 Fiscal Transparency Report, 1/14...accordance with GAGAS, which includes both require- ments contained in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Statements on Auditing ...performance audits , financial audits , alert letters, and other reports examining the reconstruction effort. One performance audit reported on a key

Summary of Analysis of Sources of Forecasting Errors in BP 1500 Requirements Estimating Process and Description of Compensating Methodology.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-25

the Directorate of Programs (AFLC/ XRP ), and 11-4 * the Directorate of Logistics Plans and Programs, Aircraft/Missiles Program Division of the Air Staff...OWRM). * The P-18 Exhibit/Budget Estimate Submission (BES), a document developed by AFLC/LOR, is reviewed by AFLC/ XRP , and is presented to HQ USAF

Legal and financial methods for reducing low emission sources: Options for incentives

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Samitowski, W.

1995-12-31

There are two types of the so-called low emission sources in Cracow: over 1,000 local boiler houses and several thousand solid fuel-fired stoves. The accomplishment of each of 5 sub-projects offered under the American-Polish program entails solving the technical, financial, legal and public relations-related problems. The elimination of the low emission source requires, therefore, a joint effort of the following pairs: (a) local authorities, (b) investors, (c) owners and users of low emission sources, and (d) inhabitants involved in particular projects. The results of the studies developed by POLINVEST indicate that the accomplishment of the projects for the elimination ofmore » low emission sources will require financial incentives. Bearing in mind the today`s resources available from the community budget, this process may last as long as a dozen or so years. The task of the authorities of Cracow City is making a long-range operational strategy enabling reduction of low emission sources in Cracow.« less

Evaluation of the cost effectiveness of the 1983 stream-gaging program in Kansas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Medina, K.D.; Geiger, C.O.

1984-01-01

The results of an evaluation of the cost effectiveness of the 1983 stream-gaging program in Kansas are documented. Data uses and funding sources were identified for the 140 complete record streamflow-gaging stations operated in Kansas during 1983 with a budget of $793,780. As a result of the evaluation of the needs and uses of data from the stream-gaging program, it was found that the 140 gaging stations were needed to meet these data requirements. The average standard error of estimation of streamflow records was 20.8 percent, assuming the 1983 budget and operating schedule of 6-week interval visitations and based on 85 of the 140 stations. It was shown that this overall level of accuracy could be improved to 18.9 percent by altering the 1983 schedule of station visitations. A minimum budget of $760 ,000, with a corresponding average error of estimation of 24.9 percent, is required to operate the 1983 program. None of the stations investigated were suitable for the application of alternative methods for simulating discharge records. Improved instrumentation can have a very positive impact on streamflow uncertainties by decreasing lost record. (USGS)

The global carbon dioxide budget

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sundquist, E.T.

1993-01-01

The increase in atmospheric CO2 levels during the last deglaciation was comparable in magnitude to the recent historical increase. However, global CO2 budgets for these changes reflect fundamental differences in rates and in sources and sinks. The modern oceans are a rapid net CO2 sink, whereas the oceans were a gradual source during the deglaciation. Unidentified terrestrial CO2 sinks are important uncertainties in both the deglacial and recent CO2 budgets. The deglacial CO2 budget represents a complexity of long-term dynamic behavior that is not adequately addressed by current models used to forecast future atmospheric CO2 levels.

22 CFR 96.33 - Budget, audit, insurance, and risk assessment requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... for Convention Accreditation and Approval Financial and Risk Management § 96.33 Budget, audit, insurance, and risk assessment requirements. (a) The agency or person operates under a budget approved by... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Budget, audit, insurance, and risk assessment...

40 CFR 96.22 - Information requirements for NOX Budget permit applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Budget permit applications. 96.22 Section 96.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Permits § 96.22 Information requirements for NOX Budget permit applications...

Effects of monetary reserves and rate of gain on human risky choice under budget constraints.

PubMed

Pietras, Cynthia J; Searcy, Gabriel D; Huitema, Brad E; Brandt, Andrew E

2008-07-01

The energy-budget rule is an optimal foraging model that predicts that choice should be risk averse when net gains plus reserves meet energy requirements (positive energy-budget conditions) and risk prone when net gains plus reserves fall below requirements (negative energy-budget conditions). Studies have shown that the energy-budget rule provides a good description of risky choice in humans when choice is studied under economic conditions (i.e., earnings budgets) that simulate positive and negative energy budgets. In previous human studies, earnings budgets were manipulated by varying earnings requirements, but in most nonhuman studies, energy budgets have been manipulated by varying reserves and/or mean rates of reinforcement. The present study therefore investigated choice in humans between certain and variable monetary outcomes when earnings budgets were manipulated by varying monetary reserves and mean rates of monetary gain. Consistent with the energy-budget rule, choice tended to be risk averse under positive-budget conditions and risk neutral or risk prone under negative-budget conditions. Sequential choices were also well described by a dynamic optimization model, especially when expected earnings for optimal choices were high. These results replicate and extend the results of prior experiments in showing that humans' choices are generally consistent with the predictions of the energy-budget rule when studied under conditions analogous to those used in nonhuman energy-budget studies, and that choice patterns tend to maximize reinforcement.

Stable bromine isotopic composition of methyl bromide released from plant matter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horst, Axel; Holmstrand, Henry; Andersson, Per; Thornton, Brett F.; Wishkerman, Asher; Keppler, Frank; Gustafsson, Örjan

2014-01-01

Methyl bromide (CH3Br) emitted from plants constitutes a natural source of bromine to the atmosphere, and is a component in the currently unbalanced global CH3Br budget. In the stratosphere, CH3Br contributes to ozone loss processes. Studies of stable isotope composition may reduce uncertainties in the atmospheric CH3Br budget, but require well-constrained isotope fingerprints of the source end members. Here we report the first measurements of stable bromine isotopes (δ81Br) in CH3Br from abiotic plant emissions. Incubations of both KBr-fortified pectin, a ubiquitous cell-stabilizing macromolecule, and of a natural halophyte (Salicornia fruticosa), yielded an enrichment factor (ε) of -2.00 ± 0.23‰ (1σ, n = 8) for pectin and -1.82 ± 0.02‰ (1σ, n = 4) for Salicornia (the relative amount of the heavier 81Br was decreased in CH3Br compared to the substrate salt). For short incubations, and up to 10% consumption of the salt substrate, this isotope effect was similar for temperatures from 30 up to 300 °C. For longer incubations of up to 90 h at 180 °C the δ81Br values increased from -2‰ to 0‰ for pectin and to -1‰ for Salicornia. These δ81Br source signatures of CH3Br formation from plant matter combine with similar data for carbon isotopes to facilitate multidimensional isotope diagnostics of the CH3Br budget.

40 CFR 96.20 - General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false General NOX Budget trading program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Permits § 96.20 General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements. (a...

40 CFR 96.20 - General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false General NOX Budget trading program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Permits § 96.20 General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements. (a...

40 CFR 96.20 - General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false General NOX Budget trading program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Permits § 96.20 General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements. (a...

40 CFR 96.20 - General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false General NOX Budget trading program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Permits § 96.20 General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements. (a...

40 CFR 96.20 - General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false General NOX Budget trading program... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO 2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Permits § 96.20 General NOX Budget trading program permit requirements. (a...

Analyzing Content about the Federal Budget, National Debt, and Budget Deficit in High School and College-Level Economics Textbooks

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marri, Anand R.; Gaudelli, William; Cohen, Aviv; Siegel, Brad; Wylie, Scott; Crocco, Margaret S.; Grolnick, Maureen

2012-01-01

This study sought to identify content on the federal budget, national debt, and budget deficit in the 12 most commonly used high school and college-level economics textbooks. Our systematic review of these sources leads to two key findings: (1) Textbooks are similar in how they represent fiscal policy yet treat the federal budget, deficit, and…

Risk-sensitive choice in humans as a function of an earnings budget.

PubMed Central

Pietras, C J; Hackenberc, T D

2001-01-01

Risky choice in 3 adult humans was investigated across procedural manipulations designed to model energy-budget manipulations conducted with nonhumans. Subjects were presented with repeated choices between a fixed and a variable number of points. An energy budget was simulated by use of an earnings budget, defined as the number of points needed within a block of trials for points to be exchanged for money. During positive earnings-budget conditions, exclusive preference for the fixed option met the earnings requirement. During negative earnings-budget conditions, exclusive preference for the certain option did not meet the earnings requirement, but choice for the variable option met the requirement probabilistically. Choice was generally risk averse (the fixed option was preferred) when the earnings budget was positive and risk prone (the variable option was preferred) when the earnings budget was negative. Furthermore, choice was most risk prone during negative earnings-budget conditions in which the earnings requirement was most stringent. Local choice patterns were also frequently consistent with the predictions of a dynamic optimization model, indicating that choice was simultaneously sensitive to short-term choice contingencies, current point earnings, and the earnings requirement. Overall, these results show that the patterns of risky choice generated by energy-budget variables can also be produced by choice contingencies that do not involve immediate survival, and that risky choice in humans may be similar to that shown in nonhumans when choice is studied under analogous experimental conditions. PMID:11516113

Variation in foliar respiration and wood CO2 efflux rates among species and canopy layers in a wet tropical forest

Treesearch

Shinichi Asao; Ricardo Bedoya-Arrieta; Michael G. Ryan

2014-01-01

As tropical forests respond to environmental change, autotrophic respiration may consume a greater proportion of carbon fixed in photosynthesis at the expense of growth, potentially turning the forests into a carbon source. Predicting such a response requires that we measure and place autotrophic respiration in a complete carbon budget, but extrapolating measurements...

Multidisciplinary Analysis of the NEXUS Precursor Space Telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Weck, Olivier L.; Miller, David W.; Mosier, Gary E.

2002-12-01

A multidisciplinary analysis is demonstrated for the NEXUS space telescope precursor mission. This mission was originally designed as an in-space technology testbed for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). One of the main challenges is to achieve a very tight pointing accuracy with a sub-pixel line-of-sight (LOS) jitter budget and a root-mean-square (RMS) wavefront error smaller than λ/50 despite the presence of electronic and mechanical disturbances sources. The analysis starts with the assessment of the performance for an initial design, which turns out not to meet the requirements. Twentyfive design parameters from structures, optics, dynamics and controls are then computed in a sensitivity and isoperformance analysis, in search of better designs. Isoperformance allows finding an acceptable design that is well "balanced" and does not place undue burden on a single subsystem. An error budget analysis shows the contributions of individual disturbance sources. This paper might be helpful in analyzing similar, innovative space telescope systems in the future.

TOWARD ERROR ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE FOREST CARBON BUDGETS

EPA Science Inventory

Quantification of forest carbon sources and sinks is an important part of national inventories of net greenhouse gas emissions. Several such forest carbon budgets have been constructed, but little effort has been made to analyse the sources of error and how these errors propagate...

Source Partitioning of Methane Emissions and its Seasonality in the U.S. Midwest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Zichong; Griffis, Timothy J.; Baker, John M.; Millet, Dylan B.; Wood, Jeffrey D.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Andrews, Arlyn E.; Sweeney, Colm; Hu, Cheng; Kolka, Randall K.

2018-02-01

The methane (CH4) budget and its source partitioning are poorly constrained in the Midwestern United States. We used tall tower (185 m) aerodynamic flux measurements and atmospheric scale factor Bayesian inversions to constrain the monthly budget and to partition the total budget into natural (e.g., wetlands) and anthropogenic (e.g., livestock, waste, and natural gas) sources for the period June 2016 to September 2017. Aerodynamic flux observations indicated that the landscape was a CH4 source with a mean annual CH4 flux of +13.7 ± 0.34 nmol m-2 s-1 and was rarely a net sink. The scale factor Bayesian inversion analyses revealed a mean annual source of +12.3 ± 2.1 nmol m-2 s-1. Flux partitioning revealed that the anthropogenic source (7.8 ± 1.6 Tg CH4 yr-1) was 1.5 times greater than the bottom-up gridded United States Environmental Protection Agency inventory, in which livestock and oil/gas sources were underestimated by 1.8-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively. Wetland emissions (4.0 ± 1.2 Tg CH4 yr-1) were the second largest source, accounting for 34% of the total budget. The temporal variability of total CH4 emissions was dominated by wetlands with peak emissions occurring in August. In contrast, emissions from oil/gas and other anthropogenic sources showed relatively weak seasonality.

Churn in the Aircraft Spares Requirements Process.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

This paper examined the affect of churn on the budget requirement in terms of dollars. The study concludes that the budget process is good and that the...develop the budge5t and the buy requirements is one cf the most %% *,,1--" si gnificant reaons for the discrepancy between the items budgeted for and tho

Constraints from Earth's heat budget on mantle dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kellogg, L. H.; Ferrachat, S.

2006-12-01

Recent years have seen an increase in the number of proposed models to explain Earth's mantle dynamics: while two end-members, pure layered convection with the upper and lower mantle convecting separately from each other, and pure, whole mantle convection, appear not to satisfy all the observations, several addition models have been proposed. These models include and attempt to characterize least one reservoir that is enriched in radiogenic elements relative to the mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) source, as is required to account for most current estimates of the Earth's heat budget. This reservoir would also be responsible for the geochemical signature in some ocean island basalts (OIBs) like Hawaii, but must be rarely sampled at the surface. Our current knowledge of the mass- and heat-budget for the bulk silicate Earth from geochemical, cosmochemical and geodynamical observations and constraints enables us to quantify the radiogenic heat enrichment required to balance the heat budget. Without assuming any particular model for the structure of the reservoir, we first determine the inherent trade-off between heat production rate and mass of the reservoir. Using these constraints, we then investigate the dynamical inferences of the heat budget, assuming that the additional heat is produced within a deep layer above the core-mantle boundary. We carry out dynamical models of layered convection using four different fixed reservoir volumes, corresponding to deep layers of thicknesses 150, 500 1000 and 1600 km, respectively, and including both temperature-dependent viscosity and an instrinsic viscosity jump between upper and lower mantle. We then assess the viability of these cases against 5 criteria: stability of the deep layer through time, topography of the interface, effective density profile, intrinsic chemical density and the heat flux at the CMB.

Aggregating Hydrometeorological Data from International Monitoring Networks Across Earth's Largest Lake System to Quantify Uncertainty in Historical Water Budget Records, Improve Regional Water Budget Projections, and Differentiate Drivers Behind a Recent Record-Setting Surge in Water Levels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gronewold, A.; Bruxer, J.; Smith, J.; Hunter, T.; Fortin, V.; Clites, A. H.; Durnford, D.; Qian, S.; Seglenieks, F.

2015-12-01

Resolving and projecting the water budget of the North American Great Lakes basin (Earth's largest lake system) requires aggregation of data from a complex array of in situ monitoring and remote sensing products that cross an international border (leading to potential sources of bias and other inconsistencies), and are relatively sparse over the surfaces of the lakes themselves. Data scarcity over the surfaces of the lakes is a particularly significant problem because, unlike Earth's other large freshwater basins, the Great Lakes basin water budget is (on annual scales) comprised of relatively equal contributions from runoff, over-lake precipitation, and over-lake evaporation. Consequently, understanding drivers behind changes in regional water storage and water levels requires a data management framework that can reconcile uncertainties associated with data scarcity and bias, and propagate those uncertainties into regional water budget projections and historical records. Here, we assess the development of a historical hydrometeorological database for the entire Great Lakes basin with records dating back to the late 1800s, and describe improvements that are specifically intended to differentiate hydrological, climatological, and anthropogenic drivers behind recent extreme changes in Great Lakes water levels. Our assessment includes a detailed analysis of the extent to which extreme cold winters in central North America in 2013-2014 (caused by the anomalous meridional upper air flow - commonly referred to in the public media as the "polar vortex" phenomenon) altered the thermal and hydrologic regimes of the Great Lakes and led to a record setting surge in water levels between January 2014 and December 2015.

Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Nebraska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Engel, G.B.; Wahl, K.L.; Boohar, J.A.

1984-01-01

This report documents the results of a study of the cost-effectiveness of the streamflow information program in Nebraska. Presently, 145 continuous surface-water stations are operated in Nebraska on a budget of $908,500. Data uses and funding sources are identified for each of the 145 stations. Data from most stations have multiple uses. All stations have sufficient justification for continuation, but two stations primarily are used in short-term research studies; their continued operation needs to be evaluated when the research studies end. The present measurement frequency produces an average standard error for instantaneous discharges of about 12 percent, including periods when stage data are missing. Altering the travel routes and the measurement frequency will allow a reduction in standard error of about 1 percent with the present budget. Standard error could be reduced to about 8 percent if lost record could be eliminated. A minimum budget of $822,000 is required to operate the present network, but operations at that funding level would result in an increase in standard error to about 16 percent. The maximum budget analyzed was $1,363,000, which would result in an average standard error of 6 percent. (USGS)

Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in New Jersey

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schopp, R.D.; Ulery, R.L.

1984-01-01

The results of a study of the cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in New Jersey are documented. This study is part of a 5-year nationwide analysis undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey to define and document the most cost-effective means of furnishing streamflow information. This report identifies the principal uses of the data and relates those uses to funding sources, applies, at selected stations, alternative less costly methods (that is flow routing, regression analysis) for furnishing the data, and defines a strategy for operating the program which minimizes uncertainty in the streamflow data for specific operating budgets. Uncertainty in streamflow data is primarily a function of the percentage of missing record and the frequency of discharge measurements. In this report, 101 continuous stream gages and 73 crest-stage or stage-only gages are analyzed. A minimum budget of $548,000 is required to operate the present stream-gaging program in New Jersey with an average standard error of 27.6 percent. The maximum budget analyzed was $650,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 17.8 percent. The 1983 budget of $569,000 resulted in a standard error of 24.9 percent under present operating policy. (USGS)

1.5 °C carbon budget dependent on carbon cycle uncertainty and future non-CO2 forcing.

PubMed

Mengis, Nadine; Partanen, Antti-Ilari; Jalbert, Jonathan; Matthews, H Damon

2018-04-11

Estimates of the 1.5 °C carbon budget vary widely among recent studies, emphasizing the need to better understand and quantify key sources of uncertainty. Here we quantify the impact of carbon cycle uncertainty and non-CO 2 forcing on the 1.5 °C carbon budget in the context of a prescribed 1.5 °C temperature stabilization scenario. We use Bayes theorem to weight members of a perturbed parameter ensemble with varying land and ocean carbon uptake, to derive an estimate for the fossil fuel (FF) carbon budget of 469 PgC since 1850, with a 95% likelihood range of (411,528) PgC. CO 2 emissions from land-use change (LUC) add about 230 PgC. Our best estimate of the total (FF + LUC) carbon budget for 1.5 °C is therefore 699 PgC, which corresponds to about 11 years of current emissions. Non-CO 2 greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions represent equivalent cumulative CO 2 emissions of about 510 PgC and -180 PgC for 1.5 °C, respectively. The increased LUC, high non-CO 2 emissions and decreased aerosols in our scenario, cause the long-term FF carbon budget to decrease following temperature stabilization. In this scenario, negative emissions would be required to compensate not only for the increasing non-CO 2 climate forcing, but also for the declining natural carbon sinks.

7 CFR 277.3 - Budgets and budget revision procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Budgets and budget revision procedures. 277.3 Section... OF STATE AGENCIES § 277.3 Budgets and budget revision procedures. The preparation, content, submittal, and revision requirements for the State Food Stamp Program Budget shall be as specified in § 272.2...

An Analysis of the President’s 2015 Budget

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-01

President’s tax proposals that were prepared by the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT).1 In conjunction with analyzing the President’s budget...more details about the President’s tax proposals, see Joint Committee on Taxation , Estimated Budget Effects of the Revenue Provisions Contained in...in CBO’s Estimate of the President’s Budget (Billions of dollars) Sources: Congressional Budget Office; staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation

75 FR 67983 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Announcement of Office of Management and Budget...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-04

...] Agency Information Collection Activities; Announcement of Office of Management and Budget Approval; Evaluation of Potential Data Sources for the Sentinel Initiative AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS... information entitled ``Evaluation of Potential Data Sources for the Sentinel Initiative'' has been approved by...

Heat balance and thermal management of the TMT Observatory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thompson, Hugh; Vogiatzis, Konstantinos

2014-08-01

An extensive campaign of aero-thermal modeling of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) has been carried out and presented in other papers. This paper presents a summary view of overall heat balance of the TMT observatory. A key component of this heat balance that can be managed is the internal sources of heat dissipation to the ambient air inside the enclosure. An engineering budget for both daytime and nighttime sources is presented. This budget is used to ensure that the overall effects on daytime cooling and nighttime seeing are tracked and fall within the modeled results that demonstrate that the observatory meets its performance requirements. In the daytime heat fluxes from air-conditioning, solar loading, infiltration, and deliberate venting through the enclosure top vent are included along with equipment heat sources. In the nighttime convective heat fluxes through the open aperture and vent doors, as well as radiation to the sky are tracked along with the nighttime residual heat dissipations after cooling from equipment in the observatory. The diurnal variation of thermal inertia of large masses, such as the telescope structure, is also included. Model results as well as the overall heat balance and thermal management strategy of the observatory are presented.

Response to Specific Questions on Interstate Trading and New Source Review (NSR) Under the Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions Budget Concept

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

SNL Five-Year Facilities & Infrastructure Plan FY2015-2019

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cipriani, Ralph J.

2014-12-01

Sandia’s development vision is to provide an agile, flexible, safer, more secure, and efficient enterprise that leverages the scientific and technical capabilities of the workforce and supports national security requirements in multiple areas. Sandia’s Five-Year Facilities & Infrastructure Planning program represents a tool to budget and prioritize immediate and short-term actions from indirect funding sources in light of the bigger picture of proposed investments from direct-funded, Work for Others and other funding sources. As a complementary F&I investment program, Sandia’s indirect investment program supports incremental achievement of the development vision within a constrained resource environment.

Fuel Cells and Other Emerging Manportable Power Technologies for the NATO Warfighter. Part 1: Power Sources for Manportable/Manwearable Applications (Piles a combustible et autres technologies portatives d’alimentation en energie pour les combattants de l’OTAN - Partie 1: Sources d’alimentation pour les applications transportables/portables par l’homme)

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-01

increases, the power source weight budget has to be traded against traditional soldier commodities such as ammunition, water and food . As the...When one considers the other commodities he is required to carry such as food , water, ammunition, etc., the weight burden will undoubtedly have a...Others have flexible outer packaging similar to that used in food processing, which are flexible. Flexible packages are emerging which enable the

Pressures on DoD’s Budget Over the Next Decade

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-16

Congressional Budget Office Pressures on DoD’s Budget Over the Next Decade Presentation at the Professional Services Council 2016 Vision Federal...E Outline • Fiscal Situation • Implications of Budget Control Act • Internal Pressures on DoD’s Budget 2C O N G R E S S I O N A L B U D G E T O F F...I C E Deficits or Surpluses Under CBO’s Baseline for FY 2016 CBO’s Baseline Projection Source: Congressional Budget Office, An Update to the

Precision Column CO2 Measurement from Space Using Broad Band LIDAR

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heaps, William S.

2009-01-01

In order to better understand the budget of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere it is necessary to develop a global high precision understanding of the carbon dioxide column. To uncover the missing sink" that is responsible for the large discrepancies in the budget as we presently understand it, calculation has indicated that measurement accuracy of 1 ppm is necessary. Because typical column average CO2 has now reached 380 ppm this represents a precision on the order of 0.25% for these column measurements. No species has ever been measured from space at such a precision. In recognition of the importance of understanding the CO2 budget to evaluate its impact on global warming the National Research Council in its decadal survey report to NASA recommended planning for a laser based total CO2 mapping mission in the near future. The extreme measurement accuracy requirements on this mission places very strong constraints on the laser system used for the measurement. This work presents an overview of the characteristics necessary in a laser system used to make this measurement. Consideration is given to the temperature dependence, pressure broadening, and pressure shift of the CO2 lines themselves and how these impact the laser system characteristics. We are examining the possibility of making precise measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide using a broad band source of radiation. This means that many of the difficulties in wavelength control can be treated in the detector portion of the system rather than the laser source. It also greatly reduces the number of individual lasers required to make a measurement. Simplifications such as these are extremely desirable for systems designed to operate from space.

45 CFR 74.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARDS AND SUBAWARDS TO INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, OTHER NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, AND COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Financial and Program Management § 74.25 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the financial expression of...

40 CFR 30.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... FEDERAL ASSISTANCE UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Financial and Program Management § 30.25 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the financial...

38 CFR 49.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Financial and Program Management § 49.25 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the financial expression of...

14 CFR 1260.125 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Revision of budget and program plans. 1260....125 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the financial expression of the... required to report deviations from budget and program plans, and request prior approvals for budget and...

24 CFR 84.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Revision of budget and program... and Program Management § 84.25 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the... required to report deviations from budget and program plans, and request prior approvals for budget and...

15 CFR 14.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, OTHER NON-PROFIT, AND COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Financial and Program Management § 14.25 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the financial expression of the project or...

Electronic Reference Works and Library Budgeting Dilemma

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lawal, Ibironke O.

2007-01-01

The number of electronic resources has climbed up steadily in recent times. Some of these e-resources are reference sources, mostly in Science, Technology and Medicine (STM), which publishers convert to electronic for obvious reasons. The library budgets for materials usually have two main lines, budget for one time purchase (monographs) and…

Preparation of School District Budgets with Microcomputer Electronic Spreadsheets.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hinitz, Herman J.; Gourley, Marlene Fisher, Ed.

1996-01-01

School districts prepare annual budgets in order to have adequate funding available for their operations. Today's budgets require flexibility and adaptability as school-district finances and governmental regulations and guidelines change. This article discusses several types of budgets and budget preparation that utilize microcomputer technology.…

25 CFR 276.14 - Budget revision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Budget revision. 276.14 Section 276.14 Indians BUREAU OF... UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS § 276.14 Budget revision. Criteria and procedures to be followed by grantees in reporting deviations from grant budgets and requesting approval for budget...

Use of Sediment Budgets for Watershed Erosion Control Planning: A Case Study From Northern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Connor, M.; McDavitt, W.

2002-05-01

Erosion, sedimentation and peak flow increases caused by forest management for commercial timber production may negatively affect aquatic habitat of endangered anadromous fish such as coho salmon ({\\ it O. kisutch}). This paper summarizes a portion of a Watershed Analysis study performed for Pacific Lumber Company, Scotia, CA, focusing on erosion and sedimentation processes and rates and downstream sediment routing and water quality in the Freshwater Creek watershed in northwest California. Hillslope, road and bank erosion, channel sedimentation and sediment rates were quantified using field surveys, aerial photo interpretation, and empirical modeling approaches for different elements of the study. Sediment transport rates for bedload were modeled, and sediment transport rates for suspended sediment were estimated based on size distribution of sediment inputs in relation to sizes transported in suspension. The resulting sediment budget was validated through comparison using recent short-term, high-quality estimates of suspended sediment yield collected by a community watershed group at a downstream monitoring site with technical assistance from the US Forest Service. Another check on the sediment budget was provided by bedload yield data from an adjacent watershed, Jacoby Creek. The sediment budget techniques and bedload routing models used for this study provide sediment yield estimates that are in good agreement with available data. These results suggest that sediment budget techniques that require moderate levels of fieldwork can be used to provide relatively accurate technical assessments for use in the TMDL process. The sediment budget also identifies the most significant sediment sources and suggests a framework within which effective erosion control strategies can be developed.

14 CFR 152.323 - Budget revision: Airport development.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Budget revision: Airport development. 152... TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS AIRPORT AID PROGRAM Accounting and Reporting Requirements § 152.323 Budget... change in the budget estimates, the sponsor shall submit a request for budget revision on a form...

7 CFR 1744.64 - Budget adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 11 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Budget adjustment. 1744.64 Section 1744.64... Disbursement of Funds § 1744.64 Budget adjustment. (a) If more funds are required than are available in a budget account, the borrower may request RUS's approval of a budget adjustment to use funds from another...

Water and nutrient budgets for Vancouver Lake, Vancouver, Washington, October 2010-October 2012

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sheibley, Rich W.; Foreman, James R.; Marshall, Cameron A.; Welch, Wendy B.

2014-01-01

Vancouver Lake, a large shallow lake in Clark County, near Vancouver, Washington, has been undergoing water-quality problems for decades. Recently, the biggest concern for the lake are the almost annual harmful cyanobacteria blooms that cause the lake to close for recreation for several weeks each summer. Despite decades of interest in improving the water quality of the lake, fundamental information on the timing and amount of water and nutrients entering and exiting the lake is lacking. In 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a 2-year field study to quantify water flows and nutrient loads in order to develop water and nutrient budgets for the lake. This report presents monthly and annual water and nutrient budgets from October 2010–October 2012 to identify major sources and sinks of nutrients. Lake River, a tidally influenced tributary to the lake, flows into and out of the lake almost daily and composed the greatest proportion of both the water and nutrient budgets for the lake, often at orders of magnitude greater than any other source. From the water budget, we identified precipitation, evaporation and groundwater inflow as minor components of the lake hydrologic cycle, each contributing 1 percent or less to the total water budget. Nutrient budgets were compiled monthly and annually for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and orthophosphate; and, nitrogen loads were generally an order of magnitude greater than phosphorus loads across all sources. For total nitrogen, flow from Lake River at Felida, Washington, made up 88 percent of all inputs into the lake. For total phosphorus and orthophosphate, Lake River at Felida flowing into the lake was 91 and 76 percent of total inputs, respectively. Nutrient loads from precipitation and groundwater inflow were 1 percent or less of the total budgets. Nutrient inputs from Burnt Bridge Creek and Flushing Channel composed 12 percent of the total nitrogen budget, 8 percent of the total phosphorus budget, and 21 percent of the orthophosphate budget. We identified several data gaps and areas for future research, which include the need for better understanding nutrient inputs to the lake from sediment resuspension and better quantification of indirect nutrient inputs to the lake from Salmon Creek.

78 FR 46947 - Adequacy Status of the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, Texas Reasonable Further Progress and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-02

...) State Implementation Plan (SIP) revisions, submitted on May 6, 2013 by the Texas Commission on... effective August 19, 2013. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: The essential information in this notice will be... to EPA. The word ``budget(s)'' refers to the mobile source emissions budget for volatile organic...

Revised State Budget Sells Kids Short

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Children Now, 2012

2012-01-01

The Administration's May Revision of the 2012-2013 state budget addresses a $15.7 billion shortfall through funding shifts, cuts, and new revenue sources that place children squarely in harms way. California's kids are already grossly underserved relative to the rest of the nation's children. If the May Revise budget is passed by the Legislature,…

Validation of the Land-Surface Energy Budget and Planetary Boundary Layer for Several Intensive field Experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bosilovich, Michael G.; Schubert, Siegfried; Molod, Andrea; Houser, Paul R.

1999-01-01

Land-surface processes in a data assimilation system influence the lower troposphere and must be properly represented. With the recent incorporation of the Mosaic Land-surface Model (LSM) into the GEOS Data Assimilation System (DAS), the detailed land-surface processes require strict validation. While global data sources can identify large-scale systematic biases at the monthly timescale, the diurnal cycle is difficult to validate. Moreover, global data sets rarely include variables such as evaporation, sensible heat and soil water. Intensive field experiments, on the other hand, can provide high temporal resolution energy budget and vertical profile data for sufficiently long periods, without global coverage. Here, we evaluate the GEOS DAS against several intensive field experiments. The field experiments are First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE, Kansas, summer 1987), Cabauw (as used in PILPS, Netherlands, summer 1987), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM, Southern Great Plains, winter and summer 1998) and the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA, Arctic ice sheet, winter and summer 1998). The sites provide complete surface energy budget data for periods of at least one year, and some periods of vertical profiles. This comparison provides a detailed validation of the Mosaic LSM within the GEOS DAS for a variety of climatologic and geographic conditions.

Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in North Carolina

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mason, R.R.; Jackson, N.M.

1985-01-01

This report documents the results of a study of the cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in North Carolina. Data uses and funding sources are identified for the 146 gaging stations currently operated in North Carolina with a budget of $777,600 (1984). As a result of the study, eleven stations are nominated for discontinuance and five for conversion from recording to partial-record status. Large parts of North Carolina 's Coastal Plain are identified as having sparse streamflow data. This sparsity should be remedied as funds become available. Efforts should also be directed toward defining the efforts of drainage improvements on local hydrology and streamflow characteristics. The average standard error of streamflow records in North Carolina is 18.6 percent. This level of accuracy could be improved without increasing cost by increasing the frequency of field visits and streamflow measurements at stations with high standard errors and reducing the frequency at stations with low standard errors. A minimum budget of $762,000 is required to operate the 146-gage program. A budget less than this does not permit proper service and maintenance of the gages and recorders. At the minimum budget, and with the optimum allocation of field visits, the average standard error is 17.6 percent.

Design Your Own Budget: A Case Study Based on the 1988 Budget.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Paul

1992-01-01

Presents a classroom activity in which students work in groups to develop a national budget. Requires students to consider economic factors such as inflation, unemployment, and taxation. Includes charts and a national budget work sheet. (CFR)

Joint Application of Concentrations and Isotopic Signatures to Investigate the Global Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide Budget: Inverse Modeling Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, K.; Emmons, L. K.; Mak, J. E.

2007-12-01

Carbon monoxide is not only an important component for determining the atmospheric oxidizing capacity but also a key trace gas in the atmospheric chemistry of the Earth's background environment. The global CO cycle and its change are closely related to both the change of CO mixing ratio and the change of source strength. Previously, to estimate the global CO budget, most top-down estimation techniques have been applied the concentrations of CO solely. Since CO from certain sources has a unique isotopic signature, its isotopes provide additional information to constrain its sources. Thus, coupling the concentration and isotope fraction information enables to tightly constrain CO flux by its sources and allows better estimations on the global CO budget. MOZART4 (Model for Ozone And Related chemical Tracers), a 3-D global chemical transport model developed at NCAR, MPI for meteorology and NOAA/GFDL and is used to simulate the global CO concentration and its isotopic signature. Also, a tracer version of MOZART4 which tagged for C16O and C18O from each region and each source was developed to see their contributions to the atmosphere efficiently. Based on the nine-year- simulation results we analyze the influences of each source of CO to the isotopic signature and the concentration. Especially, the evaluations are focused on the oxygen isotope of CO (δ18O), which has not been extensively studied yet. To validate the model performance, CO concentrations and isotopic signatures measured from MPI, NIWA and our lab are compared to the modeled results. The MOZART4 reproduced observational data fairly well; especially in mid to high latitude northern hemisphere. Bayesian inversion techniques have been used to estimate the global CO budget with combining observed and modeled CO concentration. However, previous studies show significant differences in their estimations on CO source strengths. Because, in addition to the CO mixing ratio, isotopic signatures are independent tracers that contain the source information, jointly applying the isotope and the concentration information is expected to provide more precise optimization results in CO budget estimation. Our accumulated long-term CO isotope measurement data contribute to having more confidence of the inversions as well. Besides the benefit of adding isotope data on the inverse modeling, a trait of each isotope of CO (oxygen and carbon isotope) contains another advantageous use in the top-down estimation of the CO budget. δ18O and δ13C has a distinctive isotopic signature on a specific source; combustion sources such as a fossil fuel use show clearly different values from other natural sources in the δ18O signatures and the methane source can be easily separated by using δ13C information. Therefore, inversions of the two major sources of CO respond with different sensitivity for the different isotopes. To maximize the strengths of using isotope data in the inverse modeling analysis, various coupling schemes combining [CO], δ18O and δ13C have been investigated to enhance the credibility of the CO budget optimization.

Joint Application of Concentrations and Isotopic Signatures to Investigate the Global Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide Budget: Inverse Modeling Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, K.; Mak, J. E.; Emmons, L. K.

2008-12-01

Carbon monoxide is not only an important component for determining the atmospheric oxidizing capacity but also a key trace gas in the atmospheric chemistry of the Earth's background environment. The global CO cycle and its change are closely related to both the change of CO mixing ratio and the change of source strength. Previously, to estimate the global CO budget, most top-down estimation techniques have been applied the concentrations of CO solely. Since CO from certain sources has a unique isotopic signature, its isotopes provide additional information to constrain its sources. Thus, coupling the concentration and isotope fraction information enables to tightly constrain CO flux by its sources and allows better estimations on the global CO budget. MOZART4 (Model for Ozone And Related chemical Tracers), a 3-D global chemical transport model developed at NCAR, MPI for meteorology and NOAA/GFDL and is used to simulate the global CO concentration and its isotopic signature. Also, a tracer version of MOZART4 which tagged for C16O and C18O from each region and each source was developed to see their contributions to the atmosphere efficiently. Based on the nine-year-simulation results we analyze the influences of each source of CO to the isotopic signature and the concentration. Especially, the evaluations are focused on the oxygen isotope of CO (δ18O), which has not been extensively studied yet. To validate the model performance, CO concentrations and isotopic signatures measured from MPI, NIWA and our lab are compared to the modeled results. The MOZART4 reproduced observational data fairly well; especially in mid to high latitude northern hemisphere. Bayesian inversion techniques have been used to estimate the global CO budget with combining observed and modeled CO concentration. However, previous studies show significant differences in their estimations on CO source strengths. Because, in addition to the CO mixing ratio, isotopic signatures are independent tracers that contain the source information, jointly applying the isotope and the concentration information is expected to provide more precise optimization results in CO budget estimation. Our accumulated long-term CO isotope measurement data contribute to having more confidence of the inversions as well. Besides the benefit of adding isotope data on the inverse modeling, a trait of each isotope of CO (oxygen and carbon isotope) contains another advantageous use in the top-down estimation of the CO budget. δ18O and δ13C has a distinctive isotopic signature on a specific source; combustion sources such as a fossil fuel use show clearly different values from other natural sources in the δ18O signatures and the methane source can be easily separated by using δ13C information. Therefore, inversions of the two major sources of CO respond with different sensitivity for the different isotopes. To maximize the strengths of using isotope data in the inverse modeling analysis, various coupling schemes combining [CO], δ18O and δ13C have been investigated to enhance the credibility of the CO budget optimization.

Cost-effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging program in Indiana

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stewart, J.A.; Miller, R.L.; Butch, G.K.

1986-01-01

Analysis of the stream gaging program in Indiana was divided into three phases. The first phase involved collecting information concerning the data need and the funding source for each of the 173 surface water stations in Indiana. The second phase used alternate methods to produce streamflow records at selected sites. Statistical models were used to generate stream flow data for three gaging stations. In addition, flow routing models were used at two of the sites. Daily discharges produced from models did not meet the established accuracy criteria and, therefore, these methods should not replace stream gaging procedures at those gaging stations. The third phase of the study determined the uncertainty of the rating and the error at individual gaging stations, and optimized travel routes and frequency of visits to gaging stations. The annual budget, in 1983 dollars, for operating the stream gaging program in Indiana is $823,000. The average standard error of instantaneous discharge for all continuous record gaging stations is 25.3%. A budget of $800,000 could maintain this level of accuracy if stream gaging stations were visited according to phase III results. A minimum budget of $790,000 is required to operate the gaging network. At this budget, the average standard error of instantaneous discharge would be 27.7%. A maximum budget of $1 ,000,000 was simulated in the analysis and the average standard error of instantaneous discharge was reduced to 16.8%. (Author 's abstract)

A cool-temperate young larch plantation as a net methane source - A 4-year continuous hyperbolic relaxed eddy accumulation and chamber measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ueyama, Masahito; Yoshikawa, Kota; Takagi, Kentaro

2018-07-01

Upland forests are thought to be methane (CH4) sinks due to oxidation by methanotrophs in aerobic soils. However, CH4 budget for upland forests are not well quantified at the ecosystem scale, when possible CH4 sources, such as small wet areas, exists in the ecosystem. Here, we quantified CH4 fluxes in a cool-temperate larch plantation based on four-year continuous measurements using the hyperbolic relaxed eddy accumulation (HREA) method and dynamic closed chambers with a laser-based analyzer. After filling data gaps for half-hourly data using machine-learning-based regressions, we found that the forest acted as a net CH4 source at the canopy scale: 30 ± 11 mg CH4 m-2 yr-1 in 2014, 56 ± 8 mg CH4 m-2 yr-1 in 2015, 154 ± 5 mg CH4 m-2 yr-1 in 2016, and 132 ± 6 mg CH4 m-2 yr-1 in 2017. Hotspot emissions from the edge of the pond could strongly contribute to the canopy-scale emissions. The magnitude of the hotspot emissions was 10-100 times greater than the order of the canopy-scale and chamber-based CH4 fluxes at the dry soils. The high temperatures with wet conditions stimulated the hotspot emissions, and thus induced canopy-scale CH4 emissions in the summer. Understanding and modeling the dynamics of hotspot emissions are important for quantifying CH4 budgets of upland forests. Micrometeorological measurements at various forests are required for revisiting CH4 budget of upland forests.

Titrating versus targeting home care services to frail elderly clients: an application of agency theory and cost-benefit analysis to home care policy.

PubMed

Weissert, William; Chernew, Michael; Hirth, Richard

2003-02-01

The article summarizes the shortcomings of current home care targeting policy, provides a conceptual framework for understanding the sources of its problems, and proposes an alternative resource allocation method. Methods required for different aspects of the study included synthesis of the published literature, regression analysis of risk predictors, and comparison of actual resource allocations with simulated budgets. Problems of imperfect agency ranging from unclear goals and inappropriate incentives to lack of information about the marginal effectiveness of home care could be mitigated with an improved budgeting method that combines client selection and resource allocation. No program can produce its best outcome performance when its goals are unclear and its technology is unstandardized. Titration of care would reallocate resources to maximize marginal benefit for marginal cost.

Preparation and Presentation of the Library Budget. SPEC Kit 32.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Association of Research Libraries, Washington, DC. Office of Management Studies.

This kit on the preparation and presentation of the library budget in Association of Research Libraries (ARL) institutions contains a concise summary of the results of a 1977 member survey on budget preparation and eight related primary source documents. The summary of the Systems and Procedures Exchange Center (SPEC) survey focuses on types of…

No Free Pass: When Faced with Funding Decreases, Every Budget Item Must Go under the Microscope

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brooks-Young, Susan

2007-01-01

Because educators often use previous years' budgets as a starting point, many budget items become entrenched with limited discussion about whether or not these are funds well spent. This approach is particularly detrimental for innovations that are initially supported through special funding sources. Unless successful new initiatives are…

Use of a process-based model for assessing the methane budgets of global terrestrial ecosystems and evaluation of uncertainty

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ito, A.; Inatomi, M.

2012-02-01

We assessed the global terrestrial budget of methane (CH4) by using a process-based biogeochemical model (VISIT) and inventory data for components of the budget that were not included in the model. Emissions from wetlands, paddy fields, biomass burning, and plants, as well as oxidative consumption by upland soils, were simulated by the model. Emissions from ruminant livestock and termites were evaluated by using an inventory approach. These CH4 flows were estimated for each of the model's 0.5° × 0.5° grid cells from 1901 to 2009, while accounting for atmospheric composition, meteorological factors, and land-use changes. Estimation uncertainties were examined through ensemble simulations using different parameterization schemes and input data (e.g., different wetland maps and emission factors). From 1996 to 2005, the average global terrestrial CH4 budget was estimated on the basis of 1152 simulations, and terrestrial ecosystems were found to be a net source of 308.3 ± 20.7 Tg CH4 yr-1. Wetland and livestock ruminant emissions were the primary sources. The results of our simulations indicate that sources and sinks are distributed highly heterogeneously over the Earth's land surface. Seasonal and interannual variability in the terrestrial budget was also assessed. The trend of increasing net emission from terrestrial sources and its relationship with temperature variability imply that terrestrial CH4 feedbacks will play an increasingly important role as a result of future climatic change.

The impact of water management practices and associated methane emissions on subtropical pasture greenhouse gas budgets and ecosystem service payments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chamberlain, S.; Groffman, P. M.; Boughton, E.; Gomez-Casanovas, N.; DeLucia, E. H.; Bernacchi, C.; Sparks, J. P.

2016-12-01

Pastures are an extensive land cover type, however patterns in pasture greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange vary widely depending on climate and land management. Understanding this variation is important, as pastures may be a net GHG source or sink depending on these factors. We quantified carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes from subtropical pastures in south Florida for three years using eddy covariance, and estimated annual budgets of CO2, CH4, and GHG equivalent emissions. We also explored the influence of water retention practices on pasture GHG budgets by combining data from a multi-year pasture water retention experiment with CH4 flux data from our eddy covariance tower to 1) estimate the influence of water retention on surface soil flooding, and 2) estimate the influence of extended surface soil flooding on CH4 emissions. These findings were then used to assess the impact of CH4 emissions on stakeholder payments for water retention services in a carbon market framework. The pastures were net CO2 sinks sequestering up to 163 ± 54 g CO2-C m-2 yr-1, but were also strong CH4 sources emitting up to 23.5 ± 2.1 g CH4-C m-2 yr-1. Accounting for the global warming potential of CH4, the pastures were strong GHG sources emitting up to 584 ± 78 g CO2 eq. m-2 yr-1. Our analysis suggests CH4 emissions due to increased flooding from water management practices is a small component of the pasture GHG budget, and water retention likely contributes 2-11% of pasture GHG emissions. These emissions could reduce water retention payments by up to 12% if stakeholders were required to pay for current GHG emissions in a carbon market. It would require at least 93.7 kg CH4-C emissions per acre-foot water storage for carbon market costs to exceed water retention payments, and this scenario is highly unlikely as we estimate current practices are responsible for 11.3 ± 7.2 kg CH4-C emissions per acre-foot of water storage. Our results demonstrate that water retention practices aimed at reducing nutrient loading to the Everglades are likely responsible for only a minor increase in pasture GHG emissions and would have a small economic consequence in a carbon market.

Constraints on the extremely high-energy cosmic ray accelerators from classical electrodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aharonian, F. A.; Belyanin, A. A.; Derishev, E. V.; Kocharovsky, V. V.; Kocharovsky, Vl. V.

2002-07-01

We formulate the general requirements, set by classical electrodynamics, on the sources of extremely high-energy cosmic rays (EHECRs). It is shown that the parameters of EHECR accelerators are strongly limited not only by the particle confinement in large-scale magnetic fields or by the difference in electric potentials (generalized Hillas criterion) but also by the synchrotron radiation, the electro-bremsstrahlung, or the curvature radiation of accelerated particles. Optimization of these requirements in terms of an accelerator's size and magnetic field strength results in the ultimate lower limit to the overall source energy budget, which scales as the fifth power of attainable particle energy. Hard γ rays accompanying generation of EHECRs can be used to probe potential acceleration sites. We apply the results to several populations of astrophysical objects-potential EHECR sources-and discuss their ability to accelerate protons to 1020 eV and beyond. The possibility of gain from ultrarelativistic bulk flows is addressed, with active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts being the examples.

Constraints on the extremely high-energy cosmic rays accelerators from classical electrodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belyanin, A.; Aharonian, F.; Derishev, E.; Kocharovsky, V.; Kocharovsky, V.

We formulate the general requirements, set by classical electrodynamics, to the sources of extremely high-energy cosmic rays (EHECRs). It is shown that the parameters of EHECR accelerators are strongly limited not only by the particle confinement in large-scale magnetic field or by the difference in electric potentials (generalized Hillas criterion), but also by the synchrotron radiation, the electro-bremsstrahlung, or the curvature radiation of accelerated particles. Optimization of these requirements in terms of accelerator's size and magnetic field strength results in the ultimate lower limit to the overall source energy budget, which scales as the fifth power of attainable particle energy. Hard gamma-rays accompanying generation of EHECRs can be used to probe potential acceleration sites. We apply the results to several populations of astrophysical objects - potential EHECR sources - and discuss their ability to accelerate protons to 1020 eV and beyond. A possibility to gain from ultrarelativistic bulk flows is addressed, with Active Galactic Nuclei and Gamma-Ray Bursts being the examples.

Water budgets of martian recurring slope lineae

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grimm, Robert E.; Harrison, Keith P.; Stillman, David E.

2014-05-01

Flowing water, possibly brine, has been suggested to cause seasonally reappearing, incrementally growing, dark streaks on steep, warm slopes on Mars. We modeled these Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) as isothermal water flows in thin surficial layers driven by gravity and capillary suction, with input from sources in the headwall and loss to evaporation. The principal observables are flow duration and length. At 40% porosity, we find that flow thicknesses reaching saturation can be just 50 mm or so and freshwater RSL seasonally require 2-10 m3 of H2O per m of source headwall. Modeled water budgets are larger for brines because they are active for a longer part of each day, but this could be partly offset by lower evaporation rates. Most of the discharged water is lost to evaporation even while RSL are actively lengthening. The derived water volumes, while small, exceed those that can be supplied by annual melting of near-surface ice (0.2-2 m3/m for a 200-mm melt depth over 1-10 m height). RSL either tap a liquid reservoir startlingly close to the surface, or the actual water budget is several times smaller. The latter is possible if water never fully saturates RSL along their length. Instead, they would advance like raindrops on a window, as intermittent slugs of water that overrun prior parts of the flow at residual saturation. Annual recharge by vapor cold trapping might then be supplied from the atmosphere or subsurface.

Imaging phased telescope array study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harvey, James E.

1989-01-01

The problems encountered in obtaining a wide field-of-view with large, space-based direct imaging phased telescope arrays were considered. After defining some of the critical systems issues, previous relevant work in the literature was reviewed and summarized. An extensive list was made of potential error sources and the error sources were categorized in the form of an error budget tree including optical design errors, optical fabrication errors, assembly and alignment errors, and environmental errors. After choosing a top level image quality requirment as a goal, a preliminary tops-down error budget allocation was performed; then, based upon engineering experience, detailed analysis, or data from the literature, a bottoms-up error budget reallocation was performed in an attempt to achieve an equitable distribution of difficulty in satisfying the various allocations. This exercise provided a realistic allocation for residual off-axis optical design errors in the presence of state-of-the-art optical fabrication and alignment errors. Three different computational techniques were developed for computing the image degradation of phased telescope arrays due to aberrations of the individual telescopes. Parametric studies and sensitivity analyses were then performed for a variety of subaperture configurations and telescope design parameters in an attempt to determine how the off-axis performance of a phased telescope array varies as the telescopes are scaled up in size. The Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL) multipurpose telescope testbed (MMTT) configuration was analyzed in detail with regard to image degradation due to field curvature and distortion of the individual telescopes as they are scaled up in size.

Budgets of fixed nitrogen in the Orinoco Savannah Region: Role of pyrodenitrification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sanhueza, Eugenio; Crutzen, Paul J.

1998-12-01

Human activities have strongly altered the amount of fixed nitrogen that cycles in many regions of the industrialized world, with serious environmental consequences. Past studies conducted at the Orinoco savannahs of Venezuela offer a unique possibility for reviewing the cycling of nitrogen species in a tropical environment. The available information for the Orinoco savannahs is critically reviewed, and, despite many uncertainties, we present a budget analysis of both the fixed N in the soil-vegetation system and atmospheric NOy. Analysis of the data indicates that nitrogen fixation, especially by legumes, and ammonia emission from vegetation and animal wastes needs considerable attention in future research efforts. In contrast with many regions of the world, in the studied region, nonindustrial sources, foremost biomass burning, dominate the soil-vegetation and atmospheric budgets of fixed N. In general, N cycling is mainly driven by biomass burning. The resulting pyrodenitrification in the soil-vegetation system is the largest single process that, during the following wet season, may promote biological fixation to compensate for the N losses from fires during the burning season. However, a gradual impoverishment of the N status of the savannah ecosystems cannot be excluded. During the dry season, biomass burning is also the main source of atmospheric NOy, which is largely exported, mainly in the direction of the Amazon forest. Together with other nutrients, a "fertilization" of the Amazon forest due to biomass burning in the savannah may be the result. These issues require further scientific analysis.

Sediment budgeting and restoration planning in a heterogeneous landscape, the Root River watershed, southeastern Minnesota.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hemmis, J. M.; Souffront, M.; Stout, J. C.; Belmont, P.

2014-12-01

Excessive sedimentation in streams and rivers is one of the top water quality concerns in the U.S. and globally. While sediment is a natural constituent of stream ecosystems, excessive amounts cause high levels of turbidity which can reduce primary and secondary production, reduce nutrient retention, and have negative impacts on fish reproduction and physiology. Fine sediment particles adsorb pollutants such as mercury, metals, polychlorinated biphenyl compounds and bacteria. Key questions remain regarding the origin of excessive sediment as well as the transport pathways of sediment through the landscape and channel network of the 4,300 km2 Root River watershed in southeastern Minnesota. To answer these questions, we are developing a sediment budget to account for inputs, outputs, and changes in sediment storage reservoirs within the system. Because watershed sediment fluxes are determined as the sum of many small changes (erosion and deposition) across a vast area, multiple, redundant techniques are required to adequately constrain all parts of the sediment budget. Specifically, this budget utilizes four years of field research and surveys, an extensive set of sediment fingerprinting data, watershed-wide measurements of channel widening and meander migration, and watershed modeling, all evaluated and extrapolated in a geomorphically sensitive manner. Analyses of sediment deposition within channel cutoffs throughout the watershed help constrain sediment storage. These overlapping methods, reconciled within the hard constraint of direct measurements of water and sediment fluxes, improve the reliability of the budget. The sediment budget highlights important sources and sinks and identifies locations that are likely to be more, or less, sensitive to changes in land and water management to support watershed-wide prioritization of conservation and restoration actions.

Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Kentucky

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ruhl, K.J.

1989-01-01

This report documents the results of a study of the cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Kentucky. The total surface-water program includes 97 daily-discharge stations , 12 stage-only stations, and 35 crest-stage stations and is operated on a budget of $950,700. One station used for research lacks adequate source of funding and should be discontinued when the research ends. Most stations in the network are multiple-use with 65 stations operated for the purpose of defining hydrologic systems, 48 for project operation, 47 for definition of regional hydrology, and 43 for hydrologic forecasting purposes. Eighteen stations support water quality monitoring activities, one station is used for planning and design, and one station is used for research. The average standard error of estimation of streamflow records was determined only for stations in the Louisville Subdistrict. Under current operating policy, with a budget of $223,500, the average standard error of estimation is 28.5%. Altering the travel routes and measurement frequency to reduce the amount of lost stage record would allow a slight decrease in standard error to 26.9%. The results indicate that the collection of streamflow records in the Louisville Subdistrict is cost effective in its present mode of operation. In the Louisville Subdistrict, a minimum budget of $214,200 is required to operate the current network at an average standard error of 32.7%. A budget less than this does not permit proper service and maintenance of the gages and recorders. The maximum budget analyzed was $268,200, which would result in an average standard error of 16.9% indicating that if the budget was increased by 20%, the percent standard error would be reduced 40 %. (USGS)

2 CFR 176.60 - Statutory requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Statutory requirement. 176.60 Section 176.60 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD...

2 CFR 176.60 - Statutory requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Statutory requirement. 176.60 Section 176.60 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD...

A low-cost photovoltaic cell process based on thick film techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mardesich, N.; Pepe, A.; Bunyan, S.; Edwards, B.; Olson, C.

1980-01-01

The low-cost, easily automated processing for solar cell fabrication being developed at Spectrolab for the DOE LSA program is described. These processes include plasma-etching, spray-on diffusion sources and antireflective coating, thick film metallization, aluminum back contacts, laser scribing and ultrasonic soldering. The process sequence has been shown to produce solar cells having 15% conversion efficiency at AM1 which meet the cell fabrication budget required for the DOE 1986 cost goal of $0.70 per peak watt in 1980.

Managing multiple funding streams and agendas to achieve local and global health and research objectives: lessons from the field

PubMed Central

Holmes, Charles B.; Sikazwe, Izukanji; Raelly, Roselyne; Freeman, Bethany; Wambulawae, Inonge; Silwizya, Geoffrey; Topp, Stephanie; Chilengi, Roma; Henostroza, German; Kapambwe, Sharon; Simbeye, Darius; Sibajene, Sheila; Chi, Harmony; Godfrey, Katy; Chi, Benjamin; Moore, Carolyn Bolton

2014-01-01

Multiple funding sources provide research and program implementation organizations a broader base of funding and facilitate synergy, but also entail challenges that include varying stakeholder expectations, unaligned grant cycles, and highly variable reporting requirements. Strong governance and strategic planning are essential to ensure alignment of goals and agendas. Systems to track budgets and outputs as well as procurement and human resources are required. A major goal is to transition leadership and operations to local ownership. This article details successful approaches used by the newly independent non-governmental organization, the Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ). PMID:24321983

Managing multiple funding streams and agendas to achieve local and global health and research objectives: lessons from the field.

PubMed

Holmes, Charles B; Sikazwe, Izukanji; Raelly, Roselyne L; Freeman, Bethany L; Wambulawae, Inonge; Silwizya, Geoffrey; Topp, Stephanie M; Chilengi, Roma; Henostroza, German; Kapambwe, Sharon; Simbeye, Darius; Sibajene, Sheila; Chi, Harmony; Godfrey, Katy; Chi, Benjamin; Moore, Carolyn Bolton

2014-01-01

Multiple funding sources provide research and program implementation organizations a broader base of funding and facilitate synergy, but also entail challenges that include varying stakeholder expectations, unaligned grant cycles, and highly variable reporting requirements. Strong governance and strategic planning are essential to ensure alignment of goals and agendas. Systems to track budgets and outputs, as well as procurement and human resources are required. A major goal of funders is to transition leadership and operations to local ownership. This article details successful approaches used by the newly independent nongovernmental organization, the Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia.

Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2018

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President, 2017

2017-01-01

"Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2018" contains the Budget Message of the President, information on the President's priorities, and summary tables. President Trump's 2018 Budget's defining ambition is to unleash the dreams of the American people. This requires laying a new foundation for American Greatness. Through…

Federal Budget Considerations for Colleges, 1998.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Association of Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology of Ontario, North York.

This document highlights federal budget considerations for colleges of applied arts and technology in Ontario, Canada. A key focus of the budget is the Federal Government's Canadian Opportunities Strategy, which supports the acquisition of skills and knowledge required for the 21st century. The budget's emphasis on education over other social…

14 CFR 1260.72 - Adherence to original budget estimates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Adherence to original budget estimates... COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS General Post-Award Requirements § 1260.72 Adherence to original budget estimates. (a) Although NASA assumes no responsibility for budget overruns, the recipient may spend grant funds without...

77 FR 74863 - Public Housing Operating Budget, Supporting and Related Forms

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-18

... Budget, Supporting and Related Forms AGENCY: Office of the Chief Information Officer, HUD. ACTION: Notice... of Management and Budget (OMB) for review, as required by the Paperwork Reduction Act. The Department is soliciting public comments on the subject proposal. The operating budget and related form are...

A Manual to Identify Sources of Fluvial Sediment | Science ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Sedimentation is one of the main causes of stream/river aquatic life use impairments in R3. Currently states lack standard guidance on appropriate tools available to quantify sediment sources and develop sediment budgets in TMDL Development. Methods for distinguishing sediment types for TMDL development will focus stream restoration and soil conservation efforts in strategic locations in a watershed and may better target appropriate BMPs to achieve sediment load reductions. Properly identifying sediment sources in a TMDL will also help focus NPDES permitting, stream restoration activities and other TMDL implementation efforts. This project will focus on developing a framework that will be published as a guidance document that outlines steps and approaches to identify the significant sources of fine-grained sediment in 303D listed watersheds. In this framework, the sediment-fingerprinting and sediment budget approaches will be emphasized. This project will focus on developing a framework that will be published as a guidance document that outlines steps and approaches to identify the significant sources of fine-grained sediment in 303D listed watersheds. In this framework, the sediment-fingerprinting and sediment budget approaches will be emphasized.

40 CFR 60.4106 - Standard requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Electric Steam Generating Units Hg Budget Trading Program General Provisions § 60.4106 Standard... necessary in order to review a Hg Budget permit application and issue or deny a Hg Budget permit. (2) The...

40 CFR 60.4106 - Standard requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Electric Steam Generating Units Hg Budget Trading Program General Provisions § 60.4106 Standard... necessary in order to review a Hg Budget permit application and issue or deny a Hg Budget permit. (2) The...

Three-Dimensional Model Synthesis of the Global Methane Cycle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fung, I.; Prather, M.; John, J.; Lerner, J.; Matthews, E.

1991-01-01

A synthesis of the global methane cycle is presented to attempt to generate an accurate global methane budget. Methane-flux measurements, energy data, and agricultural statistics are merged with databases of land-surface characteristics and anthropogenic activities. The sources and sinks of methane are estimated based on atmospheric methane composition and variations, and a global 3D transport model simulates the corresponding atmospheric responses. The geographic and seasonal variations of candidate budgets are compared with observational data, and the available observations are used to constrain the plausible methane budgets. The preferred budget includes annual destruction rates and annual emissions for various sources. The lack of direct flux measurements in the regions of many of these fluxes makes the unique determination of each term impossible. OH oxidation is found to be the largest single term, although more measurements of this and other terms are recommended.

Tracking sediment through the Holocene: Determining anthropogenic contributions to a sediment-rich agricultural system, north-central USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gran, Karen; Belmont, Patrick; Finnegan, Noah

2013-04-01

Management and restoration of sediment-impaired streams requires quantification of sediment sources and pathways of transport. Addressing the role of humans in altering the magnitude and sources of sediment supplied to a catchment is notoriously challenging. Here, we explore how humans have amplified erosion in geomorphically-sensitive portions of the predominantly-agricultural Minnesota River basin in north-central USA. In the Minnesota River basin, the primary sources of sediment are classified generally as upland agricultural field vs. near-channel sources, with near-channel sources including stream banks, bluffs, and ravines. Using aerial lidar data, repeat terrestrial lidar scans of bluffs, ravine monitoring, historic air photo analyses, and sediment fingerprinting, we have developed a sediment budget to determine the relative importance of each source in a tributary to the Minnesota River, the Le Sueur River. We then investigate how these sources have changed through time, from changes evident over the past few decades to changes associated with valley evolution over the past 13,400 years. The Minnesota River valley was carved ~13,400 years ago through catastrophic drainage of glacial Lake Agassiz. As the Minnesota River valley incised, knickpoints have migrated upstream into tributaries, carving out deep valleys where the most actively eroding near-channel sediment sources occur. The modern sediment budget, closed for the time period 2000 to 2010, shows that the majority of the fine sediment load in the Le Sueur River comes from bluffs and other near-channel sources in the deeply-incised knick zone. Numerical modeling of valley evolution constrained by mapped and dated strath terraces cut into the glacial till presents an opportunity to compare the modern sediment budget to that of the river prior to anthropogenic modification. This comparison reveals a natural background or "pre-agriculture" rate of erosion from near-channel sources to be 3-5 times lower than modern near-channel erosion rates. Notably, depositional records from a naturally-dammed lake downstream on the upper Mississippi River show a more dramatic 10-fold increase in deposition rates from pre-agricultural times to the present. Sediment fingerprinting shows that pre-agriculture sediment loads were dominated by near-channel sediment sources. As deposition rates rose in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the sources shifted increasingly to agricultural soil erosion. In the past few decades, deposition rates have remained high, but sediment fingerprinting indicates yet another significant shift back to near-channel sources. On-going changes in basin hydrology, from both installation of agricultural drainage systems and on-going climate change have put more water in the rivers, increasing rates of near-channel bank and bluff erosion. This most recent shift in sediment sources has significant implications for turbidity management in the Minnesota River basin.

A novel source-drain follower for monolithic active pixel sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, C.; Aglieri, G.; Hillemanns, H.; Huang, G.; Junique, A.; Keil, M.; Kim, D.; Kofarago, M.; Kugathasan, T.; Mager, M.; Marin Tobon, C. A.; Martinengo, P.; Mugnier, H.; Musa, L.; Lee, S.; Reidt, F.; Riedler, P.; Rousset, J.; Sielewicz, K. M.; Snoeys, W.; Sun, X.; Van Hoorne, J. W.; Yang, P.

2016-09-01

Monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) receive interest in tracking applications in high energy physics as they integrate sensor and readout electronics in one silicon die with potential for lower material budget and cost, and better performance. Source followers (SFs) are widely used for MAPS readout: they increase charge conversion gain 1/Ceff or decrease the effective sensing node capacitance Ceff because the follower action compensates part of the input capacitance. Charge conversion gain is critical for analog power consumption and therefore for material budget in tracking applications, and also has direct system impact. This paper presents a novel source-drain follower (SDF), where both source and drain follow the gate potential improving charge conversion gain. For the inner tracking system (ITS) upgrade of the ALICE experiment at CERN, low material budget is a primary requirement. The SDF circuit was studied as part of the effort to optimize the effective capacitance of the sensing node. The collection electrode, input transistor and routing metal all contribute to Ceff. Reverse sensor bias reduces the collection electrode capacitance. The novel SDF circuit eliminates the contribution of the input transistor to Ceff, reduces the routing contribution if additional shielding is introduced, provides a way to estimate the capacitance of the sensor itself, and has a voltage gain closer to unity than the standard SF. The SDF circuit has a somewhat larger area with a somewhat smaller bandwidth, but this is acceptable in most cases. A test chip, manufactured in a 180 nm CMOS image sensor process, implements small prototype pixel matrices in different flavors to compare the standard SF to the novel SF and to the novel SF with additional shielding. The effective sensing node capacitance was measured using a 55Fe source. Increasing reverse substrate bias from -1 V to -6 V reduces Ceff by 38% and the equivalent noise charge (ENC) by 22% for the standard SF. The SDF provides a further 9% improvement for Ceff and 25% for ENC. The SDF circuit with additional shielding provides 18% improvement for Ceff, and combined with -6 V reverse bias yields almost a factor 2.

Earth radiation budget measurement from a spinning satellite: Conceptual design of detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sromovsky, L. A.; Revercomb, H. E.; Suomi, V. E.

1975-01-01

The conceptual design, sensor characteristics, sensor performance and accuracy, and spacecraft and orbital requirements for a spinning wide-field-of-view earth energy budget detector were investigated. The scientific requirements for measurement of the earth's radiative energy budget are presented. Other topics discussed include the observing system concept, solar constant radiometer design, plane flux wide FOV sensor design, fast active cavity theory, fast active cavity design and error analysis, thermopile detectors as an alternative, pre-flight and in-flight calibration plane, system error summary, and interface requirements.

Power Budget Analysis for High Altitude Airships

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Choi, Sang H.; Elliott, James R.; King, Glen C.

2006-01-01

The High Altitude Airship (HAA) has various potential applications and mission scenarios that require onboard energy harvesting and power distribution systems. The energy source considered for the HAA s power budget is solar photon energy that allows the use of either photovoltaic (PV) cells or advanced thermoelectric (ATE) converters. Both PV cells and an ATE system utilizing high performance thermoelectric materials were briefly compared to identify the advantages of ATE for HAA applications in this study. The ATE can generate a higher quantity of harvested energy than PV cells by utilizing the cascaded efficiency of a three-staged ATE in a tandem mode configuration. Assuming that each stage of ATE material has the figure of merit of 5, the cascaded efficiency of a three-staged ATE system approaches the overall conversion efficiency greater than 60%. Based on this estimated efficiency, the configuration of a HAA and the power utility modules are defined.

Estimating the costs of VA ambulatory care.

PubMed

Phibbs, Ciaran S; Bhandari, Aman; Yu, Wei; Barnett, Paul G

2003-09-01

This article reports how we matched Common Procedure Terminology (CPT) codes with Medicare payment rates and aggregate Veterans Affairs (VA) budget data to estimate the costs of every VA ambulatory encounter. Converting CPT codes to encounter-level costs was more complex than a simple match of Medicare reimbursements to CPT codes. About 40 percent of the CPT codes used in VA, representing about 20 percent of procedures, did not have a Medicare payment rate and required other cost estimates. Reconciling aggregated estimated costs to the VA budget allocations for outpatient care produced final VA cost estimates that were lower than projected Medicare reimbursements. The methods used to estimate costs for encounters could be replicated for other settings. They are potentially useful for any system that does not generate billing data, when CPT codes are simpler to collect than billing data, or when there is a need to standardize cost estimates across data sources.

Model Error Budgets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Briggs, Hugh C.

2008-01-01

An error budget is a commonly used tool in design of complex aerospace systems. It represents system performance requirements in terms of allowable errors and flows these down through a hierarchical structure to lower assemblies and components. The requirements may simply be 'allocated' based upon heuristics or experience, or they may be designed through use of physics-based models. This paper presents a basis for developing an error budget for models of the system, as opposed to the system itself. The need for model error budgets arises when system models are a principle design agent as is increasingly more common for poorly testable high performance space systems.

76 FR 58089 - Guaranteed Loan Fees

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-20

... as salaries, has no impact on the budget authority for loan funds. FSA budget for administrative... increase to 1.5 percent is required now because as proposed in the 2012 budget FSA will have less authority to fund guaranteed loans. Based on the proposed 2012 budget, the fee will need to be increased to 1.5...

24 CFR 990.315 - Submission and approval of operating budgets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... operating budgets. 990.315 Section 990.315 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and..., Monitoring, and Reporting § 990.315 Submission and approval of operating budgets. (a) Required documentation: (1) Prior to the beginning of its fiscal year, a PHA shall prepare an operating budget in a manner...

7 CFR 1940.350 - Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 13 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number....350 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number. The collection of information requirements in this regulation has been approved by the Office of Management and Budget and has been assigned OMB...

Managing health and finance: challenges, outcome, and control in the Israel Defense Forces.

PubMed

Hosiosky, Ilan; Weiss, Yossi; Magnezi, Racheli

2007-11-01

The Ministry of Defense budget constitutes 16% of the state budget. The budget for the Ministry of Health and for civilian health care is derived from the state budget. The health care funds receive their budgets from several sources. The capitation formula, which is determined by law, is the main factor that affects the size of the budget each fund receives. The objective of this study is to describe the manner of planning, managing, monitoring, and controlling the budget allocated to medical services, which is a public budget for soldiers. Several parameters are suggested for comparison, including the interface with the civilian health system, the method for budgeting a health care system, possible results of managing a medically centered budget, and the possibilities for monitoring the provided services. We also examine the potential for decentralization of authority. Managing the budget and locating appropriate alternatives, as well as the availability and accessibility of medical services, are important for procurement and for forming contracts with both military and civilian systems. Turnover based on updated information might serve to improve future health services.

Factors that affect implementation of a nurse staffing directive: results from a qualitative multi-case evaluation.

PubMed

Robinson, Claire H; Annis, Ann M; Forman, Jane; Krein, Sarah L; Yankey, Nicholas; Duffy, Sonia A; Taylor, Beth; Sales, Anne E

2016-08-01

To assess implementation of the Veterans Health Administration staffing methodology directive. In 2010 the Veterans Health Administration promulgated a staffing methodology directive for inpatient nursing units to address staffing and budget forecasting. A qualitative multi-case evaluation approach assessed staffing methodology implementation. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted from March - June 2014 with Nurse Executives and their teams at 21 facilities. Interviews focused on the budgeting process, implementation experiences, use of data, leadership support, and training. An implementation score was created for each facility using a 4-point rating scale. The scores were used to select three facilities (low, medium and high implementation) for more detailed case studies. After analysing interview summaries, the evaluation team developed a four domain scoring structure: (1) integration of staffing methodology into budget development; (2) implementation of the Directive elements; (3) engagement of leadership and staff; and (4) use of data to support the staffing methodology process. The high implementation facility had leadership understanding and endorsement of staffing methodology, confidence in and ability to work with data, and integration of staffing methodology results into the budgeting process. The low implementation facility reported poor leadership engagement and little understanding of data sources and interpretation. Implementation varies widely across facilities. Implementing staffing methodology in facilities with complex and changing staffing needs requires substantial commitment at all organizational levels especially for facilities that have traditionally relied on historical levels to budget for staffing. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Global Inventory of Gas Geochemistry Data from Fossil Fuel, Microbial and Burning Sources, version 2017

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sherwood, Owen A.; Schwietzke, Stefan; Arling, Victoria A.; Etiope, Giuseppe

2017-08-01

The concentration of atmospheric methane (CH4) has more than doubled over the industrial era. To help constrain global and regional CH4 budgets, inverse (top-down) models incorporate data on the concentration and stable carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δ2H) isotopic ratios of atmospheric CH4. These models depend on accurate δ13C and δ2H end-member source signatures for each of the main emissions categories. Compared with meticulous measurement and calibration of isotopic CH4 in the atmosphere, there has been relatively less effort to characterize globally representative isotopic source signatures, particularly for fossil fuel sources. Most global CH4 budget models have so far relied on outdated source signature values derived from globally nonrepresentative data. To correct this deficiency, we present a comprehensive, globally representative end-member database of the δ13C and δ2H of CH4 from fossil fuel (conventional natural gas, shale gas, and coal), modern microbial (wetlands, rice paddies, ruminants, termites, and landfills and/or waste) and biomass burning sources. Gas molecular compositional data for fossil fuel categories are also included with the database. The database comprises 10 706 samples (8734 fossil fuel, 1972 non-fossil) from 190 published references. Mean (unweighted) δ13C signatures for fossil fuel CH4 are significantly lighter than values commonly used in CH4 budget models, thus highlighting potential underestimation of fossil fuel CH4 emissions in previous CH4 budget models. This living database will be updated every 2-3 years to provide the atmospheric modeling community with the most complete CH4 source signature data possible. Database digital object identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.15138/G3201T.

A review of sediment budget imbalances along Fire Island, New York: Can nearshore geologic framework and patterns of shoreline change explain the deficit?

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hapke, Cheryl J.; Lentz, Erika E.; Gayes, Paul T.; McCoy, Clayton A.; Henderson, Rachel E.; Schwab, William C.; Williams, S. Jeffress

2010-01-01

Sediment budget analyses conducted for annual to decadal timescales report variable magnitudes of littoral transport along the south shore of Long Island, New York. It is well documented that the primary transport component is directed alongshore from east to west, but relatively little information has been reported concerning the directions or magnitudes of cross-shore components. Our review of budget calculations for the Fire Island coastal compartment (between Moriches and Fire Island Inlets) indicates an average deficit of 217,700 m3/y. Updrift shoreline erosion, redistribution of nourishment fills, and reworking of inner-shelf deposits have been proposed as the potential sources of additional sediment needed to rectify budget residuals. Each of these sources is probably relevant over various spatial and temporal scales, but previous studies of sediment texture and provenance, inner-shelf geologic mapping, and beach profile comparison indicate that reworking of inner-shelf deposits is the source most likely to resolve budget discrepancies over the broadest scales. This suggests that an onshore component of sediment transport is likely more important along Fire Island than previously thought. Our discussion focuses on relations between geomorphology, inner-shelf geologic framework, and historic shoreline change along Fire Island and the potential pathways by which reworked, inner-shelf sediments are likely transported toward the shoreline.

Towards an Understanding of Atmospheric Methanol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Millet, D. B.; Jacob, D. J.; de Gouw, J.; Warneke, C.; Holloway, J. S.; Blake, D. R.; Karl, T.; Campos, T.; Singh, H. B.; Diskin, G. S.

2007-12-01

Methanol, the most abundant non-methane organic gas in the atmosphere, is an important global source of tropospheric CO and formaldehyde, and plays a significant role in the tropical HOx and ozone budgets. The atmospheric methanol budget is highly uncertain, with estimates of the global source ranging from 75 to 490 Tg/yr. New measurements from recent field experiments (INTEX-B, MILAGRO, TEXAQS-II, INTEX-A, and ICARTT) provide quantitative constraints on methanol sources and sinks. Here we use a 3D model of atmospheric chemistry (GEOS-Chem) to interpret these datasets and their implications for the global methanol budget. We find that emissions from terrestrial plants (thought to be the main source) are overestimated by 40-50%; the discrepancy appears specific to certain plant functional types (broadleaf trees and crops). Recent measurements in the surface ocean imply a large in situ biotic source, so that methanol emissions from the ocean biosphere are comparable in magnitude to those from terrestrial ecosystems. The oceans are also a large gross sink for atmospheric methanol (similar to oxidation by OH). Even with the plant growth source decreased by 40-50% according to these new constraints, we find that methanol emissions from the terrestrial biosphere still dominate over those from urban and industrial sources, in contrast to other recent studies.

Tough choices in proposed budget for Environmental Protection Agency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balcerak, Ernie

2012-03-01

President Obama's proposed budget for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for fiscal year (FY) 2013 is $8.34 billion, a 1.2% decrease from the agency's 2012 enacted budget. "This budget is focused on fulfilling EPA's core mission to protect health and the environment for millions of American families. It demonstrates the fiscal responsibility called for at this moment, while still supporting clean air, healthy waters, and innovative safeguards that are essential to an America built to last," said EPA administrator Lisa Jackson in a 13 February briefing announcing the budget proposal. Balancing tight funding environments with EPA's goals "has required taking a step back from programs we have worked on for years, programs were we have had great success," she said. "There are difficult choices throughout this budget, but they enable us to do what is required for our immediate priorities as well as challenges down the road."

Metrology Optical Power Budgeting in SIM Using Statistical Analysis Techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kuan, Gary M

2008-01-01

The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) is a space-based stellar interferometry instrument, consisting of up to three interferometers, which will be capable of micro-arc second resolution. Alignment knowledge of the three interferometer baselines requires a three-dimensional, 14-leg truss with each leg being monitored by an external metrology gauge. In addition, each of the three interferometers requires an internal metrology gauge to monitor the optical path length differences between the two sides. Both external and internal metrology gauges are interferometry based, operating at a wavelength of 1319 nanometers. Each gauge has fiber inputs delivering measurement and local oscillator (LO) power, split into probe-LO and reference-LO beam pairs. These beams experience power loss due to a variety of mechanisms including, but not restricted to, design efficiency, material attenuation, element misalignment, diffraction, and coupling efficiency. Since the attenuation due to these sources may degrade over time, an accounting of the range of expected attenuation is needed so an optical power margin can be book kept. A method of statistical optical power analysis and budgeting, based on a technique developed for deep space RF telecommunications, is described in this paper and provides a numerical confidence level for having sufficient optical power relative to mission metrology performance requirements.

A Broad Bank Lidar for Precise Atmospheric CO2 Column Absorption Measurement from Space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Georgieva, E. M.; Heaps, W. S.; Huang, W.

2010-01-01

Accurate global measurement of carbon dioxide column with the aim of discovering and quantifying unknown sources and sinks has been a high priority for the last decade. In order to uncover the "missing sink" that is responsible for the large discrepancies in the budget the critical precision for a measurement from space needs to be on the order of 1 ppm. To better understand the CO2 budget and to evaluate its impact on global warming the National Research Council (NRC) in its recent decadal survey report (NACP) to NASA recommended a laser based total CO2 mapping mission in the near future. That's the goal of Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission - to significantly enhance the understanding of the role of CO2 in the global carbon cycle. Our current goal is to develop an ultra precise, inexpensive new lidar system for column measurements of CO2 changes in the lower atmosphere that uses a Fabry-Perot interferometer based system as the detector portion of the instrument and replaces the narrow band laser commonly used in lidars with a high power broadband source. This approach reduces the number of individual lasers used in the system and considerably reduces the risk of failure. It also tremendously reduces the requirement for wavelength stability in the source putting this responsibility instead on the Fabry- Perot subsystem.

78 FR 14095 - Agency Recordkeeping/Reporting Requirements Under Emergency Review by the Office of Management...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-04

... budget submissions required by Congress. Financial reporting under the TANF program is governed by 45 CFR... Recordkeeping/Reporting Requirements Under Emergency Review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Title: TANF Quarterly Financial Report, ACF-196. OMB No.: 0970-0247. Description: This information collection...

78 FR 42796 - 30-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Submission Requirements for the Capital Advance...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-17

... Information Collection: Submission Requirements for the Capital Advance Program Section 202/811 AGENCY: Office... information collection requirement described below to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review, in... OMB Control Number and should be sent to: HUD Desk Officer, Office of Management and Budget, New...

Budgeting with Dan, the Hobo Man. Teacher's Guide [and] Student Materials.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ranabargar, Cheryl

Designed for third grade language arts students, this learning capsule contains student materials and a teacher's guide for a unit on budgeting. Objectives are to discriminate between wants and needs, distinguish parts of a budget, and construct a budget. The unit requires four to six hours of instructional time and is designed for use with a…

Fiscal year 2013 energy department budget: Proposed investments in clean energy research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balcerak, Ernie

2012-03-01

Energy and environmental research programs generally fared well in President Barack Obama's proposed budget for the Department of Energy (DOE) for fiscal year (FY) 2013. In his State of the Union address, Obama called for the United States to pursue an "all of the above" energy strategy that includes fossil fuels, as well as a variety of renewable sources of energy. The DOE budget request supports that strategy, Energy Secretary Steven Chu said in a 13 February press briefing announcing the budget proposal. The proposed budget gives DOE 27.2 billion overall, a 3.2% increase from the FY 2012 enacted budget (see Table 1). This budget "reflects some tough choices," Chu said. The proposed budget would cut 4 billion in subsidies for oil and gas companies; many Republican members of Congress have already indicated that they oppose such cuts, suggesting that congressional approval of this budget may run into stumbling blocks. The budget would also cut funding for research and development projects that are already attracting private-sector investment or that are not working, and would reduce some of the department's operational costs.

Use and uncertainty evaluation of a process-based model for assessing the methane budgets of global terrestrial ecosystems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ito, A.; Inatomi, M.

2011-07-01

We assessed the global terrestrial budget of methane (CH4) using a process-based biogeochemical model (VISIT) and inventory data. Emissions from wetlands, paddy fields, biomass burning, and plants, and oxidative consumption by upland soils, were simulated by the model. Emissions from livestock ruminants and termites were evaluated by an inventory approach. These CH4 flows were estimated for each of the model's 0.5° × 0.5° grid cells from 1901 to 2009, while accounting for atmospheric composition, meteorological factors, and land-use changes. Estimation uncertainties were examined through ensemble simulations using different parameterization schemes and input data (e.g. different wetland maps and emission factors). From 1996 to 2005, the average global terrestrial CH4 budget was estimated on the basis of 576 simulations, and terrestrial ecosystems were found to be a net source of 320.4 ± 18.9 Tg CH4 yr-1. Wetland and ruminant emissions were the primary sources. The results of our simulations indicate that sources and sinks are distributed highly heterogeneously over the Earth's land surface. Seasonal and interannual variability in the terrestrial budget was assessed. The trend of increasing net terrestrial sources and its relationship with temperature variability imply that terrestrial CH4 feedbacks will play an increasingly important role as a result of future climatic change.

WFIRST: Coronagraph Systems Engineering and Performance Budgets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poberezhskiy, Ilya; cady, eric; Frerking, Margaret A.; Kern, Brian; Nemati, Bijan; Noecker, Martin; Seo, Byoung-Joon; Zhao, Feng; Zhou, Hanying

2018-01-01

The WFIRST coronagraph instrument (CGI) will be the first in-space coronagraph using active wavefront control to directly image and characterize mature exoplanets and zodiacal disks in reflected starlight. For CGI systems engineering, including requirements development, CGI performance is predicted using a hierarchy of performance budgets to estimate various noise components — spatial and temporal flux variations — that obscure exoplanet signals in direct imaging and spectroscopy configurations. These performance budgets are validated through a robust integrated modeling and testbed model validation efforts.We present the performance budgeting framework used by WFIRST for the flow-down of coronagraph science requirements, mission constraints, and observatory interfaces to measurable instrument engineering parameters.

Development of a Flight Instrument for in situ Measurements of Ethane and Methane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilkerson, J. P.; Sayres, D. S.; Anderson, J. G.

2015-12-01

Methane emissions data for natural gas and oil fields have high uncertainty. Better quantifying these emissions is crucial to establish an accurate methane budget for the United States. One obstacle is that these emissions often occur in areas near livestock facilities where biogenic methane abounds. Measuring ethane, which has no biogenic source, along with methane can tease these sources apart. However, ethane is typically measured by taking whole-air samples. This tactic has lower spatial resolution than making in situ measurements and requires the measurer to anticipate the location of emission plumes. This leaves unexpected plumes uncharacterized. Using Re-injection Mirror Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (RIM-ICOS), we can measure both methane and ethane in flight, allowing us to establish more accurate fugitive emissions data that can more readily distinguish between different sources of this greenhouse gas.

7 CFR 1486.512 - Has the Office of Management and Budget reviewed the paperwork and record keeping requirements...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Has the Office of Management and Budget reviewed the... Compliance § 1486.512 Has the Office of Management and Budget reviewed the paperwork and record keeping... been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and under the Paperwork...

7 CFR 1484.11 - Has the Office of Management and Budget reviewed the paperwork and record keeping requirements...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Has the Office of Management and Budget reviewed the... COMMODITIES General Information § 1484.11 Has the Office of Management and Budget reviewed the paperwork and... by this part have been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for emergency review...

Sealed aerospace metal-hydride batteries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Coates, Dwaine

1992-01-01

Nickel metal hydride and silver metal hydride batteries are being developed for aerospace applications. There is a growing market for smaller, lower cost satellites which require higher energy density power sources than aerospace nickel-cadmium at a lower cost than space nickel-hydrogen. These include small LEO satellites, tactical military satellites and satellite constellation programs such as Iridium and Brilliant Pebbles. Small satellites typically do not have the spacecraft volume or the budget required for nickel-hydrogen batteries. NiCd's do not have adequate energy density as well as other problems such as overcharge capability and memory effort. Metal hydride batteries provide the ideal solution for these applications. Metal hydride batteries offer a number of advantages over other aerospace battery systems.

Business Management Practices and Requirements for Colorado School Districts: An Overview of Selected Colorado Business Management Practices and Requirements.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Colorado State Dept. of Education, Denver.

Guidelines to help school district supervisors and business management personnel implement state-required financial policies and procedures are presented in this report. Steps to comply with Colorado regulations for budgeting, accounting, reporting, and auditing processes are discussed. Figures illustrate the budgeting cycle and schedule. (LMI)

2 CFR 200.62 - Internal control over compliance requirements for Federal awards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Internal control over compliance requirements for Federal awards. 200.62 Section 200.62 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GUIDANCE Reserved UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS, COST PRINCIPLES, AND AUDIT...

Long Range Transport was a Bigger NSS Source than DMS in the Remote Tropical MBL during PASE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huebert, B. J.; Simpson, R. M.; Howell, S. G.; Blomquist, B.

2013-12-01

DMS was not the principal source of non-sea salt sulfate (NSS) mass in the remote marine boundary layer during the Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment (PASE), according to an Eulerian sulfur budget model based on chemical concentrations measured from the NCAR C-130 in the tropical Pacific. Each of our three (DMS, SO2, and NSS) self-consistent monthly- average budgets includes terms for surface exchange, entrainment, divergence, chemical formation, and chemical loss. The budget-derived DMS emission was (2.7 × 0.5 μmol m-2 d-1, our budget 'units'). SO2 sources include DMS + OH (1.4 × 0.4 units, assuming γ = 0.75) and entrainment from the free troposphere (FT) (0.8 × 0.2 units). Clouds were the most important chemical reactors for SO2 (-1.0 × 0.5 units). SO2 loss terms also include divergence (-0.9 × 0.3 units), dry deposition (-0.5 × 0.2 units), and OH + SO2 (-0.22 × 0.05 units). The total SO2 loss balanced the SO2 source. We found negligible NSS on particles from 2.6 μm to 10 μm diameter, the sea salt mass peak. Fine-particle NSS sources include in-cloud oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 (1.0 × 0.5 units), OH + SO2 (0.19 × 0.05 units), and entrainment (1.1 × 0.3 units in clean conditions; twice that when continental pollution is present). Only about 1/4 of emitted DMS becomes NSS. The NSS sources from entrainment and from DMS are similar in magnitude.

A Climate Data Record (CDR) for the global terrestrial water budget: 1984–2010

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Yu; Pan, Ming; Sheffield, Justin; ...

2018-01-12

Closing the terrestrial water budget is necessary to provide consistent estimates of budget components for understanding water resources and changes over time. Given the lack of in situ observations of budget components at anything but local scale, merging information from multiple data sources (e.g., in situ observation, satellite remote sensing, land surface model, and reanalysis) through data assimilation techniques that optimize the estimation of fluxes is a promising approach. Conditioned on the current limited data availability, a systematic method is developed to optimally combine multiple available data sources for precipitation ( P), evapotranspiration (ET), runoff ( R), and the totalmore » water storage change (TWSC) at 0.5° spatial resolution globally and to obtain water budget closure (i.e., to enforce P-ET- R-TWSC = 0) through a constrained Kalman filter (CKF) data assimilation technique under the assumption that the deviation from the ensemble mean of all data sources for the same budget variable is used as a proxy of the uncertainty in individual water budget variables. The resulting long-term (1984–2010), monthly 0.5° resolution global terrestrial water cycle Climate Data Record (CDR) data set is developed under the auspices of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth System Data Records (ESDRs) program. This data set serves to bridge the gap between sparsely gauged regions and the regions with sufficient in situ observations in investigating the temporal and spatial variability in the terrestrial hydrology at multiple scales. The CDR created in this study is validated against in situ measurements like river discharge from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and ET from FLUXNET. The data set is shown to be reliable and can serve the scientific community in understanding historical climate variability in water cycle fluxes and stores, benchmarking the current climate, and validating models.« less

A Climate Data Record (CDR) for the global terrestrial water budget: 1984–2010

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Yu; Pan, Ming; Sheffield, Justin

Closing the terrestrial water budget is necessary to provide consistent estimates of budget components for understanding water resources and changes over time. Given the lack of in situ observations of budget components at anything but local scale, merging information from multiple data sources (e.g., in situ observation, satellite remote sensing, land surface model, and reanalysis) through data assimilation techniques that optimize the estimation of fluxes is a promising approach. Conditioned on the current limited data availability, a systematic method is developed to optimally combine multiple available data sources for precipitation ( P), evapotranspiration (ET), runoff ( R), and the totalmore » water storage change (TWSC) at 0.5° spatial resolution globally and to obtain water budget closure (i.e., to enforce P-ET- R-TWSC = 0) through a constrained Kalman filter (CKF) data assimilation technique under the assumption that the deviation from the ensemble mean of all data sources for the same budget variable is used as a proxy of the uncertainty in individual water budget variables. The resulting long-term (1984–2010), monthly 0.5° resolution global terrestrial water cycle Climate Data Record (CDR) data set is developed under the auspices of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth System Data Records (ESDRs) program. This data set serves to bridge the gap between sparsely gauged regions and the regions with sufficient in situ observations in investigating the temporal and spatial variability in the terrestrial hydrology at multiple scales. The CDR created in this study is validated against in situ measurements like river discharge from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and ET from FLUXNET. The data set is shown to be reliable and can serve the scientific community in understanding historical climate variability in water cycle fluxes and stores, benchmarking the current climate, and validating models.« less

A Climate Data Record (CDR) for the global terrestrial water budget: 1984-2010

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yu; Pan, Ming; Sheffield, Justin; Siemann, Amanda L.; Fisher, Colby K.; Liang, Miaoling; Beck, Hylke E.; Wanders, Niko; MacCracken, Rosalyn F.; Houser, Paul R.; Zhou, Tian; Lettenmaier, Dennis P.; Pinker, Rachel T.; Bytheway, Janice; Kummerow, Christian D.; Wood, Eric F.

2018-01-01

Closing the terrestrial water budget is necessary to provide consistent estimates of budget components for understanding water resources and changes over time. Given the lack of in situ observations of budget components at anything but local scale, merging information from multiple data sources (e.g., in situ observation, satellite remote sensing, land surface model, and reanalysis) through data assimilation techniques that optimize the estimation of fluxes is a promising approach. Conditioned on the current limited data availability, a systematic method is developed to optimally combine multiple available data sources for precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), runoff (R), and the total water storage change (TWSC) at 0.5° spatial resolution globally and to obtain water budget closure (i.e., to enforce P - ET - R - TWSC = 0) through a constrained Kalman filter (CKF) data assimilation technique under the assumption that the deviation from the ensemble mean of all data sources for the same budget variable is used as a proxy of the uncertainty in individual water budget variables. The resulting long-term (1984-2010), monthly 0.5° resolution global terrestrial water cycle Climate Data Record (CDR) data set is developed under the auspices of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth System Data Records (ESDRs) program. This data set serves to bridge the gap between sparsely gauged regions and the regions with sufficient in situ observations in investigating the temporal and spatial variability in the terrestrial hydrology at multiple scales. The CDR created in this study is validated against in situ measurements like river discharge from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and ET from FLUXNET. The data set is shown to be reliable and can serve the scientific community in understanding historical climate variability in water cycle fluxes and stores, benchmarking the current climate, and validating models.

An Analysis of the President’s 2013 Budget

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

and incorporates estimates by the staff of the Joint Commit- tee on Taxation for the President’s tax proposals.1 In conjunction with analyzing the...such debt would decline to 61 percent by the end of 2022.1. For more details about the President’s revenue proposals, see Joint Committee on Taxation ...the President’s Budget (Billions of dollars) Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation . Note: n.a. = not

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gearhart, Jared Lee; Adair, Kristin Lynn; Durfee, Justin David.

When developing linear programming models, issues such as budget limitations, customer requirements, or licensing may preclude the use of commercial linear programming solvers. In such cases, one option is to use an open-source linear programming solver. A survey of linear programming tools was conducted to identify potential open-source solvers. From this survey, four open-source solvers were tested using a collection of linear programming test problems and the results were compared to IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimizer (CPLEX) [1], an industry standard. The solvers considered were: COIN-OR Linear Programming (CLP) [2], [3], GNU Linear Programming Kit (GLPK) [4], lp_solve [5] and Modularmore » In-core Nonlinear Optimization System (MINOS) [6]. As no open-source solver outperforms CPLEX, this study demonstrates the power of commercial linear programming software. CLP was found to be the top performing open-source solver considered in terms of capability and speed. GLPK also performed well but cannot match the speed of CLP or CPLEX. lp_solve and MINOS were considerably slower and encountered issues when solving several test problems.« less

Budget impact analysis of adjunctive therapy with lacosamide for partial-onset epileptic seizures in Belgium.

PubMed

Simoens, Steven

2011-01-01

This study aims to compute the budget impact of lacosamide, a new adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures in epilepsy patients from 16 years of age who are uncontrolled and having previously used at least three anti-epileptic drugs from a Belgian healthcare payer perspective. The budget impact analysis compared the 'world with lacosamide' to the 'world without lacosamide' and calculated how a change in the mix of anti-epileptic drugs used to treat uncontrolled epilepsy would impact drug spending from 2008 to 2013. Data on the number of patients and on the market shares of anti-epileptic drugs were taken from Belgian sources and from the literature. Unit costs of anti-epileptic drugs originated from Belgian sources. The budget impact was calculated from two scenarios about the market uptake of lacosamide. The Belgian target population is expected to increase from 5333 patients in 2008 to 5522 patients in 2013. Assuming that the market share of lacosamide increases linearly over time and is taken evenly from all other anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), the budget impact of adopting adjunctive therapy with lacosamide increases from €5249 (0.1% of reference drug budget) in 2008 to €242,700 (4.7% of reference drug budget) in 2013. Assuming that 10% of patients use standard AED therapy plus lacosamide, the budget impact of adopting adjunctive therapy with lacosamide is around €800,000-900,000 per year (or 16.7% of the reference drug budget). Adjunctive therapy with lacosamide would raise drug spending for this patient population by as much as 16.7% per year. However, this budget impact analysis did not consider the fact that lacosamide reduces costs of seizure management and withdrawal. The literature suggests that, if savings in other healthcare costs are taken into account, adjunctive therapy with lacosamide may be cost saving.

Identifying sediment sources in the sediment TMDL process

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gellis, Allen C.; Fitzpatrick, Faith A.; Schubauer-Berigan, Joseph P.; Landy, R.B.; Gorman Sanisaca, Lillian E.

2015-01-01

Sediment is an important pollutant contributing to aquatic-habitat degradation in many waterways of the United States. This paper discusses the application of sediment budgets in conjunction with sediment fingerprinting as tools to determine the sources of sediment in impaired waterways. These approaches complement monitoring, assessment, and modeling of sediment erosion, transport, and storage in watersheds. Combining the sediment fingerprinting and sediment budget approaches can help determine specific adaptive management plans and techniques applied to targeting hot spots or areas of high erosion.

2 CFR 215.52 - Financial reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET CIRCULARS AND GUIDANCE Reserved UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND... projects or programs. A Federal awarding agency may, however, have the option of not requiring the SF-269...

50 CFR 100.9 - Information collection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ARLSQ, Washington, D.C. 20240; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project... (CONTINUED) NATIONAL WILDLIFE MONUMENTS SUBSISTENCE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC LANDS IN ALASKA General... collection requirements subject to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approval under 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520...

50 CFR 100.9 - Information collection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ARLSQ, Washington, D.C. 20240; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project... (CONTINUED) NATIONAL WILDLIFE MONUMENTS SUBSISTENCE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC LANDS IN ALASKA General... collection requirements subject to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approval under 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520...

Using sediment 'fingerprints' to assess sediment-budget errors, north Halawa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii, 1991-92

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hill, B.R.; DeCarlo, E.H.; Fuller, C.C.; Wong, M.F.

1998-01-01

Reliable estimates of sediment-budget errors are important for interpreting sediment-budget results. Sediment-budget errors are commonly considered equal to sediment-budget imbalances, which may underestimate actual sediment-budget errors if they include compensating positive and negative errors. We modified the sediment 'fingerprinting' approach to qualitatively evaluate compensating errors in an annual (1991) fine (<63 ??m) sediment budget for the North Halawa Valley, a mountainous, forested drainage basin on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, during construction of a major highway. We measured concentrations of aeolian quartz and 137Cs in sediment sources and fluvial sediments, and combined concentrations of these aerosols with the sediment budget to construct aerosol budgets. Aerosol concentrations were independent of the sediment budget, hence aerosol budgets were less likely than sediment budgets to include compensating errors. Differences between sediment-budget and aerosol-budget imbalances therefore provide a measure of compensating errors in the sediment budget. The sediment-budget imbalance equalled 25% of the fluvial fine-sediment load. Aerosol-budget imbalances were equal to 19% of the fluvial 137Cs load and 34% of the fluval quartz load. The reasonably close agreement between sediment- and aerosol-budget imbalances indicates that compensating errors in the sediment budget were not large and that the sediment-budget imbalance as a reliable measure of sediment-budget error. We attribute at least one-third of the 1991 fluvial fine-sediment load to highway construction. Continued monitoring indicated that highway construction produced 90% of the fluvial fine-sediment load during 1992. Erosion of channel margins and attrition of coarse particles provided most of the fine sediment produced by natural processes. Hillslope processes contributed relatively minor amounts of sediment.

Interim Budget Plan.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of Student Financial Assistance (ED), Washington, DC.

This report provides the interim budget plan of the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Student Financial Assistance (OSFA) for fiscal year 2000. It reviews factors influencing OSFA's budget request, including legislative requirements, recent accomplishments, the need to maintain both the Direct Loan and Federal Family Education Loan…

32 CFR 989.6 - Budgeting and funding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Budgeting and funding. 989.6 Section 989.6... ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS PROCESS (EIAP) § 989.6 Budgeting and funding. Contract EIAP efforts are proponent... unforeseen requirements, the proponent offices must provide the remaining funding. ...

32 CFR 989.6 - Budgeting and funding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Budgeting and funding. 989.6 Section 989.6... ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS PROCESS (EIAP) § 989.6 Budgeting and funding. Contract EIAP efforts are proponent... unforeseen requirements, the proponent offices must provide the remaining funding. ...

Formula Budgeting and the Financing of Public Higher Education: Panacea or Nemesis for the 1980s? The AIR Professional File No. 3, Fall 1979.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gross, Francis M.

Formula budgeting in the financing of public higher education is examined. Budget formulas are defined as a means of applying predetermined average cost rates to quantifiable institutional program measures in order to calculate the dollar resource requirements for a future year. Seven characteristics of budget formulas are described: (1) their…

Development of a time-stepping sediment budget model for assessing land use impacts in large river basins.

PubMed

Wilkinson, S N; Dougall, C; Kinsey-Henderson, A E; Searle, R D; Ellis, R J; Bartley, R

2014-01-15

The use of river basin modelling to guide mitigation of non-point source pollution of wetlands, estuaries and coastal waters has become widespread. To assess and simulate the impacts of alternate land use or climate scenarios on river washload requires modelling techniques that represent sediment sources and transport at the time scales of system response. Building on the mean-annual SedNet model, we propose a new D-SedNet model which constructs daily budgets of fine sediment sources, transport and deposition for each link in a river network. Erosion rates (hillslope, gully and streambank erosion) and fine sediment sinks (floodplains and reservoirs) are disaggregated from mean annual rates based on daily rainfall and runoff. The model is evaluated in the Burdekin basin in tropical Australia, where policy targets have been set for reducing sediment and nutrient loads to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon from grazing and cropping land. D-SedNet predicted annual loads with similar performance to that of a sediment rating curve calibrated to monitored suspended sediment concentrations. Relative to a 22-year reference load time series at the basin outlet derived from a dynamic general additive model based on monitoring data, D-SedNet had a median absolute error of 68% compared with 112% for the rating curve. RMS error was slightly higher for D-SedNet than for the rating curve due to large relative errors on small loads in several drought years. This accuracy is similar to existing agricultural system models used in arable or humid environments. Predicted river loads were sensitive to ground vegetation cover. We conclude that the river network sediment budget model provides some capacity for predicting load time-series independent of monitoring data in ungauged basins, and for evaluating the impact of land management on river sediment load time-series, which is challenging across large regions in data-poor environments. © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A trait based dynamic energy budget approach to explore emergent microalgal community structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Y.; Bouskill, N.; Karaoz, U.; Geng, H.; Lane, T.; Pett-Ridge, J.; Mayali, X.; Brodie, E.

2015-12-01

Microalgae play important roles in the global carbon budget. Phytoplankton, including microalgae, are responsible for around 50% of global primary production, and also hold promise as a viable renewable biofuel source. Research has been underway for decades to realize the full potential of algal biofuels at the commercial scale, however, uni-algal ponds are typically threatened by collapse due to microalgal grazing and parasite invasions. Recently, it has been proposed that functionally diverse microalgal-bacterial communities can achieve high biomass and/or lipid yields, and are more stable (less susceptible to invasion) than a monoculture. Similar positive diversity-productivity relationships have been observed in a wide range of ecosystem studies, but the purposeful maintenance of a diverse microbiome is less common in managed systems. In our work, a trait based dynamic energy budget model was developed to explore emergent microalgal community structure under various environmental (e.g. light, temperature, nutrient availability) conditions. The complex algal community can be reduced into functional groups (guilds). Each guild (algae or bacteria) is characterized by distinct physiological traits (e.g. nutrient requirement, growth rate, substrate affinity, lipid production) constrained by biochemical trade-offs. These trait values are derived from literature and information encoded in genomic data. Metabolism of the algae and the bacterial species (symbiotic or non-symbiotic) are described within a dynamic energy budget framework. The model offers a mechanistic framework to predict the optimal microalgal community assemblage towards high productivity and resistance to invasion under prevailing environmental conditions.

Early reproductive maturity among Pumé foragers: Implications of a pooled energy model to fast life histories.

PubMed

Kramer, Karen L; Greaves, Russell D; Ellison, Peter T

2009-01-01

Life history theory places central importance on relationships between ontogeny, reproduction, and mortality. Fast human life histories have been theoretically and empirically associated with high mortality regimes. This relationship, however, poses an unanswered question about energy allocation. In epidemiologically stressful environments, a greater proportion of energy is allocated to immune function. If growth and maintenance are competing energetic expenditures, less energy should be available for growth, and the mechanism to sustain rapid maturation remains unclear. The human pattern of extended juvenile provisioning and resource sharing may provide an important source of variation in energy availability not predicted by tradeoff models that assume independence at weaning. We consider a group of South American foragers to evaluate the effects that pooled energy budgets may have on early reproduction. Despite growing up in an environment with distinct seasonal under-nutrition, harsh epidemiological conditions, and no health care, Pumé girls mature quickly and initiate childbearing in their midteens. Pooled energy budgets compensate for the low productivity of girls not only through direct food transfers but importantly by reducing energy they would otherwise expend in foraging activities to meet metabolic requirements. We suggest that pooled energy budgets affect energy availability at both extrinsic and intrinsic levels. Because energy budgets are pooled, Pumé girls and young women are buffered from environmental downturns and can maximize energy allocated to growth completion and initiate reproduction earlier than a traditional bound-energy model would predict. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

25 CFR 20.103 - Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... approved by the Office of Management and Budget? The information collection requirements contained in §§ 20... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of Management and Budget? 20.103 Section 20.103 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN...

20 CFR 10.3 - Have the collection of information requirements of this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

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25 CFR 20.103 - Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... approved by the Office of Management and Budget? The information collection requirements contained in §§ 20... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of Management and Budget? 20.103 Section 20.103 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN...

25 CFR 20.103 - Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... approved by the Office of Management and Budget? The information collection requirements contained in §§ 20... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of Management and Budget? 20.103 Section 20.103 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN...

25 CFR 20.103 - Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... approved by the Office of Management and Budget? The information collection requirements contained in §§ 20... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of Management and Budget? 20.103 Section 20.103 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN...

20 CFR 10.3 - Have the collection of information requirements of this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)? The collection of information requirements in this part... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true Have the collection of information requirements of this part been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)? 10.3 Section 10.3...

25 CFR 20.103 - Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... approved by the Office of Management and Budget? The information collection requirements contained in §§ 20... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Have the information collection requirements in this part been approved by the Office of Management and Budget? 20.103 Section 20.103 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN...

20 CFR 10.3 - Have the collection of information requirements of this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)? The collection of information requirements in this part... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true Have the collection of information requirements of this part been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)? 10.3 Section 10.3...

20 CFR 10.3 - Have the collection of information requirements of this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)? The collection of information requirements in this part... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Have the collection of information requirements of this part been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)? 10.3 Section 10.3...

20 CFR 10.3 - Have the collection of information requirements of this part been approved by the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)? The collection of information requirements in this part... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Have the collection of information requirements of this part been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)? 10.3 Section 10.3...

2 CFR 176.60 - Statutory requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Statutory requirement. 176.60 Section 176.60 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS Reserved AWARD TERMS FOR ASSISTANCE...

2 CFR 176.60 - Statutory requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Statutory requirement. 176.60 Section 176.60 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS [Reserved] AWARD TERMS FOR ASSISTANCE...

78 FR 7779 - Information Collection Requirement Submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for...

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2013-02-04

... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Information Collection Requirement Submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for Emergency Review and Approval AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission... forms of information technology; and ways to further reduce the information collection burden on small...

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2010-04-06

... about product-related deaths, injuries, and illnesses from a variety of sources, including newspapers... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review; Comment Request; Follow-Up Activities for Product-Related Injuries...

Ecosystem Modeling of Biological Processes to Global Budgets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christopher, Potter S.; Condon, Estelle (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

From an ecological perspective, the search for life on distant planets begins from several key assumptions. The first of these is that, viewed from a remote location in space, the signature of life on a distant planet will be the result of net gas exchange of organisms with their environment. On the basis of extensive biogeochemical measurements and biogenic trace gas fluxes in modem Earth environments, it is probable that certain groups of organisms both produce and consume the same trace gas(es) within a single bioprofile of Solid (porous) substrate or surface water. The net gas exchange rate with the atmosphere measured at the living surface is frequently the result of competing metabolic reactions, which may carried out by different functional groups of organisms located at dissimilar 'climatic' or chemical microsites within the same bioprofile. Biogenic gases produced at one (deep) level of a bioprofile may be consumed by another functional group of organisms located closer to the level of surface exchange with the atmosphere. A second key assumption is that the net biogenic fluxes of atmospheric gases on Earth can be used to infer relative abundance and functional composition of the major organisms on a distant planet. Examples of this principle include the presence of methanogenic microorganisms abundant today in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, which are major source of atmospheric methane and its seasonal variability in Earth's atmosphere. A third assumption is that scaling up biogenic gas fluxes from a single biological community to the planetary level requires flux measurements at the whole ecosystem level. This implies that measurements of biogenic gas exchange with the global atmosphere cannot be easily inferred from measurements of gas production rates of single organisms, which may have been isolated in some manner from the setting of their native ecosystem. Hence, the unit of biological organization used in modern Earth Science for scaling up to biosphere effects on atmospheric composition is the ecosystem level. These assumptions are the foundation for developing modern emission budgets for biogenic gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, isoprene, nitrous and nitric oxide, and ammonia. Such emission budgets commonly include information on seasonal flux patterns, typical diurnal profiles, and spatial resolution of at least one degree latitude/longitude for the globe. On the basis of these budgets, it is possible to compute 'base emission rates' for the major biogenic trace gases from both terrestrial and ocean sources, which may be useful benchmarks for defining the gas production rates of organisms, especially those from early Earth history, which are required to generate a detectable signal on a global atmosphere. This type of analysis is also the starting point for evaluation of the 'biological processes to global gas budget' extrapolation procedure described above for early Earth ecosystems.

Heat budget of ionospheric electrons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prasad, S. S.; Schneck, L. J.

1976-01-01

Heat input calculations were detached from solar extreme UV data and monatomic oxygen densities were derived from simultaneously measured data sets (ion composition 146-191 km) in a study of the heat budget of ionosphere electrons. Earlier inferences that cooling predominates over heating are supported. A search for additional heat sources or a revision of the cooling rates is recommended, by way of balancing the heat budget. Importance is attached to electron cooling by fine structure excitation of monatomic oxygen.

Assessing and measuring wetland hydrology

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rosenberry, Donald O.; Hayashi, Masaki; Anderson, James T.; Davis, Craig A.

2013-01-01

Virtually all ecological processes that occur in wetlands are influenced by the water that flows to, from, and within these wetlands. This chapter provides the “how-to” information for quantifying the various source and loss terms associated with wetland hydrology. The chapter is organized from a water-budget perspective, with sections associated with each of the water-budget components that are common in most wetland settings. Methods for quantifying the water contained within the wetland are presented first, followed by discussion of each separate component. Measurement accuracy and sources of error are discussed for each of the methods presented, and a separate section discusses the cumulative error associated with determining a water budget for a wetland. Exercises and field activities will provide hands-on experience that will facilitate greater understanding of these processes.

28 CFR 34.4 - Additional competitive application requirements and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... other eligible parties, including those in another State, and submit joint applications for assistance. (2) A joint application made by two or more applicants for assistance may have separate budgets... combined budget. If joint applications present separate budgets, the Administrator may make separate awards...

14 CFR 152.323 - Budget revision: Airport development.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Budget revision: Airport development. 152... TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS AIRPORT AID PROGRAM Accounting and Reporting Requirements § 152.323 Budget revision: Airport development. (a) If any performance review conducted by the sponsor discloses a need for...

14 CFR 152.323 - Budget revision: Airport development.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Budget revision: Airport development. 152... TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS AIRPORT AID PROGRAM Accounting and Reporting Requirements § 152.323 Budget revision: Airport development. (a) If any performance review conducted by the sponsor discloses a need for...

14 CFR 152.323 - Budget revision: Airport development.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Budget revision: Airport development. 152... TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS AIRPORT AID PROGRAM Accounting and Reporting Requirements § 152.323 Budget revision: Airport development. (a) If any performance review conducted by the sponsor discloses a need for...

Using sediment budgets to investigate the pathogen flux through catchments.

PubMed

Whiteway, Tanya G; Laffan, Shawn W; Wasson, Robert J

2004-10-01

We demonstrate a materials budget approach to identify the main source areas and fluxes of pathogens through a landscape by using the flux of fine sediments as a proxyfor pathogens. Sediment budgets were created for three subcatchment tributaries of the Googong Reservoir in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Major inputs, sources, stores, and transport zones were estimated using sediment sampling, dam trap efficiency measures, and radionuclide tracing. Particle size analyses were used to quantify the fine-sediment component of the total sediment flux, from which the pathogen flux was inferred by considering the differences between the mobility and transportation of fine sediments and pathogens. Gullies were identified as important sources of fine sediment, and therefore of pathogens, with the pathogen risk compounded when cattle shelter in them during wet periods. The results also indicate that the degree of landscape modification influences both sediment and pathogen mobilization. Farm dams, swampy meadows and glades along drainage paths lower the flux of fine sediment, and therefore pathogens, in this landscape during low-flow periods. However, high-rainfall and high-flow events are likely to transport most of the fine sediment, and therefore pathogen, flux from the Googong landscape to the reservoir. Materials budgets are a repeatable and comparatively low-cost method for investigating the pathogen flux through a landscape.

Comparison of 13 equations for determining evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake Area, North Dakota, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rosenberry, Donald O.; Stannard, David L.; Winter, Thomas C.; Martinez, Margo L.

2004-01-01

Evapotranspiration determined using the energy-budget method at a semi-permanent prairie-pothole wetland in east-central North Dakota, USA was compared with 12 other commonly used methods. The Priestley-Taylor and deBruin-Keijman methods compared best with the energy-budget values; mean differences were less than 0.1 mm d−1, and standard deviations were less than 0.3 mm d−1. Both methods require measurement of air temperature, net radiation, and heat storage in the wetland water. The Penman, Jensen-Haise, and Brutsaert-Stricker methods provided the next-best values for evapotranspiration relative to the energy-budget method. The mass-transfer, deBruin, and Stephens-Stewart methods provided the worst comparisons; the mass-transfer and deBruin comparisons with energy-budget values indicated a large standard deviation, and the deBruin and Stephens-Stewart comparisons indicated a large bias. The Jensen-Haise method proved to be cost effective, providing relatively accurate comparisons with the energy-budget method (mean difference=0.44 mm d−1, standard deviation=0.42 mm d−1) and requiring only measurements of air temperature and solar radiation. The Mather (Thornthwaite) method is the simplest, requiring only measurement of air temperature, and it provided values that compared relatively well with energy-budget values (mean difference=0.47 mm d−1, standard deviation=0.56 mm d−1). Modifications were made to several of the methods to make them more suitable for use in prairie wetlands. The modified Makkink, Jensen-Haise, and Stephens-Stewart methods all provided results that were nearly as close to energy-budget values as were the Priestley-Taylor and deBruin-Keijman methods, and all three of these modified methods only require measurements of air temperature and solar radiation. The modified Hamon method provided values that were within 20 percent of energy-budget values during 95 percent of the comparison periods, and it only requires measurement of air temperature. The mass-transfer coefficient, associated with the commonly used mass-transfer method, varied seasonally, with the largest values occurring during summer.

2 CFR 25.215 - Requirements for agency information systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Requirements for agency information systems. 25.215 Section 25.215 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS PRE-AWARD...

2 CFR 25.215 - Requirements for agency information systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Requirements for agency information systems. 25.215 Section 25.215 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS PRE-AWARD...

2 CFR 25.215 - Requirements for agency information systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

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2 CFR 25.215 - Requirements for agency information systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Requirements for agency information systems. 25.215 Section 25.215 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS Pre-award...

20 CFR 435.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Revision of budget and program plans. 435.25 Section 435.25 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR... SSA. (6) The inclusion, unless waived by SSA, of costs that require prior approval in accordance with...

76 FR 66087 - Telecommunications; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-25

...] Telecommunications; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of Information Collection... the Standard on Telecommunications (29 CFR 1910.268). The purpose of this requirement is to ensure... of the information collection requirement contained in the Standard on Telecommunications (29 CFR...

77 FR 52035 - Public Information Collection Requirements Submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...

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2012-08-28

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76 FR 33305 - Public Information Collection Requirements Submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...

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2011-06-08

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Development and Validation of an Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Process for Source Water

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lane, Ann

Throughout Northern Appalachia and surrounding regions, hundreds of abandoned mine sites exist which frequently are the source of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). AMD typically contains metal ions in solution with sulfate ions which have been leached from the mine. These large volumes of water, if treated to a minimum standard, may be of use in Hydraulic Fracturing (HF) or other industrial processes. This project’s focus is to evaluate an AMD water treatment technology for the purpose of providing treated AMD as an alternative source of water for HF operations. The HydroFlex™ technology allows the conversion of a previous environmental liabilitymore » into an asset while reducing stress on potable water sources. The technology achieves greater than 95% water recovery, while removing sulfate to concentrations below 100 mg/L and common metals (e.g., iron and aluminum) below 1 mg/L. The project is intended to demonstrate the capability of the process to provide AMD as alternative source water for HF operations. The second budget period of the project has been completed during which Battelle conducted two individual test campaigns in the field. The first test campaign demonstrated the ability of the HydroFlex system to remove sulfate to levels below 100 mg/L, meeting the requirements indicated by industry stakeholders for use of the treated AMD as source water. The second test campaign consisted of a series of focused confirmatory tests aimed at gathering additional data to refine the economic projections for the process. Throughout the project, regular communications were held with a group of project stakeholders to ensure alignment of the project objectives with industry requirements. Finally, the process byproduct generated by the HydroFlex process was evaluated for the treatment of produced water against commercial treatment chemicals. It was found that the process byproduct achieved similar results for produced water treatment as the chemicals currently in use. Further, the process byproduct demonstrated better settling characteristics in bench scale testing. The field testing conducted in the second project budget period demonstrated the ability of the HydroFlex technology to meet industry requirements for AMD water chemical composition so that it can be used as source water in HF activities. System and operational improvements were identified in an additional series of confirmatory tests to achieve competitive cost targets. Finally, the application of the HydroFlex process byproduct in produced water treatment was demonstrated, further supporting the commercial implementation of the technology. Overall, the project results demonstrate a path to the economic treatment of AMD to support its increased use as source water in HF, particularly in regions with limited local freshwater availability.« less

Cost effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey's stream-gaging program in Wisconsin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Walker, J.F.; Osen, L.L.; Hughes, P.E.

1987-01-01

A minimum budget of $510,000 is required to operate the program; a budget less than this does not permit proper service and maintenance of the gaging stations. At this minimum budget, the theoretical average standard error of instantaneous discharge is 14.4%. The maximum budget analyzed was $650,000 and resulted in an average standard of error of instantaneous discharge of 7.2%. 

40 CFR 62.3918 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF STATE PLANS FOR DESIGNATED FACILITIES AND POLLUTANTS Iowa Mercury Emissions...) Identification of sources. The plan applies to all new and existing mercury budget units meeting the... portion of the plan applicable to mercury budget units as described in Iowa State rule 567-34.301 is...

40 CFR 62.3918 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF STATE PLANS FOR DESIGNATED FACILITIES AND POLLUTANTS Iowa Mercury Emissions...) Identification of sources. The plan applies to all new and existing mercury budget units meeting the... portion of the plan applicable to mercury budget units as described in Iowa State rule 567-34.301 is...

40 CFR 62.3918 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF STATE PLANS FOR DESIGNATED FACILITIES AND POLLUTANTS Iowa Mercury Emissions...) Identification of sources. The plan applies to all new and existing mercury budget units meeting the... portion of the plan applicable to mercury budget units as described in Iowa State rule 567-34.301 is...

40 CFR 62.3918 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF STATE PLANS FOR DESIGNATED FACILITIES AND POLLUTANTS Iowa Mercury Emissions...) Identification of sources. The plan applies to all new and existing mercury budget units meeting the... portion of the plan applicable to mercury budget units as described in Iowa State rule 567-34.301 is...

40 CFR 62.3918 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF STATE PLANS FOR DESIGNATED FACILITIES AND POLLUTANTS Iowa Mercury Emissions...) Identification of sources. The plan applies to all new and existing mercury budget units meeting the... portion of the plan applicable to mercury budget units as described in Iowa State rule 567-34.301 is...

78 FR 57153 - Proposed Information Collection Request; Comment Request; NOX

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2013-09-17

... to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO X ) from power plants and other large combustion sources...), a pervasive air pollution problem in many areas of the eastern United States. The NO X Budget... Collection Request; Comment Request; NOX Budget Trading Program To Reduce the Regional Transport of Ozone...

75 FR 39056 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-07

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION [NRC-2010-0113] Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Review; Comment Request AGENCY: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory... byproduct, source, or special nuclear material that are ceasing licensed activities and terminating the...

Budgeting for Climate Neutrality, Colleges Consider Energy Credits

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carlson, Scott

2008-01-01

More and more colleges are grappling with issues on budgeting for climate neutrality. Around 40 percent of colleges' greenhouse-gas emissions come from purchased electricity. Through the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment, which originated in 2007, hundreds of colleges have vowed to buy energy from green sources. In…

Decentralized University Budgeting, United with a More Flexible Tuition Structure

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fethke, Gary

2014-01-01

With tuition revenues replacing state appropriations as the primary source of public university funding, it becomes difficult for universities to use historically based budget allocations and inflexible tuition structures to subsidize high-cost programs. It is argued here that combining targeted subsidies with a flexible tuition structure and…

Collection Evaluation and Acquisition Budgets: A Kaleidoscope in the Making.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Osburn, Charles B.

1992-01-01

Discusses library collection evaluation and its relationship to the acquisitions budget. Topics addressed include the publishing industry; library services that are more user centered; acquisition of versus access to sources of information and knowledge; the concept of value; library accountability; objectives and setting priorities; and levels of…

22 CFR 518.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Financial and Program Management § 518.25 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the financial expression of the project or program as approved during the...

22 CFR 145.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Section 145.25 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE CIVIL RIGHTS GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Financial and Program Management § 145.25 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the...

Program Budgeting and Educational Communications Centers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Humphrey, David A.

Educational communications centers, also known as instructional resource centers or various other titles, bring together many pieces of equipment and technology formerly kept in separate areas. When they are brought together, these pieces require so large a budget that the budget is often brought under close scrutiny. As a result, those in charge…

76 FR 61710 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-05

...] Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review; Comment Request; Requirements for Submission of Bioequivalence Data AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS... of information has been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and...

10 CFR 600.315 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

....315 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE RULES... Requirements § 600.315 Revision of budget and program plans. (a) The budget plan is the financial expression of the project or program as approved during the award process. It includes the sum of the Federal and...

78 FR 6353 - 2012 Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act Annual Report

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-30

... OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET 2012 Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act Annual Report AGENCY: Office of Management and Budget (OMB). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This report is being published as required by the....C. 934. Courtney Timberlake, Assistant Director for Budget. This Report is being published pursuant...

76 FR 60501 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-29

...] Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review; Comment Request; Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987; Administrative Procedures, Policies, and Requirements... Management and Budget (OMB) for review and clearance under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (the PRA...

75 FR 14610 - Notice of Submission of Proposed Information Collection to OMB; Emergency Comment Request...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-26

... requirement described below has been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for emergency...: Mr. Ross A. Rutledge, HUD Desk Officer, Office of Management and Budget, New Executive Office... their budget. Title of Proposed Notice: Housing Choice Voucher Program (Voucher Management System...

The Efficient Utilization of Open Source Information

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baty, Samuel R.

These are a set of slides on the efficient utilization of open source information. Open source information consists of a vast set of information from a variety of sources. Not only does the quantity of open source information pose a problem, the quality of such information can hinder efforts. To show this, two case studies are mentioned: Iran and North Korea, in order to see how open source information can be utilized. The huge breadth and depth of open source information can complicate an analysis, especially because open information has no guarantee of accuracy. Open source information can provide keymore » insights either directly or indirectly: looking at supporting factors (flow of scientists, products and waste from mines, government budgets, etc.); direct factors (statements, tests, deployments). Fundamentally, it is the independent verification of information that allows for a more complete picture to be formed. Overlapping sources allow for more precise bounds on times, weights, temperatures, yields or other issues of interest in order to determine capability. Ultimately, a "good" answer almost never comes from an individual, but rather requires the utilization of a wide range of skill sets held by a team of people.« less

Advancing Technology for Starlight Suppression via an External Occulter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kasdin, N. J.; Spergel, D. N.; Vanderbei, R. J.; Lisman, D.; Shaklan, S.; Thomson, M.; Walkemeyer, P.; Bach, V.; Oakes, E.; Cady, E.;

Reactive nitrogen oxides in the southeast United States national parks: source identification, origin, and process budget

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tong, Daniel Quansong; Kang, Daiwen; Aneja, Viney P.; Ray, John D.

2005-01-01

We present in this study both measurement-based and modeling analyses for elucidation of source attribution, influence areas, and process budget of reactive nitrogen oxides at two rural southeast United States sites (Great Smoky Mountains national park (GRSM) and Mammoth Cave national park (MACA)). Availability of nitrogen oxides is considered as the limiting factor to ozone production in these areas and the relative source contribution of reactive nitrogen oxides from point or mobile sources is important in understanding why these areas have high ozone. Using two independent observation-based techniques, multiple linear regression analysis and emission inventory analysis, we demonstrate that point sources contribute a minimum of 23% of total NOy at GRSM and 27% at MACA. The influence areas for these two sites, or origins of nitrogen oxides, are investigated using trajectory-cluster analysis. The result shows that air masses from the West and Southwest sweep over GRSM most frequently, while pollutants transported from the eastern half (i.e., East, Northeast, and Southeast) have limited influence (<10% out of all air masses) on air quality at GRSM. The processes responsible for formation and removal of reactive nitrogen oxides are investigated using a comprehensive 3-D air quality model (Multiscale Air Quality SImulation Platform (MAQSIP)). The NOy contribution associated with chemical transformations to NOz and O3, based on process budget analysis, is as follows: 32% and 84% for NOz, and 26% and 80% for O3 at GRSM and MACA, respectively. The similarity between NOz and O3 process budgets suggests a close association between nitrogen oxides and effective O3 production at these rural locations.

SQL is Dead; Long-live SQL: Relational Database Technology in Science Contexts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Howe, B.; Halperin, D.

2014-12-01

Relational databases are often perceived as a poor fit in science contexts: Rigid schemas, poor support for complex analytics, unpredictable performance, significant maintenance and tuning requirements --- these idiosyncrasies often make databases unattractive in science contexts characterized by heterogeneous data sources, complex analysis tasks, rapidly changing requirements, and limited IT budgets. In this talk, I'll argue that although the value proposition of typical relational database systems are weak in science, the core ideas that power relational databases have become incredibly prolific in open source science software, and are emerging as a universal abstraction for both big data and small data. In addition, I'll talk about two open source systems we are building to "jailbreak" the core technology of relational databases and adapt them for use in science. The first is SQLShare, a Database-as-a-Service system supporting collaborative data analysis and exchange by reducing database use to an Upload-Query-Share workflow with no installation, schema design, or configuration required. The second is Myria, a service that supports much larger scale data, complex analytics, and supports multiple back end systems. Finally, I'll describe some of the ways our collaborators in oceanography, astronomy, biology, fisheries science, and more are using these systems to replace script-based workflows for reasons of performance, flexibility, and convenience.

The Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS). A Primer

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-01

Commands input through the JCS as well The DRB reviews and resolves major issues , as required, prior t.o final DG publication . DG is designed to...Air Staff action officer, and takes you through a complete PPBS cycle as an aid to better understanding the overall process. You will find that it...JPAM) 34 -- ISSUES 35 -- THE PROGRAM DECISION MEMORANDUM (PDM) 36 - THE BUDGET ESTIMATE SUBMISSION (BES) 37 o BUDGETING 38 - BUDGET REVIEW - PROGRAM

Creating system engineering products with executable models in a model-based engineering environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karban, Robert; Dekens, Frank G.; Herzig, Sebastian; Elaasar, Maged; Jankevičius, Nerijus

2016-08-01

Applying systems engineering across the life-cycle results in a number of products built from interdependent sources of information using different kinds of system level analysis. This paper focuses on leveraging the Executable System Engineering Method (ESEM) [1] [2], which automates requirements verification (e.g. power and mass budget margins and duration analysis of operational modes) using executable SysML [3] models. The particular value proposition is to integrate requirements, and executable behavior and performance models for certain types of system level analysis. The models are created with modeling patterns that involve structural, behavioral and parametric diagrams, and are managed by an open source Model Based Engineering Environment (named OpenMBEE [4]). This paper demonstrates how the ESEM is applied in conjunction with OpenMBEE to create key engineering products (e.g. operational concept document) for the Alignment and Phasing System (APS) within the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project [5], which is under development by the TMT International Observatory (TIO) [5].

78 FR 4878 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-23

...: Submission for the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Review; Comment Request AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory... the total number of hours needed annually to complete the requirement or request: 183.5. 10. Abstract... regulations and requirements, both technical and quality, in purchase documents. In order to ensure that...

32 CFR 34.15 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... prior approvals are not required): (i) The transfer of funds among direct cost categories, functions and... or the objective of the project or program (even if there is no associated budget revision requiring... principles for Federal funds and recipients' cost share or match, in § 34.17 and § 34.13, respectively. (iv...

78 FR 78951 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to the Office of Management and Budget for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-27

...; Submission to the Office of Management and Budget for Review and approval; Comment Request; Student... establish the standards to participate in the student financial aid assistance programs authorized by Title... required information that must be provided to students, the financial responsibility requirements of the...

78 FR 26034 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-03

... with the Secretary under section 1876 of the Social Security Act are required to submit a budget and... Secretary under section 1833 of the Social Security Act are required to submit a budget and enrollment... financial activities such as independent audits, provider organization and operation, etc. The MAC is...

78 FR 6331 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-30

... Section 1876 of the Social Security Act are required to submit a budget and enrollment forecast, semi... under Section 1833 of the Social Security Act are required to submit a budget and enrollment forecast... Social Security Act. The purposes of the revisions were to implement some changes in response to the...

Planning Programming Budgeting Systems: PPBS and Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Katzenbach, Edward L.

Continuous change in education is requiring educational administrators to plan for the distant future with as much precision as they now do for the immediate future. Recently, major advances in the planning-budgeting process have become available to educators in the form of PPBS. Fiduciary budgets, which have been used in most schools since the…

Construction of sediment budgets for drainage basins

Treesearch

William E. Dietrich; Thomas Dunne; Neil F. Humphrey; Leslie M. Reid

1982-01-01

Abstract - A sediment budget for a drainage basin is a quantitative statement of the rates of production, transport, and discharge of detritus. To construct a sediment budget for a drainage basin, one must integrate the temporal and spatial variations of transport and storage processes. This requires: recognition and quantification of transport processes, recognition...

Survival in a Down Economy: A Budget Reduction Process for Superintendents

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, E. E.; Coffland, Jack A.

2010-01-01

Dramatic reductions in the dollars available for public education require a new and systemic approach to balancing school district budgets. This manual provides numerous examples of successful budget reduction strategies based on a six-step process that has demonstrated its effectiveness in small, medium, and large school districts. Supported by…

Risk Reduction and Resource Pooling on a Cooperation Task

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pietras, Cynthia J.; Cherek, Don R.; Lane, Scott D.; Tcheremissine, Oleg

2006-01-01

Two experiments investigated choice in adult humans on a simulated cooperation task to evaluate a risk-reduction account of sharing based on the energy-budget rule. The energy-budget rule is an optimal foraging model that predicts risk-averse choices when net energy gains exceed energy requirements (positive energy budget) and risk-prone choices…

78 FR 53785 - OMB Sequestration Update Report to the President and Congress for Fiscal Year 2014

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-30

... OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB Sequestration Update Report to the President and Congress for Fiscal Year 2014 AGENCY: Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. ACTION... Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, as amended, requires the Office of Management...

39 CFR 211.3 - Executive orders and other executive pronouncements; circulars, bulletins, and other issuances of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... pronouncements; circulars, bulletins, and other issuances of the Office of Management and Budget. 211.3 Section... issuances of the Office of Management and Budget. (a) By virtue of the Postal Reorganization Act, certain... of the Office of Management and Budget or particular provisions thereof, or requirements therein...

78 FR 21157 - Derricks; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of Information...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-09

... information to the workers to assure that the derricks are used as designed and not overloaded or used beyond...] Derricks; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of Information Collection... Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) approval of the information collection requirements contained in...

2 CFR 3000.437 - What method do I use to communicate to a participant the requirements described in the Office of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What method do I use to communicate to a participant the requirements described in the Office of Management and Budget guidance at 2 CFR 180.435? 3000... participant the requirements described in the Office of Management and Budget guidance at 2 CFR 180.435? You...

76 FR 17287 - Protocol Gas Verification Program and Minimum Competency Requirements for Air Emission Testing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-28

...EPA is finalizing rule revisions that modify existing requirements for sources affected by the federally administered emission trading programs including the NOX Budget Trading Program, the Acid Rain Program, and the Clean Air Interstate Rule. EPA is amending its Protocol Gas Verification Program (PGVP) and the minimum competency requirements for air emission testing (formerly air emission testing body requirements) to improve the accuracy of emissions data. EPA is also amending other sections of the Acid Rain Program continuous emission monitoring system regulations by adding and clarifying certain recordkeeping and reporting requirements, removing the provisions pertaining to mercury monitoring and reporting, removing certain requirements associated with a class-approved alternative monitoring system, disallowing the use of a particular quality assurance option in EPA Reference Method 7E, adding two incorporation by references that were inadvertently left out of the January 24, 2008 final rule, adding two new definitions, revising certain compliance dates, and clarifying the language and applicability of certain provisions.

Logging-related increases in stream density in a northern California watershed

Treesearch

Matthew S. Buffleben

2012-01-01

Although many sediment budgets estimate the effects of logging, few have considered the potential impact of timber harvesting on stream density. Failure to consider changes in stream density could lead to large errors in the sediment budget, particularly between the allocation of natural and anthropogenic sources of sediment.This study...

TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY OF SOIL RESPIRATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEM CARBON BUDGET: NONLINEARITY BEGETS SURPRISES. (R827676)

EPA Science Inventory

Nonlinearity is a salient feature in all complex systems, and it certainly characterizes biogeochemical cycles in ecosystems across a wide range of scales. Soil carbon emission is a major source of uncertainty in estimating the terrestrial carbon budget at the ecosystem level ...

Educators Guide for Budgeting School Equipment. Second Annual Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dawson, Joseph L.; Schmidt, James R.

A publication designed to assist the administrator or department head in the critical area of budgeting school equipment provides a comprehensive guide drawn from hundreds of sources covering all areas of capital equipment. Each section is prefaced with suggestions as to how the items described may be most efficiently utilized. The guide is also…

13 CFR 130.450 - Matching funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... in the budget proposal. Cash sources shall be identified by name and account. All applicants must... agreement. The account containing such cash must be under the direct management of the SBDC Director, or, if... received by the SBDC during the budget period, as long as the total Cash Match provided by the SBDC is 50...

The potential of carbon and nitrogen isotopes to conservatively discriminate between subsoil sediment sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laceby, J. Patrick; Olley, Jon

2013-04-01

Moreton Bay, in South East Queensland, Australia, is a Ramsar wetland of international significance. A decline of the bay's ecosystem health has been primarily attributed to sediments and nutrients from catchment sources. Sediment budgets for three catchments indicated gully erosion dominates the supply of sediment in Knapp Creek and the Upper Bremer River whereas erosion from cultivated soils is the primary sediment source in Blackfellow Creek. Sediment tracing with fallout-radionuclides confirmed subsoil erosion processes dominate the supply of sediment in Knapp Creek and the Upper Bremer River whereas in Blackfellow Creek cultivated and subsoil sources contribute >90% of sediments. Other sediment properties are required to determine the relative sediment contributions of channel bank, gully and cultivated sources in these catchments. The potential of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) to conservatively discriminate between subsoil sediment sources is presented. The conservativeness of these sediment properties was examined through evaluating particle size variations in depth core soil samples and investigating whether they remain constant in source soils over two sampling occasions. Varying conservative behavior and source discrimination was observed. TN in the

Enhanced orbit determination filter sensitivity analysis: Error budget development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Estefan, J. A.; Burkhart, P. D.

1994-01-01

An error budget analysis is presented which quantifies the effects of different error sources in the orbit determination process when the enhanced orbit determination filter, recently developed, is used to reduce radio metric data. The enhanced filter strategy differs from more traditional filtering methods in that nearly all of the principal ground system calibration errors affecting the data are represented as filter parameters. Error budget computations were performed for a Mars Observer interplanetary cruise scenario for cases in which only X-band (8.4-GHz) Doppler data were used to determine the spacecraft's orbit, X-band ranging data were used exclusively, and a combined set in which the ranging data were used in addition to the Doppler data. In all three cases, the filter model was assumed to be a correct representation of the physical world. Random nongravitational accelerations were found to be the largest source of error contributing to the individual error budgets. Other significant contributors, depending on the data strategy used, were solar-radiation pressure coefficient uncertainty, random earth-orientation calibration errors, and Deep Space Network (DSN) station location uncertainty.

The Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Budget: Constraints from Atmospheric Observations and Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, H.; Thompson, R.; Canadell, J.; Winiwarter, W.; Tian, H.; Thompson, R.; Prather, M. J.

2017-12-01

The increasing global abundance of N2O poses a threat to human health and society over this coming century through both climate change and ozone depletion. In the sense of greenhouse gases, N2O ranks third behind CO2 and CH4. In the sense of ozone depletion, N2O stands alone. In order to identify the cause of these increases and hopefully reverse them, we need to have a thorough understanding of the sources and sinks (a.k.a. the budget) of N2O and how they can be altered. A bottom-up approach to the budget evaluates individual biogeochemical sources of N2O from the land and ocean; whereas, a top-down approach uses atmospheric observations of the variability, combined with modeling of the atmospheric chemistry and transport, to infer the magnitude of sources and sinks throughout the Earth system. This paper reviews top-down approaches using atmospheric data; a similar top-down approach can be taken with oceanic measurements of N2O, but is not covered here. Stratospheric chemistry is the predominant loss of N2O, and here we review how a merging of new measurements with stratospheric chemistry models is able to provide a constrained budget for the global N2O sink. N2O surface sources are transported and mixed throughout the atmosphere, providing positive anomalies in the N2O abundance (mole fraction of N2O with respect to dry air); while N2O-depleted air from the stratosphere provides negative anomalies. With accurate atmospheric transport models, including for stratosphere-troposphere exchange, the observed tropospheric variability in N2O is effectively a fingerprint of the location and magnitude of sources. This inverse modeling of sources is part of the top-down constraints and is reviewed here.

The moisture budget in relation to convection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scott, R. W.; Scoggins, J. R.

1977-01-01

An evaluation of the moisture budget in the environment of convective storms is presented by using the unique 3- to 6-h rawinsonde data. Net horizontal and vertical boundary fluxes accounted for most of the large amounts of moisture which were concentrated into convective regions associated with two squall lines that moved through the area during the experiment. The largest values of moisture accumulations were located slightly downwind of the most intense convective activity. Relationships between computed moisture quantities of the moisture budget and radar-observed convection improved when lagging the radar data by 3 h. The residual of moisture which represents all sources and sinks of moisture in the budget equation was largely accounted for by measurements of precipitation.

An Analysis of C4I Effectiveness Using the RESA Wargame

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-01

the Target from Both comunities based on Warfare Specialty. SOURCE DF SS MS F p War Spec 1 1.0 1.0 0.02 0.898 ERROR 22 1372.6 62.4 TOTAL 23 1373.6...requirements. During the post Cold War era, a declining defense budget has forced complicated decisions concerning which systems the military will be...F-14 NFO 24. LT Donald Zwick, USN, EA-6B NFO 69 Appendix B: Basic Experimental Results Coil Col2 Col3 CoW4 Col5 Col6 Co17 War SpeC Level Stk Pack Sup

2 CFR 176.50 - Award term-Reporting and registration requirements under section 1512 of the Recovery Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Award term-Reporting and registration requirements under section 1512 of the Recovery Act. 176.50 Section 176.50 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE...

2 CFR 176.50 - Award term-Reporting and registration requirements under section 1512 of the Recovery Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Award term-Reporting and registration requirements under section 1512 of the Recovery Act. 176.50 Section 176.50 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE...

2 CFR 176.50 - Award term-Reporting and registration requirements under section 1512 of the Recovery Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Award term-Reporting and registration requirements under section 1512 of the Recovery Act. 176.50 Section 176.50 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE...

2 CFR 176.50 - Award term-Reporting and registration requirements under section 1512 of the Recovery Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Award term-Reporting and registration requirements under section 1512 of the Recovery Act. 176.50 Section 176.50 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE...

75 FR 44288 - Overhead and Gantry Cranes; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-28

...] Overhead and Gantry Cranes; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of... requirements specified in the Standard on Overhead and Gantry Cranes (29 CFR 1910.179). DATES: Comments must be... requirements for: Marking the rated load of cranes; preparing certification records to verify the inspection of...

76 FR 76766 - Standard on Vinyl Chloride; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-08

...] Standard on Vinyl Chloride; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of... requirements specified in the Standard on Vinyl Chloride (29 CFR 1910.1017). DATES: Comments must be submitted... of the collection of information requirements contained in the Vinyl Chloride (VC) Standard. (A...

Net Operating Working Capital, Capital Budgeting, and Cash Budgets: A Teaching Example

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tuner, James A.

2016-01-01

Many introductory finance texts present information on the capital budgeting process, including estimation of project cash flows. Typically, estimation of project cash flows begins with a calculation of net income. Getting from net income to cash flows requires accounting for non-cash items such as depreciation. Also important is the effect of…

Using cGPS to estimate the magma budget for Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, West Indies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Collinson, Amy; Neuberg, Jurgen; Pascal, Karen

2017-04-01

For over 20 years, Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat has been in a state of volcanic unrest. Intermittent periods of dome building have been punctuated by explosive eruptions and dome collapse events, endangering the lives of the inhabitants of the island. The last episode of active magma extrusion was in February 2010, and the last explosive event (ash venting) in March 2012. Despite a lack of recent eruptive activity, the volcano continues to emit significant volumes of SO2 and shows an ongoing trend of island inflation as indicated by cGPS. Through the aid of three-dimensional numerical modelling, using a finite element method, we model the cGPS data to explore the potential sources of the ongoing island deformation. We consider both magmatic (dykes and chambers) and tectonic sources which result in entirely different interpretations: Whilst a magmatic source suggests the possibility for further eruption, a tectonic source may indicate cessation of volcanic activity. We investigate the effects that different sources (shapes, characters and depths) have on the surface displacement. We demonstrate that whilst a tectonic contribution cannot be completely discounted, the dominant source is magmatic. Consequently, we define a best-fit model which we use to assess the source volume change, and therefore, the potential current magma budget. Based on the similarity in the relative displacement between the cGPS stations at every episode of the eruption, we assume that the displacement for all Phases and Pauses can be explained by the same basic source. Therefore, we interpret the cGPS data with our source model for all the preceding Pauses and Phases to estimate the magma budget feeding the entire eruption. Subsequently, we derive important insights into the potential future eruptive behaviour of the volcano.

Federal budget process: An overview

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frizzell, Virgil A., Jr.

Much geophysical research funding originates from the federal government, and many who obtain federal funding consider the executive branch to be its source. In fact, the federal budget results from a complex ballet between the executive and legislative branches. Because it is both little understood and essential to our work, this report will review the fundamentals of the three-year budgetary process.The Constitution assigns the power of the purse to the Congress. Before the 1920s, executive branch agencies and departments submitted their own separate budgets to Congress, and deliberate planning and priority setting was minimal. In 1921 Congress empowered the president to submit an executive branch budget reflecting his priorities for the next fiscal year. Following this protocol, former President Reagan submitted his budget for Fiscal Year 1990 in January, and President Bush outlined his FY'90 priorities in February.

[Health financing conditions in large cities in Brazil].

PubMed

de Lima, Luciana Dias; de Andrade, Carla Lourenço Tavares

2009-10-01

We evaluated the funding of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The main goal was to evaluate the impact of policies for health resource allocation within the municipal budget. A database was organized with information from revenues reported by municipalities in the Information System on Government Health Budgets (SIOPS) for the year 2005. Reported budgets were compared and correlated to the municipalities' geographic location. We conducted a cluster analysis to create more homogeneous groups according to health-related budget. The study showed a major variability among different regions and States, with varying degrees of municipal dependence on external funds. Although the large variability in sources may indicate multiple strategies for ensuring the necessary budget funds, the study suggests some barriers to public health funding in larger municipalities.

Design and application of an electromagnetic vibrator seismic source

USGS Publications Warehouse

Haines, S.S.

2006-01-01

Vibrational seismic sources frequently provide a higher-frequency seismic wavelet (and therefore better resolution) than other sources, and can provide a superior signal-to-noise ratio in many settings. However, they are often prohibitively expensive for lower-budget shallow surveys. In order to address this problem, I designed and built a simple but effective vibrator source for about one thousand dollars. The "EMvibe" is an inexpensive electromagnetic vibrator that can be built with easy-to-machine parts and off-the-shelf electronics. It can repeatably produce pulse and frequency-sweep signals in the range of 5 to 650 Hz, and provides sufficient energy for recording at offsets up to 20 m. Analysis of frequency spectra show that the EMvibe provides a broader frequency range than the sledgehammer at offsets up to ??? 10 m in data collected at a site with soft sediments in the upper several meters. The EMvibe offers a high-resolution alternative to the sledgehammer for shallow surveys. It is well-suited to teaching applications, and to surveys requiring a precisely-repeatable source signature.

The manager and equipment decisions: the capital budget.

PubMed

McConnell, Charles R

2011-01-01

As part of his or her role in preparing a departmental budget, a manager must often become involved in budgeting for capital expenditures, those purchases that are of a type and sufficient dollar value to be capitalized and depreciated. Depending on the value of a proposed purchase, the department manager may have only a partial voice in the process; some significant purchases will require administrative approval, whereas some major acquisitions will require approval by the board of directors. Planning for possible capital purchases should begin well before the start of the annual budget exercise. Listing a capital item in the department's budget request does not imply approval; often, there are many more "needs" than there are capital funds available. Therefore, there must be a consistent process for identifying the proposed purchases that will be funded, such process necessarily including detailed specification of the need for a particular capital purchase, identification of all reasonable alternatives, consideration of any constraints, detailed financial comparison of alternatives, assessment of intangible factors, and a recommended choice.

Taking climate, land use, and social economy into estimation of carbon budget in the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region of China.

PubMed

Li, Ting; Li, Jing; Zhou, Zixiang; Wang, Yanze; Yang, Xiaonan; Qin, Keyu; Liu, Jingya

2017-04-01

Carbon sequestration is an indispensable ecosystem service provided by soil and vegetation, so mapping and valuing the carbon budget by considering both ecological and social factors is an important trend in evaluating ecosystem services. In this work, we established multiple scenarios to evaluate the impacts of land use change, population growth, carbon emission per capita, and carbon markets on carbon budget. We quantified carbon sinks (aboveground and belowground) under different scenarios, using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model and an improved carbon cycle process model, and studied carbon sources caused by human activities by analyzing the spatial distribution of human population and carbon emission per capita. We also assessed the net present value (NPV) for carbon budgets under different carbon price and discount rate scenarios using NPV model. Our results indicate that the carbon budget of Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region is surplus: Carbon sinks range from 1.50 × 10 10 to 1.54 × 10 10  t, while carbon sources caused by human activities range from 2.76 × 10 5 to 7.60 × 10 5  t. And the NPV for carbon deficits range from 3.20 × 10 11 RMB to 1.52 × 10 12 RMB. From the perspective of ecological management, deforestation, urban sprawl, population growth, and excessive carbon consumption are considered as the main challenges in balancing carbon sources and sinks. Levying carbon tax would be a considerable option when decision maker develops carbon emission reduction policies. Our results provide a scientific and credible reference for harmonious and sustainable development in the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region of China.

Detection of GeV Gamma-Rays from HESS J1534-571 and Multiwavelength Implications for the Origin of the Nonthermal Emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Araya, Miguel

2017-07-01

HESS J1534-571 is a very high-energy gamma-ray source that was discovered by the H.E.S.S. observatory and reported as one of several new sources with a shell-like morphology at TeV energies, matching in size and location with the supernova remnant (SNR) G323.7-1.0 discovered in radio observations by the Molonglo Galactic Plane Survey. Many known TeV shells also show X-ray emission however, no X-ray counterpart has been seen for HESS J1534-571. The detection of a new GeV source using data from the Fermi satellite that is compatible in extension with the radio SNR and shows a very hard power-law spectrum ≤ft(\\tfrac{{dN}}{{dE}}\\propto {E}-1.35\\right) is presented here, together with the first broadband modeling of the nonthermal emission from this source. It is shown that leptonic emission is compatible with the known multiwavelength data and a corresponding set of physical source parameters is given. The required total energy budget in leptons is reasonable, ˜1.5 × 1048 erg for a distance to the object of 5 kpc. The new GeV observations imply that a hadronic scenario, on the other hand, requires a cosmic-ray spectrum that deviates considerably from theoretical expectations of particle acceleration.

Performance-Based Budgeting for Continuing and Lifelong Education Services: The Thai Higher Education Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sangiumvibool, Payear; Chonglerttham, Supasith

2017-01-01

This study presents analyses of panel data from 2007 to 2011 from various authoritative sources of information on public universities in Thailand. The focus is on factors that influence the budgetary decision-making process in providing educational services to the general public under a recently implemented performance-based budgeting system.…

Nutrient budgets of two watersheds on the Fernow Experimental Forest

Treesearch

M. B. Adams; J. N. Kochenderfer; T. R. Angradi; P. J. Edwards

1995-01-01

Acidic deposition is an important non-point source pollutant in the Central Appalachian region that is responsible for elevated nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) inputs to forest ecosystems. Nitrogen and calcium (Ca) budgets and plant tissue concentrations were compared for two watersheds, one that received three years of an artificial acidification treatment and an adjacent...

A Better Way to Budget: Building Support for Bold, Student-Centered Change in Public Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levenson, Nathan

2015-01-01

"A Better Way to Budget" provides practical, innovative advice on how to overcome the political and social pushback that often prevents district and school leaders from shifting scarce resources to the most student-centered uses. Nathan Levenson shows how school leaders can uncover the sources of potential conflicts and create a…

75 FR 9103 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Illinois; NOX

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-01

... State Implementation Plan (SIP) that would terminate the provisions of the Nitrogen Oxides (NO X ) Budget Trading Program that apply to electric generating units. EPA is no longer operating the NO X Budget Trading Program as a compliance option under the NO X SIP Call. These sources are now subject to...

75 FR 9146 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Illinois; NOX

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-01

... Illinois State Implementation Plan (SIP) that would terminate the provisions of the Nitrogen Oxides (NO X ) Budget Trading Program that apply to electric generating units. EPA is no longer operating the NO X Budget Trading Program as a compliance option under the NO X SIP Call. These sources are now subject to...

Placing an upper limit on cryptic marine sulphur cycling.

PubMed

Johnston, D T; Gill, B C; Masterson, A; Beirne, E; Casciotti, K L; Knapp, A N; Berelson, W

2014-09-25

A quantitative understanding of sources and sinks of fixed nitrogen in low-oxygen waters is required to explain the role of oxygen-minimum zones (OMZs) in controlling the fixed nitrogen inventory of the global ocean. Apparent imbalances in geochemical nitrogen budgets have spurred numerous studies to measure the contributions of heterotrophic and autotrophic N2-producing metabolisms (denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation, respectively). Recently, 'cryptic' sulphur cycling was proposed as a partial solution to the fundamental biogeochemical problem of closing marine fixed-nitrogen budgets in intensely oxygen-deficient regions. The degree to which the cryptic sulphur cycle can fuel a loss of fixed nitrogen in the modern ocean requires the quantification of sulphur recycling in OMZ settings. Here we provide a new constraint for OMZ sulphate reduction based on isotopic profiles of oxygen ((18)O/(16)O) and sulphur ((33)S/(32)S, (34)S/(32)S) in seawater sulphate through oxygenated open-ocean and OMZ-bearing water columns. When coupled with observations and models of sulphate isotope dynamics and data-constrained model estimates of OMZ water-mass residence time, we find that previous estimates for sulphur-driven remineralization and loss of fixed nitrogen from the oceans are near the upper limit for what is possible given in situ sulphate isotope data.

Measuring thermal budgets of active volcanoes by satellite remote sensing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Glaze, L.; Francis, P. W.; Rothery, D. A.

1989-01-01

Thematic Mapper measurements of the total radiant energy flux Q at Lascar volcano in north Chile for December 1984 are reported. The results are consistent with the earlier suggestion that a lava lake is the source of a reported thermal budget anomaly, and with values for 1985-1986 that are much lower, suggesting that fumarolic activity was then a more likely heat source. The results show that satellite remote sensing may be used to monitor the activity of a volcano quantitatively, in a way not possible by conventional ground studies, and may provide a method for predicting eruptions.

NASA gateway requirements analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Duncan, Denise R.; Doby, John S.; Shockley, Cynthia W.

1991-01-01

NASA devotes approximately 40 percent of its budget to R&D. Twelve NASA Research Centers and their contractors conduct this R&D, which ranges across many disciplines and is fueled by information about previous endeavors. Locating the right information is crucial. While NASA researchers use peer contacts as their primary source of scientific and technical information (STI), on-line bibliographic data bases - both Government-owned and commercial - are also frequently consulted. Once identified, the STI must be delivered in a usable format. This report assesses the appropriateness of developing an intelligent gateway interface for the NASA R&D community as a means of obtaining improved access to relevant STI resources outside of NASA's Remote Console (RECON) on-line bibliographic database. A study was conducted to determine (1) the information requirements of the R&D community, (2) the information sources to meet those requirements, and (3) ways of facilitating access to those information sources. Findings indicate that NASA researchers need more comprehensive STI coverage of disciplines not now represented in the RECON database. This augmented subject coverage should preferably be provided by both domestic and foreign STI sources. It was also found that NASA researchers frequently request rapid delivery of STI, in its original format. Finally, it was found that researchers need a better system for alerting them to recent developments in their areas of interest. A gateway that provides access to domestic and international information sources can also solve several shortcomings in the present STI delivery system. NASA should further test the practicality of a gateway as a mechanism for improved STI access.

Effects of Global Budgeting on the Distribution of Dentists and Use of Dental Care in Taiwan

PubMed Central

Hsueh, Ya-Seng A; Lee, Shoou-Yih D; Huang, Yu-Tung A

2004-01-01

Objective To examine the effects of global budgeting on the distribution of dentists and the use and cost of dental care in Taiwan. Data Sources (1) Monthly dental claim data from January 1996 to December 2001 for the entire insured population in Taiwan. (2) The 1996–2001 population information for the cities, counties and townships in Taiwan, abstracted from the Taiwan-Fukien Demographic Fact Book. Study Design Longitudinal, using the autocorrelation model. Principal Findings Results indicated decline in dental care utilization, particularly after the implementation of dental global budgeting. With few exceptions, dental global budgeting did not improve the distribution of dental care and dentist supply. Conclusions The experience of the dental global budget program in Taiwan suggested that dental global budgeting might contain dental care utilization and that several conditions might have to be met in order for the reimbursement system to have effective redistributive impact on dental care and dentist supply. PMID:15544648

25 CFR 292.25 - Do information collections in this part have Office of Management and Budget approval?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... have Office of Management and Budget approval? The information collection requirements in §§ 292.16, 292.17, and 292.18 have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The information... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Do information collections in this part have Office of...

25 CFR 292.25 - Do information collections in this part have Office of Management and Budget approval?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... have Office of Management and Budget approval? The information collection requirements in §§ 292.16, 292.17, and 292.18 have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The information... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Do information collections in this part have Office of...

25 CFR 292.25 - Do information collections in this part have Office of Management and Budget approval?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... have Office of Management and Budget approval? The information collection requirements in §§ 292.16, 292.17, and 292.18 have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The information... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Do information collections in this part have Office of...

25 CFR 292.25 - Do information collections in this part have Office of Management and Budget approval?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... have Office of Management and Budget approval? The information collection requirements in §§ 292.16, 292.17, and 292.18 have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The information... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Do information collections in this part have Office of...

25 CFR 292.25 - Do information collections in this part have Office of Management and Budget approval?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... have Office of Management and Budget approval? The information collection requirements in §§ 292.16, 292.17, and 292.18 have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The information... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Do information collections in this part have Office of...

Cost effectiveness of the US Geological Survey stream-gaging program in Alabama

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jeffcoat, H.H.

1987-01-01

A study of the cost effectiveness of the stream gaging program in Alabama identified data uses and funding sources for 72 surface water stations (including dam stations, slope stations, and continuous-velocity stations) operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alabama with a budget of $393,600. Of these , 58 gaging stations were used in all phases of the analysis at a funding level of $328,380. For the current policy of operation of the 58-station program, the average standard error of estimation of instantaneous discharge is 29.3%. This overall level of accuracy can be maintained with a budget of $319,800 by optimizing routes and implementing some policy changes. The maximum budget considered in the analysis was $361,200, which gave an average standard error of estimation of 20.6%. The minimum budget considered was $299,360, with an average standard error of estimation of 36.5%. The study indicates that a major source of error in the stream gaging records is lost or missing data that are the result of streamside equipment failure. If perfect equipment were available, the standard error in estimating instantaneous discharge under the current program and budget could be reduced to 18.6%. This can also be interpreted to mean that the streamflow data records have a standard error of this magnitude during times when the equipment is operating properly. (Author 's abstract)

Stable isotopes in nitrous oxide emitted from tropical rain forest soils and agricultural fields: Implications for the global atmospheric nitrous oxide budget

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perez, Tibisay Josefina

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and is the primary source of NOx in the stratosphere. Large uncertainties exist in the global N2O budget, mainly due to the high uncertainty associated with source estimates. Recently, stable isotopes of 15N and 18O have been proposed as a tool to better constrain the N2O global budget. This thesis develops analytical methods for constraining and measuring stable isotopes in N2O emitted from soils and reports initial investigations of N2O isotopes from the largest sources in the global N2O budget: tropical rain forest soils and agricultural fields. We found significant differences in the isotopic composition of N 2O emitted from tropical rain forest soils and fertilized agricultural fields. Differences were largest for 15N. Emission-weighted δ 15N-N2O were -26 +/- 2.5‰ s.d., n = 3 (Costa Rican forest), -6.6 +/- 11.3‰ s.d. n = 14 (Brazilian forest) and -36.7 +/- 9.2‰ s.d. n = 19 (Mexican agricultural field and Costa Rican Papaya plantation). We attribute the large range in δ 15N from tropical rain forests, where denitrification is the main source of N2O, to differences in the degree of N2O to N2 reduction. We attribute the very light δ15N values in fertilized agricultural fields to the enhanced nitrogen availability in the soils which facilitates higher fractionation between substrates and products. Similarly, in the Brazilian tropical forest lighter δ 15N-N2O from a local area of enhanced emission is attributed to locally more abundant N- substrate in that particular soil site. If the increase of N2O in the troposphere over the past 100 years is attributable to increased use of N fertilizer, and assuming that light δ 15N- N2O isotopic values are associated with agricultural practices, we expect the δ15N-N2O in the troposphere to have decreased since pre-industrial times. Theoretically, comparison of 15N and 18O signature of emitted N2O with precursors species (NO3 -, NH4+, H2O and O 2) should uniquely determine (a)the fraction of N2O produced by nitrification versus denitrification and (b)the fractionation of N2O reduced to N2. However, for this approach to be useful, in situ determinations of fractionation factors associated with nitrification and denitrification in soils are required.

Sources of Financing for Community Colleges.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graham, Steve; Anderson, Duane

1985-01-01

Reports on a nationwide survey of community college funding sources to determine the level of overall college budgets, the percentages of funds received from various sources for operating and capital expenses, the funding role of college foundations, administrator responsibilities, and fund-raising methods used by two-year colleges. (DMM)

Technologies and policies for "hard to scrub" emissions sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Friedmann, J.

2016-12-01

The science of climate change yields harsh math regarding atmospheric accumulations of GHGs. The world is far from target trajectories for 2C or 1.5C, and the global carbon budget is severe. To achieve those targets requires two things. First, we must field technologies that reduce emissions from the "hard to scrub" parts of the US and global economies, such as heavy industry (cement and steel), aviation, ocean shipping, and household cooking and heating. Second, we will likely need negative emissions pathways for those sources that prove extremely difficult to remove or reduce - the climate equivalent of adding revenue to one's budget. Such pathways may well need to convert GHG emissions (especially CO2 and methane) into useful products with minimal infrastructure builds. Dramatic advances in advanced manufacturing, 3D printing, simulation, modeling, and data analytics have made possible solutions which were previously unthinkable or impossible. This include "bespoke reactors", which can simultaneously perform separations and conversions; low-cost modular chemical systems of any scale; biologically inspired or biologically mediated energy services; direct air carbon-capture systems; and electrochemical pathways for emissions reduction and conversion. However, these approaches are unlikely to be fielded without policy actions or reforms that support such systems in competitive global energy markets. Such policy measures do NOT require a carbon price. Rather, they could include individual or combined measures such as emission or performance standards, financial incentives (like tax credits or low-cost access to capital), border adjustable tariffs, creation of CO2 utilities, ands public good surcharges. Innovation in both technical and policy arenas are needed to achieve the goals of the Paris agreement signatories, and these innovations can be simultaneously configured to deliver substantive greenhouse gas mitigation.

Analytic Calculation of Noise Power Robbing, NPR, and Polarization Isolation Degradation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peters, Robert; Woolner, Peter; Ekelman, Ernest

2008-01-01

Three Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) R transponders (services) required analysis and measurements to develop an accurate link budget. These are a) Search and Rescue transponder which suffers from power robbing due to thermal uplink noise, b) the Data Collection Platform Report which suffers from degradation due to NPR (Noise Power Ratio), and c) GOES Rebroadcast transponder which uses a dual circular downlink L band for which there was no depolarization data. The first two services required development of extended link budget to analytically calculate the impact of these degradations which are shown to have a significant impact on the link budget. The third service required measurements of atmospheric L band CP depolarization as there were no known previous measurements and results are reported her

Charge plasma based source/drain engineered Schottky Barrier MOSFET: Ambipolar suppression and improvement of the RF performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kale, Sumit; Kondekar, Pravin N.

2018-01-01

This paper reports a novel device structure for charge plasma based Schottky Barrier (SB) MOSFET on ultrathin SOI to suppress the ambipolar leakage current and improvement of the radio frequency (RF) performance. In the proposed device, we employ dual material for the source and drain formation. Therefore, source/drain is divided into two parts as main source/drain and source/drain extension. Erbium silicide (ErSi1.7) is used as main source/drain material and Hafnium metal is used as source/drain extension material. The source extension induces the electron plasma in the ultrathin SOI body resulting reduction of SB width at the source side. Similarly, drain extension also induces the electron plasma at the drain side. This significantly increases the SB width due to increased depletion at the drain end. As a result, the ambipolar leakage current can be suppressed. In addition, drain extension also reduces the parasitic capacitances of the proposed device to improve the RF performance. The optimization of length and work function of metal used in the drain extension is performed to achieve improvement in device performance. Moreover, the proposed device makes fabrication simpler, requires low thermal budget and free from random dopant fluctuations.

The global methane budget 2000-2012

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saunois, Marielle; Bousquet, Philippe; Poulter, Ben; Peregon, Anna; Ciais, Philippe; Canadell, Josep G.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Etiope, Giuseppe; Bastviken, David; Houweling, Sander; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Castaldi, Simona; Jackson, Robert B.; Alexe, Mihai; Arora, Vivek K.; Beerling, David J.; Bergamaschi, Peter; Blake, Donald R.; Brailsford, Gordon; Brovkin, Victor; Bruhwiler, Lori; Crevoisier, Cyril; Crill, Patrick; Covey, Kristofer; Curry, Charles; Frankenberg, Christian; Gedney, Nicola; Höglund-Isaksson, Lena; Ishizawa, Misa; Ito, Akihiko; Joos, Fortunat; Kim, Heon-Sook; Kleinen, Thomas; Krummel, Paul; Lamarque, Jean-François; Langenfelds, Ray; Locatelli, Robin; Machida, Toshinobu; Maksyutov, Shamil; McDonald, Kyle C.; Marshall, Julia; Melton, Joe R.; Morino, Isamu; Naik, Vaishali; O'Doherty, Simon; Parmentier, Frans-Jan W.; Patra, Prabir K.; Peng, Changhui; Peng, Shushi; Peters, Glen P.; Pison, Isabelle; Prigent, Catherine; Prinn, Ronald; Ramonet, Michel; Riley, William J.; Saito, Makoto; Santini, Monia; Schroeder, Ronny; Simpson, Isobel J.; Spahni, Renato; Steele, Paul; Takizawa, Atsushi; Thornton, Brett F.; Tian, Hanqin; Tohjima, Yasunori; Viovy, Nicolas; Voulgarakis, Apostolos; van Weele, Michiel; van der Werf, Guido R.; Weiss, Ray; Wiedinmyer, Christine; Wilton, David J.; Wiltshire, Andy; Worthy, Doug; Wunch, Debra; Xu, Xiyan; Yoshida, Yukio; Zhang, Bowen; Zhang, Zhen; Zhu, Qiuan

2016-12-01

The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular (˜ biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories and data-driven approaches (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For the 2003-2012 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by top-down inversions at 558 Tg CH4 yr-1, range 540-568. About 60 % of global emissions are anthropogenic (range 50-65 %). Since 2010, the bottom-up global emission inventories have been closer to methane emissions in the most carbon-intensive Representative Concentrations Pathway (RCP8.5) and higher than all other RCP scenarios. Bottom-up approaches suggest larger global emissions (736 Tg CH4 yr-1, range 596-884) mostly because of larger natural emissions from individual sources such as inland waters, natural wetlands and geological sources. Considering the atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget, it is likely that some of the individual emissions reported by the bottom-up approaches are overestimated, leading to too large global emissions. Latitudinal data from top-down emissions indicate a predominance of tropical emissions (˜ 64 % of the global budget, < 30° N) as compared to mid (˜ 32 %, 30-60° N) and high northern latitudes (˜ 4 %, 60-90° N). Top-down inversions consistently infer lower emissions in China (˜ 58 Tg CH4 yr-1, range 51-72, -14 %) and higher emissions in Africa (86 Tg CH4 yr-1, range 73-108, +19 %) than bottom-up values used as prior estimates. Overall, uncertainties for anthropogenic emissions appear smaller than those from natural sources, and the uncertainties on source categories appear larger for top-down inversions than for bottom-up inventories and models. The most important source of uncertainty on the methane budget is attributable to emissions from wetland and other inland waters. We show that the wetland extent could contribute 30-40 % on the estimated range for wetland emissions. Other priorities for improving the methane budget include the following: (i) the development of process-based models for inland-water emissions, (ii) the intensification of methane observations at local scale (flux measurements) to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scale (surface networks and satellites) to constrain top-down inversions, (iii) improvements in the estimation of atmospheric loss by OH, and (iv) improvements of the transport models integrated in top-down inversions. The data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (http://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/GLOBAL_METHANE_BUDGET_2016_V1.1) and the Global Carbon Project.

10 CFR 603.885 - Updated program plans and budgets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... program plans and budgets. In addition to reports on progress to date, a TIA may include a provision requiring the recipient to annually prepare an updated technical plan for future conduct of the research...

Measuring Earth's Radiation Budget from the Vicinity of the Moon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swartz, W. H.; Lorentz, S. R.; Erlandson, R. E.; Cahalan, R. F.; Huang, P. M.

2018-02-01

We propose to measure Earth's radiation budget (integrated total and solar-reflected shortwave) using broadband radiometers and other technology demonstrated in space. The instrument is compact, autonomous, and has modest resource requirements.

7 CFR 254.4 - Application by an ITO.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... submit required reports, (v) Budget and account for administrative funds, (vi) Determine the food... Budget under control number 0584-0316) ...

7 CFR 254.4 - Application by an ITO.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... submit required reports, (v) Budget and account for administrative funds, (vi) Determine the food... Budget under control number 0584-0316) ...

7 CFR 254.4 - Application by an ITO.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... submit required reports, (v) Budget and account for administrative funds, (vi) Determine the food... Budget under control number 0584-0316) ...

7 CFR 254.4 - Application by an ITO.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... submit required reports, (v) Budget and account for administrative funds, (vi) Determine the food... Budget under control number 0584-0316) ...

7 CFR 254.4 - Application by an ITO.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... submit required reports, (v) Budget and account for administrative funds, (vi) Determine the food... Budget under control number 0584-0316) ...

Demonstrating Starshade Performance as Part of NASA's Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kasdin, N. Jeremy; Spergel, D. N.; Vanderbei, R. J.; Lisman, D.; Shaklan, S.; Thomson, M. W.; Walkemeyer, P. E.; Bach, V. M.; Oakes, E.; Cady, E. J.; Martin, S. R.; Marchen, L. F.; Macintosh, B.; Rudd, R.; Mikula, J. A.; Lynch, D. H.

2012-01-01

In this poster we describe the results of our project to design, manufacture, and measure a prototype starshade petal as part of the Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions program. An external occult is a satellite employing a large screen, or starshade,that flies in formation with a spaceborne telescope to provide the starlight suppression needed for detecting and characterizing exoplanets. Among the advantages of using an occulter are the broadband allowed for characterization and the removal of light for the observatory, greatly relaxing the requirements on the telescope and instrument. In this first two-year phase we focused on the key requirement of manufacturing a precision petal with the precise tolerances needed to meet the overall error budget. These tolerances are established by modeling the effect that various mechanical and thermal errors have on scatter in the telescope image plane and by suballocating the allowable contrast degradation between these error sources. We show the results of this analysis and a representative error budget. We also present the final manufactured occulter petal and the metrology on its shape that demonstrates it meets requirements. We show that a space occulter built of petals with the same measured shape would achieve better than 1e-9 contrast. We also show our progress in building and testing sample edges with the sharp radius of curvature needed for limiting solar glint. Finally, we describe our plans for the second TDEM phase.

Why Occam's razor doesn't work for atmospheric methane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manning, Martin; Brailsford, Gordon; Dlugokencky, Ed; Moss, Rowena; Nisbet, Euan; Schaefer, Hinrich; White, James

2017-04-01

With the CH4 mole fraction in clean air increasing since 2007, after being relatively stable for seven years, there are a growing number of papers with different explanations. Examples include: a continuing debate about the fraction of CH4 coming from fossil fuels[1] and whether this source is increasing[2]. Then, more generally, whether increasing sources are predominantly anthropogenic[3,4] or from tropical wetlands[5-7]; and that increasing sources may also be competing with increasing removal rates[8,9]. The increasing amount of δ13CCH4 data and the recent reversal of its long-term trend should help to clarify changes in the CH4 budget, but δ13C has both nonlinear and longer term responses to changes in sources or removal than the mole fraction[10]. Furthermore, the seasonal cycle in δ13CCH4 means that it is never in equilibrium and that its short-term response to a budget change depends on the time of year when that occurs. Then to complicate matters further, while it has been shown that changes in the total removal rate cannot explain the recent δ13CCH4 observations[7], changes in the more highly fractionating removal by Cl can produce very similar responses to changes in the sources. So far changes in the CH4 budget are only in the order of 3%, but its mole fraction is diverging from scenarios that achieve the 2°C climate change target, and at the upper end of the range considered in climate models. To understand the reasons for this requires a multidisciplinary approach with clearer links to atmospheric chemistry, more analyses of potential changes in methanogenic and methanotrophic processes, and resolving the major discrepancies between current bottom-up and top-down CH4 budget analyses. One contribution to this comes from the last 26 years of Southern Hemisphere 14CO data that are now showing OH has been quite stable, despite a large perturbation caused by the Mount Pinatubo eruption. This is also suggesting that trends seen in atmospheric transport[11,12] may now be altering the balance between sources and removal. 1. Schwietzke, S. et al. Nature 538, 88-91 (2016). 2. Hausmann, P., et al. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, 3227-3244 (2016). 3. Bergamaschi, P. et al. Journal of Geophysical Research 118, 7350-7369 (2013). 4. Schaefer, H. et al. Science 352, 80-84 (2016). 5. Bousquet, P. et al. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, 3689-3700 (2011). 6. Houweling, S. et al. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, 3991-4012 (2014). 7. Nisbet, E. G. et al. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13, 1356-1370 (2016). 8. Dalsøren, S. B. et al. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, 3099-3126 (2016). 9. Ghosh, A. et al. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, 2595-2612 (2015). 10. Tans, P. P. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11, 77-81 (1997). 11. Min, S.-K. & Son, S.-W. Journal of Geophysical Research 118, 3007-3015 (2013). 12. Eyring, V. et al. Journal of Geophysical Research 118, 5029-5060 (2013).

Impacts of Oil and Gas Production on Winter Ozone Pollution in the Uintah Basin Using Model Source Apportionment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tran, H. N. Q.; Tran, T. T.; Mansfield, M. L.; Lyman, S. N.

2014-12-01

Contributions of emissions from oil and gas activities to elevated ozone concentrations in the Uintah Basin - Utah were evaluated using the CMAQ Integrated Source Apportionment Method (CMAQ-ISAM) technique, and were compared with the results of traditional budgeting methods. Unlike the traditional budgeting method, which compares simulations with and without emissions of the source(s) in question to quantify its impacts, the CMAQ-ISAM technique assigns tags to emissions of each source and tracks their evolution through physical and chemical processes to quantify the final ozone product yield from the source. Model simulations were performed for two episodes in winter 2013 of low and high ozone to provide better understanding of source contributions under different weather conditions. Due to the highly nonlinear ozone chemistry, results obtained from the two methods differed significantly. The growing oil and gas industry in the Uintah Basin is the largest contributor to the elevated zone (>75 ppb) observed in the Basin. This study therefore provides an insight into the impact of oil and gas industry on the ozone issue, and helps in determining effective control strategies.

Seasonal variability of stratospheric methane: implications for constraining tropospheric methane budgets using total column observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saad, Katherine M.; Wunch, Debra; Deutscher, Nicholas M.; Griffith, David W. T.; Hase, Frank; De Mazière, Martine; Notholt, Justus; Pollard, David F.; Roehl, Coleen M.; Schneider, Matthias; Sussmann, Ralf; Warneke, Thorsten; Wennberg, Paul O.

2016-11-01

Global and regional methane budgets are markedly uncertain. Conventionally, estimates of methane sources are derived by bridging emissions inventories with atmospheric observations employing chemical transport models. The accuracy of this approach requires correctly simulating advection and chemical loss such that modeled methane concentrations scale with surface fluxes. When total column measurements are assimilated into this framework, modeled stratospheric methane introduces additional potential for error. To evaluate the impact of such errors, we compare Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and GEOS-Chem total and tropospheric column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of methane. We find that the model's stratospheric contribution to the total column is insensitive to perturbations to the seasonality or distribution of tropospheric emissions or loss. In the Northern Hemisphere, we identify disagreement between the measured and modeled stratospheric contribution, which increases as the tropopause altitude decreases, and a temporal phase lag in the model's tropospheric seasonality driven by transport errors. Within the context of GEOS-Chem, we find that the errors in tropospheric advection partially compensate for the stratospheric methane errors, masking inconsistencies between the modeled and measured tropospheric methane. These seasonally varying errors alias into source attributions resulting from model inversions. In particular, we suggest that the tropospheric phase lag error leads to large misdiagnoses of wetland emissions in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

How Can We Afford This: Funding & Financing Means.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaiser, Harvey H.

Sources of funds for campus capital renewal and replacement are discussed, including the operating budget, external sources, conversion of assets, and innovative techniques. Current funds can be obtained from tuition and fees, external sources, and sales and services of educational or auxiliary operations. Public universities are more heavily…

Funding Survey. SY 89/90.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Townsend, Catherine M.

This two-part report presents the results of a budget and funding sources survey of South Carolina library media center programs. In Part 1, survey results are presented for demographic information, staffing information, funding sources, funding amounts from specific sources, allocation of resources, and categories of expenditures. In Part 2, the…

Constraining Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions of Orographic Mixed-Phase Clouds with Trajectory Budgets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glassmeier, F.; Lohmann, U.

2016-12-01

Orographic precipitation is prone to strong aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions because the time for precipitation development is limited to the ascending section of mountain flow. At the same time, cloud microphysical development is constraint by the strong dynamical forcing of the orography. In this contribution, we discuss how changes in the amount and composition of droplet- and ice-forming aerosols influence precipitation in idealized simulations of stratiform orographic mixed-phase clouds. We find that aerosol perturbations trigger compensating responses of different precipitation formation pathways. The effect of aerosols is thus buffered. We explain this buffering by the requirement to fulfill aerosol-independent dynamical constraints. For our simulations, we use the regional atmospheric model COSMO-ART-M7 in a 2D setup with a bell-shaped mountain. The model is coupled to a 2-moment warm and cold cloud microphysics scheme. Activation and freezing rates are parameterized based on prescribed aerosol fields that are varied in number, size and composition. Our analysis is based on the budget of droplet water along trajectories of cloud parcels. The budget equates condensation as source term with precipitation formation from autoconversion, accretion, riming and the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process as sink terms. Condensation, and consequently precipitation formation, is determined by dynamics and largely independent of the aerosol conditions. An aerosol-induced change in the number of droplets or crystals perturbs the droplet budget by affecting precipitation formation processes. We observe that this perturbation triggers adjustments in liquid and ice water content that re-equilibrate the budget. As an example, an increase in crystal number triggers a stronger glaciation of the cloud and redistributes precipitation formation from collision-coalescence to riming and from riming to vapor deposition. We theoretically confirm the dominant effect of water content adjustments over number changes by estimating susceptibilities d ln P / d ln N of precipitation formation P to droplet or crystal number N from the budget equation. The susceptibility analysis also reveals that aerosol perturbations to droplet and crystal number compensate each other.

Formation Of Nitrous Acid In Various Environments And Its Contribution To Hydroxyl Radical Budget

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, X.; Lu, K.; Liu, Y.; Rohrer, F.; Häseler, R.; Bohn, B.; Fuchs, H.; Hofzumahaus, A.; Wahner, A.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Zeng, L.; Zhang, Y.

2017-12-01

Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important trace gas in the atmosphere due to its contribution to the cycles of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrogen oxides (HOx). Yet the formation mechanism of HONO during daytime remains large uncertainty. In the past ten years, we performed ground HONO measurements using the LOPAP technique in different seasons in two major mega-city areas, i.e., North China Plain and Pearl River Delta. Spatial distribution of HONO over different regions in Europe was also observed by the same technique on-board the Zeppelin NT airship in 2012 and 2013. For all field observations, parameters (OH, HO2, NOx, photolysis frequencies, aerosols, etc.) influencing the HONO budget were measured simultaneous, which allows us to investigate the source of HONO and its contribution to the hydroxyl radical budget. In this presentation, we summarize the general features of HONO in the planetary boundary layer in terms of its daytime concentration, spatial distribution, and source strength, and contribution to the primary OH production. Various proposed HONO formation mechanisms have been tested in order to explain the widely exited missing daytime HONO production of 100 - 200 ppt h-1 . We will show that there is not a stand alone mechanism can be used for explaining the HONO formation in various environments. Design of field experiments which effectively separate different physical and chemical processes would be helpful to pin down the major daytime HONO source and to understand its influence on the hydroxyl radical budget.

Bayesian evaluation of budgets for endemic disease control: An example using management changes to reduce milk somatic cell count early in the first lactation of Irish dairy cows.

PubMed

Archer, S C; Mc Coy, F; Wapenaar, W; Green, M J

2014-01-01

The aim of this research was to determine budgets for specific management interventions to control heifer mastitis in Irish dairy herds as an example of evidence synthesis and 1-step Bayesian micro-simulation in a veterinary context. Budgets were determined for different decision makers based on their willingness to pay. Reducing the prevalence of heifers with a high milk somatic cell count (SCC) early in the first lactation could be achieved through herd level management interventions for pre- and peri-partum heifers, however the cost effectiveness of these interventions is unknown. A synthesis of multiple sources of evidence, accounting for variability and uncertainty in the available data is invaluable to inform decision makers around likely economic outcomes of investing in disease control measures. One analytical approach to this is Bayesian micro-simulation, where the trajectory of different individuals undergoing specific interventions is simulated. The classic micro-simulation framework was extended to encompass synthesis of evidence from 2 separate statistical models and previous research, with the outcome for an individual cow or herd assessed in terms of changes in lifetime milk yield, disposal risk, and likely financial returns conditional on the interventions being simultaneously applied. The 3 interventions tested were storage of bedding inside, decreasing transition yard stocking density, and spreading of bedding evenly in the calving area. Budgets for the interventions were determined based on the minimum expected return on investment, and the probability of the desired outcome. Budgets for interventions to control heifer mastitis were highly dependent on the decision maker's willingness to pay, and hence minimum expected return on investment. Understanding the requirements of decision makers and their rational spending limits would be useful for the development of specific interventions for particular farms to control heifer mastitis, and other endemic diseases. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Small business, cash budgets and general practice.

PubMed

Jackson, A R

1991-01-01

In practice management, general practice falls into the category of small business with all its attendant generic problems. Disciplined planning and good financial management are not often seen in small business. These are required if general practitioners are to continue (or return to) the provision of high quality medical services. An effective budget process, especially cash-flow budgeting, is the key to successful planning and financial management. Budgeting will bring Control, Co-ordination, and Credibility to your practice. It will enable you to set goals and to achieve them.

An audit of the global carbon budget: identifying and reducing sources of uncertainty

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ballantyne, A. P.; Tans, P. P.; Marland, G.; Stocker, B. D.

2012-12-01

Uncertainties in our carbon accounting practices may limit our ability to objectively verify emission reductions on regional scales. Furthermore uncertainties in the global C budget must be reduced to benchmark Earth System Models that incorporate carbon-climate interactions. Here we present an audit of the global C budget where we try to identify sources of uncertainty for major terms in the global C budget. The atmospheric growth rate of CO2 has increased significantly over the last 50 years, while the uncertainty in calculating the global atmospheric growth rate has been reduced from 0.4 ppm/yr to 0.2 ppm/yr (95% confidence). Although we have greatly reduced global CO2 growth rate uncertainties, there remain regions, such as the Southern Hemisphere, Tropics and Arctic, where changes in regional sources/sinks will remain difficult to detect without additional observations. Increases in fossil fuel (FF) emissions are the primary factor driving the increase in global CO2 growth rate; however, our confidence in FF emission estimates has actually gone down. Based on a comparison of multiple estimates, FF emissions have increased from 2.45 ± 0.12 PgC/yr in 1959 to 9.40 ± 0.66 PgC/yr in 2010. Major sources of increasing FF emission uncertainty are increased emissions from emerging economies, such as China and India, as well as subtle differences in accounting practices. Lastly, we evaluate emission estimates from Land Use Change (LUC). Although relative errors in emission estimates from LUC are quite high (2 sigma ~ 50%), LUC emissions have remained fairly constant in recent decades. We evaluate the three commonly used approaches to estimating LUC emissions- Bookkeeping, Satellite Imagery, and Model Simulations- to identify their main sources of error and their ability to detect net emissions from LUC.; Uncertainties in Fossil Fuel Emissions over the last 50 years.

Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) validation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barkstrom, Bruce R.; Harrison, Edwin F.; Smith, G. Louis; Green, Richard N.; Kibler, James F.; Cess, Robert D.

1990-01-01

During the past 4 years, data from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) have been undergoing detailed examination. There is no direct source of groundtruth for the radiation budget. Thus, this validation effort has had to rely heavily upon intercomparisons between different types of measurements. The ERBE SCIENCE Team chose 10 measures of agreement as validation criteria. Late in August 1988, the Team agreed that the data met these conditions. As a result, the final, monthly averaged data products are being archived. These products, their validation, and some results for January 1986 are described. Information is provided on obtaining the data from the archive.

Building a Library Web Server on a Budget.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Orr, Giles

1998-01-01

Presents a method for libraries with limited budgets to create reliable Web servers with existing hardware and free software available via the Internet. Discusses staff, hardware and software requirements, and security; outlines the assembly process. (PEN)

Sources and sinks of nitrogen and phosphorus to a deep, oligotrophic lake, Lake Crescent, Olympic National Park, Washington

USGS Publications Warehouse

Moran, P.W.; Cox, S.E.; Embrey, S.S.; Huffman, R.L.; Olsen, T.D.; Fradkin, S.C.

2012-01-01

Lake Crescent, in Olympic National Park in the northwest corner of Washington State is a deep-water lake renowned for its pristine water quality and oligotrophic nature. To examine the major sources and sinks of nutrients (as total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved nitrate), a study was conducted in the Lake Crescent watershed. The study involved measuring five major inflow streams, the Lyre River as the major outflow, recording weather and climatic data, coring lake bed sediment, and analyzing nutrient chemistry in several relevant media over 14 months. Water samples for total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and dissolved nitrate from the five inflow streams, the outlet Lyre River, and two stations in the lake were collected monthly from May 2006 through May 2007. Periodic samples of shallow water from temporary sampling wells were collected at numerous locations around the lake. Concentrations of nutrients detected in Lake Crescent and tributaries were then applied to the water budget estimates to arrive at monthly and annual loads from various environmental components within the watershed. Other sources, such as leaf litter, pollen, or automobile exhaust were estimated from annual values obtained from various literature sources. This information then was used to construct a nutrient budget for total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The nitrogen budget generally highlights vehicle traffic-diesel trucks in particular-along U.S. Highway 101 as a potential major anthropogenic source of nitrogen compounds in the lake. In contrast, contribution of nitrogen compounds from onsite septic systems appears to be relatively minor related to the other sources identified.

ZBB--a new skill for the financial manager.

PubMed

Thompson, G B; Pyhrr, P A

1979-03-01

Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a management decision-making tool currently gaining wide acceptance. ZBB is a budgeting approach which is useful for planning, controlling and coordinating financial and human resources. It involves the re-evaluation of all budgeted activities in terms of priorities established by the management. The traditional process of incremental budgeting differs from ZBB in that only the planned changes are evaluated in the former. In incremental budgeting, the base budget is considered authorized and required little attention. The ZBB process focuses on the whol budget. This is accomplished by: (1) identifying decision units; (2) evaluating each decision unit in terms of performance, costs, benefits, and alternate means of accomplishiing the objectives; (3) ranking the decision packages; and (4) preparing a budget for the highest priority decision packages. The effect of the ZBB approach is that new high priority programs may be funded by eliminating or reducing existing lower-priority programs. ZBB is viewed as a logical process which can combine many of the elements of good management.

Carbon Budgets as a Guide to Deep Decarbonisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rogelj, J.

2017-12-01

Halting global mean temperature rise requires a limit on the cumulative amount of net CO2 disposed of in the atmosphere. Remaining within the limits of such carbon budgets over the 21st century will require a profound transformation of how our societies use and produce energy, crops, and materials. To understand the options available to stay within stringent carbon budget constraints, global transformation pathways are being devised with integrated models of the energy-economy-land system. This presentation will look at how the latest insights of such pathways affect carbon budgets. Estimates of carbon budgets compatible with a given temperature limit depend on the anticipated temperature contribution at peak warming of non-CO2 forcers. Integrated transformation pathways allow to understand the projected extend of these contributions, as well as estimate the maximum conceivable rate of emissions reductions over the coming decades. The latter directly informs the lower end of future cumulative CO2 emissions and can thus provide an estimate for minimum peak warming over the 21st century - a measure which can be compared to the ambitious long-term temperature goal of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement.

The potential impact of immunization campaign budget re-allocation on global eradication of paediatric infectious diseases

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background The potential benefits of coordinating infectious disease eradication programs that use campaigns such as supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) should not be over-looked. One example of a coordinated approach is an adaptive "sequential strategy": first, all annual SIA budget is dedicated to the eradication of a single infectious disease; once that disease is eradicated, the annual SIA budget is re-focussed on eradicating a second disease, etc. Herd immunity suggests that a sequential strategy may eradicate several infectious diseases faster than a non-adaptive "simultaneous strategy" of dividing annual budget equally among eradication programs for those diseases. However, mathematical modeling is required to understand the potential extent of this effect. Methods Our objective was to illustrate how budget allocation strategies can interact with the nonlinear nature of disease transmission to determine time to eradication of several infectious diseases under different budget allocation strategies. Using a mathematical transmission model, we analyzed three hypothetical vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in three different countries. A central decision-maker can distribute funding among SIA programs for these three diseases according to either a sequential strategy or a simultaneous strategy. We explored the time to eradication under these two strategies under a range of scenarios. Results For a certain range of annual budgets, all three diseases can be eradicated relatively quickly under the sequential strategy, whereas eradication never occurs under the simultaneous strategy. However, moderate changes to total SIA budget, SIA frequency, order of eradication, or funding disruptions can create disproportionately large differences in the time and budget required for eradication under the sequential strategy. We find that the predicted time to eradication can be very sensitive to small differences in the rate of case importation between the countries. We also find that the time to eradication of all three diseases is not necessarily lowest when the least transmissible disease is targeted first. Conclusions Relatively modest differences in budget allocation strategies in the near-term can result in surprisingly large long-term differences in time required to eradicate, as a result of the amplifying effects of herd immunity and the nonlinearities of disease transmission. More sophisticated versions of such models may be useful to large international donors or other organizations as a planning or portfolio optimization tool, where choices must be made regarding how much funding to dedicate to different infectious disease eradication efforts. PMID:21955853

The potential impact of immunization campaign budget re-allocation on global eradication of paediatric infectious diseases.

PubMed

Fitzpatrick, Tiffany; Bauch, Chris T

2011-09-28

The potential benefits of coordinating infectious disease eradication programs that use campaigns such as supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) should not be over-looked. One example of a coordinated approach is an adaptive "sequential strategy": first, all annual SIA budget is dedicated to the eradication of a single infectious disease; once that disease is eradicated, the annual SIA budget is re-focussed on eradicating a second disease, etc. Herd immunity suggests that a sequential strategy may eradicate several infectious diseases faster than a non-adaptive "simultaneous strategy" of dividing annual budget equally among eradication programs for those diseases. However, mathematical modeling is required to understand the potential extent of this effect. Our objective was to illustrate how budget allocation strategies can interact with the nonlinear nature of disease transmission to determine time to eradication of several infectious diseases under different budget allocation strategies. Using a mathematical transmission model, we analyzed three hypothetical vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in three different countries. A central decision-maker can distribute funding among SIA programs for these three diseases according to either a sequential strategy or a simultaneous strategy. We explored the time to eradication under these two strategies under a range of scenarios. For a certain range of annual budgets, all three diseases can be eradicated relatively quickly under the sequential strategy, whereas eradication never occurs under the simultaneous strategy. However, moderate changes to total SIA budget, SIA frequency, order of eradication, or funding disruptions can create disproportionately large differences in the time and budget required for eradication under the sequential strategy. We find that the predicted time to eradication can be very sensitive to small differences in the rate of case importation between the countries. We also find that the time to eradication of all three diseases is not necessarily lowest when the least transmissible disease is targeted first. Relatively modest differences in budget allocation strategies in the near-term can result in surprisingly large long-term differences in time required to eradicate, as a result of the amplifying effects of herd immunity and the nonlinearities of disease transmission. More sophisticated versions of such models may be useful to large international donors or other organizations as a planning or portfolio optimization tool, where choices must be made regarding how much funding to dedicate to different infectious disease eradication efforts.

Inverse Modeling of Tropospheric Methane Constrained by 13C Isotope in Methane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E.; Tans, P. P.; Bruhwiler, L. M.

2001-12-01

Understanding the budget of methane is crucial to predicting climate change and managing earth's carbon reservoirs. Methane is responsible for approximately 15% of the anthropogenic greenhouse forcing and has a large impact on the oxidative capacity of Earth's atmosphere due to its reaction with hydroxyl radical. At present, many of the sources and sinks of methane are poorly understood, due in part to the large spatial and temporal variability of the methane flux. Model calculations of methane mixing ratios using most process-based source estimates typically over-predict the inter-hemispheric gradient of atmospheric methane. Inverse models, which estimate trace gas budgets by using observations of atmospheric mixing ratios and transport models to estimate sources and sinks, have been used to incorporate features of the atmospheric observations into methane budgets. While inverse models of methane generally tend to find a decrease in northern hemisphere sources and an increase in southern hemisphere sources relative to process-based estimates,no inverse study has definitively associated the inter-hemispheric gradient difference with a specific source process or group of processes. In this presentation, observations of isotopic ratios of 13C in methane and isotopic signatures of methane source processes are used in conjunction with an inverse model of methane to further constrain the source estimates of methane. In order to investigate the advantages of incorporating 13C, the TM3 three-dimensional transport model was used. The methane and carbon dioxide measurements used are from a cooperative international effort, the Cooperative Air Sampling Network, lead by the Climate Monitoring Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Experiments using model calculations based on process-based source estimates show that the inter-hemispheric gradient of δ 13CH4 is not reproduced by these source estimates, showing that the addition of observations of δ 13CH4 should provide unique insight into the methane problem.

Large emissions from floodplain trees close the Amazon methane budget.

PubMed

Pangala, Sunitha R; Enrich-Prast, Alex; Basso, Luana S; Peixoto, Roberta Bittencourt; Bastviken, David; Hornibrook, Edward R C; Gatti, Luciana V; Marotta, Humberto; Calazans, Luana Silva Braucks; Sakuragui, Cassia Mônica; Bastos, Wanderley Rodrigues; Malm, Olaf; Gloor, Emanuel; Miller, John Bharat; Gauci, Vincent

2017-12-14

Wetlands are the largest global source of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ), a potent greenhouse gas. However, methane emission inventories from the Amazon floodplain, the largest natural geographic source of CH 4 in the tropics, consistently underestimate the atmospheric burden of CH 4 determined via remote sensing and inversion modelling, pointing to a major gap in our understanding of the contribution of these ecosystems to CH 4 emissions. Here we report CH 4 fluxes from the stems of 2,357 individual Amazonian floodplain trees from 13 locations across the central Amazon basin. We find that escape of soil gas through wetland trees is the dominant source of regional CH 4 emissions. Methane fluxes from Amazon tree stems were up to 200 times larger than emissions reported for temperate wet forests and tropical peat swamp forests, representing the largest non-ebullitive wetland fluxes observed. Emissions from trees had an average stable carbon isotope value (δ 13 C) of -66.2 ± 6.4 per mil, consistent with a soil biogenic origin. We estimate that floodplain trees emit 15.1 ± 1.8 to 21.2 ± 2.5 teragrams of CH 4 a year, in addition to the 20.5 ± 5.3 teragrams a year emitted regionally from other sources. Furthermore, we provide a 'top-down' regional estimate of CH 4 emissions of 42.7 ± 5.6 teragrams of CH 4 a year for the Amazon basin, based on regular vertical lower-troposphere CH 4 profiles covering the period 2010-2013. We find close agreement between our 'top-down' and combined 'bottom-up' estimates, indicating that large CH 4 emissions from trees adapted to permanent or seasonal inundation can account for the emission source that is required to close the Amazon CH 4 budget. Our findings demonstrate the importance of tree stem surfaces in mediating approximately half of all wetland CH 4 emissions in the Amazon floodplain, a region that represents up to one-third of the global wetland CH 4 source when trees are combined with other emission sources.

Large emissions from floodplain trees close the Amazon methane budget

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pangala, Sunitha R.; Enrich-Prast, Alex; Basso, Luana S.; Peixoto, Roberta Bittencourt; Bastviken, David; Hornibrook, Edward R. C.; Gatti, Luciana V.; Marotta, Humberto; Calazans, Luana Silva Braucks; Sakuragui, Cassia Mônica; Bastos, Wanderley Rodrigues; Malm, Olaf; Gloor, Emanuel; Miller, John Bharat; Gauci, Vincent

2017-12-01

Wetlands are the largest global source of atmospheric methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas. However, methane emission inventories from the Amazon floodplain, the largest natural geographic source of CH4 in the tropics, consistently underestimate the atmospheric burden of CH4 determined via remote sensing and inversion modelling, pointing to a major gap in our understanding of the contribution of these ecosystems to CH4 emissions. Here we report CH4 fluxes from the stems of 2,357 individual Amazonian floodplain trees from 13 locations across the central Amazon basin. We find that escape of soil gas through wetland trees is the dominant source of regional CH4 emissions. Methane fluxes from Amazon tree stems were up to 200 times larger than emissions reported for temperate wet forests and tropical peat swamp forests, representing the largest non-ebullitive wetland fluxes observed. Emissions from trees had an average stable carbon isotope value (δ13C) of -66.2 ± 6.4 per mil, consistent with a soil biogenic origin. We estimate that floodplain trees emit 15.1 ± 1.8 to 21.2 ± 2.5 teragrams of CH4 a year, in addition to the 20.5 ± 5.3 teragrams a year emitted regionally from other sources. Furthermore, we provide a ‘top-down’ regional estimate of CH4 emissions of 42.7 ± 5.6 teragrams of CH4 a year for the Amazon basin, based on regular vertical lower-troposphere CH4 profiles covering the period 2010-2013. We find close agreement between our ‘top-down’ and combined ‘bottom-up’ estimates, indicating that large CH4 emissions from trees adapted to permanent or seasonal inundation can account for the emission source that is required to close the Amazon CH4 budget. Our findings demonstrate the importance of tree stem surfaces in mediating approximately half of all wetland CH4 emissions in the Amazon floodplain, a region that represents up to one-third of the global wetland CH4 source when trees are combined with other emission sources.

Symmetric 40-Gb/s TWDM-PON with 51-dB loss budget by using a single SOA as preamplifier, booster and format converter in ONU.

PubMed

Li, Zhengxuan; Yi, Lilin; Hu, Weisheng

2014-10-06

In this paper, we propose to use a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) in the optical network unit (ONU) to improve the loss budget in time and wavelength division multiplexed-passive optical network (TWDM-PON) systems. The SOA boosts the upstream signal to increase the output power of the electro-absorption modulated laser (EML) and simultaneously pre-amplifies the downstream signal for sensitivity improvement. The penalty caused by cross gain modulation (XGM) effect is negligible due to the low extinction ratio (ER) of upstream signal and the large wavelength difference between upstream and downstream links. In order to achieve a higher output power, the SOA is driven into its saturation region, where the self-phase modulation (SPM) effect converts the intensity into phase information and realizes on-off-keying (OOK) to phase-shifted-keying (PSK) format conversion. In this way, the pattern effect is eliminated, which releases the requirement of gain-clamping on SOA. To further improve the loss budget of upstream link, an Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is used in the optical line terminal (OLT) to pre-amplify the received signal. For the downstream direction, directly modulated laser (DML) is used as the laser source. Taking advantage of its carrier-less characteristic, directly modulated signal shows high tolerance to fiber nonlinearity, which could support a downstream launch power as high as + 16 dBm per channel. In addition, the signal is pre-amplified by the SOA in ONU before being detected, so the sensitivity limitation for downstream link is also removed. As a result, a truly passive symmetric 40-Gb/s TWDM-PON was demonstrated, achieving a link loss budget of 51 dB.

Effects of Strike-Slip Fault Segmentation on Earthquake Energy and Seismic Hazard

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Madden, E. H.; Cooke, M. L.; Savage, H. M.; McBeck, J.

2014-12-01

Many major strike-slip faults are segmented along strike, including those along plate boundaries in California and Turkey. Failure of distinct fault segments at depth may be the source of multiple pulses of seismic radiation observed for single earthquakes. However, how and when segmentation affects fault behavior and energy release is the basis of many outstanding questions related to the physics of faulting and seismic hazard. These include the probability for a single earthquake to rupture multiple fault segments and the effects of segmentation on earthquake magnitude, radiated seismic energy, and ground motions. Using numerical models, we quantify components of the earthquake energy budget, including the tectonic work acting externally on the system, the energy of internal rock strain, the energy required to overcome fault strength and initiate slip, the energy required to overcome frictional resistance during slip, and the radiated seismic energy. We compare the energy budgets of systems of two en echelon fault segments with various spacing that include both releasing and restraining steps. First, we allow the fault segments to fail simultaneously and capture the effects of segmentation geometry on the earthquake energy budget and on the efficiency with which applied displacement is accommodated. Assuming that higher efficiency correlates with higher probability for a single, larger earthquake, this approach has utility for assessing the seismic hazard of segmented faults. Second, we nucleate slip along a weak portion of one fault segment and let the quasi-static rupture propagate across the system. Allowing fractures to form near faults in these models shows that damage develops within releasing steps and promotes slip along the second fault, while damage develops outside of restraining steps and can prohibit slip along the second fault. Work is consumed in both the propagation of and frictional slip along these new fractures, impacting the energy available for further slip and for subsequent earthquakes. This suite of models reveals that efficiency may be a useful tool for determining the relative seismic hazard of different segmented fault systems, while accounting for coseismic damage zone production is critical in assessing fault interactions and the associated energy budgets of specific systems.

Advances in Holocene mountain geomorphology inspired by sediment budget methodology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slaymaker, Olav; Souch, Catherine; Menounos, Brian; Filippelli, Gabriel

2003-09-01

The sediment budget, which links sediment sources to sediment sinks with hydroclimatic and weathering processes mediating the response, is applied to the analysis of sediments in three alpine lakes in British Columbia. We provide two ways of using the sediment budget as an integrating device in the interpretation of mountain geomorphology. These approaches differ in their resolution and ability to budget the major components of the fine-sediment cascade in glaciated environments. Taken together, they provide an integrated index of landscape change over the Holocene. The first example compares the hydroclimatic controls of lake sedimentation for the last 600 years (A.D. 1370-1998) preserved in varved sediments from two of the lake basins. This hydroclimatological approach incorporates contemporary monitoring, air photo analysis, and detailed stratigraphy of sedimentation events within a single varve to infer the timing, sources, and preferred pathways of fine-grained sediments reaching the lake basins. The results indicate that glaciers, hillslope, and channel instability within the major subbasins are the principal sediment sources to the lake basins. Transitory sediment storage of glacially derived sediments within the channels is believed to modulate the episodic and more frequent delivery of sediments from adjacent hillslope and fluvial storage sites and direct routing of glacial rock flour during years of prolonged glacial melt. The second example, relying on the phosphorus geochemistry of sediments in an alpine lake basin, considers the evolution of phosphorus forms (from mineral to occluded and organic fractions) as a function of the soil development, inherent slope instability, and repeated cycles of glaciation and neoglaciation over the Holocene. This geochemical approach demonstrates that both neoglaciation and full glaciation have essentially zeroed the system in such a way that a high proportion of mineral phosphorus remains in the present lake sediments and the bioavailability of phosphorus (a key to ecosystem development) is low. Both examples illustrate the importance of variable sediment sources; the seasonality, frequency, and magnitude of sediment transfers; and the profound influence of ice cover over contemporary, neoglacial and Pleistocene time scales. They also signal the value of including both clastic and dissolved components in the sediment budget.

An impact-induced terrestrial atmosphere and iron-water reactions during accretion of the Earth

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lange, M. A.; Ahrens, T. J.

1985-01-01

Shock wave data and theoretical calculations were used to derive models of an impact-generated terrestrial atmosphere during accretion of the Earth. The models showed that impacts of infalling planetesimals not only provided the entire budget of terrestrial water but also led to a continuous depletion of near-surface layers of water-bearing minerals of their structural water. This resulted in a final atmospheric water reservoir comparable to the present day total water budget of the Earth. The interaction of metallic iron with free water at the surface of the accreting Earth is considered. We carried out model calcualtions simulating these processes during accretion. It is assumed that these processes are the prime source of the terrestrial FeO component of silicates and oxides. It is demonstrated that the iron-water reaction would result in the absence of atmospheric/hydrospheric water, if homogeneous accretion is assumed. In order to obtain the necessary amount of terrestrial water, slightly heterogeneous accretion with initially 36 wt% iron planetesimals, as compared with a homogeneous value of 34 wt% is required.

Raspberry Pi camera with intervalometer used as crescograph

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Albert, Stefan; Surducan, Vasile

2017-12-01

The intervalometer is an attachment or facility on a photo-camera that operates the shutter regularly at set intervals over a period. Professional cameras with built in intervalometers are expensive and quite difficult to find. The Canon CHDK open source operating system allows intervalometer implementation on Canon cameras only. However finding a Canon camera with near infra-red (NIR) photographic lens at affordable price is impossible. On experiments requiring several cameras (used to measure growth in plants - the crescographs, but also for coarse evaluation of the water content of leaves), the costs of the equipment are often over budget. Using two Raspberry Pi modules each equipped with a low cost NIR camera and a WIFI adapter (for downloading pictures stored on the SD card) and some freely available software, we have implemented two low budget intervalometer cameras. The shutting interval, the number of pictures to be taken, image resolution and some other parameters can be fully programmed. Cameras have been in use continuously for three months (July-October 2017) in a relevant environment (outside), proving the concept functionality.

40 CFR 51.125 - Emissions reporting requirements for SIP revisions relating to budgets for SO2 and NOX emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... SIP revisions relating to budgets for SO2 and NOX emissions. 51.125 Section 51.125 Protection of... SIP revisions relating to budgets for SO2 and NOX emissions. (a) For its transport SIP revision under § 51.123 and/or 51.124, each State must submit to EPA SO2 and/or NOX emissions data as described in...

Defense: FY2013 Authorization and Appropriations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-05

dollars and overturn several cost- cutting initiatives incorporated in the Administration’s budget, including proposed reductions in the Air Force...deficit reduction through FY2021 of $2.1 trillion). In FY2013, the BCA requires an across the board cut in budget authority (or “sequester”) that would...some $59 billion—about 10 percent—would be cut from the Administration’s budget request, with equal percentages cut from each program, project

Is Your Security Budget Used Effectively?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaufer, Steve

1997-01-01

Presents survey information showing where school districts have invested their security budgets. Included are the rankings of the various threats school districts see as requiring security action and the areas most often covered by closed circuit television systems are pointed. (GR)

Benefit cost models to support pavement management decisions.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-06-01

A critical role of pavement management is to provide decision makers with estimates of the required budget level to achieve specific steady-state network conditions, and to recommend the best allocation of available budget among competing needs for m...

Financial Decision Making in a Period of Retrenchment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stevenson, Mike R.; Walleri, R. Dan

1981-01-01

Reviews institutional responses to and budgeting requirements of retrenchment. Presents and discusses nine guidelines for community colleges dealing with retrenchment, related to action rather than reaction, participatory budgeting, reexamination of priorities, consistently derived comparisons, financial projections, outcome measures, planning…

Benefit cost models to support pavement management decisions : executive summary report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-01-01

A critical role of pavement management is to : provide decision makers with estimates of the : required budget level to achieve specific steadystate : network conditions, and to recommend the : best allocation of available budget among : competing ne...

Telecommunication Platforms for Transmitting Sensor Data over Communication Networks-State of the Art and Challenges.

PubMed

Staniec, Kamil; Habrych, Marcin

2016-07-19

The importance of constructing wide-area sensor networks for holistic environmental state evaluation has been demonstrated. A general structure of such a network has been presented with distinction of three segments: local (based on ZigBee, Ethernet and ModBus techniques), core (base on cellular technologies) and the storage/application. The implementation of these techniques requires knowledge of their technical limitations and electromagnetic compatibility issues. The former refer to ZigBee performance degradation in multi-hop transmission, whereas the latter are associated with the common electromagnetic spectrum sharing with other existing technologies or with undesired radiated emissions generated by the radio modules of the sensor network. In many cases, it is also necessary to provide a measurement station with autonomous energy source, such as solar. As stems from measurements of the energetic efficiency of these sources, one should apply them with care and perform detailed power budget since their real performance may turn out to be far from expected. This, in turn, may negatively affect-in particular-the operation of chemical sensors implemented in the network as they often require additional heating.

Telecommunication Platforms for Transmitting Sensor Data over Communication Networks—State of the Art and Challenges

PubMed Central

Staniec, Kamil; Habrych, Marcin

2016-01-01

The importance of constructing wide-area sensor networks for holistic environmental state evaluation has been demonstrated. A general structure of such a network has been presented with distinction of three segments: local (based on ZigBee, Ethernet and ModBus techniques), core (base on cellular technologies) and the storage/application. The implementation of these techniques requires knowledge of their technical limitations and electromagnetic compatibility issues. The former refer to ZigBee performance degradation in multi-hop transmission, whereas the latter are associated with the common electromagnetic spectrum sharing with other existing technologies or with undesired radiated emissions generated by the radio modules of the sensor network. In many cases, it is also necessary to provide a measurement station with autonomous energy source, such as solar. As stems from measurements of the energetic efficiency of these sources, one should apply them with care and perform detailed power budget since their real performance may turn out to be far from expected. This, in turn, may negatively affect—in particular—the operation of chemical sensors implemented in the network as they often require additional heating. PMID:27447633

40 CFR 60.4110 - Authorization and Responsibilities of Hg designated representative.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... representation under § 60.4113, the Hg designated representative of the source shall represent and, by his or her representations, actions, inactions, or submissions, legally bind each owner and operator of the Hg Budget source... complete certificate of representation under § 60.4113 for a Hg designated representative of the source and...

40 CFR 60.4110 - Authorization and Responsibilities of Hg designated representative.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... representation under § 60.4113, the Hg designated representative of the source shall represent and, by his or her representations, actions, inactions, or submissions, legally bind each owner and operator of the Hg Budget source... complete certificate of representation under § 60.4113 for a Hg designated representative of the source and...

40 CFR 96.213 - Certificate of representation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS CAIR Designated Representative for CAIR SO2 Sources § 96.213 Certificate of representation. (a) A...) Identification of the CAIR SO2 source, and each CAIR SO2 unit at the source, for which the certificate of...

CARBON CONTAINING COMPONENT OF THE LOS ANGELES AEROSOL: SOURCE APPORTIONMENT AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE VISIBILITY BUDGET

EPA Science Inventory

Source resolution of the organic component of the fine fraction of the ambient aerosol (d(sub p) < 3.5 micrometers) has been carried out by combining source information from the organic component with thermal analysis and local emission inventories. The primary and secondary carb...

The Buoyancy Budget With a Nonlinear Equation of State

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hieronymus, M. H.; Nycander, J.

2012-12-01

There has been a number of studies focusing on different aspects of having a nonlinear equation of state for seawater. Amongst other things it has been shown that the nonlinear equation of state has implications for the oceanic energy budget and that nonlinear processes can be a significant source of dense water production. This presentation will focus on the oceanic buoyancy budget. The nonlinear equation of state of seawater can introduce a sink or source of buoyancy when water parcels of unequal salinities and temperatures are mixed. A common example is the process known as cabbeling, which is responsible for forming a water mass that is denser than the original constituents in a mixture of two water masses with equal densities but different salinities and temperatures. This presentation will contain quantitative estimates of these nonlinear effects on the buoyancy budget of the global ocean. Because of these nonlinear effects there is a net sink of buoyancy in the oceans interior and the size of this sink can be determined from the buoyancy fluxes at the ocean boundaries. These boundary buoyancy fluxes are calculated using two surface heat flux climatologies one based on in situ measurements, the other on a reanalysis and in both cases using a nonlinear equation of state. The presentation also treats the buoyancy budget in the State of the art ocean model Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) and the results from NEMO are seen to be in good agreement with the buoyancy budgets based on the heat flux climatologies. Using the ocean model is a good complement to the surface flux climatologies, because in NEMO the buoyancy fluxes can be evaluated at all vertical model levels. This means that the vertical distribution of the buoyancy sink can be looked into. The results from NEMO shows that in large parts of the ocean the nonlinear buoyancy sink is the largest contribution to the buoyancy budget.

Refined global methyl halide budgets with respect to rapeseed (Brassica napus) by life-cycle measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Y.; Acdan, J.; Xu, R.; Deventer, M. J.; Rhew, R. C.

2017-12-01

A precise quantification of global methyl halide budgets is needed to evaluate the ozone depletion potential of these compounds and to predict future changes of stratospheric ozone. However, the global budgets of methyl halides are not balanced between currently identified and quantified sources and sinks. Our study re-evaluated the methyl bromide budget from global cultivated rapeseed (Brassica napus) through life-cycle flux measurements both in the greenhouse and in the field, yielding a methyl bromide emission rate that scales globally to 1.0 - 1.2 Gg yr-1. While this indicates a globally significant source, it is much smaller than the previously widely cited value of 5 - 6 Gg yr-1(Mead et al., 2008), even taking into account the near tripling of annual global yield of rapeseed since the previous evaluation was conducted. Our study also evaluated the methyl chloride and methyl iodide emission levels from rapeseed, yielding emission rates that scale to 5.4 Gg yr-1 for methyl chloride and 1.8 Gg yr-1 of methyl iodide. The concentrations of the methyl donor SAM (S-adenosyl methionine) and the resultant product SAH (S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine) were also analyzed to explore their role in biogenic methyl halide formation. Halide gradient incubations showed that the magnitude of methyl halide emissions from rapeseed is highly correlated to soil halide levels, thus raising the concern that the heterogeneity of soil halide contents geographically should be considered when extrapolating to global budget.

Carbon and hydrogen isotope composition and C-14 concentration in methane from sources and from the atmosphere: Implications for a global methane budget

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wahlen, Martin

1994-01-01

The topics covered include the following: biogenic methane studies; forest soil methane uptake; rice field methane sources; atmospheric measurements; stratospheric samples; Antarctica; California; and Germany.

Topsoil N-budget model in orchard farming to evaluate groundwater nitrate contamination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wijayanti, Yureana; Budihardjo, Kadarwati; Sakamoto, Yasushi; Setyandito, Oki

2017-12-01

A small scale field research was conducted in an orchard farming area in Kofu, Japan, where nitrate contamination was found in groundwater. The purpose of assessing the leaching of nitrate in this study is to understand the transformation and transport process of N-source in topsoil that leads to nitrate contamination of groundwater. In order to calculate N-budget in the soil, the model was utilized to predict the nitrogen leaching. In this res earch, the N-budget model was modified to evaluate influence of precipitation and application pattern of fertilizer and manure compost. The result shows that at the time before the addition of manure compost and fertilizer, about 75% of fertilizer leach from topsoil. Every month, the average remaining nitrate in soil from fertilizer and manure compost are 22% and 50%, respectively. The accumulation of this monthly manure compost nitrate, which stored in soil, should be carefully monitored. It could become the potential source of nitrate leaching to groundwater in the future.

Revisiting soil carbon and nitrogen sampling: quantitative pits versus rotary cores

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and its feedbacks with global climate have sparked renewed interest in quantifying ecosystem carbon (C) budgets, including quantifying belowground pools. Belowground nutrient budgets require accurate estimates of soil mass, coarse fragment content, and nutrient ...

7 CFR 3015.115 - Budget revisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... allocable indirect costs and result in a claim for a supplementary award. (2) Any or all of the prior...) Construction projects. Unless provided otherwise by the terms of the grant, subgrant, or cooperative agreement, revisions to construction project budgets do not require approval. ...

7 CFR 3015.115 - Budget revisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... allocable indirect costs and result in a claim for a supplementary award. (2) Any or all of the prior...) Construction projects. Unless provided otherwise by the terms of the grant, subgrant, or cooperative agreement, revisions to construction project budgets do not require approval. ...

7 CFR 3015.115 - Budget revisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... allocable indirect costs and result in a claim for a supplementary award. (2) Any or all of the prior...) Construction projects. Unless provided otherwise by the terms of the grant, subgrant, or cooperative agreement, revisions to construction project budgets do not require approval. ...

7 CFR 3015.115 - Budget revisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... allocable indirect costs and result in a claim for a supplementary award. (2) Any or all of the prior...) Construction projects. Unless provided otherwise by the terms of the grant, subgrant, or cooperative agreement, revisions to construction project budgets do not require approval. ...

2 CFR 200.514 - Scope of audit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GUIDANCE Reserved UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS, COST PRINCIPLES, AND AUDIT... Framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). (2) In...

Zero-Based Budgeting Redux.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Geiger, Philip E.

1993-01-01

Zero-based, programmatic budgeting involves four basic steps: (1) define what needs to be done; (2) specify the resources required; (3) determine the assessment procedures and standards to use in evaluating the effectiveness of various programs; and (4) assign dollar figures to this information. (MLF)

Open source tools for ATR development and performance evaluation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baumann, James M.; Dilsavor, Ronald L.; Stubbles, James; Mossing, John C.

2002-07-01

Early in almost every engineering project, a decision must be made about tools; should I buy off-the-shelf tools or should I develop my own. Either choice can involve significant cost and risk. Off-the-shelf tools may be readily available, but they can be expensive to purchase and to maintain licenses, and may not be flexible enough to satisfy all project requirements. On the other hand, developing new tools permits great flexibility, but it can be time- (and budget-) consuming, and the end product still may not work as intended. Open source software has the advantages of both approaches without many of the pitfalls. This paper examines the concept of open source software, including its history, unique culture, and informal yet closely followed conventions. These characteristics influence the quality and quantity of software available, and ultimately its suitability for serious ATR development work. We give an example where Python, an open source scripting language, and OpenEV, a viewing and analysis tool for geospatial data, have been incorporated into ATR performance evaluation projects. While this case highlights the successful use of open source tools, we also offer important insight into risks associated with this approach.

Implications of Public Opinion for Space Program Planning, 1980 - 2000

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Overholt, W.; Wiener, A. J.; Yokelson, D.

1975-01-01

The effect of public opinion on future space programs is discussed in terms of direct support, apathy, or opposition, and concern about the tax burden, budgetary pressures, and national priorities. Factors considered include: the salience and visibility of NASA as compared with other issues, the sources of general pressure on the federal budget which could affect NASA, the public's opinions regarding the size and priority of NASA'S budget, the degree to which the executive can exercise leverage over NASA's budget through influencing or disregarding public opinion, the effects of linkages to other issues on space programs, and the public's general attitudes toward the progress of science.

Base Structure Annex to Manpower Requirements Report for FY 1982.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

each separately identified installation is provided. Base operations costs for each Service, as compiled from the DoD budget process , are also...different relation to readiness. The annual process further includes MRP program ob- jectives by IC which are approved personally by the CNO and which...form the basis for the funding levels contained in the program- ming and budgeting process . Analysis of MRP requirements in- cludes a statement of the

Evaluating the Veterans Health Administration's Staffing Methodology Model: A Reliable Approach.

PubMed

Taylor, Beth; Yankey, Nicholas; Robinson, Claire; Annis, Ann; Haddock, Kathleen S; Alt-White, Anna; Krein, Sarah L; Sales, Anne

2015-01-01

All Veterans Health Administration facilities have been mandated to use a standardized method of determining appropriate direct-care staffing by nursing personnel. A multi-step process was designed to lead to projection of full-time equivalent employees required for safe and effective care across all inpatient units. These projections were intended to develop appropriate budgets for each facility. While staffing levels can be increased, even in facilities subject to budget and personnel caps, doing so requires considerable commitment at all levels of the facility. This commitment must come from front-line nursing personnel to senior leadership, not only in nursing and patient care services, but throughout the hospital. Learning to interpret and rely on data requires a considerable shift in thinking for many facilities, which have relied on historical levels to budget for staffing, but which does not take into account the dynamic character of nursing units and patient need.

NOX EMISSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper reviews NOx control options for coal-fired electric utility boilers. (NOTE: Acid Rain NOx regulations, the Ozone Transport Commission's NOx Budget Program, revision of the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for NOx emissions from utility sources, and Ozone Transpor...

A Manual to Identify Sources of Fluvial Sediment

EPA Science Inventory

Sedimentation is one of the main causes of stream/river aquatic life use impairments in R3. Currently states lack standard guidance on appropriate tools available to quantify sediment sources and develop sediment budgets in TMDL Development. Methods for distinguishing sediment t...

Evaluating Crustal Contamination Effects On The Lithophile Trace Element Budget Of Shergottites, NWA 856 As A Test Case

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brandon, A. D.; Ferdous, J.; Peslier, A. H.

2017-01-01

The issue of whether crustal contamination has affected the lithophile trace element budget of shergottites has been a point of contention for decades. The evaluation has focused on the enriched shergottite compositions as an outcome of crustal contamination of mantle-derived parent magmas or, alternatively, the compositions of these stones reflect an incompatible trace element (ITE) enriched mantle source.

The carbon functional group budget of a peatland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moody, Catherine; Worrall, Fred; Clay, Gareth; Apperley, David

2016-04-01

Organic matter samples were taken from each organic matter reservoir and fluvial flux found in a peatland and analysed by elemental analysis for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen content, and by 13C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for functional group composition. The samples analysed were: aboveground, belowground, heather, mosses and sedges, litter layer, four different depths from a peat core, and monthly samples of fluvial particulate and dissolved organic matter. All organic matter samples were taken from a 100% peat catchment within Moor House National Nature Reserve in the North Pennines, UK. The proportion of carbon atoms from each of the eight carbon functional groups (C-alkyl, N-alkyl/methoxyl C, O-alkyl, O2-alkyl/acetal C, aromatic/unsaturated C, phenolic C, aldehyde/ketone C and amide/carboxyl C) from each type of organic matter were combined with an existing carbon budget from the same site, to give a functional group carbon budget. The budget results show that the ecosystem is accumulating N-alkyl/methoxyl C, O-alkyl, O2-alkyl/acetal C and phenolic C groups, but losing C-alkyl, aromatic/unsaturated C, amide/carboxyl C and aldehyde/ketone C. Comparing the functional group compositions between the sampled organic matter pools shows that DOM arises from two distinct sources; from the peat itself and from a vegetation source.

Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) for JPSS-2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Georgieva, Elena; Priestley, Kory; Dunn, Barry; Cageao, Richard; Barki, Anum; Osmundsen, Jim; Turczynski, Craig; Abedin, Nurul

2015-01-01

Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) will be one of five instruments flying aboard the JPSS-2 spacecraft, a polar-orbiting sun-synchronous satellite in Low Earth Orbit. RBI is a passive remote sensing instrument that will follow the successful legacy of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments to make measurement of Earth's short and longwave radiation budget. The goal of RBI is to provide an independent measurement of the broadband reflected solar radiance and Earth's emitted thermal radiance by using three spectral bands (Shortwave, Longwave, and Total) that will have the same overlapped point spread function (PSF) footprint on Earth. To ensure precise NIST-traceable calibration in space the RBI sensor is designed to use a visible calibration target (VCT), a solar calibration target (SCT), and an infrared calibration target (ICT) containing phase change cells (PCC) to enable on-board temperature calibration. The VCT is a thermally controlled integrating sphere with space grade Spectralon covering the inner surface. Two sides of the sphere will have fiber-coupled laser diodes in the UV to IR wavelength region. An electrical substitution radiometer on the integrating sphere will monitor the long term stability of the sources and the possible degradation of the Spectralon in space. In addition the radiometric calibration operations will use the Spectralon diffusers of the SCT to provide accurate measurements of Solar degradation. All those stable on-orbit references will ensure that calibration stability is maintained over the RBI sensor lifetime. For the preflight calibration the RBI will view five calibration sources - two integrating spheres and three CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder ) -like blackbodies whose outputs will be validated with NIST calibration approach. Thermopile are the selected detectors for the RBI. The sensor has a requirement to perform lunar calibration in addition to solar calibration in space in a way similar to CERES instruments approach. To monitor climate change and to get stable and traceable results, it is critical to assure stable calibration over instrument lifetime.

Advanced NASA Earth Science Mission Concept for Vegetation 3D Structure, Biomass and Disturbance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ranson, K. Jon

2007-01-01

Carbon in forest canopies represents about 85% of the total carbon in the Earth's aboveground biomass (Olson et al., 1983). A major source of uncertainty in global carbon budgets derives from large errors in the current estimates of these carbon stocks (IPCC, 2001). The magnitudes and distributions of terrestrial carbon storage along with changes in sources and sinks for atmospheric C02 due to land use change remain the most significant uncertainties in Earth's carbon budget. These uncertainties severely limit accurate terrestrial carbon accounting; our ability to evaluate terrestrial carbon management schemes; and the veracity of atmospheric C02 projections in response to further fossil fuel combustion and other human activities. Measurements of vegetation three-dimensional (3D) structural characteristics over the Earth's land surface are needed to estimate biomass and carbon stocks and to quantify biomass recovery following disturbance. These measurements include vegetation height, the vertical profile of canopy elements (i.e., leaves, stems, branches), andlor the volume scattering of canopy elements. They are critical for reducing uncertainties in the global carbon budget. Disturbance by natural phenomena, such as fire or wind, as well as by human activities, such as forest harvest, and subsequent recovery, complicate the quantification of carbon storage and release. The resulting spatial and temporal heterogeneity of terrestrial biomass and carbon in vegetation make it very difficult to estimate terrestrial carbon stocks and quantify their dynamics. Vegetation height profiles and disturbance recovery patterns are also required to assess ecosystem health and characterize habitat. The three-dimensional structure of vegetation provides habitats for many species and is a control on biodiversity. Canopy height and structure influence habitat use and specialization, two fundamental processes that modify species richness and abundance across ecosystems. Accurate and consistent 3D measurements of forest structure at the landscape scale are needed for assessing impacts to animal habitats and biodiversity following disturbance.

Future Flight Opportunities and Calibration Protocols for CERES: Continuation of Observations in Support of the Long-Term Earth Radiation Budget Climate Data Record

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Priestley, Kory J.; Smith, George L.

2010-01-01

The goal of the Clouds and the Earth s Radiant Energy System (CERES) project is to provide a long-term record of radiation budget at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA), within the atmosphere, and at the surface with consistent cloud and aerosol properties at climate accuracy. CERES consists of an integrated instrument-algorithm validation science team that provides development of higher-level products (Levels 1-3) and investigations. It involves a high level of data fusion, merging inputs from 25 unique input data sources to produce 18 CERES data products. Over 90% of the CERES data product volume involves two or more instruments. Continuation of the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) Climate Data Record (CDR) has been identified as critical in the 2007 NRC Decadal Survey, the Global Climate Observing System WCRP report, and in an assessment titled Impacts of NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification on Joint NASA-NOAA Climate Goals . Five CERES instruments have flown on three different spacecraft: TRMM, EOS-Terra and EOS-Aqua. In response, NASA, NOAA and NPOESS have agreed to fly the existing CERES Flight Model (FM-5) on the NPP spacecraft in 2011 and to procure an additional CERES Sensor with modest upgrades for flight on the JPSS C1 spacecraft in 2014, followed by a CERES follow-on sensor for flight in 2018. CERES is a scanning broadband radiometer that measures filtered radiance in the SW (0.3-5 m), total (TOT) (0.3-200 m) and WN (8-12 m) regions. Pre-launch calibration is performed on each Flight Model to meet accuracy requirements of 1% for SW and 0.5% for outgoing LW observations. Ground to flight or in-flight changes are monitored using protocols employing onboard and vicarious calibration sources. Studies of flight data show that SW response can change dramatically due to optical contamination. with greatest impact in blue-to UV radiance, where tungsten lamps are largely devoid of output. While science goals remain unchanged for ERB Climate Data Record, it is now understood that achieving these goals is more difficult for two reasons. The first is an increased understanding of the dynamics of the Earth/atmosphere system which demonstrates that separation of natural variability from anthropogenic change on decadal time scales requires observations with higher accuracy and stabilit

2 CFR 170.315 - Executive.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Executive. 170.315 Section 170.315 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING...

2 CFR 170.115 - Deviations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Deviations. 170.115 Section 170.115 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING...

2 CFR 170.115 - Deviations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Deviations. 170.115 Section 170.115 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING...

2 CFR 170.315 - Executive.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Executive. 170.315 Section 170.315 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING...

Benefits and assessment of annual budget requirements for pavement preservation : [summary].

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-01-01

The capacity and condition of highways has been deteriorating due to low maintenance budgets, environmental effects, poor weather conditions, and a rapid growth in the use of highways by consumers. It has become increasingly important to take steps t...

7 CFR 250.17 - Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... contained in paragraph (a) approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 0584-0001. Reporting requirements contained in paragraph (e) approved by the Office of Management and Budget under...

7 CFR 250.17 - Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE... contained in paragraph (a) approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 0584-0001. Reporting requirements contained in paragraph (e) approved by the Office of Management and Budget under...

Hydrologic indices for nontidal wetlands

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lent, Robert M.; Weiskel, Peter K.; Lyford, Forest P.; Armstrong, David S.

1997-01-01

Two sets of hydrologic indices were developed to characterize the water-budget components of nontidal wetlands. The first set consisted of six water-budget indices for input and output variables, and the second set consisted of two hydrologic interaction indices derived from the water-budget indices. The indices then were applied to 19 wetlands with previously published water-budget data. Two trilinear diagrams for each wetland were constructed, one for the three input indices and another for the three output indices. These two trilinear diagrams then were combined with a central quadrangle to form a Piper-type diagram, with data points from the trilinear diagrams projected onto the quadrangle. The quadrangle then was divided into nine fields that summarized the water-budget information. Two quantitative "interaction indices" were calculated from two of the six water-budget indices (precipitation and evapotranspiration). They also were obtained graphically from the water-budget indices, which were first projected to the central quadrangle of a Piper-type diagram from the flanking trilinear plots. The first interaction index (l) defines the strength of interaction between a wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system. The second interaction index (S) defines the nature of the interaction between the wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system (source versus sink). Evaluation of these indices using published wetland water-budget data illustrates the usefulness of the technique.

A radiometric model of an earth radiation budget radiometer optical system with diffuse-specular surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Luther, M. R.

1981-01-01

The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) is to fly on NASA's Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and on NOAA F and NOAA G. Large spatial scale earth energy budget data will be derived primarily from measurements made by the ERBE nonscanning instrument (ERBE-NS). A description is given of a mathematical model capable of simulating the radiometric response of any of the ERBE-NS earth viewing channels. The model uses a Monte Carlo method to accurately account for directional distributions of emission and reflection from optical surfaces which are neither strictly diffuse nor strictly specular. The model computes radiation exchange factors among optical system components, and determines the distribution in the optical system of energy from an outside source. Attention is also given to an approach for implementing the model and results obtained from the implementation.

Kinetic energy budgets in areas of intense convection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fuelberg, H. E.; Berecek, E. M.; Ebel, D. M.; Jedlovec, G. J.

1980-01-01

A kinetic energy budget analysis of the AVE-SESAME 1 period which coincided with the deadly Red River Valley tornado outbreak is presented. Horizontal flux convergence was found to be the major kinetic energy source to the region, while cross contour destruction was the major sink. Kinetic energy transformations were dominated by processes related to strong jet intrusion into the severe storm area. A kinetic energy budget of the AVE 6 period also is presented. The effects of inherent rawinsonde data errors on widely used basic kinematic parameters, including velocity divergence, vorticity advection, and kinematic vertical motion are described. In addition, an error analysis was performed in terms of the kinetic energy budget equation. Results obtained from downward integration of the continuity equation to obtain kinematic values of vertical motion are described. This alternate procedure shows promising results in severe storm situations.

40 CFR 96.210 - Authorization and responsibilities of CAIR designated representative.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS CAIR Designated Representative for CAIR SO2 Sources § 96... § 96.211, each CAIR SO2 source, including all CAIR SO2 units at the source, shall have one and only one...

40 CFR 96.212 - Changing CAIR designated representative and alternate CAIR designated representative; changes in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS CAIR Designated Representative for CAIR SO2 Sources § 96.212 Changing CAIR designated representative and alternate... CAIR SO2 source and the CAIR SO2 units at the source. (b) Changing alternate CAIR designated...

7 Questions to Ask Open Source Vendors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raths, David

2012-01-01

With their budgets under increasing pressure, many campus IT directors are considering open source projects for the first time. On the face of it, the savings can be significant. Commercial emergency-planning software can cost upward of six figures, for example, whereas the open source Kuali Ready might run as little as $15,000 per year when…

Estudio de impacto presupuestal de Daclatasvir asociado a Asunaprevir desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud público chileno.

PubMed

Vargas, C; Espinoza, M A; Giglio, A; Soza, A

2017-12-01

To assess the impact on the 2015 national health budget of incorporating Daclatasvir/Asunaprevir (DCV / ASV) for the treatment of Hepatitis C genotype 1b (HC1b) in Chile. A Chilean HC1b patients cohort was modelled using local prevalence and incidence data. Two scenarios were built and compared, one were all patients receive Peginterferon/Ribavirin (PR) and another were all patients are treated with DCV/ASV. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of public health system of Chile assuming 100% reimbursement and a time horizon of 5 years. Costs associated with drug treatment, adverse events, other relevant resources and costs associated with disease complications were used. At a total DCV/ASV treatment price of USD $55,039, an additional of USD $65,6MM are required during the first year (prevalent cases) equivalent to 0.71% of the 2015 national health budget. From year 2 (incident cases), an additional of USD $12,3MM are needed (0.13% of the 2015 health budget). A price reduction of 33% (USD $36,693), requires an additional of USD $38,2MM the first year and USD $7,16MM from the second year (0.11% and 0.6% of the health budget). If the treatment price is reduced further (USD $18,347), an additional USD $10,9MM are required for the first year and USD $2,03MM from the second year (0.3% and 0.057% of the 2015 heath budget). The impact on the health budget ranges between 0.3% and 0.71% the first year and decreases to less than 0.15% from the second year considering the price assessed price range. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

The Global Methane Budget 2000-2012

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saunois, Marielle; Bousquet, Philippe; Poulter, Benjamin; Peregon, Anna; Ciais, Philippe; Canadell, Josep G.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Etiope, Giuseppe; Bastviken, David; Houweling, Sander;

Groundwater discharge to lakes (GDL) - the disregarded component of lake nutrient budgets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewandowski, J.; Meinikmann, K.; Pöschke, F.; Nützmann, G.

2012-04-01

Eutrophication is a major threat to lakes in temperate climatic zones. It is necessary to determine the relevance of different nutrient sources to conduct effective management measures, to understand in-lake processes and to model future scenarios. A prerequisite for such nutrient budgets are water budgets. While most components of the water budget can be determined quite accurate the quantification of groundwater discharge to lakes (GDL) and surface water infiltration into the aquifer are much more difficult. For example, it is quite common to determine the groundwater component as residual in the water and nutrient budget which is extremely problematic since in that case all errors of the budget terms are summed up in the groundwater term. In total, we identified 10 different reasons for disregarding the groundwater path in nutrient budgets. We investigated the fate of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus on their pathway from the catchment through the reactive aquifer-lake interface into the lake. We reviewed the international literature and summarized numbers reported for GDL of nutrients. Since literature is quite sparse we also had a look at numbers reported for submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) of nutrients for which much more literature exists and which is despite some fundamental differences in principal comparable to GDL.

Budget Issues: Accrual Budgeting Useful in Certain Areas but Does Not Provide Sufficient Information for Reporting on Our Nation’s Longer-Term Fiscal Challenge

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-01

Government Auditing Standards GDP gross domestic product IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting Standards OBEGAL Operating Balance...aligned with the international public sector accounting standards ( IPSAS ), but there were some deviations from IPSAS for constitutional reasons such...which is required under IPSAS . Besides developing the accounting standards to be used in the budget, a key challenge when switching to accrual

MENU OF NOX EMISSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper reviews NOx control options for coal-fired electric utility boilers. (NOTE: Acid Rain NOx regulations, the Ozone Transport Commission's NOx Budget Program, revision of the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for NOx emissions from utility sources, and Ozone Transpor...

Comparing in-house staff and consultant costs for highway design and construction.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-07-01

In May 2011, the Senate Standing Committee on Budget and Fiscal Review added language to the budget : bill that requires Caltrans to commission an independent study of the costs and benefits of hiring : consultants to address temporary increases in w...

2 CFR 170.220 - Award term.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Award term. 170.220 Section 170.220 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING...

2 CFR 176.180 - Procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Procedure. 176.180 Section 176.180 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD TERMS...

2 CFR 170.220 - Award term.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Award term. 170.220 Section 170.220 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING...

2 CFR 170.330 - Total compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Total compensation. 170.330 Section 170.330 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS...

2 CFR 182.620 - Cooperative agreement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Cooperative agreement. 182.620 Section 182.620 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS...

75 FR 25034 - Reports, Forms, and Record Keeping Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-06

... Management and Budget (OMB) for review and comment. The ICR describes the nature of the information... Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, 725 Seventeenth Street, NW., Washington, DC 20503; Attention... messaging (e.g., slogans or advertisement concepts concerning seat belt use, impaired driving, driver...

Leaky Roof? Tight Budget? No Problem!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Szcygiel, Tony L.

1998-01-01

Examines the piece-by-piece approach to school re-roofing that can help alleviate both maintenance and budget concerns. Addresses the question of whether an entire new roof is required and discusses funding and why a single-ply roof is a good choice for partial replacement. (GR)

Your scarcest resource.

PubMed

Mankins, Michael; Brahm, Chris; Caimi, Gregory

2014-05-01

Most companies have elaborate procedures for managing capital. They require a compelling business case for any new capital investment. They set hurdle rates. They delegate authority carefully, prescribing spending limits for each level. An organization's time, by contrast, goes largely unmanaged. Bain & Company, with which all three authors are associated, used innovative people analytics tools to examine the time budgets of 17 large corporations. It discovered that companies are awash in e-communications; meeting time has skyrocketed; real collaboration is limited; dysfunctional meeting behavior is on the rise; formal controls are rare; and the consequences of all this are few. The authors outline eight practices for managing organizational time. Among them are: Make meeting agendas clear and selective; create a zero-based time budget; require business cases for all initiatives; and standardize the decision process. Some forward-thinking companies bring as much discipline to their time budgets as to their capital budgets. As a result, they have Liberated countless hours of previously unproductive time for executives and employees, fueling innovation and accelerating profitable growth.

Determining the sources of fine-grained sediment using the Sediment Source Assessment Tool (Sed_SAT)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gorman Sanisaca, Lillian E.; Gellis, Allen C.; Lorenz, David L.

2017-07-27

A sound understanding of sources contributing to instream sediment flux in a watershed is important when developing total maximum daily load (TMDL) management strategies designed to reduce suspended sediment in streams. Sediment fingerprinting and sediment budget approaches are two techniques that, when used jointly, can qualify and quantify the major sources of sediment in a given watershed. The sediment fingerprinting approach uses trace element concentrations from samples in known potential source areas to determine a clear signature of each potential source. A mixing model is then used to determine the relative source contribution to the target suspended sediment samples.The computational steps required to apportion sediment for each target sample are quite involved and time intensive, a problem the Sediment Source Assessment Tool (Sed_SAT) addresses. Sed_SAT is a user-friendly statistical model that guides the user through the necessary steps in order to quantify the relative contributions of sediment sources in a given watershed. The model is written using the statistical software R (R Core Team, 2016b) and utilizes Microsoft Access® as a user interface but requires no prior knowledge of R or Microsoft Access® to successfully run the model successfully. Sed_SAT identifies outliers, corrects for differences in size and organic content in the source samples relative to the target samples, evaluates the conservative behavior of tracers used in fingerprinting by applying a “Bracket Test,” identifies tracers with the highest discriminatory power, and provides robust error analysis through a Monte Carlo simulation following the mixing model. Quantifying sediment source contributions using the sediment fingerprinting approach provides local, State, and Federal land management agencies with important information needed to implement effective strategies to reduce sediment. Sed_SAT is designed to assist these agencies in applying the sediment fingerprinting approach to quantify sediment sources in the sediment TMDL framework.

Closing the wildland fire heat budget - measurements in the field at intermediate and operational scales

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dickinson, M.; Kremens, R.; Bova, A. S.

2012-12-01

Closing the wildland fire heat budget involves characterizing the heat source and energy dissipation across the range of variability in fuels and fire behavior. Meeting this challenge will lay the foundation for predicting direct ecological effects of fires and fire-atmosphere coupling. Here, we focus on the relationships between the fire radiation field, as measured from the zenith, fuel consumption, and the behavior of spreading flame fronts. Experiments were conducted in 8 m x 8 m outdoor plots using pre-conditioned wildland fuels characteristic of mixed-oak forests of the eastern United States. Using dual-band radiometers with a field of view of about 18.5 m^2 at a height of 4.2 m, we found a near-linear increase in fire radiative energy density (FRED) over a range of fuel consumption between 0.15 kg m^-2 to 3.25 kg m^-2. Using an integrated heat budget, we estimate that the fraction of total theoretical combustion energy density radiated from the plot averaged 0.17, the fraction of latent energy transported in the plume averaged 0.08, and the fraction accounted for by the combination of fire convective energy transport and soil heating averaged 0.72. Future work will require, at minimum, instantaneous and time-integrated estimates of energy transported by radiation, convection, and soil heating across a range of fuels. We introduce the Rx-CADRE project through which such measurements are being made.

Observations from Oversight Organizations Impacting Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom Beginning FY 2003 Through FY 2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-30

the base budget.41 41 USAAA Report No. A-2009-0188- FFM . 22 Chapter 2. Actions Taken by...Report No. A-2009-0212-FFS, “Requirements for Mobilized Soldiers,” September 17, 2009 Army Audit Agency Report No. A-2009-0188- FFM , “Assessing... FFM , “Assessing Future Base Budget Requirements, Manning Program Evaluation Group (FOUO),” March 3, 2009 32 Army Audit Agency Report No. A-2009

Clinton delivers bare bones plan for 1997 budget

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carlowicz, Michael

1996-02-01

Congress and the White House have yet to finish negotiating and haggling over the U.S. federal budget for 1996, but the calendar and the law say that they ought to start thinking about 1997. On February 5, President Bill Clinton issued a preliminary budget plan for 1997 that reflected his fiscal priorities as they were last stated in January, before budget talks with congressional Republicans broke down. Required by law to propose a spending plan by the first Monday in February, Clinton delivered to Congress what he termed a "thematic document," one that gives a minimally detailed outline of how the federal government should spend the taxpayers' money in 1997.

Calibration/Validation Error Budgets, Uncertainties, Traceability and Their Importance to Imaging Spectrometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thome, K.

2016-01-01

Knowledge of uncertainties and errors are essential for comparisons of remote sensing data across time, space, and spectral domains. Vicarious radiometric calibration is used to demonstrate the need for uncertainty knowledge and to provide an example error budget. The sample error budget serves as an example of the questions and issues that need to be addressed by the calibrationvalidation community as accuracy requirements for imaging spectroscopy data will continue to become more stringent in the future. Error budgets will also be critical to ensure consistency between the range of imaging spectrometers expected to be launched in the next five years.

The importance of groundwater discharge to the methane budgets of nearshore and continental shelf waters of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bugna, G.C.; Chanton, J.P.; Cable, P.H.

1996-12-01

Methane concentrations in groundwater (wells, sinkholes, and springs) averaged 61 {+-} 9 {mu}M, while concentrations in nearshore and continental shelf waters within the study area averaged 62 {+-} 7 nM and 27 {+-} 5 nM, respectively. We tested the hypothesis that the three orders of magnitude difference between groundwater and seawater concentration would make CH{sub 4} an indicator of submarine groundwater discharge to surficial waters. Methane budgets for nearshore and continental shelf water columns were consistent with the hypothesis that groundwater seepage or seawater recirculation through the seabed is the dominant source of CH{sub 4} relative to benthic diffusive flux,more » riverine flux, and in situ water column production. Seepage/recirculation appears to account for approximately 83-99% of the total CH{sub 4} input into the water column within the study area. Utilizing measured porewater CH{sub 4} concentrations, the calculated amounts of seepage required to support the observed benthic fluxes were comparable to seepage rates measured in the field. Nearshore seepage meter transacts showed a strong and direct correlation between the integrated quantity of groundwater seepage along a shoreline and the inventory of CH{sub 4} in those waters. Our study further showed a similar correlation between {sup 222}Rn (another potential groundwater tracer) and CH{sub 4} in offshore waters supporting the hypothesis of a common benthic source for these constituents. 67 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Space Stirling Cryocooler Contamination Lessons Learned and Recommended Control Procedures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glaister, D. S.; Price, K.; Gully, W.; Castles, S.; Reilly, J.

The most important characteristic of a space cryocooler is its reliability over a lifetime typically in excess of 7 years. While design improvements have reduced the probability of mechanical failure, the risk of internal contamination is still significant and has not been addressed in a consistent approach across the industry. A significant fraction of the endurance test and flight units have experienced some performance degradation related to internal contamination. The purpose of this paper is to describe and assess the contamination issues inside long life, space cryocoolers and to recommend procedures to minimize the probability of encountering contamination related failures and degradation. The paper covers the sources of contamination, the degradation and failure mechanisms, the theoretical and observed cryocooler sensitivity, and the recommended prevention procedures and their impact. We begin with a discussion of the contamination sources, both artificial and intrinsic. Next, the degradation and failure mechanisms are discussed in an attempt to arrive at a contaminant susceptibility, from which we can derive a contamination budget for the machine. This theoretical sensitivity is then compared with the observed sensitivity to illustrate the conservative nature of the assumed scenarios. A number of lessons learned on Raytheon, Ball, Air Force Research Laboratory, and NASA GSFC programs are shared to convey the practical aspects of the contamination problem. Then, the materials and processes required to meet the proposed budget are outlined. An attempt is made to present a survey of processes across industry.

Using a Formal Approach for Reverse Engineering and Design Recovery to Support Software Reuse

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gannod, Gerald C.

2002-01-01

This document describes 3rd year accomplishments and summarizes overall project accomplishments. Included as attachments are all published papers from year three. Note that the budget for this project was discontinued after year two, but that a residual budget from year two allowed minimal continuance into year three. Accomplishments include initial investigations into log-file based reverse engineering, service-based software reuse, and a source to XML generator.

The groundwater budget: A tool for preliminary estimation of the hydraulic connection between neighboring aquifers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viaroli, Stefano; Mastrorillo, Lucia; Lotti, Francesca; Paolucci, Vittorio; Mazza, Roberto

2018-01-01

Groundwater management authorities usually use groundwater budget calculations to evaluate the sustainability of withdrawals for different purposes. The groundwater budget calculation does not always provide reliable information, and it must often be supported by further aquifer monitoring in the case of hydraulic connections between neighboring aquifers. The Riardo Plain aquifer is a strategic drinking resource for more than 100,000 people, water storage for 60 km2 of irrigated land, and the source of a mineral water bottling plant. Over a long period, the comparison between the direct recharge and the estimated natural outflow and withdrawals highlights a severe water deficit of approximately 40% of the total groundwater outflow. A groundwater budget deficit should be a clue to the aquifer depletion, but the results of long-term water level monitoring allowed the observation of the good condition of this aquifer. In fact, in the Riardo Plain, the calculated deficit is not comparable to the aquifer monitoring data acquired in the same period (1992-2014). The small oscillations of the groundwater level and the almost stable streambed spring discharge allows the presumption of an additional aquifer recharge source. The confined carbonate aquifer locally mixes with the above volcanic aquifer, providing an externally stable recharge that reduces the effects of the local rainfall variability. The combined approach of the groundwater budget results and long-term aquifer monitoring (spring discharge and/or hydraulic head oscillation) provides information about significant external groundwater exchanges, even if unidentified by field measurements, and supports the stakeholders in groundwater resource management.

[Care for elderly patients in Africa: Analysis of the financial implications of the SESAME plan on the budget of the regional hospital center in Thies, Senegal].

PubMed

Faye, A; Diousse, P; Seck, I; Diongue, M; Ndiaye, P; Diagne-Camara, M; Tal-Dia, A; Dia, La

2010-04-01

The SESAME plan has been implemented at the Thies Regional Hospital Center (TRHC) for one year. The purpose of this study was to analyze the financial implications of the plan on the hospital budget for the sustainability of care for persons aged 60 and over. This descriptive study included analysis of budget data from October 2006 to September 2007 plus information obtained by interviewing the accountant and head of SESAME plan. The number of patients managed, sources of CHRT funding, grants from various SESAME plan partners, and expenditures for each partner were determined. The weight of the SESAME plan in the CHRT operating budget was determined by calculating the ratio of the overall cost of care for elderly persons in relation to the hospital's revenues and SESAME grants. During the study period, the CHRT received a total of 17375 elderly persons including 89% with no pension or social security. The institute pension scheme (IPRES) covered 21% of the plan as compared to 79% for the state. Utilization plan grants in relation to funding source was 41% for IPRES and 124% for the State. The total cost of services provided to beneficiaries of the SESAME plan exceeded the aggregate amount by 26 083 847 CFA francs. The weight of the SESAME plan in the operating cost of the CHRT was 17%. Prefinancing a plan to cover elderly care in hospitals should be sufficient to prevent deficits from impacting negatively on the operating budget of the hospital.

On the energy budget in the current disruption region. [of geomagnetic tail

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hesse, Michael; Birn, Joachim

1993-01-01

This study investigates the energy budget in the current disruption region of the magnetotail, coincident with a pre-onset thin current sheet, around substorm onset time using published observational data and theoretical estimates. We find that the current disruption/dipolarization process typically requires energy inflow into the primary disruption region. The disruption dipolarization process is therefore endoenergetic, i.e., requires energy input to operate. Therefore we argue that some other simultaneously operating process, possibly a large scale magnetotail instability, is required to provide the necessary energy input into the current disruption region.

22 CFR 96.33 - Budget, audit, insurance, and risk assessment requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... its governing body, if applicable, for management of its funds. The budget discloses all remuneration (including perquisites) paid to the agency's or person's board of directors, managers, employees, and... determining the type and amount of professional, general, directors' and officers', errors and omissions, and...

2 CFR 175.20 - Referral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Referral. 175.20 Section 175.20 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD TERM FOR TRAFFICKING IN...

2 CFR 170.325 - Subaward.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Subaward. 170.325 Section 170.325 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING SUBAWARD AND EXECUTIVE...

2 CFR 176.40 - Procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Procedure. 176.40 Section 176.40 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD TERMS FOR ASSISTANCE...

2 CFR 170.300 - Agency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Agency. 170.300 Section 170.300 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING SUBAWARD AND EXECUTIVE...

2 CFR 170.300 - Agency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Agency. 170.300 Section 170.300 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING SUBAWARD AND EXECUTIVE...

2 CFR 175.20 - Referral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Referral. 175.20 Section 175.20 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD TERM FOR TRAFFICKING IN...

2 CFR 170.305 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Award. 170.305 Section 170.305 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING SUBAWARD AND EXECUTIVE...

2 CFR 170.305 - Award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Award. 170.305 Section 170.305 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS REPORTING SUBAWARD AND EXECUTIVE...

2 CFR 176.40 - Procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Procedure. 176.40 Section 176.40 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD TERMS FOR ASSISTANCE...

7 CFR 1700.32 - Program Accounting and Regulatory Analysis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Administrator with respect to management, information systems, budgets, and other such matters. (a) The... SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GENERAL INFORMATION Agency Organization and Functions § 1700.32 Program... requirements of the Office of Management and Budget. (c) The two regional branches (the Northern Region and the...

78 FR 26394 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comments Requested: Application...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-06

... Collection; Comments Requested: Application for Approval as a Nonprofit Budget and Credit Counseling Agency... title of the form/collection: Application for Approval as a Nonprofit Budget and Credit Counseling... brief abstract: counseling services. Other: None. Congress passed a bankruptcy law that requires any...

78 FR 74167 - Portable Fire Extinguishers (Annual Maintenance Certification Record); Extension of the Office of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-10

...] Portable Fire Extinguishers (Annual Maintenance Certification Record); Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of the Information Collection (Paperwork) Requirements AGENCY... solicits public comments concerning its proposal to extend the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB...

75 FR 52034 - Portable Fire Extinguishers (Annual Maintenance Certification Record); Extension of the Office of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-24

...] Portable Fire Extinguishers (Annual Maintenance Certification Record); Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of the Information Collection (Paperwork) Requirements AGENCY... solicits comments concerning its proposal to extend the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) approval of...

75 FR 8426 - Reports, Forms, and Record Keeping Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-24

... the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Under procedures established by the Paperwork Reduction Act...: strategic messaging (e.g., slogans or advertisement concepts concerning seat belt use, impaired driving... methodology of planned focus group sessions, to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) prior to any...

76 FR 78249 - Notice of Submission for OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-16

... Officer, Office of Management and Budget, 725 17th Street NW., Room 10222, New Executive Office Building... U.S.C. Chapter 35) requires that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) provide interested..., Privacy, Information and Records Management Services, Office of Management, invites comments on the...

2 CFR 182.5 - What does this part do?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS Reserved GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE) § 182.5 What does this part do? This part provides Office of Management and Budget (OMB) guidance for Federal agencies on the...

75 FR 66316 - National Historical Publications and Records Commission Grants

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-28

... Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requirement to use Standard Form (SF) 425, Federal Financial Report... changes from the Office of Management and Budget; others proposed changes to eligible applicants and the... policy or to provide procedural details. Historical records means documentary material having permanent...

76 FR 13668 - Respiratory Protection Standard; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-14

...] Respiratory Protection Standard; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of... proposal to extend OMB approval of the information collection requirements specified by the Respiratory... Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134; hereafter, ``the [[Page 13669

Energy analysis of convectively induced wind perturbations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fuelberg, Henry E.; Buechler, Dennis E.

1989-01-01

Budgets of divergent and rotational components of kinetic energy (KD and KR) are examined for four upper level wind speed maxima that develop during the fourth Atmospheric Variability Experiment (AVE IV) and the first AVE-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment (AVE-SESAME I). A similar budget analysis is performed for a low-level jet stream during AVE-SESAME I. The energetics of the four upper level speed maxima is found to have several similarities. The dominant source of KD is cross-contour flow by the divergent wind, and KD provides a major source of KR via a conversion process. Conversion from available potential energy provides an additional source of KR in three of the cases. Horizontal maps reveal that the conversions involving KD are maximized in regions poleward of the convection. Low-level jet development during AVE-SESAME I appears to be assisted by convective activity to the west.

Exploring Surface Analysis Techniques for the Detection of Molecular Contaminants on Spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rutherford, Gugu N.; Seasly, Elaine; Thornblom, Mark; Baughman, James

2016-01-01

Molecular contamination is a known area of concern for spacecraft. To mitigate this risk, projects involving space flight hardware set requirements in a contamination control plan that establishes an allocation budget for the exposure of non-volatile residues (NVR) onto critical surfaces. The purpose of this work will focus on non-contact surface analysis and in situ monitoring to mitigate molecular contamination on space flight hardware. By using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) with Raman Spectroscopy, an unlikely contaminant was identified on space flight hardware. Using traditional and surface analysis methods provided the broader view of the contamination sources allowing for best fit solutions to prevent any future exposure.

Prototyping Instruments for Chemical Laboratory Using Inexpensive Electronic Modules.

PubMed

Urban, Pawel L

2018-05-15

Open-source electronics and programming can augment chemical and biomedical research. Currently, chemists can choose from a broad range of low-cost universal electronic modules (microcontroller boards and single-board computers) and use them to assemble working prototypes of scientific tools to address specific experimental problems and to support daily research work. The learning time can be as short as a few hours, and the required budget is often as low as 50 USD. Prototyping instruments using low-cost electronic modules gives chemists enormous flexibility to design and construct customized instrumentation, which can reduce the delays caused by limited access to high-end commercial platforms. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

40 CFR 97.212 - Changing CAIR designated representative and alternate CAIR designated representative; changes in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) FEDERAL NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS CAIR Designated Representative for CAIR SO2 Sources § 97.212 Changing CAIR designated representative and alternate CAIR designated... representative and the owners and operators of the CAIR SO2 source and the CAIR SO2 units at the source. (b...

Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-21

some observers regarding the current and future size and capabilities of the Navy. The Navy’s proposed FY2017 budget requests funding for the...An October 2015 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report on the Navy’s FY2015 30-year shipbuilding plan estimates that the plan would require 11.5...shipbuilding budget , its proposed FY2017-FY2021 five-year shipbuilding plan, and its 30-year (FY2017-FY2046) shipbuilding plan include the following:  the

Summary Report on the Audit of Defense Base Closure and Realignment Budget Data for Fiscal Year 1992 and 1993

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-25

OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL SUMMARY REPORT ON THE AUDIT OF DEFENSE BASE CLOSURE AND REALIGNMENT BUDGET DATA FOR FISCAL YEARS 1992 AND 1993...ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (INSTALLATIONS) SUBJECT: Summary Report on the Audit of Defense Base Closure and Realignment Budget Data for Fiscal Years...1992 and 1993 (Report No. 93-100) We are providing this final summary report for your information and use. The audit was required by Public Law

Instrumentation for measuring lake and reservoir evaporation by the energy-budget and mass-transfer methods

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sturrock, A.M.

1985-01-01

Instrumentation currently used by the U.S. Geological Survey in studies of lake and reservoir evaporation is described in this paper. This instrumentation is used for the measurement of solar and terrestrial energy necessary to apply the mass-transfer or energy budget methods. The energy budget requires a quantative determination of all form of energy entering or leaving the lake as well as determination of the change in storage of energy within the lake. (USGS)

A strategy to unveil transient sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takami, Hajime

2013-06-01

Transient generation of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) has been motivated from promising candidates of UHECR sources such as gamma-ray bursts, flares of active galactic nuclei, and newly born neutron stars and magnetars. Here we propose a strategy to unveil transient sources of UHECRs from UHECR experiments. We demonstrate that the rate of UHECR bursts and/or flares is related to the apparent number density of UHECR sources, which is the number density estimated on the assumption of steady sources, and the time-profile spread of the bursts produced by cosmic magnetic fields. The apparent number density strongly depends on UHECR energies under a given rate of the bursts, which becomes observational evidence of transient sources. It is saturated at the number density of host galaxies of UHECR sources. We also derive constraints on the UHECR burst rate and/or energy budget of UHECRs per source as a function of the apparent source number density by using models of cosmic magnetic fields. In order to obtain a precise constraint of the UHECR burst rate, high event statistics above ˜ 1020 eV for evaluating the apparent source number density at the highest energies and better knowledge on cosmic magnetic fields by future observations and/or simulations to better estimate the time-profile spread of UHECR bursts are required. The estimated rate allows us to constrain transient UHECR sources by being compared with the occurrence rates of known energetic transient phenomena.

Profiles of alpha 13 C and alpha D in methane from the lower stratosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wahlen, Martin; Tanaka, Nori; Henry, Robert; Weyer, Harley

1991-01-01

Methane is an important greenhouse gas of biogenic and anthropogenic origin for which global budgets are being constructed from a variety of data. One approach to the global methane budget is the use of the stable isotopes C-13 and D, and the radionuclide C-14 as tracers. The authors measured the isotopic composition of methane from various sources and in tropospheric air for a number of locations. Here, the authors report on the isotopic composition of methane from the lower stratosphere. Measurements of this concentration in the stratosphere can yield estimates for the kinetic isotope effects in the methane destruction reactions. These effects have to be known for quantitative isotopic methane budgets.

Guide for developing an information technology investment road map for population health management.

PubMed

Hunt, Jacquelyn S; Gibson, Richard F; Whittington, John; Powell, Kitty; Wozney, Brad; Knudson, Susan

2015-06-01

Many health systems recovering from a massive investment in electronic health records are now faced with the prospect of maturing into accountable care organizations. This maturation includes the need to cooperate with new partners, involve substantially new data sources, require investment in additional information technology (IT) solutions, and become proficient in managing care from a new perspective. Adding to the confusion, there are hundreds of population health management (PHM) vendors with overlapping product functions. This article proposes an organized approach to investing in PHM IT. The steps include assessing the organization's business and clinical goals, establishing governance, agreeing on business requirements, evaluating the ability of current IT systems to meet those requirements, setting time lines and budgets, rationalizing current and future needs and capabilities, and installing the new systems in the context of a continuously learning organization. This article will help organizations chart their position on the population health readiness spectrum and enhance their chances for a successful transition from volume-based to value-based care.

77 FR 38399 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Arizona; Nogales PM10

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-27

...EPA is proposing to approve a state implementation plan revision submitted by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality to address the moderate area PM10, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to a nominal ten micrometers, planning requirements for the Nogales nonattainment area. Consistent with this proposal, EPA is also proposing to approve the following plan elements as meeting the requirements of the Clean Air Act: the Nogales nonattainment area 2008 and 2011 emission inventories; the demonstration that the Nogales nonattainment area is attaining the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10, but for international emissions sources in Nogales, Mexico; the demonstration that reasonably available control measures sufficient to meet the standard have been implemented in the nonattainment area; the reasonable further progress demonstration; the demonstration that implementation of measures beyond those needed for attainment meet the contingency measure requirement; and, the motor vehicle emissions budget for the purposes of determining the conformity of transportation plans, programs, and projects with this PM10 plan.

Systems budgets architecture and development for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mignot, Shan; Flagey, Nicolas; Szeto, Kei; Murowinski, Rick; McConnachie, Alan

2016-08-01

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) project is an enterprise to upgrade the existing Canada-France- Hawaii observatory into a spectroscopic facility based on a 10 meter-class telescope. As such, the project relies on engineering requirements not limited only to its instruments (the low, medium and high resolution spectrographs) but for the whole observatory. The science requirements, the operations concept, the project management and the applicable regulations are the basis from which these requirements are initially derived, yet they do not form hierarchies as each may serve several purposes, that is, pertain to several budgets. Completeness and consistency are hence the main systems engineering challenges for such a large project as MSE. Special attention is devoted to ensuring the traceability of requirements via parametric models, derivation documents, simulations, and finally maintaining KAOS diagrams and a database under IBM Rational DOORS linking them together. This paper will present the architecture of the main budgets under development and the associated processes, expand to highlight those that are interrelated and how the system, as a whole, is then optimized by modelling and analysis of the pertinent system parameters.

76 FR 50188 - Notice of Submission for OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-12

..., Information and Records Management Services, Office of Management, invites comments on the submission for OMB... Management and Budget, 725 17th Street, NW., Room 10222, New Executive Office Building, Washington, DC 20503... 35) requires that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) provide interested Federal agencies and...

77 FR 12040 - Notice of Submission for OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-28

..., Information and Records Management Services, Office of Management, invites comments on the submission for OMB... Management and Budget, 725 17th Street NW., Room 10222, New Executive Office Building, Washington, DC 20503... 35) requires that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) provide interested Federal agencies and...

The Terrestrial Planet Finder coronagraph dynamics error budget

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shaklan, Stuart B.; Marchen, Luis; Green, Joseph J.; Lay, Oliver P.

2005-01-01

The Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph (TPF-C) demands extreme wave front control and stability to achieve its goal of detecting earth-like planets around nearby stars. We describe the performance models and error budget used to evaluate image plane contrast and derive engineering requirements for this challenging optical system.

Budget and Accounting Manual: California Community Colleges.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

California Community Colleges, Sacramento. Office of the Chancellor.

This manual specifies in detail the new budget and accounting system for California Community Colleges, utilizing an activity-centered approach to expenditure reporting which describes real resource requirements, their costs, and relative use in each of the 37 discrete activities comprising community college operations. The system is designed to…

2 CFR 175.5 - Purpose of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Purpose of this part. 175.5 Section 175.5 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD...

2 CFR 176.10 - Purpose of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Purpose of this part. 176.10 Section 176.10 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD...

2 CFR 176.10 - Purpose of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Purpose of this part. 176.10 Section 176.10 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD...

2 CFR 175.5 - Purpose of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Purpose of this part. 175.5 Section 175.5 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS AWARD...

2 CFR 170.100 - Purposes of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Purposes of this part. 170.100 Section 170.100 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS...

2 CFR 170.100 - Purposes of this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 2 Grants and Agreements 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Purposes of this part. 170.100 Section 170.100 Grants and Agreements Office of Management and Budget Guidance for Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET GOVERNMENTWIDE GUIDANCE FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS NATIONAL POLICY REQUIREMENTS...

77 FR 3798 - Asbestos in Construction Standard; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-25

...] Asbestos in Construction Standard; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of... proposal to extend OMB's approval of the information collection requirements contained in the Asbestos in... occupational exposure to asbestos, including lung cancer, mesothelioma, asbestosis (an emphysema-like condition...

76 FR 9022 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Announcement of Office of Management and Budget...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-16

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration [Docket No. FDA-2010-N-0248] Agency Information Collection Activities; Announcement of Office of Management and Budget Approval; Format and Content Requirements for Over-the-Counter Drug Product Labeling AGENCY: Food and Drug...

77 FR 16234 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-20

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration [Docket No. FDA-2011-N-0883] Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review; Comment Request; Requirements on Content and Format of Labeling for Human Prescription Drug and Biological...

Water budgets of two forested watersheds in South Carolina

Treesearch

Ge Sun; Jianbiao Lu; David L. Gartner; Masato Miwa; Carl C. Trettin

2000-01-01

Wetland protection, restoration and management require detail information of the water budgets for a particular system. Relatively undisturbed systems with long-term hydrologic records are extremely valuable for developing reference wetlands and detecting effects of management. Two forested flatwoods watersheds in the lower coastal plain of South Carolina have been...

77 FR 25500 - Standard on Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER); Extension of the Office...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-30

...] Standard on Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER); Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of Information Collection (Paperwork) Requirements AGENCY... solicits public comments concerning its proposal to extend the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB...

36 CFR 242.9 - Information collection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ARLSQ, Washington, D.C. 20240; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project... SUBSISTENCE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC LANDS IN ALASKA General Provisions § 242.9 Information... Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approval under 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520. They apply to fish and wildlife...

36 CFR 242.9 - Information collection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ARLSQ, Washington, D.C. 20240; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project... SUBSISTENCE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC LANDS IN ALASKA General Provisions § 242.9 Information... Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approval under 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520. They apply to fish and wildlife...

78 FR 78395 - Mechanical Power Presses Standard; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-26

...] Mechanical Power Presses Standard; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of the... proposal to extend OMB approval of the information collection requirements specified in the Mechanical...). The collections of information contained in the Mechanical Power [[Page 78396

Influence of light, temperature and salinity on dissolved organic carbon exudation rates in Zostera marina L.

EPA Science Inventory

Seagrass carbon budgets provide valuable insight on the minimum requirements needed to maintain this valuable resource. Carbon budgets are a balance between C fixation, storage and loss rates, most of which are well characterized. However, relatively few measurements of dissolv...

A Better Budget Rule

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dothan, Michael; Thompson, Fred

2009-01-01

Debt limits, interest coverage ratios, one-off balanced budget requirements, pay-as-you-go rules, and tax and expenditure limits are among the most important fiscal rules for constraining intertemporal transfers. There is considerable evidence that the least costly and most effective of such rules are those that focus directly on the rate of…

75 FR 12772 - Federal Labor Standards Payee Verification and Payment Processing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-17

... the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review, as required by the Paperwork Reduction Act. The... restitution payments on behalf of construction and maintenance workers who have been underpaid for work... be sent to: HUD Desk Officer, Office of Management and Budget, New Executive Office Building...

7 CFR 1980.445 - Periodic financial statements and audits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... accordance with approriate Office of Management and Budget (OMB) circulars and any Agency requirements... receivable for collateral will normally be audited, regardless of the size of the loan. Nothing in this... the Office of Management and Budget, EOP Publications Office, 725 17th Street, NW., Room 2200, New...

7 CFR 1980.445 - Periodic financial statements and audits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... accordance with approriate Office of Management and Budget (OMB) circulars and any Agency requirements... receivable for collateral will normally be audited, regardless of the size of the loan. Nothing in this... the Office of Management and Budget, EOP Publications Office, 725 17th Street, NW., Room 2200, New...

7 CFR 1980.445 - Periodic financial statements and audits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... accordance with approriate Office of Management and Budget (OMB) circulars and any Agency requirements... receivable for collateral will normally be audited, regardless of the size of the loan. Nothing in this... the Office of Management and Budget, EOP Publications Office, 725 17th Street, NW., Room 2200, New...

7 CFR 1980.445 - Periodic financial statements and audits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... accordance with approriate Office of Management and Budget (OMB) circulars and any Agency requirements... receivable for collateral will normally be audited, regardless of the size of the loan. Nothing in this... the Office of Management and Budget, EOP Publications Office, 725 17th Street, NW., Room 2200, New...

7 CFR 1980.445 - Periodic financial statements and audits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... accordance with approriate Office of Management and Budget (OMB) circulars and any Agency requirements... receivable for collateral will normally be audited, regardless of the size of the loan. Nothing in this... the Office of Management and Budget, EOP Publications Office, 725 17th Street, NW., Room 2200, New...

75 FR 76492 - Bloodborne Pathogens Standard; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-08

...] Bloodborne Pathogens Standard; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval of... Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030). The information collection requirements specified in the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard provides employers and workers with means to provide protection from adverse health...

36 CFR 1210.25 - Revision of budget and program plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... may, at its option, restrict the transfer of funds among direct cost categories or programs, functions... or the objective of the project or program (even if there is no associated budget revision requiring... funds allotted for training allowances (direct payment to trainees) to other categories of expense. (8...

77 FR 70740 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to the Office of Management and Budget for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-27

...; Submission to the Office of Management and Budget for Review and Approval; Comment Request; Federal Family... to this notice will be considered public records. Title of Collection: Federal Family Educational... the administrative requirements of the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) program. Effective August...

The Budgeting Mechanism in Development Companies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kovaleva, Tatiana M.; Khvostenko, Oleg A.; Glukhova, Alla G.; Nikeryasova, Veronica V.; Gavrilov, Denis E.

2016-01-01

Relevance of the researched problem is caused by the fact that today there is a requirement for a unique, generalized, theoretically and methodically elaborated budgeting mechanism disaggregating the aims of strategic level to the level of structural units of the company. The aim of article is to develop methodical provisions and practical…

77 FR 31899 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-30

... and Exchange Commission (the ``Commission'') has submitted to the Office of Management and Budget a... Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Room 10102, New Executive Office Building, Washington... closed-end fund to repurchase its securities for cash if in addition to the other requirements set forth...

78 FR 41293 - Premerger Notification; Reporting and Waiting Period Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-10

... documentary material as may be necessary and appropriate to make that determination. In addition, Section 7A(d... of Management and Budget (``OMB'') and obtain clearance before instituting them. Such collections of... Director [of the Office of Management and Budget] shall determine whether the collection of information by...

75 FR 17638 - National Historical Publications and Records Commission; Proposal To Amend Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-07

... application deadline, and reflecting the new Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requirement to use Standard... Office of Management and Budget, and is intended to make reporting easier for all Federal grantees. The... policy or to provide procedural details. Historical records means documentary material having permanent...

76 FR 72209 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Form N-300; Revision of an Existing Information...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-22

...) will be submitting the following information collection request to the Office of Management and Budget... Security (DHS), and to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) USCIS Desk Officer. Comments may be... documentary requirements for those seeking to work in certain occupations [[Page 72210

Department of Navy FY17 Budget: Delivering Options, Assuring Allies,

Science.gov Websites

Services program and Surface Electronic Warfare Improvement Program. Hard Choices This fiscal environment requires each Service to make hard choices in prioritizing their budget, examining every account to sustain advantage, accelerate learning and strengthen our team. In making hard choices and allocating risk

The Report Card of the Education President.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Penning, Nick

1990-01-01

Criticizes President George Bush's minimalist education budget as a lot of noise with little substance. Instead of adopting the President's education program and budget, Congress invested heavily in increases for Chapter 1 and Head Start. The President will most likely emphasize deregulation and federal program requirement waivers for school…

75 FR 60480 - Concrete and Masonry Construction; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-30

... Information Collection (Paperwork) Requirements AGENCY: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA... proposal to extend the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) approval of the information collection... OSHA docket number (OSHA-2010-0040) for the Information Collection Request (ICR). All comments...

Error Budgets for the Exoplanet Starshade (exo-s) Probe-Class Mission Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shaklan, Stuart B.; Marchen, Luis; Cady, Eric; Ames, William; Lisman, P. Douglas; Martin, Stefan R.; Thomson, Mark; Regehr, Martin

2015-01-01

Exo-S is a probe-class mission study that includes the Dedicated mission, a 30 millimeters starshade co-launched with a 1.1 millimeter commercial telescope in an Earth-leading deep-space orbit, and the Rendezvous mission, a 34 millimeter starshade intended to work with a 2.4 millimeters telescope in an Earth-Sun L2 orbit. A third design, referred to as the Rendezvous Earth Finder mission, is based on a 40 millimeter starshade and is currently under study. This paper presents error budgets for the detection of Earth-like planets with each of these missions. The budgets include manufacture and deployment tolerances, the allowed thermal fluctuations and dynamic motions, formation flying alignment requirements, surface and edge reflectivity requirements, and the allowed transmission due to micrometeoroid damage.

Error budgets for the Exoplanet Starshade (Exo-S) probe-class mission study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaklan, Stuart B.; Marchen, Luis; Cady, Eric; Ames, William; Lisman, P. Douglas; Martin, Stefan R.; Thomson, Mark; Regehr, Martin

2015-09-01

Exo-S is a probe-class mission study that includes the Dedicated mission, a 30 m starshade co-launched with a 1.1 m commercial telescope in an Earth-leading deep-space orbit, and the Rendezvous mission, a 34 m starshade intended to work with a 2.4 m telescope in an Earth-Sun L2 orbit. A third design, referred to as the Rendezvous Earth Finder mission, is based on a 40 m starshade and is currently under study. This paper presents error budgets for the detection of Earth-like planets with each of these missions. The budgets include manufacture and deployment tolerances, the allowed thermal fluctuations and dynamic motions, formation flying alignment requirements, surface and edge reflectivity requirements, and the allowed transmission due to micrometeoroid damage.

Reductions of budgets, staffing, and programs among local health departments: results from NACCHO's economic surveillance surveys, 2009-2013.

PubMed

Ye, Jiali; Leep, Carolyn; Newman, Sarah

2015-01-01

To provide an overview of budget cuts, job losses, and program reductions among local health departments (LHDs) and to examine the association between LHD infrastructure characteristics and the likelihood of budget cuts. Data from 4 waves of the economic surveillance survey (July-August 2009, September-November 2010, January-February 2012, and January-March 2013) conducted by the National Association of County & City Health Officials were analyzed to assess cuts to budgets, jobs, and programs since 2009. Data from the 2013 National Profile of Local Health Departments survey were used to assess the infrastructural characteristics associated with budget cuts. When asked in early 2013, more than a quarter of LHDs (26.9%) reported a reduced budget, continuing the trend of a substantial proportion of LHDs experiencing financial hardship in recent years. The percentages of LHDs that made cuts to programmatic areas fluctuated from year to year but have never been lower than 40%. Maternal and child health services were among areas most often cut during all 4 time points of the survey. Governance type, total expenditures, and percentage of revenues from local sources were significantly associated with LHD budget cuts. Cuts in LHD budgets, staff, and activities have been widespread for a period that lasted long after the official end of the Great Recession. There is a great need for substantive and consistent funding to ensure the retention of the workforce and the delivery of essential public health services.

Wavefront error budget and optical manufacturing tolerance analysis for 1.8m telescope system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Kai; Zhang, Xuejun; Xian, Hao; Rao, Changhui; Zhang, Yudong

2010-05-01

We present the wavefront error budget and optical manufacturing tolerance analysis for 1.8m telescope. The error budget accounts for aberrations induced by optical design residual, manufacturing error, mounting effects, and misalignments. The initial error budget has been generated from the top-down. There will also be an ongoing effort to track the errors from the bottom-up. This will aid in identifying critical areas of concern. The resolution of conflicts will involve a continual process of review and comparison of the top-down and bottom-up approaches, modifying both as needed to meet the top level requirements in the end. As we all know, the adaptive optical system will correct for some of the telescope system imperfections but it cannot be assumed that all errors will be corrected. Therefore, two kinds of error budgets will be presented, one is non-AO top-down error budget and the other is with-AO system error budget. The main advantage of the method is that at the same time it describes the final performance of the telescope, and gives to the optical manufacturer the maximum freedom to define and possibly modify its own manufacturing error budget.

Development of Three-Phase Source Inverter for Research and Laboratories

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1 . AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2 . REPORT DATE March 2011 3. REPORT TYPE AND...THEORY OF OPERATION ................................5 1 . Overview ......................................5 2 . Voltage Source Inverter...29 1 . Low Pass Filter MATLAB Code ..................31 2 . Current Sensor ...............................33 3. Optocouplers

Dimethyl sulfide: Less important than long-range transport as a source of sulfate to the remote tropical Pacific marine boundary layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simpson, Rebecca M. C.; Howell, Steven G.; Blomquist, Byron W.; Clarke, Antony D.; Huebert, Barry J.

2014-07-01

During the Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment (PASE), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was not the principal source of non-sea salt sulfate (NSS) mass in the remote marine boundary layer (MBL), according to an Eulerian sulfur budget based on observations of chemical concentrations from the NCAR C-130 in relatively dry, subsiding regions of the tropical Pacific. Our three (DMS, SO2, and NSS) monthly-average budgets are mutually consistent. The PASE-average DMS emission was 3.0 ± 0.5μmol m-2 d-1 (our budget "units"). SO2 sources include DMS + OH (1.4 ± 0.4 units, assuming 75% of reacted DMS forms SO2) and entrainment from the free troposphere (FT) (0.8 ± 0.2 units). Clouds were the most important chemical reactors for SO2 (-1.0 ± 0.5 units). SO2 loss terms also include divergence (-0.9 ± 0.3 units), dry deposition (-0.5 ± 0.2 units), and OH + SO2 (-0.22 ± 0.05 units). The total SO2 loss balanced the SO2 source. We assume that no SO2 was lost to ozone oxidation on sea salt particles; we found negligible NSS on particles from 2.6 μm (the sea salt mass peak) to 10 μm diameter. Fine-particle NSS sources include in-cloud oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 (1.0 ± 0.5 units), OH + SO2 (0.19 ± 0.05 units), and entrainment (1.1 ± 0.3 units in clean conditions; twice that when continental pollution is present). NSS sources balance NSS loss to divergence. Only about one fourth of emitted DMS becomes NSS. FT entrainment supplied two thirds and DMS oxidation produced one third of MBL NSS, rather similar source terms.

Overview of the Global Nitrous Oxide Budget: The More We Think We Know, the Less We Really Know

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davidson, E. A.

2016-12-01

The N2O budget is balanced in the real world, but our ability to account for past and present sources and sinks remains poor. This is true for both top-down atmospheric inversion models and bottom-up compilations of emission estimates by geographic region, economic sector, land use, and land management. Narrowing uncertainties would improve confidence in budgets and improve targeting of climate change mitigation. Estimates of the atmospheric lifetime of N2O range from 104 to 152 years, resulting in an uncertainty of nearly 5 Tg N2O-N/yr in atmospheric model inversion estimates of global sources. Top-down source estimates are also sensitive to the assumed pre-industrial, quasi-steady-state N2O concentration. However, land-use change and natural climatic variation in the centuries preceding the industrial revolution add uncertainty. While there is agreement that agricultural soils are now the largest single source of anthropogenic N2O emissions, recent estimates of direct emissions from fertilizer and manure application to soils range from 0.66 to 2.5 Tg N2O-N/yr. These discrepancies are due to differences in estimated activity data (application rates), in disaggregation of data by region and crop type, and in linear or nonlinear assumptions for estimating emission factors. Indirect N2O emissions (those occurring in downstream or downwind ecosystems receiving runoff or deposition derived from agricultural sources) have always been poorly constrained and difficult to estimate. It is unclear, for example, whether recent estimates of enhanced N2O emissions from oceans due to N inputs from land are already adequately accounted for by indirect emission estimates or are a previously underestimated source. Tropical deforestation generally results in a brief (months to years) increase in soil N2O emissions, followed by emissions from degraded lands that are lower than those of the original forest. The effect globally is probably a net reduction of soil emissions that should be included in global budgets, but that is poorly quantified and often ignored. Where land use change and management includes fire, pyrogenic emissions are important but still uncertain. N2O soil sinks are small globally, but present an interesting conundrum for our understanding of underlying processes of N2O consumption.

Ozone and carbon monoxide budgets over the Eastern Mediterranean.

PubMed

Myriokefalitakis, S; Daskalakis, N; Fanourgakis, G S; Voulgarakis, A; Krol, M C; Aan de Brugh, J M J; Kanakidou, M

2016-09-01

The importance of the long-range transport (LRT) on O3 and CO budgets over the Eastern Mediterranean has been investigated using the state-of-the-art 3-dimensional global chemistry-transport model TM4-ECPL. A 3-D budget analysis has been performed separating the Eastern from the Western basins and the boundary layer (BL) from the free troposphere (FT). The FT of the Eastern Mediterranean is shown to be a strong receptor of polluted air masses from the Western Mediterranean, and the most important source of polluted air masses for the Eastern Mediterranean BL, with about 40% of O3 and of CO in the BL to be transported from the FT aloft. Regional anthropogenic sources are found to have relatively small impact on regional air quality in the area, contributing by about 8% and 18% to surface levels of O3 and CO, respectively. Projections using anthropogenic emissions for the year 2050 but neglecting climate change calculate a surface O3 decrease of about 11% together with a surface CO increase of roughly 10% in the Eastern Mediterranean. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.