Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority and San Mateo County Transit District Fuel Cell Transit Buses : Evaluation Results

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-11-23

This report provides evaluation results for prototype fuel cell transit buses operating at Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) in San Jose, California. San Mateo County Transit District (SamTrans) in San Carlos, California, is a partner...

Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority and San Mateo County Transit District Fuel Cell Transit Buses : Preliminary Evaluation Results

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-03-23

This report provides preliminary results from an evaluation of prototype fuel cell transit buses operating at Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) in San Jose, California. San Mateo County Transit District (SamTrans) in San Carlos, Calif...

Zero Emission Bay Area (ZEBA) Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Results: Fifth Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eudy, Leslie; Post, Matthew; Jeffers, Matthew

This report presents results of a demonstration of fuel cell electric buses (FCEB) operating in Oakland, California. Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) leads the Zero Emission Bay Area (ZEBA) demonstration, which includes 13 advanced-design fuel cell buses and two hydrogen fueling stations. The ZEBA partners are collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the buses in revenue service. NREL has published four previous reports describing operation of these buses. This report presents new and updated results covering data from January 2015 through December 2015.

Zero Emission Bay Area (ZEBA) Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Results: Sixth Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eudy, Leslie; Post, Matthew B.; Jeffers, Matthew A.

This report presents results of a demonstration of fuel cell electric buses (FCEB) operating in Oakland, California. Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) leads the Zero Emission Bay Area (ZEBA) demonstration, which includes 13 advanced-design fuel cell buses and two hydrogen fueling stations. The ZEBA partners are collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the buses in revenue service. NREL has published five previous reports describing operation of these buses. This report presents new and updated results covering data from January 2016 through December 2016.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Quasi-In-Motion Wireless Power Transfer for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Transit Buses from Fleet Perspective

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Lijuan; Gonder, Jeff; Brooker, Aaron

This study evaluated the costs and benefits associated with the use of stationary-wireless-power-transfer-enabled plug-in hybrid electric buses and determined the cost effectiveness relative to conventional buses and hybrid electric buses. A factorial design was performed over a number of different battery sizes, charging power levels, and f bus stop charging stations. The net present costs were calculated for each vehicle design and provided the basis for design evaluation. In all cases, given the assumed economic conditions, the conventional bus achieved the lowest net present cost while the optimal plug-in hybrid electric bus scenario beat out the hybrid electric comparison scenario.more » The parameter sensitivity was also investigated under favorable and unfavorable market penetration assumptions.« less

National Fuel Cell Bus Program: Accelerated Testing Evaluation Report and Appendices, Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chandler, K.; Eudy, L.

2009-01-01

This is an evaluation of hydrogen fuel cell transit buses operating at AC Transit in revenue service since March 20, 2006 compared to similar diesel buses operating from the same depot. This evaluation report includes results from November 2007 through October 2008. Evaluation results include implementation experience, fueling station operation, fuel cell bus operations at Golden Gate Transit, and evaluation results at AC Transit (bus usage, availability, fuel economy, maintenance costs, and roadcalls).

NREL Evaluates Performance of Fast-Charge Electric Buses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

2016-09-16

This real-world performance evaluation is designed to enhance understanding of the overall usage and effectiveness of electric buses in transit operation and to provide unbiased technical information to other agencies interested in adding such vehicles to their fleets. Initial results indicate that the electric buses under study offer significant fuel and emissions savings. The final results will help Foothill Transit optimize the energy-saving potential of its transit fleet. NREL's performance evaluations help vehicle manufacturers fine-tune their designs and help fleet managers select fuel-efficient, low-emission vehicles that meet their bottom line and operational goals. help Foothill Transit optimize the energy-saving potentialmore » of its transit fleet. NREL's performance evaluations help vehicle manufacturers fine-tune their designs and help fleet managers select fuel-efficient, low-emission vehicles that meet their bottom line and operational goals.« less

Hickam Air Force Base Fuel Cell Vehicles : Early Implementation Experience

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-07-01

This report describes operations at Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) for three prototype fuel cell buses and six diesel buses operating from the same location. This is the third evaluation report for this site, and it describes new ...

Interior noise profile of buses in Curitiba

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zannin, Paulo H. T.; Giovanini, Clifton R.; Diniz, Fabiano B.; Ferreira, Jose C.

2002-11-01

Evaluating the noise levels to which the bus drivers of Curitiba are exposed to during their working days is the main scope of this study. The city is served by an internationally known public transportation system featuring 1902 buses, which attend 1.9 million people per day. Two measurements have been taken inside each one of the 60 buses surveyed, one close to the driver and another one at the back of the bus. The results have showed that the dose levels the drivers are exposed to were below 50% in 92% out of the buses, but the normalized exposure levels were over 65 dB(A) in all cases. This level is considered as the threshold of comfort according to the Brazilian legislation on occupancy health NR-17--Ergonomics. The surveyed buses have been divided into three categories, according to their characteristics: feeder, rapid, and bi-articulated. A total of 20 buses within each category have been surveyed. Among the different categories, it has been found that the feeders have presented the highest noise levels. (To be presented in Portuguese.)

National Fuel Cell Bus Program: Accelerated Testing Evaluation Report #2, Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) and Appendices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eudy, L.; Chandler, K.

2010-06-01

This is an evaluation of hydrogen fuel cell transit buses operating at AC Transit in revenue service since March 20, 2006, comparing similar diesel buses operating from the same depot. It covers November 2007 through February 2010. Results include implementation experience, fueling station operation, evaluation results at AC Transit (bus usage, availability, fuel economy, maintenance costs, and road calls), and a summary of achievements and challenges encountered during the demonstration.

Characterizing ultrafine particles and other air pollutants in and around school buses.

PubMed

Zhu, Yifang; Zhang, Qunfang

2014-03-01

Increasing evidence has demonstrated toxic effects of ultrafine particles (UFP*, diameter < 100 nm). Children are particularly at risk because of their immature respiratory systems and higher breathing rates per body mass. This study aimed to characterize UFP, PM2.5 (particulate matter < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter), and other vehicular-emitted pollutants in and around school buses. Four sub-studies were conducted, including: 1. On-road tests to measure in-cabin air pollutant levels while school buses were being driven; 2. Idling tests to determine the contributions of tailpipe emissions from idling school buses to air pollutant levels in and around school buses under different scenarios; 3. Retrofit tests to evaluate the performance of two retrofit systems, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) muffler and a crankcase filtration system (CFS), on reducing tailpipe emissions and in-cabin air pollutant concentrations under idling and driving conditions; and 4. High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter air purifier tests to evaluate the effectiveness of in-cabin filtration. In total, 24 school buses were employed to cover a wide range of school buses commonly used in the United States. Real-time air quality measurements included particle number concentration (PNC), fine and UFP size distribution in the size range 7.6-289 nm, PM2.5 mass concentration, black carbon (BC) concentration, and carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. For in-cabin measurements, instruments were placed on a platform secured to the rear seats inside the school buses. For all other tests, a second set of instruments was deployed to simultaneously measure the ambient air pollutant levels. For tailpipe emission measurements, the exhaust was diluted and then measured by instruments identical to those used for the in-cabin measurements. The results show that when driving on roads, in-cabin PNC, fine and UFP size distribution, PM2.5, BC, and CO varied by engine age, window position, driving speed, driving route, and operating conditions. Emissions from idling school buses increased the PNC close to the tailpipe by a factor of up to 26.0. Under some circumstances, tailpipe emissions of idling school buses increased the in-cabin PNC by factors ranging from 1.2 to 5.8 in the 10-30 nm particle size range. Retrofit systems significantly reduced the tailpipe emissions of idling school buses. With both DOC and CFS installed, PNC in tailpipe emissions dropped by 20%-94%. No unequivocal decrease was observed for in-cabin air pollutants after retrofitting. The operation of the air conditioning (AC) unit and the pollutant concentrations in the surrounding ambient air played more important roles than retrofit technologies in determining in-cabin air quality. The use of a HEPA air purifier removed up to 50% of in-cabin particles. Because each sub-study tested only a subset of the 24 school buses, the results should be seen as more exploratory than definitive.

COMPARISON OF PARALLEL AND SERIES HYBRID POWERTRAINS FOR TRANSIT BUS APPLICATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gao, Zhiming; Daw, C Stuart; Smith, David E

2016-01-01

The fuel economy and emissions of both conventional and hybrid buses equipped with emissions aftertreatment were evaluated via computational simulation for six representative city bus drive cycles. Both series and parallel configurations for the hybrid case were studied. The simulation results indicate that series hybrid buses have the greatest overall advantage in fuel economy. The series and parallel hybrid buses were predicted to produce similar CO and HC tailpipe emissions but were also predicted to have reduced NOx tailpipe emissions compared to the conventional bus in higher speed cycles. For the New York bus cycle (NYBC), which has the lowestmore » average speed among the cycles evaluated, the series bus tailpipe emissions were somewhat higher than they were for the conventional bus, while the parallel hybrid bus had significantly lower tailpipe emissions. All three bus powertrains were found to require periodic active DPF regeneration to maintain PM control. Plug-in operation of series hybrid buses appears to offer significant fuel economy benefits and is easily employed due to the relatively large battery capacity that is typical of the series hybrid configuration.« less

American Fuel Cell Bus Project Evaluation. Second Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eudy, Leslie; Post, Matthew

2015-09-01

This report presents results of the American Fuel Cell Bus (AFCB) Project, a demonstration of fuel cell electric buses operating in the Coachella Valley area of California. The prototype AFCB was developed as part of the Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) National Fuel Cell Bus Program. Through the non-profit consortia CALSTART, a team led by SunLine Transit Agency and BAE Systems developed a new fuel cell electric bus for demonstration. SunLine added two more AFCBs to its fleet in 2014 and another in 2015. FTA and the AFCB project team are collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and DOE'smore » National Renewable Energy Laboratory to evaluate the buses in revenue service. This report summarizes the performance results for the buses through June 2015.« less

In-Use Fleet Evaluation of Fast-Charge Battery Electric Transit Buses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prohaska, Robert; Kelly, Kenneth; Eudy

2016-06-27

With support from the U.S. Department of Energy's Vehicle Technologies Office, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducts real-world performance evaluations of advanced medium- and heavy-duty fleet vehicles. Evaluation results can help vehicle manufacturers fine-tune their designs and assist fleet managers in selecting fuel-efficient, low-emission vehicles that meet their economic and operational goals. In 2015, NREL launched an in-service evaluation of 12 battery electric buses (BEBs) compared to conventional compressed natural gas (CNG) buses operated by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California. The study aims to improve understanding of the overall usage and effectiveness of fast-charge BEBs and associated chargingmore » infrastructure in transit operation. To date, NREL researchers have analyzed more than 148,000 km of in-use operational data, including driving and charging events. Foothill Transit purchased the BEBs with grant funding from the Federal Transit Administration's Transit Investments for Greenhouse Gas and Energy Reduction Program.« less

Battery capacity and recharging needs for electric buses in city transit service

DOE PAGES

Gao, Zhiming; Lin, Zhenhong; LaClair, Tim J.; ...

2017-01-27

Our paper evaluates the energy consumption and battery performance of city transit electric buses operating on real day-to-day routes and standardized bus drive cycles, based on a developed framework tool that links bus electrification feasibility with real-world vehicle performance, city transit bus service reliability, battery sizing and charging infrastructure. The impacts of battery capacity combined with regular and ultrafast charging over different routes have been analyzed in terms of the ability to maintain city transit bus service reliability like conventional buses. These results show that ultrafast charging via frequent short-time boost charging events, for example at a designated bus stopmore » after completing each circuit of an assigned route, can play a significant role in reducing the battery size and can eliminate the need for longer duration charging events that would cause schedule delays. Furthermore, the analysis presented shows that significant benefits can be realized by employing multiple battery configurations and flexible battery swapping practices in electric buses. These flexible design and use options will allow electric buses to service routes of varying city driving patterns and can therefore enable meaningful reductions to the cost of the vehicle and battery while ensuring service that is as reliable as conventional buses.« less

Battery capacity and recharging needs for electric buses in city transit service

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gao, Zhiming; Lin, Zhenhong; LaClair, Tim J.

Our paper evaluates the energy consumption and battery performance of city transit electric buses operating on real day-to-day routes and standardized bus drive cycles, based on a developed framework tool that links bus electrification feasibility with real-world vehicle performance, city transit bus service reliability, battery sizing and charging infrastructure. The impacts of battery capacity combined with regular and ultrafast charging over different routes have been analyzed in terms of the ability to maintain city transit bus service reliability like conventional buses. These results show that ultrafast charging via frequent short-time boost charging events, for example at a designated bus stopmore » after completing each circuit of an assigned route, can play a significant role in reducing the battery size and can eliminate the need for longer duration charging events that would cause schedule delays. Furthermore, the analysis presented shows that significant benefits can be realized by employing multiple battery configurations and flexible battery swapping practices in electric buses. These flexible design and use options will allow electric buses to service routes of varying city driving patterns and can therefore enable meaningful reductions to the cost of the vehicle and battery while ensuring service that is as reliable as conventional buses.« less

Walking School Buses as a Form of Active Transportation for Children--A Review of the Evidence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Liz; Norgate, Sarah H.; Cherrett, Tom; Davies, Nigel; Winstanley, Christopher; Harding, Mike

2015-01-01

Background: Walking school buses (WSBs) offer a potentially healthier way for children to get to school while reducing traffic congestion. A number of pressing societal challenges make it timely to evaluate evidence of their value. Methods: Studies that focused solely on WSBs were identified through online and manual literature searches. Twelve…

Alternative Fuels for Washington's School Buses: A Report to the Washington State Legislature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lyons, John Kim; McCoy, Gilbert A.

This document presents findings of a study that evaluated the use of both propane and compressed natural gas as alternative fuels for Washington State school buses. It discusses air quality improvement actions by state- and federal-level regulators and summarizes vehicle design, development, and commercialization activities by all major engine,…

In-use fuel economy of hybrid-electric school buses in Iowa.

PubMed

Hallmark, Shauna; Sperry, Bob; Mudgal, Abhisek

2011-05-01

Although it is much safer and more fuel-efficient to transport children to school in buses than in private vehicles, school buses in the United States still consume 822 million gal of diesel fuel annually, and school transportation costs can account for a significant portion of resource-constrained school district budgets. Additionally, children in diesel-powered school buses may be exposed to higher levels of particulates and other pollutants than children in cars. One solution to emission and fuel concerns is use of hybrid-electric school buses, which have the potential to reduce emissions and overall lifecycle costs compared with conventional diesel buses. Hybrid-electric technologies are available in the passenger vehicle market as well as the transit bus market and have a track record indicating fuel economy and emissions benefits. This paper summarizes the results of an in-use fuel economy evaluation for two plug-in hybrid school buses deployed in two different school districts in Iowa. Each school district selected a control bus with a route similar to that of the hybrid bus. Odometer readings, fuel consumption, and maintenance needs were recorded for each bus. The buses were deployed in 2008 and data were collected through May 2010. Fuel consumption was calculated for each school district. In Nevada, IA, the overall average fuel economy was 8.23 mpg for the hybrid and 6.35 mpg for the control bus. In Sigourney, IA, the overall average fuel economy was 8.94 mpg for the hybrid and 6.42 mpg for the control bus. The fuel consumption data were compared for the hybrid and control buses using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results indicate that fuel economy for the Nevada hybrid bus was 29.6% better than for the Nevada control bus, and fuel economy for the Sigourney hybrid bus was 39.2% higher than for the Sigourney control bus. Both differences were statistically significant.

Evaluating real-world CO2 and NOX emissions for public transit buses using a remote wireless on-board diagnostic (OBD) approach.

PubMed

Yang, Liuhanzi; Zhang, Shaojun; Wu, Ye; Chen, Qizheng; Niu, Tianlin; Huang, Xu; Zhang, Shida; Zhang, Liangjun; Zhou, Yu; Hao, Jiming

2016-11-01

The challenge to mitigate real-world emissions from vehicles calls for powerful in-use compliance supervision. The remote on-board diagnostic (OBD) approach, with wireless data communications, is one of the promising next-generation monitoring methods. We collected second-by-second profiles of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogen oxides (NO X ) emissions, driving conditions and engine performance for three conventional diesel and three hybrid diesel buses participating in a remote OBD pilot program in Nanjing, China. Our results showed that the average CO 2 emissions for conventional diesel and hybrid diesel buses were 816 ± 83 g km -1 and 627 ± 54 g km -1 , respectively, under a typical driving pattern. An operating mode binning analysis indicated that CO 2 emissions reduction by series-parallel hybrid technology was largely because of the significant benefits of the technology under the modes of low speed and low power demand. However, significantly higher CO 2 emissions were observed for conventional diesel buses during rush hours, higher than 1200 g km -1 . The OBD data suggested no improvement in NO X emission reduction for hybrid buses compared with conventional buses; both were approximately 12 g km -1 because of poor performance of the selective catalyst reduction (SCR) systems in the real world. Speed-dependent functions for real-world CO 2 and NO X emissions were also constructed. The CO 2 emissions of hybrid buses were much less sensitive to the average speed than conventional buses. If the average speed decreased from 20 km h -1 to 10 km h -1 , the estimated CO 2 emission factor for conventional buses would be increased by 34%. Such a change in speed would increase NO X emissions for conventional and hybrid buses by 38% and 56%, respectively. This paper demonstrates the useful features of the remote OBD system and can inform policy makers how to take advantage of these features in monitoring in-use vehicles. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studies of self-pollution in diesel school buses: methodological issues.

PubMed

Borak, Jonathan; Sirianni, Greg

2007-09-01

Considerable interest has focused on levels of exhaust emissions in the cabins of diesel-powered school buses and their possible adverse health effects. Significantly different policy and engineering issues would be raised if compelling evidence found that inc-cabin contamination was due to self-pollution from bus emissions, rather than ambient pollution, neighboring vehicles, and/or re-entrained road dust. We identified 19 reports from 11 studies that measured diesel exhaust particulate in the cabins of 58 school bus of various type. Studies were evaluated in light of their experimental design, their data quality, and their capacity to quantify self-pollution. Only one study had a true experimental design, comparing the same buses with and without emission controls, while four others used intentional tracers to quantify tail pipe and/or crankcase emissions. Although definitive data are still lacking, these studies suggest that currently available control technologies can nearly eliminate particulate self-pollution inside diesel school buses.

Comparison of Parallel and Series Hybrid Power Trains for Transit Bus Applications

DOE PAGES

Gao, Zhiming; Daw, C. Stuart; Smith, David E.; ...

2016-08-01

The fuel economy and emissions of conventional and hybrid buses equipped with emissions after treatment were evaluated via computational simulation for six representative city bus drive cycles. Both series and parallel configurations for the hybrid case were studied. The simulation results indicated that series hybrid buses have the greatest overall advantage in fuel economy. The series and parallel hybrid buses were predicted to produce similar carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon tailpipe emissions but were also predicted to have reduced tailpipe emissions of nitrogen oxides compared with the conventional bus in higher speed cycles. For the New York bus cycle, which hasmore » the lowest average speed among the cycles evaluated, the series bus tailpipe emissions were somewhat higher than they were for the conventional bus; the parallel hybrid bus had significantly lower tailpipe emissions. All three bus power trains were found to require periodic active diesel particulate filter regeneration to maintain control of particulate matter. Finally, plug-in operation of series hybrid buses appears to offer significant fuel economy benefits and is easily employed because of the relatively large battery capacity that is typical of the series hybrid configuration.« less

Comparison of Parallel and Series Hybrid Power Trains for Transit Bus Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gao, Zhiming; Daw, C. Stuart; Smith, David E.

The fuel economy and emissions of conventional and hybrid buses equipped with emissions after treatment were evaluated via computational simulation for six representative city bus drive cycles. Both series and parallel configurations for the hybrid case were studied. The simulation results indicated that series hybrid buses have the greatest overall advantage in fuel economy. The series and parallel hybrid buses were predicted to produce similar carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon tailpipe emissions but were also predicted to have reduced tailpipe emissions of nitrogen oxides compared with the conventional bus in higher speed cycles. For the New York bus cycle, which hasmore » the lowest average speed among the cycles evaluated, the series bus tailpipe emissions were somewhat higher than they were for the conventional bus; the parallel hybrid bus had significantly lower tailpipe emissions. All three bus power trains were found to require periodic active diesel particulate filter regeneration to maintain control of particulate matter. Finally, plug-in operation of series hybrid buses appears to offer significant fuel economy benefits and is easily employed because of the relatively large battery capacity that is typical of the series hybrid configuration.« less

On-road measurement of regulated pollutants from diesel and CNG buses with urea selective catalytic reduction systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Jiadong; Ge, Yunshan; Hao, Lijun; Tan, Jianwei; Li, Jiaqiang; Feng, Xiangyu

2014-12-01

In this study, emissions from 13 buses operated in Beijing, including two Euro-III diesel buses, four Euro-IV diesel buses, three Euro-V diesel buses and four Euro-V CNG buses, were characterized in real world conditions. All of the buses tested were fitted with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems except for the Euro-III diesel buses. A SEMTECH-DS was used for testing the gaseous pollutants, and an electric low pressure impactor (ELPI) was used for measuring of particle numbers and size distributions. A comparison was made based on emission performance of these buses by employing the VSP approach and fuel- based emissions factors. Diesel buses emitted less CO and THC but more NOx and PM pollutants than CNG buses. The NOx reduction efficiencies of the SCR systems for CNG buses were higher because of the high exhaust temperature and high NO2/NOx ratio, whereas the efficiencies for diesel buses were lower. This resulted in extremely low NOx emissions from CNG buses, but the high NO2/NOx ratio needs further study. Failures of urea injection in the SCR systems were detected in this research, which resulted in very high NOx emissions. The CNG buses also emitted smaller numbers of particles and less particle mass with the presence of oxidation catalysts. Diesel buses satisfying the Euro-V standard performed better than Euro-IV and Euro-III diesel buses in terms of emission performance, except for more nuclei mode particles. Most of time, the Euro-IV diesel buses show no advantages in CO and NOx emissions compared with the Euro-III diesel buses.

Development of a School Bus Fuel System Integrity Compliance Procedure. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morrow, G. W.; Johnson, N. B.

This report presents a program that derived a compliance test procedure for school buses with a gross vehicle weight of 10,000 pounds or greater. The objective of this program was to evaluate Fuel System Integrity (FMVSS 301) in relation to school buses, conduct a limited state-of-the-art survey and run full-scale dynamic tests to produce an…

In-Use Performance Comparison of Hybrid Electric, CNG, and Diesel Buses at New York City Transit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barnitt, R. A.

2008-06-01

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) evaluated the performance of diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), and hybrid electric (equipped with BAE Systems? HybriDrive propulsion system) transit buses at New York City Transit (NYCT). CNG, Gen I and Gen II hybrid electric propulsion systems were compared on fuel economy, maintenance and operating costs per mile, and reliability.

A comparative investigation of ultrafine particle number and mass emissions from a fleet of on-road diesel and CNG buses.

PubMed

Jayaratne, E R; He, C; Ristovski, Z D; Morawska, L; Johnson, G R

2008-09-01

Particle number, particle mass, and CO2 concentrations were measured on the curb of a busy urban busway used entirely by a mix of diesel and CNG operated buses. With the passage of each bus, the ratio of particle number concentration and particle mass concentration to CO2 concentration in the diluted exhaust plume were used as measures of the particle number and mass emission factors, respectively. With all buses accelerating pastthe monitoring point, the results showed that the median particle mass emission from CNG buses was less than 9% of that from diesel buses. However, the median particle number emission from CNG buses was 6 times higher than the diesel buses, and the particles from the CNG buses were mainly in the nanoparticle size range. Using a thermodenuder to remove the volatile material from the sampled emissions showed that the majority of particles from the CNG buses, but not from the diesel buses, were volatile. Approximately, 82% of the particles from the CNG buses and 38% from the diesel buses were removed by heating the emissions to 300 degrees C.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Glacier-Waterton Park Powers Buses With

Science.gov Websites

Photo of a truck Natural Gas Fuels School Buses and Refuse Trucks in Tulsa, Oklahoma Feb. 18, 2017 Photo of buses Baton Rouge School District Adds Propane Buses to Its Fleet Dec. 23, 2016 photo of a truck Buses to Its Fleet Nov. 11, 2016 photo of a propane school bus Propane Powers School Buses in Tuscaloosa

Crashworthiness of Small Poststandard School Buses: Safety Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Transportation Safety Board (DOT), Washington, DC.

In 1977, a series of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for school buses became effective, mandating different performance standards for school buses compared to other buses. Because data on the crash performance of school buses built to these standards were lacking, the National Transportation Safety Board conducted a series of…

[Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction Benefits Analysis for Battery Electric Buses Based on Travel Services].

PubMed

Lin, Xiao-dan; Tian, Liang; Lü, Bin; Yang, Jian-xin

2015-09-01

Battery Electric Bus (BEB) has become one of prior options of urban buses for its "zero emission" during the driving stage. However, the environmental performance of electric buses is affected by multi-factors from the point of whole life cycle. In practice, carrying capacity of BEB and power generation structures can both implement evident effects on the energy consumption and pollutants emission of BEB. Therefore, take the above factors into consideration, in this article, Life Cycle Assessment is employed to evaluate the energy conservation and emissions reduction benefits of BEB. Results indicate that, travel service is more reasonable as the functional unit, rather than mileage, since the carrying capacity of BEB is 15% lower than the diesel buses. Moreover, compared with diesel buses, the energy conservation and emissions reduction benefits of battery electric buses are all different due to different regional power structures. Specifically, the energy benefits are 7. 84%, 11. 91%, 26. 90%, 11. 15%, 19. 55% and 20. 31% respectively in Huabei, Huadong, Huazhong, Dongbei, Xibei and Nanfang power structure. From the point of comprehensive emissions reduction benefits, there is no benefit in Huabei power structure, as it depends heavily on coal. But in other areas, the comprehensive emissions reduction benefits of BEB are separately 3. 46%, 26. 81%, 1. 17%, 13. 74% and 17. 48% in Huadong, Huazhong, Dongbei, Xibei and Nanfang. Therefore, it suggests that, enlargement of carrying capacity should be taken as the most prior technology innovation direction for BEB, and the grids power structure should be taken into consideration when the development of BEB is in planning.

Impacts of carpool utilization on the Katy Freeway transitway, 54-month after evaluation. Interim report, Sep 84-Sep 90

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bullard, D.L.

1990-09-01

Within the Houston metropolitan area, a major commitment has been made to develop a system of physically separated transitways in the medians of the existing freeway network. These lanes are reserved for the exclusive use of high-occupancy vehicles. Phase 1 of the first completed transitway opened on the Katy Freeway (I-10W) in October 1984. Initially, only authorized buses and vanpools were designated as eligible users of the transitway. To encourage increased vehicular utilization of the facility, carpools were allowed to use the transitway on a test basis beginning in April 1985. The research study, sponsored by the Metropolitan Transit Authoritymore » of Harris County and the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, was initiated in order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of permitting carpools to use the transitway. The report documents data collected in October 1989, 4.5 years after carpool utilization of the transitway began. The report compares the 1989 data to similar data collected before carpool utilization was permitted (March 1985) and after carpool utilization was permitted (April 1986, October 1987, October 1988). These comparisons address numerous concerns and provide an indication of the effectiveness of allowing carpools onto the transitway.« less

Chemical and toxicological properties of emissions from CNG transit buses equipped with three-way catalysts compared to lean-burn engines and oxidation catalyst technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoon, Seungju; Hu, Shaohua; Kado, Norman Y.; Thiruvengadam, Arvind; Collins, John F.; Gautam, Mridul; Herner, Jorn D.; Ayala, Alberto

2014-02-01

Chemical and toxicological properties of emissions from compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled transit buses with stoichiometric combustion engines and three-way catalyst (TWC) exhaust control systems were measured using a chassis dynamometer testing facility and compared to the data from earlier CNG engine and exhaust control technologies. Gaseous and particulate matter emissions from buses with stoichiometric engines and TWC were significantly lower than the emissions from buses with lean-burn engines. Carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from buses with stoichiometric engines and TWC were lower by more than 99% compared to buses with lean-burn engines. Elemental and organic carbons (EC and OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and trace elements from buses with stoichiometric engines and TWC were effectively controlled and significantly lower than the emissions from buses with lean-burn engines. Potential mutagenicity measured using a microsuspension modification of the Salmonella/microsome assay was lower by more than 99% for buses with stoichiometric engines and TWC, compared to buses with lean-burn engines and OxC.

Evaluation of horizontal curve design

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1980-08-01

This report documents an initial evaluation of horizontal curve design criteria which involved two phases: an observational study and an analytical evaluation. Three classes of vehicles (automobiles, school buses and tractor semi-trailers) and three ...

Performance evaluation of Platform Data ManagementSystem under various degrees of protocol implementation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arozullah, Mohammed

1991-01-01

The Platform Data Management System (DMS) collects Housekeeping (H/K), Payload (P/L) Engineering, and Payload Science data from various subsystems and payloads on the platform for transmission to the ground through the downlink via TDRSS. The DMS also distributes command data received from the ground to various subsystems and payloads. In addition, DMS distributes timing and safemode data. The function of collection and distribution of various types of data is performed by the Command and Data Handling (C&DH) subsystem of DMS. The C&DH subsystem uses for this purpose a number of data buses namely, Housekeeping, Payload Engineering, Payload Science, and Time and Safemode buses. Out of these buses, the H/K, P/L Engineering, and P/L Science buses are planned to be implemented by using MIL-STD 1553 bus. Most of the period covered was spent in developing a queue theoretic model of the 1553 Bus as used in the DMS. The aim is to use this model to test the performance and suitability of the 1553 Bus to the DMS under a number of alternative design scenarios.

EPA Interim Evaluation of 2016-2017 Milestone Progress in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page provides the EPA interim evaluations of the 2016-2017 milestones for the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. These interim assessments provide a mid-point check on the progress made on the 2016-2017 milestones, recognizing the achievements made in 2016.

EPA Interim Evaluation of 2012-2013 Milestone Progress in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page provides the EPA interim evaluations of the 2012-2013 milestones for the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. These interim assessments provide a mid-point check on the progress made on the 2012-2013 milestones, recognizing the achievements made in 2012.

EPA Interim Evaluation of 2014-2015 Milestone Progress in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page provides the EPA interim evaluations of the 2014-2015 milestones for the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. These interim assessments provide a mid-point check on the progress made on the 2014-2015 milestones, recognizing the achievements made in 2014.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL- AND CNG-POWERED URBAN BUSES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

COROLLER, P; PLASSAT, G

2003-08-24

Couple years ago, ADEME engaged programs dedicated to the urban buses exhaust emissions studies. The measures associated with the reduction of atmospheric and noise pollution has particular importance in the sector of urban buses. In many cases, they illustrate the city's environmental image and contribute to reinforcing the attractiveness of public transport. France's fleet in service, presently put at about 14,000 units, consumes about 2 per cent of the total energy of city transport. It causes about 2 per cent of the HC emissions and from 4 to 6 per cent of the NOx emissions and particles. These vehicles typicallymore » have a long life span (about 15 years) and are relatively expensive to buy, about 150.000 euros per unit. Several technical solutions were evaluated to quantify, on a real condition cycle for buses, on one hand pollutants emissions, fuel consumption and on the other hand reliability, cost in real existing fleet. This paper presents main preliminary results on urban buses exhaust emission on two different cases: - existing Diesel buses, with fuel modifications (Diesel with low sulphur content), Diesel with water emulsion and bio-Diesel (30% oil ester in standard Diesel fuel); renovating CNG powered Euro II buses fleet, over representative driving cycles, set up by ADEME and partners. On these cycles, pollutants (regulated and unregulated) were measured as well as fuel consumption, at the beginning of a program and one year after to quantify reliability and increase/decrease of pollutants emissions. At the same time, some after-treatment technologies were tested under real conditions and several vehicles. Information such as fuel consumption, lubricant analysis, problem on the technology were following during a one year program. On the overall level, it is the combination of various action, pollution-reduction and renewal that will make it possible to meet the technological challenge of reducing emissions and fuel consumption by urban bus networks.« less

Fine urban and precursor emissions control for diesel urban transit buses.

PubMed

Lanni, Thomas

2003-01-01

Particulate emission from diesel engines is one of the most important pollutants in urban areas. As a result, particulate emission control from urban bus diesel engines using particle filter technology is being evaluated at several locations in the US. A project entitled "Clean Diesel Air Quality Demonstration Program" has been initiated by the New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) under the supervision of New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and with active participation from Johnson Matthey, Corning, Equilon, Environment Canada and RAD Energy. Under this program, several MTA transit buses with DDC Series 50 engines were equipped with Continuously Regenerating Technology (CRTTM) particulate filter systems and have been operated with ultra low sulfur diesel (<30 ppm S) in transit service in Manhattan since February 2000. These buses were evaluated over a 9-month period for durability and maintainability of the particulate filter. In addition, an extensive emissions testing program was carried out using transient cycles on a chassis dynamometer to evaluate the emissions reductions obtained with the particle filter. In this paper, the emissions testing data from the Clean Diesel Air Quality Demonstration Program are discussed in detail.

Influence of large changes in public transportation (Transantiago) on the black carbon pollution near streets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gramsch, E.; Le Nir, G.; Araya, M.; Rubio, M. A.; Moreno, F.; Oyola, P.

2013-02-01

In 2006 a large transformation was carried out on the public transportation system in Santiago de Chile. The original system (before 2006) had hundreds of bus owners with about 7000 diesel buses. The new system has only 13 firms with about 5900 buses which operate in different parts of the city with little overlap between them. In this work we evaluate the impact of the Transantiago system on the black carbon pollution along four roads directly affected by the modification to the transport system. Measurements were carried out during May-July of 2005 (before Transantiago) and June-July of 2007 (after Transantiago). We have used the Wilcoxon rank-sum test to evaluate black carbon concentration in four streets in year 2005 and 2007. The results show that a statistically significant reduction between year 2005 (before Transantiago) and year 2007 (after Transantiago) in Alameda street, which changed from a mean of 18.8 μg m-3 in 2005 to 11.9 μg m-3 in 2007. In this street there was a decrease in the number of buses as well as the number of private vehicles and an improvement in the technology of public transportation between those years. Other two streets (Usach and Departamental) did not change or experienced a small increase in the black carbon concentration in spite of having less flux of buses in 2007. Eliodoro Yañez Street, which did not have public transportation in 2005 or 2007 experienced a 15% increase in the black carbon concentration between those years. Analysis of the data indicates that the change is related to a decrease in the total number of vehicles or the number of other diesel vehicles in the street rather than a decrease in the number of buses only. These results are an indication that in order to decrease pollution near a street is not enough to reduce the number of buses or improve its quality, but to reduce the total number of vehicles.

[Quantitative study of diesel/CNG buses exhaust particulate size distribution in a road tunnel].

PubMed

Zhu, Chun; Zhang, Xu

2010-10-01

Vehicle emission is one of main sources of fine/ultra-fine particles in many cities. This study firstly presents daily mean particle size distributions of mixed diesel/CNG buses traffic flow by 4 days consecutive real world measurement in an Australia road tunnel. Emission factors (EFs) of particle size distribution of diesel buses and CNG buses are obtained by MLR methods, particle distributions of diesel buses and CNG buses are observed as single accumulation mode and nuclei-mode separately. Particle size distributions of mixed traffic flow are decomposed by two log-normal fitting curves for each 30 min interval mean scans, the degrees of fitting between combined fitting curves and corresponding in-situ scans for totally 90 fitting scans are from 0.972 to 0.998. Finally particle size distributions of diesel buses and CNG buses are quantified by statistical whisker-box charts. For log-normal particle size distribution of diesel buses, accumulation mode diameters are 74.5-86.5 nm, geometric standard deviations are 1.88-2.05. As to log-normal particle size distribution of CNG buses, nuclei-mode diameters are 19.9-22.9 nm, geometric standard deviations are 1.27-1.3.

Faculty and Student Views of the Interim Term

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Centra, John A.; Sobol, Marion G.

1974-01-01

Evaluations of the interim term or 4-1-4 program at various colleges have been generally favorable. A detailed evaluation of the Rider College interim study program based on faculty and student reports indicated that the more nontraditionally oriented courses were rated higher than the more traditional offerings. (Editor/PG)

Cost-benefit analysis of safety belts in Texas school buses.

PubMed

Begley, C E; Biddle, A K

1988-01-01

Although safety belts have been shown to reduce the risk of serious injury or death in automobile crashes, evidence of their effectiveness in school buses is uncertain. In this paper, the potential costs and benefits of mandatory safety belts in Texas school buses are estimated, based on the assumption that their effectiveness is less than or equal to rear seatbelt effectiveness in autos. Costs are based on both retrofitting old buses with belts and installing them in new buses. Benefits include the direct and indirect (forgone earnings) cost-savings from preventable injuries and fatalities. Results indicate that a law mandating safety belts in Texas school buses would not be cost-beneficial. Annual benefits would exceed the annual costs of installing belts in new school buses. However, the benefits would not be large enough to compensate for the five-year costs associated with retrofitting old buses.

Cost-benefit analysis of safety belts in Texas school buses.

PubMed Central

Begley, C E; Biddle, A K

1988-01-01

Although safety belts have been shown to reduce the risk of serious injury or death in automobile crashes, evidence of their effectiveness in school buses is uncertain. In this paper, the potential costs and benefits of mandatory safety belts in Texas school buses are estimated, based on the assumption that their effectiveness is less than or equal to rear seatbelt effectiveness in autos. Costs are based on both retrofitting old buses with belts and installing them in new buses. Benefits include the direct and indirect (forgone earnings) cost-savings from preventable injuries and fatalities. Results indicate that a law mandating safety belts in Texas school buses would not be cost-beneficial. Annual benefits would exceed the annual costs of installing belts in new school buses. However, the benefits would not be large enough to compensate for the five-year costs associated with retrofitting old buses. PMID:3140273

Analysis of transportation network design strategies for forced transfer busing.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-12-01

Forced transfer busing occurs primarily at the elementary school level when students are bused : to an alternate school when their geographically-assigned school is full at their specific grade : level. Ineffective forced transfer busing can result i...

A comparison of emissions from vehicles fueled with diesel or compressed natural gas.

PubMed

Hesterberg, Thomas W; Lapin, Charles A; Bunn, William B

2008-09-01

A comprehensive comparison of emissions from vehicles fueled with diesel or compressed natural gas (CNG) was developed from 25 reports on transit buses, school buses, refuse trucks, and passenger cars. Emissions for most compounds were highest for untreated exhaust emissions and lowest for treated exhaust CNG buses without after-treatment had the highest emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; e.g., benzene, butadiene, ethylene, etc.), and carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein). Diesel buses without after-treatment had the highest emissions of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exhaust after-treatments reduced most emissions to similar levels in diesel and CNG buses. Nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were similar for most vehicle types, fuels, and exhaust after-treatments with some exceptions. Diesel school buses had higher CO2 emissions than the CNG bus. CNG transit buses and passenger cars equipped with three-way catalysts had lower NO(x) emissions. Diesel buses equipped with traps had higher nitrogen dioxide emissions. Fuel economy was best in the diesel buses not equipped with exhaust after-treatment.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: The Heat Is on in St. Louis Buses

Science.gov Websites

The Heat Is on in St. Louis Buses to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: The Heat Is on in St. Louis Buses on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: The Heat Is on in St. Louis Buses on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: The Heat Is on in St. Louis Buses

Real-time measurements of nitrogen oxide emissions from in-use New York City transit buses using a chase vehicle.

PubMed

Shorter, Joanne H; Herndon, Scott; Zahniser, Mark S; Nelson, David D; Wormhoudt, Joda; Demerjian, Kenneth L; Kolb, Charles E

2005-10-15

New diesel engine technologies and alternative fuel engines are being introduced into fleets of mass transit buses to try to meet stricter emission regulations of nitrogen oxides and particulates: Real-time instruments including an Aerodyne Research tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectrometer (TILDAS) were deployed in a mobile laboratory to assess the impact of the implementation of the new technologies on nitrogen oxide emissions in real world driving conditions. Using a "chase" vehicle sampling strategy, the mobile laboratory followed target vehicles, repeatedly sampling their exhaust. Nitrogen oxides from approximately 170 in-use New York City mass transit buses were sampled during the field campaigns. Emissions from conventional diesel buses, diesel buses with continuously regenerating technology (CRT), diesel hybrid electric buses, and compressed natural gas (CNG) buses were compared. The chase vehicle sampling method yields real world emissions that can be included in more realistic emission inventories. The NO, emissions from the diesel and CNG buses were comparable. The hybrid electric buses had approximately one-half the NOx emissions. In CRT diesels, NO2 accounts for about one-third of the NOx emitted in the exhaust, while for non-CRT buses the NO2 fraction is less than 10%.

24 CFR 35.1330 - Interim controls.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Interim controls. 35.1330 Section... Lead-Paint Hazard Evaluation and Hazard Reduction Activities § 35.1330 Interim controls. Interim controls of lead-based paint hazards identified in a risk assessment shall be conducted in accordance with...

An Approach for Evaluating the Technical Quality of Interim Assessments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Li, Ying; Marion, Scott; Perie, Marianne; Gong, Brian

2010-01-01

Increasing numbers of schools and districts have expressed interest in interim assessment systems to prepare for summative assessments and to improve teaching and learning. However, with so many commercial interim assessments available, schools and districts are struggling to determine which interim assessment is most appropriate to their needs.…

Study of passenger subjective response to ideal and real-vehicle vibration environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kirby, R. H.; Mikulka, P. J.

1975-01-01

The stimulus received by subjects tested on the passenger ride quality apparatus (PRQA) is defined. Additional analyses on the data collected from field tests using buses, were conducted to assess the relation between subjective ratings of ride quality and vibrations measured on the buses, and to better define the vibration stimulus measured in the field. The relation of subjective evaluation of simulations of bus rides produced by the DRQA to subjective evaluations of the actual bus rides is discussed. The relative contribution of the seat and floor vibration to human comfort in a simulated aircraft ride environment is discussed along with the determination of equal comfort curves through magnitude estimation.

Biodiesel from waste cooking oil in Mexico City.

PubMed

Sheinbaum, Claudia; Balam, Marco V; Robles, Guillermo; Lelo de Larrea, Sebastian; Mendoza, Roberto

2015-08-01

The aim of this article is to evaluate the potential use of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil in Mexico City. The study is divided in two main areas: the analysis of a waste cooking oil collection pilot project conducted in food markets of a Mexico City region; and the exhaust emissions performance of biodiesel blends measured in buses of the Mexico City public bus transportation network (RTP). Results from the waste cooking oil collection pilot project show that oil quantities disposed depend upon the type of food served and the operational practices in a cuisine establishment. Food markets' waste cooking oil disposal rate from fresh oil is around 10%, but with a very high standard deviation. Emission tests were conducted using the Ride-Along-Vehicle-Emissions-Measuring System in two different types of buses while travelling a regular route. Results shows that the use of biodiesel blends reduces emissions only for buses that have exhaust gas recirculation systems, as analysed by repeated measure analysis of variance. The potential use in Mexico City of waste cooking oil for biodiesel is estimated to cover 2175 buses using a B10 blend. © The Author(s) 2015.

Foothill Transit Agency Battery Electric Bus Progress Report, Data Period Focus: Jan. 2017 through Dec. 2017

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eudy, Leslie

This report summarizes results of a battery electric bus (BEB) evaluation at Foothill Transit, located in the San Gabriel Valley area of Los Angeles. Foothill Transit is collaborating with the California Air Resources Board and the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the buses in revenue service. The focus of this evaluation is to compare the performance and the operating costs of the BEBs to that of conventional technology buses and to track progress over time. Previous reports documented results from April 2014 through December 2016. This report extends the data analysis through December 2017.more » NREL plans to publish progress reports on the Foothill Transit fleet every six months through 2020.« less

Microbial air quality in mass transport buses and work-related illness among bus drivers of Bangkok Mass Transit Authority.

PubMed

Luksamijarulkul, Pipat; Sundhiyodhin, Viboonsri; Luksamijarulkul, Soavalug; Kaewboonchoo, Orawan

2004-06-01

The air quality in mass transport buses, especially air-conditioned buses may affect bus drivers who work full time. Bus numbers 16, 63, 67 and 166 of the Seventh Bus Zone of Bangkok Mass Transit Authority were randomly selected to investigate for microbial air quality. Nine air-conditioned buses and 2-4 open-air buses for each number of the bus (36 air-conditioned buses and 12 open-air buses) were included. Five points of in-bus air samples in each studied bus were collected by using the Millipore A ir Tester Totally, 180 and 60 air samples collected from air-conditioned buses and open-air buses were cultured for bacterial and fungal counts. The bus drivers who drove the studied buses were interviewed towards histories of work-related illness while working. The results revealed that the mean +/- SD of bacterial counts in the studied open-air buses ranged from 358.50 +/- 146.66 CFU/m3 to 506 +/- 137.62 CFU/m3; bus number 16 had the highest level. As well as the mean +/- SD of fungal counts which ranged from 93.33 +/- 44.83 CFU/m3 to 302 +/- 294.65 CFU/m3; bus number 166 had the highest level. Whereas, the mean +/- SD of bacterial counts in the studied air-conditioned buses ranged from 115.24 +/- 136.01 CFU/m3 to 244.69 +/- 234.85 CFU/m3; bus numbers 16 and 67 had the highest level. As well as the mean +/- SD of fungal counts which rangedfrom 18.84 +/- 39.42 CFU/m3 to 96.13 +/- 234.76 CFU/m3; bus number 166 had the highest level. When 180 and 60 studied air samples were analyzed in detail, it was found that 33.33% of the air samples from open-air buses and 6.11% of air samples from air-conditioned buses had a high level of bacterial counts (> 500 CFU/m3) while 6.67% of air samples from open-air buses and 2.78% of air samples from air-conditioned buses had a high level of fungal counts (> 500 CFU/m3). Data from the history of work-related illnesses among the studied bus drivers showed that 91.67% of open-air bus drivers and 57.28% of air-conditioned bus drivers had symptoms of work-related illnesses, p = 0.0185.

Fresh and Oxidized Emissions from In-Use Transit Buses Running on Diesel, Biodiesel, and CNG.

PubMed

Watne, Ågot K; Psichoudaki, Magda; Ljungström, Evert; Le Breton, Michael; Hallquist, Mattias; Jerksjö, Martin; Fallgren, Henrik; Jutterström, Sara; Hallquist, Åsa M

2018-06-26

The potential effect of changing to a nonfossil fuel vehicle fleet was investigated by measuring primary emissions (by extractive sampling of bus plumes) and secondary mass formation, using a Gothenburg Potential Aerosol Mass (Go:PAM) reactor, from 29 in-use transit buses. Regarding fresh emissions, diesel (DSL) buses without a diesel particulate filter (DPF) emitted the highest median mass of particles, whereas compressed natural gas (CNG) buses emitted the lowest ( Md EF PM 514 and 11 mg kg fuel -1 , respectively). Rapeseed methyl ester (RME) buses showed smaller Md EF PM and particle sizes than DSL buses. DSL (no DPF) and hybrid-electric RME (RME HEV ) buses exhibited the highest particle numbers ( Md EF PN 12 × 10 14 # kg fuel -1 ). RME HEV buses displayed a significant nucleation mode ( D p < 20 nm). EF PN of CNG buses spanned the highest to lowest values measured. Low Md EF PN and Md EF PM were observed for a DPF-equipped DSL bus. Secondary particle formation resulting from exhaust aging was generally important for all the buses (79% showed an average EF PM:AGED /EF PM:FRESH ratio >10) and fuel types tested, suggesting an important nonfuel dependent source. The results suggest that the potential for forming secondary mass should be considered in future fuel shifts, since the environmental impact is different when only considering the primary emissions.

Performance Evaluation of UHF RFID Technologies for Real-Time Bus Recognition in the Taipei Bus Station

PubMed Central

Own, Chung-Ming; Lee, Da-Sheng; Wang, Ti-Ho; Wang, De-Jun; Ting, Yu-Lun

2013-01-01

Transport stations such as airports, ports, and railways have adopted blocked-type pathway management to process and control travel systems in a one-directional manner. However, this excludes highway transportation where large buses have great variability and mobility; thus, an instant influx of numerous buses increases risks and complicates station management. Focusing on Taipei Bus Station, this study employed RFID technology to develop a system platform integrated with modern information technology that has numerous characteristics. This modern information technology comprised the following systems: ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID), ultrasound and license number identification, and backstage graphic controls. In conclusion, the system enabled management, bus companies, and passengers to experience the national bus station's new generation technology, which provides diverse information and synchronization functions. Furthermore, this technology reached a new milestone in the energy-saving and efficiency-increasing performance of Taiwan's buses. PMID:23778192

Accounting for interim safety monitoring of an adverse event upon termination of a clinical trial.

PubMed

Dallas, Michael J

2008-01-01

Upon termination of a clinical trial that uses interim evaluations to determine whether the trial can be stopped, a proper statistical analysis must account for the interim evaluations. For example, in a group-sequential design where the efficacy of a treatment regimen is evaluated at interim stages, and the opportunity to stop the trial based on positive efficacy findings exists, the terminal p-value, point estimate, and confidence limits of the outcome of interest must be adjusted to eliminate bias. While it is standard practice to adjust terminal statistical analyses due to opportunities to stop for "positive" findings, adjusting due to opportunities to stop for "negative" findings is also important. Stopping rules for negative findings are particularly useful when monitoring a specific rare serious adverse event in trials designed to show safety with respect to the event. In these settings, establishing conservative stopping rules are appropriate, and therefore accounting for the interim monitoring can have a substantial effect on the final results. Here I present a method to account for interim safety monitoring and illustrate its usefulness. The method is demonstrated to have advantages over methodology that does not account for interim monitoring.

Bus industry market study. Report -- Task 3.2: Fuel cell/battery powered bus system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zalbowitz, M.

1992-06-02

In support of the commercialization of fuel cells for transportation, Georgetown University, as a part of the DOE/DOT Fuel Cell Transit Bus Program, conducted a market study to determine the inventory of passenger buses in service as of December, 1991, the number of buses delivered in 1991 and an estimate of the number of buses to be delivered in 1992. Short term and long term market projections of deliveries were also made. Data was collected according to type of bus and the field was divided into the following categories which are defined in the report: transit buses, school buses, commercialmore » non-transit buses, and intercity buses. The findings of this study presented with various tables of data collected from identified sources as well as narrative analysis based upon interviews conducted during the survey.« less

Clean School Bus USA: Tomorrow's Buses for Today's Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

US Environmental Protection Agency, 2010

2010-01-01

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is ensuring that all new buses meet tighter standards developed to reduce diesel emissions and improve safety. Today's new buses are cleaner--60 times cleaner than buses built before 1990--and feature additional emergency exits, improved mirror systems, and pedestrian safety devices. But replacing…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia

Science.gov Websites

Schools Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Michigan School Buses Get Rolling on Propane

Science.gov Websites

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In-vehicle measurement of ultrafine particles on compressed natural gas, conventional diesel, and oxidation-catalyst diesel heavy-duty transit buses.

PubMed

Hammond, Davyda; Jones, Steven; Lalor, Melinda

2007-02-01

Many metropolitan transit authorities are considering upgrading transit bus fleets to decrease ambient criteria pollutant levels. Advancements in engine and fuel technology have lead to a generation of lower-emission buses in a variety of fuel types. Dynamometer tests show substantial reductions in particulate mass emissions for younger buses (<10 years) over older models, but particle number reduction has not been verified in the research. Recent studies suggest that particle number is a more important factor than particle mass in determining health effects. In-vehicle particle number concentration measurements on conventional diesel, oxidation-catalyst diesel and compressed natural gas transit buses are compared to estimate relative in-vehicle particulate exposures. Two primary consistencies are observed from the data: the CNG buses have average particle count concentrations near the average concentrations for the oxidation-catalyst diesel buses, and the conventional diesel buses have average particle count concentrations approximately three to four times greater than the CNG buses. Particle number concentrations are also noticeably affected by bus idling behavior and ventilation options, such as, window position and air conditioning.

Rapid identification of high particle number emitting on-road vehicles and its application to a large fleet of diesel buses.

PubMed

Jayaratne, E R; Morawska, L; Ristovski, Z D; He, C

2007-07-15

Pollutant concentrations measured in the exhaust plume of a vehicle may be related to the pollutant emission factor using the CO2 concentration as a measure of the dilution factor. We have used this method for the rapid identification of high particle number (PN) emitting on-road vehicles. The method was validated for PN using a medium-duty vehicle and successfully applied to measurements of PN emissions from a large fleet of on-road diesel buses. The ratio of PN concentration to CO2 concentration, Z, in the exhaust plume was estimated for individual buses. On the average, a bus emitted about 1.5 x 10(9) particles per mg of CO2 emitted. A histogram of the number of buses as a function of Z showed, for the first time, that the PN emissions from diesel buses followed a gamma distribution, with most of the values within a narrow range and a few buses exhibiting relatively large values. It was estimated that roughly 10% and 50% of the PN emissions came from just 2% and 25% of the buses, respectively. A regression analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between Z and age of buses, with the slope of the best line being significantly different from zero. The mean Z value for the pre-Euro buses was significantly greater than each of the values for the Euro I and II buses.

Particle and gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas and ultralow sulphur diesel-fuelled buses at four steady engine loads.

PubMed

Jayaratne, E R; Ristovski, Z D; Meyer, N; Morawska, L

2009-04-01

Exhaust emissions from thirteen compressed natural gas (CNG) and nine ultralow sulphur diesel in-service transport buses were monitored on a chassis dynamometer. Measurements were carried out at idle and at three steady engine loads of 25%, 50% and 100% of maximum power at a fixed speed of 60 km h(-1). Emission factors were estimated for particle mass and number, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen for two types of CNG buses (Scania and MAN, compatible with Euro 2 and 3 emission standards, respectively) and two types of diesel buses (Volvo Pre-Euro/Euro1 and Mercedez OC500 Euro3). All emission factors increased with load. The median particle mass emission factor for the CNG buses was less than 1% of that from the diesel buses at all loads. However, the particle number emission factors did not show a statistically significant difference between buses operating on the two types of fuel. In this paper, for the very first time, particle number emission factors are presented at four steady state engine loads for CNG buses. Median values ranged from the order of 10(12) particles min(-)(1) at idle to 10(15) particles km(-)(1) at full power. Most of the particles observed in the CNG emissions were in the nanoparticle size range and likely to be composed of volatile organic compounds The CO2 emission factors were about 20% to 30% greater for the diesel buses over the CNG buses, while the oxides of nitrogen emission factors did not show any difference due to the large variation between buses.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free

Science.gov Websites

Rides in Maryland Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland to someone by E -mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in

49 CFR 579.22 - Reporting requirements for manufacturers of 100 or more buses, manufacturers of 500 or more...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-heavy vehicles (other than buses and emergency vehicles) annually. 579.22 Section 579.22 Transportation... buses, manufacturers of 500 or more emergency vehicles and manufacturers of 5,000 or more medium-heavy... whose aggregate number of medium-heavy vehicles (a sum that does not include buses or emergency vehicles...

49 CFR 579.27 - Reporting requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 100 buses annually, for manufacturers of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... manufacturers of fewer than 5,000 light vehicles, medium-heavy vehicles (other than buses and emergency vehicles... fewer than 5,000 light vehicles, medium-heavy vehicles (other than buses and emergency vehicles... vehicles, medium-heavy vehicles and buses, motorcycles, or trailers submitted pursuant to §§ 579.21 through...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City

Science.gov Websites

Save Money Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money on Twitter Bookmark

Alternative Fuels Data Center: School Buses Go Green in Virginia

Science.gov Websites

Gloucester County Public Schools put five Blue Bird propane school buses on the road. Funds from EPA and VDEQ October 2009 to November 2010, the five buses saved almost $7,000 in fuel and maintenance costs and could see, touch, and ride propane buses. And now, Gloucester's success is helping to make the case for

Suitability of commuting by bicycle to Arizona elementary schools.

PubMed

Sisson, Susan B; Lee, Sarah M; Burns, Elizabeth K; Tudor-Locke, Catrine

2006-01-01

To determine the biking suitability (i.e., bikeability) of and prevalence of biking in 14 elementary schools representing two extremes of bused students (2.4% vs. 53.6%). Street segments (within 0.25-mile radius of school) were scored for bikeability. Bikes in racks per school student population established biking prevalence. Mann-Whitney U-test compared bikeability and prevalence of biking between groups. A total of 12.5 +/- 2.2 streets per school were assessed. Thirteen schools scored very good (< 3.0) and one scored fair (4.0-4.9). Median bikeability score was 0.69 for the low-busing schools and 0.53 for the high-busing schools (nonsignificant). Median biking prevalence was 3.1% in the low-busing schools and 1.3% in the high-busing schools (p < .05). Streets surrounding schools were adequate for biking. Biking prevalence was significantly higher in low-busing schools but was relatively low in both low- and high-busing schools. Other factors, including intraindividual, social, school, and community, likely contribute to choice of biking to school.

Low-floor bus design preferences of walking aid users during simulated boarding and alighting.

PubMed

D'souza, Clive; Paquet, Victor; Lenker, James; Steinfeld, Edward; Bareria, Piyush

2012-01-01

Low-floor buses represent a significant improvement in accessible public transit for passengers with limited mobility. However, there is still a need for research on the inclusive design of transit buses to identify specific low-floor bus design conditions that are either particularly accommodating or challenging for passengers with functional and mobility impairments. These include doorway locations, seating configuration and the large front wheel-well covers that collectively impact boarding, alighting and interior movement of passengers. Findings from a laboratory study using a static full-scale simulation of a lowfloor bus to evaluate the impact of seating configuration and crowding on interior movement and accessibility for individuals with and without walking aids are presented (n=41). Simulated bus journeys that included boarding, fare payment, seating, and alighting were performed. Results from video observations and subjective assessments showed differences in boarding and alighting performance and users' perceptions of task difficulty. The need for assistive design features (e.g. handholds, stanchions), legroom and stowage space for walking aids was evident. These results demonstrate that specific design conditions in low-floor buses can significantly impact design preference among those who use walking aids. Consideration of ergonomics and inclusive design can therefore be used to improve the design of low-floor buses.

Interim Evaluation of the National Literacy Program. Final Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Human Resources and Social Development Canada, 2007

2007-01-01

The evaluation examined issues related to: (1) Rationale and Relevance; (2) Implementation; and (3) Success. In addition, the interim evaluation was intended to: (1) Determine whether sufficient data was being collected to inform the summative evaluation and identify opportunities for improvement to fill any potential gaps; (2) Assess whether the…

Using Task Clarification, Goal Setting, and Feedback to Decrease Table Busing Times in a Franchise Pizza Restaurant

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Amigo, Seth; Smith, Andrew; Ludwig, Timothy

2008-01-01

The current study investigated the effects of task-clarification, and manager verbal and graphic feedback on employee busing times at a pizza restaurant. Using an ABC design, task-clarification was provided in a memo, which described the process, priority, and goal time of busing. The busing time decreased slightly, from an average of 315 seconds…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Florida Schools First in State to Power up

Science.gov Websites

Indian River County School District became the first in the state to adopt propane-powered school buses Oil Powers Biodiesel Vehicles in Vermont March 4, 2017 Photo of a truck Natural Gas Fuels School Buses Natural Gas Jan. 14, 2017 Photo of buses Baton Rouge School District Adds Propane Buses to Its Fleet Dec

Busing: Who's Being Taken for a Ride. ERIC-IRCD Urban Disadvantaged Series, Number 27, June 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mills, Nicolaus

As the history and statistics of busing indicate, the greatest demand for it has come from rural states, where population is scattered and the consolidated school district is typical. But urban and suburban areas have begun to use busing more heavily than before. Not only has busing become a safety factor in crowded urban areas or suburbs where no…

Concentrations of volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter in buses on highways in Taiwan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsu, Der-Jen; Huang, Hsiao-Lin

2009-12-01

Although airborne pollutants in urban buses have been studied in many cities globally, long-distance buses running mainly on highways have not been addressed in this regard. This study investigates the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2) and particulate matter (PM) in the long-distance buses in Taiwan. Analytical results indicate that pollutants levels in long-distance buses are generally lower than those in urban buses. This finding is attributable to the driving speed and patterns of long-distance buses, as well as the meteorological and geographical features of the highway surroundings. The levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) found in bus cabins exceed the proposed indoor VOC guidelines for aromatic compounds, and are likely attributable to the interior trim in the cabins. The overall average CO level is 2.3 ppm, with higher average level on local streets (2.9 ppm) than on highways (2.2 ppm). The average CO 2 level is 1493 ppm, which is higher than the guideline for non-industrial occupied settings. The average PM level in this study is lower than those in urban buses and IAQ guidelines set by Taiwan EPA. However, the average PM 10 and PM 2.5 is higher than the level set by WHO. Besides the probable causes mentioned above, fewer passenger movements and less particle re-suspension from bus floor might also cause the lower PM levels. Measurements of particle size distribution reveal that more than 75% of particles are in submicron and smaller sizes. These particles may come from the infiltration from the outdoor air. This study concludes that air exchange rates in long-distance buses should be increased in order to reduce CO 2 levels. Future research on long-distance buses should focus on the emission of VOCs from brand new buses, and the sources of submicron particles in bus cabins.

Evaluation of service reliability impacts of traffic signal priority strategies for bus transit

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-03-31

Recent progress in technology has facilitated the design, testing, and deployment of traffic signal priority strategies for transit buses. However, a clear consensus has not emerged regarding the evaluation of these strategies. Each agency implementi...

33 CFR 385.9 - Implementation principles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of the Plan at specific time intervals during implementation. Interim targets to evaluate progress on... accordance with § 385.39. Interim goals and interim targets shall be consistent with each other. (c... ensure that new information resulting from changed or unforeseen circumstances, new scientific and...

33 CFR 385.9 - Implementation principles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of the Plan at specific time intervals during implementation. Interim targets to evaluate progress on... accordance with § 385.39. Interim goals and interim targets shall be consistent with each other. (c... ensure that new information resulting from changed or unforeseen circumstances, new scientific and...

33 CFR 385.9 - Implementation principles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of the Plan at specific time intervals during implementation. Interim targets to evaluate progress on... accordance with § 385.39. Interim goals and interim targets shall be consistent with each other. (c... ensure that new information resulting from changed or unforeseen circumstances, new scientific and...

33 CFR 385.9 - Implementation principles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of the Plan at specific time intervals during implementation. Interim targets to evaluate progress on... accordance with § 385.39. Interim goals and interim targets shall be consistent with each other. (c... ensure that new information resulting from changed or unforeseen circumstances, new scientific and...

Detroit Commuter Hydrogen Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brooks, Jerry; Prebo, Brendan

2010-07-31

This project was undertaken to demonstrate the viability of using hydrogen as a fuel in an internal combustion engine vehicle for use as a part of a mass transit system. The advantages of hydrogen as a fuel include renew-ability, minimal environmental impact on air quality and the environment, and potential to reduce dependence on foreign energy sources for the transportation sector. Recognizing the potential for the hydrogen fuel concept, the Southeast Michigan Congress of Governments (SEMCOG) determined to consider it in the study of a proposed regional mass transit rail system for southeast Michigan. SEMCOG wanted to evaluate the feasibilitymore » of using hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE) vehicles in shuttle buses to connect the Detroit Metro Airport to a proposed, nearby rail station. Shuttle buses are in current use on the airport for passenger parking and inter-terminal transport. This duty cycle is well suited to the application of hydrogen fuel at this time because of the ability to re-fuel vehicles at a single nearby facility, overcoming the challenge of restricted fuel availability in the undeveloped hydrogen fuel infrastructure. A cooperative agreement between SEMCOG and the DOE was initiated and two H2ICE buses were placed in regular passenger service on March 29, 2009 and operated for six months in regular passenger service. The buses were developed and built by the Ford Motor Company. Wayne County Airport Authority provided the location for the demonstration with the airport transportation contractor, Metro Cars Inc. operating the buses. The buses were built on Ford E450 chassis and incorporated a modified a 6.8L V-10 engine with specially designed supercharger, fuel rails and injectors among other sophisticated control systems. Up to 30 kg of on-board gaseous hydrogen were stored in a modular six tank, 350 bar (5000 psi) system to provide a 150 mile driving range. The bus chassis and body were configured to carry nine passengers with luggage. By collecting fuel use data for the two H2ICE buses, with both written driver logs and onboard telemetry devices, and for two conventional propane-gasoline powered buses in the same service, comparisons of operating efficiency and maintenance requirements were completed. Public opinion about the concept of hydrogen fuel was sampled with a rider survey throughout the demonstration. The demonstration was very effective in adding to the understanding of the application of hydrogen as a transportation fuel. The two 9 passenger H2ICE buses accumulated nearly 50,000 miles and carried 14,285 passengers. Data indicated the H2ICE bus fuel economy to be 9.4 miles/ gallon of gasoline equivalent (m/GGE) compared to the 10 passenger propane-gasoline bus average of 9.8 m/GGE over 32,400 miles. The 23- passenger bus averaged 7.4 m/GGE over 40,700 miles. Rider feedback from 1050 on-board survey cards was overwhelmingly positive with 99.6% indicating they would ride again on a hydrogen powered vehicle. Minimal maintenance was required for theses buses during the demonstration project, but a longer duration demonstration would be required to more adequately assess this aspect of the concept.« less

Vibration Tests on Transit Buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1979-03-01

The objective of this vibration measurement program was to quantify the vibration environment which would be experienced by Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) equipment when installed on buses during typical city route service operations. Two buses w...

Robust planning of dynamic wireless charging infrastructure for battery electric buses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Zhaocai; Song, Ziqi

Battery electric buses with zero tailpipe emissions have great potential in improving environmental sustainability and livability of urban areas. However, the problems of high cost and limited range associated with on-board batteries have substantially limited the popularity of battery electric buses. The technology of dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), which provides bus operators with the ability to charge buses while in motion, may be able to effectively alleviate the drawbacks of electric buses. In this paper, we address the problem of simultaneously selecting the optimal location of the DWPT facilities and designing the optimal battery sizes of electric buses formore » a DWPT electric bus system. The problem is first constructed as a deterministic model in which the uncertainty of energy consumption and travel time of electric buses is neglected. The methodology of robust optimization (RO) is then adopted to address the uncertainty of energy consumption and travel time. The affinely adjustable robust counterpart (AARC) of the deterministic model is developed, and its equivalent tractable mathematical programming is derived. Both the deterministic model and the robust model are demonstrated with a real-world bus system. The results of our study demonstrate that the proposed deterministic model can effectively determine the allocation of DWPT facilities and the battery sizes of electric buses for a DWPT electric bus system; and the robust model can further provide optimal designs that are robust against the uncertainty of energy consumption and travel time for electric buses.« less

On-road pollutant emission and fuel consumption characteristics of buses in Beijing.

PubMed

Wang, Aijuan; Ge, Yunshan; Tan, Jianwei; Fu, Mingliang; Shah, Asad Naeem; Ding, Yan; Zhao, Hong; Liang, Bin

2011-01-01

On-road emission and fuel consumption (FC) levels for Euro III and IV buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro III diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power (VSP). They all were the lowest when VSP < 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.

Predicting Airborne Particle Levels Aboard Washington State School Buses

PubMed Central

Adar, Sara D.; Davey, Mark; Sullivan, James R.; Compher, Michael; Szpiro, Adam; Liu, L.-J. Sally

2008-01-01

School buses contribute substantially to childhood air pollution exposures yet they are rarely quantified in epidemiology studies. This paper characterizes fine particulate matter (PM2.5) aboard school buses as part of a larger study examining the respiratory health impacts of emission-reducing retrofits. To assess onboard concentrations, continuous PM2.5 data were collected during 85 trips aboard 43 school buses during normal driving routines, and aboard hybrid lead vehicles traveling in front of the monitored buses during 46 trips. Ordinary and partial least square regression models for PM2.5 onboard buses were created with and without control for roadway concentrations, which were also modeled. Predictors examined included ambient PM2.5 levels, ambient weather, and bus and route characteristics. Concentrations aboard school buses (21 μg/m3) were four and two-times higher than ambient and roadway levels, respectively. Differences in PM2.5 levels between the buses and lead vehicles indicated an average of 7 μg/m3 originating from the bus's own emission sources. While roadway concentrations were dominated by ambient PM2.5, bus concentrations were influenced by bus age, diesel oxidative catalysts, and roadway concentrations. Cross validation confirmed the roadway models but the bus models were less robust. These results confirm that children are exposed to air pollution from the bus and other roadway traffic while riding school buses. In-cabin air pollution is higher than roadway concentrations and is likely influenced by bus characteristics. PMID:18985175

Predicting airborne particle levels aboard Washington State school buses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adar, Sara D.; Davey, Mark; Sullivan, James R.; Compher, Michael; Szpiro, Adam; Sally Liu, L.-J.

School buses contribute substantially to childhood air pollution exposures yet they are rarely quantified in epidemiology studies. This paper characterizes fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) aboard school buses as part of a larger study examining the respiratory health impacts of emission reducing retrofits. To assess onboard concentrations, continuous PM 2.5 data were collected during 85 trips aboard 43 school buses during normal driving routines, and aboard hybrid lead vehicles traveling in front of the monitored buses during 46 trips. Ordinary and partial least squares regression models for PM 2.5 onboard buses were created with and without control for roadway concentrations, which were also modeled. Predictors examined included ambient PM 2.5 levels, ambient weather, and bus and route characteristics. Average concentrations aboard school buses (21 μg m -3) were four and two-times higher than ambient and roadway levels, respectively. Differences in PM 2.5 levels between the buses and lead vehicles indicated an average of 7 μg m -3 originating from the bus's own emission sources. While roadway concentrations were dominated by ambient PM 2.5, bus concentrations were influenced by bus age, diesel oxidative catalysts, and roadway concentrations. Cross-validation confirmed the roadway models but the bus models were less robust. These results confirm that children are exposed to air pollution from the bus and other roadway traffic while riding school buses. In-cabin air pollution is higher than roadway concentrations and is likely influenced by bus characteristics.

Physical and Chemical Characterization of Real-World Particle Number and Mass Emissions from City Buses in Finland.

PubMed

Pirjola, Liisa; Dittrich, Aleš; Niemi, Jarkko V; Saarikoski, Sanna; Timonen, Hilkka; Kuuluvainen, Heino; Järvinen, Anssi; Kousa, Anu; Rönkkö, Topi; Hillamo, Risto

2016-01-05

Exhaust emissions of 23 individual city buses at Euro III, Euro IV and EEV (Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle) emission levels were measured by the chasing method under real-world conditions at a depot area and on the normal route of bus line 24 in Helsinki. The buses represented different technologies from the viewpoint of engines, exhaust after-treatment systems (ATS) and fuels. Some of the EEV buses were fueled by diesel, diesel-electric, ethanol (RED95) and compressed natural gas (CNG). At the depot area the emission factors were in the range of 0.3-21 × 10(14) # (kg fuel)(-1), 6-40 g (kg fuel)(-1), 0.004-0.88 g (kg fuel)(-1), 0.004-0.56 g (kg fuel)(-1), 0.01-1.2 g (kg fuel)(-1), for particle number (EFN), nitrogen oxides (EFNOx), black carbon (EFBC), organics (EFOrg), and particle mass (EFPM1), respectively. The highest particulate emissions were observed from the Euro III and Euro IV buses and the lowest from the ethanol and CNG-fueled buses, which emitted BC only during acceleration. The organics emitted from the CNG-fueled buses were clearly less oxidized compared to the other bus types. The bus line experiments showed that lowest emissions were obtained from the ethanol-fueled buses whereas large variation existed between individual buses of the same type indicating that the operating conditions by drivers had large effect on the emissions.

Robust planning of dynamic wireless charging infrastructure for battery electric buses

DOE PAGES

Liu, Zhaocai; Song, Ziqi

2017-10-01

Battery electric buses with zero tailpipe emissions have great potential in improving environmental sustainability and livability of urban areas. However, the problems of high cost and limited range associated with on-board batteries have substantially limited the popularity of battery electric buses. The technology of dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), which provides bus operators with the ability to charge buses while in motion, may be able to effectively alleviate the drawbacks of electric buses. In this paper, we address the problem of simultaneously selecting the optimal location of the DWPT facilities and designing the optimal battery sizes of electric buses formore » a DWPT electric bus system. The problem is first constructed as a deterministic model in which the uncertainty of energy consumption and travel time of electric buses is neglected. The methodology of robust optimization (RO) is then adopted to address the uncertainty of energy consumption and travel time. The affinely adjustable robust counterpart (AARC) of the deterministic model is developed, and its equivalent tractable mathematical programming is derived. Both the deterministic model and the robust model are demonstrated with a real-world bus system. The results of our study demonstrate that the proposed deterministic model can effectively determine the allocation of DWPT facilities and the battery sizes of electric buses for a DWPT electric bus system; and the robust model can further provide optimal designs that are robust against the uncertainty of energy consumption and travel time for electric buses.« less

Electric School Bus Testing | Transportation Research | NREL

Science.gov Websites

Electric School Bus Evaluation Electric School Bus Evaluation Photo of children boarding school bus . NREL is evaluating the performance of electric and conventional school buses operated by two California school districts. Photo courtesy of School Bus Fleet Magazine NREL is evaluating the in-service

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feibel, C.E.

This study uses multiple data collection and research methods including in depth interviews, 271 surveys of shared taxi and minibus operators, participant observation, secondary sources, and the literature on public transport from low, medium, and high-income countries. Extensive use is also made of a survey administered in Istanbul in 1976 to 1935 paratransit operators. Primary findings are that private buses are more efficient than public buses on a cost per passenger-km basis, and that private minibuses are as efficient as public buses. In terms of energy efficiency, minibuses are almost as efficient as public and private buses using actual-occupancy levels.more » Large shared taxis are twice as cost and energy efficient as cars, and small shared taxis 50% more efficient. In terms of investment cost per seat, large shared taxis have the lowest cost followed by smaller shared taxis, minibuses, and buses. Considering actual occupancy levels, minibuses are only slightly less effective in terms of congestion than buses, and large and small shared taxis are twice as effective as cars. It is also shown that minibuses and shared taxis have better service quality than buses because of higher frequencies and speeds, and because they provide a much higher probability of getting a seat than buses. Analysis of regulation and policy suggests that there are many unintended cost of public-transport regulations.« less

Fleet DNA: Commercial Fleet Vehicle Operating Data | Transportation

Science.gov Websites

and Vehicle Dynamometer Evaluation and Comparison of Class 7 Hybrid Electric and Conventional Diesel Gasoline-Electric Hybrid Transit Buses In-Use Performance Comparison of Hybrid Electric, CNG, and Diesel Diesel Electric Hybrid Tractor Evaluation: 13-Month Final Report Project Startup: Evaluating Coca-Cola's

Buses involved in fatal accidents factbook 2007

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-03-01

This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2007. The : statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the : University of Michigan Transportation Research Institut...

Foothill Transit Battery Electric Bus Demonstration Results: Second Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eudy, Leslie; Jeffers, Matthew

This report summarizes results of a battery electric bus (BEB) evaluation at Foothill Transit, located in the San Gabriel and Pomona Valley region of Los Angeles County, California. Foothill Transit is collaborating with the California Air Resources Board and the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Renewable Energy Laboratory to evaluate its fleet of Proterra BEBs in revenue service. The focus of this evaluation is to compare performance of the BEBs to that of conventional technology and to track progress over time toward meeting performance targets. This project has also provided an opportunity for DOE to conduct a detailed evaluationmore » of the BEBs and charging infrastructure. This is the second report summarizing the results of the BEB demonstration at Foothill Transit and it provides data on the buses from August 2015 through December 2016. Data are provided on a selection of compressed natural gas buses as a baseline comparison.« less

Evaluation of retrofit crankcase ventilation controls and diesel oxidation catalysts for reducing air pollution in school buses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trenbath, Kim; Hannigan, Michael P.; Milford, Jana B.

2009-12-01

This study evaluates the effect of retrofit closed crankcase ventilation filters (CCFs) and diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) on the in-cabin air quality in transit-style diesel school buses. In-cabin pollution levels were measured on three buses from the Pueblo, CO District 70 fleet. Monitoring was conducted while buses were driven along their regular routes, with each bus tested three times before and three times after installation of control devices. Ultrafine number concentrations in the school bus cabins were 33-41% lower, on average, after the control devices were installed. Mean mass concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) were 56% lower, organic carbon (OC) 41% lower, elemental carbon (EC) 85% lower, and formaldehyde 32% lower after control devices were installed. While carbon monoxide concentrations were low in all tests, mean concentrations were higher after control devices were installed than in pre-retrofit tests. Reductions in number, OC, and formaldehyde concentrations were statistically significant, but reductions in PM2.5 mass were not. Even with control devices installed, during some runs PM2.5 and OC concentrations in the bus cabins were elevated compared to ambient concentrations observed in the area. OC concentrations inside the bus cabins ranged from 22 to 58 μg m -3 before and 13 to 33 μg m -3 after control devices were installed. OC concentrations were correlated with particle-bound organic tracers for lubricating oil emissions (hopanes) and diesel fuel and tailpipe emissions (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and aliphatic hydrocarbons). Mean concentrations of hopanes, PAH, and aliphatic hydrocarbons were lower by 37, 50, and 43%, respectively, after the control devices were installed, suggesting that both CCFs and DOCs were effective at reducing in-cabin OC concentrations.

Wheelchair and Occupant Restraint on School Buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1990-05-01

This report presents the findings of a literature survey, wheelchair hardware survey, wheelchair usage on school buses survey and assessment of current worldwide standards to address securement of wheelchairs on school buses and other modes of public...

76 FR 74834 - Interim Staff Guidance on Aging Management Program for Steam Generators

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-01

... NRC staff's evaluation of the suitability of using Revision 3 of the Nuclear Energy Institute's (NEI... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION [NRC-2011-0228] Interim Staff Guidance on Aging Management Program for Steam Generators AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION: Interim staff guidance; issuance...

Comprehensive evaluation on transit signal priority system impacts using field observed traffic data

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-06-15

To improve the level of service for Community Transit (CT) buses, the South Snohomish Regional Transit Signal Priority (SS-RTSP) project has been launched. To understand the overall benefit of this project, the SS-RTSP system was tested and evaluated...

Technology of Articulated Transit Buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-03-01

Since the first major demonstration of articulated buses in the mid 1970s and the first purchase in late 1978, interest in articulated buses in U.S. transit service has remained strong. This interest has been stimulated by the desire of public transi...

Buses involved in fatal accidents codebook 2008.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-03-01

This report provides documentation for UMTRIs file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2008, : including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2008 BIFA file is a census of all : buses involved in a fatal acc...

Buses involved in fatal accidents codebook 2007.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-12-01

This report provides documentation for UMTRIs file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2007, : including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2007 BIFA file is a census of all : buses involved in a fatal acc...

Gas Phase Emission Ratios From In-Use Diesel and CNG Curbside Passenger Buses in New York City

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herndon, S. C.; Shorter, J.; Canagaratna, M.; Jayne, J.; Nelson, D. D.; Wormhoudt, J. C.; Williams, P.; Silva, P. J.; Shi, Q.; Ghertner, A.; Zahniser, M.; Worsnop, D.; Kolb, C.; Lanni, T.; Drewnick, F.; Demerjian, K. L.

2002-12-01

The Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory simultaneously measured gas phase and particulate emissions from in use vehicles during two campaigns in New York City. The campaigns took place during two weeks in October, 2000 and four weeks in July-August, 2001. Passenger curbside buses were the primary focus of the study, but school buses and several other heavy duty diesel vehicles were also characterized. This paper describes the methodologies used to measure individual in use vehicles and presents the results of the gas phase measurements. Emission ratios for NO, NO2, SO2, N2O, CO, CH4 and H2CO relative to CO2 have been determined across several classes of buses. The gas phase concentrations were measured each second, using Tunable Infrared Laser Direct Absorption Spectroscopy (TILDAS). Some of the categories of buses into which the data has been sorted are; diesel (both 6V92 and Series 50) with and without the Continuous Regenerative Technology (CRT) retrofit, compressed natural gas powered(CNG) and hybrid diesel-electric buses. The New York Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) cooperated with this work, providing details about each of their buses followed. In addition to MTA buses, other New York City passenger bus operators were also measured. In September 2000, MTA began to switch to 30 ppm sulfur diesel fuel while it is believed the non MTA operators did not. The measured emission ratios show that low sulfur fuel greatly reduces the amount of SO2 per CO2. Roughly one third of the MTA fleet of diesel buses have been equipped with the CRT retrofit. The gas phase results of interest in this category show increased direct emission of NO2 and companion work (also submitted to the 12th CRC) show the impact the CRT refit has on particulate emissions. CNG buses show increased H2CO and CH4 emission ratios relative to diesel powered motors.

Measurements of ultrafine particles and other vehicular pollutants inside school buses in South Texas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Qunfang; Zhu, Yifang

2010-01-01

Increasing evidence has demonstrated toxic effects of vehicular emitted ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter < 100 nm), with the highest human exposure usually occurring on and near roadways. Children are particularly at risk due to immature respiratory systems and faster breathing rates. In this study, children's exposure to in-cabin air pollutants, especially UFPs, was measured inside four diesel-powered school buses. Two 1990 and two 2006 model year diesel-powered school buses were selected to represent the age extremes of school buses in service. Each bus was driven on two routine bus runs to study school children's exposure under different transportation conditions in South Texas. The number concentration and size distribution of UFPs, total particle number concentration, PM 2.5, PM 10, black carbon (BC), CO, and CO 2 levels were monitored inside the buses. The average total particle number concentrations observed inside the school buses ranged from 7.3 × 10 3 to 3.4 × 10 4 particles cm -3, depending on engine age and window position. When the windows were closed, the in-cabin air pollutants were more likely due to the school buses' self-pollution. The 1990 model year school buses demonstrated much higher air pollutant concentrations than the 2006 model year ones. When the windows were open, the majority of in-cabin air pollutants came from the outside roadway environment with similar pollutant levels observed regardless of engine ages. The highest average UFP concentration was observed at a bus transfer station where approximately 27 idling school buses were queued to load or unload students. Starting-up and idling generated higher air pollutant levels than the driving state. Higher in-cabin air pollutant concentrations were observed when more students were on board.

Evaluation of experimental railroad-highway grade crossings in Louisiana : interim report No. 5.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1980-04-01

This interim report is prepared to provide a review of the performance evaluation exhibited on twenty-three (23) experimental railroad-highway grade-crossing projects in the state of Louisiana. The railroad crossings were installed during a ten-year ...

A case study of real-world tailpipe emissions for school buses using a 20% biodiesel blend.

PubMed

Mazzoleni, Claudio; Kuhns, Hampden D; Moosmüller, Hans; Witt, Jay; Nussbaum, Nicholas J; Oliver Chang, M-C; Parthasarathy, Gayathri; Nathagoundenpalayam, Suresh Kumar K; Nikolich, George; Watson, John G

2007-10-15

Numerous laboratory studies report carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and particulate matter emission reductions with a slight nitrogen oxides emission increase from engines operating with biodiesel and biodiesel blends as compared to using petroleum diesel. We conducted a field study on a fleet of school buses to evaluate the effects of biodiesel use on gaseous and particulate matter fuel-based emission factors under real-world conditions. The field experiment was carried out in two phases during winter 2004. In January (phase I), emissions from approximately 200 school buses operating on petroleum diesel were measured. Immediately after the end of the first phase measurement period, the buses were switched to a 20% biodiesel blend. Emission factors were measured again in March 2004 (phase II) and compared with the January emission factors. To measure gaseous emission factors we used a commercial gaseous remote sensor. Particulate matter emission factors were determined with a combination of the gaseous remote sensor, a Lidar (light detection and ranging), and transmissometer system developed at the Desert Research Institute of Reno, NV, U.S.A. Particulate matter emissions from school buses significantly increased (up to a factor of 1.8) after the switch from petroleum diesel to a 20% biodiesel blend. The fuel used during this campaign was provided by a local distributor and was independently analyzed at the end of the on-road experiment. The analysis found high concentrations of free glycerin and reduced flash points in the B 100 parent fuel. Both measures indicate improper separation and processing of the biodiesel product during production. The biodiesel fuels used in the school buses were not in compliance with the U.S.A. ASTM D6751 biodiesel standard that was finalized in December of 2001. The U.S.A. National Biodiesel Board has formed a voluntary National Biodiesel Accreditation Program for producers and marketers of biodiesel to ensure product quality and compliance with the ASTM standard. The results of our study underline the importance of the program since potential emission benefits from biodiesel may be reduced or even reversed without appropriate fuel quality control on real-world fuels.

Do Interim Assessments Reduce the Race and SES Achievement Gaps?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Konstantopoulos, Spyros; Li, Wei; Miller, Shazia R.; van der Ploeg, Arie

2017-01-01

The authors examined differential effects of interim assessments on minority and low socioeconomic status students' achievement in Grades K-6. They conducted a large-scale cluster randomized experiment in 2009-2010 to evaluate the impact of Indiana's policy initiative introducing interim assessments statewide. The authors used 2-level models to…

Can Interim Assessments Be Used for Instructional Change? Policy Brief. RB-51

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goertz, Margaret E.; Olah, Leslie Nabors; Riggan, Matthew

2009-01-01

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the use of interim assessments and the policy supports that promote their use to change instruction, focusing on elementary school mathematics. The authors use the term "interim assessments" to refer to assessments that: a) evaluate student knowledge and skills, typically within a…

Transit bus life cycle cost and year 2007 emissions estimation.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-06-01

The report presents a study of transit bus life cycle cost (LCC) analysis, and projected transit bus emissions and fuel economy for 2007 : model year buses. It covers four bus types: diesel buses using ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD), diesel buses usi...

36 CFR 1192.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... which operates with automated (driverless) individual vehicles or multi-car trains. Service may be on a..., forty- and thirty-foot transit buses, articulated buses, double-deck buses, and electric powered trolley... when occupied. Commuter rail car means a rail passenger car obtained by a commuter authority (as...

36 CFR 1192.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... which operates with automated (driverless) individual vehicles or multi-car trains. Service may be on a..., forty- and thirty-foot transit buses, articulated buses, double-deck buses, and electric powered trolley... when occupied. Commuter rail car means a rail passenger car obtained by a commuter authority (as...

36 CFR 1192.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... which operates with automated (driverless) individual vehicles or multi-car trains. Service may be on a..., forty- and thirty-foot transit buses, articulated buses, double-deck buses, and electric powered trolley... when occupied. Commuter rail car means a rail passenger car obtained by a commuter authority (as...

36 CFR 1192.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which operates with automated (driverless) individual vehicles or multi-car trains. Service may be on a..., forty- and thirty-foot transit buses, articulated buses, double-deck buses, and electric powered trolley... when occupied. Commuter rail car means a rail passenger car obtained by a commuter authority (as...

Evaluation of ERA-Interim precipitation data in complex terrain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Lu; Bernhardt, Matthias; Schulz, Karsten

2013-04-01

Precipitation controls a large variety of environmental processes, which is an essential input parameter for land surface models e.g. in hydrology, ecology and climatology. However, rain gauge networks provides the necessary information, are commonly sparse in complex terrains, especially in high mountainous regions. Reanalysis products (e.g. ERA-40 and NCEP-NCAR) as surrogate data are increasing applied in the past years. Although they are improving forward, previous studies showed that these products should be objectively evaluated due to their various uncertainties. In this study, we evaluated the precipitation data from ERA-Interim, which is a latest reanalysis product developed by ECMWF. ERA-Interim daily total precipitation are compared with high resolution gridded observation dataset (E-OBS) at 0.25°×0.25° grids for the period 1979-2010 over central Alps (45.5-48°N, 6.25-11.5°E). Wet or dry day is defined using different threshold values (0.5mm, 1mm, 5mm, 10mm and 20mm). The correspondence ratio (CR) is applied for frequency comparison, which is the ratio of days when precipitation occurs in both ERA-Interim and E-OBS dataset. The result shows that ERA-Interim captures precipitation occurrence very well with a range of CR from 0.80 to 0.97 for 0.5mm to 20mm thresholds. However, the bias of intensity increases with rising thresholds. Mean absolute error (MAE) varies between 4.5 mm day-1 and 9.5 mm day-1 in wet days for whole area. In term of mean annual cycle, ERA-Interim almost has the same standard deviation of the interannual variability of daily precipitation with E-OBS, 1.0 mm day-1. Significant wet biases happened in ERA-Interim throughout warm season (May to August) and dry biases in cold season (November to February). The spatial distribution of mean annual daily precipitation shows that ERA-Interim significant underestimates precipitation intensity in high mountains and northern flank of Alpine chain from November to March while pronounced overestimate in the southern flank of Alps. The poor topographical and flow related characteristic representation of ERA-Interim model is possibly responsible for the bias. Particularly, the mountain block effect of moisture is weak captured. The comparison demonstrates that ERA-Interim precipitation intensity needs bias correction for further alpine climate studies, although it reasonably captures precipitation frequency. This critical evaluation not only diagnosed the data quality of ERA-Interim, but also provided the evidence for reanalysis products downscaling and bias correction in complex terrain.

49 CFR 661.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... vehicles such as buses, vans, cars, railcars, locomotives, trolley cars and buses, and ferry boats, as well..., transmission devices, electrical cables or circuitry, or by other devices, which are intended to contribute... products: All individual items identified as rolling stock in § 661.3 (e.g., buses, vans, cars, railcars...

49 CFR 661.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... vehicles such as buses, vans, cars, railcars, locomotives, trolley cars and buses, and ferry boats, as well..., transmission devices, electrical cables or circuitry, or by other devices, which are intended to contribute... products: All individual items identified as rolling stock in § 661.3 (e.g., buses, vans, cars, railcars...

49 CFR 661.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... vehicles such as buses, vans, cars, railcars, locomotives, trolley cars and buses, and ferry boats, as well..., transmission devices, electrical cables or circuitry, or by other devices, which are intended to contribute... products: All individual items identified as rolling stock in § 661.3 (e.g., buses, vans, cars, railcars...

49 CFR 661.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... vehicles such as buses, vans, cars, railcars, locomotives, trolley cars and buses, and ferry boats, as well..., transmission devices, electrical cables or circuitry, or by other devices, which are intended to contribute... products: All individual items identified as rolling stock in § 661.3 (e.g., buses, vans, cars, railcars...

49 CFR 661.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... vehicles such as buses, vans, cars, railcars, locomotives, trolley cars and buses, and ferry boats, as well..., transmission devices, electrical cables or circuitry, or by other devices, which are intended to contribute... products: All individual items identified as rolling stock in § 661.3 (e.g., buses, vans, cars, railcars...

46 CFR 111.30-19 - Buses and wiring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Buses and wiring. 111.30-19 Section 111.30-19 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-19 Buses and wiring. (a) General. Each bus must meet the requirements of...

46 CFR 111.30-19 - Buses and wiring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Buses and wiring. 111.30-19 Section 111.30-19 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-19 Buses and wiring. (a) General. Each bus must meet the requirements of...

46 CFR 111.30-19 - Buses and wiring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Buses and wiring. 111.30-19 Section 111.30-19 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-19 Buses and wiring. (a) General. Each bus must meet the requirements of...

46 CFR 111.30-19 - Buses and wiring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Buses and wiring. 111.30-19 Section 111.30-19 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-19 Buses and wiring. (a) General. Each bus must meet the requirements of...

School Buses & Seat Belts: A Discussion.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alaska State Dept. of Education, Juneau.

Safety belts are not installed in school buses for several reasons. School buses are constructed differently from automobiles in terms of (1) the locations of doors and instrument panels relative to passengers, (2) outer construction, (3) seat design and padding, and (4) visibility on the road. Under current regulations, bus seats are constructed…

49 CFR 393.90 - Buses, standee line or bar.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Buses, standee line or bar. 393.90 Section 393.90 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY... NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories § 393.90 Buses, standee line or bar. Except...

Pupil Transportation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bete, Tim, Ed.

1998-01-01

Presents the opinions of four transportation experts on issues related to school buses. The experts respond to the following questions: will advertisements placed on buses be used to generate district revenue; will compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas become standard fuel for school buses; and will school bus seat belts be mandatory and…

Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2010

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-11-11

This past year has been one of transition for the introduction of fuel cell transit buses. The existing generation of fuel cell buses from Van Hool and UTC Power has continued to operate in service at three transit agencies. At the same time, a new g...

Was Busing the Problem?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watras, Joseph

2006-01-01

On 15 April 2002, the Dayton Board of Education, the Ohio State Department of Education, and the NAACP reached an agreement ending busing for racial balance in the city schools. Participants agreed that the era for litigated desegregation was over because busing had failed to raise academic achievement of African American children and court…

A measure for objects clustering in principal component analysis biplot: A case study in inter-city buses maintenance cost data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ginanjar, Irlandia; Pasaribu, Udjianna S.; Indratno, Sapto W.

2017-03-01

This article presents the application of the principal component analysis (PCA) biplot for the needs of data mining. This article aims to simplify and objectify the methods for objects clustering in PCA biplot. The novelty of this paper is to get a measure that can be used to objectify the objects clustering in PCA biplot. Orthonormal eigenvectors, which are the coefficients of a principal component model representing an association between principal components and initial variables. The existence of the association is a valid ground to objects clustering based on principal axes value, thus if m principal axes used in the PCA, then the objects can be classified into 2m clusters. The inter-city buses are clustered based on maintenance costs data by using two principal axes PCA biplot. The buses are clustered into four groups. The first group is the buses with high maintenance costs, especially for lube, and brake canvass. The second group is the buses with high maintenance costs, especially for tire, and filter. The third group is the buses with low maintenance costs, especially for lube, and brake canvass. The fourth group is buses with low maintenance costs, especially for tire, and filter.

Evaluation of the CSA 2010 operational model test.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-08-01

"In accordance with its primary mission to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) initiated the Comprehensive Safety Analysis 2010 (CSA 2010) Operational Mode...

Skylab program earth resources experiment package sensor performance evaluation, volume 1, (S190A)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kenney, G. P.

1975-01-01

The results of S190A sensor performance evaluation are summarized based on data presented by all contributors to the sensor performance evaluation interim reports. Techniques used in sensor performance evaluation are discussed. Topics discussed include: performance degradation identified during the Skylab missions, S190A and EREP system anomalies that affected S190A performance, and the performance achieved, in terms of pertinent S190A parameters. Additional analyses include final performance analyses completed after submittal of the SL4 interim sensor performance evaluation reports, including completion of detailed analyses of basic performance parameters initiated during the interim report periods and consolidation analyses to reduce independent mission data (SL2, SL3, and SL4) to determine overall performance realized during all three Skylab missions.

Evaluation of wide edgelines on two-lane rural roads : interim report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1985-01-01

This interim report presents the results of an evaluation of 4-in and 8-in wide edgellnes on the lateral placement and speeds of vehicles on two-lane rural roads. Data were collected at twelve locations on sections of roadway covering 55.2 ml. Two me...

Cost Sensitivity Analysis for Consolidated Interim Storage of Spent Fuel: Evaluating the Effect of Economic Environment Parameters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cumberland, Riley M.; Williams, Kent Alan; Jarrell, Joshua J.

This report evaluates how the economic environment (i.e., discount rate, inflation rate, escalation rate) can impact previously estimated differences in lifecycle costs between an integrated waste management system with an interim storage facility (ISF) and a similar system without an ISF.

Popular Participation and Representation in the Urban Environment: The School Desegregation Issue in Los Angeles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weatherford, M. Stephen

Most scholarly literature on school desegregation treats opposition to busing as racist, reactionary, or as springing from deeper conditions of alienation or anomie. From this viewpoint, anti-busing demonstrations are episodic, unorganized and not founded on any thoroughgoing comprehension of the immediate policy issue. Busing is merely the…

Optimal speed limits for school buses on Virginia highways : a report to Virginia's Superintendent of Public Instruction.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1990-01-01

On Virginia's rural interstate highways there is a three-tiered speed limit: 45 mph for school buses, 55 mph for trucks, and 65 mph for other vehicles. On the urban interstate highways, school buses are restricted to 45 mph, but other traffic has a 5...

49 CFR 392.63 - Towing or pushing loaded buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Towing or pushing loaded buses. 392.63 Section 392... COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES Prohibited Practices § 392.63 Towing or pushing loaded buses. No disabled bus with... passengers aboard for the purpose of towing or pushing any disabled motor vehicle, except in such...

White Opposition to Busing in Los Angeles: Is Self Interest Rejuvenated?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Allen, H. M., Jr.; Sears, David O.

The conventional explanation for adult white opposition to busing for school desegregation emphasizes a rational, objective self interested component. Whites are seen as opposing busing because its costs far exceed its benefits. However, little of the social psychological literature supports this view. Studies by and large support the findings…

49 CFR 393.62 - Emergency exits for buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations) with a GVWR of more than 4... manufacture. (2) Each bus (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations... NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION Glazing and Window Construction § 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. (a) Buses...

49 CFR 393.62 - Emergency exits for buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations) with a GVWR of more than 4... manufacture. (2) Each bus (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations... NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION Glazing and Window Construction § 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. (a) Buses...

49 CFR 393.62 - Emergency exits for buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations) with a GVWR of more than 4... manufacture. (2) Each bus (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations... NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION Glazing and Window Construction § 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. (a) Buses...

49 CFR 393.62 - Emergency exits for buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations) with a GVWR of more than 4... manufacture. (2) Each bus (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations... NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION Glazing and Window Construction § 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. (a) Buses...

Bus Ride to Nowhere.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McGroarty, Daniel

1996-01-01

Describes the situation created by busing in Milwaukee's public schools. The rise of support for school choice developed out of the failure of busing, which was Milwaukee's solution to school problems. Wisconsin now has a private-school voucher law. Busing has been less onerous since the city was divided into five zones from which parents of…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Michigan Transports Students in Hybrid

Science.gov Websites

Electric School Buses Michigan Transports Students in Hybrid Electric School Buses to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Michigan Transports Students in Hybrid Electric School Electric School Buses on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Michigan Transports Students in

A Process Evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity. Interim Report IV, Volume I: Pilot Year Impact Study--Instrument Characteristics and Attrition Trends.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Granville, Arthur C.; And Others

This interim report of a pilot year impact study on evaluation methodology is part of a series of documents on the evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity, a Head Start demonstration program aimed at promoting educational and developmental continuity between children's Head Start and primary school experiences. This report deals with…

Indoor Air Pollution in Non Ac Passenger Bus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El Husna, Iksiroh; Unzilatirrizqi, Rizal D. Yan El; Karyanto, Yudi; Sunoko, Henna R.

2018-02-01

Passenger buses have been one of favorite means of transportation in Indonesia due to its affordability and flexibility. Intensity of human activities during the trip in the buses have a potential of causing indoor air pollution (polusi udara dalam ruang; PUDR). The indoor air pollution has an impact of 1000-time bigger than outdoor air pollution (polusi udara luar ruang; PULR) on lung. This study aimed to find out indoor air pollution rate of non air conditioned buses using an approach to biological agent pollutant source. The study applied an analysis restricted to microorganisms persistence as one of the sources of the indoor air pollution. The media were placed in different parts of the non AC buses. This study revealed that fungs were found in the non AC buses. They became contaminants and developed pathogenic bacteria that caused air pollution.

Air Conditioning Modifications to AMG Buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-12-01

This report presents the documentation and evaluation of air conditioning system modifications devised by Miami (Florida) Metrobus and Los Angeles SCRTD for the AM General Model B bus. The objective of these modifications was to reduce the frequency ...

Evaluation of the CSA 2010 Operational Model Test: Full Report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-08-01

In accordance with its primary mission to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) initiated the Comprehensive Safety Analysis 2010 (CSA 2010) Operational Model...

Electric bus systems.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-04-01

Pure electric buses (EBs) offer an alternative fuel for the nations transit bus systems. To : evaluate EBs in a transit setting, this project investigated the five electric bus fleet of the : StarMetro transit system of the city of Tallahassee, FL...

Alternative Fuel Transit Bus Evaluation Program Results

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-05-06

The objective of this program, which is supported by the U.S. Department of : Energy (DOE) through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), is to : provide an unbiased and comprehensive comparison of transit buses operating on : alternative f...

Reliability Evaluation of V730 Transmission

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-10-01

The Detroit Diesel Allison V730 transmission is a heavy duty, automatic, 3-speed, hydraulic transmission, currently installed in full size (35' and 40') transit buses with transverse mounted rear engines. This report presents the general approach and...

Updated Reliability Evaluation of V730 Transmission

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-11-01

This report culminates a two-year review of factors concerning the reliability of the Detroit Diesel Allison V730 automatic three-speed transmission for urban transit buses. This report is a continuing examination of the transmission's reliability. M...

Development and Evaluation of Smart Bus System

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-12-13

Due to stochastic traffic conditions and fluctuated demand, transit passengers often suffer from unreliable services. Especially for buses, keeping on-time schedules is challenging as they share the right of way with non-transit traffic. With the adv...

From Testing to Teaching: The Use of Interim Assessments in Classroom Instruction. CPRE Research Report # RR-65

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goertz, Margaret E.; Olah, Leslie Nabors; Riggan, Matthew

2009-01-01

The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine the use of interim assessments and the policy supports that promote use to improve instruction, focusing on elementary school mathematics. The authors use the term "interim assessments" to refer to assessments that a) evaluate student knowledge and skills, typically within a limited…

Influence of public transport in black carbon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vasquez, Y.; Oyola, P.; Gramsch, E. V.; Moreno, F.; Rubio, M.

2013-05-01

As a consequence of poor air quality in Santiago de Chile, several measures were taken by the local authorities to improve the environmental conditions and protect the public health. In year 2005 the Chilean government implemented a project called "Transantiago" aimed to introduce major modifications in the public transportation system. The primary objectives of this project were to: provide an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable service and improve the quality of service without increasing fares. In this work we evaluate the impact of the Transantiago system on the black carbon pollution along four roads directly affected by the modification to the transport system. The black carbon has been used to evaluate changes in air quality due to changes in traffic. The assessment was done using measurements of black carbon before Transantiago (June-July 2005) and after its implementation (June-July 2007). Four sites were selected to monitor black carbon at street levels, one site (Alameda) that represents trunk-bus streets, i.e., buses crossing the city through main avenues. Buses using these streets had an important technological update with respect to 2005. Two streets (Usach and Departamental) show a mixed condition, i.e., they combine feeder and trunk buses. These streets combine new EURO III buses with old buses with more than 3 years of service. The last street (Eliodoro Yañez) represent private cars road without public transportation and did not experience change. Hence, the results from the years 2005 and 2007 can be directly compared using an appropriate methodology. To ensure that it was not the meteorological conditions that drive the trends, the comparison between year 2005 and 2007 was done using Wilcoxon test and a regression model. A first assessment at the four sites suggested a non decrease in black carbon concentration from 2005 to 2007, except for Alameda. A first statistical approach confirmed small increases in BC in Usach and E. Yañez, a decrease in Alameda and no change in Departamental. The small increases in BC in some streets, and the decrease observed in an avenue dominated by public transportation, suggest that the reason of the increase in BC concentration is related to the increment in the total number of vehicles (diesel and non diesel). The lower number of buses or improved bus technology did not have an effect on BC concentrations. The three streets that increased or maintained the BC concentration had higher number of vehicles in 2007. Alameda Avenue showed a decrease in BC concentration that had to do with a lower total number of vehicles as well as improved bus technology in year 2007 than year 2005. The emissions, related exclusively to public transportation, seem to have diminished after the Transantiago implementation, considering the outcome in the observed BC in Alameda, mainly dominated by the public transport network. These results are an indication that in order to decrease pollution near a street is not enough to reduce the number of buses or improve its quality, but to reduce the total number of vehicles.

Zero Emission Bay Area (ZEBA) Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Results. Fourth Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eudy, Leslie; Post, Matthew

This report presents results of a demonstration of fuel cell electric buses (FCEB) operating in Oakland, California. Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) leads the Zero Emission Bay Area (ZEBA) demonstration, which includes 12 advanced-design fuel cell buses and two hydrogen fueling stations. The FCEBs in service at AC Transit are 40-foot, low-floor buses built by Van Hool with a hybrid electric propulsion system that includes a US Hybrid fuel cell power system and EnerDel lithium-based energy storage system. The buses began revenue service in May 2010.

Big Brother Is Watching: Video Surveillance on Buses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sloggett, Joel

2009-01-01

Many school districts in North America have adopted policies to permit cameras on their properties and, when needed, on buses used to transport students. With regard to school buses, the camera is typically a tool for gathering information to monitor behavior or to help investigate a complaint about behavior. If a picture is worth a thousand…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas Fuels School Buses and Refuse

Science.gov Websites

Efficiency March 8, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Vehicles With Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Buses Shuttle Visitors in Maine

Science.gov Websites

Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Vehicles Relies on Natural Gas Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel and Propane Fuel Buses for Dallas

Science.gov Websites

Leads in Alternative Fuel Use and Public Transit Efficiency March 8, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money Vehicles March 31, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Deploying Clean Buses in Texas through

Science.gov Websites

money for large expenditures--new school buses are a perfect example and offer the perfect opportunity a potential penalty or fine when that money is put toward an SEP. Municipalities may offset 100% of the problem schools have with finding money for large expenditures-new school buses are a perfect

Alternative Fuels Data Center: North Carolina Airport Advances With Plug-In

Science.gov Websites

Electric BusesA> North Carolina Airport Advances With Plug-In Electric Buses to someone by E-mail passengers with plug-in hybrid electric buses. For information about this project, contact Centralina Clean . Provided by Maryland Public Television Related Videos Photo of a car Electric Vehicles Charge up at State

26 CFR 41.4483-2 - Exemption for certain transit-type buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Exemption for certain transit-type buses. 41... Certain Highway Motor Vehicles § 41.4483-2 Exemption for certain transit-type buses. (a) In general. Use in any taxable period, or part thereof, of any bus of the transit type by any person who is engaged...

It's Not the Distance, "It's the Niggers." Comments on the Controversy Over School Busing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund, New York, NY.

This paper focuses on the political nature of the present busing controversy. It is felt that the proposed moratorium on busing threatens gains which have been made in previous years through institutional and judicial enforcement of the Civil Rights Act in providing equal educational opportunities to all children. The advantages and disadvantages…

46 CFR 111.30-19 - Buses and wiring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... control wiring must be— (1) Suitable for installation within in a switchboard enclosure and be rated at 90... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Buses and wiring. 111.30-19 Section 111.30-19 Shipping... REQUIREMENTS Switchboards § 111.30-19 Buses and wiring. (a) General. Each bus must meet the requirements of...

The Bus Stops Here: The Case for Biodiesel in School Buses.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rao, Steven T.

2002-01-01

Suggests that diesel exhaust from most of the nation's school buses may be hazardous to children's health. Documents studies on the nature and potential magnitude of the risk to children and proposes replacing petroleum diesel with biodiesel as the fuel for school buses. Presents the merits and practicality of switching to biodiesel as a healthier…

49 CFR 393.62 - Emergency exits for buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION Glazing and Window Construction § 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. (a) Buses... glazing if such glazing is not contained in a push-out window; or, at least 432 cm2 (67 square inches) of free opening resulting from opening of a push-out type window. No area shall be included in this...

School Buses Answer Calls for Help in Crises

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Borja, Rhea R.

2005-01-01

Five days after Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans, a convoy of 142 air-conditioned school buses from the 209,000-student Texas district rumbled to life. Loaded with food and bottled water, staffed by 350 school employees, and accompanied by bus-repair trucks and a phalanx of school police cars, the yellow buses traveled all night to reach the…

An Inter-Disciplinary Problem Solving Approach to Environmental Education, Interim Evaluation Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Egan, Thomas A.; Seidel, Janet C.

Evaluation of an ESEA Title III project, "An Inter-Disciplinary Problem Solving Approach to Environmental Education" located in Berks County, Pennsylvania, is offered in this interim report. The report is primarily concerned with the degree to which operational and management process objectives are being achieved in each of four…

Flammability, Offgassing, and Compatibility Requirements and Test Procedures. Interim NASA Technical Standard

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2009-01-01

This Interim Standard establishes requirements for evaluation, testing, and selection of materials that are intended for use in space vehicles, associated Ground Support Equipment (GSE), and facilities used during assembly, test, and flight operations. Included are requirements, criteria, and test methods for evaluating the flammability, offgassing, and compatibility of materials.

An Evaluation of the Human Carcinogenic Potential of Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether (An Interim Position Paper)

EPA Science Inventory

To determine the merit of a petition to remove ethylene glycol ether (EGBE) from the Agency's Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) list, EPA has developed an interim final position paper, called An Evaluation of the Human Carcinogenic Potential of Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether, tha...

Evaluation of Automatic Vehicle Location accuracy

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-01-01

This study assesses the accuracy of the Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) data provided for the buses of the Ann Arbor Transportation Authority with Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. In a sample of eighty-nine bus trips two kinds of accuracy...

Crashworthiness evaluation of mass transit buses.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-11-01

Mass transit bus systems are an integral part of the national transportation network, serving more than 20.6 billion passenger-miles per year with a relatively low fatality rate. Bus occupant injuries are evenly distributed among crashes on all sides...

Interim Policy for Evaluation of Stereoisomeric Pesticides

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

An interim approach for determining data requirements for non-racemic mixtures of stereoisomeric pesticides. These data are needed in order to assess the risk posed to ecosystems and drinking water sources by these mixtures.

How Busing Burdened Blacks: Critical Race Theory and Busing for Desegregation in Nashville-Davidson County

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Woodward, Jennifer R.

2011-01-01

This article uses critical race theory, court opinions, newspapers, and interviews to explain how the burden of busing for desegregation was placed upon Blacks in Nashville, Tennessee and why the agenda of the litigants in the Kelley v. Metropolitan Board of Education cases shifted over time. The deliberate pace of the initial desegregation…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Powers School Buses in Tuscaloosa,

Science.gov Websites

Efficiency March 8, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus and Plug-In Electric Vehicles March 31, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Electric Trolley Boosts Business in

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Fleet Application for School Transportation

Science.gov Websites

/_kZz_IxCsQA Video thumbnail for Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 https://www.youtube.com/embed/VYbBFQEKKCs Video thumbnail for , 2011 https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZJVXELFPywI Video thumbnail for Propane Buses Save Money for

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Recycled Cooking Oil Powers Biodiesel

Science.gov Websites

Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of the front of a red truck Salt Lake City Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Trucks Deliver at Kansas City Schools Sept. 17 Electric Buses Aug. 21, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010

49 CFR 37.71 - Purchase or lease of new non-rail vehicles by public entities operating fixed route systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... buses were to be lift-equipped and were to be otherwise accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities; (2) Hydraulic, electromechanical, or other lifts for such new buses could not be provided by any qualified lift manufacturer to the manufacturer of such new buses in sufficient time to comply with the...

49 CFR 37.71 - Purchase or lease of new non-rail vehicles by public entities operating fixed route systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... buses were to be lift-equipped and were to be otherwise accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities; (2) Hydraulic, electromechanical, or other lifts for such new buses could not be provided by any qualified lift manufacturer to the manufacturer of such new buses in sufficient time to comply with the...

Modification of Educational Equipment and Curriculum for Maximum Utilization by Physically Disabled Persons. The Transportation of Physically Disabled Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yuker, Harold E.; And Others

Guidelines for the transporting of physically handicapped children to school are given along with the types of vehicles, selection and training of drivers, problems of traveling time, and administration and financing of a transportation service. Vehicles described and compared include standard school buses, adapted buses, vans and compact buses,…

49 CFR 579.27 - Reporting requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 100 buses annually, for manufacturers of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Reporting requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 100 buses annually, for manufacturers of fewer than 500 emergency vehicles annually, for manufacturers of fewer than 5,000 light vehicles, medium-heavy vehicles (other than buses and emergency vehicles), motorcycles or trailers annually, for...

49 CFR 579.27 - Reporting requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 100 buses annually, for manufacturers of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Reporting requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 100 buses annually, for manufacturers of fewer than 500 emergency vehicles annually, for manufacturers of fewer than 5,000 light vehicles, medium-heavy vehicles (other than buses and emergency vehicles), motorcycles or trailers annually, for...

49 CFR 579.27 - Reporting requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 100 buses annually, for manufacturers of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Reporting requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 100 buses annually, for manufacturers of fewer than 500 emergency vehicles annually, for manufacturers of fewer than 5,000 light vehicles, medium-heavy vehicles (other than buses and emergency vehicles), motorcycles or trailers annually, for...

49 CFR 579.27 - Reporting requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 100 buses annually, for manufacturers of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Reporting requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 100 buses annually, for manufacturers of fewer than 500 emergency vehicles annually, for manufacturers of fewer than 5,000 light vehicles, medium-heavy vehicles (other than buses and emergency vehicles), motorcycles or trailers annually, for...

Particle and gaseous emissions from individual diesel and CNG buses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hallquist, Å. M.; Jerksjö, M.; Fallgren, H.; Westerlund, J.; Sjödin, Å.

2012-10-01

In this study size-resolved particle and gaseous emissions from 28 individual diesel-fuelled and 7 compressed natural gas (CNG)-fuelled buses, selected from an in-use bus fleet, were characterised for real-world dilution scenarios. The method used was based on using CO2 as a tracer of exhaust gas dilution. The particles were sampled by using an extractive sampling method and analysed with high time resolution instrumentation EEPS (10 Hz) and CO2 with non-dispersive infrared gas analyser (LI-840, LI-COR Inc. 1 Hz). The gaseous constituents (CO, HC and NO) were measured by using a remote sensing device (AccuScan RSD 3000, Environmental System Products Inc.). Nitrogen oxides, NOx, were estimated from NO by using default NO2/NOx ratios from the road vehicle emission model HBEFA 3.1. The buses studied were diesel-fuelled Euro II-V and CNG-fuelled Enhanced Environmental Friendly Vehicles (EEVs) with different after-treatment, including selective catalytic reduction (SCR), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and with and without diesel particulate filter (DPF). The primary driving mode applied in this study was accelerating mode. However, regarding the particle emissions also a constant speed mode was analysed. The investigated CNG buses emitted on average higher number of particles but less mass compared to the diesel-fuelled buses. Emission factors for number of particles (EFPN) were EFPN, DPF = 8.0 ± 3.1 × 1014, EFPN, no DPF =2.8 ± 1.6 × 1015 and EFPN, CNG = 7.8 ± 5.7 × 1015 (kg fuel-1). In the accelerating mode size-resolved EFs showed unimodal number size distributions with peak diameters of 70-90 nm and 10 nm for diesel and CNG buses, respectively. For the constant speed mode bimodal average number size distributions were obtained for the diesel buses with peak modes of ~10 nm and ~60 nm. Emission factors for NOx expressed as NO2 equivalents for the diesel buses were on average 27 ± 7 g (kg fuel)-1 and for the CNG buses 41 ± 26 g (kg fuel)-1. An anti-relationship between EFNOx and EFPM was observed especially for buses with no DPF and there was a positive relationship between EFPM and EFCO.

Particle and gaseous emissions from individual diesel and CNG buses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hallquist, Å. M.; Jerksjö, M.; Fallgren, H.; Westerlund, J.; Sjödin, Å.

2013-05-01

In this study size-resolved particle and gaseous emissions from 28 individual diesel-fuelled and 7 compressed natural gas (CNG)-fuelled buses, selected from an in-use bus fleet, were characterised for real-world dilution scenarios. The method used was based on using CO2 as a tracer of exhaust gas dilution. The particles were sampled by using an extractive sampling method and analysed with high time resolution instrumentation EEPS (10 Hz) and CO2 with a non-dispersive infrared gas analyser (LI-840, LI-COR Inc. 1 Hz). The gaseous constituents (CO, HC and NO) were measured by using a remote sensing device (AccuScan RSD 3000, Environmental System Products Inc.). Nitrogen oxides, NOx, were estimated from NO by using default NO2/NOx ratios from the road vehicle emission model HBEFA3.1. The buses studied were diesel-fuelled Euro III-V and CNG-fuelled Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicles (EEVs) with different after-treatment, including selective catalytic reduction (SCR), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and with and without diesel particulate filter (DPF). The primary driving mode applied in this study was accelerating mode. However, regarding the particle emissions also a constant speed mode was analysed. The investigated CNG buses emitted on average a higher number of particles but less mass compared to the diesel-fuelled buses. Emission factors for number of particles (EFPN) were EFPN, DPF = 4.4 ± 3.5 × 1014, EFPN, no DPF = 2.1 ± 1.0 × 1015 and EFPN, CNG = 7.8 ± 5.7 ×1015 kg fuel-1. In the accelerating mode, size-resolved emission factors (EFs) showed unimodal number size distributions with peak diameters of 70-90 nm and 10 nm for diesel and CNG buses, respectively. For the constant speed mode, bimodal average number size distributions were obtained for the diesel buses with peak modes of ~10 nm and ~60 nm. Emission factors for NOx expressed as NO2 equivalents for the diesel buses were on average 27 ± 7 g (kg fuel)-1 and for the CNG buses 41 ± 26 g (kg fuel)-1. An anti-relationship between EFNOx and EFPM was observed especially for buses with no DPF, and there was a positive relationship between EFPM and EFCO.

Ultrafine particle concentrations in and around idling school buses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Qunfang; Fischer, Heidi J.; Weiss, Robert E.; Zhu, Yifang

2013-04-01

Unnecessary school bus idling increases children's exposure to diesel exhaust, but to what extent children are exposed to ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter < 100 nm) in and around idling school buses remains unclear. This study employed nine school buses and simulated five scenarios by varying emissions source, wind direction, and window position. The purpose was to investigate the impact of idling on UFP number concentration and PM2.5 mass concentration inside and near school buses. Near the school buses, total particle number concentration increased sharply from engine off to engine on under all scenarios, by a factor of up to 26. The impact of idling on UFP number concentration inside the school buses depended on wind direction and window position: wind direction was important and statistically significant while the effect of window positions depended on wind direction. Under certain scenarios, idling increased in-cabin total particle number concentrations by a factor of up to 5.8, with the significant increase occurring in the size range of 10-30 nm. No significant change of in-cabin PM2.5 mass concentration was observed due to idling, regardless of wind direction and window position, indicating that PM2.5 is not a good indicator for primary diesel exhaust particle exposure. The deposition rates based on total particle number concentration inside school bus cabins varied between 1.5 and 5.0 h-1 across nine tested buses under natural convection conditions, lower than those of passenger cars but higher than those of indoor environments.

Different predictive values of interim 18F-FDG PET/CT in germinal center like and non-germinal center like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

PubMed

Kim, Jihyun; Lee, Jeong-Ok; Paik, Jin Ho; Lee, Won Woo; Kim, Sang Eun; Song, Yoo Sung

2017-01-01

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a pathologically heterogeneous disease with different prognoses according to its molecular profiles. Despite the broad usage of 18 F-fluoro-2-dexoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), previous studies that have investigated the value of interim 18 F-FDG PET/CT in DLBCL have given the controversial results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of interim 18 F-FDG PET/CT in DLBCL according to germinal center B cell-like (GCB) and non-GCB molecular profiling. We enrolled 118 newly diagnosed DLBCL patients treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (R-CHOP). Interim 18 F-FDG PET/CT scans performed after 2 or 3 cycles of R-CHOP treatment were evaluated based on the Lugano response criteria. Patients were grouped as GCB or non-GCB molecular subtypes according to immunohistochemistry results of CD10, BCL6, and MUM1, based on Hans' algorithm. In total 118 DLBCL patients, 35 % were classified as GCB, and 65 % were classified as non-GCB. Interim PET/CT was negative in 70 %, and positive in 30 %. During the median follow-up period of 23 months, the positive interim 18 F-FDG PET/CT group showed significantly inferior progression free survival (PFS) compared to the negative interim 18 F-FDG PET/CT group (P = 0.0004) in entire patients. A subgroup analysis according to molecular profiling demonstrated significant difference of PFS between the positive and negative interim 18 F-FDG PET groups in GCB subtype of DLBCL (P = 0.0001), but there was no significant difference of PFS between the positive and negative interim 18 F-FDG PET groups in non-GCB subtype of DLBCL. Interim 18 F-FDG PET/CT scanning had a significant predictive value for disease progression in patients with the GCB subtype of DLBCL treated with R-CHOP, but not in those with the non-GCB subtype. Therefore, molecular profiles of DLBCL should be considered for interim 18 F-FDG PET/CT practice.

Interim reliability evaluation program, Browns Ferry fault trees

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stewart, M.E.

1981-01-01

An abbreviated fault tree method is used to evaluate and model Browns Ferry systems in the Interim Reliability Evaluation programs, simplifying the recording and displaying of events, yet maintaining the system of identifying faults. The level of investigation is not changed. The analytical thought process inherent in the conventional method is not compromised. But the abbreviated method takes less time, and the fault modes are much more visible.

A Process Evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity, Interim Report VI: Recommendations for Continuing the Impact Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Granville, Arthur; And Others

This interim report re-examines data on instrument suitability, comparability of groups, and adequacy of sample size in Year III of the process evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity (PDC) and offers preliminary recommendations concerning the feasibility of continuing the impact study. PDC is a Head Start demonstration program aimed at…

A Process Evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity. Interim Report IV, Volume 2: Development of the Implementation and Cost Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Allen G.; And Others

This interim report describes the development of program implementation and cost studies for Year II of the process evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity (PDC), a Head Start demonstration program aimed at providing educational and developmental continuity between children's Head Start and primary school experiences. Specific areas focused…

National Home Start Evaluation. Interim Report V: Case Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jerome, Chris H.; And Others

One of a series of documents on the evaluation of the National Home Start (NHS) program this third year interim report of case studies describes program efforts and successes with 16 Home Start families throughout the nation. A federally funded demonstration program, NHS is aimed at providing home-based services (such as health, education,…

An Interim Report on Pennsylvania's Framework for Leadership: Frequently Asked Questions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bing-ru, Teh; Chiang, Hanley; Lipscomb, Stephen; Gill, Brian

2014-01-01

A new study analyzed data from the 2012/13 pilot of the Framework for Leadership (FFL), Pennsylvania's tool for evaluating the leadership practices of principals and assistant principals. Based on the FFL scores of 336 principals and 69 assistant principals evaluated by their supervisors in the 2012/13 school year, this interim report found that…

The Evaluation of Abstinence Education Programs Funded Under Title V Section 510: Interim Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Devaney, Barbara; Johnson, Amy; Maynard, Rebecca; Trenholm, Chris

This report presents interim findings from an independent, federally funded evaluation of the abstinence education programs authorized under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) and defined under Title V, Section 510 (b)(2)(A-H) of the Social Security Act. The report draws heavily on 4 years of…

Evaluation of the construction and performance of multiple layer polymer concrete overlays : interim report no. 2, condition of the overlays after five years in service.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1987-01-01

This interim report presents the results after 5 years of a study undertaken to evaluate multiple layer polymer concrete overlays over a 10-year period. The report indicates that an overlay of low permeability and high skid resistance can be successf...

The SpringBoard Bursary Foundation Impact Assessment: Year 1. Interim Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buchanan, Emily; Stevens, Eleanor; Straw, Suzanne

2014-01-01

The SpringBoard Bursary Foundation (SpringBoard) commissioned the National Foundation for Education Research (NFER) to undertake an evaluation of its activities and impacts between 2013 and 2018. This interim and summary report presents the findings of the first year of the evaluation. SpringBoard was established in 2012 to transform the lives of…

BC Transit Fuel Cell Bus Project : Evaluation Results Report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-02-02

British Columbia Transit (BC Transit) has been leading a demonstration of fuel cell electric buses (FCEB) in Whistler, Canada, since early 2010. This 20-bus demonstration was introduced during the 2010 Winter Olympic Games and is the worlds larges...

MVRTA Charge-A-Ride Program : Credit Card Fare Post-Payment in Haverhill, MA.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1988-03-01

This report presents an evaluation of a demonstration of automated fare collection using on-board credit card readers and recorders on general revenue service buses in Haverhill, Massachusetts. The demonstration project employed a credit card system ...

Evaluation of rear-end bus collisions and identification of possible solutions.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-03-01

The purpose of this project was to conduct a systematic study to examine rear-end : collisions between motorists and public transit buses to achieve the following objectives: : determine if rear-end collisions are increasing; conduct an assessment to...

Connecticut Transit (CTTRANSIT) Fuel Cell Transit Bus Preliminary Evaluation Results

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-10-16

This report describes operations at Connecticut Transit (CTTRANSIT) in Hartford for one prototype fuel cell bus and three new diesel buses operating from the same location. The report discusses the planned fuel cell bus demonstration and equipment us...

American Fuel Cell Bus Project Evaluation : Second Report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-09-01

This report presents results of the American Fuel Cell Bus (AFCB) Project, a demonstration of fuel cell electric buses (FCEB) operating in the Coachella Valley area of California. The prototype AFCB was developed as part of the Federal Transit Admini...

Assessing Feasibility of Priority Operations on Highways

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1973-05-01

This study was carried out as part of the BALANCE bus-priority-system evaluation. The objective of this study was to estimate the improvement in freeway passenger flow resulting from the reservation of priority lanes for buses and carpools. These est...

Ongoing evaluation of alternatively fueled buses : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-05-01

The goal of this project is to continue collecting and reporting data on the performance and costs of alternatively fueled public transit vehicles in Florida in a consistent manner. Over the course of this project, researchers sent repeated data requ...

Evaluation report : driver experience with the enhanced object detection system for transit buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-12-01

Since 1998, the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), with support from the USDOTs ITS Joint Program Office (JPO), has been partnering with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and various research organizations and technology p...

Foothill Transit Battery Electric Bus Demonstration Results

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-01-01

In October 2010, Foothill Transit began a demonstration of three Proterra battery electric buses (BEBs) in its service area located in the San Gabriel and Pomona Valley region of Los Angeles County, California. The agency had a goal of evaluating the...

26 CFR 48.6421-2 - Credits or payments to ultimate purchasers of gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses. 48.6421-2 Section 48.6421-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL... Manufacturers Taxes § 48.6421-2 Credits or payments to ultimate purchasers of gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses. (a) In general. If gasoline is used in an intercity or local bus while engaged in...

26 CFR 48.6421-2 - Credits or payments to ultimate purchasers of gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses. 48.6421-2 Section 48.6421-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL... Manufacturers Taxes § 48.6421-2 Credits or payments to ultimate purchasers of gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses. (a) In general. If gasoline is used in an intercity or local bus while engaged in...

26 CFR 48.6421-2 - Credits or payments to ultimate purchasers of gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses. 48.6421-2 Section 48.6421-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL... Manufacturers Taxes § 48.6421-2 Credits or payments to ultimate purchasers of gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses. (a) In general. If gasoline is used in an intercity or local bus while engaged in...

26 CFR 48.6421-2 - Credits or payments to ultimate purchasers of gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses. 48.6421-2 Section 48.6421-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL... Manufacturers Taxes § 48.6421-2 Credits or payments to ultimate purchasers of gasoline used in intercity, local, or school buses. (a) In general. If gasoline is used in an intercity or local bus while engaged in...

Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2015

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eudy, Leslie; Post, Matthew; Gikakis, Christina

This report, published annually, summarizes the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discusses the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. Various stakeholders, including FCEB developers, transit agencies, and system integrators, have expressed the value of this annual status report, which provides a summary of results from evaluations performed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The annual status report tracks the progress of the FCEB industry toward meeting technical targets, documents the lessons learned, and discusses the path forward for commercial viability of fuel cell technology for transit buses. Themore » 2015 summary results primarily focus on the most recent year for each demonstration, from August 2014 through July 2015. The results for these buses account for more than 1,045,000 miles traveled and 83,000 hours of fuel cell power system operation. The primary results presented in the report are from two demonstrations of fuel-cell-dominant bus designs: the Zero Emission Bay Area Demonstration Group led by Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) in California and the American Fuel Cell Bus Project at SunLine Transit Agency in California.« less

Concentration measurement in a road tunnel as a method to assess "real-world" vehicles exhaust emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zanini, G.; Berico, M.; Monforti, F.; Vitali, L.; Zambonelli, S.; Chiavarini, S.; Georgiadis, T.; Nardino, M.

An experiment aimed at comparing particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations produced in a road tunnel by buses is described. The experiment took place in 2001 in Bologna when a couple of buses belonging to the public transport fleet where driven backwards and forwards in a road tunnel closed to all other vehicles. Buses run in the tunnel for 8 h a day for 4 experiment days, each day using a different fuel: biodiesel, diesel-water emulsion, diesel-water emulsion with low sulphur content and commercial diesel. Average daily concentrations of PM of different sizes and of 12 PHAs were measured and comparison between different fuels was attempted in order to assess "real-world" exhaust emissions of different fuels. Due to heterogeneity of experimental conditions in different days and the relatively large measurement uncertainties, the effort was only partially successful, and it was not possible to state any firm conclusion on fuels reliability even if some indications in agreement with literature were found. Nevertheless, the experiment and the data analysis method developed could be of interest as a methodological approach for future experiments aimed at evaluating "real-world" exhaust emissions of single vehicles.

Spatial-Temporal Synchrophasor Data Characterization and Analytics in Smart Grid Fault Detection, Identification, and Impact Causal Analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jiang, Huaiguang; Dai, Xiaoxiao; Gao, David Wenzhong

An approach of big data characterization for smart grids (SGs) and its applications in fault detection, identification, and causal impact analysis is proposed in this paper, which aims to provide substantial data volume reduction while keeping comprehensive information from synchrophasor measurements in spatial and temporal domains. Especially, based on secondary voltage control (SVC) and local SG observation algorithm, a two-layer dynamic optimal synchrophasor measurement devices selection algorithm (OSMDSA) is proposed to determine SVC zones, their corresponding pilot buses, and the optimal synchrophasor measurement devices. Combining the two-layer dynamic OSMDSA and matching pursuit decomposition, the synchrophasor data is completely characterized inmore » the spatial-temporal domain. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed characterization approach, SG situational awareness is investigated based on hidden Markov model based fault detection and identification using the spatial-temporal characteristics generated from the reduced data. To identify the major impact buses, the weighted Granger causality for SGs is proposed to investigate the causal relationship of buses during system disturbance. The IEEE 39-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system are employed to validate and evaluate the proposed approach.« less

Method for Assessing Risk of Road Accidents in Transportation of School Children

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pogotovkina, N. S.; Volodkin, P. P.; Demakhina, E. S.

2017-11-01

The rationale behind the problem being investigated is explained by the remaining high level of the accident rates with the participation of vehicles carrying groups of children, including school buses, in the Russian Federation over the period of several years. The article is aimed at the identification of new approaches to improve the safety of transportation of schoolchildren in accordance with the Concept of children transportation by buses and the plan for its implementation. The leading approach to solve the problem under consideration is the prediction of accidents in the schoolchildren transportation. The article presents the results of the accident rate analysis with the participation of school buses in the Russian Federation for five years. Besides, a system to monitor the transportation of schoolchildren is proposed; the system will allow analyzing and forecasting traffic accidents which involve buses carrying groups of children, including school buses. In addition, the article presents a methodology for assessing the risk of road accidents during the transportation of schoolchildren.

BC Transit Fuel Cell Bus Project Evaluation Results : Second Report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-09-01

Beginning in 2009, British Columbia Transit (BC Transit) led a project to conduct a 5-year demonstration of 20 fuel cell electric buses (FCEB) in Whistler, Canada. The FCEB fleet was introduced during the 2010 Winter Olympic Games and operated throug...

American Fuel Cell Bus Project Evaluation : Third Report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-05-01

This report presents results of the American Fuel Cell Bus (AFCB) Project, a demonstration of fuel cell electric buses (FCEB) operating in the Coachella Valley area of California. The AFCB, built on an ElDorado National-California 40-foot Axess bus p...

In-vehicle signing for school buses at railroad-highway grade crossings : evaluation report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-08-01

The Minnesota Department of Transportation, 3M, and Dynamic Vehicle Safety Systems have developed an in-vehicle signing system to alert drivers of potentially dangerous railroad crossing situations. In this project the in-vehicle signing system was i...

Simultaneous determination of carbonyls and NO2 in exhausts of heavy-duty diesel trucks and transit buses by HPLC following 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine cartridge collection.

PubMed

Tang, Shida; Graham, Lisa; Shen, Ling; Zhou, Xianliang; Lanni, Thomas

2004-11-15

A method combining 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge sampling and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis has been used for the measurement of carbonyl and NO2 emissions from heavy-duty diesel trucks and transit buses. The reaction of NO2 with DNPH allows for the simultaneous and unambiguous determination of NO2 and carbonyl concentrations in exhaust samples. The potential coelution of the NO2-DNPH derivative with the formaldehyde-DNPH derivative under certain chromatographic conditions was investigated. Successful separation of these two species was achieved allowing for simultaneous determination of carbonyls and NO2 in the exhaust samples collected from heavy-duty diesel (HDD) trucks and diesel, diesel/electric hybrid, diesel equipped with the continuously regenerating technology (CRT) particle traps, and compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses tested over various drive cycles. Elevated NO2 emissions from CRT-equipped buses were observed. The NO2/NOx volume ratios for HDD trucks and transit buses are discussed. A comparison of the DNPH derivatization with HPLC/UV-visible detection method with a chemiluminescence analyzer method for NO2 measurement is presented for a limited number of diesel/CRT and CNG buses.

A Process Evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity, Interim Report VII, Volume 1: Findings from the PDC Implementation Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Allen G.; And Others

This third year interim report, one of a series of documents on the evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity (PDC), presents findings from three major analyses of program implementation; measurement of the extent each program has implemented the basic PDC Guidelines; a description of patterns of that implementation; and analysis of some…

A Process Evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity. Interim Report III, Executive Summary: Preliminary Recommendations for the Study of Child Impact.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Granville, Arthur C.; And Others

This executive summary presents the major findings of Interim Report III, which reports preliminary evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity (PDC). A Head Start demonstration program, PDC is aimed at promoting greater educational and developmental continuity as children make the transition from preschool to school. The report addresses three…

An Evaluation of the Individual Training Account/Eligible Training Provider Demonstration. Final Interim Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

D'Amico, Ronald; Martinez, Alexandria; Salzman, Jeffrey; Wagner, Robin

In March 2000, thirteen grants were awarded as part of the Individual Training Account/Eligible Training Provider (ITA/ETP) Demonstration. In summer and fall of 2000, the grant recipients' activities were subjected to an interim evaluation. Site visits were made to each grantee to determine what ITA policies and practices were being formulated,…

National Home Start Evaluation Interim Report VII. Twenty-Month Program Analysis and Findings.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Love, John M.; And Others

This interim evaluation report focuses on process (formative) and outcome (summative) data collected in spring 1975 on the National Home Start Program. Home Start, a federally-funded 3-year (1972-1975) home-based demonstration program for low-income families with 3- to 5-year-old children was designed to enhance a mother's skills in dealing with…

Evaluation of experimental rumble strip areas in Louisiana : interim report No. 1.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1985-03-01

This interim report was prepared to provide a review of nineteen rumble strip areas installed experimentally in Louisiana between August 1982 and September 1983. Situated randomly throughout central and southern Louisiana, construction of these coars...

School Districts Move to the Head of the Class with Propane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Propane has been a proven fuel for buses for decades. For the first time in 2007, Blue Bird rolled out a propane school bus using direct liquid injection, which was later followed by Thomas Built Buses and Navistar. Because this new technology is much more reliable than previous designs, it is essentially reintroducing propane buses to many school districts. During this same time period, vehicle emissions standards have tightened. To meet them, diesel engine manufacturers have added diesel particulate filters (DPF) and, more recently, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. As an alternative to diesel buses with these systems, many schoolmore » districts have looked to other affordable, clean alternatives, and they've found that propane fits the bill.« less

Mexican-American Self-Concept and Educational Achievement: The Effects of Ethnic Isolation and Socio-Economic Deprivation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Felice, Lawrence G.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative importance of school socioeconomic and racial-ethnic context for Mexican American student achievement and dropout behavior. Data reported in this paper were obtained from the first part of a larger 3-year panel study evaluating the effects of court-ordered busing on majority and minority…

Fuel Cell Transit Buses : ThunderPower Bus Evaluation at SunLine Transit Agency

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-11-01

This report provides an overview of the ThunderPower fuel cell bus demonstration at SunLine Transit Agency in Thousand Palms, California. Under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) evaluat...

Evaluating the impacts of speed limit policy alternatives.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-07-01

As of June 2014, Michigan is one of eight states with a differential speed limit in place on its rural : freeways, which sets a maximum speed of 70 mph for passenger vehicles and 60 mph for trucks and : buses. In select urban environments, these spee...

Development of techniques and data for evaluating ride quality. Volume 2 : ride-quality research

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-03-01

Ride-quality models for city buses and intercity trains are presented : and discussed in terms of their ability to predict passenger : comfort and ride acceptability. : This, the second of three volumes, contains a technical discussion, : of the ride...

Investigation, quantification, and recommendations : performance of alternatively fueled buses.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-08-01

The goal of this project was to continue consistent collection and reporting of data on the performance and costs of alternatively fueled public transit vehicles in the U.S. transit fleet in order to keep the Bus Fuels Fleet Evaluation Tool (BuFFeT; ...

U.S. Department of Energy FreedomCAR & Vehicle Technologies Program Oil Bypass Filter Technology Evaluation Fifth Quarterly Report October - December 2003

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Larry Zirker; James Francfort

2004-02-01

This Oil Bypass Filter Technology Evaluation quarterly report (October-December 2003) details the ongoing fleet evaluation of an oil bypass filter technology by the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) for the U.S. Department of Energy's FreedomCAR & Vehicle Technologies Program. Eight four-cycle diesel-engine buses used to transport INEEL employees on various routes have been equipped with oil bypass filter systems from the puraDYN Corporation. The bypass filters are reported to have engine oil filtering capability of <1 micron and a built-in additive package to facilitate extended oil-drain intervals. To date, the eight buses have accumulated 324,091 test miles. Thismore » represents an avoidance of 27 oil changes, which equate to 952 quarts (238 gallons) of new oil not conserved and therefore, 952 quarts of waste oil not generated. To validate the extended oil-drain intervals, an oil-analysis regime is used to evaluate the fitness of the oil for continued service by monitoring the presence of necessary additives, undesirable contaminants, and engine-wear metals. The test fleet has been expanded to include six Chevrolet Tahoe sport utility vehicles with gasoline engines.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eudy, Leslie; Post, Matthew; Jeffers, Matthew

This report presents results of the American Fuel Cell Bus (AFCB) Project, a demonstration of fuel cell electric buses operating in the Coachella Valley area of California. The prototype AFCB, which was developed as part of the Federal Transit Administration's (FTA) National Fuel Cell Bus Program, was delivered to SunLine in November 2011 and was put in revenue service in mid-December 2011. Two new AFCBs with an upgraded design were delivered in June/July of 2014 and a third new AFCB was delivered in February 2015. FTA and the AFCB project team are collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)more » and DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory to evaluate the buses in revenue service. This report covers the performance of the AFCBs from July 2015 through December 2016.« less

A Process Evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity, Interim Report VII, Volume 3: Assessment of Program Impact Through the Head Start Year.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Granville, Arthur C.; And Others

This interim report, part of a series of documents examining the feasibility of the longitudinal evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity (PDC), presents the results of an analysis of PDC impact at the Head Start level, using Spring 1977 data. PDC is a Head Start Demonstration Program aimed at providing educational and developmental…

Making the Transition: Interim Results of the National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Evaluation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Millenky, Megan; Bloom, Dan; Dillon, Colleen

2010-01-01

Young people who drop out of high school face long odds of success in a labor market that increasingly values education and skills. This report presents interim results from a rigorous, ongoing evaluation of the National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Program, which aims to "reclaim the lives of at-risk youth" who have dropped out of high school.…

Making the Transition: Interim Results of the National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Evaluation. [Executive Summary

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Millenky, Megan; Bloom, Dan; Dillon, Colleen

2010-01-01

Young people who drop out of high school face long odds of success in a labor market that increasingly values education and skills. This report presents interim results from a rigorous, ongoing evaluation of the National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Program, which aims to "reclaim the lives of at-risk youth" who have dropped out of high school. ChalleNGe…

Evaluation of US 119 Pine Mountain safety improvements : interim report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-10-01

The safety improvement project for a section of US 119 across Pine Mountain in Letcher County was initiated as an interim effort to address safety issues related t o roadway geometrics and specific problems related to truck traffic. : Specific object...

Environmental, health, and safety issues of fuel cells in transportation. Volume 1: Phosphoric acid fuel-cell buses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ring, S

1994-12-01

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) chartered the Phosphoric Acid Fuel-Cell (PAFC) Bus Program to demonstrate the feasibility of fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation systems. As part of this program, PAFC- powered buses are being built to meet transit industry design and performance standards. Test-bed bus-1 (TBB-1) was designed in 1993 and integrated in March 1994. TBB-2 and TBB-3 are under construction and should be integrated in early 1995. In 1987 Phase I of the program began with the development and testing of two conceptual system designs- liquid- and air-cooled systems. The liquid-cooled PAFC system was chosen to continue, throughmore » a competitive award, into Phase H, beginning in 1991. Three hybrid buses, which combine fuel-cell and battery technologies, were designed during Phase III. After completing Phase II, DOE plans a comprehensive performance testing program (Phase HI) to verify that the buses meet stringent transit industry requirements. The Phase III study will evaluate the PAFC bus and compare it to a conventional diesel bus. This NREL study assesses the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) issues that may affect the commercialization of the PAFC bus. Because safety is a critical factor for consumer acceptance of new transportation-based technologies the study focuses on these issues. The study examines health and safety together because they are integrally related. In addition, this report briefly discusses two environmental issues that are of concern to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The first issue involves a surge battery used by the PAFC bus that contains hazardous constituents. The second issue concerns the regulated air emissions produced during operation of the PAFC bus.« less

TITLE: Environmental, health, and safety issues offuel cells in transportation. Volume 1: Phosphoricacid fuel-cell buses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ring, Shan

1994-12-01

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) chartered the Phosphoric Acid Fuel-Cell (PAFC) Bus Program to demonstrate the feasibility of fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation systems. As part of this program, PAFC- powered buses are being built to meet transit industry design and performance standards. Test-bed bus-1 (TBB-1) was designed in 1993 and integrated in March 1994. TBB-2 and TBB-3 are under construction and should be integrated in early 1995. In 1987 Phase 1 of the program began with the development and testing of two conceptual system designs- liquid- and air-cooled systems. The liquid-cooled PAFC system was chosen to continue, through a competitive award, into Phase H, beginning in 1991. Three hybrid buses, which combine fuel-cell and battery technologies, were designed during Phase 3. After completing Phase 2, DOE plans a comprehensive performance testing program (Phase H1) to verify that the buses meet stringent transit industry requirements. The Phase 3 study will evaluate the PAFC bus and compare it to a conventional diesel bus. This NREL study assesses the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) issues that may affect the commercialization of the PAFC bus. Because safety is a critical factor for consumer acceptance of new transportation-based technologies the study focuses on these issues. The study examines health and safety together because they are integrally related. In addition, this report briefly discusses two environmental issues that are of concern to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The first issue involves a surge battery used by the PAFC bus that contains hazardous constituents. The second issue concerns the regulated air emissions produced during operation of the PAFC bus.

Adopting Clean Fuels and Technologies on School Buses. Pollution and Health Impacts in Children.

PubMed

Adar, Sara D; D'Souza, Jennifer; Sheppard, Lianne; Kaufman, Joel D; Hallstrand, Teal S; Davey, Mark E; Sullivan, James R; Jahnke, Jordan; Koenig, Jane; Larson, Timothy V; Liu, L J Sally

2015-06-15

More than 25 million American children breathe polluted air on diesel school buses. Emission reduction policies exist, but the health impacts to individual children have not been evaluated. Using a natural experiment, we characterized the exposures and health of 275 school bus riders before, during, and after the adoption of clean technologies and fuels between 2005 and 2009. Air pollution was measured during 597 trips on 188 school buses. Repeated measures of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), lung function (FEV1, FVC), and absenteeism were also collected monthly (1,768 visits). Mixed-effects models longitudinally related the adoption of diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), closed crankcase ventilation systems (CCVs), ultralow-sulfur diesel (ULSD), or biodiesel with exposures and health. Fine and ultrafine particle concentrations were 10-50% lower on buses using ULSD, DOCs, and/or CCVs. ULSD adoption was also associated with reduced FeNO (-16% [95% confidence interval (CI), -21 to -10%]), greater changes in FVC and FEV1 (0.02 [95% CI, 0.003 to 0.05] and 0.01 [95% CI, -0.006 to 0.03] L/yr, respectively), and lower absenteeism (-8% [95% CI, -16.0 to -0.7%]), with stronger associations among patients with asthma. DOCs, and to a lesser extent CCVs, also were associated with improved FeNO, FVC growth, and absenteeism, but these findings were primarily restricted to patients with persistent asthma and were often sensitive to control for ULSD. No health benefits were noted for biodiesel. Extrapolating to the U.S. population, changed fuel/technologies likely reduced absenteeism by more than 14 million/yr. National and local diesel policies appear to have reduced children's exposures and improved health.

Adopting Clean Fuels and Technologies on School Buses. Pollution and Health Impacts in Children

PubMed Central

D’Souza, Jennifer; Sheppard, Lianne; Kaufman, Joel D.; Hallstrand, Teal S.; Davey, Mark E.; Sullivan, James R.; Jahnke, Jordan; Koenig, Jane; Larson, Timothy V.; Liu, L. J. Sally

2015-01-01

Rationale: More than 25 million American children breathe polluted air on diesel school buses. Emission reduction policies exist, but the health impacts to individual children have not been evaluated. Methods: Using a natural experiment, we characterized the exposures and health of 275 school bus riders before, during, and after the adoption of clean technologies and fuels between 2005 and 2009. Air pollution was measured during 597 trips on 188 school buses. Repeated measures of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), lung function (FEV1, FVC), and absenteeism were also collected monthly (1,768 visits). Mixed-effects models longitudinally related the adoption of diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), closed crankcase ventilation systems (CCVs), ultralow-sulfur diesel (ULSD), or biodiesel with exposures and health. Measurements and Main Results: Fine and ultrafine particle concentrations were 10–50% lower on buses using ULSD, DOCs, and/or CCVs. ULSD adoption was also associated with reduced FeNO (−16% [95% confidence interval (CI), −21 to −10%]), greater changes in FVC and FEV1 (0.02 [95% CI, 0.003 to 0.05] and 0.01 [95% CI, −0.006 to 0.03] L/yr, respectively), and lower absenteeism (−8% [95% CI, −16.0 to −0.7%]), with stronger associations among patients with asthma. DOCs, and to a lesser extent CCVs, also were associated with improved FeNO, FVC growth, and absenteeism, but these findings were primarily restricted to patients with persistent asthma and were often sensitive to control for ULSD. No health benefits were noted for biodiesel. Extrapolating to the U.S. population, changed fuel/technologies likely reduced absenteeism by more than 14 million/yr. Conclusions: National and local diesel policies appear to have reduced children’s exposures and improved health. PMID:25867003

Fuels for urban transit buses: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

PubMed

Cohen, Joshua T; Hammitt, James K; Levy, Jonathan I

2003-04-15

Public transit agencies have begun to adopt alternative propulsion technologies to reduce urban transit bus emissions associated with conventional diesel (CD) engines. Among the most popular alternatives are emission controlled diesel buses (ECD), defined here to be buses with continuously regenerating diesel particle filters burning low-sulfur diesel fuel, and buses burning compressed natural gas (CNG). This study uses a series of simplifying assumptions to arrive at first-order estimates for the incremental cost-effectiveness (CE) of ECD and CNG relative to CD. The CE ratio numerator reflects acquisition and operating costs. The denominator reflects health losses (mortality and morbidity) due to primary particulate matter (PM), secondary PM, and ozone exposure, measured as quality adjusted life years (QALYs). We find that CNG provides larger health benefits than does ECD (nine vs six QALYs annually per 1000 buses) but that ECD is more cost-effective than CNG (dollar 270 000 per QALY for ECD vs dollar 1.7 million to dollar 2.4 million for CNG). These estimates are subject to much uncertainty. We identify assumptions that contribute most to this uncertainty and propose potential research directions to refine our estimates.

Online Assessment of Voltage Stability in Power Systems with PMUs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chitare, Prasad Bhagwat; Murthy Balijepalli, V. S. K.; Khaparde, S. A.

2013-05-01

Abstract: For the assessment of voltage instability which comprises the detection of voltage instability and identification of critical buses, two indices namely, system wide Qtax, and bus-specific qtax, are proposed. The Qtax, based on the sensitivity of the reactive power injections to the loading in the system provides early detection of impending voltage instability. The computed qtax indices identify the critcal buses among the load buses in the system. The identified critical buses provided optimal lacations for the corrective control actions for averting voltage instability. Additionally, for voltage stability monitoring, determining the poing of exhaustion of the reactive reserves in system is also crucial. This is addressed by proposed Q-Monitoring Index (QMI), which is the ratio of the reactive component of the source current to the sink current that flows through the adjacent transmission line. These proposed indices together can provide early indication to impending voltage instability. This has been illustrated on IEEE-39 bus system. The reactive support on identified critical buses results in maximum increase in the loadability of the system.

Southeast Expressway High Occupancy Vehicle Lane Evaluation Report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-05-01

A non-separated concurrent-flow lane was instituted on Boston's Southeast Expressway on May 4, 1977. An eight-mile section of the left-most inbound lane was reserved for buses and carpools of three or more persons between the hours of 6:30 a.m. and 9...

Development of a new eyellipse and seating accommodation model for trucks and buses.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-11-01

Driver posture data from a laboratory study and an in-vehicle test-track study were used to develop and to : evaluate a new seating accommodation model and eyellipse for SAE Class-B vehicles. The new statistical : models are configurable for populati...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chandler, K.; Eudy, L.

This report describes operations at Connecticut Transit (CTTRANSIT) in Hartford for one prototype fuel cell bus and three new diesel buses operating from the same location. The evaluation period in this report (January 2008 through February 2009) has been chosen to coincide with a UTC Power propulsion system changeout that occurred on January 15, 2008.

Tracking costs of alternatively fueled buses in Florida - phase II.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-04-01

The goal of this project is to continue collecting and reporting the data on the performance and costs of alternatively fueled public transit vehicles in the state in a consistent manner in order to keep the Bus Fuels Fleet Evaluation Tool (BuFFeT) c...

Evaluation and Analysis of SEASAT-A Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SSMR) Antenna Pattern Correction (APC) Algorithm. Sub-task 4: Interim Mode T Sub B Versus Cross and Nominal Mode T Sub B

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kitzis, J. L.; Kitzis, S. N.

1979-01-01

The brightness temperature data produced by the SMMR Antenna Pattern Correction algorithm are evaluated. The evaluation consists of: (1) a direct comparison of the outputs of the interim, cross, and nominal APC modes; (2) a refinement of the previously determined cos beta estimates; and (3) a comparison of the world brightness temperature (T sub B) map with actual SMMR measurements.

Evaluation and analysis of Seasat-A scanning multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) Antenna Pattern Correction (APC) algorithm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kitzis, J. L.; Kitzis, S. N.

1979-01-01

The brightness temperature data produced by the SMMR final Antenna Pattern Correction (APC) algorithm is discussed. The algorithm consisted of: (1) a direct comparison of the outputs of the final and interim APC algorithms; and (2) an analysis of a possible relationship between observed cross track gradients in the interim brightness temperatures and the asymmetry in the antenna temperature data. Results indicate a bias between the brightness temperature produced by the final and interim APC algorithm.

Second Interim Report on the Installation and Evaluation of Weigh-In-Motion Utilizing Quartz-Piezo Sensor Technology

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-11-01

The objective of this study is to determine the sensor survivability, accuracy and reliability of quartz-piezoelectric weigh-in-motion (WIM) sensors under actual traffic conditions in Connecticut's environment. This second interim report provides a s...

The use of robotics for nondestructive inspection of steel highway bridges and structures: interim report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-01-01

This interim report describes the progress during the first year of a project to develop robotics hardware for nondestructive evaluation of steel structures. The project objectives are to (1) develop and test an improved prototype (POLECAT-II) crawli...

Design of durability test protocol for vehicular fuel cell systems operated in power-follow mode based on statistical results of on-road data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Liangfei; Reimer, Uwe; Li, Jianqiu; Huang, Haiyan; Hu, Zunyan; Jiang, Hongliang; Janßen, Holger; Ouyang, Minggao; Lehnert, Werner

2018-02-01

City buses using polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are considered to be the most likely fuel cell vehicles to be commercialized in China. The technical specifications of the fuel cell systems (FCSs) these buses are equipped with will differ based on the powertrain configurations and vehicle control strategies, but can generally be classified into the power-follow and soft-run modes. Each mode imposes different levels of electrochemical stress on the fuel cells. Evaluating the aging behavior of fuel cell stacks under the conditions encountered in fuel cell buses requires new durability test protocols based on statistical results obtained during actual driving tests. In this study, we propose a systematic design method for fuel cell durability test protocols that correspond to the power-follow mode based on three parameters for different fuel cell load ranges. The powertrain configurations and control strategy are described herein, followed by a presentation of the statistical data for the duty cycles of FCSs in one city bus in the demonstration project. Assessment protocols are presented based on the statistical results using mathematical optimization methods, and are compared to existing protocols with respect to common factors, such as time at open circuit voltage and root-mean-square power.

Analysis of real-time variables affecting children's exposure to diesel-related pollutants during school bus commutes in Los Angeles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sabin, Lisa D.; Kozawa, Kathleen; Behrentz, Eduardo; Winer, Arthur M.; Fitz, Dennis R.; Pankratz, David V.; Colome, Steven D.; Fruin, Scott A.

Variables affecting children's exposure during school bus commutes were investigated using real-time measurements of black carbon (BC), particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PB-PAH) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) inside 3 conventional diesel school buses, a particle trap-outfitted (TO) diesel school bus and a compressed natural gas (CNG) school bus, while traveling along an urban Los Angeles Unified School District bus route. A video camera was mounted at the front of each bus to record roadway conditions ahead of the bus during each commute. The videotapes from 12 commutes, in conjunction with pollutant concentration time series, were used to determine the influence of variables such as vehicles being followed, bus type and roadway type on pollutant concentrations inside the bus. For all buses tested, the highest concentrations of BC, PB-PAH and NO 2 were observed when following a diesel school bus, especially if that bus was emitting visible exhaust. This result was important because other diesel school buses were responsible for the majority of the diesel vehicle encounters, primarily due to caravanning with each other when leaving a school at the same time. Compared with following a gasoline vehicle or no target, following a smoky diesel school bus yielded BC and PB-PAH concentrations inside the cabin 8 and 11 times higher, respectively, with windows open, and ˜1.8 times higher for both pollutants with windows closed. When other diesel vehicles were not present, pollutant concentrations were highest inside the conventional diesel buses and lowest inside the CNG bus, while the TO diesel bus exhibited intermediate concentrations. Differences in pollutant concentrations between buses were most pronounced with the bus windows closed, and were attributed to a combination of higher concentrations in the exhaust and higher exhaust gas intrusion rates for the conventional diesel buses. Conventional diesel school buses can have a double exposure impact on commuting children: first, exposures to the exhaust from other nearby diesel school buses and, second, exposure to the bus's own exhaust through "self-pollution".

Annoyance evaluation and the effect of noise on the health of bus drivers.

PubMed

Bruno, Portela S; Marcos, Queiroga R; Amanda, Constantini; Paulo, Zannin H T

2013-01-01

In the present study, we evaluated annoyance and the effects of noise on the health of bus drivers. For that, 200 bus drivers from a public transport company participated in a cross-sectional study. Annoyance and effects on health was measured with analog scale: Sleep quality, occurrence of tinnitus, headache, irritation, and annoyance from bus engine, traffic, and passengers. Data of age and working time of bus drivers also were obtained. For noise exposure, LA eq was evaluated in 80 buses. Statistical analysis consisted of mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum, Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn, one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results indicate three groups of bus drivers (not annoyed: (N.A.), a little annoyed (L.A.) and highly annoyed (H.A.)). The group H.A. was younger and with less working time in relation to others, with a significant difference only for age. Regarding sleep quality, there was no significant difference. For results on the occurrence of tinnitus, headache and irritation after work, group H.A. had significantly higher means. Result of annoyance to the bus engine was significantly higher in H.A. than in L.A. and N.A. Annoyance to traffic and passengers, no significant differences were found, but the highest results were found for L.A., followed by H.A. and N.A. Equivalent sound pressure level in buses was above of the limit for occupational comfort. It was concluded that bus drivers has considerable level of noise annoyance and some health effects are perceived. The noise is a factor discomfort ergonomic that may cause effects on health of bus drivers. This study aims to evaluate annoyance and the effects of noise on the health of bus drivers. Cross-sectional study with buses and bus drivers. For that, 200 bus drivers from a public transport company participated in a cross-sectional study. Annoyance and effects on health was measured with analog scale: Sleep quality, occurrence of tinnitus, headache, irritation and annoyance from bus engine, traffic, and passengers. Data of age and working time of bus drivers also were obtained. For noise exposure, LA eq was evaluated in 80 buses. Statistical analysis consisted of mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum, Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn, one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results indicate three groups of bus drivers (N.A., a L.A. and H.A.). The group H.A. was younger and with less working time in relation to others, with a significant difference only for age. Regarding sleep quality, there was no significant difference. For results on the occurrence of tinnitus, headache and irritation after work, group H.A. had significantly higher means. Result of annoyance to the bus engine was significantly higher in H.A. than in L.A. and N.A. Annoyance to traffic and passengers, no significant differences were found, but the highest results were found for L.A., followed by H.A. and N.A. Equivalent sound pressure level in buses was above of the limit for occupational comfort. It was concluded that bus drivers has considerable level of noise annoyance and some health effects are perceived.

Driving When You Have Cataracts

MedlinePlus

... cabs; N shuttle buses or vans; and N public buses, trains and subways. I Also, senior centers, religious and other local service groups often offer transportation services for older adults in your community. Who ...

Will Your School Buses Rescue Us from the Energy Crisis?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shannon, Thomas A.

1980-01-01

This article introduces a series that discusses energy-saving programs for school transportation systems and the role of school buses in local emergency transportation and local public transportation. (IRT)

Optimum bus headway for preemption : a simulation approach

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-01-01

Preemption techniques are designed to provide preferential treatment for buses at signalized intersections. A preemption strategy, if properly designed, can provide continuous green phases for buses at successive intersections, thereby reducing trave...

76 FR 46892 - Agency Information Collection Activity Under OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-03

... development and deployment of clean fuel and advanced propulsion technologies for transit buses. To meet... propulsion technologies for transit buses by providing funds for clean fuel vehicles and facilities. To meet...

Should Seat Belts Be Required on All School Buses?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mawdsley, Ralph D.

1996-01-01

Examines the limited case law involving seat belts for school buses and explores emerging legal issues surrounding use of common law causes of action to challenge school bus safety. (51 footnotes) (MLF)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in public transportation vehicles (buses): another piece to the epidemiologic puzzle.

PubMed

Lutz, Jonathan K; van Balen, Joany; Crawford, John Mac; Wilkins, John R; Lee, Jiyoung; Nava-Hoet, Rocio C; Hoet, Armando E

2014-12-01

Little is known about the occurrence and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in public transportation in the United States. This research sought to determine the background prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of MRSA strains circulating on buses from a large, metropolitan transportation agency. Electrostatic wipes were used to collect 237 surface samples from 40 buses randomly selected from July-October 2010. Six samples were collected from each bus immediately postservice and before any cleaning and disinfection. Positive isolates were analyzed for antibiotic resistance, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; and potential epidemiologic factors were examined. Of the buses, 68% (27/40) were contaminated with S aureus, and 63% (25/40) were contaminated with MRSA. Seats and seat rails were the surfaces most frequently contaminated, followed by the back door and stanchions. Most (62.9%) of the MRSA isolates were classified as community-associated MRSA clones (SCCmec type IV), and 22.9% were health care-associated MRSA clones (SCCmec type II). Of the MRSA strains, 65% (5/20) were multidrug resistant. MRSA was frequently isolated from commonly touched surfaces in buses serving both hospital and community routes. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis demonstrated that buses may be effective mixing vessels for MRSA strains of both community and health care-associated origin. Copyright © 2014 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Design of a Fault-Tolerant COTS-Based Bus Architecture

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chau, Savio N.; Alkalai, Leon; Burt, John B.; Tai, Ann T.

1999-01-01

In this paper, we report our experiences and findings on the design of a fault-tolerant bus architecture comprised of two COTS buses, the IEEE 1394 and the 12C. This fault-tolerant bus is the backbone system bus for the avionics architecture of the X2000 program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. COTS buses are attractive because of the availability of low cost commercial products. However, they are not specifically designed for highly reliable applications such as long-life deep-space missions. The X2000 design team has devised a multi-level fault tolerance approach to compensate for this shortcoming of COTS buses. First, the approach enhances the fault tolerance capabilities of the IEEE 1394 and 12 C buses by adding a layer of fault handling hardware and software. Second, algorithms are developed to enable the IEEE 1394 and the 12 C buses assist each other to isolate and recovery from faults. Third, the set of IEEE 1394 and 12 C buses is duplicated to further enhance system reliability. The X2000 design team has paid special attention to guarantee that all fault tolerance provisions will not cause the bus design to deviate from the commercial standard specifications. Otherwise, the economic attractiveness of using COTS will be diminished. The hardware and software design of the X2000 fault-tolerant bus are being implemented and flight hardware will be delivered to the ST4 and Europa Orbiter missions.

Emission Standards, Public Transit, and Infant Health.

PubMed

Ngo, Nicole S

Transit buses are an integral part of urban life. They reduce externalities generated from private vehicles and increase geographic mobility. However, unlike most private vehicles in the United States, they use diesel fuel and emit higher amounts of toxic pollutants. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency set emission standards for transit buses starting in 1988 that have been continually updated, but their public health and economic impacts are unclear due to scarce emissions data. I construct a novel panel dataset for the New York City (NYC) Transit bus fleet between 1990 and 2009 and examine the impact of bus pollution on infant health by using bus vintage as a proxy for emissions. I exploit the variation in vintage as older buses are retired and replaced with newer, lower-emitting buses forced to adhere to stricter emission standards. I then assign maternal exposure to bus vintage at the census block level. Findings suggest that maternal exposure to the oldest, unregulated buses is associated with modest reductions in birth weight and gestational age relative to newer buses that abide by emissions policies. I then conduct a back-of-the-envelope cost-benefit calculation and find net economic benefits of $53.3 million resulting from improved emission standards for the 2009 birth cohort in NYC. Since the treatment in this study clearly maps to federal emissions policies, these results are the first to provide credible evidence that transit bus emission standards had a positive effect on infant health.

A study of the usage of LPAs by the North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles : interim report - phase I.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-02-27

This interim report was prepared to assist NCDMV in meeting the requirements of S.B. 402, Sec. 34.17, which mandates that NCDOT in collaboration with NCDMV shall evaluate current contractual models and compensation for license plate agency (LPA...

Interim Policy Options for Commercialization of Solar Heating and Cooling Systems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bezdek, Roger

This interim report reviews the major incentive policy options available to accelerate market penetration of solar heating and cooling (SHAC) systems. Feasible policy options designed to overcome existing barriers to commercial acceptance and market penetration are identified and evaluated. The report is divided into seven sections, each dealing…

The Urban Consumer Education Project. Interim Report, 1979-80.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marshall, Gail; Haas, Kay

This interim evaluation report of the St. Louis, Missouri Urban Consumer Education Project assesses program effectiveness in terms of teacher training and teacher knowledge of consumer basics, community resource participation, and student and teacher knowledge. The project was designed to teach fifth grade students their rights and…

Comparative study of fuel cell, battery and hybrid buses for renewable energy constrained areas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stempien, J. P.; Chan, S. H.

2017-02-01

Fuel cell- and battery-based public bus technologies are reviewed and compared for application in tropical urban areas. This paper scrutinizes the reported literature on fuel cell bus, fuel cell electric bus, battery electric bus, hybrid electric bus, internal combustion diesel bus and compressed natural gas bus. The comparison includes the capital and operating costs, fuel consumption and fuel cycle emissions. To the best of authors knowledge, this is the first study to holistically compare hydrogen and battery powered buses, which is the original contribution of this paper. Moreover, this is the first study to focus on supplying hydrogen and electricity from fossil resources, while including the associated emissions. The study shows that compressed natural gas and hybrid electric buses appear to be the cheapest options in terms of total cost of ownership, but they are unable to meet the EURO VI emissions' standard requirement. Only fuel cell based buses have the potential to achieve the emissions' standard when the fuel cycle based on fossil energy was considered. Fuel cell electric buses are identified as a technology allowing for the largest CO2 emission reduction, making ∼61% decrease in annual emissions possible.

Measurement and comparison of Bangkok diesel bus emissions and performance using on-board equipment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burnette, A.D.; Kishan, S.; Wangwongwatana, S.

1997-12-31

An on-board measurement system was assembled and used to compare the emissions and performance of buses in Bangkok, Thailand under actual driving conditions. Three similar buses were compared: one using an engine without special emissions control design, one with an engine meeting Euro 1 standards, and one with an engine meeting Euro 2 standards. As the buses drove their routes, second-by-second data were collected for engine rpm, throttle position, vehicle speed, exhaust concentrations of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitric oxide, and exhaust opacity. Vehicle performance data were calculated using algorithms developed during previous driving studies in Bangkok. Grammore » per liter of fuel used emission factors were developed for gaseous pollutants using combustion calculations and these were translated into gram per kilometer traveled emission factors using the fuel efficiency data for the buses. Smoke data were left in terms of opacity. Test results are designed to be used to compare the cost benefit of upgrading buses with no emissions controls to Euro 1 or Euro 2 technologies. Ongoing tests will help bus companies determine the benefit of incremental improvements to bus engines and other emissions reduction strategies.« less

In vitro evaluation of the marginal integrity of CAD/CAM interim crowns.

PubMed

Kelvin Khng, Kwang Yong; Ettinger, Ronald L; Armstrong, Steven R; Lindquist, Terry; Gratton, David G; Qian, Fang

2016-05-01

The accuracy of interim crowns made with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems has not been well investigated. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal integrity of interim crowns made by CAD/CAM compared with that of conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) crowns. A dentoform mandibular left second premolar was prepared for a ceramic crown and scanned for the fabrication of 60 stereolithical resin dies, half of which were scanned to fabricate 15 Telio CAD-CEREC and 15 Paradigm MZ100-E4D-E4D crowns. Fifteen Caulk and 15 Jet interim crowns were made on the remaining resin dies. All crowns were cemented with Tempgrip under a 17.8-N load, thermocycled for 1000 cycles, placed in 0.5% acid fuschin for 24 hours, and embedded in epoxy resin before sectioning from the mid-buccal to mid-lingual surface. The marginal discrepancy was measured using a traveling microscope, and dye penetration was measured as a percentage of the overall length under the crown. The mean vertical marginal discrepancy of the conventionally made interim crowns was greater than for the CAD/CAM crowns (P=.006), while no difference was found for the horizontal component (P=.276). The mean vertical marginal discrepancy at the facial surface of the Caulk crowns was significantly greater than that of the other 3 types of interim crowns (P<.001). At the facial margin, the mean horizontal component of the Telio crowns was significantly larger than that of the other 3 types, with no difference at the lingual margins (P=.150). The mean percentage dye penetration for the Paradigm MZ100-E4D crowns was significantly greater and for Jet crowns significantly smaller than for the other 3 crowns (P<.001). However, the mean percentage dye penetration was significantly correlated with the vertical and horizontal marginal discrepancies of the Jet interim crowns at the facial surface and with the horizontal marginal discrepancies of the Caulk interim crowns at the lingual surface (P<.01 in each instance). A significantly smaller vertical marginal discrepancy was found with the interim crowns fabricated by CAD/CAM as compared with PMMA crowns; however, this difference was not observed for the horizontal component. The percentage dye penetration was correlated with vertical and horizontal discrepancies at the facial surface for the Jet interim crowns and with horizontal discrepancies at the lingual surface for the Caulk interim crowns. Copyright © 2016 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Future Fuels in a High Pressure Common Rail System - Part 2. 2011 Ford 6.7L Diesel Engine

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

An injector needle is shown for each test in Figure 41. UNCLASSIFIED 37 UNCLASSIFIED Full Needle 60°C Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel 60°C...UNCLASSIFIED EVALUATION OF FUTURE FUELS IN A HIGH PRESSURE COMMON RAIL SYSTEM – PART 2 2011 FORD 6.7L DIESEL ENGINE INTERIM REPORT TFLRF...UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED EVALUATION OF FUTURE FUELS IN A HIGH PRESSURE COMMON RAIL SYSTEM – PART 2 2011 FORD 6.7L DIESEL ENGINE INTERIM REPORT TFLRF

Digital system bus integrity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eldredge, Donald; Hitt, Ellis F.

1987-01-01

This report summarizes and describes the results of a study of current or emerging multiplex data buses as applicable to digital flight systems, particularly with regard to civil aircraft. Technology for pre-1995 and post-1995 timeframes has been delineated and critiqued relative to the requirements envisioned for those periods. The primary emphasis has been an assured airworthiness of the more prevalent type buses, with attention to attributes such as fault tolerance, environmental susceptibility, and problems under continuing investigation. Additionally, the capacity to certify systems relying on such buses has been addressed.

An Evaluation of a Museum Science Education Project with Social Integration and Urban Environmental Problems as a Focus.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Allen, David W.

The Paired School Science Project (PSSP) conducted between public and parochial schools was evaluated over a period from 1968-71. A pilot program was carried out among fifth and sixth grade students of 30 schools in the 1967-68 school year. During the study period, these classes of the paired schools were bused to the Franklin Institute for…

Wheelchair Lifts on Transit Buses : Summary of U.S. Experience

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-01-01

The overall objective of this project was to develop information and guidance for the transit industry concerning wheelchair lifts on transit buses in the areas of lift procurement, testing and acceptance, training, and maintenance.

A Comparison of Bus Architectures for Safety-Critical Embedded Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rushby, John; Miner, Paul S. (Technical Monitor)

2003-01-01

We describe and compare the architectures of four fault-tolerant, safety-critical buses with a view to deducing principles common to all of them, the main differences in their design choices, and the tradeoffs made. Two of the buses come from an avionics heritage, and two from automobiles, though all four strive for similar levels of reliability and assurance. The avionics buses considered are the Honeywell SAFEbus (the backplane data bus used in the Boeing 777 Airplane Information Management System) and the NASA SPIDER (an architecture being developed as a demonstrator for certification under the new DO-254 guidelines); the automobile buses considered are the TTTech Time-Triggered Architecture (TTA), recently adopted by Audi for automobile applications, and by Honeywell for avionics and aircraft control functions, and FlexRay, which is being developed by a consortium of BMW, DaimlerChrysler, Motorola, and Philips.

Development of Techniques and Data for Evaluating Ride Quality, Volume III : Guidelines for Development of Ride-Quality Models and Their Applications

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-02-01

Ride-quality models for city buses and intercity trains are presented and discussed in terms of their ability to predict passenger comfort and ride acceptability. The report, the last of three volumes, contains procedural guidelines to be employed by...

Global Spent Fuel Logistics Systems Study (GSFLS). Volume 2A. GSFLS visit findings (appendix). Interim report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1978-01-31

This appendix is a part of the interim report documentation for the Global Spent Fuel Logistics System (GSFLS) study. This appendix provides the legal/regulatory reference material, supportive of Volume 2 - GSFLS Visit Finding and Evaluations; and certain background material on British Nuclear Fuel Limited (BNFL).

Cost Implications of an Interim Storage Facility in the Waste Management System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jarrell, Joshua J.; Joseph, III, Robert Anthony; Howard, Rob L

2016-09-01

This report provides an evaluation of the cost implications of incorporating a consolidated interim storage facility (ISF) into the waste management system (WMS). Specifically, the impacts of the timing of opening an ISF relative to opening a repository were analyzed to understand the potential effects on total system costs.

Accessible Bus Service in Palm Beach County, Florida

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-03-01

The Palm Beach County Transportation Authority introduced accessible fixed-route service on its countywide CoTran bus service in May 1980. CoTran provided 100% (full-fleet) accessible service, using 23 retrofitted buses and 40 new buses, all equipped...

75 FR 50958 - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Motorcoach Definition; Occupant Crash Protection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-18

.... Energy Absorption Capability of Seat Backs c. Retrofitting Used Buses d. School Buses VIII. Lead Time IX... the seat, reinforcing the floor, walls or other areas of the motorcoach. The final cost and weight...

77 FR 60172 - Clean Fuels Grant Program, Augmented With Discretionary Bus and Bus Facilities Program Funds

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-02

.... Grantees are reminded that the 90% provision for biodiesel buses is not available this year, as the... was highlighted in FTA's January 2012 Apportionment Notice, Section III (C). Biodiesel buses remain...

Compliance with seat belt use in Benin City, Nigeria.

PubMed

Iribhogbe, Pius Ehiawaguan; Osime, Clement Odigie

2008-01-01

Trauma is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A quarter of all fatalities due to injury occur due to road traffic crashes with 90% of the fatalities occurring in low- and medium-income countries. Poor compliance with the use of seat belts is a problem in many developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of seatbelt compliance in motor vehicles in Benin City, Nigeria. A five-day, observational study was conducted in strategic locations in Benin City. The compliance rates of drivers, front seat passengers, and rear seat passengers in the various categories of vehicles were evaluated, and the data were subjected to statistical processing using the Program for Epidemiology. A total of 369 vehicles were observed. This consisted of 172 private cars, 64 taxis, 114 buses, 15 trucks, and four other vehicles. The seat belt compliance rate for drivers was 52.3%, front seat passengers 18.4%, and rear seat passengers 6.1%. Drivers of all categories of vehicles were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers (p = 0.000) and rear seat passengers (p = 0.000). Drivers of private cars were more likely to use seat belts compared to taxi drivers (p = 0.000) and bus drivers (p = 0.000). Front seat passengers in private cars were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000). Rear seat passengers in private cars also were more likely to use seat belts compared to rear seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000). Compliance with seat belt use in Benin City is low. Legislation, educational campaigns, and enforcement of seat belt use are needed.

Oil Bypass Filter Technology Evaluation, Fourth Quarterly Report, July--September 2003

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

James E. Francfort; Larry Zirker

2003-11-01

This fourth Oil Bypass Filter Technology Evaluation report details the ongoing fleet evaluation of an oil bypass filter technology by the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) for the U.S. Department of Energy’s FreedomCAR & Vehicle Technologies Program. Eight four-cycle diesel-engine buses used to transport INEEL employees on various routes have been equipped with oil bypass filter systems from the puraDYN Corporation. The bypass filters are reported to have engine oil filtering capability of <1 micron and a built-in additive package to facilitate extended oil-drain intervals. To date, the eight buses have accumulated 259,398 test miles. This represents anmore » avoidance of 21 oil changes, which equates to 740 quarts (185 gallons) of oil not used or disposed of. To validate the extended oil-drain intervals, an oil-analysis regime evaluates the fitness of the oil for continued service by monitoring the presence of necessary additives, undesirable contaminants, and engine-wear metals. For bus 73450, higher values of iron have been reported, but the wear rate ratio (parts per million of iron per thousand miles driven) has remained consistent. In anticipation of also evaluating oil bypass systems on six Chevrolet Tahoe sport utility vehicles, the oil is being sampled on each of the Tahoes to develop a characterization history or baseline for each engine.« less

Road safety issues for bus transport management.

PubMed

Cafiso, Salvatore; Di Graziano, Alessandro; Pappalardo, Giuseppina

2013-11-01

Because of the low percentage of crashes involving buses and the assumption that public transport improves road safety by reducing vehicular traffic, public interest in bus safety is not as great as that in the safety of other types of vehicles. It is possible that less attention is paid to the significance of crashes involving buses because the safety level of bus systems is considered to be adequate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and perceptions of bus managers with respect to safety issues and the potential effectiveness of various technologies in achieving higher safety standards. Bus managers were asked to give their opinions on safety issues related to drivers (training, skills, performance evaluation and behaviour), vehicles (maintenance and advanced devices) and roads (road and traffic safety issues) in response to a research survey. Kendall's algorithm was used to evaluate the level of concordance. The results showed that the majority of the proposed items were considered to have great potential for improving bus safety. The data indicated that in the experience of the participants, passenger unloading and pedestrians crossing near bus stops are the most dangerous actions with respect to vulnerable users. The final results of the investigation showed that start inhibition, automatic door opening, and the materials and internal architecture of buses were considered the items most strongly related to bus passenger safety. Brake assistance and vehicle monitoring systems were also considered to be very effective. With the exception of driver assistance systems for passenger and pedestrian safety, the perceptions of the importance of other driver assistance systems for vehicle monitoring and bus safety were not unanimous among the bus company managers who participated in this survey. The study results showed that the introduction of new technologies is perceived as an important factor in improving bus safety, but a better understanding of their actual effectiveness and related risk factor avoidance must be developed to permit their useful implementation in bus fleets. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Data Analysis of GPM Constellation Satellites-IMERG and ERA-Interim precipitation products over West of Iran

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharifi, Ehsan; Steinacker, Reinhold; Saghafian, Bahram

2016-04-01

Precipitation is a critical component of the Earth's hydrological cycle. The primary requirement in precipitation measurement is to know where and how much precipitation is falling at any given time. Especially in data sparse regions with insufficient radar coverage, satellite information can provide a spatial and temporal context. Nonetheless, evaluation of satellite precipitation is essential prior to operational use. This is why many previous studies are devoted to the validation of satellite estimation. Accurate quantitative precipitation estimation over mountainous basins is of great importance because of their susceptibility to hazards. In situ observations over mountainous areas are mostly limited, but currently available satellite precipitation products can potentially provide the precipitation estimation needed for meteorological and hydrological applications. One of the newest and blended methods that use multi-satellites and multi-sensors has been developed for estimating global precipitation. The considered data set known as Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals (IMERG) for GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) is routinely produced by the GPM constellation satellites. Moreover, recent efforts have been put into the improvement of the precipitation products derived from reanalysis systems, which has led to significant progress. One of the best and a worldwide used model is developed by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). They have produced global reanalysis daily precipitation, known as ERA-Interim. This study has evaluated one year of precipitation data from the GPM-IMERG and ERA-Interim reanalysis daily time series over West of Iran. IMERG and ERA-Interim yield underestimate the observed values while IMERG underestimated slightly and performed better when precipitation is greater than 10mm. Furthermore, with respect to evaluation of probability of detection (POD), threat score (TS), false alarm ratio (FAR) and probability of false detection (POFD) IMERG yields a better value of POD, TS, FAR and POFD in comparison to era-Interim. Overall, ERA-Interim product produced fewer robust results when compared to IMERG.

Bus use and older people: a literature review applying the Person-Environment-Occupation model in macro practice.

PubMed

Broome, Kieran; McKenna, Kryss; Fleming, Jennifer; Worrall, Linda

2009-03-01

The same reasons that prompt older people to give up driving can also result in difficulties with accessing public transport. Difficulties using public transport can limit older people's participation in society, thereby impacting negatively on their health. Focusing on public buses, this review explicates the link between bus usability and the health of older people and frames existing evidence on bus usability issues. The Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model offers a framework by which bus usability can be assessed. A combination of person-centred, environmental, and occupation-related factors, including bus design, service provision and performance, information, and the attitudes of staff and the community, impact on older people's ability to catch buses. More systematic research needs to take place in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of bus usability. Occupational therapy has a key role to play in conceptualizing, implementing, and evaluating improvements in bus usability for older people.

Cutting Transportation Costs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, Barbara

1982-01-01

Beginning on the front cover, this article tells how school districts are reducing their transportation costs. Particularly effective measures include the use of computers for bus maintenance and scheduling, school board ownership of buses, and the conversion of gasoline-powered buses to alternative fuels. (Author/MLF)

The application of traffic signal preemption systems for controlling bus headways

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-04-01

This report investigates the application of selective traffic signal preemption : for controlling the headways of local service buses (buses with average time : headways of less than 10 minutes), The preemption is selective in that it is granted : to...

Moving the bus safely back into traffic : Phase II.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-09-01

The difficulty experienced by transit buses in moving back into traffic safely from bus pullout bays has : become a serious problem due to potential hazards between buses merging from the pullout bays and : the surrounding traffic. Previous studies h...

Moving the bus safely back into traffic : phase II.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-09-01

The difficulty experienced by transit buses in moving back into traffic safely from bus pullout bays has : become a serious problem due to potential hazards between buses merging from the pullout bays and : the surrounding traffic. Previous studies h...

Mass transit : use of alternative fuels in transit buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-12-14

Improving air quality in urban settings has been a long-standing national objective. Transit buses powered by diesel engines have been identified as contributors to air pollution in these areas. The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA...

49 CFR 392.62 - Safe operation, buses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS DRIVING OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES Prohibited Practices § 392.62 Safe operation, buses. No person shall drive a bus and a motor...

Assessing the costs for hybrid versus regular transit buses : [technical brief].

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-10-01

This technical brief summarizes : information about the costs and benefits : that have been attributed to use of : hybrid transit buses as found in the : literature. Results from a demonstration : project that compared fuel economy : and emissions fo...

Materials investigation of thermal triggers used in pressure relief devices on transit buses.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-07-01

This investigation pertains to the composition and general condition of the thermally activated trigger mechanism of Pressure Relief Devices [PRD's], safety devices used on compressed natural gas cylinders commonly used to store fuel on transit buses...

System data communication structures for active-control transport aircraft, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hopkins, A. L.; Martin, J. H.; Brock, L. D.; Jansson, D. G.; Serben, S.; Smith, T. B.; Hanley, L. D.

1981-01-01

Candidate data communication techniques are identified, including dedicated links, local buses, broadcast buses, multiplex buses, and mesh networks. The design methodology for mesh networks is then discussed, including network topology and node architecture. Several concepts of power distribution are reviewed, including current limiting and mesh networks for power. The technology issues of packaging, transmission media, and lightning are addressed, and, finally, the analysis tools developed to aid in the communication design process are described. There are special tools to analyze the reliability and connectivity of networks and more general reliability analysis tools for all types of systems.

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Temperatures within Tour Buses under Real-Time Traffic Conditions.

PubMed

Chiu, Chun-Fu; Chen, Ming-Hung; Chang, Feng-Hsiang

2015-01-01

This study monitored the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and temperatures of three 43-seat tour buses with high-passenger capacities in a course of a three-day, two-night school excursion. Results showed that both driver zones and passenger zones of the tour buses achieved maximum CO2 concentrations of more than 3000 ppm, and maximum daily average concentrations of 2510.6 and 2646.9 ppm, respectively. The findings confirmed that the CO2 concentrations detected in the tour buses exceeded the indoor air quality standard of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (8 hr-CO2: 1000 ppm) and the air quality guideline of Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (1 hr-CO2: 2500 ppm for Level 1 for buses). Observations also showed that high-capacity tour bus cabins with air conditioning system operating in recirculation mode are severely lacking in air exchange rate, which may negatively impact transportation safety. Moreover, the passenger zones were able to maintain a temperature of between 20 and 25°C during travel, which effectively suppresses the dispersion of volatile organic compounds. Finally, the authors suggest that in the journey, increasing the ventilation frequency of tour bus cabin, which is very beneficial to maintain the travel safety and enhance the quality of travel.

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Temperatures within Tour Buses under Real-Time Traffic Conditions

PubMed Central

Chiu, Chun-Fu; Chen, Ming-Hung; Chang, Feng-Hsiang

2015-01-01

This study monitored the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and temperatures of three 43-seat tour buses with high-passenger capacities in a course of a three-day, two-night school excursion. Results showed that both driver zones and passenger zones of the tour buses achieved maximum CO2 concentrations of more than 3000 ppm, and maximum daily average concentrations of 2510.6 and 2646.9 ppm, respectively. The findings confirmed that the CO2 concentrations detected in the tour buses exceeded the indoor air quality standard of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (8 hr-CO2: 1000 ppm) and the air quality guideline of Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (1 hr-CO2: 2500 ppm for Level 1 for buses). Observations also showed that high-capacity tour bus cabins with air conditioning system operating in recirculation mode are severely lacking in air exchange rate, which may negatively impact transportation safety. Moreover, the passenger zones were able to maintain a temperature of between 20 and 25°C during travel, which effectively suppresses the dispersion of volatile organic compounds. Finally, the authors suggest that in the journey, increasing the ventilation frequency of tour bus cabin, which is very beneficial to maintain the travel safety and enhance the quality of travel. PMID:25923722

Physical characterization of fine particulate matter inside the public transit buses fueled by biodiesel in Toledo, Ohio.

PubMed

Shandilya, Kaushik K; Kumar, Ashok

2011-06-15

This study presents the physical characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM) collected inside the urban-public transit buses in Toledo, OH. These buses run on 20% biodiesel blended with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) (B20). For risk analysis, it is crucial to know the modality of the size distribution and the shape factor of PM collected inside the bus. The number-size distribution, microstructure, and aspect ratio of fine PM filter samples collected in the urban-public transit buses were measured for three years (2007-2009), using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). Only the reproducible results from repeated experiments on ESEM and size distribution obtained by the GRIMM dust monitor were used in this study. The size distribution was found bi-modal in the winter and fall months and was primarily uni-modal during spring and summer. The aspect ratio for different filter samples collected inside the bus range from 2.4 to 3.6 in average value, with standard deviation ranging from 0.9 to 7.4. The square-shaped and oblong-shaped particles represent the single inhalable particle's morphology characteristics in the air of the Toledo transit buses. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A systematic review of the reporting of Data Monitoring Committees' roles, interim analysis and early termination in pediatric clinical trials

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

Background Decisions about interim analysis and early stopping of clinical trials, as based on recommendations of Data Monitoring Committees (DMCs), have far reaching consequences for the scientific validity and clinical impact of a trial. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency and quality of the reporting on DMC composition and roles, interim analysis and early termination in pediatric trials. Methods We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials published from 2005 to 2007 in a sample of four general and four pediatric journals. We used full-text databases to identify trials which reported on DMCs, interim analysis or early termination, and included children or adolescents. Information was extracted on general trial characteristics, risk of bias, and a set of parameters regarding DMC composition and roles, interim analysis and early termination. Results 110 of the 648 pediatric trials in this sample (17%) reported on DMC or interim analysis or early stopping, and were included; 68 from general and 42 from pediatric journals. The presence of DMCs was reported in 89 of the 110 included trials (81%); 62 papers, including 46 of the 89 that reported on DMCs (52%), also presented information about interim analysis. No paper adequately reported all DMC parameters, and nine (15%) reported all interim analysis details. Of 32 trials which terminated early, 22 (69%) did not report predefined stopping guidelines and 15 (47%) did not provide information on statistical monitoring methods. Conclusions Reporting on DMC composition and roles, on interim analysis results and on early termination of pediatric trials is incomplete and heterogeneous. We propose a minimal set of reporting parameters that will allow the reader to assess the validity of trial results. PMID:20003383

Flight set 360L007 (STS-33) insulation component. Volume 3: Final release

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hicken, Steve

1990-01-01

Volume 3 of this postfire report deals with the insulation component of the RSRM. The report is released twice for each flight set. The interim release contract date is on or before 60 days after the last field joint or nozzle to case joint is disassembled at KSC and contain the results of the KSC visual evaluation. The data contained in Volume 3 interim release supersedes the insulation data presented in the KSC 10 day report. The final release contract data is on or before 60 days after the last factory joint is disassembled at the Clearfield H-7 facility and contains the results of all visual evaluations and a thermal safety factor analysis. The data contained in the Volume 3 final release supersedes the interim release and the insulation data presented in the Clearfield 10 day report.

Operational Assessment of Paralympics Transit Systems : Low-Floor Buses, Lift-Equipped Buses, and Signage

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-02-01

From August 15-25, Atlanta hosted the paralympics, a world-class athletic competition for athletes with disabilities. To support the Paralympics, a specialized transit service was planned and deployed to service the travel needs of athletes, trainers...

A Misleading Safety Record.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fast, Carol

1985-01-01

Comparing the safety record of school buses to that of automobiles does not account for the nonschool time when automobiles are used. Experiences where seat belts are installed in school buses show that students use them, insurance is not a problem, and cost is slight. (MLF)

Switch to Diesels Cuts Transportation Costs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyer, Kay

1982-01-01

Since the acquisition of diesel-powered school buses for the Half Hollow Hills (New York) School District, fuel efficiency has doubled. This has helped cover the costs of refurbishing older buses and establishing a more sophisticated shop operation and more efficient recordkeeping. (Author/MLF)

Regulation of private school buses in Virginia : results of a study mandated by the NTSB.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1987-01-01

In response to major accidents in Florida and Alabama involving privately-owned and privately-operated school buses, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued three safety recommendations to the governors of all states and required each ...

Tri-wheeled scooters transported on buses and vans : assessment of securement restraint issues

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-10-01

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, all "common wheelchairs and mobility aids", including tri-wheeled scooters, must be accommodated on buses and vans used in public transit service. Several transit systems have recently expresse...

Standardization of availability, location and use of safety equipment on urban transit buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-03-01

This document represents the conclusion of a project undertaken to identify guidelines which will correct the problems encountered by rescue forces while attempting to gain entry to, shut down, and evacuate urban transit buses involved in an emergenc...

A Process Evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity. Interim Report VI: Executive Summary. Recommendations for Continuing the Impact Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Granville, Arthur C.; Love, John M.

This brief report summarizes the analysis and conclusions presented in detail in Interim Report VI regarding the feasibility of conducting a longitudinal study of Project Developmental Continuity (PDC). This project is a Head Start demonstration program aimed at providing educational and developmental continuity between children's Head Start and…

33 CFR 385.39 - Evaluating progress towards other water-related needs of the region provided for in the Plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Navigable Waters CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PROGRAMMATIC REGULATIONS... other. (3) The Department of the Army shall include these interim targets in appropriate Corps of... provided for in the Plan. These interim targets shall reflect the incremental accomplishment of the...

33 CFR 385.39 - Evaluating progress towards other water-related needs of the region provided for in the Plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Navigable Waters CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PROGRAMMATIC REGULATIONS... other. (3) The Department of the Army shall include these interim targets in appropriate Corps of... provided for in the Plan. These interim targets shall reflect the incremental accomplishment of the...

33 CFR 385.39 - Evaluating progress towards other water-related needs of the region provided for in the Plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Navigable Waters CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PROGRAMMATIC REGULATIONS... other. (3) The Department of the Army shall include these interim targets in appropriate Corps of... provided for in the Plan. These interim targets shall reflect the incremental accomplishment of the...

33 CFR 385.39 - Evaluating progress towards other water-related needs of the region provided for in the Plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Navigable Waters CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PROGRAMMATIC REGULATIONS... other. (3) The Department of the Army shall include these interim targets in appropriate Corps of... provided for in the Plan. These interim targets shall reflect the incremental accomplishment of the...

33 CFR 385.39 - Evaluating progress towards other water-related needs of the region provided for in the Plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Navigable Waters CORPS OF ENGINEERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PROGRAMMATIC REGULATIONS... other. (3) The Department of the Army shall include these interim targets in appropriate Corps of... provided for in the Plan. These interim targets shall reflect the incremental accomplishment of the...

Environmental Quality Technology Demonstration, Evaluation and Transfer Activities

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-12-02

and Appropriate Requirements) and ARAR support documentation for interim and final Installation Restoration Program (IRP) remedial actions . During the...Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) for Fort Devens , Massachusetts. Delivered Federal Environmental Legislative Power Curve in hard copy and... Remedial Actions . Delivered revised tables for Desk Guide on Interpretation of Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements — Interim Draft

Real-world operation conditions and on-road emissions of Beijing diesel buses measured by using portable emission measurement system and electric low-pressure impactor.

PubMed

Liu, Zhihua; Ge, Yunshan; Johnson, Kent C; Shah, Asad Naeem; Tan, Jianwei; Wang, Chu; Yu, Linxiao

2011-03-15

On-road measurement is an effective method to investigate real-world emissions generated from vehicles and estimate the difference between engine certification cycles and real-world operating conditions. This study presents the results of on-road measurements collected from urban buses which propelled by diesel engine in Beijing city. Two widely used Euro III emission level buses and two Euro IV emission level buses were chosen to perform on-road emission measurements using portable emission measurement system (PEMS) for gaseous pollutant and Electric Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) for particulate matter (PM) number emissions. The results indicate that considerable discrepancies of engine operating conditions between real-world driving cycles and engine certification cycles have been observed. Under real-world operating conditions, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions can easily meet their respective regulations limits, while brake specification nitrogen oxide (bsNO(x)) emissions present a significant deviation from its corresponding limit. Compared with standard limits, the real-world bsNO(x) emission of the two Euro III emission level buses approximately increased by 60% and 120% respectively, and bsNO(x) of two Euro IV buses nearly twice standard limits because Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system not active under low exhaust temperature. Particle mass were estimated via particle size distribution with the assumption that particle density and diameter is liner. The results demonstrate that nanometer size particulate matter make significant contribution to total particle number but play a minor role to total particle mass. It is suggested that specific certified cycle should be developed to regulate bus engines emissions on the test bench or use PEMS to control the bus emissions under real-world operating conditions. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermographic inspection and quality assurance of energy conservation procedures for electric buses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fennell, Henri C.

1998-03-01

Electric buses are one of the solutions for improving air quality in our cities. Many states are adopting 'no new diesel bus' policies, thus increasing the pressure to develop alternative vehicles. The fledgling electric vehicle technology suffers from acceptance problems by major transit authorities due primarily to limited travel range from each battery charge. Utilizing electric buses in the Northeast has the added problem of maintaining an adequate cabin temperature without the availability of heat from a diesel motor. Heating the passenger cabin with an electric heater which draws from the batteries' stored energy significantly reduces the already modest range of these vehicles; therefore, energy conservation measures play an important role in allowing electric vehicles to provide practical transit services. IR thermography, in conjunction with air leakage pressurization diagnostics, has proven to be an excellent tool for developing energy-efficient bus designs as well as a valuable in-service performance testing method. This paper is based on tests performed on several Advanced Vehicle Systems, Inc. electric buses during research performed under Northeast Alternative Vehicle Consortium and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency grants. The work demonstrates the thermographic methods used and the real- world increased performance of retrofitted and newly designed buses resulting from this initial Portland Transit retrofit project and in a follow-up project to develop a cold weather specification for a new generation of electric buses. Early diagnostic and new-technology follow-up thermographic performance testing was paralleled by energy modeling of early baseline and re-designed vehicles. Modeling and performance data are included. As a result of this research, thermography, air-leakage/pressurization testing, and fog analysis techniques are now being used regularly in research and development and quality assurance procedures by electric bus manufacturers.

Relative importance of school bus-related microenvironments to children's pollutant exposure.

PubMed

Behrentz, Eduardo; Sabin, Lisa D; Winer, Arthur M; Fitz, Dennis R; Pankratz, David V; Colome, Steven D; Fruin, Scott A

2005-10-01

Real-time concentrations of black carbon, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate counts, as well as integrated and real-time fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass concentrations were measured inside school buses during long commutes on Los Angeles Unified School District bus routes, at bus stops along the routes, at the bus loading/unloading zone in front of the selected school, and at nearby urban "background" sites. Across all of the pollutants, mean concentrations during bus commutes were higher than in any other microenvironment. Mean exposures (mean concentration times time spent in a particular microenvironment) in bus commutes were between 50 and 200 times greater than those for the loading/unloading microenvironment, and 20-40 times higher than those for the bus stops, depending on the pollutant. Although the analyzed school bus commutes represented only 10% of a child's day, on average they contributed one-third of a child's 24-hr overall black carbon exposure during a school day. For species closely related to vehicle exhaust, the within- cabin exposures were generally dominated by the effect of surrounding traffic when windows were open and by the bus's own exhaust when windows were closed. Low-emitting buses generally exhibited high concentrations only when traveling behind a diesel vehicle, whereas high-emitting buses exhibited high concentrations both when following other diesel vehicles and when idling without another diesel vehicle in front of the bus. To reduce school bus commute exposures, we recommend minimizing commute times, avoiding caravanning with other school buses, using the cleanest buses for the longest bus routes, maintaining conventional diesel buses to eliminate visible emissions, and transitioning to cleaner fuels and advanced particulate control technologies as soon as possible.

Assessing factors causing severe injuries in crashes of high-deck buses in long-distance driving on freeways.

PubMed

Chu, Hsing-Chung

2014-01-01

High-deck buses that have a higher center of gravity traveling at an excessive speed have a higher likelihood of causing serious and fatal accidents when drivers lose control of the vehicle. In addition, drivers who suffer from fatigue in long-distance driving increase the likelihood of serious accident. This paper examines the effects of risk factors contributing to severe crashes associated with high-deck buses used for long-distance driving on freeways. An ordered logit and latent class models are used to examine significant factors on the severity of injuries in crashes related to high-deck buses. Driver fatigue, drivers or passengers not wearing a seat belt, reckless driving, drunk driving, crashes occurred between midnight and dawn, and crashes occurred at interchange ramps were found to significantly affect the severity of injuries in crashes involving high-deck buses. Safety policies to prevent severe injuries in crashes involving high deck buses used for long-distance runs on freeways include: (1) restricting drivers from exceeding the limit of daily driving hours and mandating sufficient rest breaks; (2) installing an automatic sleep-warning device in the vehicle; (3) drivers with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or sleep disorders should be tested and treated before they are allowed to perform long hours of driving tasks; (4) educating the public or even amending the seatbelt legislation to require all passengers to wear a seat belt and thus reduce the chance of ejection from a high-deck bus and prevent serious injuries in a crash while traveling at a higher speed on freeways. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Impact of a pilot walking school bus intervention on children's pedestrian safety behaviors: a pilot study

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Walking school buses (WSB) increased children's physical activity, but impact on pedestrian safety behaviors (PSB) is unknown. We tested the feasibility of a protocol evaluating changes to PSB during a WSB program. Outcomes were school-level street crossing PSB prior to (Time 1) and during weeks 4–5...

Can We Have It All? A Review of the Impacts of School Choice on Racial Integration

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Swanson, Elise

2017-01-01

This article reviews the literature evaluating the impact of school choice programs on racial integration. Evidence on the impacts of magnet schools, voluntary busing programs, open enrollment practices, charter schools, and voucher programs is reviewed. The literature is mixed on this question, finding that the impacts of choice on racial…

Hybrid Electric Transit Bus Testing | Transportation Research | NREL

Science.gov Websites

this study are featured in the Long Beach Transit: Two-Year Evaluation of Gasoline-Electric Hybrid manufactured by Orion Industries with BAE propulsion systems. The results of this study are featured in the In power units. The results of this study are featured in the Ebus Hybrid Electric Buses and Trolleys case

Computer Simulations and Literature Survey of Continuously Variable Transmissions for Use in Buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1981-12-01

Numerous studies have been conducted on the concept of flywheel energy storage for buses. Flywheel systems require a continuously variable transmission (CVT) of some type to transmit power between the flywheel and the drive wheels. However, a CVT can...

Diesel Powered School Buses: An Update.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gresham, Robert

1984-01-01

Because diesel engines are more economical and longer-lasting than gasoline engines, school districts are rapidly increasing their use of diesel buses. Dependence on diesel power, however, entails vulnerability to cost increases due to the unreliability of crude oil supplies and contributes to air pollution. (MCG)

Life Cycle Assessment of Diesel and Electric Public Transportation Buses

EPA Science Inventory

The Clean Air Act identifies diesel powered motor vehicles, including transit buses, as significant sources of several criteria pollutants which contribute to ground level ozone formation or smog. The effects of air pollution in urban areas are often more significant due to con...

Oregon bus riders blast into orbit; Satellite technology to help keep Portland buses on schedule

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1994-06-22

Fairchild Space & Defense Corporation (Fairchild) : announced today that it was awarded a first of its kind $5 million contract by the public transit agency : serving Portland Oregon to equip 740 buses and paratransit vehicles with sophisticated sate...

Busing and Redistricting in the 'Down-Up' Era.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Freeman, David N.

1987-01-01

Besides redistricting problems engendered by higher elementary school enrollments (and decreasing secondary enrollments), school administrators face student transport challenges. Acquiring new routes and larger buses could be costly. This article advances computerized systems as the most cost-effective way to optimize routes and manage…

White Attitudes toward Busing: Segregation and the Life Cycle.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edari, Ronald S.

1979-01-01

Factors involved in the determination of White attitudes toward busing are discussed. The term White flight is considered a euphemism for the process in which the responsibility for housing discrimination is shifted from the structure of the capitalist system to White community residents. (RLV)

Buses retrofitting with diesel particle filters: Real-world fuel economy and roadworthiness test considerations.

PubMed

Fleischman, Rafael; Amiel, Ran; Czerwinski, Jan; Mayer, Andreas; Tartakovsky, Leonid

2018-05-01

Retrofitting older vehicles with diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter emissions. This study experimentally analyzes real-world performance of buses retrofitted with CRT DPFs. 18 in-use Euro III technology urban and intercity buses were investigated for a period of 12months. The influence of the DPF and of the vehicle natural aging on buses fuel economy are analyzed and discussed. While the effect of natural deterioration is about 1.2%-1.3%, DPF contribution to fuel economy penalty is found to be 0.6% to 1.8%, depending on the bus type. DPF filtration efficiency is analyzed throughout the study and found to be in average 96% in the size range of 23-560nm. Four different load and non-load engine operating modes are investigated on their appropriateness for roadworthiness tests. High idle is found to be the most suitable regime for PN diagnostics considering particle number filtration efficiency. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Ultrafine particle emissions by in-use diesel buses of various generations at low-load regimes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tartakovsky, L.; Baibikov, V.; Comte, P.; Czerwinski, J.; Mayer, A.; Veinblat, M.; Zimmerli, Y.

2015-04-01

Ultrafine particles (UFP) are major contributors to air pollution due to their easy gas-like penetration into the human organism, causing adverse health effects. This study analyzes UFP emissions by buses of different technologies (from Euro II till Euro V EEV - Enhanced Environmentally-friendly Vehicle) at low-load regimes. Additionally, the emission-reduction potential of retrofitting with a diesel particle filter (DPF) is demonstrated. A comparison of the measured, engine-out, particle number concentrations (PNC) for buses of different technological generations shows that no substantial reduction of engine-out emissions at low-load operating modes is observed for newer bus generations. Retrofitting the in-use urban and interurban buses of Euro II till Euro IV technologies by the VERT-certified DPF confirmed its high efficiency in reduction of UFP emissions. Particle-count filtration efficiency values of the retrofit DPF were found to be extremely high - greater than 99.8%, similar to that of the OEM filter in the Euro V bus.

Developing a discrete event simulation model for university student shuttle buses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zulkepli, Jafri; Khalid, Ruzelan; Nawawi, Mohd Kamal Mohd; Hamid, Muhammad Hafizan

2017-11-01

Providing shuttle buses for university students to attend their classes is crucial, especially when their number is large and the distances between their classes and residential halls are far. These factors, in addition to the non-optimal current bus services, typically require the students to wait longer which eventually opens a space for them to complain. To considerably reduce the waiting time, providing the optimal number of buses to transport them from location to location and the effective route schedules to fulfil the students' demand at relevant time ranges are thus important. The optimal bus number and schedules are to be determined and tested using a flexible decision platform. This paper thus models the current services of student shuttle buses in a university using a Discrete Event Simulation approach. The model can flexibly simulate whatever changes configured to the current system and report its effects to the performance measures. How the model was conceptualized and formulated for future system configurations are the main interest of this paper.

Fit of interim crowns fabricated using photopolymer-jetting 3D printing.

PubMed

Mai, Hang-Nga; Lee, Kyu-Bok; Lee, Du-Hyeong

2017-08-01

The fit of interim crowns fabricated using 3-dimensional (3D) printing is unknown. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the fit of interim crowns fabricated using photopolymer-jetting 3D printing and to compare it with that of milling and compression molding methods. Twelve study models were fabricated by making an impression of a metal master model of the mandibular first molar. On each study model, interim crowns (N=36) were fabricated using compression molding (molding group, n=12), milling (milling group, n=12), and 3D polymer-jetting methods. The crowns were prepared as follows: molding group, overimpression technique; milling group, a 5-axis dental milling machine; and polymer-jetting group using a 3D printer. The fit of interim crowns was evaluated in the proximal, marginal, internal axial, and internal occlusal regions by using the image-superimposition and silicone-replica techniques. The Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the results among groups (α=.05). Compared with the molding group, the milling and polymer-jetting groups showed more accurate results in the proximal and marginal regions (P<.001). In the axial regions, even though the mean discrepancy was smallest in the molding group, the data showed large deviations. In the occlusal region, the polymer-jetting group was the most accurate, and compared with the other groups, the milling group showed larger internal discrepancies (P<.001). Polymer-jet 3D printing significantly enhanced the fit of interim crowns, particularly in the occlusal region. Copyright © 2016 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The challenge to NOx emission control for heavy-duty diesel vehicles in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Y.; Zhang, S. J.; Li, M. L.; Ge, Y. S.; Shu, J. W.; Zhou, Y.; Xu, Y. Y.; Hu, J. N.; Liu, H.; Fu, L. X.; He, K. B.; Hao, J. M.

2012-07-01

China's new "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" set a target for total NOx emission reduction of 10% for the period of 2011-2015. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) have been considered a major contributor to NOx emissions in China. Beijing initiated a comprehensive vehicle test program in 2008. This program included a sub-task for measuring on-road emission profiles of hundreds of HDDVs using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The major finding is that neither the on-road distance-specific (g km -1) nor brake-specific (g kW h-1) NOx emission factors for diesel buses and heavy-duty diesel trucks improved in most cases as emission standards became more stringent. For example, the average NOx emission factors for Euro II, Euro III and Euro IV buses are 11.3±3.3 g km-1, 12.5± 1.3 g km-1, and 11.8±2.0 g km-1, respectively. No statistically significant difference in NOx emission factors was observed between Euro II and III buses. Even for Euro IV buses equipped with SCR systems, the NOx emission factors are similar to Euro III buses. The data regarding real-time engine performance of Euro IV buses suggest the engine certification cycles did not reflect their real-world operating conditions. These new on-road test results indicate that previous estimates of total NOx emissions for HDDV fleet may be significantly underestimated. The new estimate in total NOx emissions for the Beijing HDDV fleet in 2009 is 37.0 Gg, an increase of 45% compared to the previous study. Further, we estimate that the total NOx emissions for the national HDDV fleet in 2009 are approximately 4.0 Tg, higher by 1.0 Tg (equivalent to 18% of total NOx emissions for vehicle fleet in 2009) than that estimated in the official report. This would also result in 4% increase in estimation of national anthropogenic NOx emissions. More effective control measures (such as promotion of CNG buses and a new in-use compliance testing program) are urged to secure the goal of total NOxmitigation for the HDDV fleet in the future.

The challenge to NOx emission control for heavy-duty diesel vehicles in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Y.; Zhang, S. J.; Li, M. L.; Ge, Y. S.; Shu, J. W.; Zhou, Y.; Xu, Y. Y.; Hu, J. N.; Liu, H.; Fu, L. X.; He, K. B.; Hao, J. M.

2012-10-01

China's new "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" set a target for total NOx emission reduction of 10% for the period of 2011-2015. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) have been considered a major contributor to NOx emissions in China. Beijing initiated a comprehensive vehicle test program in 2008. This program included a sub-task for measuring on-road emission profiles of hundreds of HDDVs using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The major finding is that neither the on-road distance-specific (g km-1) nor brake-specific (g kWh-1) NOx emission factors for diesel buses and heavy-duty diesel trucks improved in most cases as emission standards became more stringent. For example, the average NOx emission factors for Euro II, Euro III and Euro IV buses are 11.3 ± 3.3 g km-1, 12.5 ± 1.3 g km-1, and 11.8 ± 2.0 g km-1, respectively. No statistically significant difference in NOx emission factors was observed between Euro II and III buses. Even for Euro IV buses equipped with SCR systems, the NOx emission factors are similar to Euro III buses. The data regarding real-time engine performance of Euro IV buses suggest the engine certification cycles did not reflect their real-world operating conditions. These new on-road test results indicate that previous estimates of total NOx emissions for HDDV fleet may be significantly underestimated. The new estimate in total NOx emissions for the Beijing HDDV fleet in 2009 is 37.0 Gg, an increase of 45% compared to the previous study. Further, we estimate that the total NOx emissions for the national HDDV fleet in 2009 are approximately 4.0 Tg, higher by 1.0 Tg (equivalent to 18% of total NOx emissions for vehicle fleet in 2009) than that estimated in the official report. This would also result in 4% increase in estimation of national anthropogenic NOx emissions. More effective control measures (such as promotion of CNG buses and a new in-use compliance testing program) are urged to secure the goal of total NOx mitigation for the HDDV fleet in the future.

North Carolina school bush crash data and issues related to seat belts on large school buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-04-01

School bus transportation and safety is a very serious and sometimes controversial and : emotional issue. Although school buses have been shown to be a very safe form of : transportation, many parents and safety advocates question the absence of seat...

Characterization and speciation of fine particulate matter inside the public transport buses running on bio-diesel.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-09-01

Air pollution with respect to particulate matter was investigated in Toledo, Ohio, USA, a : city of approximately 300,000, in 2009. Two study buses were selected to reflect typical : exposure conditions of passengers while traveling in the bus. Monit...

Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an Alternative Fuel.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-09-01

The use of alternative fuels to power transit buses is steadily increasing. Several fuels, including Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and Methanol/Ethanol, are already being used in buses. At present, there do not exist co...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Virginia Transportation Data for Alternative

Science.gov Websites

://www.youtube.com/embed/1S7JJHQpc1w Video thumbnail for Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Feb. 25, 2010 https://www.youtube.com/embed/enxaQ_QooWE Chart Data

78 FR 35354 - Supreme Indiana Operations, Inc., Grant of Petition for Decision of Inconsequential Noncompliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-12

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [Docket No. NHTSA-2012... Noncompliance AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT. ACTION: Grant of Petition. SUMMARY... Startrans trucks, buses, and multifunction school activity buses (MFSAB) manufactured from 2006 through 2011...

77 FR 16893 - Supreme Indiana Operations, Inc., Receipt of Petition for Decision of Inconsequential Noncompliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-22

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [Docket No. NHTSA-2012... Noncompliance AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT. ACTION: Receipt of petition. SUMMARY... Startrans trucks, buses, and multifunction school activity buses (MFSAB) manufactured from 2006 through 2011...

Testimony of Nationally Representative Groups. U.S. Metric Study Interim Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Bureau of Standards (DOC), Washington, DC.

As the 12th in a series of interim reports prepared for the United States Congress on the metric system, this study was authorized by law to reduce uncertainties concerning the issue of converting to metrication and to provide a better basis upon which the Congress may evaluate and resolve it. The testimony of over 230 nationally representative…

Federal Government: Civilian Agencies. U.S. Metric Study Interim Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Bureau of Standards (DOC), Washington, DC.

This second interim report on the feasibility of a United States changeover to a metric system stems from the U.S. Metric Study, which was authorized by Public Law 90-472, and was prepared by the National Bureau of Standards to provide a better basis for Congressional evaluation of this issue. Participating in this national survey were 55 federal…

Special Issue Busing. NCRIEEO Newsletter, Volume 3, Number 2, May 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gordon, Edmund W., Ed.

Contents of this issue of the NCRIEEO Newsletter include the following articles: (1) "Editor's commentary: background to the issue," by Edmund Gordon, which puts busing into perspective as an important educational resource--like physical facilities, instructional materials, and teachers--to be used to achieve educational and social…

Seat Belts in School Buses: A Technical Analysis of the Literature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Splaine, Pam; Frankel, Steven M.

This report, prepared for the Montgomery County (Maryland) Public Schools superintendent and board members, identifies the questions concerning seat belt use in school buses, examines relevant literature, and draws some conclusions. According to the literature, seat belts are one of many alternative and interdependent safety devices built into…

49 CFR 661.12 - Certification requirement for procurement of buses, other rolling stock and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., other rolling stock and associated equipment. 661.12 Section 661.12 Transportation Other Regulations... associated equipment. If buses or other rolling stock (including train control, communication, and traction power equipment) are being procured, the appropriate certificate as set forth below shall be completed...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Minnesota School District Finds Cost

Science.gov Websites

Savings, Cold-Weather Reliability with Propane Buses Minnesota School District Finds Cost Center: Minnesota School District Finds Cost Savings, Cold-Weather Reliability with Propane Buses on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Minnesota School District Finds Cost Savings, Cold

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Mesa Unified School District Reaps Economic

Science.gov Websites

and Environmental Benefits with Propane Buses Mesa Unified School District Reaps Economic and School District Reaps Economic and Environmental Benefits with Propane Buses on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Mesa Unified School District Reaps Economic and Environmental Benefits with

Crashworthiness of Restraints for Physically Disabled Children in Buses.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seeger, Barry R.; Caudrey, David J.

1983-01-01

Seven design principles identified from research as crashworthy for transporting disabled persons in buses are listed, and survey results of transportation of 161 disabled children in Australia are discussed relative to the design principles. Findings are discussed and recommendations made to correct deviations, such as absence of lapbelts. (MC)

BIODIESEL AS A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PETROLEUM DIESEL IN SCHOOL BUSES

EPA Science Inventory

Diesel exhaust is potentially harmful to human health and is a significant air pollutant due to its composition of harmful chemical substances and impact on climate. One of the many current uses of diesel fuel in rural environments is in school buses; however, few studies hav...

77 FR 24362 - Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier, Inc. Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-24

... was prompted by reports of the air driven generator (ADG) failing to power essential buses during... essential buses which, in the event of an emergency, could prevent continued safe flight. DATES: This AD... prevent continued safe flight. This [TCCA] directive mandates the replacement of the ADG GCU. You may...

Life-cycle energy and emissions inventories for motorcycles, diesel automobiles, school buses, electric buses, Chicago rail, and New York City rail

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-05-01

The development of life-cycle energy and emissions factors for passenger transportation modes : is critical for understanding the total environmental costs of travel. Previous life-cycle studies : have focused on the automobile given its dominating s...

Crash problem definition and safety benefits methodology for stability control for single-unit medium and heavy trucks and large-platform buses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-10-01

This report presents the findings of a comprehensive engineering analysis of electronic stability control (ESC) and roll stability control (RSC) systems for single-unit medium and heavy trucks and large-platform buses. This report details the applica...

School Bus Safety. An AS&U Roundtable.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American School and University, 1985

1985-01-01

A roundtable discussion of the issue of seat belts in school buses features United States Representative Peter H. Kostmayer, who has introduced a bill providing incentive grants to states to adopt and enforce laws requiring the use of seat belts in new school buses; three bus manufacturing executives; and two educators. (MLF)

Recommendations for yield-to-bus traffic control devices and bus pullout bays design characteristics : [research summary].

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-04-01

Bus pullout bays are being installed increasingly : on Floridas roads as a safety factor and so that : stopped buses do not impede traffic. In Florida, : state law requires car drivers to yield to buses : when a bus needs to reenter the roadway af...

International validation study for interim PET in ABVD-treated, advanced-stage hodgkin lymphoma: interpretation criteria and concordance rate among reviewers.

PubMed

Biggi, Alberto; Gallamini, Andrea; Chauvie, Stephane; Hutchings, Martin; Kostakoglu, Lale; Gregianin, Michele; Meignan, Michel; Malkowski, Bogdan; Hofman, Michael S; Barrington, Sally F

2013-05-01

At present, there are no standard criteria that have been validated for interim PET reporting in lymphoma. In 2009, an international workshop attended by hematologists and nuclear medicine experts in Deauville, France, proposed to develop simple and reproducible rules for interim PET reporting in lymphoma. Accordingly, an international validation study was undertaken with the primary aim of validating the prognostic role of interim PET using the Deauville 5-point score to evaluate images and with the secondary aim of measuring concordance rates among reviewers using the same 5-point score. This paper focuses on the criteria for interpretation of interim PET and on concordance rates. A cohort of advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma patients treated with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) were enrolled retrospectively from centers worldwide. Baseline and interim scans were reviewed by an international panel of 6 nuclear medicine experts using the 5-point score. Complete scan datasets of acceptable diagnostic quality were available for 260 of 440 (59%) enrolled patients. Independent agreement among reviewers was reached on 252 of 260 patients (97%), for whom at least 4 reviewers agreed the findings were negative (score of 1-3) or positive (score of 4-5). After discussion, consensus was reached in all cases. There were 45 of 260 patients (17%) with positive interim PET findings and 215 of 260 patients (83%) with negative interim PET findings. Thirty-three interim PET-positive scans were true-positive, and 12 were false-positive. Two hundred three interim PET-negative scans were true-negative, and 12 were false-negative. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 0.73, 0.94, and 0.91, respectively. Negative predictive value and positive predictive value were 0.94 and 0.73, respectively. The 3-y failure-free survival was 83%, 28%, and 95% for the entire population and for interim PET-positive and -negative patients, respectively (P < 0.0001). The agreement between pairs of reviewers was good or very good, ranging from 0.69 to 0.84 as measured with the Cohen kappa. Overall agreement was good at 0.76 as measured with the Krippendorf α. The 5-point score proposed at Deauville for reviewing interim PET scans in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma is accurate and reproducible enough to be accepted as a standard reporting criterion in clinical practice and for clinical trials.

Experimental and statistical analyses to characterize in-vehicle fine particulate matter behavior inside public transit buses operating on B20-grade biodiesel fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vijayan, Abhilash; Kumar, Ashok

2010-11-01

This paper presents results from an in-vehicle air quality study of public transit buses in Toledo, Ohio, involving continuous monitoring, and experimental and statistical analyses to understand in-vehicle particulate matter (PM) behavior inside buses operating on B20-grade biodiesel fuel. The study also focused on evaluating the effects of vehicle's fuel type, operating periods, operation status, passenger counts, traffic conditions, and the seasonal and meteorological variation on particulates with aerodynamic diameter less than 1 micron (PM 1.0). The study found that the average PM 1.0 mass concentrations in B20-grade biodiesel-fueled bus compartments were approximately 15 μg m -3, while PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentration averages were approximately 19 μg m -3 and 37 μg m -3, respectively. It was also observed that average hourly concentration trends of PM 1.0 and PM 2.5 followed a "μ-shaped" pattern during transit hours. Experimental analyses revealed that the in-vehicle PM 1.0 mass concentrations were higher inside diesel-fueled buses (10.0-71.0 μg m -3 with a mean of 31.8 μg m -3) as compared to biodiesel buses (3.3-33.5 μg m -3 with a mean of 15.3 μg m -3) when the windows were kept open. Vehicle idling conditions and open door status were found to facilitate smaller particle concentrations inside the cabin, while closed door facilitated larger particle concentrations suggesting that smaller particles were originating outside the vehicle and larger particles were formed within the cabin, potentially from passenger activity. The study also found that PM 1.0 mass concentrations at the back of bus compartment (5.7-39.1 μg m -3 with a mean of 28.3 μg m -3) were higher than the concentrations in the front (5.7-25.9 μg m -3 with a mean of 21.9 μg m -3), and the mass concentrations inside the bus compartment were generally 30-70% lower than the just-outside concentrations. Further, bus route, window position, and time of day were found to affect the in-vehicle PM concentrations significantly. Overall, the in-vehicle PM 1.0 concentrations inside the buses operating on B20-grade biodiesel ranged from 0.7 μg m -3 to 243 μg m -3, with a median of 11.6 μg m -3. Statistical models developed to study the effects of vehicle operation and ambient conditions on in-vehicle PM concentrations suggested that while open door status was the most important influencing variable for finer particles and higher passenger activity resulted in higher coarse particles concentrations inside the vehicle compartments, ambient PM concentrations contributed to all PM fractions inside the bus irrespective of particle size.

Advising a Bus Company on Number of Needed Buses: How High-School Physics Students' Deal With a "Complex Problem"?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balukovic, Jasmina; Slisko, Josip; Hadzibegovic, Zalkida

2011-01-01

Since 2003, international project PISA evaluates 15-year old students in solving problems that include "decision taking", "analysis and design of systems" and "trouble-shooting". This article presents the results of a pilot research conducted with 215 students from first to fourth grade of a high school in Sarajevo…

Evaluation of the use of bioethanol fuelled buses based on ambient air pollution screening and on-road measurements.

PubMed

López-Aparicio, S; Hak, C

2013-05-01

Mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions may have adverse effects on urban air quality and human exposure to harmful pollutants. The use of bioethanol fuelled vehicles is increasing worldwide and may create new undesired pollution effects. Different measurement campaigns were performed in a pilot study to contribute to the understanding of the consequences associated with the use of bioethanol blended fuel (E95) on a series of pollutants. Ambient screening measurements of NO2, O3, acetic acid, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were performed at different urban locations, exposed and not exposed to the circulation of bioethanol buses. In addition, volatile organic compounds were measured at the exhaust pipe of a bioethanol fuelled bus, both under idling conditions (carbonyls; DNPH cartridge) and under on-road driving conditions applying online monitoring (PTR-TOF). Higher ambient acetaldehyde values were measured at locations exposed to bioethanol fuelled buses than at locations not exposed, and very high acetaldehyde and acetic acid values were measured from the exhaust pipe during driving conditions (acetaldehyde>150 ppm; acetic acid ≈ 20-30 ppm) and modelled at close distance to the bioethanol bus. Human exposure to high concentration of acetaldehyde is expected, and it may involve a significantly increased chance in developing cancer. The high concentration of acetic acid will involve odour annoyance and significant material degradation or corrosion. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Performance of school bus retrofit systems: ultrafine particles and other vehicular pollutants.

PubMed

Zhang, Qunfang; Zhu, Yifang

2011-08-01

This study evaluated the performance of retrofit systems for diesel-powered school buses, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) muffler and a spiracle crankcase filtration system (CFS), regarding ultrafine particles (UFPs) and other air pollutants from tailpipe emissions and inside bus cabins. Tailpipe emissions and in-cabin air pollutant levels were measured before and after retrofitting when the buses were idling and during actual pick-up/drop off routes. Retrofit systems significantly reduced tailpipe emissions with a reduction of 20-94% of total particles with both DOC and CFS installed. However, no unequivocal decrease was observed for in-cabin air pollutants after retrofitting. The AC/fan unit and the surrounding air pollutant concentrations played more important roles for determining the in-cabin air quality of school buses than did retrofit technologies. Although current retrofit systems reduce children's exposure while waiting to board at a bus station, retrofitting by itself does not protect children satisfactorily from in-cabin particle exposures. Turning on the bus engine increased in-cabin UFP levels significantly only when the wind blew from the bus' tailpipe toward its hood with its windows open. This indicated that wind direction and window position are significant factors determining how much self-released tailpipe emissions may penetrate into the bus cabin. The use of an air purifier was found to remove in-cabin particles by up to 50% which might be an alternative short-to-medium term strategy to protect children's health.

Quantifying the bias in the estimated treatment effect in randomized trials having interim analyses and a rule for early stopping for futility.

PubMed

Walter, S D; Han, H; Briel, M; Guyatt, G H

2017-04-30

In this paper, we consider the potential bias in the estimated treatment effect obtained from clinical trials, the protocols of which include the possibility of interim analyses and an early termination of the study for reasons of futility. In particular, by considering the conditional power at an interim analysis, we derive analytic expressions for various parameters of interest: (i) the underestimation or overestimation of the treatment effect in studies that stop for futility; (ii) the impact of the interim analyses on the estimation of treatment effect in studies that are completed, i.e. that do not stop for futility; (iii) the overall estimation bias in the estimated treatment effect in a single study with such a stopping rule; and (iv) the probability of stopping at an interim analysis. We evaluate these general expressions numerically for typical trial scenarios. Results show that the parameters of interest depend on a number of factors, including the true underlying treatment effect, the difference that the trial is designed to detect, the study power, the number of planned interim analyses and what assumption is made about future data to be observed after an interim analysis. Because the probability of stopping early is small for many practical situations, the overall bias is often small, but a more serious issue is the potential for substantial underestimation of the treatment effect in studies that actually stop for futility. We also consider these ideas using data from an illustrative trial that did stop for futility at an interim analysis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicle Field Evaluations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kelly, Kenneth J; Prohaska, Robert S

This presentation provides information about NREL's real-world evaluations of commercial vehicle technologies, which compare the performance of advanced medium- and heavy-duty fleet vehicles to conventional vehicles. NREL conducts these customized evaluations in partnership with commercial and government fleets across the nation. Current fleet and industry partners include UPS, Workhorse, Parker Hannifin, Proterra, Foothill Transit, Long Beach Transit, BYD, Odyne, Duke Energy, Miami-Dade, TransPower, Eaton, Cummins, Bosch, and Clean Cities/National Clean Fleet Partnership. The presentation focuses on two particular vehicle evaluation projects -- hydraulic hybrid refuse haulers operated by Miami-Dade and electric transit buses operated by Foothill Transit.

45 CFR 1310.12 - Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles. 1310.12 Section 1310.12 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) OFFICE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES THE ADMINISTRATION FOR...

Safety Study--Crashworthiness of Large Poststandard Schoolbuses.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Transportation Safety Board (DOT), Washington, DC.

This study reports on the crash performance of large poststandard school buses (school buses manufactured after April 1, 1977, and weighing more than 10,000 pounds unloaded) in 43 accidents investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board. The report discusses the Safety Board's findings as to how well the standards are working to protect…

Transportation of Wheelchair Seated Students in School Buses: A Review of State Policy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Britta; Fuhrman, Susan; Karg, Patricia

2010-01-01

This study quantitatively reviews publicly available state policies as they relate to the transportation of wheelchair-seated students in school buses. Inclusion of best practices in specially equipped school bus and driver training policies was assessed. Key points of interest within state policies were identified based on site visits, common…

School Bus Crash Rates on Routine and Nonroutine Routes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Neal, Elizabeth; Ramirez, Marizen; Hamann, Cara; Young, Tracy; Stahlhut, Mary; Peek-Asa, Corinne

2014-01-01

Background: Although prior research has established that school buses are a safe form of transportation, crashes can produce catastrophic consequences. School buses have 2 types of routes: predictable, routine routes that take children to and from school and less predictable, nonroutine routes for school events. No studies have examined school bus…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: California School District Creates

Science.gov Websites

vehicle charging stations. Rental Cars Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Trucks Deliver at Kansas City Schools on Natural Gas Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in

78 FR 719 - California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Urban Buses; Request for Waiver of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-04

.... Collectively, the five rulemakings elevated the stringency of exhaust emission standards and test procedures... Act for the emission standards and related test procedures contained in its urban bus regulations, as... Standards; Urban Buses; Request for Waiver of Preemption; Opportunity for Public Hearing and Comment AGENCY...

75 FR 16007 - Drawbridge Operation Regulation; Lower Grand River, Iberville Parish, LA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-31

... minutes to the end of the morning scheduled closure period to provide more time for school buses to... scheduled closure period to provide more time for school buses to transit across the bridge. Extra time is... 75 pontoon bridge, mile 38.4, in Iberville Parish, Louisiana. The Iberville Parish School Board...

New Britain, Conn. School District will Benefit from $125,000 EPA Rebate for Clean Emission School Buses

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The New Britain, Conn. school district will benefit from a $125,000 US EPA rebate that will pay for retrofitted engines on seven older school buses so they would emit fewer pollutants that are linked to health problems such as asthma and lung damage.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Pennsylvania Transportation Data for

Science.gov Websites

/TTIwZrpNGf4 Video thumbnail for Pennsylvania School Buses Run on Natural Gas Pennsylvania School Buses Run on Network, Clean School Bus/Vehicle Incentive, and Green Jobs Outreach Program Independence National Partnership for Promoting Natural Gas Vehicles Ready to Roll! - Southeastern Pennsylvania's Regional Electric

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

, certain buses, or commercial vehicles that are powered by an alternative fuel, if the vehicles obtain an (GVW) Type of Vehicle Decal Fee 18,000 pounds (lbs.) or less Passenger, School Bus, or Commercial $75 vehicles, buses, or commercial motor vehicles that are powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied

Busing in Boston: Political Issues. Comparing Political Experiences, Experimental Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gillespie, Judith A.; Lazarus, Stuart

Unit two to the second-semester "Comparing Political Experiences" course focuses on a specific controversial political issue: court-ordered busing in Boston. A documentary approach represents the core of instruction in this 12th-grade unit. This approach avoids lengthy narratives of a theoretical approach and yet is more in-depth than…

45 CFR 1310.12 - Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles. 1310.12 Section 1310.12 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) OFFICE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES THE ADMINISTRATION FOR...

45 CFR 1310.12 - Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles. 1310.12 Section 1310.12 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) OFFICE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES THE ADMINISTRATION FOR...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Michigan Transportation Data for Alternative

Science.gov Websites

Renewable Energy Laboratory Case Studies Video thumbnail for Michigan's National Lakeshore Reduces Vehicle , 2016 Video thumbnail for Michigan School Buses Get Rolling on Propane Michigan School Buses Get Rolling Videos Text Version More Michigan Videos on YouTube Video thumbnail for Michigan Transports Students in

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Arkansas Launches Natural Gas-Powered Buses

Science.gov Websites

and Refueling StationA> Arkansas Launches Natural Gas-Powered Buses and Refueling Station to a great opportunity for [Rock Region METRO] to continue to meet the needs of our customers with the Cities Coalition (ACCC). Before RRM's board of directors would approve the CNG transition project, they

49 CFR 661.12 - Certification requirement for procurement of buses, other rolling stock and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... AMERICA REQUIREMENTS § 661.12 Certification requirement for procurement of buses, other rolling stock and.... Certificate of Compliance with Buy America Rolling Stock Requirements The bidder or offeror hereby certifies... CFR 661.11. Date Signature Company Name Title Certificate of Non-Compliance with Buy America Rolling...

49 CFR 661.12 - Certification requirement for procurement of buses, other rolling stock and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... AMERICA REQUIREMENTS § 661.12 Certification requirement for procurement of buses, other rolling stock and.... Certificate of Compliance with Buy America Rolling Stock Requirements The bidder or offeror hereby certifies... CFR 661.11. Date Signature Company Name Title Certificate of Non-Compliance with Buy America Rolling...

49 CFR 661.12 - Certification requirement for procurement of buses, other rolling stock and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... AMERICA REQUIREMENTS § 661.12 Certification requirement for procurement of buses, other rolling stock and.... Certificate of Compliance with Buy America Rolling Stock Requirements The bidder or offeror hereby certifies... CFR 661.11. Date Signature Company Name Title Certificate of Non-Compliance with Buy America Rolling...

49 CFR 661.12 - Certification requirement for procurement of buses, other rolling stock and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... AMERICA REQUIREMENTS § 661.12 Certification requirement for procurement of buses, other rolling stock and.... Certificate of Compliance with Buy America Rolling Stock Requirements The bidder or offeror hereby certifies... CFR 661.11. Date Signature Company Name Title Certificate of Non-Compliance with Buy America Rolling...

Variability of particle number emissions from diesel and hybrid diesel-electric buses in real driving conditions.

PubMed

Sonntag, Darrell B; Gao, H Oliver; Holmén, Britt A

2008-08-01

A linear mixed model was developed to quantify the variability of particle number emissions from transit buses tested in real-world driving conditions. Two conventional diesel buses and two hybrid diesel-electric buses were tested throughout 2004 under different aftertreatments, fuels, drivers, and bus routes. The mixed model controlled the confounding influence of factors inherent to on-board testing. Statistical tests showed that particle number emissions varied significantly according to the after treatment, bus route, driver, bus type, and daily temperature, with only minor variability attributable to differences between fuel types. The daily setup and operation of the sampling equipment (electrical low pressure impactor) and mini-dilution system contributed to 30-84% of the total random variability of particle measurements among tests with diesel oxidation catalysts. By controlling for the sampling day variability, the model better defined the differences in particle emissions among bus routes. In contrast, the low particle number emissions measured with diesel particle filters (decreased by over 99%) did not vary according to operating conditions or bus type but did vary substantially with ambient temperature.

Influence of diesel fuel sulfur on nanoparticle emissions from city buses.

PubMed

Ristovski, Z D; Jayaratne, E R; Lim, M; Ayoko, G A; Morawska, L

2006-02-15

Particle emissions from twelve buses, operating alternately on low sulfur (LS; 500 ppm) and ultralow sulfur (ULS; 50 ppm) diesel fuel, were monitored. The buses were 1-19 years old and had no after-treatment devices fitted. Measurements were carried out at four steady-state operational modes on a chassis dynamometer using a mini dilution tunnel (PM mass measurement) and a Dekati ejector diluter as a secondary diluter (SMPS particle number). The mean particle number emission rate (s(-1)) of the buses, in the size range 8-400 nm, using ULS diesel was 31% to 59% lower than the rate using LS diesel in all four modes. The fractional reduction was highest in the newest buses and decreased with mileage upto about 500,000 km, after which no further decrease was apparent. However, the mean total suspended particle (TSP) mass emission rate did not show a systematic difference between the two fuel types. When the fuel was changed from LS to ULS diesel, the reduction in particle number was mainly in the nanoparticle size range. Over all operational modes, 58% of the particles were smaller than 50 nm with LS fuel as opposed to just 45% with ULS fuel, suggesting that sulfur in diesel fuel was playing a major role in the formation of nanoparticles. The greatest influence of the fuel sulfur content was observed at the highest engine load, where 74% of the particles were smaller than 50 nm with LS diesel compared to 43% with ULS diesel.

Aerosol particles generated by diesel-powered school buses at urban schools as a source of children’s exposure

PubMed Central

Hochstetler, Heather A.; Yermakov, Mikhail; Reponen, Tiina; Ryan, Patrick H.; Grinshpun, Sergey A.

2015-01-01

Various heath effects in children have been associated with exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM), including emissions from school buses. In this study, the indoor and outdoor aerosol at four urban elementary schools serviced by diesel-powered school buses was characterized with respect to the particle number concentrations and size distributions as well as the PM2.5 mass concentrations and elemental compositions. It was determined that the presence of school buses significantly affected the outdoor particle size distribution, specifically in the ultrafine fraction. The time-weighted average of the total number concentration measured outside the schools was significantly associated with the bus and the car counts. The concentration increase was consistently observed during the morning drop-off hours and in most of the days during the afternoon pick-up period (although at a lower degree). Outdoor PM2.5 mass concentrations measured at schools ranged from 3.8 to 27.6 µg m−3. The school with the highest number of operating buses exhibited the highest average PM2.5 mass concentration. The outdoor mass concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were also highest at the school with the greatest number of buses. Most (47/55) correlations between traffic-related elements identified in the outdoor PM2.5 were significant with elements identified in the indoor PM2.5. Significant associations were observed between indoor and outdoor aerosols for EC, EC/OC, and the total particle number concentration. Day-to-day and school-to-school variations in Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) ratios were related to the observed differences in opening windows and doors, which enhanced the particle penetration, as well as indoor activities at schools. Overall, the results on I/O ratio obtained in this study reflect the sizes of particles emitted by diesel-powered school bus engines (primarily, an ultrafine fraction capable of penetrating indoors). PMID:25904818

Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland.

PubMed

Tainio, Marko; Tuomisto, Jouni T; Hänninen, Otto; Aarnio, Päivi; Koistinen, Kimmo J; Jantunen, Matti J; Pekkanen, Juha

2005-02-01

Fine particle (PM(2.5)) emissions from traffic have been associated with premature mortality. The current work compares PM(2.5)-induced mortality in alternative public bus transportation strategies as being considered by the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council, Finland. The current bus fleet and transportation volume is compared to four alternative hypothetical bus fleet strategies for the year 2020: (1) the current bus fleet for 2020 traffic volume, (2) modern diesel buses without particle traps, (3) diesel buses with particle traps, and (4) buses using natural gas engines. The average population PM(2.5) exposure level attributable to the bus emissions was determined for the 1996-1997 situation using PM(2.5) exposure measurements including elemental composition from the EXPOLIS-Helsinki study and similar element-based source apportionment of ambient PM(2.5) concentrations observed in the ULTRA study. Average population exposure to particles originating from the bus traffic in the year 2020 is assumed to be proportional to the bus emissions in each strategy. Associated mortality was calculated using dose-response relationships from two large cohort studies on PM(2.5) mortality from the United States. Estimated number of deaths per year (90% confidence intervals in parenthesis) associated with primary PM(2.5) emissions from buses in Helsinki Metropolitan Area in 2020 were 18 (0-55), 9 (0-27), 4 (0-14), and 3 (0-8) for the strategies 1-4, respectively. The relative differences in the associated mortalities for the alternative strategies are substantial, but the number of deaths in the lowest alternative, the gas buses, is only marginally lower than what would be achieved by diesel engines equipped with particle trap technology. The dose-response relationship and the emission factors were identified as the main sources of uncertainty in the model.

Aerosol particles generated by diesel-powered school buses at urban schools as a source of children's exposure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hochstetler, Heather A.; Yermakov, Mikhail; Reponen, Tiina; Ryan, Patrick H.; Grinshpun, Sergey A.

2011-03-01

Various heath effects in children have been associated with exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM), including emissions from school buses. In this study, the indoor and outdoor aerosol at four urban elementary schools serviced by diesel-powered school buses was characterized with respect to the particle number concentrations and size distributions as well as the PM2.5 mass concentrations and elemental compositions. It was determined that the presence of school buses significantly affected the outdoor particle size distribution, specifically in the ultrafine fraction. The time-weighted average of the total number concentration measured outside the schools was significantly associated with the bus and the car counts. The concentration increase was consistently observed during the morning drop-off hours and in most of the days during the afternoon pick-up period (although at a lower degree). Outdoor PM2.5 mass concentrations measured at schools ranged from 3.8 to 27.6 μg m-3. The school with the highest number of operating buses exhibited the highest average PM2.5 mass concentration. The outdoor mass concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were also highest at the school with the greatest number of buses. Most (47/55) correlations between traffic-related elements identified in the outdoor PM2.5 were significant with elements identified in the indoor PM2.5. Significant associations were observed between indoor and outdoor aerosols for EC, EC/OC, and the total particle number concentration. Day-to-day and school-to-school variations in Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) ratios were related to the observed differences in opening windows and doors, which enhanced the particle penetration, as well as indoor activities at schools. Overall, the results on I/O ratio obtained in this study reflect the sizes of particles emitted by diesel-powered school bus engines (primarily, an ultrafine fraction capable of penetrating indoors).

Real-world emissions and fuel consumption of diesel buses and trucks in Macao: From on-road measurement to policy implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Xiaomeng; Zhang, Shaojun; Wu, Ye; Li, Zhenhua; Zhou, Yu; Fu, Lixin; Hao, Jiming

2015-11-01

A total of 13 diesel buses and 12 diesel trucks in Macao were tested using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) including a SEMTECH-DS for gaseous emissions and a SEMTECH-PPMD for PM2.5. The average emission rates of gaseous pollutants and CO2 are developed with the operating mode defined by the instantaneous vehicle specific power (VSP) and vehicle speed. Both distance-based and fuel mass-based emission factors for gaseous pollutants (e.g., CO, THC and NOX) are further estimated under typical driving conditions. The average distance-based NOX emission of heavy-duty buses (HDBs) is higher than 13 g km-1. Considering the unfavorable conditions for selective reductions catalyst (SCR) systems, such as low-speed driving conditions, more effective technology options (e.g., dedicated natural gas buses and electric buses) should be considered by policy makers in Macao. We identified strong effects of the vehicle size, engine displacement and driving conditions on real-world CO2 emission factors and fuel consumption for diesel vehicles. Therefore, detailed profiles regarding vehicle specifications can reduce the uncertainty in their fleet-average on-road fuel consumption. In addition, strong correlations between relative emission factors and driving conditions indicated by the average speed of generated micro-trips are identified based on a micro-trip method. For example, distance-based emission factors of HDBs will increase by 39% for CO, 29% for THC, 43% for NOX and 26% for CO2 when the average speed decreases from 30 km h-1 to 20 km h-1. The mitigation of on-road emissions from diesel buses and trucks by improving traffic conditions through effective traffic and economic management measures is therefore required. This study demonstrates the important role of PEMS in understanding vehicle emissions and mitigation strategies from science to policy perspectives.

Aerosol particles generated by diesel-powered school buses at urban schools as a source of children's exposure.

PubMed

Hochstetler, Heather A; Yermakov, Mikhail; Reponen, Tiina; Ryan, Patrick H; Grinshpun, Sergey A

2011-03-01

Various heath effects in children have been associated with exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM), including emissions from school buses. In this study, the indoor and outdoor aerosol at four urban elementary schools serviced by diesel-powered school buses was characterized with respect to the particle number concentrations and size distributions as well as the PM2.5 mass concentrations and elemental compositions. It was determined that the presence of school buses significantly affected the outdoor particle size distribution, specifically in the ultrafine fraction. The time-weighted average of the total number concentration measured outside the schools was significantly associated with the bus and the car counts. The concentration increase was consistently observed during the morning drop-off hours and in most of the days during the afternoon pick-up period (although at a lower degree). Outdoor PM2.5 mass concentrations measured at schools ranged from 3.8 to 27.6 µg m -3 . The school with the highest number of operating buses exhibited the highest average PM2.5 mass concentration. The outdoor mass concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were also highest at the school with the greatest number of buses. Most (47/55) correlations between traffic-related elements identified in the outdoor PM2.5 were significant with elements identified in the indoor PM2.5. Significant associations were observed between indoor and outdoor aerosols for EC, EC/OC, and the total particle number concentration. Day-to-day and school-to-school variations in Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) ratios were related to the observed differences in opening windows and doors, which enhanced the particle penetration, as well as indoor activities at schools. Overall, the results on I/O ratio obtained in this study reflect the sizes of particles emitted by diesel-powered school bus engines (primarily, an ultrafine fraction capable of penetrating indoors).

Evaluation of Alternative Field Buses for Lighting ControlApplications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koch, Ed; Rubinstein, Francis

2005-03-21

The Subcontract Statement of Work consists of two major tasks. This report is the Final Report in fulfillment of the contract deliverable for Task 1. The purpose of Task 1 was to evaluate existing and emerging protocols and standards for interfacing sensors and controllers for communicating with integrated lighting control systems in commercial buildings. The detailed task description follows: Task 1. Evaluate alternative sensor/field buses. The objective of this task is to evaluate existing and emerging standards for interfacing sensors and controllers for communicating with integrated lighting control systems in commercial buildings. The protocols to be evaluated will include atmore » least: (1) 1-Wire Net, (2) DALI, (3) MODBUS (or appropriate substitute such as EIB) and (4) ZigBee. The evaluation will include a comparative matrix for comparing the technical performance features of the different alternative systems. The performance features to be considered include: (1) directionality and network speed, (2) error control, (3) latency times, (4) allowable cable voltage drop, (5) topology, and (6) polarization. Specifically, Subcontractor will: (1) Analyze the proposed network architecture and identify potential problems that may require further research and specification. (2) Help identify and specify additional software and hardware components that may be required for the communications network to operate properly. (3) Identify areas of the architecture that can benefit from existing standards and technology and enumerate those standards and technologies. (4) Identify existing companies that may have relevant technology that can be applied to this research. (5) Help determine if new standards or technologies need to be developed.« less

Interim reliability-evaluation program: analysis of the Browns Ferry, Unit 1, nuclear plant. Appendix C - sequence quantification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mays, S.E.; Poloski, J.P.; Sullivan, W.H.

1982-07-01

This report describes a risk study of the Browns Ferry, Unit 1, nuclear plant. The study is one of four such studies sponsored by the NRC Office of Research, Division of Risk Assessment, as part of its Interim Reliability Evaluation Program (IREP), Phase II. This report is contained in four volumes: a main report and three appendixes. Appendix C generally describes the methods used to estimate accident sequence frequency values. Information is presented concerning the approach, example collection, failure data, candidate dominant sequences, uncertainty analysis, and sensitivity analysis.

On condition evaluation of axle unit bearings of wheel pair

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glotov, V. V.; Romashchenko, M. A.; Ostroumov, I. V.; Kondratiev, Il V.

2018-03-01

At present, axle units of freight cars undergo a complete checkup with disassembling and visual inspection of the bearing parts every five years. During an annual interim checkup, external inspection of an axle box with removed cap is carried out and the lubricant condition is checked. The state of the rolling surfaces of bearings during an interim checkup should be assessed using the known methods of nondestructive testing.

Engineering report single-shell tank farms interim measures to limit infiltration through the vadose zone

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

HAASS, C.C.

1999-10-14

Identifies, evaluates and recommends interim measures for reducing or eliminating water sources and preferential pathways within the vadose zone of the single-shell tank farms. Features studied: surface water infiltration and leaking water lines that provide recharge moisture, and wells that could provide pathways for contaminant migration. An extensive data base, maps, recommended mitigations, and rough order of magnitude costs are included.

Managing Student Behavior on the School Bus: A Key to Bus Safety

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Federation of Teachers (NJ), 2007

2007-01-01

School buses are the safest form of mass transit in America. Every day, school buses travel through congested city traffic and on isolated country roads in all types of weather, safely transporting millions of children to and from school and school-related activities. Federal and state standards for school bus construction and maintenance and…

Helping Black and Latino Males Succeed

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jackson, Robert

2016-01-01

Growing up in a poor, dysfunctional family in a violent inner-city neighborhood, Jackson faced daily challenges even getting to the bus stop without being attacked by gang members. When he was bused to a white suburban school in 5th grade, things got even worse. Every black student who was bused in from his neighborhood was placed in remedial…

A Status report to the Superintendent of Public Instruction on a study of optimal school bus speed limits on Virginia highways.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1988-01-01

The study was prompted by the fact that on Virginia's rural interstate highways there is a three-tiered speed limit: 45 mph for school buses, 55 mph for other buses and trucks, and 65 mph for passenger vehicles. On the urban interstate system, school...

The Social Adjustment of Neighborhood and Bused Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willie, Charles V.

A study was conducted during the 1964-65 school year to determine the kinds of social adaptation made by inner-city black children who were bused to two middle-class, predominantly white elementary schools and by white students new to the same schools. Two-way social adjustment ratings (from students and teachers) were obtained on about half of…

Stopping for School Buses. Traffic Laws Commentary Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yaw, E. Eugene

The degree of uniformity among State laws requiring drivers to stop for school buses receiving or discharging children is not such that drivers could reasonably be expected to know these laws. Because of the wide variation of State laws and the inherent vulnerability of school children and of any vehicle stopping on a highway, there can be no…

Perspectives on Busing. Inequality in Education, Number Eleven, March 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. Center for Law and Education.

Contents of this issue of "Inequality in Education" include: (1) "Busing is not the issue," Reubin Askew, Governor of Florida; (2) "Pupil transportation: a brief history," Paul V. Smith; (3) "White parents' fears," Patricia Derian, which discusses the desegregation of the schools in Jackson, Mississippi in the late 1960's from the point of view of…

No Breathing in the Aisles: Diesel Exhaust inside School Buses.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Solomon, Gina M.; Campbell, Todd R.; Feuer, Gail Ruderman; Masters, Julie; Samkian, Artineh; Paul, Kavita Ann

There is evidence that diesel exhaust causes cancer and premature death, and also exacerbates asthma and other respiratory illness. Noting that the vast majority of the nation's school buses run on diesel fuel, this report details a study examining the level of diesel exhaust to which children are typically exposed as they travel to and from…

49 CFR Appendix A to Part 605 - Appendix A to Part 605

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL BUS OPERATIONS Pt. 605, App. A Appendix A to Part 605 Comptroller General... the City originally included in its grant application a request for funds to purchase 8 buses designed... answered in the order presented. Number one: “The grant of funds to a City to purchase buses and equipment...

49 CFR Appendix A to Part 605 - Appendix A to Part 605

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL BUS OPERATIONS Pt. 605, App. A Appendix A to Part 605 Comptroller General... the City originally included in its grant application a request for funds to purchase 8 buses designed... answered in the order presented. Number one: “The grant of funds to a City to purchase buses and equipment...

Here's Just the Best, Most Complete, and (Would You Believe) Interesting Story About School Transportation Ever

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American School Board Journal, 1972

1972-01-01

A special study of school bus transportation that (1) describes board responsibility for bus transportation (2) discusses the merits of buying, leasing, or contracting for buses; (3) points out the inadequacy of State safety requirements; and (4) presents the merits of L.P.-gas powered and diesel powered buses. (JF)

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alternative Fuel Vehicles Lower Emissions in

Science.gov Websites

improve air quality and save money. For information about this project, contact Clean Fuels Ohio. Download Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Cities Clean up With Biofuels

Science.gov Websites

. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at Charging Stations Spread Through Philly March 3, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Indiana Sanitation Department Plans to

Science.gov Websites

Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus Michigan Transports Students in Hybrid Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogen Powers Fuel Cell Vehicles in

Science.gov Websites

. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Gas Street Sweepers Improve Air Quality in New York March 11, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Golden Eagle Delivers Beer With Natural Gas

Science.gov Websites

charging stations. Rental Cars Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Charging Stations Spread Through Philly March 3, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In Electric Bus

Alternative Fuels Data Center: South Florida Furnishing Retailer Relies on

Science.gov Websites

Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In Electric

Science.gov Websites

vehicle charging stations. Rental Cars Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Vehicles With Natural Gas Oct Electric Buses Aug. 21, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Texas

Alternative Fuels Data Center: North Carolina City Expands Alternative Fuel

Science.gov Websites

Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Vehicles Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Electric Trucks Deliver at Kansas City

Science.gov Websites

vehicle charging stations. Rental Cars Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money Philly March 3, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas Powers Milk Delivery Trucks in

Science.gov Websites

Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at a charging station Companies Power School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Vehicles Relies on Natural Gas Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Virginia Converts Vehicles to Propane in

Science.gov Websites

. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Vehicles Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Texas Taxis Go Hybrid May 6, 2010

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Pennsylvania School Buses Run on Natural Gas

Science.gov Websites

reduce petroleum use and save money. For information about this project, contact Eastern Pennsylvania Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus Michigan Transports Students Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Little Rock Gains Momentum with Natural Gas

Science.gov Websites

BusesA> Little Rock Gains Momentum with Natural Gas Buses to someone by E-mail Share Alternative on compressed natural gas. For information about this project, contact Arkansas Clean Cities Public Television Related Videos Photo of a car Hydrogen Powers Fuel Cell Vehicles in California Nov. 18

Science Teacher Training Programme in Rural Schools: An ODL Lesson from Zimbabwe

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mhishi, Misheck; Bhukuvhani, Crispen Erinos; Sana, Abel Farikai

2012-01-01

This case study looked at 76 randomly selected preservice science teachers from Mbire and Guruve districts who were learning at the Mushumbi Centre in Zimbabwe and assessed their motivations for enrolling under the Bindura University of Science Education (BUSE)'s Virtual and Open Distance Learning (VODL) programme. It also looked at the challenges…

Using Flexible Busing to Meet Average Class Size Targets

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Felt, Andrew J.; Koelemay, Ryan; Richter, Alexander

2008-01-01

This article describes a method of flexible redistricting for K-12 public school districts that allows students from the same geographical region to be bused to different schools, with the goal of meeting average class size (ACS) target ranges. Results of a case study on a geographically large school district comparing this method to a traditional…

The Busing Game. Working Paper Series, W2-30.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goodman, Allen C.

This monograph provides a format for teaching about busing, either to prospective teachers or to students, on all levels of the educational process. A model is developed that can be used by students themselves in the development of methods of improving human relations and studying problems of democracy and American life. The model presented here…

Chicopee, Mass. School District will Benefit from $200,000 EPA Rebate to Clean Up Emissions from School Buses

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

A school district in Chicopee., Mass. will benefit from $200,000 from the US EPA that will pay for rebates to retrofit the engines on 10 older school buses so they would emit fewer pollutants that are linked to health problems such as asthma & lung damage.

Improving School Bus Safety. Transportation Research Board Special Report 222.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, DC. Transportation Research Board.

While school buses transport more passengers per trip, the rate of occupant fatalities per mile driven for school buses is one-quarter that for passenger cars. Nevertheless, the public expects school districts and other school bus operators to take all reasonable precautions to protect children as they travel to and from school. Although a variety…

76 FR 53102 - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Denial of Petition for Rulemaking; School Buses

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-25

... chronological order): Studies NTSB, 1987 In 1987, the NTSB reported on its investigation of forty-three post... seat belts by using the sled test data obtained from NHTSA's 2002 school bus safety study. For... incorporate test procedures to test lap/shoulder belts in small school buses and voluntarily-installed lap...

How to Cut Costs by Saving School Bus Fuel.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seiff, Hank

A program started in Washington County, Maryland in 1980 has been successful in saving school bus fuel and bringing down transportation costs incurred by its fleet of 200 buses. Driver training and motivation, as well as a partial transfer to diesel buses, are at the heart of the program. The drivers are taught five fuel saving techniques: cut…

45 CFR 1310.12 - Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles. 1310.12 Section 1310.12 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) OFFICE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES THE ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN, YOUTH AND FAMILIES, HEAD START...

45 CFR 1310.12 - Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Required use of School Buses or Allowable Alternate Vehicles. 1310.12 Section 1310.12 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) OFFICE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES THE ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN, YOUTH AND FAMILIES, HEAD START...

Foothill Transit Electric Bus Testing | Transportation Research | NREL

Science.gov Websites

, this study aims to improve understanding of the overall usage and effectiveness of fast-charge electric well. The electric buses under study were Proterra EcoRide BE35 transit buses with eight 368V lithium Systems Technology Simulator, or FASTSim, to study the impact of route selection and other vehicle

Collection of Human Wastes on Long Missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jennings, D. C.; Lewis, T. A.; Brose, H. F.

1986-01-01

Report evaluates and compares three alternative approaches to hygienic containment of human wastes. Three practical means of waste collection: filter-bag collection with compaction by fan suction, canister collection with compaction by force applied to compaction cups or disks, and sleeve collection with compaction by rollers and winding on reel. Potentially useful in airplanes, buses, boats, trains, and campers and temporary toilets for construction sites and outdoor gatherings.

Economic Benefit of Introducing a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Kano State Nigeria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, K. A.; Afolabi, S.; Nda, M.; Daura, H. A.

2018-04-01

The objective of this study is to know the variables use in quantifying economic benefits of public transport project, contribution of public transport to economic productivity This paper attempts to provide a Road User Cost (RUC) comparison of current usage of Buses and Cars in three different stages which are the present time, do nothing and the introduction of new modes. Vehicle operating cost (VOC), value of time (VOT), pollution cost, accident cost and environmental cost are calculated in other to know the benefits for their abilities to ensure accessibility and mobility, reduce accidents and reduce environmental loss. The study stretch involves an 11.1 km of 2-lane divided carriageway road connecting Kabuga bus stop to Janguza market. Social costs which included accident costs, accident cost of cars (private modes) were found to be 50 times the accident cost of bus accidents. California Air Resource Board (CARB) model was adopted to evaluate Environmental costs. The total road user costs were then obtained to provide comparative evaluation among the study modes. Furthermore, the multiple future scenarios were created to provide understanding about the need for inclusion of other modes. In this regard, this paper provided a framework for the cost evaluation for an urban area and results indicate that buses are more cost-effective in transportation of equivalent number of passengers.

Oil Bypass Filter Technology Evaluation - Third Quarterly Report, April--June 2003

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Laurence R. Zirker; James E. Francfort

2003-08-01

This Third Quarterly report details the ongoing fleet evaluation of an oil bypass filter technology by the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) for the U.S. Department of Energy’s FreedomCAR & Vehicle Technologies Program. Eight full-size, four-cycle diesel-engine buses used to transport INEEL employees on various routes have been equipped with oil bypass filter systems from the PuraDYN Corporation. The reported engine lubricating oil-filtering capability (down to 0.1 microns) and additive package of the bypass filter system is intended to extend oil-drain intervals. To validate the extended oil-drain intervals, an oil-analysis regime monitors the presence of necessary additives inmore » the oil, detects undesirable contaminants and engine wear metals, and evaluates the fitness of the oil for continued service. The eight buses have accumulated 185,000 miles to date without any oil changes. The preliminary economic analysis suggests that the per bus payback point for the oil bypass filter technology should be between 108,000 miles when 74 gallons of oil use is avoided and 168,000 miles when 118 gallons of oil use is avoided. As discussed in the report, the variation in the payback point is dependant on the assumed cost of oil. In anticipation of also evaluating oil bypass systems on six Chevrolet Tahoe sport utility vehicles, the oil is being sampled on the six Tahoes to develop an oil characterization history for each engine.« less

Reusable Rack Interface Controller Common Software for Various Science Research Racks on the International Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lu, George C.

2003-01-01

The purpose of the EXPRESS (Expedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station) rack project is to provide a set of predefined interfaces for scientific payloads which allow rapid integration into a payload rack on International Space Station (ISS). VxWorks' was selected as the operating system for the rack and payload resource controller, primarily based on the proliferation of VME (Versa Module Eurocard) products. These products provide needed flexibility for future hardware upgrades to meet everchanging science research rack configuration requirements. On the International Space Station, there are multiple science research rack configurations, including: 1) Human Research Facility (HRF); 2) EXPRESS ARIS (Active Rack Isolation System); 3) WORF (Window Observational Research Facility); and 4) HHR (Habitat Holding Rack). The RIC (Rack Interface Controller) connects payloads to the ISS bus architecture for data transfer between the payload and ground control. The RIC is a general purpose embedded computer which supports multiple communication protocols, including fiber optic communication buses, Ethernet buses, EIA-422, Mil-Std-1553 buses, SMPTE (Society Motion Picture Television Engineers)-170M video, and audio interfaces to payloads and the ISS. As a cost saving and software reliability strategy, the Boeing Payload Software Organization developed reusable common software where appropriate. These reusable modules included a set of low-level driver software interfaces to 1553B. RS232, RS422, Ethernet buses, HRDL (High Rate Data Link), video switch functionality, telemetry processing, and executive software hosted on the FUC computer. These drivers formed the basis for software development of the HRF, EXPRESS, EXPRESS ARIS, WORF, and HHR RIC executable modules. The reusable RIC common software has provided extensive benefits, including: 1) Significant reduction in development flow time; 2) Minimal rework and maintenance; 3) Improved reliability; and 4) Overall reduction in software life cycle cost. Due to the limited number of crew hours available on ISS for science research, operational efficiency is a critical customer concern. The current method of upgrading RIC software is a time consuming process; thus, an improved methodology for uploading RIC software is currently under evaluation.

Global Spent Fuel Logistics Systems Study (GSFLS). Volume 2. GSFLS visit findings and evaluations. Interim report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1978-01-31

This report is a part of the interim report documentation for the Global Spent Fuel Logistics System (GSFLS) study. This report describes a global framework that evaluates spent fuel disposition requirements, influencing factors and strategies. A broad sampling of foreign governmental officials, electric utility spokesmen and nuclear power industry officials responsible for GSFLS policies, plans and programs were surveyed as to their views with respect to national and international GSFLS related considerations. The results of these GSFLS visit findings are presented herein. These findings were then evaluated in terms of technical, institutional and legal/regulatory implications. The GSFLS evaluations, in conjunctionmore » with perceived US spent fuel objectives, formed the basis for selecting a set of GSFLS strategies which are reported herein.« less

Fuzzy usage pattern in customizing public transport fleet and its maintenance options

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Husniah, H.; Herdiani, L.; Kusmaya; Supriatna, A. K.

2018-05-01

In this paper we study a two-dimensional maintenance contract for a fleet of public transport, such as buses, shuttle etc. The buses are sold with a two-dimensional warranty. The warranty and the maintenance contract are characterized by two parameters – age and usage – which define a two-dimensional region. However, we use one dimensional approach to model these age and usage of the buses. The under-laying maintenance service contracts is the one which offers policy limit cost to protect a service provider (an agent) from over claim and to pursue the owner to do maintenance under specified cost in house. This in turn gives benefit for both the owner of the buses and the agent of service contract. The decision problem for an agent is to determine the optimal price for each option offered, and for the owner is to select the best contract option. We use a Nash game theory formulation in order to obtain a win-win solution – i.e. the optimal price for the agent and the optimal option for the owner. We further assume that there will be three different usage pattern of the buses, i.e. low, medium, and high pattern of the usage rate. In many situations it is often that we face a blur boundary between the adjacent patterns. In this paper we look for the optimal price for the agent and the optimal option for the owner, which minimizes the expected total cost while considering the fuzziness of the usage rate pattern.

Gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas buses in urban road and highway tests in China.

PubMed

Yue, Tingting; Chai, Fahe; Hu, Jingnan; Jia, Ming; Bao, Xiaofeng; Li, Zhenhua; He, Liqang; Zu, Lei

2016-10-01

The natural gas vehicle market is rapidly developing throughout the world, and the majority of such vehicles operate on compressed natural gas (CNG). However, most studies on the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles rely on laboratory chassis dynamometer measurements, which do not accurately represent actual road driving conditions. To further investigate the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles, two CNG city buses and two CNG coaches were tested on public urban roads and highway sections. Our results show that when speeds of 0-10km/hr were increased to 10-20km/hr, the CO 2 , CO, nitrogen oxide (NO x ), and total hydrocarbon (THC) emission factors decreased by (71.6±4.3)%, (65.6±9.5)%, (64.9±9.2)% and (67.8±0.3)%, respectively. In this study, The Beijing city buses with stricter emission standards (Euro IV) did not have lower emission factors than the Chongqing coaches with Euro II emission standards. Both the higher emission factors at 0-10km/hr speeds and the higher percentage of driving in the low-speed regime during the entire road cycle may have contributed to the higher CO 2 and CO emission factors of these city buses. Additionally, compared with the emission factors produced in the urban road tests, the CO emission factors of the CNG buses in highway tests decreased the most (by 83.2%), followed by the THC emission factors, which decreased by 67.1%. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

A Feeder-Bus Dispatch Planning Model for Emergency Evacuation in Urban Rail Transit Corridors

PubMed Central

Wang, Yun; Yan, Xuedong; Zhou, Yu; Zhang, Wenyi

2016-01-01

The mobility of modern metropolises strongly relies on urban rail transit (URT) systems, and such a heavy dependence causes that even minor service interruptions would make the URT systems unsustainable. This study aims at optimally dispatching the ground feeder-bus to coordinate with the urban rails’ operation for eliminating the effect of unexpected service interruptions in URT corridors. A feeder-bus dispatch planning model was proposed for the collaborative optimization of URT and feeder-bus cooperation under emergency situations and minimizing the total evacuation cost of the feeder-buses. To solve the model, a concept of dummy feeder-bus system is proposed to transform the non-linear model into traditional linear programming (ILP) model, i.e., traditional transportation problem. The case study of Line #2 of Nanjing URT in China was adopted to illustrate the model application and sensitivity analyses of the key variables. The modeling results show that as the evacuation time window increases, the total evacuation cost as well as the number of dispatched feeder-buses decrease, and the dispatched feeder-buses need operate for more times along the feeder-bus line. The number of dispatched feeder-buses does not show an obvious change with the increase of parking spot capacity and time window, indicating that simply increasing the parking spot capacity would cause huge waste for the emergent bus utilization. When the unbalanced evacuation demand exists between stations, the more feeder-buses are needed. The method of this study will contribute to improving transportation emergency management and resource allocation for URT systems. PMID:27676179

On-road, in-use gaseous emission measurements by remote sensing of school buses equipped with diesel oxidation catalysts and diesel particulate filters.

PubMed

Burgard, Daniel A; Provinsal, Melissa N

2009-12-01

A remote sensing device was used to obtain on-road and in-use gaseous emission measurements from three fleets of schools buses at two locations in Washington State. This paper reports each fleet's carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) mean data. The fleets represent current emission retrofit technologies, such as diesel particulate filters and diesel oxidation catalysts, and a control fleet. This study shows that CO and HC emissions decrease with the use of either retrofit technology when compared with control buses of the same initial emission standards. The CO and HC emission reductions are consistent with published U.S. Environmental Protection Agency verified values. The total oxides of nitrogen (NOx), NO, and the NO2/NOx ratio all increase with each retrofit technology when compared with control buses. As was expected, the diesel particulate filters emitted significantly higher levels of NO2 than the control fleet because of the intentional conversion of NO to NO2 by these systems. Most prior research suggests that NOx emissions are unaffected by the retrofits; however, these previous studies have not included measurements from retrofit devices on-road and after nearly 5 yr of use. Two 2006 model-year buses were also measured. These vehicles did not have retrofit devices but were built to more stringent new engine standards. Reductions in HCs and NOx were observed for these 2006 vehicles in comparison to other non-retrofit earlier model-year vehicles.

78 FR 55339 - Regulatory Capital Rules: Regulatory Capital, Implementation of Basel III, Capital Adequacy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-10

...The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is adopting an interim final rule that revises its risk-based and leverage capital requirements for FDIC-supervised institutions. This interim final rule is substantially identical to a joint final rule issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve) (together, with the FDIC, the agencies). The interim final rule consolidates three separate notices of proposed rulemaking that the agencies jointly published in the Federal Register on August 30, 2012, with selected changes. The interim final rule implements a revised definition of regulatory capital, a new common equity tier 1 minimum capital requirement, a higher minimum tier 1 capital requirement, and, for FDIC-supervised institutions subject to the advanced approaches risk-based capital rules, a supplementary leverage ratio that incorporates a broader set of exposures in the denominator. The interim final rule incorporates these new requirements into the FDIC's prompt corrective action (PCA) framework. In addition, the interim final rule establishes limits on FDIC-supervised institutions' capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the FDIC-supervised institution does not hold a specified amount of common equity tier 1 capital in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The interim final rule amends the methodologies for determining risk-weighted assets for all FDIC-supervised institutions. The interim final rule also adopts changes to the FDIC's regulatory capital requirements that meet the requirements of section 171 and section 939A of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The interim final rule also codifies the FDIC's regulatory capital rules, which have previously resided in various appendices to their respective regulations, into a harmonized integrated regulatory framework. In addition, the FDIC is amending the market risk capital rule (market risk rule) to apply to state savings associations. The FDIC is issuing these revisions to its capital regulations as an interim final rule. The FDIC invites comments on the interaction of this rule with other proposed leverage ratio requirements applicable to large, systemically important banking organizations. This interim final rule otherwise contains regulatory text that is identical to the common rule text adopted as a final rule by the Federal Reserve and the OCC. This interim final rule enables the FDIC to proceed on a unified, expedited basis with the other federal banking agencies pending consideration of other issues. Specifically, the FDIC intends to evaluate this interim final rule in the context of the proposed well- capitalized and buffer levels of the supplementary leverage ratio applicable to large, systemically important banking organizations, as described in a separate Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPR) published in the Federal Register August 20, 2013. The FDIC is seeking commenters' views on the interaction of this interim final rule with the proposed rule regarding the supplementary leverage ratio for large, systemically important banking organizations.

Transportation of Children: Ensuring Occupant Safety

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Craft, Nick

2004-01-01

The two riskiest things to do with children is open the door to the playground and open the door to buses and vans. Experience proves that when serious injuries occur, they will happen in one of these two places. While the great debate over the safety of buses versus vans has now been settled, the issue regarding occupant safety is on fire in most…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Cleveland Car Dealership Working Toward a

Science.gov Websites

charging stations. Rental Cars Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Stations Spread Through Philly March 3, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12 Natural Gas Street Sweepers Improve Air Quality in New York March 11, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Corporate Fleets Set the Pace for a Green

Science.gov Websites

, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at a Through Philly March 3, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Rio Rico Fire District Turns Grease Into

Science.gov Websites

Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus Michigan Transports Students March 31, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Trucks Natural Gas Street Sweepers Improve Air Quality in New York March 11, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Baton Rouge School District Adds Propane

Science.gov Websites

Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus Michigan Transports Students Vehicles June 8, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Trucks Alternative Fuels Oct. 16, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Feb. 25, 2010 MedCorp Fuels

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Idle-Reduction Efforts Cut Emissions and

Science.gov Websites

Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at a charging station Philly March 3, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Relies on Natural Gas Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Boston Public Schools Moves to Propane

Science.gov Websites

Efficiency March 8, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus to Alternative Fuel Vehicles June 8, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov National Park Commits to Alternative Fuels Oct. 16, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Feb

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Krug Energy Opens Natural Gas Fueling

Science.gov Websites

Cars Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Charging Stations Spread Through Philly March 3, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In Electric Bus

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Salt Lake City Fuels Vehicles With Natural

Science.gov Websites

Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Through Philly March 3, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Airport Relies on Natural Gas Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Texas Law Enforcement Vehicles Fill up With

Science.gov Websites

. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Feb. 25, 2010 Michigan Fleet Reduces Gasoline and Diesel Use Feb

Alternative Fuels Data Center: New Hampshire Cleans up with Biodiesel Buses

Science.gov Websites

Public Transit Efficiency March 8, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Trucks Deliver at Kansas City Schools Sept. 17, 2011 Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In Electric Bus

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Frito-Lay Delivers With Electric Truck Fleet

Science.gov Websites

. Rental Cars Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1 Through Philly March 3, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Kansas City Kansas Public Schools Invests in

Science.gov Websites

station for up to 70 CNG school buses, one mobile CNG refueling unit, and CNG safety modifications to the buses and fast-fill dispensers for public access. After receiving only one response, KCKPS simplified , or at one of the City of Kansas City, Missouri's private fast-fill stations. The first CNG bus was

An Unfulfilled Dream: A Catalogue and Analysis of the Differing Perceptions of Busing 1954-1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hennessey, Gary J.

During the period 1954 to 1976, the public's perception and ultimate reaction to busing went from mild disfavor to vehement rejection. An analysis of the information which seemed to cause this revealed that four factors seemed to be involved: the neighborhood school concept and its validity; the educational benefit to be derived from the program;…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Buses Help Minnesota Schools Carve

Science.gov Websites

information about this project, contact Twin Cities Clean Cities Coalition. Download QuickTime Video QuickTime videos provided by Clean Cities TV and FuelEconomy.gov. MotorWeek - Television's Original Automotive Propane Aug. 22, 2015 A photo of two national parks buses parked in front of Redwood trees. Clean Cities

Special Study: Inadequate Structural Assembly of Schoolbus Bodies. The Accidents at Decatur and Huntsville, Alabama.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Transportation Safety Board (DOT), Washington, DC. Bureau of Surface Transportation Safety.

This study reviews some examples of injuries received in two school bus accidents; explains how the design of joints and fastenings in the buses was involved in the injuries and in the structural strength of schoolbuses; and compares schoolbus construction with construction of other types of buses that employ more efficient and complete…

Overhead electric power transmission line jumpering system for bundles of five or more subconductors

DOEpatents

Winkelman, Paul F.

1982-01-01

Jumpering of electric power transmission lines at a dead end tower. Two transmission line conductor bundles each contain five or more spaced apart subconductors (5) arranged in the shape of a cylinder having a circular cross section. The ends of each bundle of subconductors are attached with insulators to a dead end tower (1). Jumpering allows the electric current to flow between the two bundles of subconductors using jumper buses, internal jumper conductors, and external jumper conductors. One or more current collecting jumper buses (37) are located inside each bundle of subconductors with each jumper bus being attached to the end of a subconductor. Small-diameter internal jumper conductors (33) are located in the inherently electrically shielded area inside each bundle of subconductors with each subconductor (except ones having an attached jumper bus) having one internal jumper conductor connected between that subconductor's end and a jumper bus. Large-diameter external jumper conductors (9) are located outside each bundle of subconductors with one or more external jumper conductors being connected between the jumper buses in one bundle of subconductors and the jumper buses in the other bundle.

Interim reliability-evaluation program: analysis of the Browns Ferry, Unit 1, nuclear plant. Appendix B - system descriptions and fault trees

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mays, S.E.; Poloski, J.P.; Sullivan, W.H.

1982-07-01

This report describes a risk study of the Browns Ferry, Unit 1, nuclear plant. The study is one of four such studies sponsored by the NRC Office of Research, Division of Risk Assessment, as part of its Interim Reliability Evaluation Program (IREP), Phase II. This report is contained in four volumes: a main report and three appendixes. Appendix B provides a description of Browns Ferry, Unit 1, plant systems and the failure evaluation of those systems as they apply to accidents at Browns Ferry. Information is presented concerning front-line system fault analysis; support system fault analysis; human error models andmore » probabilities; and generic control circuit analyses.« less

Evaluation of Hose in Hose Transfer Line Service Life for Hanfords Interim Stabilization Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

TORRES, T.D.

RPP-6153, Engineering Task Plan for Hose-in-Hose Transfer System for the Interim Stabilization Program (Torres, 2000a), defines the programmatic goals, functional requirements, and technical criteria for the development and subsequent installation of waste transfer line equipment to support Hanford's Interim Stabilization Program. RPP-6028, Specification for Hose in Hose Transfer Lines for Hanford's Interim Stabilization Program (Torres, 2000b), has been issued to define the specific requirements for the design, manufacture, and verification of transfer line assemblies for specific waste transfer applications associated with Interim Stabilization. Included in RPP-6028 are tables defining the chemical constituents of concern to which transfer lines will bemore » exposed. Current Interim Stabilization Program planning forecasts that the at-grade transfer lines will be required to convey pumpable waste for as much as three years after commissioning, RPP-6028 Section 3.2.7. Performance Incentive Number ORP-05 requires that all the Single Shell Tanks be Interim Stabilized by September 30, 2003. The Tri-Party Agreement (TPA) milestone M-41-00, enforced by a federal consent decree, requires all the Single Shell Tanks to be Interim stabilized by September 30, 2004. By meeting the Performance Incentive the TPA milestone is met. Prudent engineering dictates that the equipment used to transfer waste have a life in excess of the forecasted operational time period, with some margin to allow for future adjustments to the planned schedule. This document evaluates the effective service life of the Hose-in-Hose Transfer Lines, based on information submitted by the manufacturer, published literature and calculations. The effective service life of transfer line assemblies is a function of several factors. Foremost among these are the hose material's resistance to the harmful effects of process fluid characteristics, ambient environmental conditions, exposure to ionizing radiation and the manufacturer's stated shelf life. In order to determine the transfer line service life this evaluation examines the certification of shelf life, the certification of chemical compatibility with waste, catalog information of ambient ratings and published literature on the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on the mechanical properties of elastomeric materials. During initial hose procurements, the hose-in-hose transfer line vendor River Bend Hose Specialty (RBHS) submitted a letter, dated 6/8/00, which recommended the service and shelf life of the hose to be seven years. In submittals for later hose procurements, RBHS submitted a letter, dated 11/6/00, which recommended the service life of the hose to be three years. This submittal was followed by documentation, on 2/14/01, which submitted new storage requirements and restated the seven year shelf life. RBHS revised their original hose service life estimate to a more conservative three years due to concerns over the effects of chemicals in transferred waste. The above mentioned submittals from RBHS are the primary drivers of the three year service life limit established by this document.« less

Evaluation of experimental flexible pavements : interim report no. 2.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1975-01-01

A program of construction and performance evaluation of seven Virginia flexible pavements containing at least some experimental features is reported. The objective of the program is to evaluate the performance of the pavements incorporating new or ti...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Electric Buses Hit the Streets in Kentucky

Science.gov Websites

, Kentucky, diversified its fleet with all-electric buses. For information about this project, contact Photo of a car Electric Vehicles Charge up at State Parks in West Virginia Dec. 9, 2017 Photo of a car Hydrogen Powers Fuel Cell Vehicles in California Nov. 18, 2017 Photo of a car Smart Car Shopping Nov. 4

Isn't a Safe Bus Worth Another $300 -- And Isn't a Trained Driver Essential?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American School Board Journal, 1973

1973-01-01

Argues that all drivers of school buses should be trained professionals, and explains how parent awareness of discipline problems on buses can be increased by playing them a tape recording of a ride. Discusses the efforts of a research team to draft a performance standard for the construction of a school bus body with emphasis on panel separation,…

Criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from CNG transit buses equipped with three-way catalysts compared to lean-burn engines and oxidation catalyst technologies.

PubMed

Yoon, Seungju; Collins, John; Thiruvengadam, Arvind; Gautam, Mridul; Herner, Jorn; Ayala, Alberto

2013-08-01

Engine and exhaust control technologies applied to compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses have advanced from lean-burn, to lean-burn with oxidation catalyst (OxC), to stoichiometric combustion with three-way catalyst (TWC). With this technology advancement, regulated gaseous and particulate matter emissions have been significantly reduced. Two CNG transit buses equipped with stoichiometric combustion engines and TWCs were tested on a chassis dynamometer, and their emissions were measured. Emissions from the stoichiometric engines with TWCs were then compared to the emissions from lean-burn CNG transit buses tested in previous studies. Stoichiometric combustion with TWC was effective in reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), particulate matter (PM), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) by 87% to 98% depending on pollutants and test cycles, compared to lean combustion. The high removal efficiencies exceeded the emission reduction required from the certification standards, especially for NO(x) and PM. While the certification standards require 95% and 90% reductions for NO(x) and PM, respectively, from the engine model years 1998-2003 to the engine model year 2007, the measured NO(x) and PM emissions show 96% and 95% reductions, respectively, from the lean-burn engines to the stoichiometric engines with TWC over the transient Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) cycle. One drawback of stoichiometric combustion with TWC is that this technology produces higher carbon monoxide (CO) emissions than lean combustion. In regard to controlling CO emissions, lean combustion with OxC is more effective than stoichiometric combustion. Stoichiometric combustion with TWC produced higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) than lean combustion during the UDDS cycle, but lower GHG emissions during the steady-state cruise cycle. Stoichiometric combustion with three-way catalyst is currently the best emission control technology available for compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses to meet the stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2010 heavy-duty engine NO(x) emissions standard. For existing lean-burn CNG transit buses in the fleet, oxidation catalyst would be the most effective retrofit technology for the control of NMHC and CO emissions.

Efficient and Robust Data Collection Using Compact Micro Hardware, Distributed Bus Architectures and Optimizing Software

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chau, Savio; Vatan, Farrokh; Randolph, Vincent; Baroth, Edmund C.

2006-01-01

Future In-Space propulsion systems for exploration programs will invariably require data collection from a large number of sensors. Consider the sensors needed for monitoring several vehicle systems states of health, including the collection of structural health data, over a large area. This would include the fuel tanks, habitat structure, and science containment of systems required for Lunar, Mars, or deep space exploration. Such a system would consist of several hundred or even thousands of sensors. Conventional avionics system design will require these sensors to be connected to a few Remote Health Units (RHU), which are connected to robust, micro flight computers through a serial bus. This results in a large mass of cabling and unacceptable weight. This paper first gives a survey of several techniques that may reduce the cabling mass for sensors. These techniques can be categorized into four classes: power line communication, serial sensor buses, compound serial buses, and wireless network. The power line communication approach uses the power line to carry both power and data, so that the conventional data lines can be eliminated. The serial sensor bus approach reduces most of the cabling by connecting all the sensors with a single (or redundant) serial bus. Many standard buses for industrial control and sensor buses can support several hundreds of nodes, however, have not been space qualified. Conventional avionics serial buses such as the Mil-Std-1553B bus and IEEE 1394a are space qualified but can support only a limited number of nodes. The third approach is to combine avionics buses to increase their addressability. The reliability, EMI/EMC, and flight qualification issues of wireless networks have to be addressed. Several wireless networks such as the IEEE 802.11 and Ultra Wide Band are surveyed in this paper. The placement of sensors can also affect cable mass. Excessive sensors increase the number of cables unnecessarily. Insufficient number of sensors may not provide adequate coverage of the system. This paper also discusses an optimal technique to place and validate sensors.

Evaluation of Searching and Rescue (SAR) Method For Determining Local Wind Current

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-01

JUL 10 1992 ("= Research ajJ Development Centerto 1082 Shennecossett Road . - Groton, CT 06340-6096 INTERIM REPORT July 1991 This document is...United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center 1082 Shennecossett Road Groton, CT 06340-6096 V ’C . l •• mU. Technical Report Documentation...Grant No. 1082 Shennecossett Road Groton, Connecticut 06340-6096 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address INTERIM

Diesel and CNG Transit Bus Emissions Characterization By Two Chassis Dynamometer Laboratories: Results and Issues

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nigel N. Clark, Mridul Gautam; Byron L. Rapp; Donald W. Lyons

1999-05-03

Emissions of six 32 passenger transit buses were characterized using one of the West Virginia University (WVU) Transportable Heavy Duty Emissions Testing Laboratories, and the fixed base chassis dynamometer at the Colorado Institute for Fuels and High Altitude Engine Research (CIFHAER). Three of the buses were powered with 1997 ISB 5.9 liter Cummins diesel engines, and three were powered with the 1997 5.9 liter Cummins natural gas (NG) counterpart. The NG engines were LEV certified. Objectives were to contrast the emissions performance of the diesel and NG units, and to compare results from the two laboratories. Both laboratories found thatmore » oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter (PM) emissions were substantially lower for the natural gas buses than for the diesel buses. It was observed that by varying the rapidity of pedal movement during accelerations in the Central Business District cycle (CBD), CO and PM emissions from the diesel buses could be varied by a factor of three or more. The driving styles may be characterized as aggressive and non-aggressive, but both styles followed the CBD speed command acceptably. PM emissions were far higher for the aggressive driving style. For the NG fueled vehicles driving style had a similar, although smaller, effect on NO{sub x}. It is evident that driver habits may cause substantial deviation in emissions for the CBD cycle. When the CO emissions are used as a surrogate for driver aggression, a regression analysis shows that NO{sub x} and PM emissions from the two laboratories agree closely for equivalent driving style. Implications of driver habit for emissions inventories and regulations are briefly considered.« less

Exposure assessment of diesel bus emissions.

PubMed

Yip, Maricela; Madl, Pierre; Wiegand, Aaron; Hofmann, Werner

2006-12-01

The goal of this study was to measure ultrafine particle concentrations with diameters less than 1 mum emitted by diesel buses and to assess resulting human exposure levels. The study was conducted at the Woolloongabba Busway station in Brisbane, Australia in the winter months of 2002 during which temperature inversions frequently occurred. Most buses that utilize the station are fuelled by diesel, the exhaust of which contains a significant quantity of particle matter. Passengers waiting at the station are exposed to these particles emitted from the buses. During the course of this study, passenger census was conducted, based on video surveillance, yielding person-by-person waiting time data. Furthermore, a bus census revealed accurate information about the total number of diesel versus Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) powered buses. Background (outside of the bus station) and platform measurements of ultrafine particulate number size distributions were made to determine ambient aerosol concentrations. Particle number exposure concentration ranges from 10 and 40 to 60% of bus related exhaust fumes. This changes dramatically when considering the particle mass exposure concentration, where most passengers are exposed to about 50 to 80% of exhaust fumes. The obtained data can be very significant for comparison with similar work of this type because it is shown in previous studies that exhaust emissions causes cancer in laboratory animals. It was assumed that significant differences between platform and background distributions were due to bus emissions which, combined with passenger waiting times, yielded an estimate of passenger exposure to ultrafine particles from diesel buses. From an exposure point of view, the Busway station analyzed resembles a street canyon. Although the detected exhaust particle concentration at the outbound platform is found to be in the picogram range, exposure increases with the time passengers spend on the platform along with their breathing frequency.

An Analysis of Challenges Faced by Students Learning in Virtual and Open Distance Learning System: A Case of Bindura University of Science Education (BUSE)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dodo, Obediah; Makwerere, David; Parwada, Matavire; Parwada, Cosmas

2013-01-01

After realizing that the traditional modes of tuition in Zimbabwe's andragogy had either gone obsolete or over-crowded, BUSE ventured into a "virtualised" model of open and distance learning as a way of out-doing other competing universities. However, as the programme was rolled out, there came a myriad of challenges affecting the…

Concerns of the Institute of Transport Study and Research for reducing the sound level inside completely repaired buses. [noise and vibration control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Groza, A.; Calciu, J.; Nicola, I.; Ionasek, A.

1974-01-01

Sound level measurements on noise sources on buses are used to observe the effects of attenuating acoustic pressure levels inside the bus by sound-proofing during complete repair. A spectral analysis of the sound level as a function of motor speed, bus speed along the road, and the category of the road is reported.

Quantification of Self Pollution from Two Diesel School Buses using Three Independent Methods.

PubMed

Liu, L-J Sally; Phuleria, Harish C; Webber, Whitney; Davey, Mark; Lawson, Douglas R; Ireson, Robert G; Zielinska, Barbara; Ondov, John M; Weaver, Christopher S; Lapin, Charles A; Easter, Michael; Hesterberg, Thomas W; Larson, Timothy

2010-09-01

We monitored two Seattle school buses to quantify the buses' self pollution using the dual tracers (DT), lead vehicle (LV), and chemical mass balance (CMB) methods. Each bus drove along a residential route simulating stops, with windows closed or open. Particulate matter (PM) and its constituents were monitored in the bus and from a LV. We collected source samples from the tailpipe and crankcase emissions using an on-board dilution tunnel. Concentrations of PM(1), ultrafine particle counts, elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) were higher on the bus than the LV. The DT method estimated that the tailpipe and the crankcase emissions contributed 1.1 and 6.8 mug/m(3) of PM(2.5) inside the bus, respectively, with significantly higher crankcase self pollution (SP) when windows were closed. Approximately two-thirds of in-cabin PM(2.5) originated from background sources. Using the LV approach, SP estimates from the EC and the active personal DataRAM (pDR) measurements correlated well with the DT estimates for tailpipe and crankcase emissions, respectively, although both measurements need further calibration for accurate quantification. CMB results overestimated SP from the DT method but confirmed crankcase emissions as the major SP source. We confirmed buses' SP using three independent methods and quantified crankcase emissions as the dominant contributor.

Quantification of self pollution from two diesel school buses using three independent methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sally Liu, L.-J.; Phuleria, Harish C.; Webber, Whitney; Davey, Mark; Lawson, Douglas R.; Ireson, Robert G.; Zielinska, Barbara; Ondov, John M.; Weaver, Christopher S.; Lapin, Charles A.; Easter, Michael; Hesterberg, Thomas W.; Larson, Timothy

2010-09-01

We monitored two Seattle school buses to quantify the buses' self pollution using the dual tracers (DT), lead vehicle (LV), and chemical mass balance (CMB) methods. Each bus drove along a residential route simulating stops, with windows closed or open. Particulate matter (PM) and its constituents were monitored in the bus and from a LV. We collected source samples from the tailpipe and crankcase emissions using an on-board dilution tunnel. Concentrations of PM 1, ultrafine particle counts, elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) were higher on the bus than the LV. The DT method estimated that the tailpipe and the crankcase emissions contributed 1.1 and 6.8 μg m -3 of PM 2.5 inside the bus, respectively, with significantly higher crankcase self pollution (SP) when windows were closed. Approximately two-thirds of in-cabin PM 2.5 originated from background sources. Using the LV approach, SP estimates from the EC and the active personal DataRAM (pDR) measurements correlated well with the DT estimates for tailpipe and crankcase emissions, respectively, although both measurements need further calibration for accurate quantification. CMB results overestimated SP from the DT method but confirmed crankcase emissions as the major SP source. We confirmed buses' SP using three independent methods and quantified crankcase emissions as the dominant contributor.

Gender differences in motion sickness history and susceptibility to optokinetic rotation-induced motion sickness.

PubMed

Park, A H; Hu, S

1999-11-01

The present study investigated gender differences in motion sickness history and susceptibility to optokinetic rotation-induced motion sickness. The study included two phases. In Phase 1, 485 subjects filled out a survey of previous incidence of motion sickness. Results indicated that women reported significantly greater incidence of feeling motion sickness than did men on buses, on trains, on planes, in cars, and on amusement rides before the age of 12 yr; and on buses, on trains, on planes, in boats, on ships, in cars, on amusement rides, and on swings between the ages of 12 and 25 yr. Women also reported significantly higher incidence of being actually sick than did men on buses before the age of 12 yr and on buses, on ships, and in cars between the ages of 12 and 25 yr. In Phase 2, each of the 47 subjects viewed an optokinetic rotating-drum for 16 min. Subjects' subjective symptoms of motion sickness (SSMS) were obtained during drum rotation. The results showed that there were no significant differences on SSMS scores between men and women. Although women reported greater incidence in motion sickness history, women did not differ from men in severity of symptoms of motion sickness while viewing a rotating optokinetic drum.

46 CFR 30.30-9 - Evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Evaluation. 30.30-9 Section 30.30-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Interim Procedures for Evaluating Vessel Personnel Licensing and Certification Programs of Foreign Countries § 30.30-9 Evaluation. Materials...

In-place cement stabilized base reconstruction techniques interim report : "construction and two year evaluation".

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2002-08-01

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of soil cement shrinkage crack mitigation techniques. The contents of this report reflect an evaluation of the construction of the test sections and a two-year evaluation of the test sect...

Exact and Metaheuristic Approaches for a Bi-Objective School Bus Scheduling Problem.

PubMed

Chen, Xiaopan; Kong, Yunfeng; Dang, Lanxue; Hou, Yane; Ye, Xinyue

2015-01-01

As a class of hard combinatorial optimization problems, the school bus routing problem has received considerable attention in the last decades. For a multi-school system, given the bus trips for each school, the school bus scheduling problem aims at optimizing bus schedules to serve all the trips within the school time windows. In this paper, we propose two approaches for solving the bi-objective school bus scheduling problem: an exact method of mixed integer programming (MIP) and a metaheuristic method which combines simulated annealing with local search. We develop MIP formulations for homogenous and heterogeneous fleet problems respectively and solve the models by MIP solver CPLEX. The bus type-based formulation for heterogeneous fleet problem reduces the model complexity in terms of the number of decision variables and constraints. The metaheuristic method is a two-stage framework for minimizing the number of buses to be used as well as the total travel distance of buses. We evaluate the proposed MIP and the metaheuristic method on two benchmark datasets, showing that on both instances, our metaheuristic method significantly outperforms the respective state-of-the-art methods.

Health risk represented by inhaling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during daily commuting involving using a high traffic flow route in Bogotá.

PubMed

Pachón, Jorge E; Sarmiento, Hugo; Hoshiko, Tomomi

2013-01-01

Assessing the risk to health by inhaling particles and particle-bound PAH during daily commuting along a high traffic flow route/corridor in Bogotá. A van was equipped with a PAS2000 photo-electric sensor for real-time measurement of particle-bound PAH and a Dust Trakfor monitoring PM10 concentration; it drove along typical commuting routes in the city. Exposure to particles and particle-bound PAH was assessed by using an inhalation intake model. A similar trend was observed for both PM10 and PAH concentration, indicating that traffic was the same source for both contaminants. Extreme PM10 and PAH inhalation concentrations were recorded every time direct bus and microbus emissions were measured by the van. Inhalation model results indicated that exposure was significantly greater when using a venues having mixed traffic use (i.e. buses, microbuses, passenger vehicles, motorcycles) compared to using roads where the TransMilenio system (articulated buses) had been implemented. The results may support evaluating bus drivers, commuters and bike users' exposure to toxic compounds in the city.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chandler, K.; Eudy, L.

This report describes operations at Connecticut Transit (CTTRANSIT) in Hartford for one prototype fuel cell bus and three new diesel buses operating from the same location. The prototype fuel cell bus was manufactured by Van Hool and ISE Corp. and features an electric hybrid drive system with a UTC Power PureMotion 120 Fuel Cell Power System and ZEBRA batteries for energy storage. The fuel cell bus started operation in April 2007, and evaluation results through October 2009 are provided in this report.

Comparative evaluation of concrete sealers and multiple layer polymer concrete overlays. Interim report no. 1.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1987-01-01

The report presents comparisons of initial evaluations of several concrete sealers and multiple layer polymer concrete overlays. The sealers evaluated included a solvent-dlspersed epoxy, a water-dlspersed epoxy, a silane, and a high molecular weight ...

Science Opportunities Enabled by NASA's Constellation System: Interim Report

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Committee On Science Opportunities Enabled By Nasa'S Constellation System, National Research Council

To begin implementation of the Vision for Space Exploration (recently renamed "United States Space Exploration Policy"), NASA has begun development of new launch vehicles and a human-carrying spacecraft that are collectively called the Constellation System. In November 2007, NASA asked the NRC to evaluate the potential for the Constellation System to enable new space science opportunities. For this interim report, 11 existing "Vision Mission" studies of advanced space science mission concepts inspired by earlier NASA forward-looking studies were evaluated. The focus was to assess the concepts and group them into two categories: more-deserving or less deserving of future study. This report presents a description of the Constellation System and its opportunities for enabling new space science opportunities, and a systematic analysis of the 11 Vision Mission studies. For the final report, the NRC issued a request for information to the relevant communities to obtain ideas for other mission concepts that will be assessed by the study committee, and several issues addressed only briefly in the interim report will be explored more fully.

Public transportation and tuberculosis transmission in a high incidence setting.

PubMed

Zamudio, Carlos; Krapp, Fiorella; Choi, Howard W; Shah, Lena; Ciampi, Antonio; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Heymann, Jody; Seas, Carlos; Brewer, Timothy F

2015-01-01

Tuberculosis (TB) transmission may occur with exposure to an infectious contact often in the setting of household environments, but extra-domiciliary transmission also may happen. We evaluated if using buses and/or minibuses as public transportation was associated with acquiring TB in a high incidence urban district in Lima, Peru. Newly diagnosed TB cases with no history of previous treatment and community controls were recruited from August to December 2008 for a case-control study. Crude and adjusted odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression to study the association between bus/minibus use and TB risk. One hundred forty TB cases and 80 controls were included. The overall use of buses/minibuses was 44.9%; 53.3% (72/135) among cases and 30.4% (24/79) among controls [OR: 3.50, (95% CI: 1.60-7.64)]. In the TB group, 25.7% (36/140) of subjects reported having had a recent household TB contact, and 13% (18/139) reported having had a workplace TB contact; corresponding figures for controls were 3.8% (3/80) and 4.1% (3/73), respectively[OR: 8.88 (95% CI: 2.64-29.92), and OR: 3.89 (95% CI: 1.10-13.70)]. In multivariate analyses, age, household income, household contact and using buses/minibuses to commute to work were independently associated with TB [OR for bus/minibus use: 11.8 (95% CI: 1.45-96.07)]. Bus/minibus use to commute to work is associated with TB risk in this high-incidence, urban population in Lima, Peru. Measures should be implemented to prevent TB transmission through this exposure.

An Evaluation of Traffic Management at ISF Academy on Kong Sin Wan Road

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, M.

2016-12-01

The ISF Academy, a school with 1500 students, is located on Kong Sin Wan Road. The majority of students from the academy commute to school every morning by private cars, school buses and other public transportation. For the past few years, the school management team has been imposing traffic management regulations to alleviate and minimize traffic congestion in the nearby area. In spite of that, traffic management on Kong Sin Wan Road is fairly limited and inadequate, resulting in congestion at the start and finish of the school day. As a school, we are dedicated to reduce and mitigate the number of private cars and school buses, as well as to control carbon dioxide emissions from the variety of vehicles. In order to implement strategies to make improvements to the current traffic management system, we, as a school, aim to establish a systematic approach to calculate and model the number of private cars, EV cars, plug-in hybrids and school buses flowing near the ISF campus every day, and the number of students on each vehicle. According to the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the average annual carbon dioxide emission for a typical passenger vehicle is 4.7 metric tons. By multiplying the average carbon dioxide emission by the number of cars coming to campus every morning, we will gain a better understanding of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from school vehicles. To extend the research, we will design a survey to investigate and encourage carpooling between families and students who live close, in order to combat and relieve rising traffic congestion and minimize cars crowding the roads. The traffic study project will not only help the school community create a more environment-friendly campus, but also improve the traffic congestion around the school area.

Interim Outcomes Assessment of the Comprehensive Clinical Performance Grid for Student Evaluation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tolls, Dorothy Bazzinotti; Carlson, Nancy; Wilson, Roger; Richman, Jack

2001-01-01

Assessed the viability of the Comprehensive Clinical Performance Grid for Student Evaluation, introduced at The New England College of Optometry in 1996 in clinical student assessment. Analyzed faculty and student feedback and consistency with previous evaluations, between evaluators, and between clinical sites and tracts. Found satisfaction with…

49 CFR 571.202 - Standard No. 202; Head restraints; Applicable at the manufacturers option until September 1, 2009.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

....2, S4.4 or S4.5 of this section. S4.2Except for school buses, a head restraint that conforms to... position. For school buses, a head restraint that conforms to either S4.2 (a) or (b) of this section must... one of the following occurs: (i) Failure of the seat or seat back; or, (ii) Application of a load of...

49 CFR 571.202 - Standard No. 202; Head restraints; Applicable at the manufacturers option until September 1, 2009.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

....2, S4.4 or S4.5 of this section. S4.2Except for school buses, a head restraint that conforms to... position. For school buses, a head restraint that conforms to either S4.2 (a) or (b) of this section must... one of the following occurs: (i) Failure of the seat or seat back; or, (ii) Application of a load of...

Crossing Guards: A Safety Patrol Program at a Residential School for Students Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired. Practice Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Besden, Cheryl; Crow, Nita; Delgado Greenberg, Maya; Finkelstein, Gerri; Shrieves, Gary; Vickroy, Marcia

2005-01-01

In 2001, the California School for the Blind (CSB) was faced with a dilemma. The dropoff point for the day buses had to be changed. The new route to the only logical location for this change sent the buses through a driveway where residential students crossed to travel between the school and the dormitories. Some staff members wanted to eliminate…

School Districts Move to the Head of the Class with Propane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

School districts across the country are under pressure to reduce their cost of operations and ensure their budgets are spent wisely. School bus fleets operate more than 675,000 buses in the United States, and many school districts have found the answer to their budget woes in the form of propane, or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Propane is a reliable, domestic fuel, and it's used in approximately 2% of school buses nationwide.

78 FR 70415 - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-25

...Completing the first initiative of NHTSA's 2007 ``NHTSA's Approach to Motorcoach Safety'' plan and one of the principal undertakings of DOT's 2009 Motorcoach Safety Action Plan, and fulfilling a statutory mandate of the Motorcoach Enhanced Safety Act of 2012, incorporated into the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act, this final rule amends the Federal motor vehicle safety standard (FMVSS) on occupant crash protection to require lap/shoulder seat belts for each passenger seating position in all new over-the-road buses, and in new buses other than over-the-road buses with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) greater than 11,793 kilograms (kg) (26,000 pounds (lb), with certain exclusions. By requiring the passenger lap/ shoulder seat belts, this final rule significantly reduces the risk of fatality and serious injury in frontal crashes and the risk of occupant ejection in rollovers, thus considerably enhancing the safety of these vehicles.

Evaluation of internal fit of interim crown fabricated with CAD/CAM milling and 3D printing system.

PubMed

Lee, Wan-Sun; Lee, Du-Hyeong; Lee, Kyu-Bok

2017-08-01

This study is to evaluate the internal fit of the crown manufactured by CAD/CAM milling method and 3D printing method. The master model was fabricated with stainless steel by using CNC machine and the work model was created from the vinyl-polysiloxane impression. After scanning the working model, the design software is used to design the crown. The saved STL file is used on the CAD/CAM milling method and two types of 3D printing method to produce 10 interim crowns per group. Internal discrepancy measurement uses the silicon replica method and the measured data are analyzed with One-way ANOVA to verify the statistic significance. The discrepancy means (standard deviation) of the 3 groups are 171.6 (97.4) µm for the crown manufactured by the milling system and 149.1 (65.9) and 91.1 (36.4) µm, respectively, for the crowns manufactured with the two types of 3D printing system. There was a statistically significant difference and the 3D printing system group showed more outstanding value than the milling system group. The marginal and internal fit of the interim restoration has more outstanding 3D printing method than the CAD/CAM milling method. Therefore, the 3D printing method is considered as applicable for not only the interim restoration production, but also in the dental prosthesis production with a higher level of completion.

Seasonal evaluation of evapotranspiration fluxes from MODIS satellite and mesoscale model downscaled global reanalysis datasets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Srivastava, Prashant K.; Han, Dawei; Islam, Tanvir; Petropoulos, George P.; Gupta, Manika; Dai, Qiang

2016-04-01

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an important variable in hydrological modeling, which is not always available, especially for ungauged catchments. Satellite data, such as those available from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and global datasets via the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA) interim and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis are important sources of information for ETo. This study explored the seasonal performances of MODIS (MOD16) and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model downscaled global reanalysis datasets, such as ERA interim and NCEP-derived ETo, against ground-based datasets. Overall, on the basis of the statistical metrics computed, ETo derived from ERA interim and MODIS were more accurate in comparison to the estimates from NCEP for all the seasons. The pooled datasets also revealed a similar performance to the seasonal assessment with higher agreement for the ERA interim (r = 0.96, RMSE = 2.76 mm/8 days; bias = 0.24 mm/8 days), followed by MODIS (r = 0.95, RMSE = 7.66 mm/8 days; bias = -7.17 mm/8 days) and NCEP (r = 0.76, RMSE = 11.81 mm/8 days; bias = -10.20 mm/8 days). The only limitation with downscaling ERA interim reanalysis datasets using WRF is that it is time-consuming in contrast to the readily available MODIS operational product for use in mesoscale studies and practical applications.

Evaluation of rubber-asphalt chip seal in Oregon : interim report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-05-01

The Oregon State Highway Division, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, participated in a demonstration project on the evaluation of rubber-asphalt chip seals. The trial projects were placed in Maintenance District 11, in the vicin...

Evaluation of arterial service patrol programs.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-12-01

This evaluation of the Arterial Service Patrol named I-64 Traffic Response (TR) is an interim report covering the first full year of operation. This Arterial Service Patrol was part of a regional traffic management strategy to address mobility issues...

Bringing English to Order: A Personal Account of the NCC English Evaluation Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clark, Urszula

1994-01-01

Provides a personal account of Great Britain's National Curriculum Committee's English Evaluation Project based at Warwick University. Describes the way the interim and final results of the committee were used by higher powers. (HB)

Evaluation of Stainless Steel Reinforcement in Bridge Decks.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-10-01

This report is a follow up and final report to the report on the Evaluation of Stainless Steel Reinforcement, Construction Report. RDT 03 003. The results of interim testing during the bridges first five years are reported for Missouris...

Evaluation of 3-D laser scanning equipment : 2016 interim report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-05-01

As a follow-up to ICT Project R27-030, Evaluation of 3-D Laser Scanning, this report provides findings of an evaluation of 3-D laser : scanning equipment to determine the tangible costs versus benefits and the manpower savings realized by using the e...