Calcium absorption is not increased by caseinophosphopeptides.

PubMed

Teucher, Birgit; Majsak-Newman, Gosia; Dainty, Jack R; McDonagh, David; FitzGerald, Richard J; Fairweather-Tait, Susan J

2006-07-01

One of the suggested health benefits of caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) is their ability to enhance calcium absorption. This possibility is based on the assumption that they resist proteolysis in the upper gastrointestinal tract and maintain calcium in a soluble form at alkaline pH in the distal ileum. The effects of CPP-enriched preparations (containing candidate functional food ingredients) on calcium absorption from a calcium lactate drink were tested. A randomized crossover trial was undertaken in 15 adults in whom we measured the absorption of calcium from a calcium lactate drink (drink A: 400 mg Ca as lactate) and 2 preparations enriched with forms of CPP (1.7 g each; drinks B and C). Both drinks B and C contained 400 mg Ca as calcium lactate plus approximately 100 mg CPP-derived calcium). Each volunteer received the 3 drinks in random order. Absorption was measured by the dual-label calcium stable-isotope technique. The quantity of calcium absorbed was significantly lower from drink A (103 mg) than from drink B (117 mg; P = 0.012) or drink C (121 mg; P = 0.002), which indicated a positive effect of the CPPs. However, because the CPP preparations contributed additional calcium besides that found in the calcium lactate (drink A), fractional absorption of calcium from drink B (23%) was slightly but significantly (P = 0.015) lower than that from drink A (26%). The differences in calcium absorption are unlikely to have any biological significance. CPPs are unsuitable as candidate ingredients for functional foods that are designed to deliver improved calcium nutrition.

In situ effect of a CPP-ACP chewing gum on enamel erosion associated or not with abrasion.

PubMed

de Oliveira, Andressa Feitosa Bezerra; de Oliveira Diniz, Luciana Vilar; Forte, Franklin Delano Soares; Sampaio, Fabio Correia; Ccahuana-Vásquez, Renzo Alberto; Tochukwu Amaechi, Bennett

2017-01-01

The purpose of this study is to analyze the in situ effect of a casein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) chewing gum on human enamel erosion lesion associated or not with abrasion. A three-way crossover study of 7 days was conducted involving 10 volunteers subjected to the same protocol: (G1) CPP-ACP sugar-free chewing gum, (G2) regular sugar-free chewing gum without CPP-ACP, and (G3) saliva-no chewing gum. An abrasion test was included in each phase. A 3D non-contact profilometry measurement of lesion depth and surface roughness was obtained of sound and eroded surfaces. A salivary calcium concentration was determined for all volunteers. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test were used with a p < 0.05. The enamel depth and the enamel surface roughness of the CPP-ACP gum group were significantly lower than the others (ANOVA, p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the treatments when associated with abrasion (p > 0.05). A positive and significant correlation was seen between the lesion depth and enamel surface roughness for GI (r = 0.87, p = 0.00) and GIII (r = 0.79, p = 0.00) groups. The estimated total calcium presented in the saliva after the chewed CPP-ACP gum showed no statistical significance between the mean absorbance values at the different time collections (p > 0.05). It is demonstrated that the incorporation of the CPP-ACP into a sugar-free gum significantly increased the remineralization/protection of eroded enamel surface. The CPP-ACP added to gum may be a suitable alternative vehicle, to deliver calcium ions to saliva and therefore protecting enamel.

Effects of the addition of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on mechanical properties of luting and lining glass ionomer cement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heravi, Farzin; Bagheri, Hossein; Rangrazi, Abdolrasoul; Mojtaba Zebarjad, Seyed

2016-07-01

Recently, the addition of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) into glass ionomer cements (GICs) has attracted interest due to its remineralization of teeth and its antibacterial effects. However, it should be investigated to ensure that the incorporation of CPP-ACP does not have significant adverse effects on its mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of CPP-ACP on the mechanical properties of luting and lining GIC. The first step was to synthesize the CPP-ACP. Then the CPP-ACP at concentrations of 1%, 1.56% and 2% of CPP-ACP was added into a luting and lining GIC. GIC without CPP-ACP was used as a control group. The results revealed that the incorporation of CPP-ACP up to 1.56%(w/w) increased the flexural strength (29%), diametral tensile strength (36%) and microhardness (18%), followed by a reduction in these mechanical properties at 2%(w/w) CPP-ACP. The wear rate was significantly decreased (23%) in 1.56%(w/w) concentration of CPP-ACP and it was increased in 2%(w/w). Accordingly, the addition of 1.56%(w/w) CPP-ACP into luting and lining GIC had no adverse effect on the mechanical properties of luting and lining GIC and could be used in clinical practice.

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and shear bond strength of adhesives to primary teeth enamel.

PubMed

Farokh Gisovar, Elham; Hedayati, Nassim; Shadman, Niloofar; Shafiee, Leila

2015-02-01

CPP-ACP (Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate) has an important role in caries prevention in pediatric patients. This study was done, because of the great use of CPP-ACP and the need for restoration for teeth treated with CPP-ACP as well as the importance of shear bond strength of adhesives in the success of restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on shear bond strength of dental adhesives to enamel of primary teeth molars. This in vitro study was conducted on 180 extracted primary molars. They were randomly divided into 6 groups and each group was divided into 2 subgroups (treated with CPP-ACP and untreated). In subgroups with CPP-ACP, enamel was treated with CPP-ACP paste 1 h/d for 5 days. Types of adhesives that were evaluated in this study were Tetric N-Bond, AdheSE, AdheSE One F, single Bond 2, SE Bond, and Adper Prompt L-Pop. Shear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine and mode of failure was evaluated under stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by T test, 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey and Fisher exact test using SPSS18. P < 0.05 was considered as significance level. Shear bond strengths of different adhesive systems to enamel of primary teeth treated and untreated with CPP-ACP showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Mode of failure in all groups regardless of CPP-ACP administration was mainly adhesive type. Our results indicated that CPP-ACP did not affect shear bond strength of studied adhesives to primary teeth enamel. To have a successful and durable composite restoration, having a high strength bonding is essential. Considering the wide use of CPP-ACP in preventing tooth decay and the role of adhesive shear bond strength (SBS) in success of composite restoration, we conducted the present study to evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP on the SBS of adhesives to primary teeth enamel.

Efficacy of CPP-ACP and CPP-ACPF on enamel remineralization - an in vitro study using scanning electron microscope and DIAGNOdent.

PubMed

Jayarajan, Jayanth; Janardhanam, P; Jayakumar, P

2011-01-01

Remineralization as a treatment procedure has received a lot of attention both from clinicians as well researchers. The objective of this in vitro study was to find out the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) in remineralizing enamel surface on which artificial caries lesion had been created. The changes were analyzed using DIAGNOdent (KaVo) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ninety maxillary premolars were selected and divided into three groups of 30 teeth each: A (artificial saliva), B (CPP-ACP), and C (CPP-ACPF). All the samples were assessed using DIAGNOdent at the baseline and after demineralization and remineralization. Three samples were randomly selected from each group after remineralization for surface evaluation using SEM. Statistical analysis showed that group B {CPP-ACP (4.1 ± 1.8)} and group C {CPP-ACPF (4.8 ± 1.2)} had a significantly higher amount of remineralization than group A (1.7 ± 0.7). All the three groups showed a statistically significant amount of remineralization. However, because of the added benefit of fluoride (NaF 0.2%), CPP-ACPF (Tooth Mousse-Plus) showed marginally more amount of remineralization than CPP-ACP (Tooth Mousse).

Comparative evaluation of remineralization potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride on artificial enamel white spot lesion: an in vitro light fluorescence study.

PubMed

Mehta, R; Nandlal, B; Prashanth, S

2013-01-01

World-wide, the contribution of dental caries to the burden of oral diseases is about 10 times higher than that of periodontal disease, the other common oral condition. Owing to its globally high prevalence, dental caries is a "pandemic" disease characterized by a high percentage of untreated carious cavities causing pain, discomfort and functional limitations. Untreated carious cavities; furthermore, have a significant impact on the general health of children and on the social and economic well-being of communities. A surgical approach to the elimination of carious lesion was developed a century ago; this approach was necessary at that time, because there was no valid alternative. The focus in caries has recently shifted to the development of methodologies for the detection of the early stages of caries lesions and the non-invasive treatment of these lesions. The non-invasive treatment of early lesions by remineralization has the potential to be a major advance in the clinical management of the disease. Remineralization of white-spot lesions may be possible with a variety of currently available agents containing fluoride, bioavailable calcium and phosphate and phosphate. This concept bridges the traditional gap between prevention and surgical procedures, which is just what dentistry needs today. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and to compare the remineralization potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) on artificial white spot enamel lesions using the quantitative light fluorescence (QLF). A total of 45 caries-free extracted maxillary first premolars were embedded in acrylic resin. The samples were randomly divided into three groups namely control group, CPP-ACP group and CPP-ACFP group with 15 samples in each group. The samples of each group were subjected to demineralization process for a period of 96 h. The samples were then mounted in the artificial mouth model and subjected to remineralization and pH cycling for a period of 21 days. QLF readings were recorded at the end of demineralization (1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day) and were statistically analyzed. As compared with artificial saliva both CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP produced significant amount of remineralization of the artificial enamel white spot lesion (P < 0.001), however when the remineralizing effect of CPP-ACP was compared with the remineralizing effect of CPP-ACFP there was no significant difference. Significant amount of remineralization was produced by CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP only after the 7th day. After the 14th day, the remineralization produced by both CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP as compared to artificial saliva was non-significant.

THE SYNTHESIS OF LEAD PYROPHOSPHATE, PB2P2O7, IN WATER

EPA Science Inventory

Polyphosphates are used in the drinking water to prevent the precipitation of cations such as calcium and iron. The possible negative impact of using polyphosphates is the undesirable complexation of lead which could result in elevated lead levels in consumer’s tap water. Altho...

Comparison of CPP-ACP, Tri-Calcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite on Remineralization of Artificial Caries Like Lesions on Primary Enamel -An in vitro Study.

PubMed

Bajaj, Meghna; Poornima, P; Praveen, S; Nagaveni, N B; Roopa, K B; Neena, I E; Bharath, K P

To compare CPP-ACP, Tri-calcium phosphate and Hydroxyapatite on remineralization of artificial caries like lesions on primary enamel. Ten extracted Primary molars coated with nail varnish, leaving a window of 2×4 mm on buccal and lingual surface were immersed in demineralizing solution for 96 hours and sectioned longitudinally to obtain 40 sections (4 sections per tooth) and were randomly divided into 4 groups (A to D) n=10; Group A: negative control, Group B: CPP-ACP, Group C: Tri-calcium phosphate, Group D: Hydroxyapatite. Sections were subjected to pH cycling for 10 days and were evaluated by polarized light microscope before and after treatment. Intra group comparison of demineralization and remineralization was done by paired t-test. One way ANOVA was used for multiple group comparisons followed by post HOC TUKEY'S Test for group wise comparisons. Remineralization was found more with Group D followed by Group B, C and A. Hydroxyapatite showed better remineralization when compared to CPP-ACP and Tri-calcium phosphate.

Unusual polyphosphate inclusions observed in a marine Beggiatoa strain.

PubMed

Brock, Jörg; Rhiel, Erhard; Beutler, Martin; Salman, Verena; Schulz-Vogt, Heide N

2012-02-01

Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Beggiatoa are known to accumulate phosphate intracellularly as polyphosphate but little is known about the structure and properties of these inclusions. Application of different staining techniques revealed the presence of unusually large polyphosphate inclusions in the marine Beggiatoa strain 35Flor. The inclusions showed a co-occurrence of polyphosphate, calcium and magnesium when analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Similar to polyphosphate-enriched acidocalcisomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the polyphosphate inclusions in Beggiatoa strain 35Flor are enclosed by a lipid layer and store cations. However, they are not notably acidic. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic reconstruction showed an affiliation of Beggiatoa strain 35Flor to a monophyletic branch, comprising other narrow vacuolated and non-vacuolated Beggiatoa species. The polyphosphate inclusions represent a new type of membrane surrounded storage compartment within the genus Beggiatoa, distinct from the mostly nitrate-storing vacuoles known from other marine sulfide-oxidizing bacteria of the family Beggiatoaceae.

Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Shear Bond Strength of Adhesives to Primary Teeth Enamel

PubMed Central

Farokh Gisovar, Elham; Hedayati, Nassim; Shadman, Niloofar; Shafiee, Leila

2015-01-01

Background: CPP-ACP (Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate) has an important role in caries prevention in pediatric patients. This study was done, because of the great use of CPP-ACP and the need for restoration for teeth treated with CPP-ACP as well as the importance of shear bond strength of adhesives in the success of restorations. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on shear bond strength of dental adhesives to enamel of primary teeth molars. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was conducted on 180 extracted primary molars. They were randomly divided into 6 groups and each group was divided into 2 subgroups (treated with CPP-ACP and untreated). In subgroups with CPP-ACP, enamel was treated with CPP-ACP paste 1 h/d for 5 days. Types of adhesives that were evaluated in this study were Tetric N-Bond, AdheSE, AdheSE One F, single Bond 2, SE Bond, and Adper Prompt L-Pop. Shear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine and mode of failure was evaluated under stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by T test, 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey and Fisher exact test using SPSS18. P < 0.05 was considered as significance level. Results: Shear bond strengths of different adhesive systems to enamel of primary teeth treated and untreated with CPP-ACP showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Mode of failure in all groups regardless of CPP-ACP administration was mainly adhesive type. Our results indicated that CPP-ACP did not affect shear bond strength of studied adhesives to primary teeth enamel. Conclusions: To have a successful and durable composite restoration, having a high strength bonding is essential. Considering the wide use of CPP-ACP in preventing tooth decay and the role of adhesive shear bond strength (SBS) in success of composite restoration, we conducted the present study to evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP on the SBS of adhesives to primary teeth enamel. PMID:25793113

Efficacy of pastes containing CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

PubMed

Peric, Tamara; Markovic, Dejan; Petrovic, Bojan; Radojevic, Vesna; Todorovic, Tatjana; Radicevic, Biljana Andjelski; Heinemann, Radmila Jancic; Susic, Gordana; Popadic, Aleksandra Peric; Spiric, Vesna Tomic

2015-12-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) containing pastes among individuals with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Thirty patients were randomised into three groups: CPP-ACP, CPP-ACFP, and 0.05 % NaF to be used two times a day during a 28-day experimental period. Saliva was analysed for flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and mineral concentrations. Dental plaque was examined for pH. Following the formation of artificial carious lesion, participants wore enamel slabs for an in situ remineralisation study. Remineralisation potential was examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) technique. SE microphotographs were subsequently analysed for area, diameter, perimeter, roundness and the number of enamel defects and percentage of tooth surface affected by defects. At the end of the experimental period, a slight increase of salivary pH could have been observed. No differences in mineral composition of saliva were noted. The use of CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP contributed to a significant rise of plaque pH. Image analysis revealed excessive reduction of defects' dimensions in the three experimental groups, and a decrease of the number of enamel defects in the CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP groups. The EDS analysis did not show differences in Ca/P, Ca/O and P/O ratios in any of the treatment groups. CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP hold promise as remineralising agents for patients with SS. Pastes containing CPP-ACP/CPP-ACFP show enhanced remineralisation potential compared with NaF mouthrinse in patients with SS.

In situ effect of CPP-ACP chewing gum upon erosive enamel loss

PubMed Central

de ALENCAR, Catarina Ribeiro Barros; de OLIVEIRA, Gabriela Cristina; MAGALHÃES, Ana Carolina; BUZALAF, Marília Afonso Rabelo; MACHADO, Maria Aparecida de Andrade Moreira; HONÓRIO, Heitor Marques; RIOS, Daniela

2017-01-01

Abstract Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is able to increase salivary calcium and phosphate levels at an acidic pH. Previous studies demonstrated that a CPP-ACP chewing gum was able to enhance the re-hardening of erosion lesions, but could not diminish enamel hardness loss. Therefore, there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of CPP-ACP on dental erosion. Objective This in situ study investigated the ability of a CPP-ACP chewing gum in preventing erosive enamel loss. Material and Methods: During three experimental crossover phases (one phase per group) of seven days each, eight volunteers wore palatal devices with human enamel blocks. The groups were: GI – Sugar free chewing gum with CPP-ACP; GII – Conventional sugar free chewing gum; and GIII – No chewing gum (control). Erosive challenge was extraorally performed by immersion of the enamel blocks in cola drink (5 min, 4x/day). After each challenge, in groups CPP and No CPP, volunteers chewed one unit of the corresponding chewing gum for 30 minutes. Quantitative analysis of enamel loss was performed by profilometry (µm). Data were analyzed by Repeated-Measures ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p<0.05). Results The use of chewing gum (CPP and No CPP) resulted in lower erosive enamel loss compared with the control group (p<0.05). CPP-ACP chewing gum (CPP) did not improve the protection against erosive enamel loss compared with conventional chewing gum (No CPP) (p>0.05). Conclusion The CPP-ACP chewing gum was not able to enhance the anti-erosive effect of conventional chewing gum against enamel loss. PMID:28678944

The effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and a cola soft drink on in vitro enamel hardness.

PubMed

Panich, Muratha; Poolthong, Suchit

2009-04-01

The authors conducted an in vitro study to compare the hardness of normal enamel with enamel eroded by a cola soft drink and enamel remineralized by casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) or artificial saliva. The authors immersed 40 extracted sound central and lateral incisors alternately in a cola soft drink or artificial saliva for 10 cycles of five seconds each. They repeated this procedure two times at six-hour intervals. They divided the samples randomly into four groups and applied CPP-ACP to the samples, immersed them in artificial saliva, deionized water or both. They measured the hardness on the labial surface at baseline, after erosion and after remineralization and analyzed the data with one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and two-way analysis of variance. The cola soft drink significantly decreased enamel hardness. CPP-ACP and CPP-ACP and artificial saliva significantly increased the hardness of eroded enamel. CPP-ACP and CPP-ACP and artificial saliva increased the hardness of eroded enamel significantly more than artificial saliva did. CPP-ACP increased the hardness of eroded enamel. CPP-ACP had a greater effect on enamel hardness than did artificial saliva. Consumption of a cola soft drink can cause tooth erosion. CPP-ACP may significantly remineralize eroded enamel compared with artificial saliva.

Micro-CT and FE-SEM enamel analyses of calcium-based agent application after bleaching.

PubMed

Gomes, Mauricio Neves; Rodrigues, Flávia Pires; Silikas, Nick; Francci, Carlos Eduardo

2018-03-01

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on bleached enamel. A bleaching agent (35% hydrogen peroxide) was applied, 4 × 8 min on premolar teeth (n = 8). A CPP-ACP paste was applied for 7 days. Prior and post-treatment, microtomography images were obtained and 3D regions of interest (ROIs) were selected, from outer enamel, extending to 110.2-μm depth. CT parameters of structure: thickness (St.Th), separation (St.Sp), and fragmentation index (Fr.I.) were calculated for each (ROI). Data was submitted to paired t tests at a 95% confidence level. The samples were evaluated at 3000 to 100,000 magnification. Quantitative analysis of enamel mineral content was also determined by SEM EDX. There was a significant increase in structure thickness and calcium content. The phosphorus content increased after bleaching. There was also a decreased separation and fragmentation index on the outer enamel to a depth of 56.2 μm (p < 0.05). There were no changes at 110.2-μm depth for the bleaching CPP-ACP association. A covering layer and decreased spaces between the hydroxyapatite crystals appeared around the enamel prisms, 7 days after the CPP-ACP application. The application of a CPP-ACP provides a compact structure on the enamel's outer surface, for 7 days, due to calcium deposition. CT parameters seem to be a useful tool for mineralizing and remineralizing future studies. CPP-ACP neutralizes any adverse effects on enamel surface when applied during a week after bleaching and minimizes any side effects of the bleaching treatment due to a more compact structure.

Surface remineralization potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on enamel eroded by cola-drinks: An in-situ model study.

PubMed

Grewal, Navneet; Kudupudi, Vinod; Grewal, Sukrit

2013-07-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the remineralization potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on enamel eroded by cola drinks. A total of 30 healthy subjects were selected from a random sample of 1200 children and divided into two groups of 15 each wherein calcium and phosphorus analyses and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was carried out to investigate the remineralization of enamel surface. A total of 30 non-carious premolar teeth were selected from the human tooth bank (HTB) to prepare the in-situ appliance. Three enamel slabs were prepared from the same. One enamel slab was used to obtain baseline values and the other two were embedded into the upper palatal appliances prepared on the subjects' maxillary working model. The subjects wore the appliance after which 30 ml cola drink exposure was given. After 15 days, the slabs were removed and subjected to respective analysis. Means of all the readings of soluble calcium and phosphorous levels at baseline,post cola-drink exposure and post cpp-acp application were subjected to statistical analysis SPSS11.5 version. Comparison within groups and between groups was carried out using ANOVA and F-values at 1% level of significance. Decrease in calcium solubility of enamel in the CPP-ACP application group as compared to post-cola drink exposure group (P < 0.05) was seen. Distinctive change in surface topography of enamel in the post-CPP-ACP application group as compared to post-cola drink exposure group was observed. CPP-ACP significantly promoted remineralization of enamel eroded by cola drinks as revealed by significant morphological changes seen in SEM magnification and spectrophotometric analyses.

Biological Apatite Formed from Polyphosphate and Alkaline Phosphatase May Exchange Oxygen Isotopes from Water through Carbonate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omelon, S. J.; Stanley, S. Y.; Gorelikov, I.; Matsuura, N.

2011-12-01

The oxygen isotopic composition in bone mineral phosphate is known to reflect the local water composition, environmental humidity, and diet1. Once ingested, biochemical processes presumably equilibrate PO43- with "body water" by the many biochemical reactions involving PO43- 2. Blake et al. demonstrated that enzymatic release of PO43- from organophosphorus compounds, and microbial metabolism of dissolved orthophosphate, significantly exchange the oxygen in precipitated apatite within environmental water3,4, which otherwise does not exchange with water at low temperatures. One of the enzymes that can cleave phosphates from organic substrates is alkaline phosphastase5, the enzyme also associated with bone mineralization. The literature often states that the mineral in bone in hydroxylapatite, however the mineral in bone is carbonated apatite that also contains some fluoride6. Deprotonation of HPO32- occurs at pH 12, which is impossibly high for biological system, and the predominate carbonate species in solution at neutral pH is HCO3-. To produce an apatite mineral without a significant hydroxyl content, it is possible that apatite biomineralization occurs through a polyphosphate pathway, where the oxygen atom required to transform polyphosphate into individual phosphate ions is from carbonate: [PO3-]n + CO32- -> [PO3-]n-1 + PO43- + CO2. Alkaline phosphatase can depolymerise polyphosphate into orthophosphate5. If alkaline phosphatase cleaves an oxygen atom from a calcium-carbonate complex, then there is no requirement for removing a hydrogen atom from the HCO3- or HPO43- ions of body water to form bioapatite. A mix of 1 mL of 1 M calcium polyphosphate hydogel, or nano-particles of calcium polyphosphate, and amorphous calcium carbonate were reacted with alkaline phosphatase, and maintained at neutral to basic pH. After two weeks, carbonated apatite and other calcium phosphate minerals were identified by powder x-ray diffraction. Orthophosphate and unreacted polyphosphate species were detected by Raman and IR spectroscopy. The oxygen isotope data of the reactants and products will also be presented. The possibility that carbonate acts as an intermediate reagent, transferring the oxygen from water to phosphate in biological apatite mineral formation may explain why biological apatite exhibits a significant carbonate content, and how this mineral is formed with an insignificant hydroxyl content. 1 Kohn, M.J., and Cerling, T.E. Rev Mineral Geochem 2002 (48) 455 2 Kolodny, Y., Luz, B., Navon, O. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1983 (64) 398 3 Blake, R.E., O'Neil, J.R., Garcia, G.A. Geochim et Cosmochim Acta 1997 (61) 4411 4 Blake, R.E., Alt, J.C., and Martini, A.M. PNAS 2001 (98) 2148-2153 5 Liang, Y., and Blake, R.E. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2009 (73) 3782) 6 Pasteris, J.D. et al. Biomaterials 2004 (35) 229 7 Omelon et al., PLoS ONE 2009 4(5), e5634

Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Reduces Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Development on Glass Ionomer Cement and Disrupts Established Biofilms

PubMed Central

Liu, Sze-Wei; Myroforidis, Helen; Zalizniak, Ilya; Palamara, Joseph E. A.; Huq, N. Laila; Reynolds, Eric C.

2016-01-01

Glass ionomer cements (GIC) are dental restorative materials that are suitable for modification to help prevent dental plaque (biofilm) formation. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of incorporating casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) into a GIC on the colonisation and establishment of Streptococcus mutans biofilms and the effects of aqueous CPP-ACP on established S mutans biofilms. S. mutans biofilms were either established in flow cells before a single ten min exposure to 1% w/v CPP-ACP treatment or cultured in static wells or flow cells with either GIC or GIC containing 3% w/w CPP-ACP as the substratum. The biofilms were then visualised using confocal laser scanning microscopy after BacLight LIVE/DEAD staining. A significant decrease in biovolume and average thickness of S. mutans biofilms was observed in both static and flow cell assays when 3% CPP-ACP was incorporated into the GIC substratum. A single ten min treatment with aqueous 1% CPP-ACP resulted in a 58% decrease in biofilm biomass and thickness of established S. mutans biofilms grown in a flow cell. The treatment also significantly altered the structure of these biofilms compared with controls. The incorporation of 3% CPP-ACP into GIC significantly reduced S. mutans biofilm development indicating another potential anticariogenic mechanism of this material. Additionally aqueous CPP-ACP disrupted established S. mutans biofilms. The use of CPP-ACP containing GIC combined with regular CPP-ACP treatment may lower S. mutans challenge. PMID:27589264

Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Reduces Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Development on Glass Ionomer Cement and Disrupts Established Biofilms.

PubMed

Dashper, Stuart G; Catmull, Deanne V; Liu, Sze-Wei; Myroforidis, Helen; Zalizniak, Ilya; Palamara, Joseph E A; Huq, N Laila; Reynolds, Eric C

2016-01-01

Glass ionomer cements (GIC) are dental restorative materials that are suitable for modification to help prevent dental plaque (biofilm) formation. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of incorporating casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) into a GIC on the colonisation and establishment of Streptococcus mutans biofilms and the effects of aqueous CPP-ACP on established S mutans biofilms. S. mutans biofilms were either established in flow cells before a single ten min exposure to 1% w/v CPP-ACP treatment or cultured in static wells or flow cells with either GIC or GIC containing 3% w/w CPP-ACP as the substratum. The biofilms were then visualised using confocal laser scanning microscopy after BacLight LIVE/DEAD staining. A significant decrease in biovolume and average thickness of S. mutans biofilms was observed in both static and flow cell assays when 3% CPP-ACP was incorporated into the GIC substratum. A single ten min treatment with aqueous 1% CPP-ACP resulted in a 58% decrease in biofilm biomass and thickness of established S. mutans biofilms grown in a flow cell. The treatment also significantly altered the structure of these biofilms compared with controls. The incorporation of 3% CPP-ACP into GIC significantly reduced S. mutans biofilm development indicating another potential anticariogenic mechanism of this material. Additionally aqueous CPP-ACP disrupted established S. mutans biofilms. The use of CPP-ACP containing GIC combined with regular CPP-ACP treatment may lower S. mutans challenge.

[Preventive and remineralization effect over incipient lesions of caries decay by phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate].

PubMed

Juárez-López, María Lilia Adriana; Hernández-Palacios, Rosa Diana; Hernández-Guerrero, Juan Carlos; Jiménez-Farfán, Dolores; Molina-Frechero, Nelly

2014-01-01

INTRODUCTION. Dental caries continues to affect a large percentage of Mexican children and currently advises that if diagnosed at an early stage can be reversed with minimally invasive treatments. The casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate known as CPP-ACP is a phosphoprotein capable of releasing calcium and phosphate ions in the oral environment promoting remineralization. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP with fluoride added in a scholar preventive program. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A cuasi- experimental study was conducted in 104 schools of six years old. The children were classified into three groups and received six months biweekly applications of different treatments: casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate added fluoride (CPP-ACPF), sodium fluoride (NaF) and a control group. Clinical evaluation was performed with the laser fluorescence technique (Diagnodent model 2095). 1340 teeth were included: 294 teeth with incipient lesions and 1,046 healthy teeth. Statistical tests of χ2 y Mc Nemar were used. RESULTS. In the group that received the application of CPP-ACPF, 38% of incipient carious lesions were remineralizing compared with 21% in the group receiving the NaF (p < 0.001) and 15% in the control group (p < 0.0001) The percentage of teeth free of caries were preserved in the therapy group phosphoprotein was the biggest. This group also showed the lower proportion of deep carious lesion development (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION. The application biweekly for six months of CPP-ACPF showed a protective and remineralizing effect on incipient carious lesions. His action was better than the application of NaF. However, to reduce the impact from dental caries in schoolchildren is important to have a comprehensive preventive approach that includes promoting self-care, as well as the application of sealants.

Interactions between calcium precipitation and the polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria metabolism.

PubMed

Barat, R; Montoya, T; Borrás, L; Ferrer, J; Seco, A

2008-07-01

A sequencing batch reactor that is operated for biological phosphorus removal has been operated under different influent calcium concentrations to study the precipitation process and the possible effects of phosphorus precipitation in the biological phosphorus removal process. Four experiments were carried out under different influent calcium concentrations ranging from 10 to 90 g Ca m(-3). The experimental results and the equilibrium study, which are based on the saturation index calculation, confirm that the process controlling the calcium behaviour is the calcium phosphate precipitation. This precipitation takes place at two stages: initially, precipitation of the amorphous calcium phosphate, and later crystallization of hydroxyapatite. Also the accumulation of phosphorus precipitated was observed when the influent calcium concentration was increased. In all the experiments, the influent wastewater ratio P/COD was kept constant. It has been observed that, at high calcium concentration, the ratio between phosphate release and acetate uptake (P(rel)/Ac(uptake)) decreases. Changes in the polyphosphate-accumulating organism (PAO) population and in the glycogen-accumulating organism (GAO) population during the experimental period were ruled out by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization. These results could suggest that PAO are able to change their metabolic pathways based on external conditions, such as influent calcium concentration. The accumulation of phosphorus precipitated as calcium phosphate at high influent calcium concentration throughout the experimental period confirmed that phosphate precipitation is a process that can affect the PAO metabolism.

Modulation of mitochondrial ion transport by inorganic polyphosphate - essential role in mitochondrial permeability transition pore.

PubMed

Baev, Artyom Y; Negoda, Alexander; Abramov, Andrey Y

2017-02-01

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a biopolymer of phosphoanhydride-linked orthophosphate residues. PolyP is involved in multiple cellular processes including mitochondrial metabolism and cell death. We used artificial membranes and isolated mitochondria to investigate the role of the polyP in mitochondrial ion transport and in activation of PTP. Here, we found that polyP can modify ion permeability of de-energised mitochondrial membranes but not artificial membranes. This permeability was selective for Ba 2+ and Ca 2+ but not for other monovalent and bivalent cations and can be blocked by inhibitors of the permeability transition pore - cyclosporine A or ADP. Lower concentrations of polyP modulate calcium dependent permeability transition pore opening. Increase in polyP concentrations and elongation chain length of the polymer causes calcium independent swelling in energized conditions. Physiologically relevant concentrations of inorganic polyP can regulate calcium dependent as well calcium independent mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. This raises the possibility that cytoplasmic polyP can be an important contributor towards regulation of the cell death.

From crystalline to amorphous calcium pyrophosphates: A solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance perspective.

PubMed

Gras, Pierre; Baker, Annabelle; Combes, Christèle; Rey, Christian; Sarda, Stéphanie; Wright, Adrian J; Smith, Mark E; Hanna, John V; Gervais, Christel; Laurencin, Danielle; Bonhomme, Christian

2016-02-01

Hydrated calcium pyrophosphates (CPP, Ca2P2O7·nH2O) are a fundamental family of materials among osteoarticular pathologic calcifications. In this contribution, a comprehensive multinuclear NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) study of four crystalline and two amorphous phases of this family is presented. (1)H, (31)P and (43)Ca MAS (Magic Angle Spinning) NMR spectra were recorded, leading to informative fingerprints characterizing each compound. In particular, different (1)H and (43)Ca solid state NMR signatures were observed for the amorphous phases, depending on the synthetic procedure used. The NMR parameters of the crystalline phases were determined using the GIPAW (Gauge Including Projected Augmented Wave) DFT approach, based on first-principles calculations. In some cases, relaxed structures were found to improve the agreement between experimental and calculated values, demonstrating the importance of proton positions and pyrophosphate local geometry in this particular NMR crystallography approach. Such calculations serve as a basis for the future ab initio modeling of the amorphous CPP phases. The general concept of NMR crystallography is applied to the detailed study of calcium pyrophosphates (CPP), whether hydrated or not, and whether crystalline or amorphous. CPP are a fundamental family of materials among osteoarticular pathologic calcifications. Their prevalence increases with age, impacting on 17.5% of the population after the age of 80. They are frequently involved or associated with acute articular arthritis such as pseudogout. Current treatments are mainly directed at relieving the symptoms of joint inflammation but not at inhibiting CPP formation nor at dissolving these crystals. The combination of advanced NMR techniques, modeling and DFT based calculation of NMR parameters allows new original insights in the detailed structural description of this important class of biomaterials. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide-amorphous Calcium Phosphate Treatment on Microtensile Bond Strength to Carious Affected Dentin Using Two Adhesive Strategies

PubMed Central

Bahari, Mahmoud; Savadi Oskoee, Siavash; Kimyai, Soodabeh; Pouralibaba, Firoz; Farhadi, Farrokh; Norouzi, Marouf

2014-01-01

Background and aims. The aim was to evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to carious affected dentin (CAD) using etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesive systems. Materials and methods. The occlusal surface of 32 human molars with moderate occlusal caries was removed. Infected dentin was removed until reaching CAD and the teeth were randomly divided into two groups based on the Single Bond (SB) and Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) adhesive systems. Before composite resin bonding, each group was subdivided into three subgroups of ND, CAD and CPP-ACP-treated CAD (CAD-CPP) based on the dentin substrate. After dissecting samples to l-mm-thick cross-sections (each subgroup: n = 13), μTBS was measured at a strain rate of 0.5 mm/min. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA, independent samples t-test and post-hoc Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results. Bond strength of both adhesive systems to ND was significantly higher than that to CAD (P <0.001) and CAD/CPP (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the μTBS of SB to CAD and CAD-CPP (P > 0.05).μTBS of CSE to CAD-CPP was higher than that to CAD; however, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Significant differences were found between SB and CSE systems only with CAD substrate (P < 0.001). Conclusion. Regardless of the adhesive system used, surface treatment of CAD with CPP-ACP did not have a significant effect on bond strength. However, bond strength to CAD was higher with SB rather than with CSE. PMID:25346832

Effect of CPP-ACP on the remineralization of acid-eroded human tooth enamel: nanomechanical properties and microtribological behaviour study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, L.; Zheng, J.; Zhang, Y. F.; Qian, L. M.; Zhou, Z. R.

2013-10-01

Casein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) has been used to enhance tooth remineralization in the dental clinic. But the contribution of CPP-ACP to the remineralization of acid-eroded human tooth enamel is of widespread controversy. To confirm the application potential of CPP-ACP in the remineralization repair of tooth erosion caused by acid-attack, the effect of remineralization in vitro in 2% w/v CPP-ACP solution on the acid-eroded human tooth enamel was investigated in this study. The repair of surface morphology and the improvement of nanomechanical and microtribological properties were characterized with laser confocal scanning microscope, scanning electron microscope, nanoindentation tester and nanoscratch tester. Results showed that a layer of uneven mineral deposits, which were mainly amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in all probability, was observed on the acid-eroded enamel surface after remineralization. Compared with the acid-eroded enamel surface, the nanoindentation hardness and Young's modulus of the remineralized enamel surface obviously increased. Both the friction coefficient and wear volume of the acid-eroded enamel surface decreased after remineralization. However, both the nanomechanical and the anti-wear properties of the remineralized enamel surface were still inferior to those of original enamel surface. In summary, tooth damage caused by acid erosion could be repaired by remineralization in CPP-ACP solution, but the repair effect, especially on the nanomechanical and anti-wear properties of the acid-eroded enamel, was limited. These results would contribute to a further exploration of the remineralization potential of CPP-ACP and a better understanding of the remineralization repair mechanism for acid-eroded human tooth enamel.

In vitro evaluation of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate effect on the shear bond strength of dental adhesives to enamel.

PubMed

Shadman, Niloofar; Ebrahimi, Shahram Farzin; Shoul, Maryam Azizi; Sattari, Hasti

2015-01-01

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is applied for remineralization of early caries lesions or tooth sensitivity conditions and may affect subsequent resin bonding. This in vitro study investigated the effect of CPP-ACP on the shear bond strength of dental adhesives to enamel. Sixty extracted human molar teeth were selected and randomly divided into three groups and six subgroups. Buccal or lingual surfaces of teeth were prepared to create a flat enamel surface. Adhesives used were Tetric N-Bond, AdheSE and AdheSE One F. In three subgroups, before applying adhesives, enamel surfaces were treated with Tooth Mousse CPP-ACP for one hour, rinsed and stored in 37°C temperature with 100% humidity. This procedure was repeated for 5 days and then adhesives were applied and Tetric N-Ceram composite was adhered to the enamel. This procedure was also fulfilled for the other three subgroups without CPP-ACP treatment. After 24 hour water storage, samples were tested for shear bond strength test in a universal testing machine. Failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by t-test and one-way analysis of variance with P < 0.05 as the level of significance. In comparison between applied and non-applied CPP-ACP subgroups, there was no significant decrease in the shear bond strength to enamel only in Tetric N-Bond (P > 0.05). In non-applied CPP-ACP subgroups, there were statistically significant differences among all subgroups. Tetric N-Bond had the highest and AdheSE One F had the lowest shear bond strength. CPP-ACP application reduces the shear bond strength of AdheSE and AdheSE One F to enamel but not Tetric N-Bond.

In vitro evaluation of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate effect on the shear bond strength of dental adhesives to enamel

PubMed Central

Shadman, Niloofar; Ebrahimi, Shahram Farzin; Shoul, Maryam Azizi; Sattari, Hasti

2015-01-01

Background: Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is applied for remineralization of early caries lesions or tooth sensitivity conditions and may affect subsequent resin bonding. This in vitro study investigated the effect of CPP-ACP on the shear bond strength of dental adhesives to enamel. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human molar teeth were selected and randomly divided into three groups and six subgroups. Buccal or lingual surfaces of teeth were prepared to create a flat enamel surface. Adhesives used were Tetric N-Bond, AdheSE and AdheSE One F. In three subgroups, before applying adhesives, enamel surfaces were treated with Tooth Mousse CPP-ACP for one hour, rinsed and stored in 37°C temperature with 100% humidity. This procedure was repeated for 5 days and then adhesives were applied and Tetric N-Ceram composite was adhered to the enamel. This procedure was also fulfilled for the other three subgroups without CPP-ACP treatment. After 24 hour water storage, samples were tested for shear bond strength test in a universal testing machine. Failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by t-test and one-way analysis of variance with P < 0.05 as the level of significance. Results: In comparison between applied and non-applied CPP-ACP subgroups, there was no significant decrease in the shear bond strength to enamel only in Tetric N-Bond (P > 0.05). In non-applied CPP-ACP subgroups, there were statistically significant differences among all subgroups. Tetric N-Bond had the highest and AdheSE One F had the lowest shear bond strength. Conclusion: CPP-ACP application reduces the shear bond strength of AdheSE and AdheSE One F to enamel but not Tetric N-Bond. PMID:25878683

Efficacy of calcium- and fluoride-containing materials for the remineralization of primary teeth with early enamel lesion.

PubMed

Memarpour, Mahtab; Soltanimehr, Elham; Sattarahmady, Naghmeh

2015-09-01

The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of different products containing fluoride, calcium and phosphate for enamel remineralization in eroded primary teeth. A total of 90 sound primary canine teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups of 18 teeth each: 1) control (polished enamel), 2) 5% DuraShield sodium fluoride varnish, 3) 500 ppm fluoridated toothpaste, 4) casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) cream, and 5) Clinpro White varnish containing functionalized tri-calcium phosphate (fTCP). Enamel microhardness (EMH) was measured in all samples before and after demineralization and after 28 days of remineralization. Also 8 samples in groups 2 to 5 and four samples of sound and demineralized enamel were examined with atomic force microscopy (AFM). All data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). Mean microhardness of demineralized enamel was significantly lower than in enamel at baseline (p<0.001). Remineralization significantly increased microharness in groups 2 to 5 compared to the control group (p<0.001). Percent EMH after remineralization with CPP-ACP was significantly higher than after fTCP (p=0.029), toothpaste (p< 0.001) or fluoride varnish (p<0.001); however, there was no significant difference between toothpaste and fluoride varnish (p=0.062). Microhardness increased more after fTCP treatment than after treatment with sodium fluoride varnish (p<0.001) or fluoridated toothpaste (p=0.045). AFM images showed that enamel roughness decreased most after treatment with fTCP, followed by CPP-ACP, toothpaste and fluoride varnish. The efficacy of CPP-ACP cream for remineralizing eroded enamel was greater than fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish or fTCP varnish. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Three Calcium Phosphate on Enamel Microhardness.

PubMed

Haghgou, En Hr; Haghgoo, Roza; Roholahi, Mohamad R; Ghorbani, Zahra

2017-07-01

This study aims to investigate the effect of casein phos-phopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and three calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP and TCP) on increasing the microhardness of human enamel after induction of erosion. A total of 26 healthy human-impacted third molar teeth were chosen, and their hardness measured using a microhardness testing machine. The samples were immersed in Coca Cola (pH = 4.7) for 8 minutes. Then, micro-hardness was measured again, and these samples were randomly divided into four groups (two control groups and two experimental groups). (1) Negative control group: Artificial saliva was used for 10 minutes, (2) positive control group: Fluoride gel was used for 10 minutes, (3) β-TCP group: TCP was used for 10 minutes, (4) CCP-ACP group: CCP-ACP was used for 10 minutes. The final microhardness of those samples was measured, and the changes in microhardness of teeth within group and between groups were analyzed using the paired and analysis of variance tests respectively. Results were considered statistically significant at a level of p < 0.05. No significant difference was observed in microhard-ness between CPP-ACP group and TCP group (p = 0.368) during the time microhardness significantly dropped after soaking in soda. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and TCP increased the microhardness of teeth. The increase in hardness in the TCP group was higher than in the CPP-ACP group, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.36). Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and TCP can affect the remineralization of erosive lesions.

A comparative evaluation of APF gel, CPP/ACP paste alone and in combination with carbon dioxide laser on human enamel resistance to acid solubility using atomic absorption spectrometry: an in-vitro study.

PubMed

Nozari, Ali; Rafiee, Azade; Dehghan Khalili, Sara; Fekrazad, Reza

2018-04-01

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel, calcium phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP/ACP) paste alone and in combination with CO2 laser on the resistance of enamel to acid solubility. Ninety enamel sections were obtained from 15 extracted teeth and were randomly assigned to six groups: 1) control group; 2) APF group; 3) CPP-ACP group; 4) CO2 laser group; 5) APF + CO2 group; and 6) CPP-ACP + CO2 group. The specimens were individually demineralized in 0.1 M lactic acid solution with adjusted pH of 4.8 for 24h at 37 ºC. The acid solubility was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post hoc test (P<0.05). The average extent of calcium ion released (ppm) was estimated as follow: group 1: 6.974±1.757, group 2: 5.363±1.383, group 3: 6.962±1.489, group 4: 6.890±1.560, group 5: 4.803±1.080 and group 6: 6.789±1.218. Based on the between-group comparison results, group 2 and group 5 showed significant differences with the other groups. Under the studied conditions, only, the APF group alone and in combination with CO2 laser could decrease enamel acid solubility.

Atomic force microscopic comparison of remineralization with casein-phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate paste, acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and iron supplement in primary and permanent teeth: An in-vitro study

PubMed Central

Agrawal, Nikita; Shashikiran, N. D.; Singla, Shilpy; Ravi, K. S.; Kulkarni, Vinaya Kumar

2014-01-01

Context: Demineralization of tooth by erosion is caused by frequent contact between the tooth surface and acids present in soft drinks. Aim: The present study objective was to evaluate the remineralization potential of casein-phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste, 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel and iron supplement on dental erosion by soft drinks in human primary and permanent enamel using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Materials and Methods: Specimens were made from extracted 15 primary and 15 permanent teeth which were randomly divided into three treatment groups: CPP-ACP paste, APF gel and iron supplement. AFM was used for baseline readings followed by demineralization and remineralization cycle. Results and Statistics: Almost all group of samples showed remineralization that is a reduction in surface roughness which was higher with CPP-ACP paste. Statistical analysis was performed using by one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U-test with P < 0.05. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the application of CPP-ACP paste is effective on preventing dental erosion from soft drinks. PMID:24808700

Hierarchical and non-hierarchical mineralisation of collagen

PubMed Central

Liu, Yan; Kim, Young-Kyung; Dai, Lin; Li, Nan; Khan, Sara; Pashley, David H.; Tay, Franklin R.

2010-01-01

Biomineralisation of collagen involves functional motifs incorporated in extracellular matrix protein molecules to accomplish the objectives of stabilising amorphous calcium phosphate into nanoprecursors and directing the nucleation and growth of apatite within collagen fibrils. Here we report the use of small inorganic polyphosphate molecules to template hierarchical intrafibrillar apatite assembly in reconstituted collagen in the presence of polyacrylic acid to sequester calcium and phosphate into transient amorphous nanophases. The use of polyphosphate without a sequestration analogue resulted only in randomly-oriented extrafibrillar precipitations along the fibrillar surface. Conversely, the use of polyacrylic acid without a templating analogue resulted only in non-hierarchical intrafibrillar mineralisation with continuous apatite strands instead of discrete crystallites. The ability of using simple non-protein molecules to recapitulate different levels of structural hierarchy in mineralised collagen signifies the ultimate simplicity in Nature’s biomineralisation design principles and challenges the need for using more complex recombinant matrix proteins in bioengineering applications. PMID:21040969

Biochemical transformation of calciprotein particles in uraemia.

PubMed

Smith, Edward R; Hewitson, Tim D; Hanssen, Eric; Holt, Stephen G

2018-05-01

Calciprotein particles (CPP) have emerged as nanoscale mediators of phosphate-induced toxicity in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Uraemia favors ripening of the particle mineral content from the amorphous (CPP-I) to the crystalline state (CPP-II) but the pathophysiological significance of this transformation is uncertain. Clinical studies suggest an association between CPP ripening and inflammation, vascular dysfunction and mortality. Although ripening has been modelled in vitro, it is unknown whether particles synthesised in serum resemble their in vivo counterparts. Here we show that in vitro formation and ripening of CPP in uraemic serum is characterised by extensive physiochemical rearrangements involving the accretion of mineral, loss of surface charge and transformation of the mineral phase from a spherical arrangement of diffuse domains of amorphous calcium phosphate to densely-packed lamellar aggregates of crystalline hydroxyapatite. These physiochemical changes were paralleled by enrichment with small soluble apolipoproteins, complement factors and the binding of fatty acids. In comparison, endogenous CPP represent a highly heterogeneous mixture of particles with characteristics mostly intermediate to synthetic CPP-I and CPP-II, but are also uniquely enriched for carbonate-substituted apatite, DNA fragments, small RNA and microbe-derived components. Pathway analysis of protein enrichment predicted the activation of cell death and pro-inflammatory processes by endogenous CPP and synthetic CPP-II alike. This comprehensive characterisation validates the use of CPP-II generated in uraemic serum as in vitro equivalents of their endogenous counterparts and provides insight into the nature and pathological significance of CPP in CKD, which may act as vehicles for various bioactive ligands. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of calcium pyrophosphate on microstructural evolution and in vitro biocompatibility of Ti-35Nb-7Zr composite by spark plasma sintering.

PubMed

Zhang, L; Tan, J; He, Z Y; Jiang, Y H

2018-09-01

β-type Ti-35Nb-7Zr alloy has attracted considerable attentions as a bone implant material. The alloy, however, has poor bioactivity, which difficult to form a strong osseointegration between the bone tissues. Combining Ti alloy with a bioactive and biodegradable ceramic has been of interest to researchers. But the large difference in physicochemical property of high-melting metal and ceramic elements would bring the manufacturing restriction. In this work, Ti-35Nb-7Zr-CPP composites were fabricated with mechanical alloy of Ti, Nb, Zr and Nano calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) powders mixture followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) routes. The effect of CPP ceramic on microstructural evolution and in vitro biocompatibility were investigated. As the addition of CPP (10-30 wt%), ceramic elements spreading towards the matrix, the generated metal-ceramic bioactive phases CaTiO 3 are observed well consolidated with β-Ti matrix. With the CPP increasing, Ca and P atoms rapidly migrated to the β-Ti matrix to form granulated Ti 5 P 3 , which leads to the increasing porosity (10%-18%) in the composites. The results demonstrated that the favorable cell viability (the cell proliferation rates were higher than 100%) and growth inside the pores of the composites arise from the rough micro-porous surface and the release of bioactive metal-ceramic phase ions into the biological environment. The enhanced bioactivity and microstructural evolution behaviors of the Ti-35Nb-7Zr-CPP composites may provide a strategy for designing and fabricating multifunctional implants. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Clinical evaluation of remineralization potential of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes for enamel decalcification in orthodontics.

PubMed

Wang, Jun-xiang; Yan, Yan; Wang, Xiu-jing

2012-11-01

Enamel decalcification in orthodontics is a concern for dentists and methods to remineralize these lesions are the focus of intense research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralizing effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) nanocomplexes on enamel decalcification in orthodontics. Twenty orthodontic patients with decalcified enamel lesions during fixed orthodontic therapy were recruited to this study as test group and twenty orthodontic patients with the similar condition as control group. GC Tooth Mousse, the main component of which is CPP-ACP, was used by each patient of test group every night after tooth-brushing for six months. For control group, each patient was asked to brush teeth with toothpaste containing 1100 parts per million (ppm) of fluoride twice a day. Standardized intraoral images were taken for all patients and the extent of enamel decalcification was evaluated before and after treatment over this study period. Measurements were statistically compared by t test. After using CPP-ACP for six months, the enamel decalcification index (EDI) of all patients had decreased; the mean EDI before using CPP-ACP was 0.191 ± 0.025 and that after using CPP-ACP was 0.183 ± 0.023, the difference was significant (t = 5.169, P < 0.01). For control group, the mean EDI before treatment was 0.188 ± 0.037 and that after treatment was 0.187 ± 0.046, the difference was not significant (t = 1.711, P > 0.05). CPP-ACP can effectively improve the demineralized enamel lesions during orthodontic treatment, so it has some remineralization potential for enamel decalcification in orthodontics.

An in vitro Comparative Evaluation of Three Remineralizing Agents using Confocal Microscopy

PubMed Central

Chokshi, Achala; Konde, Sapna; Shetty, Sunil Raj; Chandra, Kumar Narayan; Jana, Sinjana; Mhambrey, Sanjana; Thakur, Sneha

2016-01-01

Introduction The caries process has been thought to be irreversible, resulting in the permanent loss of tooth substance and eventually the development of a cavity. Recent approaches focused on application of remineralizing agents to incipient carious lesions, aim at controlling demineralization and promoting remineralization. Remineralizing agents create a supersaturated environment around the lesion; thus, preventing mineral loss and forces calcium and phosphate ions in the vacant areas. Aim To compare and evaluate the remineralization potential of Fluoride Varnish, CPP-ACP Paste (Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate) and fTCP Paste (functionalized Tricalcium Phosphate) using confocal microscope. Materials and Methods Two windows of 3X3mm were created on the labial cervical and incisal thirds in 60 permanent maxillary central incisors. The teeth were demineralized to create artificial caries and divided into three groups of 20 each. Group I specimens were coated with Fluoride Varnish once whereas those in CPP-ACP paste group and fTCP group were brushed for 2 minutes, twice daily for 20 and 40 days. The specimens were stored in artificial saliva during the study period and were later sectioned and observed under confocal microscope. Data obtained was statistically analyzed using Fischer’s exact test, ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni’s test. Results Fluoride Varnish, CPP-ACP Paste and fTCP Paste showed remineralization of artificial carious lesions at both the time intervals. Fluoride varnish showed the highest remineralization followed by CPP-ACP Paste and fTCP Paste. A statistically significant increase in remineralization potential of CPP-ACP Paste and fTCP Paste was observed at the end of 40 days as compared to 20 days. Conclusion Fluoride varnish showed the greatest remineralization potential of artificial carious lesions followed by CPP-ACP Paste and fTCP Paste respectively. PMID:27504408

Randomized clinical trial of the effect of NovaMin and CPP-ACPF in combination with dental bleaching.

PubMed

Alexandrino, Larissa Dias; Alencar, Cristiane de Melo; Silveira, Ana Daniela Silva da; Alves, Eliane Bemerguy; Silva, Cecy Martins

2017-01-01

This randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical study evaluated the effect of calcium sodium phosphosilicate (NovaMin) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF) on the prevention of post-operative sensitivity and on the effects of clinical bleaching treatment. Sixty volunteers were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned into three groups (n=20): CG (control group) patients, who were treated with 35% hydrogen peroxide; NOVAG (NovaMin group) patients, who were treated with 35% hydrogen peroxide followed by the application of NovaMin; and CPPG (CPP group) patients, who were treated with 35% hydrogen peroxide followed by the application of CPP-ACPF. Both bioactive agents were applied for five minutes. An evaporative stimulus associated with a modified visual scale was used to analyze sensitivity 24 hours after each bleaching session. The color evaluation was performed on the maxillary central incisors using a spectrophotometer. Associations between the intervention group, bleaching session, and reported sensitivity were tested using Chi-square partitioning. Color change values (ΔE) were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance level used for both tests was 5%. In the intragroup assessment, the Friedman test showed that only the CPP-ACPF group showed no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between baseline and first bleaching session. In the intergroup assessment, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the CPPG had less postoperative sensitivity after the first session, when compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Color change analysis (ΔE) showed a significant difference between the means obtained in the different bleaching sessions in all groups (p<0.05). This study showed that the combination of CPP-ACPF with 35% hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced post-operative sensitivity in the first session, compared with the other evaluated treatments. The association of CPP-ACPF and NovaMin did not affect the color change induced by tooth bleaching.

Quantitative Analysis of Remineralization of Artificial Carious Lesions with Commercially Available Newer Remineralizing Agents Using SEM-EDX- In Vitro Study”

PubMed Central

Rambabu, Tanikonda; Sajjan, Girija; Varma, Madhu; Satish, Kalyan; Raju, Vijayalakshmi Bhupathi; Ganguru, Sirisha; Ventrapati, Nagalkashmi

2017-01-01

Introduction The basic principle of remineralization is by advocating a biological or non-invasive approach rather than the surgical approach for early enamel lesions. There are relatively newer products available for remineralization, latest being the resin-infiltration technique, commercially available as Icon. Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the remineralizing potential of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP), Vantej and Icon by the quantitative evaluation of mineral gain. Materials and Methods Seventy eight maxillary premolars were decoronated at Cemento-Enamel Junction (CEJ) and then sectioned mesio-distally using diamond disc into two halves. Mineral content of the sound specimens were recorded using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX) micro-analyser. The samples were then subjected to demineralization by using demineralizing solution. The samples were grouped (n=26) based on the remineralizing agent used, Group 1: Vantej, Group 2: CPP-ACP, Group 3: Icon. After the application of remineralizing agent, the mineral content was measured using EDAX. Results After remineralization, there was a significant difference between the groups when calcium and phosphorous ratios (Ca:P) were compared, showing greater potential of remineralization for CPP-ACP followed by Vantej and Icon group. Conclusion CPP-ACP performed better than Vantej and Icon in remineralizing the demineralized enamel. PMID:28571254

Comparative evaluation of the effects of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and xylitol-containing chewing gum on salivary flow rate, pH and buffering capacity in children: An in vivo study.

PubMed

Hegde, Rahul J; Thakkar, Janhavi B

2017-01-01

This study aimed to compare and evaluate the changes in the salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity before and after chewing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and xylitol-containing chewing gums in children. Sixty children aged between 8 and 12 years were selected for the study. They were randomly divided into Group 1 (CPP-ACP chewing gum) and Group 2 (xylitol-containing chewing gum) comprising thirty children each. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples at 15 and 30 min interval were collected from all children. All the saliva samples were estimated for salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity. Significant increase in salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity from baseline to immediately after spitting the chewing gum was found in both the study groups. No significant difference was found between the two study groups with respect to salivary flow rate and pH. Intergroup comparison indicated a significant increase in salivary buffer capacity in Group 1 when compared to Group 2. Chewing gums containing CPP-ACP and xylitol can significantly increase the physiochemical properties of saliva. These physiochemical properties of saliva have a definite relation with caries activity in children.

An Innovative Approach to Treat Incisors Hypomineralization (MIH): A Combined Use of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Hydrogen Peroxide-A Case Report.

PubMed

Mastroberardino, Stefano; Campus, Guglielmo; Strohmenger, Laura; Villa, Alessandro; Cagetti, Maria Grazia

2012-01-01

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is characterized by a developmentally derived deficiency in mineral enamel. Affected teeth present demarcated enamel opacities, ranging from white to brown; also hypoplasia can be associated. Patient frequently claims aesthetic discomfort if anterior teeth are involved. This problem leads patients to request a bleaching treatment to improve aestheticconditions.Nevertheless, hydrogen peroxide can produce serious side-effects, resulting from further mineral loss. Microabrasion and/or a composite restoration are the treatments of choice in teeth with mild/moderate MIH, but they also need enamel loss. Recently, a new remineralizing agent based on Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) has been proposed to be effective in hypomineralized enamel, improving also aesthetic conditions. The present paper presents a case report of a young man with white opacities on incisors treated with a combined use of CPP-ACP mousse and hydrogen peroxide gel to correct the aesthetic defect. The patient was instructed to use CPP-ACP for two hours per day for three months in order to obtain enamel remineralization followed by a combined use of CPP-ACP and bleaching agent for further two months. At the end of this five-month treatment, a noticeable aesthetic improvement of the opacities was observed.

Comparing the Effects of Whey Extract and Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) on Enamel Microhardness

PubMed Central

Rezvani, Mohammad Bagher; Karimi, Mehrdad; Akhavan Rasoolzade, Raheleh; Haghgoo, Roza

2015-01-01

Statement of the Problem With the recent focus of researches on the development of non-invasive treatment modalities, the non-invasive treatment of early carious lesions by remineralization would bring a major advance in the clinical management of these dental defects. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is considered to be effective in tooth remineralization. Purpose The aim of this in-vitro study was to compare the effects of whey and CPP-ACP in increasing the enamel microhardness. Materials and Method Microhardness of 30 sound human permanent premolars was measured before and after 8-minute immersion of samples in Coca-Cola. The teeth were then randomly divided into 3 groups and were immersed in artificial saliva, whey, and tooth mousse for 10 minutes. The changes of microhardness within each group and among the groups were recorded and analyzed using paired t-test. Results The microhardness increased in each group and between the groups; this increase was statistically significant (p= 0.009). Conclusion The effect of whey on increasing the enamel microhardness was more than that of tooth mousse. PMID:25759858

Evaluation of remineralization capacity of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on the carbamide peroxide treated enamel

PubMed Central

Penumatsa, Narendra Varma; Kaminedi, Raja Rajeswari; Baroudi, Kusai; Barakath, Ola

2015-01-01

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) in remineralizing the bleached enamel surface using micro-hardness. Materials and Methods: Thirty human enamel slabs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10). Groups A and B were exposed to 20% carbamide peroxide and 35% carbamide peroxide gel, respectively. After the exposure to the bleaching agent, the slabs were kept in artificial saliva for 1-week. Group C (control group) were kept in artificial saliva for 1-week. Vickers micro-hardness test was performed by Leica VMHT-Mot micro-hardness tester. CPP-ACP (Gc Tooth Mousse, Melbourne, Australia) was then applied to specimens of Groups A and B for 3 min for 2 weeks. Micro-hardness values of postbleach Group A (Ar) and Group B (Br) were recorded and statistically analyzed by paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance at the significance level of α =0.05. Results: There was a significant decrease in micro-hardness of enamel in carbamide peroxide bleached groups. However, there was a significant increase in micro-hardness after the remineralization by CPP-ACP and the extent of remineralization is more for the Group B. Conclusions: That bleaching agents reduced enamel micro-hardness and the use of CPP-ACP after bleaching can significantly enhance the micro-hardness of bleached enamel. PMID:26538923

The effect of recommending a CPP-ACPF product on salivary and plaque pH levels in orthodontic patients: a randomized cross-over clinical trial.

PubMed

Heshmat, Haleh; Banava, Sepideh; Mohammadi, Ebrahim; Kharazifard, Mohammad Javad; Mojtahedzadeh, Faramarz

2014-11-01

Along with their re-mineralizing capacity, calcium phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate products combined with fluoride (CPP-ACPF) could also be beneficial by neutralizing acidic salivary and plaque pH. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of CPP-ACPF on salivary and plaque pH in orthodontic patients. As a triple-blind, cross-over randomized trial, 30 orthodontic patients with fixed appliances (age range = 15.70 ± 4.08 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups. A CPP-ACPF paste (MI Paste Plus, GC America, Alsip, IL) was used by group 1 (n = 15) and a placebo by group 2 (n = 15) for 1 month. After a 1 month washout period, patients used the alternative paste for another month. Plaque and salivary pH levels were measured at all before and after periods. By applying MI Paste Plus, the plaque pH increased from 5.81 ± 0.45 to 6.60 ± 0.38 (p < 0.05), whereas the before and after salivary pH recordings, which were 6.72 ± 0.43 and 6.71 ± 0.38, respectively, remained statistically unchanged (p > 0.05). MI Paste Plus can be clinically beneficial in increasing plaque pH levels, but has no effect on the salivary pH.

Species and distribution of inorganic and organic phosphorus in enhanced phosphorus removal aerobic granular sludge.

PubMed

Huang, Wenli; Huang, Weiwei; Li, Huifang; Lei, Zhongfang; Zhang, Zhenya; Tay, Joo Hwa; Lee, Duu-Jong

2015-10-01

The species and distribution of phosphorus (P) in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)-aerobic granular sludge (AGS) were fractionated and further analyzed. Results showed that microbial cells, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and mineral precipitates contributed about 73.7%, 17.6% and 5.3-6.4% to the total P (TP) of EBPR-AGS, respectively. Inorganic P (IP) species were orthophosphate, pyrophosphate and polyphosphate among which polyphosphate was the major P species in the AGS, cells and EPS. Monoester and diester phosphates were identified as the organic P (OP) species in the AGS and cells. Hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) and calcium phosphate (Ca2(PO4)3) were the dominant P minerals accumulated in the core of the granules. Cells along with polyphosphate were mainly in the outer layer of AGS while EPS were distributed in the whole granules. Based on the above results, the distribution of IP and OP species in AGS has been conceived. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In vitro effect of amorphous calcium phosphate paste applied for extended periods of time on enamel remineralization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vieira, Ana Elisa de Mello; Danelon, Marcelle; Camara, Danielle Mendes da

Dental applications based on the unique characteristics of amorphous calcium phosphate stabilized by casein phosphopeptides (CPP-ACP) have been proposed, as well as the improvement of its properties. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of topically applied CPP-ACP from a commercial product to remineralize subsurface lesions when applied for extended periods of time (3 h and 8 h). Artificially induced carious lesions were produced in 50 bovine enamel blocks previously selected by surface hardness. After treatments with gel without F and CPP-ACP applied for 1 minute (Placebo); 2% NaF neutral gel applied for 1 minute (Fluoride 1more » min); CPP-ACP applied for 3 min (ACP 3 min); and CPP-ACP applied for 3 h (ACP 3 h) and for 8 h (ACP 8 h), the enamel blocks were submitted to the remineralization pH-cycling. Surface hardness and synchrotron micro-tomography were used to determine the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR) and to calculate mineral concentration (g HAp.cm -3), respectively. The data were submitted to ANOVA followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). Fluoride gel presented higher %SHR followed by ACP 3 min (p<0.001). No difference (p = 0.148) was found for Placebo, ACP 3 h and ACP 8 h groups for %SHR. Fluoride gel showed greater mineral concentration (p<0.001) when compared with the other groups. ACP 3 min demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.001) from ACP 3 h and ACP 8 h. The ACP 3 h and 8 h presented a subsurface lesion with development of laminations in all blocks. In this in vitro study the use of CPP-ACP for extended periods of time did not produce an additive effect in the remineralization process.« less

In vitro effect of amorphous calcium phosphate paste applied for extended periods of time on enamel remineralization

DOE PAGES

Vieira, Ana Elisa de Mello; Danelon, Marcelle; Camara, Danielle Mendes da; ...

2017-12-01

Dental applications based on the unique characteristics of amorphous calcium phosphate stabilized by casein phosphopeptides (CPP-ACP) have been proposed, as well as the improvement of its properties. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of topically applied CPP-ACP from a commercial product to remineralize subsurface lesions when applied for extended periods of time (3 h and 8 h). Artificially induced carious lesions were produced in 50 bovine enamel blocks previously selected by surface hardness. After treatments with gel without F and CPP-ACP applied for 1 minute (Placebo); 2% NaF neutral gel applied for 1 minute (Fluoride 1more » min); CPP-ACP applied for 3 min (ACP 3 min); and CPP-ACP applied for 3 h (ACP 3 h) and for 8 h (ACP 8 h), the enamel blocks were submitted to the remineralization pH-cycling. Surface hardness and synchrotron micro-tomography were used to determine the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR) and to calculate mineral concentration (g HAp.cm -3), respectively. The data were submitted to ANOVA followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). Fluoride gel presented higher %SHR followed by ACP 3 min (p<0.001). No difference (p = 0.148) was found for Placebo, ACP 3 h and ACP 8 h groups for %SHR. Fluoride gel showed greater mineral concentration (p<0.001) when compared with the other groups. ACP 3 min demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.001) from ACP 3 h and ACP 8 h. The ACP 3 h and 8 h presented a subsurface lesion with development of laminations in all blocks. In this in vitro study the use of CPP-ACP for extended periods of time did not produce an additive effect in the remineralization process.« less

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate remineralization of primary teeth early enamel lesions.

PubMed

Zhou, Chunhua; Zhang, Dongliang; Bai, Yuxing; Li, Song

2014-01-01

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious problem that progresses rapidly and often goes untreated. Current traumatic treatments may be replaced by safe and effective remineralization at very early stages. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization effects of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste on enamel lesions by assessing ultrastructure, nanomechanical properties, and compound and elemental analysis. Enamel specimens from 6-year-old children were divided into groups: (1) native enamel; (2) water as negative control; (3) 500ppm NaF as positive control; and (4-7) CPP-ACP paste for 4, 8, 12, and 24h, as test groups. Ultrastructure and roughness were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM); nanohardness and elastic modulus were measured by nanoindentation; compound and crystal size of enamel surface patterns were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). An electron microprobe (EPMA) was used for element analysis. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The CPP-ACP paste repaired the microstructure of enamel, including prism and interprism, through significantly increased hydroxyapatite crystal size (12.06±0.21nm) and Ca/P molar ratios (1.637±0.096) as compared with NaF (8.56±0.13nm crystal size and 1.397±0.086 Ca/P, p<0.01). Both CPP-ACP and NaF decrease roughness, and increase the nanohardness and elastic modulus, with no significant differences between the materials. The CPP-ACP paste is more suitable for children than NaF, due to advantages for remineralization. The AFM, nanoindentation, EPMA, and XRD are very helpful methods for further understanding of microscale and nanoscale remineralization mechanisms. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cav1.2, but not Cav1.3, L-type calcium channel subtype mediates nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in miceo.

PubMed

Liu, Yudan; Harding, Meghan; Dore, Jules; Chen, Xihua

2017-04-03

Nicotine use is one of the most common forms of drug addiction. Although L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) are involved in nicotine addiction, the contribution of the two primary LTCC subtypes (Ca v 1.2 and 1.3) is unknown. This study aims to determine the contribution of these two LTCC subtypes to nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) responses by using transgenic mouse models that do not express Ca v 1.3 (Ca v 1.3 -/- ) or contain a mutation in the dihydropyridine (DHP) site of the Ca v 1.2 (Ca v 1.2DHP -/- ). We found a hyperbolic dose dependent nicotine (0.1-1mg/kg; 0.5mg/kg optimum) effect on place preference in wild type (WT) mice, that could be prevented by the DHP LTCC blocker nifedipine pretreatment. Similarly, Ca v 1.3 -/- mice showed nicotine-induced place preference which was antagonized by nifedipine. In contrast, nifedipine pretreatment of Ca v 1.2DHP -/- mice had no effect on nicotine-induced CPP responses, suggesting an involvement of Ca v 1.2 subtype in the nicotine-induced CPP response. Nifedipine alone failed to produce either conditioned place aversion or CPP in WT mice. These results collectively indicate Ca v 1.2, but not Ca v 1.3 LTCC subtype regulates, at least in part, the reinforcing effects of nicotine use. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Identification of a Short Cell-Penetrating Peptide from Bovine Lactoferricin for Intracellular Delivery of DNA in Human A549 Cells

PubMed Central

Liu, Betty R.; Huang, Yue-Wern; Aronstam, Robert S.; Lee, Han-Jung

2016-01-01

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been shown to deliver cargos, including protein, DNA, RNA, and nanomaterials, in fully active forms into live cells. Most of the CPP sequences in use today are based on non-native proteins that may be immunogenic. Here we demonstrate that the L5a CPP (RRWQW) from bovine lactoferricin (LFcin), stably and noncovalently complexed with plasmid DNA and prepared at an optimal nitrogen/phosphate ratio of 12, is able to efficiently enter into human lung cancer A549 cells. The L5a CPP delivered a plasmid containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) coding sequence that was subsequently expressed in cells, as revealed by real-time PCR and fluorescent microscopy at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Treatment with calcium chloride increased the level of gene expression, without affecting CPP-mediated transfection efficiency. Zeta-potential analysis revealed that positively electrostatic interactions of CPP/DNA complexes correlated with CPP-mediated transport. The L5a and L5a/DNA complexes were not cytotoxic. This biomimetic LFcin L5a represents one of the shortest effective CPPs and could be a promising lead peptide with less immunogenic for DNA delivery in gene therapy. PMID:26942714

Identification of a Short Cell-Penetrating Peptide from Bovine Lactoferricin for Intracellular Delivery of DNA in Human A549 Cells.

PubMed

Liu, Betty R; Huang, Yue-Wern; Aronstam, Robert S; Lee, Han-Jung

2016-01-01

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been shown to deliver cargos, including protein, DNA, RNA, and nanomaterials, in fully active forms into live cells. Most of the CPP sequences in use today are based on non-native proteins that may be immunogenic. Here we demonstrate that the L5a CPP (RRWQW) from bovine lactoferricin (LFcin), stably and noncovalently complexed with plasmid DNA and prepared at an optimal nitrogen/phosphate ratio of 12, is able to efficiently enter into human lung cancer A549 cells. The L5a CPP delivered a plasmid containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) coding sequence that was subsequently expressed in cells, as revealed by real-time PCR and fluorescent microscopy at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Treatment with calcium chloride increased the level of gene expression, without affecting CPP-mediated transfection efficiency. Zeta-potential analysis revealed that positively electrostatic interactions of CPP/DNA complexes correlated with CPP-mediated transport. The L5a and L5a/DNA complexes were not cytotoxic. This biomimetic LFcin L5a represents one of the shortest effective CPPs and could be a promising lead peptide with less immunogenic for DNA delivery in gene therapy.

Comparison of the effect of two sugar-substituted chewing gums on different caries- and gingivitis-related variables: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.

PubMed

Martínez-Pabón, María C; Duque-Agudelo, Lucas; Díaz-Gil, Juan D; Isaza-Guzmán, Diana M; Tobón-Arroyave, Sergio I

2014-01-01

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two sugar-substituted chewing gums besides toothbrushing on different clinical, microbiological, and biochemical caries- and gingivitis-related variables. The study was designed as a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial with three parallel arms. A total of 130 dental students, who volunteered after signing an informed consent, were randomly allocated to receive one of the following interventions: hexitol-sweetened gum containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), pentitol-sweetened gum containing no CPP-ACP, and control group with no gum. Subjects within the experimental groups chewed two gum pellets for 20 min three times a day after meals. The daily consumption level of both polyols was 6.0 g. Clinical examinations and salivary samplings were conducted at baseline and after 30 days of gum use. Pre- and post-intervention stimulated whole saliva samples were quantified for calcium/phosphate ionic concentration, total facultative bacterial load, Streptococcus mutans/Lactobacillus spp. counts, and Gram-negative percentage. A statistically significant reduction in visible plaque score was displayed in the hexitol/CPP-ACP gum group after the intervention when compared with baseline, but the order of the effect was in the same order as the differences between the groups at baseline. A similar tendency was seen in both the pentitol/non-CPP-ACP gum and control groups regarding total salivary facultative bacterial load and S. mutans count, but median values of these parameters were more significantly reduced in the pentitol/non-CPP-ACP gum group in comparison with those of the control group. Alterations of salivary Lactobacillus spp. were demonstrated only in the pentitol/non-CPP-ACP gum group. Although these findings might indicate that a 30-day protocol of daily chewing of pentitol-sweetened gum containing no CPP-ACP might have some a reducing effect on the salivary levels of facultative bacteria, S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp., there was only a marginal, if any, benefit from the chewing gums under study on some microbiological caries- and gingivitis-related variables. Taking into account that for transferring results into clinically relevant conclusions the findings need to be strong and consistent, adhering to single significant differences appears not appropriate. Hence, the clinical significance of chewing gums as an adjunctive tool for daily oral care remained questionable.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis accompanies enhanced expression of multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1 (Minpp1): a possible role for Minpp1 in cellular stress response.

PubMed

Kilaparty, Surya P; Agarwal, Rakhee; Singh, Pooja; Kannan, Krishnaswamy; Ali, Nawab

2016-07-01

Inositol polyphosphates represent a group of differentially phosphorylated inositol metabolites, many of which are implicated to regulate diverse cellular processes such as calcium mobilization, vesicular trafficking, differentiation, apoptosis, etc. The metabolic network of these compounds is complex and tightly regulated by various kinases and phosphatases present predominantly in the cytosol. Multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1 (Minpp1) is the only known endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal enzyme that hydrolyzes various inositol polyphosphates in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. However, access of the Minpp1 to cytosolic substrates has not yet been demonstrated clearly and hence its physiological function. In this study, we examined a potential role for Minpp1 in ER stress-induced apoptosis. We generated a custom antibody and characterized its specificity to study the expression of Minpp1 protein in multiple mammalian cells under experimentally induced cellular stress conditions. Our results demonstrate a significant increase in the expression of Minpp1 in response to a variety of cellular stress conditions. The protein expression was corroborated with the expression of its mRNA and enzymatic activity. Further, in an attempt to link the role of Minpp1 to apoptotic stress, we studied the effect of Minpp1 expression on apoptosis following silencing of the Minpp1 gene by its specific siRNA. Our results suggest an attenuation of apoptotic parameters following knockdown of Minpp1. Thus, in addition to its known role in inositol polyphosphate metabolism, we have identified a novel role for Minpp1 as a stress-responsive protein. In summary, our results provide, for the first time, a probable link between ER stress-induced apoptosis and Minpp1 expression.

Effect of fluoride dentifrice and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate cream with and without fluoride in preventing enamel demineralization in a pH cyclic study.

PubMed

Sinfiteli, Priscila de Pinto; Coutinho, Thereza Christina Lopes; Oliveira, Patrícia Regina Almeida de; Vasques, Wesley Felisberto; Azevedo, Leandra Matos; Pereira, André Maues Brabo; Tostes, Monica Almeida

2017-01-01

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) complexes are anticariogenic and capable of remineralizing the early stages of enamel lesions. The use of fluoride prevents dental decay and the association of CPP-ACP with fluoride can increase remineralization. To evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP and CPP-ACPF creams associated with a fluoride dentifrice to prevent enamel demineralization in a pH cyclic model. Previously selected by surface microhardness (SH) analysis, human enamel blocks (n = 56) were submitted to daily treatment with dentifrice in a pH-cycling model. The enamel blocks were divided into four groups; G1: Crest™ Cavity Protection - Procter & Gamble (1,100 ppmF of NaF); G2: Crest™ +MI Paste (MP) - Recaldent™ GC Corporation Tokyo, Japan); G3: Crest™ + MI Paste Plus (MPP) - Recaldent™ 900 ppm as NaF, GC Corporation Tokyo, Japan), and G4: control, saliva. Specimens were soaked alternatively in a demineralizing solution and in artificial saliva for 5 d. The fluoride dentifrice, with proportion of 1:3 (w/w), was applied three times for 60 s after the remineralization period. The undiluted MP and MPP creams were applied for 3 m/d. After cycling, SH was re-measured and cross section microhardness measurements were taken. The SH values observed for the groups G3 (257±70), G1 (205±70), and G2 (208±84) differed from the G4 group (98±110) (one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test). There were no differences between the groups G1xG2, G2xG3, and G1xG3 for demineralization inhibition. The percentage of volume mineral showed that, when applied with fluoride dentifrice, MPP was the most effective in preventing enamel demineralization at 50 µ from the outer enamel surface (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney p<0.05). Fluoride dentifrice associated with CPP-ACPF inhibited subsurface enamel demineralization.

Current technology and techniques in re-mineralization of white spot lesions: A systematic review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Podray, Susan S.

White Spot lesions are a common iatrogenic occurrence on patients who are treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. There is a dynamic chemical interaction between enamel and saliva at the tooth surface that allow a lesion to have phase changes involving demineralization of enamel and reminerlization. This is due to calcium and phosphate dissolved in saliva that is deposited onto the tooth surface or removed depending on the surrounding pH. Caseinphosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is gaining popularity in dentistry as a way to increase the available level of calcium and phosphate in plaque and saliva to improve the chemical gradient so that if favors reminerlization. The aim of our investigation is to search the available current literature and formulate a recommendation for use of CPP-ACP in orthodontics. Publications from the following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Science Direct. Searches from August 2010 to April 1st 2012 were performed under the terms "MI Paste OR Recaldent OR caseinphosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate OR CPP-ACP or tooth mousse". The searches yielded 155 articles, These were reviewed for relevance based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles with inappropriate study design or no outcome measures at both baseline and end point were also excluded. 13 articles were deemed of relevance with a high quality study design and were included in this study for evaluation. The current literature suggests a preventative treatment regimen in which MI Paste Plus is used. It should be delivered once daily prior to bed after oral hygiene for 3 minutes in a fluoride tray, throughout orthodontic treatment. It should be recommended for high risk patients determined by poor oral hygiene, as seen by the inability to remove plaque from teeth and appliances. This protocol may prevent or assist in the remineralization of enamel white spot lesions during and after orthodontic treatment.

Combining CPP-ACP with fluoride: a synergistic remineralization potential of artificially demineralized enamel or not?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El-Sayad, I. I.; Sakr, A. K.; Badr, Y. A.

2008-08-01

Background and objective: Minimal intervention dentistry (MID) calls for early detection and remineralization of initial demineralization. Laser fluorescence is efficient in detecting changes in mineral tooth content. Recaldent is a product of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP- ACP) which delivers calcium and phosphate ions to enamel. A new product which also contains fluoride is launched in United States. The remineralizing potential of CPP- ACP per se, or when combined with 0.22% Fl supplied in an oral care gel on artificially demineralised enamel using laser fluorescence was investigated. Methods: Fifteen sound human molars were selected. Mesial surfaces were tested using He-Cd laser beam at 441.5nm with 18mW power as excitation source on a suitable set-up based on Spex 750 M monochromator provided with PMT for detection of collected auto-fluorescence from sound enamel. Mesial surfaces were subjected to demineralization for ten days. The spectra from demineralized enamel were measured. Teeth were then divided according to the remineralizing regimen into three groups: group I recaldent per se, group II recaldent combined with fluoride gel and group III artificial saliva as a positive control. After following these protocols for three weeks, the spectra from remineralized enamel from the three groups were measured. The spectra of enamel auto-fluorescence were recorded and normalized to peak intensity at about 540 nm to compare between spectra from sound, demineralized and remineralized enamel surfaces. Results: A slight red shift was noticed in spectra from demineralized enamel, while a blue shift may occur in remineralized enamel. Group II showed the highest remineralizing potential. Conclusions: Combining fluoride with CPP-ACP had a synergistic effect on enamel remineralization. In addition, laser auto-fluorescence is an accurate technique for assessment of changes in tooth enamel minerals.

The influence of scale inhibitors on calcium oxalate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gill, J.S.

1999-11-01

Precipitation of calcium oxalate is a common occurrence in mammalian urinary tract deposits and in various industrial processes such as paper making, brewery fermentation, sugar evaporation, and tannin concentration. Between pH 3.5 to 4.5 the driving force for calcium oxalate precipitation increases almost by three fold. It is a complicated process to predict both the nature of a deposit and at which stage of a multi-effect evaporator a particular mineral will deposit, as this depends on temperature, pH, total solids, and kinetics of mineralization. It is quite a challenge to inhibit calcium oxalate precipitation in the pH range of 4--6.more » Al{sup 3+} ions provide excellent threshold inhibition in this pH range and can be used to augment traditional inhibitors such as polyphosphates and polycarboxylates.« less

Combining casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride: synergistic remineralization potential of artificially demineralized enamel or not?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elsayad, Iman; Sakr, Amal; Badr, Yahia

2009-07-01

Recaldent is a product of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). The remineralizing potential of CPP-ACP per se, or when combined with 0.22% Fl gel on artificially demineralized enamel using laser florescence, is investigated. Mesial surfaces of 15 sound human molars are tested using a He-Cd laser beam at 441.5 nm with 18-mW power as an excitation source on a suitable setup based on a Spex 750-M monochromator provided with a photomultiplier tube (PMT) for detection of collected autofluorescence from sound enamel. Mesial surfaces are subjected to demineralization for ten days. The spectra from demineralized enamel are measured. Teeth are divided into three groups according to the remineralizing regimen: group 1 Recaldent per se, group 2 Recaldent combined with fluoride gel and ACP, and group 3 artificial saliva as a positive control. After following these protocols for three weeks, the spectra from the remineralized enamel are measured. The spectra of enamel autofluorescence are recorded and normalized to peak intensity at about 540 nm to compare spectra from sound, demineralized, and remineralized enamel surfaces. A slight red shift occurred in spectra from demineralized enamel, while a blue shift may occur in remineralized enamel. Group 2 shows the highest remineralizing potential. Combining fluoride and ACP with CPP-ACP can give a synergistic effect on enamel remineralization.

Molar incisor hypomineralization treatment with casein phosphopeptide and amorphous calcium phosphate in children.

PubMed

Pasini, Marco; Giuca, Maria R; Scatena, Martina; Gatto, Roberto; Caruso, Silvia

2018-02-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of teeth with MIH in children before and after the use of a tooth mousse containing casein phosphopeptide and amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). Forty patients, both males and females, aged from 8 to 13 years old that had a molar with MIH hypersensitivity were included in this study. In the test group (20 subjects), a tooth mousse with CPP-ACP was used while fluoride toothpaste was used in the control group. Dental sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli was evaluated before (T0) and 120 days after the beginning of the treatment (T1). In the test group, the thermal sensitivity decreased significantly (P<0.05) from T0 to T1 (2.4±0.6 to 1.1±0.4) while in the control group resulted very similar (from 2.3±0.5 to 2.2±0.4). Similarly, mechanical sensitivity decreased significantly (P<0.05) from 7.8±1 to 3.8±0.6 while in the control group decreased not significantly (from 7.5±1.3 to 7.2±0.8). No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed by comparing males with females. The use of the remineralizing agent containing CPP-ACP resulted in a significant improvement in dental sensitivity in patients with MIH.

The Surface Properties of Teeth Treated with Resin Infiltration or Amorphous Calcium Phosphate

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-04

properties of color stability and surface roughness of demineralized enamel treated with resin infiltration (ICON) or with casein phosphopeptide...amorphous calcium phosphate (MI Paste, CPP-ACP). Methods: Fifty human enamel blocks (4 x 4 mm2) were prepared. Each block was treated with 1M HCl (pH...and 5 (see Figure 2). Conclusion: The results of this study do not provide conclusive evidence that the standard of care for enamel

Casein phosphopeptides and CaCl2 increase penicillin production and cause an increment in microbody/peroxisome proteins in Penicillium chrysogenum.

PubMed

Domínguez-Santos, Rebeca; Kosalková, Katarina; García-Estrada, Carlos; Barreiro, Carlos; Ibáñez, Ana; Morales, Alejandro; Martín, Juan-Francisco

2017-03-06

Transport of penicillin intermediates and penicillin secretion are still poorly characterized in Penicillium chrysogenum (re-identified as Penicillium rubens). Calcium (Ca 2+ ) plays an important role in the metabolism of filamentous fungi, and casein phosphopeptides (CPP) are involved in Ca 2+ internalization. In this study we observe that the effect of CaCl 2 and CPP is additive and promotes an increase in penicillin production of up to 10-12 fold. Combination of CaCl 2 and CPP greatly promotes expression of the three penicillin biosynthetic genes. Comparative proteomic analysis by 2D-DIGE, identified 39 proteins differentially represented in P. chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 after CPP/CaCl 2 addition. The most interesting group of overrepresented proteins were a peroxisomal catalase, three proteins of the methylcitrate cycle, two aminotransferases and cystationine β-synthase, which are directly or indirectly related to the formation of penicillin amino acid precursors. Importantly, two of the enzymes of the penicillin pathway (isopenicillin N synthase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase) are clearly induced after CPP/CaCl 2 addition. Most of these overrepresented proteins are either authentic peroxisomal proteins or microbody-associated proteins. This evidence suggests that addition of CPP/CaCl 2 promotes the formation of penicillin precursors and the penicillin biosynthetic enzymes in peroxisomes and vesicles, which may be involved in transport and secretion of penicillin. Penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum is one of the best characterized secondary metabolism processes. However, the mechanism by which penicillin is secreted still remains to be elucidated. Taking into account the role played by Ca 2+ and CPP in the secretory pathway and considering the positive effect that Ca 2+ exerts on penicillin production, the analysis of global protein changes produced after CPP/CaCl 2 addition is very helpful to decipher the processes related to the biosynthesis and secretion of penicillin. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An in vitro study on the retentive strength of orthodontic bands cemented with CPP-ACP-containing GIC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heravi, Farzin; Bagheri, Hossein; Rangrazi, Abdolrasoul; Mojtaba Zebarjad, Seyed

2016-12-01

Caries and white spot lesions around orthodontic bands are well known occurrences in fixed orthodontic treatment. There are several methods to overcome these problems. One of these includes modification of the band cement with remineralizing agents such as casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). However, it should be evaluated that the cement modification has no significant negative effects on the retentive strength of the cemented orthodontic bands. In a continuation of our previous studies on the effects of the addition of CPP-ACP on the mechanical properties of luting and lining glass ionomer cement (GIC), this study aimed to investigate the retentive strength of orthodontic bands cemented with CPP-ACP containing GIC. Sixty extracted human pre molars teeth were embedded in acrylic resin and randomly divided into two groups of 30 specimens. In group 1, bands were cemented to the tooth with a GIC. In group 2, CPP-ACP (1.56% w/w) was added to the GIC before cementation. The retentive strength of each groups was determined with a universal testing machine. Further, the amount of cement remaining on the tooth surface was evaluated under a stereomicroscope, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) score was determined. Results of this study showed that there were no significant differences between the groups in retentive strength and ARI score. In conclusion, modification of GIC with 1.56% w/w CPP-ACP had no negative effects on the retentive strength of the bands so can be used during fixed orthodontic treatment.

The effect of CPP-ACP on enamel wear under severe erosive conditions.

PubMed

Ranjitkar, Sarbin; Kaidonis, John A; Richards, Lindsay C; Townsend, Grant C

2009-06-01

In addition to its role as a remineralizing agent in preventing dental caries, recent evidence has shown that casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) can protect teeth against erosion. The aim of this study was to determine whether CPP-ACP could reduce enamel wear rates under severe erosive conditions simulating heavy attrition and gastric regurgitation. Enamel specimens were subjected to 10,000 wear cycles at a load of 100 N and pH 1.2 in a tooth wear machine. The machine was stopped every 2 min (160 cycles), and CPP-ACP in the form of a paste was applied for 5 min in experimental group 1. A paste with the same formulation but without CPP-ACP was applied in experimental group 2. No paste was applied in the control group. A linear mixed model analysis indicated that the mean wear rates in experimental group 1 (0.44+/-0.05 mm(3) per 1000 cycles) and in experimental group 2 (0.63+/-0.06 mm(3) per 1000 cycles) were significantly lower than that in the control group (0.92+/-0.11 mm(3) per 1000 cycles) (p<0.05). The mean wear rate in experimental group 1 was also lower than that in experimental group 2 (p<0.05). Wear facets in experimental groups 1 and 2 were noted to be smoother and more polished than those in the control group. Both remineralizing and lubricating properties of the paste containing CPP-ACP appear to contribute to wear reduction in enamel. These findings may lead to new strategies for the clinical management of tooth wear.

Effect of fluoride dentifrice and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate cream with and without fluoride in preventing enamel demineralization in a pH cyclic study

PubMed Central

Sinfiteli, Priscila de Pinto; Coutinho, Thereza Christina Lopes; de Oliveira, Patrícia Regina Almeida; Vasques, Wesley Felisberto; Azevedo, Leandra Matos; Pereira, André Maues Brabo; Tostes, Monica Almeida

2017-01-01

Abstract Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) complexes are anticariogenic and capable of remineralizing the early stages of enamel lesions. The use of fluoride prevents dental decay and the association of CPP-ACP with fluoride can increase remineralization. Objective: To evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP and CPP-ACPF creams associated with a fluoride dentifrice to prevent enamel demineralization in a pH cyclic model. Material and Methods: Previously selected by surface microhardness (SH) analysis, human enamel blocks (n = 56) were submitted to daily treatment with dentifrice in a pH-cycling model. The enamel blocks were divided into four groups; G1: Crest™ Cavity Protection - Procter & Gamble (1,100 ppmF of NaF); G2: Crest™ +MI Paste (MP) - Recaldent™ GC Corporation Tokyo, Japan); G3: Crest™ + MI Paste Plus (MPP) - Recaldent™ 900 ppm as NaF, GC Corporation Tokyo, Japan), and G4: control, saliva. Specimens were soaked alternatively in a demineralizing solution and in artificial saliva for 5 d. The fluoride dentifrice, with proportion of 1:3 (w/w), was applied three times for 60 s after the remineralization period. The undiluted MP and MPP creams were applied for 3 m/d. After cycling, SH was re-measured and cross section microhardness measurements were taken. Results: The SH values observed for the groups G3 (257±70), G1 (205±70), and G2 (208±84) differed from the G4 group (98±110) (one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test). There were no differences between the groups G1xG2, G2xG3, and G1xG3 for demineralization inhibition. The percentage of volume mineral showed that, when applied with fluoride dentifrice, MPP was the most effective in preventing enamel demineralization at 50 µ from the outer enamel surface (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney p<0.05). Conclusion: Fluoride dentifrice associated with CPP-ACPF inhibited subsurface enamel demineralization. PMID:29211281

Surface kinetic roughening caused by dental erosion: An atomic force microscopy study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quartarone, Eliana; Mustarelli, Piercarlo; Poggio, Claudio; Lombardini, Marco

2008-05-01

Surface kinetic roughening takes place both in case of growth and erosion processes. Teeth surfaces are eroded by contact with acid drinks, such as those used to supplement mineral salts during sporting activities. Calcium-phosphate based (CPP-ACP) pastes are known to reduce the erosion process, and to favour the enamel remineralization. In this study we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the surface roughening during dental erosion, and the mechanisms at the basis of the protection role exerted by a commercial CPP-ACP paste. We found a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) in the roughness of surfaces exposed and not exposed to the acid solutions. The treatment with the CPP-ACP paste determined a statistically significant reduction of the roughness values. By interpreting the AFM results in terms of fractal scaling concepts and continuum stochastic equations, we showed that the protection mechanism of the paste depends on the chemical properties of the acid solution.

Effects of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate paste on white spot lesions and dental plaque after orthodontic treatment: a 3-month follow-up.

PubMed

Beerens, M W; van der Veen, M H; van Beek, H; ten Cate, J M

2010-12-01

The effects of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) paste vs. control paste on the remineralization of white spot caries lesions and on plaque composition were tested in a double-blind prospective randomized clinical trial. Fifty-four orthodontic patients, with multiple white spot lesions observed upon the removal of fixed appliances, were followed up for 3 months. Subjects were included and randomly assigned to either CPP-ACFP paste or control paste, for use supplementary to their normal oral hygiene. Caries regression was assessed on quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) images captured directly after debonding and 6 and 12 wk thereafter. The total counts and proportions of aciduric bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus spp. were measured in plaque samples obtained just before debonding, and 6 and 12 wk afterwards. A significant decrease in fluorescence loss was found with respect to baseline for both groups and no difference was found between groups. The size of the lesion area did not change significantly over time or between the groups. The percentages of aciduric bacteria and of S. mutans decreased from 47.4 to 38.1% and from 9.6 to 6.6%, respectively. No differences were found between groups. We observed no clinical advantage for use of the CPP-ACFP paste supplementary to normal oral hygiene over the time span of 12 wk. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci.

Clinical and ultrasound findings in patients with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease.

PubMed

Vele, Paulina; Simon, Siao-Pin; Damian, Laura; Felea, Ioana; Muntean, Laura; Filipescu, Ileana; Rednic, Simona

2018-05-02

To evaluate the presence and distribution of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) deposits in joints commonly affected by CPP deposition (CPPD) disease (acromio-clavicular, gleno-humeral, wrists, hips, knees, ankles, and symphysis pubis joints) using ultrasound (US). Thirty consecutive patients fulfilling McCarty diagnostic criteria for CPPD were consecutively enrolled in the study. The data registered using the US included the affected joints, the calcification site, and the pattern of calcification (thin hyperechoic bands, parallel to the surface of the hyaline cartilage, hyperechoic spots, and hyperechoic nodular or oval deposits). The presence of CPP crystals in knees was confirmed by polarized light microscopy examination of the synovial fluid and radiographs of the knees were performed in all patients. In 30 patients, 390 joints were scanned, (13 joints in every patient). The mean±standard deviation number of joints with US CPPD evidence per patient was 2.93±1.8 (range 1-9). The knee was the most common joint involved both clinically and using US examination. The second US pattern (with hyperechoic spots) was the most frequent. Fibrocartilage calcifications were more common than hyaline calcification. Using radiography as reference method, the sensitivity and specificity of US for diagnosis CPPD in knees was 79.31%, 95CI(66.65%-88.83%), and 14.29%, 95CI(1.78%-42.81%), respectively. The knee is the most frequent joint affected by CPPD. The second ultrasound pattern is the most common. CPPD affects the fibrocartilage to a greater extent than the hyaline cartilage.

Revisiting spatial distribution and biochemical composition of calcium-containing crystals in human osteoarthritic articular cartilage.

PubMed

Nguyen, Christelle; Bazin, Dominique; Daudon, Michel; Chatron-Colliet, Aurore; Hannouche, Didier; Bianchi, Arnaud; Côme, Dominique; So, Alexander; Busso, Nathalie; Busso, Nathalie; Lioté, Frédéric; Ea, Hang-Korng

2013-01-01

Calcium-containing (CaC) crystals, including basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP), are associated with destructive forms of osteoarthritis (OA). We assessed their distribution and biochemical and morphologic features in human knee OA cartilage. We prospectively included 20 patients who underwent total knee replacement (TKR) for primary OA. CaC crystal characterization and identification involved Fourier-transform infra-red spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy of 8 to 10 cartilage zones of each knee, including medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaux and the intercondyle zone. Differential expression of genes involved in the mineralization process between cartilage with and without calcification was assessed in samples from 8 different patients by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry and histology studies were performed in 6 different patients. Mean (SEM) age and body mass index of patients at the time of TKR was 74.6 (1.7) years and 28.1 (1.6) kg/m², respectively. Preoperative X-rays showed joint calcifications (chondrocalcinosis) in 4 cases only. The medial femoro-tibial compartment was the most severely affected in all cases, and mean (SEM) Kellgren-Lawrence score was 3.8 (0.1). All 20 OA cartilages showed CaC crystals. The mineral content represented 7.7% (8.1%) of the cartilage weight. All patients showed BCP crystals, which were associated with CPP crystals for 8 joints. CaC crystals were present in all knee joint compartments and in a mean of 4.6 (1.7) of the 8 studied areas. Crystal content was similar between superficial and deep layers and between medial and femoral compartments. BCP samples showed spherical structures, typical of biological apatite, and CPP samples showed rod-shaped or cubic structures. The expression of several genes involved in mineralization, including human homolog of progressive ankylosis, plasma-cell-membrane glycoprotein 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, was upregulated in OA chondrocytes isolated from CaC crystal-containing cartilages. CaC crystal deposition is a widespread phenomenon in human OA articular cartilage involving the entire knee cartilage including macroscopically normal and less weight-bearing zones. Cartilage calcification is associated with altered expression of genes involved in the mineralisation process.

Evolution of vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase domains and volutin granules: clues into the early evolutionary origin of the acidocalcisome

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Volutin granules appear to be universally distributed and are morphologically and chemically identical to acidocalcisomes, which are electron-dense granular organelles rich in calcium and phosphate, whose functions include storage of phosphorus and various metal ions, metabolism of polyphosphate, maintenance of intracellular pH, osmoregulation and calcium homeostasis. Prokaryotes are thought to differ from eukaryotes in that they lack membrane-bounded organelles. However, it has been demonstrated that as in acidocalcisomes, the calcium and polyphosphate-rich intracellular "volutin granules (polyphosphate bodies)" in two bacterial species, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Rhodospirillum rubrum, are membrane bound and that the vacuolar proton-translocating pyrophosphatases (V-H+PPases) are present in their surrounding membranes. Volutin granules and acidocalcisomes have been found in organisms as diverse as bacteria and humans. Results Here, we show volutin granules also occur in Archaea and are, therefore, present in the three superkingdoms of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya). Molecular analyses of V-H+PPase pumps, which acidify the acidocalcisome lumen and are diagnostic proteins of the organelle, also reveal the presence of this enzyme in all three superkingdoms suggesting it is ancient and universal. Since V-H+PPase sequences contained limited phylogenetic signal to fully resolve the ancestral nodes of the tree, we investigated the divergence of protein domains in the V-H+PPase molecules. Using Protein family (Pfam) database, we found a domain in the protein, PF03030. The domain is shared by 31 species in Eukarya, 231 in Bacteria, and 17 in Archaea. The universal distribution of the V-H+PPase PF03030 domain, which is associated with the V-H+PPase function, suggests the domain and the enzyme were already present in the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). Conclusion The importance of the V-H+PPase function and the evolutionary dynamics of these domains support the early origin of the acidocalcisome organelle. In particular, the universality of volutin granules and presence of a functional V-H+PPase domain in the three superkingdoms of life reveals that the acidocalcisomes may have appeared earlier than the divergence of the superkingdoms. This result is remarkable and highlights the possibility that a high degree of cellular compartmentalization could already have been present in the LUCA. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Anthony Poole, Lakshminarayan Iyer and Daniel Kahn PMID:21974828

Crystallization efficiencies of inorganic polyphosphate oligomers reacted with magnesium and calcium cations using anion-exchange chromatography with particulate formation-laser scattering detector.

PubMed

Ando, Masaki; Imadzu, Sakiyo; Kitagawa, Shinya; Ohtani, Hajime

2010-08-06

A particulate formation-laser scattering detector (PFLSD) was developed and used for evaluating the crystallization efficiency of inorganic polyphosphates (PPs) that reacted with either magnesium or calcium cations. As the solutions for reactive crystallization, 0.5 M ammonium buffer (pH 9.6) containing either 0.15 M MgCl(2) or 0.15 M CaCl(2) (MAP: magnesium ammonium phosphate and HAP: hydroxyapatite solution) were used. In the case of mono- and diphosphate (P1 and P2), the significant dependences of the particulate formation efficiency on various types of both P1/P2 and MAP/HAP reaction solutions were observed with the direct sample injection mode. The PFLSD was hyphenated with the anion-exchange chromatography and the dependence of the particulate formation efficiency on the polymerization degree (n(p)) of PP oligomers, separated chromatographically, was evaluated sequentially. The significant suppression of the particulate formation for PP oligomers was clearly confirmed, i.e., the MAP and HAP reaction solutions did not produce the particulates of the PP oligomers having an n(p) value of more than 3 and 5, respectively. As the overall tendency, the particulate formation efficiency in the case of the HAP solution was superior to that in the case of the MAP solution. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Caries-Preventive Effect of NaF, NaF plus TCP, NaF plus CPP-ACP, and SDF Varnishes on Sound Dentin and Artificial Dentin Caries in vitro.

PubMed

Wierichs, Richard J; Stausberg, Sabrina; Lausch, Julian; Meyer-Lueckel, Hendrik; Esteves-Oliveira, Marcella

2018-01-01

The aim of this study was to compare the caries-preventive effect of different fluoride varnishes on sound dentin as well as on artificial dentin caries-like lesions. Bovine dentin specimens (n = 220) with one sound surface (ST) and one artificial caries lesion (DT) were prepared and randomly allocated to 11 groups. The interventions before pH cycling were as follows: application of a varnish containing NaF (22,600 ppm F-; Duraphat [NaF0/NaF1]), NaF plus tricalcium phosphate (22,600 ppm F-; Clinpro White Varnish Mint [TCP0/TCP1]), NaF plus casein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate complexes (CPP-ACP; 22,600 ppm F-; MI Varnish [CPP0/CPP1]), or silver diamine fluoride (SDF; 35,400 ppm F-; Cariestop 30% [SDF0/SDF1]) and no intervention (NNB/N0/N1). During pH cycling (14 days, 6 × 120 min demineralization/day) half of the specimens in each group were brushed (10 s; 2 times/day) with either fluoride-free ("0"; e.g., TCP0) or 1,100 ppm F- ("1"; e.g., TCP1) dentifrice slurry. In another subgroup, the specimens were pH cycled but not brushed (NNB). Differences in integrated mineral loss (ΔΔZ), lesion depth (ΔLD), and colorimetric values (ΔΔE) were calculated between the values after initial demineralization and those after pH cycling, using transversal microradiography and photographic images. After pH cycling, no discoloration could be observed. Furthermore, NNB, N0, and N1 showed significantly increased ΔZDT/LDDT and ΔZST/LDST values, indicating further demineralization. In contrast, CPP0, CPP1, SDF0, and SDF1 showed significantly decreased ΔZDT/LDDT values, indicating remineralization (p ≤ 0.004; paired t test). CPP0, CPP1, SDF0, and SDF1 showed significantly higher changes in ΔΔZDT/ΔLDDT and ΔΔZST/ΔLDST than NNB, N0, and N1 (p < 0.001; Bonferroni post hoc test). In conclusion, under the conditions chosen, all fluoride varnishes prevented further demineralization. However, only NaF plus CPP-ACP and SDF could remineralize artificial dentin caries-like lesions under net-demineralizing conditions, thereby indicating that NaF plus CPP-ACP and SDF may be helpful to high-caries-risk patients. © 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Mechanism of polyphosphate kinase from Propionibacterium shermanii

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robinson, N.A.

1986-01-01

Polyphosphate kinase, which catalyzes the reaction shown below, is one of two enzymes which have been reported to catalyze the synthesis of polyphosphate. Purification performed by ammonium sulfate precipitation (0-40% fraction) was followed by chromatography. The enzyme represents 70% of the protein in the hydroxylapatite pool and is stable at this level of purity. The subunit molecular weight was determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel analysis, (83,000 +/- 3000), nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (80,000 and 86,000 daltons), gel filtration (Biogel A 0.5m column was 85,000 +/- 4000.) Polyphosphate kinase appears to be a monomeric enzyme of approx.83,000 daltons. Four assays weremore » developed for polyphosphate kinase. Basic proteins such as polylysine stimulate the synthesis of polyphosphate, these proteins cause precipitation of polyphosphate kinase from relatively impure enzyme extracts: Synthesized polyphosphate interacts noncovalently with the basic protein-enzyme precipitate. Efficient synthesis of polyphosphate requires the addition of either phosphate or short chain polyphosphate. Synthesis did occur at 1/10 the rate when neither of these two compounds were included. Initiation, elongation, and termination events of polyphosphate synthesis were examined. Short chain polyphosphate acts as a primer, with (/sup 32/P) short-chain polyphosphate incorporation into long chain polyphosphate by the kinase.« less

A comparison of the in vitro cyto- and neurotoxicity of brominated and halogen-free flame retardants: prioritization in search for safe(r) alternatives.

PubMed

Hendriks, Hester S; Meijer, Marieke; Muilwijk, Mirthe; van den Berg, Martin; Westerink, Remco H S

2014-04-01

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are abundant persistent organic pollutants with well-studied toxicity. The toxicological and ecological concerns associated with BFRs argue for replacement by safe(r) alternatives. Though previous research identified the nervous system as a sensitive target organ for BFRs, the (neuro) toxic potential of alternative halogen-free flame retardants (HFFRs) is largely unknown. We therefore investigated the in vitro (neuro) toxicity of 13 HFFRs and three BFRs in dopaminergic pheochromocytoma (PC12) and neuroblastoma (B35) cells by assessing several cytotoxic and neurotoxic endpoints. Effects on cell viability and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using a combined Alamar Blue and Neutral Red assay and a H2-DCFDA assay, respectively, whereas effects on calcium homeostasis were measured using single-cell fluorescent Ca(2+)-imaging. The majority of the tested flame retardants induced negligible cytotoxicity, except zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS). A considerable fraction of flame retardants affected ROS production (decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), triphenylphosphate (TPP), aluminium trihydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), magnesium hydroxide (MHO), ZHS, ZS and melamine polyphosphate (MPP)). Interestingly, ATH, ZHS, ZS and montmorillonite (MMT) increased the basal intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), whereas tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), resorcinol bis (diphenylphosphate) (RDP), TPP, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), ATH, ZHS, ZS and MMT reduced depolarization-evoked increases in [Ca(2+)]i as a result of inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels. These combined data on the in vitro (neuro) toxicity of HFFRs in comparison with BFRs are essential for prioritization of safe(r) flame retardants. Though additional data are required for a complete (toxic) risk assessment, our data demonstrate that several HFFRs could be suitable substitutes for BFRs.

Phosphate-bonded calcium aluminate cements

DOEpatents

Sugama, Toshifumi

1993-01-01

A method is described for making a rapid-setting phosphate-bonded cementitious material. A powdered aluminous cement is mixed with an aqueous solution of ammonium phosphate. The mixture is allowed to set to form an amorphous cementitious material which also may be hydrothermally treated at a temperature of from about 120.degree. C. to about 300.degree. C. to form a crystal-containing phosphate-bonded material. Also described are the cementitious products of this method and the cement composition which includes aluminous cement and ammonium polyphosphate.

Phosphate-bonded calcium aluminate cements

DOEpatents

Sugama, T.

1993-09-21

A method is described for making a rapid-setting phosphate-bonded cementitious material. A powdered aluminous cement is mixed with an aqueous solution of ammonium phosphate. The mixture is allowed to set to form an amorphous cementitious material which also may be hydrothermally treated at a temperature of from about 120 C to about 300 C to form a crystal-containing phosphate-bonded material. Also described are the cementitious products of this method and the cement composition which includes aluminous cement and ammonium polyphosphate. 10 figures.

Comparison of the incipient lesion enamel fluoride uptake from various prescription and OTC fluoride toothpastes and gels.

PubMed

Schemehorn, B R; DiMarino, J C; Movahed, N

2014-01-01

The objective of this in vitro study was to compare the fluoride uptake into incipient enamel lesions of a novel 970 ppm F- ion SnF2 over-the-counter (OTC) gel (Enamelon Preventive Treatment Gel) and a novel 1150 ppm F- ion OTC toothpaste (Enamelon), each delivering amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), to the uptake from two different prescription strength, 5000 ppm F- ion dentifrices containing tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) and a prescription 900 ppm F- ion paste containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). The test procedure followed method #40 in the US-FDA Anticaries Drug Products for OTC Human Use, Final Monograph testing procedures. Eight sets of twelve incisor enamel cores were mounted in Plexiglas rods and the exposed surfaces were polished. The indigenous fluoride levels of each specimen were determined prior to treatment. The treatments were performed using slurries of a negative control (water) and the following products applied to a set of sound enamel cores: 5000 ppm F- ion, sodium fluoride (NaF) prescription (Rx) dentifrice "A" containing TCP; 5000 ppm F- ion, NaF Rx dentifrice "B" containing TCP; 900 ppm F- ion, NaF Rx paste with CPP-ACP; 1150 ppm F- ion, NaF OTC toothpaste; 1150 ppm F- ion, stannous fluoride (SnF2) OTC toothpaste delivering ACP (Enamelon); 1100 ppm F- ion, SnF2 OTC toothpaste; and 970 ppm F- ion, SnF2 OTC gel delivering ACP (Enamelon Preventive Treatment Gel). The twelve specimens of each group were immersed into 25 ml of their assigned slurry with constant stirring (350 rpm) for 30 minutes. Following treatment, one layer of enamel was removed from each specimen and analyzed for fluoride and calcium. The pre-treatment fluoride (indigenous) level of each specimen was subtracted from the post-treatment value to determine the change in enamel fluoride due to the test treatment. The increase in the average fluoride uptake for treated enamel cores was: 10,263 ± 295 ppm for the 970 ppm F- ion, Enamelon Preventive Treatment Gel; 7,016 ± 353 ppm for the 1150 ppm F- ion Enamelon Toothpaste; 4,138 ± 120 ppm for the 5000 ppm F- ion, NaF prescription dentifrice "A" with TCP; 3801 ± 121 ppm for the 5000 ppm F- ion, NaF prescription dentifrice "B" with TCP; 2,647 ± 57 ppm for the 1100 ppm F- ion, SnF2 OTC toothpaste; 1470 ± 40 ppm for the 1150 ppm F- ion, NaF OTC toothpaste; and 316 ± 9 ppm for the 900 ppm F- ion, NaF paste with CPP-ACP. The differences among all the products tested were statistically significant (p < 0.05), except for the two 5000 ppm F- ion products with TCP that were not statistically different from one another, and the 900 ppm F ion, NaF paste with CPP-ACP that was not statistically different from the negative water control. The Enamelon products (970 ppm and 150 ppm F ion, SnF2OTC dentifrices) delivering ACP provide statistically significantly more fluoride to incipient enamel lesions than two prescription strength 5000 ppm F- ion toothpastes containing TCP, the 900 ppm F- ion prescription paste containing CPP-ACP, and the other OTC toothpastes compared in this study.

Remineralization effect of CPP-ACP and fluoride for white spot lesions in vitro.

PubMed

Oliveira, Gustavo M S; Ritter, André V; Heymann, Harald O; Swift, Edward; Donovan, Terry; Brock, Guy; Wright, Tim

2014-12-01

This in vitro study compared the remineralization effect on white spot lesions of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate crème, or CPP-ACP (MI Paste™), 1.1% NaF dentifrice containing 5000ppm of fluoride (ControlRX™), or CPP-ACP crème with 900ppm of fluoride (MI Paste Plus™) with that of a control. Artificial white spot lesions were created on smooth enamel surfaces of sound molars using a previously reported demineralization model. Specimens were randomly assigned to four treatments (n=35) with a pH-cycling model over 30 days: Control (no treatment); MI Paste (10% CPP-ACP crème); F5000 (1.1% NaF dentifrice); or MI Paste Plus (10% CPP-ACP plus 900ppm fluoride crème). Products were applied following manufacturers' directions. Changes in mean lesion depth expressed by percent fluorescence loss (ΔF%), and lesion area (mm(2)) from baseline to after treatment were measured with light-induced fluorescence (QLF). Mean values of each parameter were compared between groups (p<0.05). The remineralization pattern for the F5000 group was unique with marked initial remineralization during the first 10 days and little subsequent change. Based on mean lesion area, the F5000 demonstrated greater remineralization than Control, MI Paste and MI Paste Plus groups. Based on mean fluorescence loss, the F5000 group showed improved remineralization relative to MI Paste Plus, but did not differ statistically from the Control at the end of 30 days. The 1.1% NaF dentifrice demonstrated overall greater remineralization ability than 10% CPP-ACP crème. However, the 1.1% NaF dentifrice was only as effective as the Control to reduce fluorescence loss. This study showed that a 1.1% NaF dentifrice (5000ppm) demonstrated greater remineralization ability than the CPP-ACP topical tooth crème and that the addition of fluoride to its formulation seems to enhance remineralization. Saliva also has the ability to exert an important remineralization effect over time. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bioactive ceramic coating of cancellous screws improves the osseointegration in the cancellous bone.

PubMed

Lee, Jae Hyup; Nam, Hwa; Ryu, Hyun-Seung; Seo, Jun-Hyuk; Chang, Bong-Soon; Lee, Choon-Ki

2011-05-01

A number of methods for coating implants with bioactive ceramics have been reported to improve osseointegration in bone, but the effects of bioactive ceramic coatings on the osseointegration of cancellous screws are not known. Accordingly, biomechanical and histomorphometric analyses of the bone-screw interface of uncoated cancellous screws and cancellous screws coated with four different bioactive ceramics were performed. After coating titanium alloy cancellous screws with calcium pyrophosphate (CPP), CaO-SiO(2)-B(2)O(3) glass-ceramics (CSG), apatite-wollastonite 1:3 glass-ceramics (W3G), and CaO-SiO(2)-P(2)O(5)-B(2)O(3) glass-ceramics (BGS-7) using an enameling method, the coated and the uncoated screws were inserted into the proximal tibia and distal femur metaphysis of seven male mongrel dogs. The torque values of the screws were measured at the time of insertion and at removal after 8 weeks. The bone-screw contact ratio was analyzed by histomorphometry. There was no significant difference in the insertion torque between the uncoated and coated screws. The torque values of the CPP and BGS-7 groups measured at removal after 8 weeks were significantly higher than those of the uncoated group. Moreover, the values of the CPP and BGS-7 groups were significantly higher than the insertion torques. The fraction of bone-screw interface measured from the undecalcified histological slide showed that the CPP, W3G, and BGS-7 groups had significantly higher torque values in the cortical bone area than the uncoated group, and the CPP and BGS-7 groups had significantly higher torque values in the cancellous bone area than the uncoated group. In conclusion, a cancellous screw coated with CPP and BGS-7 ceramic bonds directly to cancellous bone to improve the bone-implant osseointegration. This may broaden the indications for cancellous screws by clarifying their contribution to improving osseointegration, even in the cancellous bone area.

Effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate combined with hydrogen peroxide and CPP-ACPF in whitening and microhardness of enamel.

PubMed

Ahrari, Farzaneh; Hasanzadeh, Nadia; Rajabi, Omid; Forouzannejad, Zakiyeh

2017-03-01

This study investigated the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) combined with 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) on color and microhardness of enamel. Seventy-five bovine incisors were immersed in a tea solution for 7.5 days. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups according to the whitening agent applied: 1) 94% NaHCO3, 2) a blend of 94% NaHCO3 and CPP-ACPF, 3) a blend of 94% NaHCO3 and 1.5% H2O2, 4) a blend of 94% NaHCO3, 1.5% H2O2 and CPP-ACPF, 5) control. The whitening procedure was performed for 10 times over 10 days. At each day, the buccal surfaces were covered with whitening agents for 5 minutes and then brushed for 30 seconds. After the 10 days, the teeth were again immersed in a tea solution for 10 minutes. Color assessment was performed at baseline (T1), after the first staining process (T2), after the whitening procedure (T3), and after the second staining process (T4). Finally, the specimens were subjected to microhardness test. There was a statistically significant difference in the color change between T2 and T3 stages among the study groups ( p <0.05), with the greatest improvement observed in group 4. Microhardness was significantly greater in groups 2 and 4, as compared to the other groups ( p <0.05). The combination of 94% NaHCO3, 1.5% H2O2 and CPP-ACPF was effective in improving color and microhardness of teeth with extrinsic stains and could be recommended in the clinical situation.

Remineralisation by chewing sugar-free gums in a randomised, controlled in situ trial including dietary intake and gauze to promote plaque formation.

PubMed

Cochrane, N J; Shen, P; Byrne, S J; Walker, G D; Adams, G G; Yuan, Y; Reynolds, C; Hoffmann, B; Dashper, S G; Reynolds, E C

2012-01-01

Remineralisation has been shown to be an effective mechanism of preventing the progression of enamel caries. The aim of this double-blind, randomised, cross-over in situ study was to compare enamel remineralisation by chewing sugar-free gum with or without casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) where the enamel lesions were exposed to dietary intake and some were covered with gauze to promote plaque formation. Participants wore removable palatal appliances containing 3 recessed enamel half-slabs with subsurface lesions covered with gauze and 3 without gauze. Mineral content was measured by transverse microradiography, and plaque composition was analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. For both the gauze-free and gauze-covered lesions, the greatest amount of remineralisation was produced by the CPP-ACP sugar-free gum, followed by the gum without CPP-ACP and then the no-gum control. Recessing the enamel in the appliance allowed plaque accumulation without the need for gauze. There was a trend of less remineralisation and greater variation in mineral content for the gauze-covered lesions. The cell numbers of total bacteria and streptococci were slightly higher in the plaque from the gauze-covered enamel for 2 of the 3 treatment legs; however, there was no significant difference in Streptococcus mutans cell numbers. In conclusion, chewing sugar-free gum containing CPP-ACP promoted greater levels of remineralisation than a sugar-free gum without CPP-ACP or a no-gum control using an in situ remineralisation model including dietary intake irrespective of whether gauze was used to promote plaque formation or not. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate combined with hydrogen peroxide and CPP-ACPF in whitening and microhardness of enamel

PubMed Central

Hasanzadeh, Nadia; Rajabi, Omid; Forouzannejad, Zakiyeh

2017-01-01

Background This study investigated the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) combined with 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) on color and microhardness of enamel. Material and Methods Seventy-five bovine incisors were immersed in a tea solution for 7.5 days. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups according to the whitening agent applied: 1) 94% NaHCO3, 2) a blend of 94% NaHCO3 and CPP-ACPF, 3) a blend of 94% NaHCO3 and 1.5% H2O2, 4) a blend of 94% NaHCO3, 1.5% H2O2 and CPP-ACPF, 5) control. The whitening procedure was performed for 10 times over 10 days. At each day, the buccal surfaces were covered with whitening agents for 5 minutes and then brushed for 30 seconds. After the 10 days, the teeth were again immersed in a tea solution for 10 minutes. Color assessment was performed at baseline (T1), after the first staining process (T2), after the whitening procedure (T3), and after the second staining process (T4). Finally, the specimens were subjected to microhardness test. Results There was a statistically significant difference in the color change between T2 and T3 stages among the study groups (p<0.05), with the greatest improvement observed in group 4. Microhardness was significantly greater in groups 2 and 4, as compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusions The combination of 94% NaHCO3, 1.5% H2O2 and CPP-ACPF was effective in improving color and microhardness of teeth with extrinsic stains and could be recommended in the clinical situation. PMID:28298972

Remineralization Potential of Three Different Dentifrices using Raman Spectroscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope.

PubMed

Job, Tisson V; Narayana, Girish T; Venkappa, Kishan K; Nathan, K Binu; Ahsan, Shameem; Harikaran, Jayakkodi

2018-04-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the remineralization potential of three different dentifrices using Raman spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Materials and methods: Totally, 30 extracted intact impacted third molar teeth were selected and the crown of each tooth in a group was separated from the root and longitudinally sectioned into four parts with each section under a subgroup, of which one section was an untreated section, the second and the third sections were demineralized in a demineralizing solution, and the third section was remineralized after demineralization. The teeth in the three groups were demineralized for 4 days and then treated with 0.21% sodium fluoride dentifrice with trical-cium phosphate, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and NovaMin for 14 days, following which the teeth surfaces were studied using Raman spec-troscopy and CLSM to assess the remineralization potential of the three dentifrices. The data were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results: Raman spectroscopic analysis revealed better remin-eralization with CPP-ACP, which was statistically significant from the groups treated with the NovaMin dentifrice and the fluoride-containing dentifrice.Confocal laser scanning microscopic examination also revealed significant differences between the three groups with the NovaMin-containing dentifrice demonstrating a greater remineralization of the surface when compared with the CPP-ACP dentifrice. The teeth samples treated with fluoride-containing dentifrice demonstrated the least reminer-alization among the three groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the demineralized samples of teeth treated with CPP-ACP showed the highest concentration of phosphate ions when analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, and the microscopic examination using confocal laser revealed a better surface remineralization of the demin-eralized samples when treated with the NovaMin technology. Clinical significance: There is a great need to find ways to enhance the remineralization process and transfer such knowledge into clinical therapy to alter caries balance for the better, especially in individuals with a high cariogenic bacterial challenge. Keywords: Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, Fluoride, NovaMin, Remineralization, Tricalcium phosphate.

Effects of conditioners on microshear bond strength to enamel after carbamide peroxide bleaching and/or casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) treatment.

PubMed

Adebayo, O A; Burrow, M F; Tyas, M J

2007-11-01

To evaluate (a) the enamel microshear bond strength (MSBS) of a universal adhesive and (b) the effects of conditioning with a self-etching primer adhesive with/without prior bleaching and/or casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) application. Thirty-five molars were cut into four sections, assigned randomly to four groups (no treatment; 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching; CPP-ACP-containing paste (Tooth Mousse, TM); bleaching and TM) and treated accordingly. Specimens were divided into two for bonding with either a self-etching primer (Clearfil SE Bond, CSE) or a total-etch adhesive (Single Bond, SB). Specimens for CSE bonding were subdivided for one of four preconditioning treatments (no conditioning; 30-40% phosphoric acid (PA); 15% EDTA; 20% polyacrylic acid conditioner (Cavity conditioner, CC) and treated. The adhesives were applied and resin composite bonded to the enamel using microtubes (internal diameter 0.75mm). Bonds were stressed in shear until failure, mean MSBS calculated and data analysed using ANOVA with Tukey's HSD test (alpha=0.05). The modes of bond failure were assessed and classified. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences between treatments (P<0.0001), conditioners (P<0.0001) and a significant interaction between treatments and conditioners (P=0.001). One-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences in MSBS following any of the treatments for SB; following TM application for CSE without preconditioning; and significant differences in MSBS following bleaching with and without TM application for CSE. With preconditioning, applying PA before CSE post-bleaching and either PA or CC before CSE post-TM application, resulted in significant differences in MSBS (P<0.05). The use of conditioners prior to bonding with the self-etching primer adhesive system on treated enamel may significantly improve bond strengths.

Comparative evaluation of enamel remineralization potential of processed cheese, calcium phosphate-based synthetic agent, and a fluoride-containing toothpaste: An in situ study.

PubMed

Grewal, Navneet; Gumber, Samita; Kaur, Nirapjeet

2017-01-01

Enamel remineralization potential of variety of products has been established, but there is a lack of evidence of comparison of remineralization potential of natural versus synthetic products. The aim of this study was to compare the enamel remineralization potential of saliva, cheese, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP)-based synthetic agent, and fluoride toothpaste. In situ study was carried out on sixty individuals who wore an intraoral appliance containing demineralized enamel slabs for each agent. One out of six slabs was kept as a control so as to record the baseline values (neither subjected to demineralization nor remineralization). Experimental agents were applied on the designated enamel slabs on day 1, 4, 7, and 10 with a crossover wash out period of 7 days. Quantitative values of mineral content of slab were measured using energy dispersive X-ray and qualitative changes in surface topography of slab were seen under scanning electron microscope at ×20K magnification. Highly significant changes from baseline values were seen in calcium and phosphorus content of slabs treated with cheese and CPP-ACP-based agent whereas levels of fluoride were significantly higher in enamel slabs treated with fluoride-containing toothpaste. Cheese is an organic, economical, and user-friendly option over prescribed synthetic agents. A synergistic effect of fluoride-containing toothpaste with intake of cheese could be a good enamel remineralization protocol.

Synthesis and evaluation of chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates for high-throughput detection of enzymes that hydrolyze inorganic polyphosphate.

PubMed

Hebbard, Carleigh F F; Wang, Yan; Baker, Catherine J; Morrissey, James H

2014-08-11

Inorganic polyphosphates, linear polymers of orthophosphate, occur naturally throughout biology and have many industrial applications. Their biodegradable nature makes them attractive for a multitude of uses, and it would be important to understand how polyphosphates are turned over enzymatically. Studies of inorganic polyphosphatases are, however, hampered by the lack of high-throughput methods for detecting and quantifying rates of polyphosphate degradation. We now report chromogenic and fluorogenic polyphosphate substrates that permit spectrophotometric monitoring of polyphosphate hydrolysis and allow for high-throughput analyses of both endopolyphosphatase and exopolyphosphatase activities, depending on assay configuration. These substrates contain 4-nitrophenol or 4-methylumbelliferone moieties that are covalently attached to the terminal phosphates of polyphosphate via phosphoester linkages formed during reactions mediated by EDAC (1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide). This report identifies Nudt2 as an inorganic polyphosphatase and also adds to the known coupling chemistry for polyphosphates, permitting facile covalent linkage of alcohols with the terminal phosphates of inorganic polyphosphate.

SEM investigation on casein phosphopeptides capability in contrasting cola drinks enamel erosion: an in vitro preliminary study.

PubMed

Ferrazzano, G F; Coda, M; Cantile, T; Sangianantoni, G; Ingenito, A

2012-12-01

Erosion of dental hard tissues induced by acidic dietary components is a high-prevalence finding, especially among children and adolescents. Acidic soft drinks are frequently implicated in dental erosion. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess if CPP-ACP preparation is capable of reducing enamel erosion caused by a cola-type drink. Twenty-five sound human permanent premolars, extracted for orthodontic reasons in patients of 12-16 years old, were used. The roots were removed and the crowns were sectioned in order to obtain 3 enamel sections from each tooth. The specimens were immersed in: (A) cola-type drink; (B) cola-type drink plus CPP-ACP; (C) deionised water (control) for: 48 h, 24 h, 12 h, 6 h and 3 h, respectively. pH values were constantly monitored. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. The enamel samples were evaluated for surface changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens subjected to cola-type drink (treatment A) showed wide areas of enamel dissolution, while the treatment B specimens showed a few areas of little enamel erosion, different from control samples. Adding CPP-ACP to the cola-type drinks influenced pH levels of the solutions, but always in the acidity range. CPP-ACP provides protection against dental erosion from cola-type drinks in vitro. Therefore, further studies are necessary to evaluate if adding casein phosphopeptide-stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate complex to acidic cola drinks could reduce their erosive potential in vivo as well.

Evaluation to determine the caries remineralization potential of three dentifrices: An in vitro study

PubMed Central

Balakrishnan, Arun; Jonathan, R; Benin, P; Kuumar, Arvind

2013-01-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralizing potential of three different remineralizing agents (GC tooth Mousse, Clinpro tooth crθme and SHY-NM) on demineralized tooth surfaces using micro CT and microhardness. Materials and Methods: Forty five freshly extracted mandibular premolars were collected and enamel specimens were prepared. The samples were assigned to three groups with fifteen specimens in each group. The specimens were then demineralized using McInne's demineralizing solution in two cycles. After that, remineralization was carried out in two cycles for 30 days using Casein phosphopeptide - Amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP - ACP), 0.21% sodium fluoride - Tricalcium phosphate (f-TCP) and Calcium Sodium Phosphosilicate (CSP) containing tooth pastes for groups I, II, III respectively. The specimens were evaluated for Linear attenuation co-efficient using micro CT (Scanco™) and Vicker's Micro Hardness (Schimadzu™) testing at different time periods. The results were tabulated and statistically analysed. Results: It was observed that all the three remineralizing agents used in the study significantly increased the Linear Attenuation Co-efficient and Vicker's hardness number values of the enamel specimens following 15 days and 30 days application. Conclusion: CPP – ACP showed the better remineralizing potential than the other two agents and there was no statistical significant difference between f-TCP and CSP groups. PMID:23956545

Calcium- and polyphosphate-containing acidocalcisomes in chicken egg yolk.

PubMed

Ramos, Isabela B; Miranda, Kildare; Ulrich, Paul; Ingram, Peter; LeFurgey, Ann; Machado, Ednildo A; de Souza, Wanderley; Docampo, Roberto

2010-04-09

Poly P (inorganic polyphosphate) is a polymer formed by P(i) residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. The presence of poly P in bacteria, fungi, algae and protists has been widely recognized, but the distribution of poly P in more complex eukaryotes has been poorly studied. Poly P accumulates, together with calcium, in acidic vesicles or acidocalcisomes in a number of organisms and possesses a diverse array of functions, including roles in stress response, blood clotting, inflammation, calcification, cell proliferation and apoptosis. We report here that a considerable amount of phosphorus in the yolk of chicken eggs is in the form of poly P. DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining showed that poly P is localized mainly in electron-dense vesicles located inside larger vacuoles (compound organelles) that are randomly distributed in the yolk. These internal vesicles were shown to contain calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, chlorine, iron and zinc, as detected by X-ray microanalysis and elemental mapping. These vesicles stain with the acidophilic dye Acridine Orange. The presence of poly P in organellar fractions of the egg yolk was evident in agarose gels stained with Toluidine Blue and DAPI. Of the total phosphate (Pi) of yolk organelles, 16% is present in the form of poly P. Total poly P content was not altered during the first 4 days of embryogenesis, but poly P chain length decreased after 1 day of development. The results of the present study identify a novel organelle in chicken egg yolk comprising acidic vesicles with a morphology, physiology and composition similar to those of acidocalcisomes, within larger acidic vacuoles. The elemental composition of these acidocalcisomes is proportionally similar to the elemental composition of the yolk, suggesting that most of these elements are located in these organelles, which might be an important storage compartment in eggs.

Bioactive Peptides Isolated from Casein Phosphopeptides Enhance Calcium and Magnesium Uptake in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers.

PubMed

Cao, Yong; Miao, Jianyin; Liu, Guo; Luo, Zhen; Xia, Zumeng; Liu, Fei; Yao, Mingfei; Cao, Xiaoqiong; Sun, Shengwei; Lin, Yanyin; Lan, Yaqi; Xiao, Hang

2017-03-22

The ability of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) to bind and transport minerals has been previously studied. However, the single bioactive peptides responsible for the effects of CPPs have not been identified. This study was to purify calcium-binding peptides from CPPs and to determine their effects on calcium and magnesium uptake by Caco-2 cell monolayers. Five monomer peptides designated P1 to P5 were isolated and the amino acid sequences were determined using LC-MS/MS. Compared with the CPP-free control, all five monomeric peptides exhibited significant enhancing effects on the uptake of calcium and magnesium (P < 0.05). Interestingly, when calcium and magnesium were presented simultaneously with P5, magnesium was taken up with priority over calcium in the Caco-2 cell monolayers. For example, at 180 min, the amount of transferred magnesium and calcium was 78.4 ± 0.95 μg/well and 2.56 ± 0.64 μg/well, respectively, showing a more than 30-fold difference in the amount of transport caused by P5. These results provide novel insight into the mineral transport activity of phosphopeptides obtained from casein.

Inorganic polyphosphate in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a mutation disturbing the function of vacuolar ATPase.

PubMed

Tomaschevsky, A A; Ryasanova, L P; Kulakovskaya, T V; Kulaev, I S

2010-08-01

A mutation in the vma2 gene disturbing V-ATPase function in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in a five- and threefold decrease in inorganic polyphosphate content in the stationary and active phases of growth on glucose, respectively. The average polyphosphate chain length in the mutant cells is decreased. The mutation does not prevent polyphosphate utilization during cultivation in a phosphate-deficient medium and recovery of its level on reinoculation in complete medium after phosphate deficiency. The content of short chain acid-soluble polyphosphates is recovered first. It is supposed that these polyphosphates are less dependent on the electrochemical gradient on the vacuolar membrane.

The Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorf Calcium Phosphate and Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Gel on Dental Erosion in Primary Teeth: An in Vitro Study.

PubMed

Maden, Eda Arat; Acar, Özge; Altun, Ceyhan; Polat, Günseli Güven

This study aimed to investigate the effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel and casein phosphopeptide/amorphous calciumphosphate (CPP-ACP) on the dental erosion produced by carbonated soft drink in primary teeth. This study evaluated by an in vitro model the effect of APF gel and CPP-ACP on the dental enamel previously subjected to erosive challenge with carbonated soft drink. Sixty sound human primary molars were prepared by embedding the crown sections in acrylic resin blocks leaving the enamel surfaces exposed. The surface roughness of the enamel was measured with prophilometry at baseline. Specimens were randomly divided into three treatment groups (n:20): artificial saliva, CPP-ACP, 1.23% APF gel. All specimens were then exposed to an erosive challenge of carbonated soft drink and artificial saliva for 20 cycles of 20 seconds each. Demineralization-remineralization cycles was repeated twice at eight-hour intervals and roughness values were measured. Enamel samples were treated with artificial saliva, CPP-ACP, 1.23% APF gel applied for 10 min after erosive challenge. The arithmetic average roughness (Ra) readings were recorded after remineralization agents were applied. The mean surface roughness in all groups increased significantly after erosion process and decreased after remineralization treatment. After treatment, the mean surface roughness of the 1.23% APF gel group was significantly less than the other groups and the mean surface roughness of the artificial saliva group was significantly more than the other groups. 1.23% APF gel showed the highest protective effect against erosive enamel loss. Under the conditions of this study, artificial saliva, CPP-ACP and 1.23% APF treatments were able to reduce erosive enamel loss produced by carbonated soft drink in primary teeth. However, 1.23% APF gel showed the highest protective effect against erosive enamel loss.

Low-field NMR determination of water distribution in meat batters with NaCl and polyphosphate addition.

PubMed

Shao, Jun-Hua; Deng, Ya-Min; Jia, Na; Li, Ru-Ren; Cao, Jin-Xuan; Liu, Deng-Yong; Li, Jian-Rong

2016-06-01

The objective was to elucidate the influence of NaCl and polyphosphates in the stage of protein swelling on the water-holding capacity (WHC) of meat batter. The meat batters were formulated with salt in different ways by adding established amounts of only NaCl, only polyphosphates, jointly adding NaCl and polyphosphates, and a control without any salt. An increase (p<0.05) in water retention was found when a combination of NaCl and polyphosphates was used. A high textural parameter was observed in the two treatments with NaCl, but not in the group with only polyphosphate. For the polyphosphate group, T22 was lower (p<0.05) than in the other three before heating; however, after heating, T21 and T22 were both significantly decreased, and a new component emerged, T23, which was significantly lower than the others. For the NaCl treatment, heated or not, T22 was always the highest. It was revealed that NaCl had affected the WHC by increasing the mobility and distribution of water, particularly with polyphosphate, but polyphosphate could not be an equal substitute for NaCl given its resulting lowest textural properties and poor microstructure. By presenting different hydration states in the protein swelling stage, the meat batter qualities were differentiated. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The importance of chain length for the polyphosphate enhancement of acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence.

PubMed

Holland, Brendan J; Adcock, Jacqui L; Nesterenko, Pavel N; Peristyy, Anton; Stevenson, Paul G; Barnett, Neil W; Conlan, Xavier A; Francis, Paul S

2014-09-09

Sodium polyphosphate is commonly used to enhance chemiluminescence reactions with acidic potassium permanganate through a dual enhancement mechanism, but commercially available polyphosphates vary greatly in composition. We have examined the influence of polyphosphate composition and concentration on both the dual enhancement mechanism of chemiluminescence intensity and the stability of the reagent under analytically useful conditions. The average chain length (n) provides a convenient characterisation, but materials with similar values can exhibit markedly different distributions of phosphate oligomers. There is a minimum polyphosphate chain length (∼6) required for a large enhancement of the emission intensity, but no further advantage was obtained using polyphosphate materials with much longer average chain lengths. Providing there is a sufficient average chain length, the optimum concentration of polyphosphate is dependent on the analyte and in some cases, may be lower than the quantities previously used in routine detection. However, the concentration of polyphosphate should not be lowered in permanganate reagents that have been partially reduced to form high concentrations of the key manganese(III) co-reactant, as this intermediate needs to be stabilised to prevent formation of insoluble manganese(IV). Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Primary structure of inorganic polyphosphate/ATP-NAD kinase from Micrococcus flavus, and occurrence of substrate inorganic polyphosphate for the enzyme.

PubMed

Kawai, Shigeyuki; Mori, Shigetarou; Murata, Kousaku

2003-08-01

The gene encoding an inorganic polyphosphate/ATP-NAD kinase was cloned from Micrococcus flavus, and its primary structure was analyzed. Alignment of the primary structure with those of other characterized NAD kinases revealed candidate amino acid residues, mainly charged ones, that would be related to inorganic polyphosphate use. The alignment also showed that the primary structure found carried a protruding C-terminal polypeptide. Although the C-terminal polypeptide was demonstrated to be dispensable for the kinase activities, and was proposed to be removed in M. flavus, the entire primary structure including the C-terminal polypeptide was homologous with that of the ATP synthase beta chain. The inorganic polyphosphate used by the inorganic polyphosphate/ATP-NAD kinase as a phosphoryl donor was isolated from cells of M. flavus, suggesting that the ability of the enzyme to use inorganic polyphosphate is of physiological significance and is not an evolutionary trait alone.

The efficiency of child formula dentifrices containing different calcium and phosphate compounds on artificial enamel caries.

PubMed

Rirattanapong, Praphasri; Vongsavan, Kadkao; Saengsirinavin, Chavengkiat; Khumsub, Ploychompoo

2016-01-01

Fluoride toothpaste has been extensively used to prevent dental caries. However, the risk of fluorosis is concerning, especially in young children. Calcium phosphate has been an effective remineralizing agent and is present in commercial dental products, with no risk of fluorosis to users. This in vitro study aimed to compare the effects of different calcium phosphate compounds and fluoride-containing dentifrices on artificial caries in primary teeth. Fifty sound primary incisors were coated with nail varnish, leaving two 1 mm 2 windows on the labial surface before immersion in demineralizing solution for 96 hours to produce artificial enamel lesions. Subsequently, one window from each tooth was coated with nail varnish, and all 50 teeth were divided into five groups ( n = 10); group A - deionized water; group B - casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste (Tooth Mousse); group C - 500 ppm F (Colgate Spiderman ® ); group D - nonfluoridated toothpaste with triple calcium phosphate (Pureen ® ); and group E - tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Polarized light microscopy and Image-Pro ® Plus software were used to evaluate lesions. After a 7-day pH-cycle, mean lesion depths in groups A, B, C, D, and E had increased by 57.52 ± 10.66%, 33.28 ± 10.16%, 17.04 ± 4.76%, 32.51 ± 8.99%, and 21.76 ± 8.15%, respectively. All data were processed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 16.0) software package. Comparison of percentage changes using one-way analysis of variance and Fisher's least squares difference tests at a 95% level of confidence demonstrated that group A was significantly different from the other groups ( P < 0.001). Lesions in groups B and D had a significant lesion progression when compared with groups C and E. All toothpastes in this study had the potential to delay the demineralization progression of artificial enamel caries in primary teeth. The fluoride 500 ppm and TCP toothpastes were equal in the deceleration of enamel caries progression and better than CPP-ACP paste and TCP toothpaste.

Simultaneous determination of zinc and chromate in cooling water by differential pulse polarography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jindal, V.K.; Kham, M.A.; Bhatnagar, R.M.

1985-01-01

The use of differential pulse polarography (DPP) for the simultaneous determination of zinc and chromate in cooling water is reported where zinc (5 ppm), chromate (20 ppm), and polyphosphate (50 ppm) formulation is used as a corrosion inhibitor. This will help in effective control of cooling tower performance. The DPP method has been applied for the simultaneous determination of zinc and chromate ions in process and cooling water samples from fertilizer plants in India. The method is based on the reduction of Cr and Zn on SMDE in 1 M NH3-0.1 M NH/sub 4/Cl and 0.005% gelatine supporting electrolyte. Duemore » to interference it is essential to complex calcium ions by adding polyphosphate and to destroy NO/sub 2//sup -//NO/sub 3//sup -/ by adding sulfamic acid along with hydrochloric acid before the actual recording of DP polarograms. The present DP polarographic method for the simultaneous determination of zinc and chromate is comparable in its utility and applicability with spectrophotometric methods. The method has a better accuracy and higher sensitivity and is quick, as both of the ions can be determined in a single scan. 10 references, 4 figures, 5 tables.« less

New Insights into the Roles of Acidocalcisomes and the Contractile Vacuole Complex in Osmoregulation in Protists

PubMed Central

Docampo, Roberto; Jimenez, Veronica; Lander, Noelia; Li, Zhu-Hong; Niyogi, Sayantanee

2013-01-01

While free-living protists are usually subjected to hyposmotic environments, parasitic protists are also in contact with hyperosmotic habitats. Recent work in one of these parasites, Trypanosoma cruzi, has revealed that its contractile vacuole complex, which usually collects and expels excess water as a mechanism of regulatory volume decrease after hyposmotic stress, has also a role in cell shrinking when the cells are submitted to hyperosmotic stress. Trypanosomes also have an acidic calcium store rich in polyphosphate (polyP), named the acidocalcisome, which is involved in their response to osmotic stress. Here, we review newly emerging insights on the role of acidocalcisomes and the contractile vacuole complex in the cellular response to hyposmotic and hyperosmotic stresses. We also review the current state of knowledge on the composition of these organelles and their other roles in calcium homeostasis and protein trafficking. PMID:23890380

New insights into roles of acidocalcisomes and contractile vacuole complex in osmoregulation in protists.

PubMed

Docampo, Roberto; Jimenez, Veronica; Lander, Noelia; Li, Zhu-Hong; Niyogi, Sayantanee

2013-01-01

While free-living protists are usually subjected to hyposmotic environments, parasitic protists are also in contact with hyperosmotic habitats. Recent work in one of these parasites, Trypanosoma cruzi, has revealed that its contractile vacuole complex, which usually collects and expels excess water as a mechanism of regulatory volume decrease after hyposmotic stress, has also a role in cell shrinking when the cells are submitted to hyperosmotic stress. Trypanosomes also have an acidic calcium store rich in polyphosphate (polyP), named the acidocalcisome, which is involved in their response to osmotic stress. Here, we review newly emerging insights on the role of acidocalcisomes and the contractile vacuole complex in the cellular response to hyposmotic and hyperosmotic stresses. We also review the current state of knowledge on the composition of these organelles and their other roles in calcium homeostasis and protein trafficking. © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Treatment of toxic metal aqueous solutions: encapsulation in a phosphate-calcium aluminate matrix.

PubMed

Fernández, J M; Navarro-Blasco, I; Duran, A; Sirera, R; Alvarez, J I

2014-07-01

Polyphosphate-modified calcium aluminate cement matrices were prepared by using aqueous solutions polluted with toxic metals as mixing water to obtain waste-containing solid blocks with improved management and disposal. Synthetically contaminated waters containing either Pb or Cu or Zn were incorporated into phosphoaluminate cement mortars and the effects of the metal's presence on setting time and mechanical performance were assessed. Sorption and leaching tests were also executed and both retention and release patterns were investigated. For all three metals, high uptake capacities as well as percentages of retention larger than 99.9% were measured. Both Pb and Cu were seen to be largely compatible with this cementitious matrix, rendering the obtained blocks suitable for landfilling or for building purposes. However, Zn spoilt the compressive strength values because of its reaction with hydrogen phosphate anions, hindering the development of the binding matrix. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Definition and Reliability Assessment of Elementary Ultrasonographic Findings in Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease: A Study by the OMERACT Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease Ultrasound Subtask Force.

PubMed

Filippou, Georgios; Scirè, Carlo A; Damjanov, Nemanja; Adinolfi, Antonella; Carrara, Greta; Picerno, Valentina; Toscano, Carmela; Bruyn, George A; D'Agostino, Maria Antonietta; Delle Sedie, Andrea; Filippucci, Emilio; Gutierrez, Marwin; Micu, Mihaela; Möller, Ingrid; Naredo, Esperanza; Pineda, Carlos; Porta, Francesco; Schmidt, Wolfgang A; Terslev, Lene; Vlad, Violeta; Zufferey, Pascal; Iagnocco, Annamaria

2017-11-01

To define the ultrasonographic characteristics of calcium pyrophosphate crystal (CPP) deposits in joints and periarticular tissues and to evaluate the intra- and interobserver reliability of expert ultrasonographers in the assessment of CPP deposition disease (CPPD) according to the new definitions. After a systematic literature review, a Delphi survey was circulated among a group of expert ultrasonographers, who were members of the CPPD Ultrasound (US) Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) subtask force, to obtain definitions of the US characteristics of CPPD at the level of fibrocartilage (FC), hyaline cartilage (HC), tendon, and synovial fluid (SF). Subsequently, the reliability of US in assessing CPPD at knee and wrist levels according to the agreed definitions was tested in static images and in patients with CPPD. Cohen's κ was used for statistical analysis. HC and FC of the knee yielded the highest interobserver κ values among all the structures examined, in both the Web-based (0.73 for HC and 0.58 for FC) and patient-based exercises (0.55 for the HC and 0.64 for the FC). Kappa values for the other structures were lower, ranging from 0.28 in tendons to 0.50 in SF in the static exercise and from 0.09 (proximal patellar tendon) to 0.27 (triangular FC of the wrist) in the patient-based exercise. The new OMERACT definitions for the US identification of CPPD proved to be reliable at the level of the HC and FC of the knee. Further studies are needed to better define the US characteristics of CPPD and optimize the scanning technique in other anatomical sites.

Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate: A quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis using scanning electron microscopy: An in vitro study

PubMed Central

Hegde, Mithra N; Moany, Anu

2012-01-01

Aim: The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the remineralization potential of casein phosphopeptide-amor-phous calcium phosphate paste on enamel subsurface lesions using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). Materials and Methods: Ninety enamel specimens were prepared from extracted human molars. All specimens were evaluated for mineral content (% weight) using SEM-EDX. The specimens were placed in demineralizing solution for four days to produce artificial carious lesions. The mineral content (calcium/phosphorus ratios, Ca/P ratios) was remeasured using SEM-EDX. The specimens were then randomly assigned to five study groups and one control group of 15 specimens per group. Except for the control group, all group specimens were incubated in remineralizing paste (CPP-ACP paste) for 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days twice daily for three minutes. The control group received no treatment with remineralizing paste. All the 90 specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C. After remineralization, the mineral content (% weight) of the samples was measured using SEM-EDX. Results: All the study groups showed very highly significant differences between Ca/P ratios of the demineralized and remineralized samples. There was no significant difference seen in the control group. Conclusion: CPP-ACP paste could significantly remineralize the artificial enamel subsurface lesions in vitro: the remineralizing rates increasing with the time for which the samples were kept in the remineralizing paste. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis is an efficient way to quantitatively assess the changes in mineral content during demineralization and in vitro remineralization processes. PMID:22368338

Use of an Escherichia coli Recombinant Producing Thermostable Polyphosphate Kinase as an ATP Regenerator To Produce Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate▿ †

PubMed Central

Iwamoto, Seishi; Motomura, Kei; Shinoda, Yasuharu; Urata, Masaaki; Kato, Junichi; Takiguchi, Noboru; Ohtake, Hisao; Hirota, Ryuichi; Kuroda, Akio

2007-01-01

Heat-treated Escherichia coli producing Thermus polyphosphate kinase regenerated ATP by using exogenous polyphosphate. This recombinant could be used as a platform to produce valuable compounds in combination with thermostable phosphorylating or energy-requiring enzymes. In this work, we demonstrated the production of fructose 1,6-diphosphate from fructose and polyphosphate. PMID:17616610

Microbial Communities Associated with Phosphorite-bearing Sediments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zoss, R.; Bailey, J.; Flood, B.; Jones, D. S.

2016-12-01

Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient in the environment and is an important component of many biological molecules. Calcium phosphate mineral deposits known as phosphorites, are also the primary source of P for agriculture. Understanding phosphorite formation may improve management of P resources. However, the processes that mediate calcium phosphate mineral precipitation in certain marine pore waters remain poorly understood. Phosphogenesis occurs in sediments beneath some oceanic upwelling zones that harbor polyphosphate-accumulating giant sulfur bacteria (GSB). These bacteria may concentrate phosphate in sediment pore waters - creating supersaturated conditions with respect to apatite. However, the relationship between microbes and phosphogenesis is not fully resolved. To further study this relationship, we examined microbial communities from two sources: sediment cores recovered from the shelf of the Benguela region, and DNA extracted from washed phosphorites recovered from those same sediments. We used itag and clone library sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to examine the microbial communities and their relationship with the environment. We found that many of our sediments shared large numbers of phylotypes with one another, and that the same metabolic guilds were represented at localities across the shelf. Sulfur-reducing bacteria and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were abundant in our datasets. Phylotypes that are known to carry out nitrification and/or anammox (anaerobic ammonia oxidation) were also well-represented. Our phosphorite extraction, however, contained a distinct microbial community from those observed in the modern sediments. We observed both an enrichment of certain common microbial classes and a complete absence of others. These results could represent an ancient microbial assemblage that was present when the apatite precipitated. While these taxa may or may not have contributed to apatite precipitation, several groups represented in the phosphorite dataset have the genetic potential, as determined through the analysis of published genomes, to synthesize, and perhaps accumulate, polyphosphate.

Role of enamel deminerlization and remineralization on microtensile bond strength of resin composite.

PubMed

Rizvi, Abbas; Zafar, Muhammad S; Al-Wasifi, Yasser; Fareed, Wamiq; Khurshid, Zohaib

2016-01-01

This study is aimed to establish the microtensile bond strength of enamel following exposure to an aerated drink at various time intervals with/without application of remineralization agent. In addition, degree of remineralization and demineralization of tooth enamel has been assessed using polarized light microscopy. Seventy extracted human incisors split into two halves were immersed in aerated beverage (cola drink) for 5 min and stored in saliva until the time of microtensile bond testing. Prepared specimens were divided randomly into two study groups; remineralizing group (n = 70): specimens were treated for remineralization using casein phosphopeptides and amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) remineralization agent (Recaldent™; GC Europe) and control group (n = 70): no remineralization treatment; specimens were kept in artificial saliva. All specimens were tested for microtensile bond strength at regular intervals (1 h, 1 days, 2 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks) using a universal testing machine. The results statistically analyzed (P = 0.05) using two-way ANOVA test. Results showed statistically significant increase in bond strength in CPP-ACP tested group (P < 0.05) at all-time intervals. The bond strength of remineralizing group samples at 2 days (~13.64 megapascals [MPa]) is comparable to that of control group after 1 week (~12.44 MPa). CPP-ACP treatment of teeth exposed to an aerated drink provided significant increase in bond strength at a shorter interval compared to teeth exposed to saliva alone.

Evaluation of a novel approach in the prevention of white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets.

PubMed

Yap, J; Walsh, L J; Naser-Ud Din, S; Ngo, H; Manton, D J

2014-03-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the relative efficacy of a resin fissure sealant, nano-filled self-adhesive protective coating, resin infiltrant, glass ionomer cement (GIC), and GIC containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) in preventing the formation of subsurface lesions of enamel (SLE) adjacent to orthodontic brackets by acting as an enamel surface sealant (ESS). Eighty-five enamel specimens with molar tubes bonded at their centre were randomly divided into five groups, each treated with a different material at the bracket's periphery. Specimens were stored in an acetate demineralization solution at pH 4.5 for 7 days at 37 °C then imaged using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) to determine the difference in fluorescence (∆F) between sound- and acid-exposed enamel. Lesion cross-sections were then examined using backscattered scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to measure lesion depth. The use of GIC alone or incorporating CPP-ACP significantly reduced ∆F compared with other materials. Backscattered SEM images showed no measurable demineralization for enamel treated with either GIC material in contrast with other groups, which showed statistically significant demineralization levels. The fluoride-releasing effects and CPP-ACP benefits of the GIC materials show promise as an effective ESS in inhibiting enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets. © 2014 Australian Dental Association.

Survival after cryogenic freezing of Campylobacter species in ground Turkey patties treated with polyphosphates.

PubMed

Gunther Iv, Nereus W; Rajkowski, Kathleen T; Sommers, Christopher

2015-02-01

The use of polyphosphate-based marinades in the processing of poultry has been previously shown to increase the survival of Campylobacter species present in the exudates derived from these products. This study investigates the effects that some of the same polyphosphates have on the survival of Campylobacter species within a ground turkey product subjected to cryogenic freezing. Ground turkey patties with two different polyphosphate formulations added in two different concentrations were artificially contaminated with known concentrations of Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. The patties were cryogenically frozen at -80°F (-62.2°C) with liquid nitrogen vapor and held at -20°C for 7 or 33 days, after which the number of Campylobacter surviving in the patties was determined. On average the cryogenic freezing resulted in a 2.5-log decrease in the survival of C. jejuni cells and a 2.9-log decrease in C. coli cells present in the turkey patties. Additionally, the presence of polyphosphates in the turkey patties had no effect on Campylobacter survival up to the maximum allowed concentration (0.5%) for polyphosphates in poultry marinades. Finally, it was determined that the added polyphosphates had little effect on the pH of the ground turkey meat; an effect which previously had been implicated in the enhancement of Campylobacter survival due to the presence of polyphosphates.

Process Recovery after CaO Addition Due to Granule Formation in a CSTR Co-Digester—A Tool to Influence the Composition of the Microbial Community and Stabilize the Process?

PubMed Central

Liebrich, Marietta; Kleyböcker, Anne; Kasina, Monika; Miethling-Graff, Rona; Kassahun, Andrea; Würdemann, Hilke

2016-01-01

The composition, structure and function of granules formed during process recovery with calcium oxide in a laboratory-scale fermenter fed with sewage sludge and rapeseed oil were studied. In the course of over-acidification and successful process recovery, only minor changes were observed in the bacterial community of the digestate, while granules appeared during recovery. Fluorescence microscopic analysis of the granules showed a close spatial relationship between calcium and oil and/or long chain fatty acids. This finding further substantiated the hypothesis that calcium precipitated with carbon of organic origin and reduced the negative effects of overloading with oil. Furthermore, the enrichment of phosphate minerals in the granules was shown, and molecular biological analyses detected polyphosphate-accumulating organisms as well as methanogenic archaea in the core. Organisms related to Methanoculleus receptaculi were detected in the inner zones of a granule, whereas they were present in the digestate only after process recovery. This finding indicated more favorable microhabitats inside the granules that supported process recovery. Thus, the granule formation triggered by calcium oxide addition served as a tool to influence the composition of the microbial community and to stabilize the process after overloading with oil. PMID:27681911

Process Recovery after CaO Addition Due to Granule Formation in a CSTR Co-Digester-A Tool to Influence the Composition of the Microbial Community and Stabilize the Process?

PubMed

Liebrich, Marietta; Kleyböcker, Anne; Kasina, Monika; Miethling-Graff, Rona; Kassahun, Andrea; Würdemann, Hilke

2016-03-17

The composition, structure and function of granules formed during process recovery with calcium oxide in a laboratory-scale fermenter fed with sewage sludge and rapeseed oil were studied. In the course of over-acidification and successful process recovery, only minor changes were observed in the bacterial community of the digestate, while granules appeared during recovery. Fluorescence microscopic analysis of the granules showed a close spatial relationship between calcium and oil and/or long chain fatty acids. This finding further substantiated the hypothesis that calcium precipitated with carbon of organic origin and reduced the negative effects of overloading with oil. Furthermore, the enrichment of phosphate minerals in the granules was shown, and molecular biological analyses detected polyphosphate-accumulating organisms as well as methanogenic archaea in the core. Organisms related to Methanoculleus receptaculi were detected in the inner zones of a granule, whereas they were present in the digestate only after process recovery. This finding indicated more favorable microhabitats inside the granules that supported process recovery. Thus, the granule formation triggered by calcium oxide addition served as a tool to influence the composition of the microbial community and to stabilize the process after overloading with oil.

Formation of nucleoside 5'-polyphosphates under potentially prebiological conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lohrmann, R.

1976-01-01

The characteristics and efficiencies of biochemical reactions involving nucleoside 5'-diphosphates and -triphosphates (important substrates of RNA and DNA synthesis) under conditions corresponding to the primitive prebiotic earth are investigated. Urea catalysis of the formation of linear inorganic polyphosphates and metal ions promoting the reactions are discussed. Linear polyphosphate was incubated with Mg(++) in the presence of a nucleoside 5'-phosphate, to yield nucleoside 5'-polyphosphates when products are dried, while Mg(++) prompts depolymerization to trimetaphosphate in aqueous solutions. Plausible biogenetic pathways are examined.

Mechanism of Polyphosphates Hydrolysis by Purified Polyphosphatases from the Dorsal Muscle of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix) as Detected by ³¹P NMR.

PubMed

Liu, Wei; Xu, Meng; Zhang, Yawei; Wang, Fulong; Hui, Teng; Cui, Baowei; Guo, Xiuyun; Peng, Zengqi

2015-11-01

The dynamic hydrolysis of tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and polyphosphate compound, which was catalyzed by purified pyrophosphatase (PPase) and myosin- tripolyphosphatase (TPPase) from the silver carp dorsal muscle, was studied using (31) P NMR spectroscopy. In the PPase + TSPP system, the pyrophosphate (PP) was hydrolyzed quickly and completely within 8 h and the hydrolysis rate of PP was 12.51%/h. In the TPPase + STPP system, the first-order hydrolysis of tripolyphosphate (TPP) was not yet complete after 48 h, and the derived PP accumulated progressively. Given the coexistence of PPase and TPPase, only 1.20% of TPP in STPP alone remained after 48 h. However, the generation rate of Pi in the polyphosphate compound (TSPP: STPP: sodium hexametaphosphate = 1: 8: 1) was 0.76%/h, which was less than 0.88%/h in STPP alone. In the presence of polyphosphatases, the decrease of PP or TPP content in the polyphosphate compound was not as rapid as that in TSPP or STPP alone due to the inhibitory effect of PP on TPPase and the effect of low system pH on PPase. The understanding of polyphosphates hydrolysis mechanism was capable of developing the advanced polyphosphate mixture in order to reduce the phosphate residue in fish products. Processors appreciate the proven value of phosphates to increase the yield and functionality of the fish meat products. Our studies showed that the hydrolysis rate of PP or TPP in the blend was slower than that of polyphosphate alone. Thus, it is likely that the addition of PP and TPP in a polyphosphate blend had a prolonged interaction with proteins in fish meat processing and the effectiveness of polyphosphates was enhanced. © 2015 Institute of Food Technologists®

Analysis of polyphosphates in fish and shrimps tissues by two different ion chromatography methods: implications on false-negative and -positive findings.

PubMed

Kaufmann, A; Maden, K; Leisser, W; Matera, M; Gude, T

2005-11-01

Inorganic polyphosphates (di-, tri- and higher polyphosphates) can be used to treat fish, fish fillets and shrimps in order to improve their water-binding capacity. The practical relevance of this treatment is a significant gain of weight caused by the retention/uptake of water and natural juice into the fish tissues. This practice is legal; however, the use of phosphates has to be declared. The routine control testing of fish for the presence of polyphosphates, produced some results that were difficult to explain. One of the two analytical methods used determined low diphosphate concentrations in a number of untreated samples, while the other ion chromatography (IC) method did not detect them. This initiated a number of investigations: results showed that polyphosphates in fish and shrimps tissue undergo a rapid enzymatic degradation, producing the ubiquitous orthophosphate. This led to the conclusion that sensitive analytical methods are required in order to detect previous polyphosphate treatment of a sample. The polyphosphate concentrations detected by one of the analytical methods could not be explained by the degradation of endogenous high-energy nucleotides like ATP into diphosphate, but by a coeluting compound. Further investigations by LC-MS-MS proved that the substance responsible for the observed peak was inosine monophsosphate (IMP) and not as thought the inorganic diphosphate. The method producing the false-positive result was modified and both methods were ultimately able to detect polyphosphates well separated from natural nucleotides. Polyphosphates could no longer be detected (<0.5 mg kg-1) after modification of the analytical methodology. The relevance of these findings lies in the fact that similar analytical methods are employed in various control laboratories, which might lead to false interpretation of measurements.

Assessment of White Spot Lesions and In-Vivo Evaluation of the Effect of CPP-ACP on White Spot Lesions in Permanent Molars of Children.

PubMed

Munjal, Deepti; Garg, Shalini; Dhindsa, Abhishek; Sidhu, Gagandeep Kaur; Sethi, Harsimran Singh

2016-05-01

As hindrance of remineralisation process occurs during orthodontic therapy resulting in decalcification of enamel because number of plaque retention sites increases due to banding and bonding of appliances to teeth. The present analytic study was undertaken to assess the occurrence of white spot lesions in permanent molars of children with and without orthodontic therapy and to evaluate the effect of Casein PhosphoPeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) on white spot lesions in post-orthodontic patients in a given period of time. The study comprised of examination of 679 first permanent molars which were examined to assess the occurrence of smooth surface white spot lesions in children of 8 to 16 years age group. Group I comprised subjects without any orthodontic treatment and Group II comprised of subjects who had undergone orthodontic therapy. The sample size was calculated using the epi-info6 computer package. Treatment group included 20 post-orthodontic patients examined with at least one white spot lesion within the enamel who received remineralizing cream (GC Tooth Mousse, Recaldent, GC Corporation.) i.e., CPP-ACP cream two times a day for 12 consecutive weeks. Computerized image analysis method was taken to evaluate white spot lesions. These frequency and percentages were compared with chi-square test. For comparison of numeric data, paired t-test was used. Of the total 278 (49.6%) first permanent molars showed occurrence of smooth surface white spot lesions out of 560 in Group I and 107 (89.9%) first permanent molars showed presence of white spot lesions out of 119 debanded first permanent molars of children examined in Group II. CPP-ACP therapy group showed reduction in severity of codes which was found to be highly significant after 12 weeks and eight weeks on gingival-third, p-value (<0.001) and significant after eight weeks and four weeks on middle-third according to ICDAS II criteria and computerized image analysis. CPP-ACP therapy minimum for 12 weeks is highly recommended as post-orthodontic treatment need in management of smooth surface white spot lesions on teeth undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy according to the present study.

Ability of Polyphosphate and Nucleic Acids to Trigger Blood Clotting: Some Observations and Caveats

PubMed Central

Smith, Stephanie A.; Gajsiewicz, Joshua M.; Morrissey, James H.

2018-01-01

Polyphosphate plays several roles in coagulation and inflammation, while extracellular DNA and RNA are implicated in thrombosis and as disease biomarkers. We sought to compare the procoagulant activities of polyphosphate versus DNA or RNA isolated from mammalian cells. In a recent study, we found that much of the procoagulant activity of DNA isolated from mammalian cells using Qiagen kits resisted digestion with nuclease or polyphosphatase, and even resisted boiling in acid. These kits employ spin columns packed with silica, which is highly procoagulant. Indeed, much of the apparent procoagulant activity of cellular DNA isolated with such kits was attributable to silica particles shed by the spin columns. Therefore, silica-based methods for isolating nucleic acids or polyphosphate from mammalian cells are not suitable for studying their procoagulant activities. We now report that polyphosphate readily co-purified with DNA and RNA using several popular isolation methods, including phenol/chloroform extraction. Thus, cell-derived nucleic acids are also subject to contamination with traces of cellular polyphosphate, which can be eliminated by alkaline phosphatase digestion. We further report that long-chain polyphosphate was orders of magnitude more potent than cell-derived DNA (purified via phenol/chloroform extraction) or RNA at triggering clotting. Additional experiments using RNA homopolymers found that polyG and polyI have procoagulant activity similar to polyphosphate, while polyA and polyC are not procoagulant. Thus, the procoagulant activity of RNA is rather highly dependent on base composition. PMID:29719836

Polyphosphate and Orthophosphate Content of Nitrosomonas europaea as a Function of Growth

PubMed Central

Terry, K. R.; Hooper, A. B.

1970-01-01

After inoculation of a stationary-phase culture of Nitrosomonas europaea into fresh growth solution, the cell-associated orthophosphate increased rapidly to 800 μmoles/g (wet weight), whereas the acid-insoluble long-chain polyphosphate content decreased rapidly to 22 μmoles/g. As growth proceeded, the orthophosphate content decreased rapidly to a level of 15 μmoles/g and the long-chain polyphosphate content gradually increased to 60 to 90 μmoles/g. When the pH of a culture of Nitrosomonas decreased during growth below approximately 7.4, the rate of nitrite and polyphosphate synthesis increased and the ratio of change in protein to change in nitrite decreased. When the pH of the culture was maintained above 7.6 throughout growth, polyphosphate accumulation, an increased rate of nitrite and polyphosphate synthesis, and a decreased ratio of change in protein to change in nitrite were not observed. Cells of Nitrosomonas apparently accumulated polyphosphate when adenosine triphosphate generated during the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite was not efficiently used to promote an increase in cell mass. The rapid hydrolysis of polyphosphate after the transfer of stationary-phase cells into fresh growth solution was found to be triggered primarily by the higher pH of the fresh growth solution. The efflux of orthophosphate during culture growth was not associated with a decrease in the pH of the growth solution. Data on the chemical composition of Nitrosomonas are presented. PMID:5423370

Highly efficient delivery of siRNA to a heart transplant model by a novel cell penetrating peptide-dsRNA binding domain.

PubMed

Li, Hua; Zheng, Xiangtao; Koren, Viktoria; Vashist, Yogesh Kumar; Tsui, Tung Yu

2014-07-20

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) delivery remains a bottleneck for RNA interference (RNAi) - based therapies in the clinic. In the present study, a fusion protein with two cell-penetrating peptides (CPP), Hph1-Hph1, and a double-stranded RNA binding domain (dsRBD), was constructed for the siRNA delivery: dsRBD was designed to bind siRNA, and CPP would subsequently transport the dsRBD/siRNA complex into cells. We assessed the efficiency of the fusion protein, Hph1-Hph1-dsRBD, as a siRNA carrier. Calcium-condensed effects were assessed on GAPDH and green fluorescent protein (GFP) genes by western blot, real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and flow cytometry analysis in vitro. Evaluations were also made in an in vivo heart transplantation model. The results demonstrated that the fusion protein, Hph1-Hph1-dsRBD, is highly efficient at delivering siRNA in vitro, and exhibits efficiency on GAPDH and GFP genes similar to or greater than lipofectamine. Interestingly, the calcium-condensed effects dramatically enhanced cellular uptake of the protein-siRNA complex. In vivo, Hph1-Hph1-dsRBD transferred and distributed ^ targeted siRNA throughout the whole mouse heart graft. Together, these results indicate that Hph1-Hph1-dsRBD has potential as an siRNA carrier for applications in the clinic or in biomedical research. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Discovery and characterization of iron sulfide and polyphosphate bodies coexisting in Archaeoglobus fulgidus cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Toso, Daniel B.; Javed, Muhammad Mohsin; Czornyj, Elizabeth

Inorganic storage granules have long been recognized in bacterial and eukaryotic cells but were only recently identified in archaeal cells. Here, we report the cellular organization and chemical compositions of storage granules in the Euryarchaeon, Archaeoglobus fulgidusstrain VC16, a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, and sulfate-reducing microorganism. Dense granules were apparent inA. fulgiduscells imaged by cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) but not so by negative stain electron microscopy. Cryo electron tomography (cryoET) revealed that each cell contains one to several dense granules located near the cell membrane. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) show that, surprisingly, each cell containsmore » not just one but often two types of granules with different elemental compositions. One type, named iron sulfide body (ISB), is composed mainly of the elements iron and sulfur plus copper; and the other one, called polyphosphate body (PPB), is composed of phosphorus and oxygen plus magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. PPBs are likely used for energy storage and/or metal sequestration/detoxification. ISBs could result from the reduction of sulfate to sulfide via anaerobic energy harvesting pathways and may be associated with energy and/or metal storage or detoxification. The exceptional ability of these archaeal cells to sequester different elements may have novel bioengineering applications.« less

Discovery and characterization of iron sulfide and polyphosphate bodies coexisting in Archaeoglobus fulgidus cells

DOE PAGES

Toso, Daniel B.; Javed, Muhammad Mohsin; Czornyj, Elizabeth; ...

2016-01-01

Inorganic storage granules have long been recognized in bacterial and eukaryotic cells but were only recently identified in archaeal cells. Here, we report the cellular organization and chemical compositions of storage granules in the Euryarchaeon, Archaeoglobus fulgidusstrain VC16, a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, and sulfate-reducing microorganism. Dense granules were apparent inA. fulgiduscells imaged by cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) but not so by negative stain electron microscopy. Cryo electron tomography (cryoET) revealed that each cell contains one to several dense granules located near the cell membrane. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) show that, surprisingly, each cell containsmore » not just one but often two types of granules with different elemental compositions. One type, named iron sulfide body (ISB), is composed mainly of the elements iron and sulfur plus copper; and the other one, called polyphosphate body (PPB), is composed of phosphorus and oxygen plus magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. PPBs are likely used for energy storage and/or metal sequestration/detoxification. ISBs could result from the reduction of sulfate to sulfide via anaerobic energy harvesting pathways and may be associated with energy and/or metal storage or detoxification. The exceptional ability of these archaeal cells to sequester different elements may have novel bioengineering applications.« less

Effects of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD(+)) and Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap4A) on Electrical Activity of Working and Pacemaker Atrial Myocardium in Guinea Pigs.

PubMed

Pustovit, K B; Abramochkin, D V

2016-04-01

Effects of nucleotide polyphosphate compounds (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD(+); diadenosine tetraphosphate, Ap4A) on the confi guration of action potentials were studied in isolated preparations of guinea pig sinoatrial node and right atrial appendage (auricle). In the working myocardium, NAD(+) and Ap4A in concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M had no effect on resting potential, but significantly reduced the duration of action potentials; the most pronounced decrease was found at 25% repolarization. In the primary pacemaker of the sinoatrial node, both concentrations of NAD(+) and Ap4A induced hyperpolarization and reduction in the rate of slow diastolic depolarization, but significant slowing of the sinus rhythm was produced by these substances only in the concentration of 10(-4) M. Moreover, AP shortening and marked acceleration of AP upstroke were observed in the pacemaker myocardium after application of polyphosphates. Comparative analysis of the effects of NAD(+) and Ap4A in the working and pacemaker myocardium drove us to a hypothesis on inhibitory effects of these substances on L-type calcium current accompanied by stimulation of one or several potassium currents, which induce enhancement of repolarization and hyperpolarization of membranes probably mediated by the activation of purine receptors.

Use of Polyphosphate to Decrease Uranium Leaching in Hanford 300 Area Smear Zone Sediments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Szecsody, James E.; Zhong, Lirong; Oostrom, Martinus

2012-09-30

The primary objective of this study is to summarize the laboratory investigations performed to evaluate short- and long-term effects of phosphate treatment on uranium leaching from 300 area smear zone sediments. Column studies were used to compare uranium leaching in phosphate-treated to untreated sediments over a year with multiple stop flow events to evaluate longevity of the uranium leaching rate and mass. A secondary objective was to compare polyphosphate injection, polyphosphate/xanthan injection, and polyphosphate infiltration technologies that deliver phosphate to sediment.

Novel Analysis of Oceanic Surface Water Metagenomes Suggests Importance of Polyphosphate Metabolism in Oligotrophic Environments

PubMed Central

Temperton, Ben; Gilbert, Jack A.; Quinn, John P.; McGrath, John W.

2011-01-01

Polyphosphate is a ubiquitous linear homopolymer of phosphate residues linked by high-energy bonds similar to those found in ATP. It has been associated with many processes including pathogenicity, DNA uptake and multiple stress responses across all domains. Bacteria have also been shown to use polyphosphate as a way to store phosphate when transferred from phosphate-limited to phosphate-rich media – a process exploited in wastewater treatment and other environmental contaminant remediation. Despite this, there has, to date, been little research into the role of polyphosphate in the survival of marine bacterioplankton in oligotrophic environments. The three main proteins involved in polyphosphate metabolism, Ppk1, Ppk2 and Ppx are multi-domain and have differential inter-domain and inter-gene conservation, making unbiased analysis of relative abundance in metagenomic datasets difficult. This paper describes the development of a novel Isofunctional Homolog Annotation Tool (IHAT) to detect homologs of genes with a broad range of conservation without bias of traditional expect-value cutoffs. IHAT analysis of the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) dataset revealed that genes associated with polyphosphate metabolism are more abundant in environments where available phosphate is limited, suggesting an important role for polyphosphate metabolism in marine oligotrophs. PMID:21305044

The effects of high pressure treatments on C. jejuni in ground poultry products containing polyphosphate additives

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Marinades containing polyphosphates have been previously implicated in the enhanced survival of Campylobacter spp. in poultry product exudates. The enhanced Campylobacter survival was attributed primarily to the ability of some polyphosphates to change the pH of the exudate to one more amenable to ...

Can Polyphosphate Biochemistry Affect Biological Apatite Saturation?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omelon, S. J.; Matsuura, N.; Gorelikov, I.; Wynnyckyj, C.; Grynpas, M. D.

2010-12-01

Phosphorus (P) is an important and limiting element for life. One strategy for storing ortho phosphates (Pi) is polymerization. Polymerized Pi's (polyphosphates: (PO3-)n: polyPs) serve as a Pi bank, as well as a catiion chelator, energy source, & regulator of responses to stresses in the stationary phase of culture growth and development1. PolyP biochemistry has been investigated in yeasts, bacteria & plants2. Bigeochemical cycling of P includes the condensation of Pi into pyro (P2O7-4), & polyPs, & the release of Pi from these compounds by the hydrolytic degradation of Pi from phosphomonoester bonds. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the predominate enzymes for regenerating Pi in aquatic systems3, & it cleaves Pi from polyPs. ALP is also the enzyme associated with apatite biomineralization in vertebrates4. PolyP was proposed to be the ALP substrate in bone mineralization5. Where calcium ions are plentiful in many aquatic environments, there is no requirement for aquatic life to generate Ca-stores. However, terrestrial vertebrates benefit from a bioavailable Ca-store such as apatite. The Pi storage strategy of polymerizing PO4-3 into polyPs dovetails well with Ca-banking, as polyPs sequester Ca, forming a neutral calcium polyphosphate (Ca-polyP: (Ca(PO3)2)n) complex. This neutral complex represents a high total [Ca+2] & [PO4-3], without the threat of inadvertent apatite precipitation, as the free [Ca+2] & [PO4-3], and therefore apatite saturation, are zero. Recent identification of polyP in regions of bone resorption & calcifying cartilage5 suggests that vertebrates may use polyP chemistry to bank Ca+2 and PO4-3. In vitro experiments with nanoparticulate Ca-polyP & ALP were undertaken to determine if carbonated apatite could precipitate from 1M Ca-polyP in Pi-free “physiological fluid” (0.1 M NaCl, 2 mM Ca+2, 0.8 mM Mg+2, pH ~8.0 ±0.5, 37 °C), as this is estimated to generate the [Ca+2] & [PO4-3] required to form the apatite content of bone tissue (estimated to be 1 g apatite/mL). Carbonates (as NaHCO3 or CaCO3) were used to buffer the protons produced upon polyP hydrolytic degradation to Pi, releasing Ca+2, increasing apatite saturation for precipitation. Initial Ca:P ratios (by EDS) was <1, indicative of Ca-polyP. After incubation, Ca:P ratios were >1, suggesting the formation of Ca-PO4 minerals. XRD results identified Na-Ca- carbonate phases, & hydroxyapatite & carbonated apatite, & residual carbonate reagent. Further optimization of this biological apatite precipitation system will be presented. 1 Kornberg, A., Ann Rev Biochem 1999 (68) 89 2 Kulaev IS, Vagabov VM, Kulakovskaya TV (2004) The Biochemistry of Inorganic Polyphosphates. Chichester, England, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 3 Blake, R. E., O’Neil, J.R., and Surov, A. Am J Sci 2005 (305) 596 4 Heersche, J. N. M. et al. (1990) Bone Regulatory Factors; Plenum Press: New York 5 Omelon et al., PLoS ONE 2009 4(5), e5634

Role of enamel deminerlization and remineralization on microtensile bond strength of resin composite

PubMed Central

Rizvi, Abbas; Zafar, Muhammad S.; Al-Wasifi, Yasser; Fareed, Wamiq; Khurshid, Zohaib

2016-01-01

Objective: This study is aimed to establish the microtensile bond strength of enamel following exposure to an aerated drink at various time intervals with/without application of remineralization agent. In addition, degree of remineralization and demineralization of tooth enamel has been assessed using polarized light microscopy. Materials and Methods: Seventy extracted human incisors split into two halves were immersed in aerated beverage (cola drink) for 5 min and stored in saliva until the time of microtensile bond testing. Prepared specimens were divided randomly into two study groups; remineralizing group (n = 70): specimens were treated for remineralization using casein phosphopeptides and amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) remineralization agent (Recaldent™; GC Europe) and control group (n = 70): no remineralization treatment; specimens were kept in artificial saliva. All specimens were tested for microtensile bond strength at regular intervals (1 h, 1 days, 2 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks) using a universal testing machine. The results statistically analyzed (P = 0.05) using two-way ANOVA test. Results: Results showed statistically significant increase in bond strength in CPP-ACP tested group (P < 0.05) at all-time intervals. The bond strength of remineralizing group samples at 2 days (~13.64 megapascals [MPa]) is comparable to that of control group after 1 week (~12.44 MPa). Conclusions: CPP-ACP treatment of teeth exposed to an aerated drink provided significant increase in bond strength at a shorter interval compared to teeth exposed to saliva alone. PMID:27403057

Evaluation of the remineralization capacity of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish by different quantitative methods

PubMed Central

SAVAS, Selcuk; KAVRÌK, Fevzi; KUCUKYÌLMAZ, Ebru

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish for remineralizing white spot lesions (WSLs) with four different quantitative methods. Material and Methods Four windows (3x3 mm) were created on the enamel surfaces of bovine incisor teeth. A control window was covered with nail varnish, and WSLs were created on the other windows (after demineralization, first week and fourth week) in acidified gel system. The test material (MI Varnish) was applied on the demineralized areas, and the treated enamel samples were stored in artificial saliva. At the fourth week, the enamel surfaces were tested by surface microhardness (SMH), quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and laser fluorescence (LF pen). The data were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). Results While the LF pen measurements showed significant differences at baseline, after demineralization, and after the one-week remineralization period (p<0.05), the difference between the 1- and 4-week was not significant (p>0.05). With regards to the SMH and QLF-D analyses, statistically significant differences were found among all the phases (p<0.05). After the 1- and 4-week treatment periods, the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) concentrations and Ca/P ratio were higher compared to those of the demineralization surfaces (p<0.05). Conclusion CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish provides remineralization of WSLs after a single application and seems suitable for clinical use. PMID:27383699

Pilot-plant studies of the pipe- and pipe-cross reactors in production of granular polyphosphate fertilizers. TVA Circular Z-148. [Methods of increasing polyphosphate content of suspension fertilizers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Parker, B.R.; Norton, M.M.; Stumpe, T.R.

1982-01-01

Improvements have been made in the pipe-reactor or pipe-cross reactor/drum-granulator process to increase the polyphosphate content of the granular product. The goal of producing a granular APP product containing 20% of P/sub 2/O/sub 5/ as polyphosphate without adding external heat or sulfuric acid to the process has not yet been realized; however, products containing slightly more than 10% of the P/sub 2/O/sub 5/ as polyphosphate have been made without the need for external heat. Test results indicate that additions of small amounts of sulfuric acid, use of reactant NH/sub 3/:H/sub 3/PO/sub 4/ed mole ratios greater than 1.05, or use ofmore » some acid preheat may be required to consistently obtain 12% of the P/sub 2/O/sub 5/ as polyphosphate as is desired for use of the product in the preparation of suspension fertilizers. However, continued testing is being done to determine how high a mole ratio may be used successfully and to determine the effect of sulfate addition on use of the granular products for producing suspension fertilizers. The effort to obtain higher polyphosphate levels from the pipe-reactor and drum and the pipe-cross reactor and drum systems is being continued.« less

Cytoplasmic inorganic polyphosphate participates in the heavy metal tolerance of Cryptococcus humicola.

PubMed

Andreeva, Nadezhda; Ryazanova, Lubov; Dmitriev, Vladimir; Kulakovskaya, Tatiana; Kulaev, Igor

2014-09-01

The basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus humicola was shown to be tolerant to manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lanthanum, and cadmium cations at a concentration of 2.5 mmol/L, which is toxic for many yeasts. The basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus terreus was sensitive to all these ions and did not grow at the above concentration. In the presence of heavy metal cations, С. humicola, as opposed to C. terreus, was characterized by the higher content of acid-soluble inorganic polyphosphates. In vivo 4',6'-diamino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining revealed polyphosphate accumulation in the cell wall and cytoplasmic inclusions of С. humicola in the presence of heavy metals. In C. terreus, polyphosphates in the presence of heavy metals accumulate mainly in vacuoles, which results in morphological changes in these organelles and, probably, disturbance of their function. The role of polyphosphate accumulation and cellular localization as factors of heavy metal tolerance of Cryptococcus humicola is discussed.

Polyphosphatase PPN1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Switching of Exopolyphosphatase and Endopolyphosphatase Activities

PubMed Central

Andreeva, Nadezhda; Trilisenko, Ludmila; Eldarov, Mikhail; Kulakovskaya, Tatiana

2015-01-01

The polyphosphatase PPN1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows an exopolyphosphatase activity splitting phosphate from chain end and an endopolyphosphatase activity fragmenting high molecular inorganic polyphosphates into shorter polymers. We revealed the compounds switching these activities of PPN1. Phosphate release and fragmentation of high molecular polyphosphate prevailed in the presence of Co2+ and Mg2+, respectively. Phosphate release and polyphosphate chain shortening in the presence of Co2+ were inhibited by ADP but not affected by ATP and argininе. The polyphosphate chain shortening in the presence of Mg2+ was activated by ADP and arginine but inhibited by ATP. PMID:25742176

Are Polyphosphates or Phosphate Esters Prebiotic Reagents?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keefe, Anthony D.; Miller, Stanley L.

1995-01-01

It is widely held that there was a phosphate compound in prebiotic chemistry that played the role of adenosine triphosphate and that the first living organisms had ribose-phosphate in the backbone of their genetic material. However, there are no known efficient prebiotic synthesis of high-energy phosphates or phosphate esters. We review the occurrence of phosphates in nature, the efficiency of the volcanic synthesis of P4O10, the efficiency of polyphosphate synthesis by heating phosphate minerals under geological conditions, and the use of high-energy organic compounds such as cyanamide or hydrogen cyanide. These are shown to be inefficient processes especially when the hydrolysis of the polyphosphates is taken into account. For example, if a whole atmosphere of methane or carbon monoxide were converted to cyanide which somehow synthesized polyphosphates quantitatively, the polyphosphate concentration in the ocean would still have been insignificant. We also attempted to find more efficient high-energy polymerizing agents by spark discharge syntheses, but without success. There may still be undiscovered robust prebiotic syntheses of polyphosphates, or mechanisms for concentrating them, but we conclude that phosphate esters may not have been constituents of the first genetic material. Phosphoanhydrides are also unlikely as prebiotic energy sources.

Endogenous diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine pentaphosphate, and diadenosine hexaphosphate in human myocardial tissue.

PubMed

Luo, Jiankai; Jankowski, Vera; Güngär, Nihayrt; Neumann, Joachim; Schmitz, Wilhelm; Zidek, Walter; Schlüter, Hartmut; Jankowski, Joachim

2004-05-01

Diadenosine polyphosphates have been characterized as extracellular mediators controlling numerous physiological effects. In this study, diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine pentaphosphate, and diadenosine hexaphosphate were isolated and identified in human myocardial tissue. Human myocardial tissue was homogenized and fractionated by affinity chromatography, displacement chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography, and reversed-phase chromatography. In fractions purified to homogeneity, diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine pentaphosphate, and diadenosine hexaphosphate were revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectroscopy. These diadenosine polyphosphates were further identified by enzymatic analysis, which demonstrated an interconnection of the phosphate groups with the adenosines in the 5' positions of the riboses. Furthermore, diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine pentaphosphate, and diadenosine hexaphosphate were found in human cardiac-specific granules, and the amount of diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine pentaphosphate, and diadenosine hexaphosphate was estimated in the range of approximately 500 micromol/L. In conclusion, the experiments show that the diadenosine polyphosphates with 2 and 3 phosphate groups occur in human myocardial tissue, and so do the diadenosine polyphosphates with 4 to 6 phosphate groups. After being released by cholinergic stimulation, which is known to affect diadenosine polyphosphate release from secretory granules, diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine pentaphosphate, and diadenosine hexaphosphate activate P2X purinoceptors in vascular smooth muscle; hence, they can act as vasoconstrictors. It may be inferred that the differential action of both predominantly vasodilator and vasoconstrictor diadenosine polyphosphates allow a fine-tuning of myocardial blood flow by locally released diadenosine polyphosphates.

A soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus capable of hydrolysing polyphosphates.

PubMed

Cruz, C S; Costa, E P; Machado, J A; Silva, J N; Romeiro, N C; Moraes, J; Silva, J R; Fonseca, R N; Vaz, I S; Logullo, C; Campos, E

2018-04-01

Polyphosphates have been found in all cell types examined to date and play diverse roles depending on the cell type. In eukaryotic organisms, polyphosphates have been investigated mainly in mammalian cells, and only a few studies have addressed arthropods. Pyrophosphatases have been shown to regulate polyphosphate metabolism. However, these studies were restricted to trypanosomatids. Here we focus on the tick Rhipicephalus microplus, a haematophagous ectoparasite that is highly harmful to cattle. We produced a recombinant R. microplus pyrophosphatase (rRmPPase) with the aim of investigating its kinetic parameters using polyphosphates as substrate. Molecular docking assays of RmPPase with polyphosphates were also carried out. The kinetic and Hill coefficient parameters indicated that rRmPPase has a greater affinity, higher catalytic efficiency and increased cooperativity for sodium phosphate glass type 15 (polyP 15 ) than for sodium tripolyphosphate (polyP 3 ). Through molecular docking, we found that polyP 3 binds close to the Mg 2+ atoms in the catalytic region of the protein, participating in their coordination network, whereas polyP 15 interactions involve negatively charged phosphate groups and basic amino acid residues, such as Lys56, Arg58 and Lys193; polyP 15 has a more favourable theoretical binding affinity than polyP 3 , thus supporting the kinetic data. This study shows, for the first time in arthropods, a pyrophosphatase with polyphosphatase activity, suggesting its participation in polyphosphate metabolism. © 2017 The Royal Entomological Society.

A noninvasive estimation of cerebral perfusion pressure using critical closing pressure.

PubMed

Varsos, Georgios V; Kolias, Angelos G; Smielewski, Peter; Brady, Ken M; Varsos, Vassilis G; Hutchinson, Peter J; Pickard, John D; Czosnyka, Marek

2015-09-01

Cerebral blood flow is associated with cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), which is clinically monitored through arterial blood pressure (ABP) and invasive measurements of intracranial pressure (ICP). Based on critical closing pressure (CrCP), the authors introduce a novel method for a noninvasive estimator of CPP (eCPP). Data from 280 head-injured patients with ABP, ICP, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography measurements were retrospectively examined. CrCP was calculated with a noninvasive version of the cerebrovascular impedance method. The eCPP was refined with a predictive regression model of CrCP-based estimation of ICP from known ICP using data from 232 patients, and validated with data from the remaining 48 patients. Cohort analysis showed eCPP to be correlated with measured CPP (R = 0.851, p < 0.001), with a mean ± SD difference of 4.02 ± 6.01 mm Hg, and 83.3% of the cases with an estimation error below 10 mm Hg. eCPP accurately predicted low CPP (< 70 mm Hg) with an area under the curve of 0.913 (95% CI 0.883-0.944). When each recording session of a patient was assessed individually, eCPP could predict CPP with a 95% CI of the SD for estimating CPP between multiple recording sessions of 1.89-5.01 mm Hg. Overall, CrCP-based eCPP was strongly correlated with invasive CPP, with sensitivity and specificity for detection of low CPP that show promise for clinical use.

Select corn coproducts from the ethanol industry and their potential as ingredients in pet foods.

PubMed

de Godoy, M R C; Bauer, L L; Parsons, C M; Fahey, G C

2009-01-01

The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition and nutritive value of corn protein product 1 (CPP 1), corn protein product 2 (CPP 2), and corn fiber (CF), novel coproducts of the ethanol industry, and compare these feed ingredients with standard plant protein ingredients [soybean meal (SBM), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn gluten meal (CGlM), and corn germ meal (CGeM)], and to compare CF sources (CF control 1 and control 2) with standard fiber sources (peanut hulls, Solka-Floc, and beet pulp) commonly used in pet foods. Corn fiber, CPP 1, and CPP 2 were produced at a pilot-scale modified dry-grind plant, with CPP 2 having a greater degree of purification than CPP 1. Crude protein values for CPP 2 and CPP 1 were 57.3 and 49.7%, respectively. Total dietary fiber concentration was 29% for CPP 2 and 23.5% for CPP 1. Acid-hydrolyzed fat and GE concentrations were similar for these ingredients. In a protein efficiency ratio assay, no differences (P > 0.05) in feed intake, BW gain, or CP intake were noted for CPP 2, CPP 1, or CGlM. However, feeding CPP 2 resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) G:F ratio and protein efficiency ratio than CPP 1 and CGlM. In a cecectomized rooster assay, CGlM had numerically the greatest standardized total AA, total essential AA, and total nonessential AA digestibilities, but they were not different (P > 0.05) from CPP 1 or SBM values. Corn germ meal resulted in the least values, but they were not different from those for DDGS and CPP 1. The greatest values for true nitrogen-corrected ME were obtained with CGlM, followed by CPP 2, DDGS, CPP 1, SBM, and CGeM. Distillers dried grains with solubles and CPP 1 had similar true nitrogen-corrected ME values, and they were not different from values for CPP 2 and SBM. In vitro CP disappearance was greatest (P < 0.05) for CGlM (94.1%), intermediate for DDGS (76.8%) and CPP 1 (77.5%), and least for CPP 2 (74.1%) and CGeM (67.7%). Corn fibers contained predominantly insoluble dietary fiber (1% or less of soluble dietary fiber), with a moderate CP concentration. In vitro OM disappearance for the fiber sources, when using inoculum from dog feces, revealed that with the exception of beet pulp, which had a moderate disappearance value after 16 h of fermentation (17.7%), all fiber substrates had a nonsignificant extent of fermentation. In conclusion, novel corn coproducts had properties comparable with the standard protein and fiber sources used in animal nutrition.

Ultrasound-responsive nanobubbles contained with peptide-camptothecin conjugates for targeted drug delivery.

PubMed

Xie, Xiangyang; Lin, Wen; Liu, Hui; Deng, Jianping; Chen, Ying; Liu, Hong; Fu, Xudong; Yang, Yang

2016-10-01

To improve the targeting delivery efficiency of anticancer drug to tumor sites, a new strategy combining cell-permeable peptide (CPP) and ultrasound was reported in this article. In this study, we devised and tested a strategy for functional payload delivery to cells by loading CPP-camptothecin conjugate (CPP-CPT) into nanobubble (CPP-CPT NB). Here, CPP existing in the conjugation form of CPP and CPT was hidden in nanobubble to cloak the penetration activity of CPP. Meanwhile, local tumor ultrasound was utilized to achieve specific targeting of CPP-CPT to the tumor cells. The mean particle size of the prepared CPP-CPT NB was ∼200 nm, and the drug entrapment efficiency was >80%. Stimulated by ultrasound, over 90% of the entrapped CPP-CPTs would release from the nanobubbles. Subsequent research demonstrated that the CPP-CPT NB showed effective cellular uptake and significant cytotoxic activity in HeLa cells in vitro. Additionally, after systemic administration in mice, CPP-CPT NB with ultrasound showed a higher tumor inhibition effect in nude mice xenografted HeLa cells tumors and excellent body safety when compared with normal CPT injection group. In conclusion, the carrier constructed in this study would be a safe and efficiently drug delivery system for specific cancer treatment.

Learning from bottom-up dissemination: Importing an evidence-based trauma intervention for infants and young children to Israel.

PubMed

David, Paula; Schiff, Miriam

2015-12-01

This article describes a pilot study of a "bottom up" dissemination process of a new evidence based intervention for treating early childhood trauma. Clinicians applied to learn Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), imported to Israel from the U.S. A focus group of six graduates of a CPP training program responded to questions concerning their experiences learning and using CPP. All 39 CPP graduates from two cohorts also completed a cross sectional survey related to their use of CPP. Within the focus group, the openness of the workplace and the intervention's characteristics were considered major factors impacting CPP use; the training program was perceived to promote CPP implementation, and lack of supervision and secondary traumatic stress were the major inhibiting factors. Using CPP-informed therapy, as opposed to CPP with fidelity, was perceived to be one of the main outcomes of the training. Survey results showed that 53% of graduates were using CPP in over three cases, and almost all intended to use CPP within the next year. Ninety-five percent were using CPP principles in their therapeutic work. The implications of importing a new evidence based intervention to a foreign country that utilizes a different dissemination system within a different professional culture are discussed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Powder XRD and dielectric studies of gel grown calcium pyrophosphate crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parekh, Bharat; Parikh, Ketan; Joshi, Mihir

2013-06-01

Formation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals in soft tissues such as cartilage, meniscus and synovial tissue leads to CPPD deposition diseases. The appearance of these crystals in the synovial fluid can give rise to an acute arthritic attack with pain and inflammation of the joints, a condition called pseudo-gout. The growth of CPP crystals has been carried out, in the present study, using the single diffusion gel growth technique, which can broadly mimic in vitro the condition in soft tissues. The crystals were characterized by different techniques. The FTIR study revealed the presence of various functional groups. Powder XRD study was also carried out to verify the crystal structure. The dielectric study was carried out at room temperature by applying field of different frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and a.c. resistivity decreased as frequency increased, whereas the a.c. conductivity increased as frequency increased.

Salivary pH level and bacterial plaque evaluation in orthodontic patients treated with Recaldent products.

PubMed

Marchisio, O; Esposito, M R; Genovesi, A

2010-08-01

Dental caries and resulting tooth decay can produce a multifactorial destructive process with a very high incidence. Cariogenic bacteria attack enamel with acids that produce subsurface lesions, thereby weakening the enamel and allowing bacterial progression into the dentin. The formation of dental decay, because of demineralization of the tooth structure, can be prevented or delayed by increasing the rate of the tooth's remineralization and replacement relative to the tooth's rate of demineralization. This rebuilding of enamel may be accelerated by the addition of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) with the aid of casein phosphopeptide (CPP) (Recaldent molecule). In this study, the role of CPP in stabilizing and releasing ACP on the tooth surface has been investigated to better understand its efficacy in the prevention of tooth demineralization in orthodontic patients. Twenty-five patients who wore fixed orthodontic appliances were enrolled in this clinical trial. It was explained to the patients that CPP-ACP would be used for 3 weeks and then suspended for an additional 3 weeks. Salivary pH evaluation, plaque pH evaluation and oral hygiene index (OHI) were performed at T0, T1 and T2. Results showed an increase in OHI level and an increase of the salivary pH (76% of the patients). Instead of plaque pH level that showed trivial results, only 48% of the patients showed a bacterial plaque pH increase. In conclusion, this study has not provided unequivocal evidence for the protective properties of Recaldent molecule. Long-term studies are necessary to better understand the role of this molecule.

In situ effect of CPP-ACP chewing gum upon erosive enamel loss.

PubMed

Alencar, Catarina Ribeiro Barros de; Oliveira, Gabriela Cristina de; Magalhães, Ana Carolina; Buzalaf, Marília Afonso Rabelo; Machado, Maria Aparecida de Andrade Moreira; Honório, Heitor Marques; Rios, Daniela

2017-01-01

This in situ study investigated the ability of a CPP-ACP chewing gum in preventing erosive enamel loss. Material and Methods: During three experimental crossover phases (one phase per group) of seven days each, eight volunteers wore palatal devices with human enamel blocks. The groups were: GI - Sugar free chewing gum with CPP-ACP; GII - Conventional sugar free chewing gum; and GIII - No chewing gum (control). Erosive challenge was extraorally performed by immersion of the enamel blocks in cola drink (5 min, 4x/day). After each challenge, in groups CPP and No CPP, volunteers chewed one unit of the corresponding chewing gum for 30 minutes. Quantitative analysis of enamel loss was performed by profilometry (µm). Data were analyzed by Repeated-Measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). The use of chewing gum (CPP and No CPP) resulted in lower erosive enamel loss compared with the control group (p<0.05). CPP-ACP chewing gum (CPP) did not improve the protection against erosive enamel loss compared with conventional chewing gum (No CPP) (p>0.05). The CPP-ACP chewing gum was not able to enhance the anti-erosive effect of conventional chewing gum against enamel loss.

FLOOR PLAN OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601), SECOND FLOOR SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

FLOOR PLAN OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601), SECOND FLOOR SHOWING PROCESS MAKEUP AREA AND EIGHTEEN CELLS AND ADJOINING REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) SHOWING COLD LAB, DECONTAMINATION ROOM, MULTICURIE CELL ROOM, AND OFFICES. TO LEFT ARE LABORATORY BUILDING (CPP-602) AND MAINTENANCE BUILDING (CPP-630). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0601-00-706-051980. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER CPP-E-1980. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

FLOOR PLAN OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601), FIRST FLOOR SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

FLOOR PLAN OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601), FIRST FLOOR SHOWING SAMPLE CORRIDORS AND EIGHTEEN CELLS AND ADJOINING REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) SHOWING REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITIES LAB, DECONTAMINATION ROOM, AND MULTICURIE CELL ROOM. TO LEFT ARE LABORATORY BUILDING (CPP-602) AND MAINTENANCE BUILDING (CPP-630). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0601-00-706-051979. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER CPP-E-1979. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

A National Trial on Differences in Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Values by Measurement Location.

PubMed

McNett, Molly M; Bader, Mary Kay; Livesay, Sarah; Yeager, Susan; Moran, Cristina; Barnes, Arianna; Harrison, Kimberly R; Olson, DaiWai M

2018-04-01

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is a key parameter in management of brain injury with suspected impaired cerebral autoregulation. CPP is calculated by subtracting intracranial pressure (ICP) from mean arterial pressure (MAP). Despite consensus on importance of CPP monitoring, substantial variations exist on anatomical reference points used to measure arterial MAP when calculating CPP. This study aimed to identify differences in CPP values based on measurement location when using phlebostatic axis (PA) or tragus (Tg) as anatomical reference points. The secondary study aim was to determine impact of differences on patient outcomes at discharge. This was a prospective, repeated measures, multi-site national trial. Adult ICU patients with neurological injury necessitating ICP and CPP monitoring were consecutively enrolled from seven sites. Daily MAP/ICP/CPP values were gathered with the arterial transducer at the PA, followed by the Tg as anatomical reference points. A total of 136 subjects were enrolled, resulting in 324 paired observations. There were significant differences for CPP when comparing values obtained at PA and Tg reference points (p < 0.000). Differences remained significant in repeated measures model when controlling for clinical factors (mean CPP-PA = 80.77, mean CPP-Tg = 70.61, p < 0.000). When categorizing CPP as binary endpoint, 18.8% of values were identified as adequate with PA values, yet inadequate with CPP values measured at the Tg. Findings identify numerical differences for CPP based on anatomical reference location and highlight importance of a standard reference point for both clinical practice and future trials to limit practice variations and heterogeneity of findings.

Benzene Polyphosphates as Tools for Cell Signalling: Inhibition of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate 5-Phosphatase and Interaction with the PH Domain of Protein Kinase Bα

PubMed Central

Mills, Stephen J; Vandeput, Fabrice; Trusselle, Melanie N.; Safrany, Stephen T.; Erneux, Christophe; Potter, Barry V. L.

2009-01-01

Novel benzene polyphosphates were synthesised as inositol polyphosphate mimics and evaluated against both type-I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase, which only binds soluble inositol polyphosphates, and the PH domain of protein kinase Bα (PKBα), which can bind both soluble inositol polyphosphates and inositol phospholipids. The most potent trisphosphate 5-phosphatase inhibitor is benzene 1,2,4-trisphosphate 2, (IC50 of 14 μm) a potential mimic of d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and the most potent tetrakisphosphate Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase inhibitor is benzene 1,2,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, with an IC50 of 4 μm. Biphenyl 2,3′,4,5′,6-pentakisphosphate 4 was the most potent inhibitor evaluated against type I Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase (IC50 of 1 μm). All new benzene polyphosphates are resistant to dephosphorylation by type I Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase. Unexpectedly, all benzene polyphosphates studied bind to the PH domain of PKBα with apparent higher affinity than type 1 Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase. The most potent ligand for PKBα PH domain is biphenyl 2,3′,4,5′,6-pentakisphosphate 4 (Ki = 27 nm), measured by inhibition of biotinylated diC8-PtdIns(3,4)P2 binding. The ca 80-fold enhancement of binding relative to parent benzene trisphosphate is rationalised by the involvement of a cation–π interaction. These new molecular tools will be of potential use in structural and cell signalling studies. PMID:18574825

Changes in regional gray matter volume in women with chronic pelvic pain - a voxel based morphometry study

PubMed Central

As-Sanie, Sawsan; Harris, Richard; Napadow, Vitaly; Kim, Jieun; Neshewat, Gina; Kairys, Anson; Williams, David; Clauw, Daniel; Schmidt-Wilcke, Tobias

2012-01-01

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a highly prevalent pain condition, estimated to affect 15-20% of women in the United States. Endometriosis is often associated with CPP, however other factors, such as pre-existing or concomitant changes of the central pain system, might contribute to the development of chronic pain. We applied voxel-based morphometry to determine whether women with CPP with and without endometriosis display changes in brain morphology in regions known to be involved in pain processing.Four subgroups of women participated: 17 with endometriosis and CPP, 15 with endometriosis without CPP, 6 with CPP without endometriosis, as well as 23 healthy controls. All patients with endometriosis and/or CPP were surgically-confirmed. Relative to controls, women with endometriosis-associated CPP displayed decreased gray matter volume in brain regions involved in pain perception including the left thalamus, left cingulategyrus, right putamen, and right insula. Women with CPP without endometriosis also showed decreases in gray matter volume in the left thalamus. Such decreases were not observed in patients with endometriosis that had no CPP. We conclude thatCPP is associated with changes in regional gray matter volume within the central pain system. Although endometriosis may be an important risk factor for the development of CPP, acting as a cyclic source of peripheral nociceptive input, our data support the notion that changes in the central pain system also play an important role in the development of chronic pain, regardless of the presence of endometriosis. PMID:22387096

Enhanced current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance effect in half-metallic NiMnSb based nanojunctions with multiple Ag spacers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wen, Zhenchao; Yamamoto, Tatsuya; Kubota, Takahide

2016-06-06

Current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) heterostructure devices using half-metallic NiMnSb Heusler alloy electrodes with single, dual, and triple Ag spacers were fabricated. The NiMnSb alloy films and Ag spacers show (001) epitaxial growth in all CPP-GMR multilayer structures. The dual-spacer CPP-GMR nanojunction exhibited an enhanced CPP-GMR ratio of 11% (a change in the resistance-area product, ΔRA, of 3.9 mΩ μm{sup 2}) at room temperature, which is approximately twice (thrice) of 6% (1.3 mΩ μm{sup 2}) in the single-spacer device. The enhancement of the CPP-GMR effects in the dual-spacer devices could be attributed to improved interfacial spin asymmetry. Moreover, it was observedmore » that the CPP-GMR ratios increased monotonically as the temperatures decreased. At 4.2 K, a CPP-GMR ratio of 41% (ΔRA = 10.5 mΩ μm{sup 2}) was achieved in the dual-spacer CPP-GMR device. This work indicates that multispacer structures provide an efficient enhancement of CPP-GMR effects in half-metallic material-based CPP-GMR systems.« less

Food Restriction Increases Acquisition, Persistence and Drug Prime-Induced Expression of a Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference in Rats

PubMed Central

Zheng, Danielle; de Vaca, Soledad Cabeza; Carr, Kenneth D.

2011-01-01

Cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) is more persistent in food-restricted than ad libitum fed rats. This study assessed whether food restriction acts during conditioning and/or expression to increase persistence. In Experiment 1, rats were food-restricted during conditioning with a 7.0 mg/kg (i.p.) dose of cocaine. After the first CPP test, half of the rats were switched to ad libitum feeding for three weeks, half remained on food restriction, and this was followed by CPP testing. Rats tested under the ad libitum feeding condition displayed extinction by the fifth test. Their CPP did not reinstate in response to overnight food deprivation or a cocaine prime. Rats maintained on food restriction displayed a persistent CPP. In Experiment 2, rats were ad libitum fed during conditioning with the 7.0 mg/kg dose. In the first test only a trend toward CPP was displayed. Rats maintained under the ad libitum feeding condition did not display a CPP during subsequent testing and did not respond to a cocaine prime. Rats tested under food-restriction also did not display a CPP, but expressed a CPP following a cocaine prime. In Experiment 3, rats were ad libitum fed during conditioning with a 12.0 mg/kg dose. After the first test, half of the rats were switched to food restriction for three weeks. Rats that were maintained under the ad libitum condition displayed extinction by the fourth test. Their CPP was not reinstated by a cocaine prime. Rats tested under food-restriction displayed a persistent CPP. These results indicate that food restriction lowers the threshold dose for cocaine CPP and interacts with a previously acquired CPP to increase its persistence. In so far as CPP models Pavlovian conditioning that contributes to addiction, these results suggest the importance of diet and the physiology of energy balance as modulatory factors. PMID:22074687

Food restriction increases acquisition, persistence and drug prime-induced expression of a cocaine-conditioned place preference in rats.

PubMed

Zheng, Danielle; Cabeza de Vaca, Soledad; Carr, Kenneth D

2012-01-01

Cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) is more persistent in food-restricted than ad libitum fed rats. This study assessed whether food restriction acts during conditioning and/or expression to increase persistence. In Experiment 1, rats were food-restricted during conditioning with a 7.0 mg/kg (i.p.) dose of cocaine. After the first CPP test, half of the rats were switched to ad libitum feeding for three weeks, half remained on food restriction, and this was followed by CPP testing. Rats tested under the ad libitum feeding condition displayed extinction by the fifth test. Their CPP did not reinstate in response to overnight food deprivation or a cocaine prime. Rats maintained on food restriction displayed a persistent CPP. In Experiment 2, rats were ad libitum fed during conditioning with the 7.0 mg/kg dose. In the first test only a trend toward CPP was displayed. Rats maintained under the ad libitum feeding condition did not display a CPP during subsequent testing and did not respond to a cocaine prime. Rats tested under food-restriction also did not display a CPP, but expressed a CPP following a cocaine prime. In Experiment 3, rats were ad libitum fed during conditioning with a 12.0 mg/kg dose. After the first test, half of the rats were switched to food restriction for three weeks. Rats that were maintained under the ad libitum condition displayed extinction by the fourth test. Their CPP was not reinstated by a cocaine prime. Rats tested under food-restriction displayed a persistent CPP. These results indicate that food restriction lowers the threshold dose for cocaine CPP and interacts with a previously acquired CPP to increase its persistence. In so far as CPP models Pavlovian conditioning that contributes to addiction, these results suggest the importance of diet and the physiology of energy balance as modulatory factors. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cell-penetrating peptide-doxorubicin conjugate loaded NGR-modified nanobubbles for ultrasound triggered drug delivery.

PubMed

Lin, Wen; Xie, Xiangyang; Deng, Jianping; Liu, Hui; Chen, Ying; Fu, Xudong; Liu, Hong; Yang, Yang

2016-01-01

A new drug-targeting system for CD13(+) tumors has been developed, based on ultrasound-sensitive nanobubbles (NBs) and cell-permeable peptides (CPPs). Here, the CPP-doxorubicin conjugate (CPP-DOX) was entrapped in the asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) peptide modified NB (CPP-DOX/NGR-NB) and the penetration of CPP-DOX was temporally masked; local ultrasound stimulation could trigger the CPP-DOX release from NB and activate its penetration. The CPP-DOX/NGR-NBs had particle sizes of about 200 nm and drug entrapment efficiency larger than 90%. In vitro release results showed that over 85% of the encapsulated DOX or CPP-DOX would release from NBs in the presence of ultrasound, while less than 1.5% of that (30 min) without ultrasound. Cell experiments showed the higher cellular CPP-DOX uptake of CPP-DOX/NGR-NB among the various NB formulations in Human fibrosarcoma cells (HT-1080, CD13(+)). The CPP-DOX/NGR-NB with ultrasound treatment exhibited an increased cytotoxic activity than the one without ultrasound. In nude mice xenograft of HT-1080 cells, CPP-DOX/NGR-NB with ultrasound showed a higher tumor inhibition effect (3.1% of T/C%, day 24), longer median survival time (50 days) and excellent body safety compared with the normal DOX injection group. These results indicate that the constructed vesicle would be a promising drug delivery system for specific cancer treatment.

The impact of a highly visible display of cerebral perfusion pressure on outcome in individuals with cerebral aneurysms.

PubMed

Kirkness, Catherine J; Burr, Robert L; Cain, Kevin C; Newell, David W; Mitchell, Pamela H

2008-01-01

Nurses' ability to rapidly detect decreases in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), which may contribute to secondary brain injury, may be limited by poor visibility of CPP displays. To evaluate the impact of a highly visible CPP display on the functional outcome in individuals with cerebral aneurysms. Patients with cerebral aneurysms (n = 100) who underwent continuous CPP monitoring were enrolled and randomized to beds with or without the additional CPP display. Six-month outcome was assessed. Functional outcome was not significantly different between control and intervention groups after controlling for initial neurologic condition (odds ratio .904, 95% confidence interval 0.317 to 2.573). However, greater time below CPP thresholds (55 to 70 mm Hg) was significantly associated with poorer outcome (P = .005 to .010). Although the enhanced CPP display was not associated with significantly better outcome, longer periods of CPP below set levels were associated with poorer outcome.

Polyphosphates as inorganic polyelectrolytes interacting with oppositely charged ions, polymers and deposited on surfaces: fundamentals and applications.

PubMed

Cini, N; Ball, V

2014-07-01

Polyphosphates are important but neglected polyelectrolytes that play a major role in biology and in surface science for the stabilization of colloids against flocculation and for the preservation of food. They are also known as "Calgon" ® and intensively used as additives in washing powders. This review aims to review recent developments in which linear polyphosphates are used for the design of new functional coatings using sol-gel processes and layer-by-layer deposition methods. All these methods rely on the high charge density of polyphosphates as inorganic polyelectrolytes, therefore the structure and properties of these molecules are also reviewed. New perspectives will also been given for the design of stimuli responsive coatings at the tiny frontier between biology and materials science. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Polyphosphate-Accumulating Bacteria: Potential Contributors to Mineral Dissolution in the Oral Cavity

PubMed Central

Breiland, Ashley A.; Flood, Beverly E.; Nikrad, Julia; Bakarich, John; Husman, Matthew; Rhee, TaekHyun; Jones, Robert S.

2018-01-01

ABSTRACT Bacteria that accumulate polyphosphates have previously been shown to dynamically influence the solubility of phosphatic minerals in marine settings and wastewater. Here, we show that dental plaque, saliva, and carious lesions all contain abundant polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria. Saturation state modeling results, informed by phosphate uptake experiments using the model organism Lactobacillus rhamnosus, which is known to inhabit advanced carious lesions, suggest that polyphosphate accumulation can lead to undersaturated conditions with respect to hydroxyapatite under some oral cavity conditions. The cell densities of polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria we observed in some regions of oral biofilms are comparable to those that produce undersaturated conditions (i.e., those that thermodynamically favor mineral dissolution) in our phosphate uptake experiments with L. rhamnosus. These results suggest that the localized generation of undersaturated conditions by polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria constitutes a new potential mechanism of tooth dissolution that may augment the effects of metabolic acid production. IMPORTANCE Dental caries is a serious public health issue that can have negative impacts on overall quality of life and oral health. The role of oral bacteria in the dissolution of dental enamel and dentin that can result in carious lesions has long been solely ascribed to metabolic acid production. Here, we show that certain oral bacteria may act as a dynamic shunt for phosphate in dental biofilms via the accumulation of a polymer known as polyphosphate—potentially mediating phosphate-dependent conditions such as caries (dental decay). PMID:29352083

Purification and properties of recombinant exopolyphosphatase PPN1 and effects of its overexpression on polyphosphate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PubMed

Andreeva, Nadeshda; Trilisenko, Ludmila; Kulakovskaya, Tatiana; Dumina, Maria; Eldarov, Michail

2015-01-01

Inorganic polyphosphate performs many regulatory functions in living cells. The yeast exopolyphosphatase PPN1 is an enzyme with multiple cellular localization and probably variable functions. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with overexpressed PPN1 was constructed for large-scale production of the enzyme and for studying the effect of overproduction on polyphosphate metabolism. The ΔPPN1 strain was transformed by the vector containing this gene under a strong constitutive promoter of glycerol aldehyde-triphosphate dehydrogenase of S. cerevisiae. Exopolyphosphatase activity in the transformant increased 28- and 11-fold compared to the ΔPPN1 and parent strains, respectively. The content of acid-soluble polyphosphate decreased ∼6-fold and the content of acid-insoluble polyphosphate decreased ∼2.5-fold in the cells of the transformant compared to the ΔPPN1 strain. The recombinant enzyme was purified. The substrate specificity, cation requirement, and inhibition by heparin were found to be similar to native PPN1. The molecular mass of a subunit (∼33 kD) and the amino acid sequence of the recombinant enzyme were the same as in mature PPN1. The recombinant enzyme was localized mainly in the cytoplasm (40%) and vacuoles (20%). The overproducer strain had no growths defects under phosphate deficiency or phosphate excess. In contrast to the parent strains accumulating polyphosphate, the transformant accumulated orthophosphate under phosphate surplus. Copyright © 2014 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients developing brain death.

PubMed

Salih, Farid; Holtkamp, Martin; Brandt, Stephan A; Hoffmann, Olaf; Masuhr, Florian; Schreiber, Stephan; Weissinger, Florian; Vajkoczy, Peter; Wolf, Stefan

2016-08-01

We investigated whether a critical rise of intracranial pressure (ICP) leading to a loss of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) could serve as a surrogate marker of brain death (BD). We retrospectively analyzed ICP and CPP of patients in whom BD was diagnosed (n = 32, 16-79 years). Intracranial pressure and CPP were recorded using parenchymal (n = 27) and ventricular probes (n = 5). Data were analyzed from admission until BD was diagnosed. Intracranial pressure was severely elevated (mean ± SD, 95.5 ± 9.8 mm Hg) in all patients when BD was diagnosed. In 28 patients, CPP was negative at the time of diagnosis (-8.2 ± 6.5 mm Hg). In 4 patients (12.5%), CPP was reduced but not negative. In these patients, minimal CPP was 4 to 18 mm Hg. In 1 patient, loss of CPP occurred 4 hours before apnea completed the BD syndrome. Brain death was universally preceded by a severe reduction of CPP, supporting loss of cerebral perfusion as a critical step in BD development. Our data show that a negative CPP is neither sufficient nor a prerequisite to diagnose BD. In BD cases with positive CPP, we speculate that arterial blood pressure dropped below a critical closing pressure, thereby causing cessation of cerebral blood flow. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cycling peak power in obese and lean 6- to 8-year-old girls and boys.

PubMed

Aucouturier, Julien; Lazaar, Nordine; Doré, Eric; Meyer, Martine; Ratel, Sebastien; Duché, Pascale

2007-06-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible effect of the difference in percentage body fat (%BF) and fat-free mass (FFM) on cycling peak power (CPP) in 6- to 8-year-old obese and lean untrained girls and boys. Obese (35 girls, 35 boys) and lean (35 girls, 35 boys) children were measured for obesity, %BF, calculated from skinfold measurements. FFM was calculated as body mass (BM) minus body fat. A force-velocity test on a cycle ergometer was used to measure CPP. CPP was related to anthropometric variables using standard and allometric models. CPP in absolute terms was higher in obese children than in lean children irrespective of gender. BM-related CPP was significantly lower in obese children than in lean ones, whereas no effect of obesity appeared on FFM-related CPP. Velocity at CPP (Vopt) was significantly lower and force at CPP (Fopt) was significantly higher in girls than in boys. Muscle power production was unaffected by obesity in children. Low BM-related CPP could explain the difficulty of taking up physical activities that are body-mass related in obese children. Gender difference for Vopt and Fopt shows that girls and boys may have different maturation patterns affecting CPP.

Sexual functioning in women with chronic pelvic pain: the role of anxiety and depression.

PubMed

ter Kuile, Moniek M; Weijenborg, Philomeen T M; Spinhoven, Philip

2010-05-01

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women is a long lasting and often disabling condition. It seems reasonable to expect that as a result of the pain, extreme fatigue and/or emotional problems, women with CPP may report a variety of sexual problems. The present study investigated differences in the report of sexual problems in women with CPP compared with healthy controls, and whether the association of CPP with sexual problems was moderated or mediated by somatic and psychological factors as manifested in women suffering from CPP. One hundred fifty-four women with CPP and 58 age-matched controls completed self-report measures for sexual functioning, pain, physical impairment, anxiety, depression, and sexual and physical abuse. Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction. Women with CPP reported higher levels of vaginistic complaints, sexual avoidance, nonsensuality and sexual dissatisfaction than healthy controls. Sexual problems were associated with anxiety, depression, and sexual abuse history but not with somatic factors as pain and physical impairment. Anxiety as well as depression, irrespective of the report of sexual abuse experiences, mediated the effect of CPP on sexual problems. Sexual abuse was a general predictor of sexual problems in both women with CPP and controls. Anxiety and depression constitute important factors in the evaluation of sexual problems in women with CPP.

[How can we determine the best cerebral perfusion pressure in pediatric traumatic brain injury?].

PubMed

Vuillaume, C; Mrozek, S; Fourcade, O; Geeraerts, T

2013-12-01

The management of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is the one of the main preoccupation for the care of paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). The physiology of cerebral autoregulation, CO2 vasoreactivity, cerebral metabolism changes with age as well as the brain compliance. Low CPP leads to high morbidity and mortality in pediatric TBI. The recent guidelines for the management of CPP for the paediatric TBI indicate a CPP threshold 40-50 mmHg (infants for the lower and adolescent for the upper). But we must consider the importance of age-related differences in the arterial pressure and CPP. The best CPP is the one that allows to avoid cerebral ischaemia and oedema. In this way, the adaptation of optimal CPP must be individual. To assess this objective, interesting tools are available. Transcranial Doppler can be used to determine the best level of CPP. Other indicators can predict the impairment of autoregulation like pressure reactivity index (PRx) taking into consideration the respective changes in ICP and CPP. Measurement of brain tissue oxygen partial pressure is an other tool that can be used to determine the optimal CPP. Copyright © 2013 Société française d’anesthésie et de réanimation (Sfar). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Incorporation of carrot pomace powder in wheat flour: effect on flour, dough and cookie characteristics.

PubMed

Ahmad, Mukhtar; Wani, Touseef Ahmed; Wani, S M; Masoodi, F A; Gani, Adil

2016-10-01

Carrot pomace powder (CPP) of 72 and 120 mesh sizes was incorporated in wheat flour at 10, 15 and 20 % level and its impact on flour, dough and cookie characteristics was evaluated. Protein content of the flour blends (8.84-7.88 %) decreased and fibre content (4.63-6.68 %) increased upon blending of CPP in wheat flour. Wheat flour containing 120 mesh CPP showed better functional properties [water absorption (1.16-1.47 %), oil absorption (1.11-1.39 %), solubility index (41-50 %) and swelling power (1.34-1.39)] than those containing 72 mesh. Water solvent retention capacity and sucrose solvent retention capacity increased while lactic acid solvent retention capacity and sodium carbonate solvent retention capacity decreased with blending of CPP. Water absorption, dough development time and degree of softening increased whereas, dough stability and mixing tolerance decreased with increasing CPP. The highest decrease in pasting was observed flour containing 72 mesh CPP. Rheology of dough containing 120 mesh CPP closely resembled the control. Color of flour and cookies increased with blending of CPP irrespective of mesh size. Antioxidant activity of cookies was higher than the flour blends. The cookies containing CPP of 72 mesh showed the lowest hardness. However, cookies containing CPP of 120 mesh showed the best sensory properties. Incorporation of 120 mesh CPP produced low gluten cookies with manageable flour and dough characteristics and better antioxidant and sensory properties.

Reinforced spatial alternation as an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): investigation of 5-HT2C and 5-HT1D receptor involvement in OCD pathophysiology.

PubMed

Tsaltas, Eleftheria; Kontis, Dimitris; Chrysikakou, Sofia; Giannou, Haralambos; Biba, Angeliki; Pallidi, Stella; Christodoulou, Angeliki; Maillis, Antonis; Rabavilas, Andreas

2005-05-15

This study introduces a laboratory model of compulsive behavior based on persistence in the context of rewarded spatial alternation. Rats were screened for spontaneous persistence during T-maze reinforced alternation. Experiment 1: One high and one low spontaneous persistence group (n = 8) received 20 injections of fluoxetine, a matched pair saline, both followed by 4 days of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) challenge. Experiment 2: Five matched groups of rats (n = 9) received pretreatment (20 injections) with fluoxetine, mCPP, desipramine, diazepam or saline, followed by 4 days of mCPP challenge (fluoxetine in mCPP group). After washout, animals received 2 days of naratriptan, followed by another 2-day mCPP challenge. In both experiments mCPP significantly increased persistence in saline controls. Fluoxetine also acutely increased persistence scores: after a gradual return to baseline, these scores showed tolerance to mCPP. Experiment 1: This pattern was significant in high but not low initial persistence groups. Experiment 2: Fluoxetine and mCPP showed cross-tolerance. Neither desipramine nor diazepam protected against mCPP challenge. Persistence scores returned to baseline during washout and naratriptan and were thereafter increased by another mCPP challenge in all but the fluoxetine and mCPP groups, suggesting 5-HT2C receptor mediation. This model is based on spontaneous persistence behavior showing pharmacological responses concordant with those of compulsive symptomatology.

Conditioned Place Preference Induced by Licit Drugs: Establishment, Extinction, and Reinstatement

PubMed Central

Liu, Yu; Le Foll, Bernard; Liu, Yanli; Wang, Xi; Lu, Lin

2008-01-01

The conditioned place preference (CPP) model has been widely used to evaluate the rewarding effects of abused drugs, and recently, the extinction and reinstatement phases of this paradigm have been used to assess relapse to drug seeking. The vast majority of studies have focused on CPP induced by illicit drugs, such as psychostimulants and opioids. Although legal psychoactive drugs, such as ethanol, nicotine, and caffeine, are more widely used than illegal drugs, the establishment, extinction, and reinstatement of CPP produced by these licit drugs are less well understood. The present review discusses the extant research on CPP induced by legal drugs. We first describe the CPP model and discuss the behavioral procedures used to induce CPP for ethanol, nicotine, and caffeine. We then summarize the neuronal substrates that underlie CPP induced by these drugs from a genetic perspective. Finally, we draw on findings from pharmacological studies and discuss the neurotransmitters and neurohormones underlying CPP produced by ethanol, nicotine, and caffeine. PMID:19082419

Conditioned place preference induced by licit drugs: establishment, extinction, and reinstatement.

PubMed

Liu, Yu; Le Foll, Bernard; Liu, Yanli; Wang, Xi; Lu, Lin

2008-12-14

The conditioned place preference (CPP) model has been widely used to evaluate the rewarding effects of abused drugs, and recently, the extinction and reinstatement phases of this paradigm have been used to assess relapse to drug seeking. The vast majority of studies have focused on CPP induced by illicit drugs, such as psychostimulants and opioids. Although legal psychoactive drugs, such as ethanol, nicotine, and caffeine, are more widely used than illegal drugs, the establishment, extinction, and reinstatement of CPP produced by these licit drugs are less well understood. The present review discusses the extant research on CPP induced by legal drugs. We first describe the CPP model and discuss the behavioral procedures used to induce CPP for ethanol, nicotine, and caffeine. We then summarize the neuronal substrates that underlie CPP induced by these drugs from a genetic perspective. Finally, we draw on findings from pharmacological studies and discuss the neurotransmitters and neurohormones underlying CPP produced by ethanol, nicotine, and caffeine.

THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM MODULATES THE VALENCE OF THE EMOTION ASSOCIATED TO FOOD INGESTION

PubMed Central

Méndez-Díaz, Mónica; Rueda-Orozco, Pavel Ernesto; Ruiz-Contreras, Alejandra Evelyn; Prospéro-García, O.

2010-01-01

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are mediators of the homeostatic and hedonic systems that modulate food ingestion. Hence, eCBs, by regulating the hedonic system, may be modulating the valence of the emotion associated to food ingestion (positive: pleasant, or negative: unpleasant). Our first goal was to demonstrate that palatable food induces conditioned place preference (CPP), hence a positive valence emotion. Additionally, we analyzed if this CPP is blocked by AM251, inducing a negative valence emotion, meaning avoiding the otherwise pursued compartment. The second goal was to demonstrate that CPP induced by regular food would be strengthened by the simultaneous administration of anandamide or oleamide and if such CPP is blocked by AM251. Finally, we tested the capacity of eCBs (without food) to induce CPP. Our results indicate that rats readily developed CPP to palatable food, which was blocked by AM251. The CPP induced by regular food was strengthened by eCBs and blocked by AM251. Finally, oleamide, unlike anandamide, induced CPP. These results showed that eCBs mediate the positive valence (CPP) of the emotion associated to food ingestion. It was also observed that the blockade of the CB1 receptor causes a loss of correlation between food and CPP (negative valence: avoidance). These data further support the role of eCBs as regulators of the hedonic value of food. PMID:21182571

η6-Cycloparaphenylene transition metal complexes: synthesis, structure, photophysical properties, and application to the selective monofunctionalization of cycloparaphenylenes.

PubMed

Kubota, Natsumi; Segawa, Yasutomo; Itami, Kenichiro

2015-01-28

The synthesis, structure, photophysical properties, and reactivity of cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) coordinated to group 6 transition metal fragments are described. The η(6)-coordination of [9]CPP or [12]CPP with M(CO)6 (M = Cr, Mo, W) afforded the corresponding [n]CPP-M(CO)3 complexes (n = 9, 12; M = Cr, Mo, W). In the (1)H NMR spectra of these complexes, characteristic upfield-shifted singlet signals corresponding to the four hydrogen atoms attached to the coordinated C6H4 ring of the CPPs were observed at 5.4-5.9 ppm. The complex [9]CPP-Cr(CO)3 could be successfully isolated in spite of its instability. X-ray crystallographic analysis and computational studies of [9]CPP-Cr(CO)3 revealed that chromium-CPP coordination occurs at the convex surface of [9]CPP both in the solid state and in solution. TD-DFT calculations suggested that the emerging high-wavenumber absorption peak upon coordination of [9]CPP to Cr(CO)3 should be assigned to a weak HOMO-LUMO transition. Moreover, by using the complex [9]CPP-Cr(CO)3, a rapid and highly monoselective CPP functionalization has been achieved. The established one-pot method, consisting of complexation, deprotonation, nucleophilic substitution, and decomplexation steps, yielded silyl-, boryl-, and methoxycarbonyl-substituted CPPs in up to 93% yield relative to reacted starting material.

Extinction of Contextual Cocaine Memories Requires Cav1.2 within D1R-Expressing Cells and Recruits Hippocampal Cav1.2-Dependent Signaling Mechanisms

PubMed Central

Lee, Anni S.; Fischer, Delaney K.; Van Kempen, Tracey A.; Mudragel, Vladimir; Glass, Michael J.

2017-01-01

Exposure to cocaine-associated contextual cues contributes significantly to relapse. Extinction of these contextual associations, which involves a new form of learning, reduces cocaine-seeking behavior; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. We report that extinction, but not acquisition, of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in male mice increased Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel mRNA and protein in postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions of the hippocampus, a brain region involved in drug–context associations. Moreover, viral-mediated deletion of Cav1.2 in the dorsal hippocampus attenuated extinction of cocaine CPP. Molecular studies examining downstream Cav1.2 targets revealed that extinction recruited calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaMK)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to the hippocampal PSD. This occurred in parallel with an increase in phosphorylation of the AMPA GluA1 receptor subunit at serine 831 (S831), a CaMKII site, along with an increase in total PSD GluA1. The necessity of S831 GluA1 was further demonstrated by the lack of extinction in S831A GluA1 phosphomutant mice. Of note hippocampal GluA1 levels remained unaltered at the PSD, but were reduced near the PSD and at perisynaptic sites of dendritic spines in extinction-resistant S831A mutant mice. Finally, conditional knock-out of Cav1.2 in dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing cells resulted in attenuation of cocaine CPP extinction and lack of extinction-dependent changes in hippocampal PSD CaMKII expression and S831 GluA1 phosphorylation. In summary, we demonstrate an essential role for the hippocampal Cav1.2/CaMKII/S831 GluA1 pathway in cocaine CPP extinction, with data supporting contribution of hippocampal D1R-expressing cells in this process. These findings demonstrate a novel role for Cav1.2 channels in extinction of contextual cocaine-associated memories. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Continued drug-seeking behavior, a defining characteristic of cocaine addiction, can be precipitated by contextual cues, yet the molecular mechanisms required for extinction of these context-specific memories remain poorly understood. Here, we have uncovered a novel and selective role of the Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel and its downstream signaling pathway in the hippocampus that mediate extinction of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). We additionally provide evidence that supports a role of Cav1.2 within dopamine D1 receptor-expressing cells of the hippocampus for extinction of cocaine CPP. Therefore, these findings reveal a previously unknown role of Cav1.2 channels within the hippocampus and in D1 receptor-expressing cells in extinction of cocaine-associated memories, providing a framework for further exploration of mechanisms underlying extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior. PMID:29089442

Helicobacter pylori: a Eubacterium Lacking the Stringent Response

PubMed Central

Scoarughi, Gian Luca; Cimmino, Carmen; Donini, Pierluigi

1999-01-01

Accumulation of 16S rRNA and production of guanosine polyphosphates (pppGpp and ppGpp) were studied during amino acid starvation in three wild-type strains of Helicobacter pylori. All strains exhibit a relaxed phenotype with respect to accumulation of 16S rRNA. This constitutes the first example of a wild-type eubacterium showing a relaxed phenotype. The guanosine polyphosphate levels do not rise as a result of amino acid starvation, as expected for relaxed organisms. However, in both growing and starved cells, basal levels of the two polyphosphates appeared to be present, demonstrating that the enzymatic machinery for guanosine polyphosphate production is present in this organism. These findings are discussed within the framework of the hypothesis that stringent control is a physiological control mechanism more important for the fitness of prokaryotes growing in the general environment than for those that inhabit protected niches. PMID:9882669

Cell-penetrating peptide-siRNA conjugate loaded YSA-modified nanobubbles for ultrasound triggered siRNA delivery.

PubMed

Xie, Xiangyang; Yang, Yanfang; Lin, Wen; Liu, Hui; Liu, Hong; Yang, Yang; Chen, Ying; Fu, Xudong; Deng, Jianping

2015-12-01

Due to the absence of effective in vivo delivery systems, the employment of small interference RNA (siRNA) in the clinic has been hindered. In this paper, a new siRNA targeting system for EphA2-positive tumors was developed, based on ultrasound-sensitive nanobubbles (NBs) and cell-permeable peptides (CPPs). Here, a CPP-siRNA conjugate (CPP-siRNA) was entrapped in an ephrin mimetic peptide (YSA peptide)-modified NB (CPP-siRNA/YSA-NB) and the penetration of the CPP-siRNA was temporally masked; local ultrasound stimulation triggered the release of CPP-siRNA from the NBs and activated its penetration. Subsequent research demonstrated that the CPP-siRNA/YSA-NBs had particle sizes of approximately 200 nm and a siRNA entrapment efficiency of more than 85%. The in vitro release results showed that over 90% of the encapsulated CPP-siRNA released from the NBs in the presence of ultrasound, while less than 1.5% of that (30 min) released without ultrasound. Cell experiments showed a the higher CPP-siRNA cellular uptake of CPP-siRNA/YSA-NB among the various formulations in human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7, EphA2 positive cells). Additionally, after systemic administration in mice, CPP-siRNA/YSA-NB accumulated in the tumor, augmented c-Myc silencing and delayed tumor progression. In conclusion, the application of CPP-siRNA/YSA-NB with ultrasound may provide a strategy for the selective and efficient delivery of siRNA. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chronic psychosocial stress causes delayed extinction and exacerbates reinstatement of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in mice.

PubMed

Bahi, Amine; Dreyer, Jean-Luc

2014-01-01

We have shown previously, using an animal model of voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol-conditioned place preference (EtOH-CPP), that exposure to chronic psychosocial stress induces increased ethanol intake and EtOH-CPP acquisition in mice. Here, we examined the impact of chronic subordinate colony (CSC) exposure on EtOH-CPP extinction, as well as ethanol-induced reinstatement of CPP. Mice were conditioned with saline or 1.5 g/kg ethanol and were tested in the EtOH-CPP model. In the first experiment, the mice were subjected to 19 days of chronic stress, and EtOH-CPP extinction was assessed during seven daily trials without ethanol injection. In the second experiment and after the EtOH-CPP test, the mice were subjected to 7 days of extinction trials before the 19 days of chronic stress. Drug-induced EtOH-CPP reinstatement was induced by a priming injection of 0.5 g/kg ethanol. Compared to the single-housed colony mice, CSC mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the open field tests. Interestingly, the CSC mice showed delayed EtOH-CPP extinction. More importantly, CSC mice showed increased alcohol-induced reinstatement of the EtOH-CPP behavior. Taken together, this study indicates that chronic psychosocial stress can have long-term effects on EtOH-CPP extinction as well as drug-induced reinstatement behavior and may provide a suitable model to study the latent effects of chronic psychosocial stress on extinction and relapse to drug abuse.

A 10-yr Analysis of Chronic Pelvic Pain and Chronic Opioid Therapy in the Women Veteran Population.

PubMed

Cichowski, Sara B; Rogers, Rebecca G; Komesu, Yuko; Murata, Erin; Qualls, Clifford; Murata, Allison; Murata, Glen

2018-05-18

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) affects an estimated 30% of women Veterans. Previous research shows high rates of narcotic abuse in the women Veteran population. Narcotics are not recommended for the treatment of CPP. Understanding how CPP impacts narcotic prescribing in the women Veteran population is critical to addressing the public health crisis of opioid abuse. Our objective was to compare chronic opioid therapy (COT) prescribed 5 yr prior to and following CPP diagnosis and to identify predictors of COT as well as adverse events associated with COT. We choose to look at 10 yr of data because we thought this time period would provide unique insight into the longitudinal associations of CPP and COT and was available in the database. Women with non-cancer CPP were included for analyses from the Veteran's Affairs Corporate Database Warehouse. COT was defined as 90 d of opiates/calendar year for each of the 5 yr proceeding and following the diagnosis of CPP. Patient characteristics and potential variables influencing COT were collected. We compared baseline demographics between the women who received COT to the women who did not receive COT to find additional demographic predictors of COT in association with CPP. Multivariable analysis identified predictors of COT in this population of women with CPP. We utilized an interrupted time series analysis to understand the impact of the diagnosis of CPP on COT. A total of 49,601 women met inclusion criteria with an average age of 40.1 ± 11.5 yr; 37.3% self-characterized as being a racial minority and 24% had a history of military sexual trauma. Chronic use increased significantly (p < 0.001) in the 5 yr preceding the diagnosis of CPP from 6.3% (n = 3124) of women at time -5 to 13.6% (n = 6746) at time 0. In the first year following the diagnosis of CPP, 16.8% (n = 8,333) of women with CPP met the criteria for COT (p < 0.001) and 15% (n = 7440) of women with CPP remained in the COT group for the remaining 5 yr following the diagnosis. On average women in the COT group had 250-292 d of opioids/year. When comparing women who received chronic narcotics following the diagnosis of CPP versus those who did not receive chronic narcotics, women who received COT were older, more likely to smoke and more frequently diagnosed with other pain conditions such as back pain, headaches, and fibromyalgia. (All p < 0.001). In the multivariable model, predictors of COT following CPP diagnosis included prior COT (OR = 10.0 (95% CI 9.4, 10.6), a positive history of military sexual trauma, smoking, and other chronic pain conditions. The distinct pattern of prescribing shown in this cohort may mean COT is prescribed for CPP and this prescribing pattern contributes to the adverse events associated with COT. As COT is not recommended for CPP, physicians need more education on the therapies available to help CPP patients.

FLOOR PLAN OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) BASEMENT SHOWING PROCESS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

FLOOR PLAN OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) BASEMENT SHOWING PROCESS CORRIDOR AND EIGHTEEN CELLS. TO LEFT IS LABORATORY BUILDING (CPP-602). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0601-00-706-051981. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER CPP-E-1981. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

The endocannabinoid system modulates the valence of the emotion associated to food ingestion.

PubMed

Méndez-Díaz, Mónica; Rueda-Orozco, Pavel Ernesto; Ruiz-Contreras, Alejandra Evelyn; Prospéro-García, Oscar

2012-07-01

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are mediators of the homeostatic and hedonic systems that modulate food ingestion. Hence, eCBs, by regulating the hedonic system, may be modulating the valence of the emotion associated to food ingestion (positive: pleasant or negative: unpleasant). Our first goal was to demonstrate that palatable food induces conditioned place preference (CPP), hence a positive-valence emotion. Additionally, we analyzed if this CPP is blocked by AM251, inducing a negative valence emotion, meaning avoiding the otherwise pursued compartment. The second goal was to demonstrate that CPP induced by regular food would be strengthened by the simultaneous administration of anandamide or oleamide, and if such, CPP is blocked by AM251. Finally, we tested the capacity of eCBs (without food) to induce CPP. Our results indicate that rats readily developed CPP to palatable food, which was blocked by AM251. The CPP induced by regular food was strengthened by eCBs and blocked by AM251. Finally, oleamide, unlike anandamide, induced CPP. These results showed that eCBs mediate the positive valence (CPP) of the emotion associated to food ingestion. It was also observed that the blockade of the CB1 receptor causes a loss of correlation between food and CPP (negative valence: avoidance). These data further support the role of eCBs as regulators of the hedonic value of food. © 2010 The Authors. Addiction Biology © 2010 Society for the Study of Addiction.

Extinction of opiate reward reduces dendritic arborization and c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens core.

PubMed

Leite-Morris, Kimberly A; Kobrin, Kendra L; Guy, Marsha D; Young, Angela J; Heinrichs, Stephen C; Kaplan, Gary B

2014-04-15

Recurrent opiate use combined with environmental cues, in which the drug was administered, provokes cue-induced drug craving and conditioned drug reward. Drug abuse craving is frequently linked with stimuli from a prior drug-taking environment via classical conditioning and associative learning. We modeled the conditioned morphine reward process by using acquisition and extinction of conditioned place preference (CPP) in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were trained to associate a morphine injection with a drug context using a classical conditioning paradigm. In morphine conditioning (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) experimental mice acquired a morphine CPP dose response with 10mg/kg as most effective. During morphine CPP extinction experiments, mice were divided into three test groups: morphine CPP followed by extinction training, morphine CPP followed by sham extinction, and saline controls. Extinction of morphine CPP developed within one extinction experiment (4 days) that lasted over two more trials (another 8 days). However, the morphine CPP/sham extinction group retained a place preference that endured through all three extinction trials. Brains were harvested following CPP extinction and processed using Golgi-Cox impregnation. Changes in dendritic morphology and spine quantity were examined in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) Core and Shell neurons. In the NAcCore only, morphine CPP/extinguished mice produced less dendritic arborization, and a decrease in neuronal activity marker c-Fos compared to the morphine CPP/sham extinction group. Extinction of morphine CPP is associated with decreased structural complexity of dendrites in the NAcCore and may represent a substrate for learning induced structural plasticity relevant to addiction. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Social interaction reward decreases p38 activation in the nucleus accumbens shell of rats

PubMed Central

Salti, Ahmad; Kummer, Kai K.; Sadangi, Chinmaya; Dechant, Georg; Saria, Alois; El Rawas, Rana

2016-01-01

We have previously shown that animals acquired robust conditioned place preference (CPP) to either social interaction alone or cocaine alone. Recently it has been reported that drugs of abuse abnormally activated p38, a member of mitogen-activated protein kinase family, in the nucleus accumbens. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of the activated form of p38 (pp38) in the nucleus accumbens shell and core of rats expressing either cocaine CPP or social interaction CPP 1 h, 2 h and 24 h after the CPP test. We hypothesized that cocaine CPP will increase pp38 in the nucleus accumbens shell/core as compared to social interaction CPP. Surprisingly, we found that 24 h after social interaction CPP, pp38 neuronal levels were decreased in the nucleus accumbens shell to the level of naïve rats. Control saline rats that received saline in both compartments of the CPP apparatus and cocaine CPP rats showed similar enhanced p38 activation as compared to naïve and social interaction CPP rats. We also found that the percentage of neurons expressing dopaminergic receptor D2R and pp38 was also decreased in the shell of the nucleus accumbens of social interaction CPP rats as compared to controls. Given the emerging role of p38 in stress/anxiety behaviors, these results suggest that (1) social interaction reward has anti-stress effects; (2) cocaine conditioning per se does not affect p38 activation and that (3) marginal stress is sufficient to induce p38 activation in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. PMID:26300300

Social interaction reward decreases p38 activation in the nucleus accumbens shell of rats.

PubMed

Salti, Ahmad; Kummer, Kai K; Sadangi, Chinmaya; Dechant, Georg; Saria, Alois; El Rawas, Rana

2015-12-01

We have previously shown that animals acquired robust conditioned place preference (CPP) to either social interaction alone or cocaine alone. Recently it has been reported that drugs of abuse abnormally activated p38, a member of mitogen-activated protein kinase family, in the nucleus accumbens. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of the activated form of p38 (pp38) in the nucleus accumbens shell and core of rats expressing either cocaine CPP or social interaction CPP 1 h, 2 h and 24 h after the CPP test. We hypothesized that cocaine CPP will increase pp38 in the nucleus accumbens shell/core as compared to social interaction CPP. Surprisingly, we found that 24 h after social interaction CPP, pp38 neuronal levels were decreased in the nucleus accumbens shell to the level of naïve rats. Control saline rats that received saline in both compartments of the CPP apparatus and cocaine CPP rats showed similar enhanced p38 activation as compared to naïve and social interaction CPP rats. We also found that the percentage of neurons expressing dopaminergic receptor D2R and pp38 was also decreased in the shell of the nucleus accumbens of social interaction CPP rats as compared to controls. Given the emerging role of p38 in stress/anxiety behaviors, these results suggest that (1) social interaction reward has anti-stress effects; (2) cocaine conditioning per se does not affect p38 activation and that (3) marginal stress is sufficient to induce p38 activation in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in LG/J and SM/J mouse strains and an F45/F46 advanced intercross line.

PubMed

Bryant, Camron D; Kole, Loren A; Guido, Michael A; Cheng, Riyan; Palmer, Abraham A

2012-01-01

The conditioned place preference (CPP) test is frequently used to evaluate the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse in mice. Despite its widespread use in transgenic and knockout experiments, there are few forward genetic studies using CPP to identify novel genes contributing to drug reward. In this study, we tested LG/J and SM/J inbred strains and the parents/offspring of 10 families of an F(45)/F(46) advanced intercross line (AIL) for methamphetamine-induced CPP (MA-CPP) once per week over 2 weeks. Both LG/J and SM/J mice exhibited significant MA-CPP that was not significantly different between the two strains. Furthermore, LG/J mice showed significantly less acute MA-induced locomotor activity as well as locomotor sensitization following subsequent MA injections. AIL mice (N = 105) segregating LG/J and SM/J alleles also demonstrated significant MA-CPP that was equal in magnitude between the first and second week of training. Importantly, MA-CPP in AIL mice did not correlate with drug-free or MA-induced locomotor activity, indicating that MA-CPP was not confounded by test session activity and implying that MA-CPP is genetically distinct from acute psychomotor sensitivity. We estimated the heritability of MA-CPP and locomotor phenotypes using midparent-offspring regression and maximum likelihood estimates derived from the kinship coefficients of the AIL pedigree. Heritability estimates of MA-CPP were low (0-0.21) and variable (SE = 0-0.33) which reflected our poor power to estimate heritability using only 10 midparent-offspring observations. In sum, we established a short-term protocol for MA-CPP in AIL mice that could reveal LG/J and SM/J alleles important for MA reward. The use of highly recombinant genetic populations like AIL should facilitate the identification of these genes and may have implications for understanding psychostimulant abuse in humans.

Facilitated extinction of morphine conditioned place preference with Tat-GluA2(3Y) interference peptide.

PubMed

Dias, C; Wang, Y T; Phillips, A G

2012-08-01

Neuroplasticity including long-term depression (LTD) has been implicated in both learning processes and addiction. LTD can be blocked by intravenous administration of the interference peptide Tat-GluA2(3Y) that prevents regulated endocytosis of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor. In this study, Tat-GluA2(3Y) was used to assess the role of LTD in the induction, expression, extinction and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). CPP was established in rats by pairing morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline with a specific environmental context using a balanced protocol. Tat-GluA2(3Y) (0; 1.5; 2.25 nmol/g; i.v.), scrambled peptide (Tat-GluA2(Sc)), or vehicle was administered during the acquisition phase or prior to the test for CPP. Tat-GluA2(3Y) had no effect on the induction or initial expression of morphine-induced CPP. Rats that received Tat-GluA2(3Y) or Tat-GluA2(Sc) during acquisition were subsequently tested for 11 consecutive days in order to extinguish morphine CPP. CPP was then reinstated by an injection of morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Co-administration of morphine and Tat-GluA2(3Y) during acquisition greatly facilitated extinction of CPP without affecting morphine-induced reinstatement of CPP. Using an intermittent retest schedule with bi-weekly tests to measure the maintenance of CPP, Tat-GluA2(3Y) during the acquisition phase had no effect on the maintenance of CPP. We propose that co-administration of Tat-GluA2(3Y) with morphine during acquisition of CPP weakens the association between morphine and contextual cues leading to rapid extinction of morphine CPP with repeated daily testing. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rhesus monkeys: Resistance to inactivation of insula and extinction.

PubMed

Wu, XuJun; Zhao, Ning; Bai, Fan; Li, ChuanYu; Liu, CiRong; Wei, JingKuan; Zong, Wei; Yang, LiXin; Ryabinin, Andrey E; Ma, YuanYe; Wang, JianHong

2016-05-01

Drug addicts experience strong craving episodes in response to drug-associated cues. Attenuating these responses using pharmacological or behavioral approaches could aid recovery from addiction. Cue-induced drug seeking can be modeled using the conditioned place preference procedure (CPP). Our previous work showed that conditioned place preference (CPP) can be induced by administration of increasing doses of morphine in rhesus monkeys. Here, we investigated whether expression of morphine-induced CPP can be attenuated by inhibiting activity of insular cortex or by repeated unreinforced exposures to the CPP test. The insula has been demonstrated to be involved in addiction to several drugs of abuse. To test its role in morphine CPP, bilateral cannulae were implanted into the insula in seven adult monkeys. The CPP was established using a biased apparatus by intramuscular injections of morphine at increasing doses (1.5, 3.0 and 4.5mg/kg) for each monkey. After the monkeys established morphine CPP, their insulae were reversibly inactivated by bilateral microinjection with 5% lidocaine (40μl) prior to the post-conditioning test (expression) of CPP using a within-subject design. The microinjections of lidocaine failed to affect CPP expression when compared to saline injections. We subsequently investigated morphine-associated memory during six episodes of CPP tests performed in these monkeys over the following 75.0±0.2months. While the preference score showed a declining trend with repeated testing, morphine-induced CPP was maintained even on the last test performed at 75months post-conditioning. This observation indicated strong resistance of morphine-induced memories to extinction in rhesus monkeys. Although these data do not confirm involvement of insula in morphine-induced CPP, our observation that drug-associated memories can be maintained over six drug-free years following initial experience with morphine has important implications for treatment of drug addiction using extinction therapy. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Taming the Wildness of "Trojan-Horse" Peptides by Charge-Guided Masking and Protease-Triggered Demasking for the Controlled Delivery of Antitumor Agents.

PubMed

Shi, Nian-Qiu; Qi, Xian-Rong

2017-03-29

Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), also called "Trojan Horse" peptide, has become a successful approach to deliver various payloads into cells for achieving the intracellular access. However, the "Trojan Horse" peptide is too wild, not just to "Troy", but rather widely distributed in the body. Thus, there is an urgent need to tame the wildness of "Trojan Horse" peptide for targeted delivery of antineoplastic agents to the tumor site. To achieve this goal, we exploit a masked CPP-doxorubicin conjugate platform for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs using charge-guided masking and protease-triggered demasking strategies. In this platform, the cell-penetrating function of the positively CPP (d-form nonaarginine) is abrogated by a negatively shielding peptide (masked CPP), and between them is a cleavable substrate peptide by the protease (MMP-2/9). Protease-triggered demasking would occur when the masked CPP reached the MMP-2/9-riched tumor. The CPP-doxorubicin conjugate (CPP-Dox) and the masked CPP-Dox conjugate (mCPP-Dox) were used as models for the evaluation of masking and demasking processes. It was found that exogenous MMP-2/9 could effectively trigger the reversion of CPP-cargo in this conjugate, and this trigger adhered to the Michaelis-Menten kinetics profile. This conjugate was sensitive to the trigger of endogenous MMP-2/9 and could induce enhanced cytotoxicity toward MMP-2/9-rich tumor cells. In vivo antitumor efficacy revealed that this masked conjugate had considerable antitumor activity and could inhibit the tumor growth at a higher level relative to CPP-cargo. Low toxicity in vivo showed the noticeably decreased wildness of this conjugate toward normal tissues and more controllable entry of antitumor agents into "Troy". On the basis of analyses in vitro and in vivo, this mCPP-cargo conjugate delivery system held an improved selectivity toward MMP-2/9-rich tumors and would be a promising strategy for tumor-targeted treatment.

Structures Containing Polyphosphate in Micrococcus lysodeikticus1

PubMed Central

Friedberg, Ilan; Avigad, Gad

1968-01-01

Granular structures containing inorganic polyphosphate were found in Micrococcus lysodeikticus. These structures were isolated by fractionation of the bacterial extract obtained by lysing the organisms with lysozyme. The composition of the fraction which was enriched with these structures was found to be: protein, 24%; lipids, 30%; and polyphosphate, 27%. This fraction also contained small amounts of ribonucleic acids, carbohydrate, and polyvalent cations. The effect of different reagents and enzymes on the integrity of the granules was examined. It was noticed that they accumulate in the bacteria during the logarithmic phase of growth but disappear gradually during the stationary phase. Images PMID:5674060

Antioxidant mechanism of milk mineral-high-affinity iron binding.

PubMed

Allen, K; Cornforth, D

2007-01-01

Milk mineral (MM), a by-product of whey processing, is an effective antioxidant in meat systems, but the antioxidant mechanism has not been established. MM has been postulated to chelate iron and prevent iron-catalysis of lipid oxidation. The objective of this research was to examine this putative mechanism. MM was compared to sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), calcium phosphate monobasic (CPM), and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) to determine iron-binding capacity, sample solubility, and eluate soluble phosphorus after treating samples with a ferrous chloride standard. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used to localize minerals on iron-treated MM particle surfaces. Histochemical staining for calcium was performed on raw and cooked ground beef samples with added MM. MM bound more iron per gram (P < 0.05) than the other compounds, and was much less soluble (P < 0.05) than either STPP or CPM. Mineral localization showed an even distribution of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen, and iron across the MM particle surface, directly demonstrating iron binding to MM particles. Unlike other common chelating agents, such as STPP and citrate, histochemical staining demonstrated that MM remained insoluble in ground beef, even after cooking. The ability of MM to bind iron and remain insoluble may enhance its antioxidant effect by removing iron ions from solution. However, MM particles must be small and well distributed in order to adequately bind iron throughout the food system.

Prenatal stress increases adult vulnerability to cocaine reward without affecting pubertal anxiety or novelty response.

PubMed

Pastor, Verónica; Pallarés, María Eugenia; Antonelli, Marta C

2018-02-26

Prenatal stress (PS) induces long-lasting molecular alterations in brain circuits of the offspring and increases the propensity to develop neuropsychiatric diseases during adulthood, including mood disorders and drug addiction. A major goal of this study was to assess the impact of PS on pubertal behaviour and adult vulnerability to cocaine-induced conditioning place preference (CPP). We therefore evaluated pubertal novelty response and anxiety-like behaviour in control (C) and PS rats, and then, we examined cocaine-induced CPP in those animals during adulthood. We found no differences between C and PS groups on pubertal behaviour, however, only PS rats showed a significant cocaine-induced CPP. To further analyze our results, we classified cocaine-treated rats regarding their CPP score in Low CPP or High CPP and we then analysed their pubertal behaviour. We found different relations of anxiety-like behaviour to cocaine reward as a function of PS exposure: for C group, High CPP and Low CPP had shown similar levels of anxiety-like behaviour at puberty; on the contrary, for PS group, High CPP had shown lower anxiety-like behaviour than Low CPP rats. This study underscores the importance of considering prenatal exposure to stress when analysing the relationship between anxiety and cocaine vulnerability. Moreover, the evaluation of behavioural traits at puberty opens the possibility of early intervention and will allow the development of specific prevention strategies to avoid the devastating consequences of drug addiction later in life. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efficient siRNA Delivery Using Novel Cell-Penetrating Peptide-siRNA Conjugate-Loaded Nanobubbles and Ultrasound.

PubMed

Xie, Xiangyang; Lin, Wen; Li, Mingyuan; Yang, Yang; Deng, Jianping; Liu, Hui; Chen, Ying; Fu, Xudong; Liu, Hong; Yang, Yanfang

2016-06-01

Because of the absence of tolerable and effective carriers for in vivo delivery, the applications of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the clinic for therapeutic purposes have been limited. In this study, development of a novel siRNA delivery system based on ultrasound-sensitive nanobubbles (NBs, nano-sized echogenic liposomes) and cell-permeable peptides (CPPs) is described. A CPP-siRNA conjugate was entrapped in an NB, (CPP-siRNA)-NB, and the penetration of CPP-siRNA was temporally masked; local ultrasound stimulation triggered the release of CPP-siRNA from the NBs and activated its penetration. Subsequent research revealed that the (CPP-siRNA)-NBs had a mean particle size of 201 ± 2.05 nm and a siRNA entrapment efficiency >85%. In vitro release results indicated that >90% of the encapsulated CPP-siRNA was released from NBs in the presence of ultrasound, whereas <1.5% (30 min) was released in the absence of ultrasound. Cell experiments indicated higher cellular CPP-siRNA uptake of (CPP-siRNA)-NBs with ultrasound among the various formulations in human breast adenocarcinoma cells (HT-1080). Additionally, after systemic administration in mice, (CPP-siRNA)-NBs accumulated in the tumor, augmented c-myc silencing and delayed tumor progression. In conclusion, the application of (CPP-siRNA)-NBs with ultrasound may constitute an approach to selective targeted delivery of siRNA. Copyright © 2016 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A cluster of culture positive gonococcal infections but with false negative cppB gene based PCR.

PubMed

Lum, G; Freeman, K; Nguyen, N L; Limnios, E A; Tabrizi, S N; Carter, I; Chambers, I W; Whiley, D M; Sloots, T P; Garland, S M; Tapsall, J W

2005-10-01

To describe the prevalence and characteristics of isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae grown from urine samples that produced negative results with nucleic acid amplification assays (NAA) targeting the cppB gene. An initial cluster of culture positive, but cppB gene based NAA negative, gonococcal infections was recognised. Urine samples and suspensions of gonococci isolated over 9 months in the Northern Territory of Australia were examined using cppB gene based and other non-cppB gene based NAA. The gonococcal isolates were phenotyped by determining the auxotype/serovar (A/S) class and genotyped by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). 14 (9.8%) of 143 gonococci isolated were of A/S class Pro(-/)Brpyut, indistinguishable on PFGE and negative in cppB gene based, but not other, NAA. This cluster represents a temporal and geographic expansion of a gonococcal subtype lacking the cppB gene with consequent loss of sensitivity of NAA dependent on amplification of this target. Gonococci lacking the cppB gene have in the past been more commonly associated with the PAU-/PCU- auxotype, a gonococcal subtype hitherto infrequently encountered in Australia. NAA based on the cppB gene as a target may produce false positive as well as false negative NAA. This suggests that unless there is continuing comparison with culture to show their utility, cppB gene based NAA should be regarded as suboptimal for use either as a diagnostic or supplemental assay for diagnosis of gonorrhoea, and NAA with alternative amplification targets should be substituted.

NeuroD modulates opioid agonist-selective regulation of adult neurogenesis and contextual memory extinction.

PubMed

Zheng, Hui; Zhang, Yue; Li, Wen; Loh, Horace H; Law, Ping-Yee

2013-04-01

Addictive drugs, including opioids, modulate adult neurogenesis. In order to delineate the probable implications of neurogenesis on contextual memory associated with addiction, we investigated opioid agonist-selective regulation of neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD) activities under the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Training mice with equivalent doses of morphine and fentanyl produced different CPP extinction rates without measurable differences in the CPP acquisition rate or magnitude. Fentanyl-induced CPP required much longer time for extinction than morphine-induced CPP. We observed a parallel decrease in NeuroD activities and neurogenesis after morphine-induced CPP, but not after fentanyl-induced CPP. Increasing NeuroD activities with NeuroD-lentivirus (nd-vir) injection at the dentate gyrus before CPP training reversed morphine-induced decreases in NeuroD activities and neurogenesis, and prolonged the time required for extinction of morphine-induced CPP. On the other hand, decreasing NeuroD activities via injection of miRNA-190-virus (190-vir) reversed the fentanyl effect on NeuroD and neurogenesis and shortened the time required for extinction of fentanyl-induced CPP. Another contextual memory task, the Morris Water Maze (MWM), was affected similarly by alteration of NeuroD activities. The reduction in NeuroD activities either by morphine treatment or 190-vir injection decreased MWM task retention, while the increase in NeuroD activities by nd-vir prolonged MWM task retention. Thus, by controlling NeuroD activities, opioid agonists differentially regulate adult neurogenesis and subsequent contextual memory retention. Such drug-related memory regulation could have implications in eventual context-associated relapse.

Role of Cations in Accumulation and Release of Phosphate by Acinetobacter Strain 210A

PubMed Central

van Groenestijn, Johan W.; Vlekke, Gerard J. F. M.; Anink, Désirée M. E.; Deinema, Maria H.; Zehnder, Alexander J. B.

1988-01-01

Cells of the strictly aerobic Acinetobacter strain 210A, containing aerobically large amounts of polyphosphate (100 mg of phosphorus per g [dry weight] of biomass), released in the absence of oxygen 1.49 mmol of Pi, 0.77 meq of Mg2+, 0.48 meq of K+, 0.02 meq of Ca2+, and 0.14 meq of NH4+ per g (dry weight) of biomass. The drop in pH during this anaerobic phase was caused by the release of 1.8 protons per PO43− molecule. Cells of Acinetobacter strain 132, which do not accumulate polyphosphate aerobically, released only 0.33 mmol of Pi and 0.13 meq of Mg2+ per g (dry weight) of biomass but released K+ in amounts comparable to those released by strain 210A. Stationary-phase cultures of Acinetobacter strain 210A, in which polyphosphate could not be detected by Neisser staining, aerobically took up phosphate simultaneously with Mg2+, the most important counterion in polyphosphate. In the absence of dissolved phosphate in the medium, no Mg2+ was taken up. Cells containing polyphosphate granules were able to grow in a Mg-free medium, whereas cells without these granules were not. Mg2+ was not essential as a counterion because it could be replaced by Ca2+. The presence of small amounts of K+ was essential for polyphosphate formation in cells of strain 210A. During continuous cultivation under K+ limitation, cells of Acinetobacter strain 210A contained only 14 mg of phosphorus per g (dry weight) of biomass, whereas this element was accumulated in amounts of 59 mg/g under substrate limitation and 41 mg/g under Mg2+ limitation. For phosphate uptake in activated sludge, the presence of K+ seemed to be crucial. PMID:16347788

iTRAQ proteomic analysis of the hippocampus in a rat model of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference.

PubMed

Zhu, Beibei; Li, Xiangyu; Chen, Huan; Wang, Hongjuan; Zhu, Xinchao; Hou, Hongwei; Hu, Qingyuan

2017-05-13

Repeated exposures to nicotine are known to result in persistent changes in proteins expression in addiction-related brain regions, such as the striatum, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, but the changes induced in the protein content of the hippocampus remain poorly studied. This study established a rat model of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), and screened for proteins that were differentially expressed in the hippocampus of these rats using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation labeling (iTRAQ) coupled with 2D-LC MS/MS. The nicotine-induced CPP was established by subcutaneously injecting rats with 0.2 mg/kg nicotine. Relative to the control (saline) group, the nicotine group showed 0.67- and 1.5-fold changes in 117 and 10 hippocampal proteins, respectively. These differentially expressed proteins are mainly involved in calcium-mediated signaling, neurotransmitter transport, GABAergic synapse function, long-term synaptic potentiation and nervous system development. Furthermore, RT-PCR was used to confirmed the results of the proteomic analysis. Our findings identify several proteins and cellular signaling pathways potentially involved in the molecular mechanisms in the hippocampus that underlie nicotine addiction. These results provide insights into the mechanisms of nicotine treatment in hippocampus. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphouscalcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) treatment on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets after tooth bleaching].

PubMed

Lu, Jing; Ding, Xiao-jun; Yu, Xiao-ping; Gong, Yi-ming

2015-10-01

To evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphouscalcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) treatment on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets after tooth bleaching. One hundred extracted human premolars were randomly divided and treated according to 5 groups (n=20) : (1) no treatment; (2) 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching; (3) 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching; (4)10% carbamide peroxide bleaching and CPP-ACP paste; (5)38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching and CPP-ACP paste. In all groups, the brackets were bonded using a conventional acid-etch and bond system (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). The shear bond strength adhesive remnant index (ARI) of the brackets were determined and the data was analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni test using SPSS13.0 software package. The use of 10% carbamide peroxide and 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching significantly decreased the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets when compared with untreated group (P<0.05). After combination of tooth bleaching and CPP-ACP treatment, group 4 (10% carbamide peroxide bleaching + CPP-ACP) and group 5 (38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching + CPP-ACP) showed higher levels of shear bond strength than group 2 and 3; however, no significant difference was found (P>0.05). The ARI did not show any significant difference before and after CPP-ACP treatment. After tooth bleaching, CPP-ACP treatment have little influence on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

Cannabinoid 1 receptor blockade in the dorsal hippocampus prevents the reinstatement but not acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

PubMed

Zhao, Xin; Yao, Li; Wang, Fang; Zhang, Han; Wu, Li

2017-07-05

The cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) signaling is strongly linked to conditioned rewarding effects of opiates. Learned associations between environmental contexts and discrete cues and drug use play an important role in the maintenance and/or relapse of morphine addiction. Although previous studies suggest that context-dependent morphine treatment alters endocannabinoid signaling and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, the role of endocannabinoid in morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) and reinstatement remains unknown. In the present study, we found daily escalating doses of morphine induce significant CPP in rats. After the extinction of CPP, a priming dose of morphine was sufficient to reinstate morphine CPP and was associated with the elevated CB1R levels compared with saline control groups, suggesting upregulation of CB1R pathway in the hippocampus contribute to the reinstatement of morphine CPP. By using a pharmacological inhibitor of CB1R administered into the dorsal hippocampus, we showed that blockade of CB1R signaling did not alter the morphine CPP acquisition but inhibited the reinstatement of morphine CPP. In addition, no effects were induced upon CB1R blockade in the prefrontal cortex on reinstatement of morphine CPP. These studies reveal region-specific effects of hippocampal blockade of CB1R signaling pathway on the reinstatement of morphine CPP.

Brain regions associated with the acquisition of conditioned place preference for cocaine vs. social interaction.

PubMed

El Rawas, Rana; Klement, Sabine; Kummer, Kai K; Fritz, Michael; Dechant, Georg; Saria, Alois; Zernig, Gerald

2012-01-01

Positive social interaction could play an essential role in switching the preference of the substance dependent individual away from drug related activities. We have previously shown that conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine at the dose of 15 mg/kg and CPP for four 15-min episodes of social interaction were equally strong when rats were concurrently conditioned for place preference by pairing cocaine with one compartment and social interaction with the other. The aim of the present study was to investigate the differential activation of brain regions related to the reward circuitry after acquisition/expression of cocaine CPP or social interaction CPP. Our findings indicate that cocaine CPP and social interaction CPP activated almost the same brain regions. However, the granular insular cortex and the dorsal part of the agranular insular cortex were more activated after cocaine CPP, whereas the prelimbic cortex and the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens were more activated after social interaction CPP. These results suggest that the insular cortex appears to be potently activated after drug conditioning learning while activation of the prelimbic cortex-nucleus accumbens core projection seems to be preferentially involved in the conditioning to non-drug stimuli such as social interaction.

Storage study and quality evaluation of coconut protein powder.

PubMed

Naik, Aduja; Prakash, Maya; R, Ravi; Raghavarao, Ksms

2013-11-01

Coconut skim milk and insoluble protein are 2 major byproducts in the production of virgin coconut oil. Coconut skim milk was homogenized along with insoluble protein and spray dried to obtain a value-added product, namely, coconut protein powder (CPP). This study deals with the storage study of CPP under different conditions (refrigerated [control], ambient and accelerated). CPP samples were withdrawn periodically at designated intervals of 15 d for accelerated and control, and 30 d for ambient condition. CPP stored at different conditions exhibited marginal moisture uptake (by 0.74 % w/w for control, 0.76 % w/w for ambient, and 1.26 % w/w for accelerated condition) and as a result, had very little effect on the functional properties of the powder. Withdrawn CPP was tested for sensory quality aspects and subjected to instrumental analysis as well. Withdrawn CPP was incorporated as a milk substitute in dessert (Kheer). Quantitative descriptive analysis of the powder and product (Kheer) showed no significant difference in attributes of CPP during the storage period of 2 mo. Electronic nose analysis revealed that CPP samples were not much different with respect to aroma pattern matching, respectively. © 2013 CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute.

Design, synthesis, and functional testing of recombinant cell penetrating peptides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Widyaningtyas, S. T.; Soebandrio, A.; Ibrahim, F.; Bela, B.

2017-08-01

Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) are one of the most attractive DNA delivery systems currently in development. In this research, in silico CPP development was performed based on a literature study to look for peptides that induce endosome escape, have the ability to bind DNA, and pass through cell membranes and/or nuclear membranes with a final goal of creating a new CPP to be used as a DNA delivery system. We report herein the successful isolation of three candidate CPP molecules, which have all been successfully expressed and purified by NiNTA. One of the determinants of CPP success as a DNA carrier is the ability of the CPP to bind and protect DNA from the effects of nucleases. The DNA binding test results show that all three CPPs can bind to DNA and protect it from the effects of serum nucleases. These three CPP candidates designed in silico and synthesized in the prokaryote system are eligible candidates for further testing of their ability to deliver DNA in vitro and in vivo.

Cell wall canals formed upon growth of Candida maltosa in the presence of hexadecane are associated with polyphosphates.

PubMed

Zvonarev, Anton N; Crowley, David E; Ryazanova, Lubov P; Lichko, Lydia P; Rusakova, Tatiana G; Kulakovskaya, Tatiana V; Dmitriev, Vladimir V

2017-05-01

Canals are supramolecular complexes observed in the cell wall of Candida maltosa grown in the presence of hexadecane as a sole carbon source. Such structures were not observed in glucose-grown cells. Microscopic observations of cells stained with diaminobenzidine revealed the presence of oxidative enzymes in the canals. 4΄,6΄-diamino-2-phenylindole staining revealed that a substantial part of cellular polyphosphate was present in the cell wall of cells grown on hexadecane in condition of phosphate limitation. The content and chain length of polyphosphates were higher in hexadecane-grown cells than in glucose grown ones. The treatment of cells with yeast polyphosphatase PPX1 resulted in the decrease of the canal size. These data clearly indicated that polyphosphates are constituents of canals; they might play an important role in the canal structure and functioning. © FEMS 2017. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Deciphering the relationship among phosphate dynamics, electron-dense body and lipid accumulation in the green alga Parachlorella kessleri

PubMed Central

Ota, Shuhei; Yoshihara, Mai; Yamazaki, Tomokazu; Takeshita, Tsuyoshi; Hirata, Aiko; Konomi, Mami; Oshima, Kenshiro; Hattori, Masahira; Bišová, Kateřina; Zachleder, Vilém; Kawano, Shigeyuki

2016-01-01

Phosphorus is an essential element for life on earth and is also important for modern agriculture, which is dependent on inorganic fertilizers from phosphate rock. Polyphosphate is a biological polymer of phosphate residues, which is accumulated in organisms during the biological wastewater treatment process to enhance biological phosphorus removal. Here, we investigated the relationship between polyphosphate accumulation and electron-dense bodies in the green alga Parachlorella kessleri. Under sulfur-depleted conditions, in which some symporter genes were upregulated, while others were downregulated, total phosphate accumulation increased in the early stage of culture compared to that under sulfur-replete conditions. The P signal was detected only in dense bodies by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed marked ultrastructural variations in dense bodies with and without polyphosphate. Our findings suggest that the dense body is a site of polyphosphate accumulation, and P. kessleri has potential as a phosphate-accumulating organism. PMID:27180903

Nonviral Vectors for Gene Delivery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baoum, Abdulgader Ahmed

2011-12-01

The development of nonviral vectors for safe and efficient gene delivery has been gaining considerable attention recently. An ideal nonviral vector must protect the gene against degradation by nuclease in the extracellular matrix, internalize the plasma membrane, escape from the endosomal compartment, unpackage the gene at some point and have no detrimental effects. In comparison to viruses, nonviral vectors are relatively easy to synthesize, less immunogenic, low in cost, and have no limitation in the size of a gene that can be delivered. Significant progress has been made in the basic science and applications of various nonviral gene delivery vectors; however, the majority of nonviral approaches are still inefficient and often toxic. To this end, two nonviral gene delivery systems using either biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide- co-glycolide) (PLG) nanoparticles or cell penetrating peptide (CPP) complexes have been designed and studied using A549 human lung epithelial cells. PLG nanoparticles were optimized for gene delivery by varying particle surface chemistry using different coating materials that adsorb to the particle surface during formation. A variety of cationic coating materials were studied and compared to more conventional surfactants used for PLG nanoparticle fabrication. Nanoparticles (˜200 nm) efficiently encapsulated plasmids encoding for luciferase (80-90%) and slowly released the same for two weeks. After a delay, moderate levels of gene expression appeared at day 5 for certain positively charged PLG particles and gene expression was maintained for at least two weeks. In contrast, gene expression mediated by polyethyleneimine (PEI) ended at day 5. PLG particles were also significantly less cytotoxic than PEI suggesting the use of these vehicles for localized, sustained gene delivery to the pulmonary epithelium. On the other hand, a more simple method to synthesize 50-200 nm complexes capable of high transfection efficiency or high gene knockdown was also explored. Positively charged CPPs were complexed with pDNA or siRNA, which resulted in 'loose' (˜1 micron) particles. These were then condensed into small nanoparticles by using calcium, which formed "soft" crosslinks by interacting with both phosphates on nucleic acids and amines on CPPs. An optimal amount of CaCl2 produced stable, ˜100 nm complexes that exhibited higher transfection efficiency and gene silencing than PEI polyplexes. CPPs also displayed negligible cytotoxicity up to 5 mg/mL. Biophysical studies of the pDNA structure within complexes suggested that pDNA within CPP complexes (condensed with calcium) had similar structure, but enhanced thermal stability compared to PEI complexes. Thus, CPP complexes emerged as simple, attractive candidates for future studies on nonviral gene delivery in vivo.

Trazodone generates m-CPP: in 2008 risks from m-CPP might outweigh benefits of trazodone.

PubMed

Kast, Richard E

2009-01-01

Since deleterious effects of m-CPP, the primary catabolic metabolite of trazodone, were last reviewed 2 years ago, research data continue to accrue showing that clinically significant levels of m-CPP (a) are generated in patients using trazodone for sleep and (b) are present 24 h a day and (c) have potentially serious ill effects. This commentary argues that the documented potential for harm and multiple risks of m-CPP outweigh potential benefits of trazodone, given the development and marketing of many safer alternatives since trazodone's introduction in the 1980s.

NORTH SECTION OF WEST ELEVATION OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NORTH SECTION OF WEST ELEVATION OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) LOOKING EAST. HOT PILOT PLANT BUILDING (CPP-640) APPEARS IN RIGHT OF PHOTO. THE REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) WAS LOCATED ON CONCRETE PAD IN FOREGROUND. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-33-3. Mike Crane, Photographer, 7/2006 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Effects of the κ-opioid receptor on the inhibition of 100 Hz electroacupuncture on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference

PubMed Central

Hou, Bingjun

2016-01-01

The administration of 100 Hz electroacupuncture has been demonstrated to suppress cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, and there is evidence that the κ-opioid receptor may have a role in cocaine addiction. The present study sought to explore the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of 100 Hz electroacupuncture on cocaine-induced CPP in rats. A rat model of cocaine-induced CPP was used in the present study to investigate the following: i) Naloxone treatment (5 and 10 mg/kg) following 100 Hz electroacupuncture-mediated inhibition on cocaine-induced CPP, revealing that a high dose (10 mg/kg) of naloxone blocked the inhibitory effects of 100 Hz electroacupuncture on cocaine-induced CPP; ii) nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) on 100 Hz electroacupuncture-mediated inhibition on cocaine-induced CPP, which indicated that administration of 10 µg/5 µl and 0.3 µg/1 µl nor-BNI intracerebroventricularly and via the nucleus accumbens, respectively, reversed the inhibitory effects of 100 Hz electroacupuncture on cocaine-induced CPP, and that injection of nor-BNI in different brain areas of rats blocks the inhibitory effects of electroacupuncture on cocaine-induced CPP; and iv) 100 Hz electroacupuncture on the mRNA expression levels of the κ-opioid receptor in the rat nucleus accumbens and amygdala, which established that mRNA expression levels of κ-opioid receptor in the nucleus accumbens were increased with 100 Hz electroacupuncture plus cocaine-induced CPP. Overall, the results of the present study indicated that 100 Hz electroacupuncture was able to suppress cocaine-induced CPP via the κ-opioid receptor in the nucleus accumbens. PMID:27588082

Inhibitory effects of processed Aconiti tuber on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

PubMed

Wu, Guiyun; Huang, Wenqi; Zhang, Hui; Li, Qiaobo; Zhou, Jun; Shu, Haihua

2011-06-14

Our previous studies indicated that processed Aconiti tuber (PAT), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, had antinociceptive effects and inhibitory effects on morphine tolerance by activation of kappa-opioid receptor (KOR). Preclinical studies also demonstrated that KOR agonists functionally attenuate addictive behaviors of morphine, such as conditioned place preference (CPP). Therefore, we hypothesize that PAT may inhibit morphine-induced CPP in rats. (1) Five groups of rats (n=8 for each group) were alternately subcutaneous (s.c.) injected with morphine 10mg/kg (one group receive normal saline as a control) and normal saline for 8 days and oral co-administrated with distilled water or PAT 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 g/kg daily on days 2-9 during CPP training, respectively. (2) Other four groups of rats were randomly s.c. injected with nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI; 5mg/kg) or normal saline (as a control) 120 min before alternately s.c. with morphine and normal saline and oral co-administrated with distilled water or PAT 3.0 g/kg daily. Each rat was acquired pre-conditioning and post-conditioning CPP data and assayed dynorphin concentrations by radioimmunoassay in rat's nucleus accumbens (NAc) after CPP training. (1) PAT 1.0 or 3.0 g/kg dose-dependently decreased the morphine-induced increase of CPP scores. (2) Nor-BNI completely antagonized the inhibition of PAT on morphine-induced CPP. (3) PAT dose-dependently increased dynorphin content in rats' NAc after CPP training. (1) PAT dose-dependently inhibited morphine-induced CPP. (2) The inhibition of PAT on morphine-induced CPP was probably due to activation of KOR by increasing dynorphin release in rats' NAc. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Precipitation of impurities in 9-32-0 grade fluid fertilizers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dillard, E.F.; Scheib, R.M.; Greenwell, B.E.

1986-01-01

For several years TVA has been studying production of 9-32-0 ammonium polyphosphate suspension produced from ammoniated merchant-grade wet-process orthophosphoric acid. Suspensions containing polyphosphate have an advantage over those that contain only orthophosphate in that they can be stored satisfactorily at much lower temperature. However, the introduction of polyphosphate (pyrophosphate anion) complicates the precipitation of impurities and has yielded inconsistent storage characteristics in 9-32-0 fluid fertilizers. Fluorine also has been shown to affect suspension fertilizer properties. The viscosity of 13-38-0 orthophosphate suspension fertilizers is affected by the atomic ratios F:(Al + Fe + Mg). Addition of fluorine prevents sludges and precipitatesmore » in ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer solutions - the proper amount of fluorine is related to the amount of each of the metallic impurities present and also to the fraction of the phosphate present as pyrophosphate. Incorporation of polyphosphate or fluorine or both has been shown to have positive effects on ammoniated wet-process phosphoric acid (WPPA), but they do not report the solubility relationships of the cation impurities (Fe, Al, Mg, and Ca) with respect to the anion constituents (PO/sub 4/, P/sub 2/O/sub 7/, and F). Therefore, a factorial study was developed to determine the solubility relationships of the precipitated metal impurities encountered in 9-32-0 fluid fertilizers. 10 refs., 1 fig., 20 tabs.« less

The effects of high-pressure treatments on Campylobacter jejuni in ground poultry products containing polyphosphate additives.

PubMed

Gunther, Nereus W; Sites, Joseph; Sommers, Christopher

2015-09-01

Marinades containing polyphosphates have been previously implicated in the enhanced survival of Campylobacter spp. in poultry product exudates. The enhanced Campylobacter survival has been attributed primarily to the ability of some polyphosphates to change the pH of the exudate to one more amenable to Campylobacter. In this study a ground poultry product contaminated with a 6 strain Campylobacter jejuni cocktail was utilized to determine if the efficiency of high-hydrostatic-pressure treatments was negatively impacted by the presence of commonly utilized polyphosphates. Two polyphosphates, hexametaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate, used at 2 concentrations, 0.25 and 0.5%, failed to demonstrate any significant negative effects on the efficiency of inactivation of C. jejuni by high-pressure treatment. However, storage at 4°C of the ground poultry samples containing C. jejuni after high-pressure treatment appeared to provide a synergistic effect on Campylobacter inactivation. High-pressure treatment in conjunction with 7 d of storage at 4°C resulted in a mean reduction in C. jejuni survival that was larger than the sum of the individual reductions caused by high pressure or 4°C storage when applied separately. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Poultry Science Association 2015. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

Brain regions associated with the acquisition of conditioned place preference for cocaine vs. social interaction

PubMed Central

El Rawas, Rana; Klement, Sabine; Kummer, Kai K.; Fritz, Michael; Dechant, Georg; Saria, Alois; Zernig, Gerald

2012-01-01

Positive social interaction could play an essential role in switching the preference of the substance dependent individual away from drug related activities. We have previously shown that conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine at the dose of 15 mg/kg and CPP for four 15-min episodes of social interaction were equally strong when rats were concurrently conditioned for place preference by pairing cocaine with one compartment and social interaction with the other. The aim of the present study was to investigate the differential activation of brain regions related to the reward circuitry after acquisition/expression of cocaine CPP or social interaction CPP. Our findings indicate that cocaine CPP and social interaction CPP activated almost the same brain regions. However, the granular insular cortex and the dorsal part of the agranular insular cortex were more activated after cocaine CPP, whereas the prelimbic cortex and the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens were more activated after social interaction CPP. These results suggest that the insular cortex appears to be potently activated after drug conditioning learning while activation of the prelimbic cortex—nucleus accumbens core projection seems to be preferentially involved in the conditioning to non-drug stimuli such as social interaction. PMID:23015784

Extinction of Contextual Cocaine Memories Requires Cav1.2 within D1R-Expressing Cells and Recruits Hippocampal Cav1.2-Dependent Signaling Mechanisms.

PubMed

Burgdorf, Caitlin E; Schierberl, Kathryn C; Lee, Anni S; Fischer, Delaney K; Van Kempen, Tracey A; Mudragel, Vladimir; Huganir, Richard L; Milner, Teresa A; Glass, Michael J; Rajadhyaksha, Anjali M

2017-12-06

Exposure to cocaine-associated contextual cues contributes significantly to relapse. Extinction of these contextual associations, which involves a new form of learning, reduces cocaine-seeking behavior; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. We report that extinction, but not acquisition, of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in male mice increased Ca v 1.2 L-type Ca 2+ channel mRNA and protein in postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions of the hippocampus, a brain region involved in drug-context associations. Moreover, viral-mediated deletion of Ca v 1.2 in the dorsal hippocampus attenuated extinction of cocaine CPP. Molecular studies examining downstream Ca v 1.2 targets revealed that extinction recruited calcium/calmodulin (Ca 2+ /CaMK)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to the hippocampal PSD. This occurred in parallel with an increase in phosphorylation of the AMPA GluA1 receptor subunit at serine 831 (S831), a CaMKII site, along with an increase in total PSD GluA1. The necessity of S831 GluA1 was further demonstrated by the lack of extinction in S831A GluA1 phosphomutant mice. Of note hippocampal GluA1 levels remained unaltered at the PSD, but were reduced near the PSD and at perisynaptic sites of dendritic spines in extinction-resistant S831A mutant mice. Finally, conditional knock-out of Ca v 1.2 in dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing cells resulted in attenuation of cocaine CPP extinction and lack of extinction-dependent changes in hippocampal PSD CaMKII expression and S831 GluA1 phosphorylation. In summary, we demonstrate an essential role for the hippocampal Ca v 1.2/CaMKII/S831 GluA1 pathway in cocaine CPP extinction, with data supporting contribution of hippocampal D1R-expressing cells in this process. These findings demonstrate a novel role for Ca v 1.2 channels in extinction of contextual cocaine-associated memories. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Continued drug-seeking behavior, a defining characteristic of cocaine addiction, can be precipitated by contextual cues, yet the molecular mechanisms required for extinction of these context-specific memories remain poorly understood. Here, we have uncovered a novel and selective role of the Ca v 1.2 L-type Ca 2+ channel and its downstream signaling pathway in the hippocampus that mediate extinction of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). We additionally provide evidence that supports a role of Ca v 1.2 within dopamine D1 receptor-expressing cells of the hippocampus for extinction of cocaine CPP. Therefore, these findings reveal a previously unknown role of Ca v 1.2 channels within the hippocampus and in D1 receptor-expressing cells in extinction of cocaine-associated memories, providing a framework for further exploration of mechanisms underlying extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior. Copyright © 2017 the authors 0270-6474/17/3711895-18$15.00/0.

18-methoxycoronaridine blocks acquisition but enhances reinstatement of a cocaine place preference

PubMed Central

McCallum, Sarah E.; Glick, Stanley D.

2009-01-01

The iboga alkaloid congener, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), decreases self-administration of multiple drugs of abuse. Here, in a biased procedure, we investigated whether 18-MC would have a similar effect on the acquisition, expression and reinstatement of a cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in male, Sprague-Dawley rats. While 18-MC attenuated acquisition of a cocaine CPP, it had no effect on CPP expression, and enhanced the reinstatement of cocaine CPP following extinction. Our results are consistent with those obtained using ibogaine, but reinforce the notion that acquisition, expression and reinstatement of a CPP likely involve separate mechanisms. PMID:19442876

Chemical treatment makes aromatic polyamide fabric fireproof in oxygen atmosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cardwell, R. O.; Holsten, J. R.; Rives, J. W.

1970-01-01

Organic fabric is reacted first with vapors of a phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus oxybromide solution and then with bromine vapor, after neutralization it is flameproof in pure oxygen atmosphere. Soaking the fabric with mixture of ammonium polyphosphates increases flame resistance, but the polyphosphates are leached out during laundering.

Assessment of White Spot Lesions and In-Vivo Evaluation of the Effect of CPP-ACP on White Spot Lesions in Permanent Molars of Children

PubMed Central

Munjal, Deepti; Garg, Shalini; Dhindsa, Abhishek; Sidhu, Gagandeep Kaur

2016-01-01

Introduction As hindrance of remineralisation process occurs during orthodontic therapy resulting in decalcification of enamel because number of plaque retention sites increases due to banding and bonding of appliances to teeth. Aim The present analytic study was undertaken to assess the occurrence of white spot lesions in permanent molars of children with and without orthodontic therapy and to evaluate the effect of Casein PhosphoPeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) on white spot lesions in post-orthodontic patients in a given period of time. Materials and Methods The study comprised of examination of 679 first permanent molars which were examined to assess the occurrence of smooth surface white spot lesions in children of 8 to 16 years age group. Group I comprised subjects without any orthodontic treatment and Group II comprised of subjects who had undergone orthodontic therapy. The sample size was calculated using the epi-info6 computer package. Treatment group included 20 post-orthodontic patients examined with at least one white spot lesion within the enamel who received remineralizing cream (GC Tooth Mousse, Recaldent, GC Corporation.) i.e., CPP–ACP cream two times a day for 12 consecutive weeks. Computerized image analysis method was taken to evaluate white spot lesions. These frequency and percentages were compared with chi-square test. For comparison of numeric data, paired t-test was used. Results Of the total 278 (49.6%) first permanent molars showed occurrence of smooth surface white spot lesions out of 560 in Group I and 107 (89.9%) first permanent molars showed presence of white spot lesions out of 119 debanded first permanent molars of children examined in Group II. CPP-ACP therapy group showed reduction in severity of codes which was found to be highly significant after 12 weeks and eight weeks on gingival-third, p-value (<0.001) and significant after eight weeks and four weeks on middle-third according to ICDAS II criteria and computerized image analysis. Conclusion CPP-ACP therapy minimum for 12 weeks is highly recommended as post-orthodontic treatment need in management of smooth surface white spot lesions on teeth undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy according to the present study. PMID:27437352

Methylone and mCPP, two new drugs of abuse?

PubMed

Bossong, M G; Van Dijk, J P; Niesink, R J M

2005-12-01

Recently, two new ecstasy-like substances, methylone and mCPP, were found in street drugs in the Netherlands by the Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS). Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone) is the main ingredient of a new liquid designer drug that appeared on the Dutch drug market, called 'Explosion'. mCPP (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine) is a substance often used as a probe for the serotonin function in psychiatric research, and has now been found in street drugs, both in tablets and powders. Methylone as well as mCPP act on monoaminergic systems, resembling MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), with mCPP mainly affecting the serotonin system. The subjective effects of both new substances exhibit subtle differences with those of MDMA. Only little is known about the harmfulness of both methylone and mCPP. However, because of similarities between these substances and MDMA, risks common to MDMA cannot be excluded.

Evaluation of the rewarding properties of nicotine and caffeine by implementation of a five-choice conditioned place preference task in zebrafish.

PubMed

Faillace, M P; Pisera-Fuster, A; Bernabeu, R

2018-06-08

The rewarding properties of drugs in zebrafish can be studied using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Most devices that have been used for CPP consist of two-half tanks with or without a central chamber. Here we evaluated the rewarding effects of nicotine and caffeine using a tank with five arms distributed radially from a central chamber that we have denoted Fish Tank Radial Maze (FTRM). Zebrafish were trained to associate nicotine or caffeine with a coloured arm. In testing sessions to assess CPP induction, between two and five different arms were available to explore. We found that when offering the two arms, one of them associated to the drug mediating conditioning for 14 days, zebrafish showed nicotine-induced CPP but not caffeine-induced CPP. When zebrafish had the option to explore drug-paired arms together with new coloured arms as putative distractors, the nicotine-CPP strength was maintained for at least three days. The presence of novel environments induced caffeine-CPP, which was still positive after three days of testing sessions. Complementary behavioural data supported these findings. Nicotine-CPP was prevented by the histone deacetylase inhibitor phenylbutyrate administered during conditioning; however, there were no effects on caffeine-CPP. The specific acetylation of lysine 9 in histone 3 (H3-K9) was increased in nicotine-conditioned zebrafish brains. This study suggests that novel environmental cues facilitate drug-environment associations, and hence, the use of drugs of abuse. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pharmacological reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis modifies functional brain circuits in mice exposed to a cocaine conditioned place preference paradigm.

PubMed

Castilla-Ortega, Estela; Blanco, Eduardo; Serrano, Antonia; Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda, David; Pedraz, María; Estivill-Torrús, Guillermo; Pavón, Francisco Javier; Rodríguez de Fonseca, Fernando; Santín, Luis J

2016-05-01

We investigated the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) behaviour and the functional brain circuitry involved. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was pharmacologically reduced with temozolomide (TMZ), and mice were tested for cocaine-induced CPP to study c-Fos expression in the hippocampus and in extrahippocampal addiction-related areas. Correlational and multivariate analysis revealed that, under normal conditions, the hippocampus showed widespread functional connectivity with other brain areas and strongly contributed to the functional brain module associated with CPP expression. However, the neurogenesis-reduced mice showed normal CPP acquisition but engaged an alternate brain circuit where the functional connectivity of the dentate gyrus was notably reduced and other areas (the medial prefrontal cortex, accumbens and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus) were recruited instead of the hippocampus. A second experiment unveiled that mice acquiring the cocaine-induced CPP under neurogenesis-reduced conditions were delayed in extinguishing their drug-seeking behaviour. But if the inhibited neurons were generated after CPP acquisition, extinction was not affected but an enhanced long-term CPP retention was found, suggesting that some roles of the adult-born neurons may differ depending on whether they are generated before or after drug-contextual associations are established. Importantly, cocaine-induced reinstatement of CPP behaviour was increased in the TMZ mice, regardless of the time of neurogenesis inhibition. The results show that adult hippocampal neurogenesis sculpts the addiction-related functional brain circuits, and reduction of the adult-born hippocampal neurons increases cocaine seeking in the CPP model. © 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.

[Triptorelin therapy in girls with central precocious puberty increases body mass index].

PubMed

Martín Díaz, M J; Soriano Guillén, L; Muñoz Calvo, M T; Pozo Román, J; Argente Oliver, J

2006-11-01

The most important complications of central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls are loss of height and multiple psychosocial problems. To study the effect of triptorelin therapy in a cohort of girls with CPP. Thirty-four girls diagnosed with organic or idiopathic CPP and treated with monthly triptorelin were studied. Age, height in standard deviation (SD), bone age (Greulich and Pyle), height prediction (Bayle-Pinneau), body mass index (BMI) in SD, uterine size (pelvic ultrasound), target height, cranial magnetic resonance imaging, triptorelin dose, and treatment duration were studied. Triptorelin produced a statistically significant reduction in growth velocity and an increase in BMI after 1 year of therapy and these changes were maintained after discontinuation of therapy. Adult height in these patients was in accordance with their target genetic height, as well as with their predicted height according to the method of Bayley-Pinneau. No significant differences were found between age of menarche in our patients and in controls. Adult height in patients with organic CPP was significantly lower than that in patients with idiopathic CPP. 1. Triptorelin can increase BMI in girls with CPP. 2. The presence of an organic cause in patients with CPP worsens the prognosis for adult height. 3. The Bayley-Pinneau prediction method for "average" bone age is useful for establishing a prognosis of adult height in girls with CPP treated with triptorelin.

Effect of baclofen on morphine-induced conditioned place preference, extinction, and stress-induced reinstatement in chronically stressed mice.

PubMed

Meng, Shanshan; Quan, Wuxing; Qi, Xu; Su, Zhiqiang; Yang, Shanshan

2014-01-01

A stress-induced increase in excitability can result from a reduction in inhibitory neurotransmission. Modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission is an effective treatment for drug seeking and relapse. This study investigated whether baclofen, a GABA(B) receptor agonist, had an impact on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), extinction, and stress-induced relapse in chronically stressed mice. Chronic stress was induced by restraining mice for 2 h for seven consecutive days. We first investigated whether chronic stress influenced morphine-induced CPP, extinction, and stress-induced relapse in the stressed mice. Next, we investigated whether three different doses of baclofen influenced chronic stress as measured by the expression of morphine-induced CPP. We chose the most effective dose for subsequent extinction and reinstatement experiments. Reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP was induced by a 6-min forced swim stress. Locomotor activity was also measured for each test. Chronic stress facilitated the expression of morphine-induced CPP and prolonged extinction time. Forced swim stress primed the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP in mice. Baclofen treatment affected the impact of chronic stress on different phases of morphine-induced CPP. Our results showed that baclofen antagonized the effects of chronic stress on morphine-induced CPP. These findings suggest the potential clinical utility of GABA(B) receptor-positive modulators as an anti-addiction agent in people suffering from chronic stress.

The polyphosphate–factor XII pathway drives coagulation in prostate cancer-associated thrombosis

PubMed Central

Nickel, Katrin F.; Ronquist, Göran; Langer, Florian; Labberton, Linda; Fuchs, Tobias A.; Bokemeyer, Carsten; Sauter, Guido; Graefen, Markus; Mackman, Nigel; Stavrou, Evi X.; Ronquist, Gunnar

2015-01-01

Cancer is a leading cause of thrombosis. We identify a new procoagulant mechanism that contributes to thromboembolism in prostate cancer and allows for safe anticoagulation therapy development. Prostate cancer-mediated procoagulant activity was reduced in plasma in the absence of factor XII or its substrate of the intrinsic coagulation pathway factor XI. Prostate cancer cells and secreted prostasomes expose long chain polyphosphate on their surface that colocalized with active factor XII and initiated coagulation in a factor XII-dependent manner. Polyphosphate content correlated with the procoagulant activity of prostasomes. Inherited deficiency in factor XI or XII or high-molecular-weight kininogen, but not plasma kallikrein, protected mice from prostasome-induced lethal pulmonary embolism. Targeting polyphosphate or factor XII conferred resistance to prostate cancer-driven thrombosis in mice, without increasing bleeding. Inhibition of factor XII with recombinant 3F7 antibody reduced the increased prostasome-mediated procoagulant activity in patient plasma. The data illustrate a critical role for polyphosphate/factor XII-triggered coagulation in prostate cancer-associated thrombosis with implications for anticoagulation without therapy-associated bleeding in malignancies. PMID:26153520

Cellular Internalization of Fibroblast Growth Factor-12 Exerts Radioprotective Effects on Intestinal Radiation Damage Independently of FGFR Signaling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakayama, Fumiaki, E-mail: f_naka@nirs.go.jp; Umeda, Sachiko; Yasuda, Takeshi

2014-02-01

Purpose: Several fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) were shown to inhibit radiation-induced tissue damage through FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling; however, this signaling was also found to be involved in the pathogenesis of several malignant tumors. In contrast, FGF12 cannot activate any FGFRs. Instead, FGF12 can be internalized readily into cells using 2 cell-penetrating peptide domains (CPP-M, CPP-C). Therefore, this study focused on clarifying the role of FGF12 internalization in protection against radiation-induced intestinal injury. Methods and Materials: Each FGF or peptide was administered intraperitoneally to BALB/c mice in the absence of heparin 24 hours before or after total body irradiation withmore » γ rays at 9 to 12 Gy. Several radioprotective effects were examined in the jejunum. Results: Administration of FGF12 after radiation exposure was as effective as pretreatment in significantly promoting intestinal regeneration, proliferation of crypt cells, and epithelial differentiation. Two domains, comprising amino acid residues 80 to 109 and 140 to 169 of FGF12B, were identified as being responsible for the radioprotective activity, so that deletion of both domains from FGF12B resulted in a reduction in activity. Interestingly, these regions included the CPP-M and CPP-C domains, respectively; however, CPP-C by itself did not show an antiapoptotic effect. In addition, FGF1, prototypic FGF, possesses a domain corresponding to CPP-M, whereas it lacks CPP-C, so the fusion of FGF1 with CPP-C (FGF1/CPP-C) enhanced cellular internalization and increased radioprotective activity. However, FGF1/CPP-C reduced in vitro mitogenic activity through FGFRs compared with FGF1, implying that FGFR signaling might not be essential for promoting the radioprotective effect of FGF1/CPP-C. In addition, internalized FGF12 suppressed the activation of p38α after irradiation, resulting in reduced radiation-induced apoptosis. Conclusions: These findings indicate that FGF12 can protect the intestine against radiation-induced injury through its internalization, independently of FGFRs, suggesting that cellular uptake of FGF12 is an alternative signaling pathway useful for cancer radiation therapy.« less

Metabolic Response of “Candidatus Accumulibacter Phosphatis” Clade II C to Changes in Influent P/C Ratio

PubMed Central

Welles, Laurens; Abbas, Ben; Sorokin, Dimitry Y.; Lopez-Vazquez, Carlos M.; Hooijmans, Christine M.; van Loosdrecht, Mark C. M.; Brdjanovic, Damir

2017-01-01

The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of a culture highly enriched with the polyphosphate-accumulating organism, “Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis” clade IIC, to adjust their metabolism to different phosphate availabilities. For this purpose the biomass was cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor with acetate and exposed to different phosphate/carbon influent ratios during six experimental phases. Activity tests were conducted to determine the anaerobic kinetic and stoichiometric parameters as well as the composition of the microbial community. Increasing influent phosphate concentrations led to increased poly-phosphate content and decreased glycogen content of the biomass. In response to higher biomass poly-phosphate content, the biomass showed higher specific phosphate release rates. Together with the phosphate release rates, acetate uptake rates also increased up to an optimal poly-phosphate/glycogen ratio of 0.3 P-mol/C-mol. At higher poly-phosphate/glycogen ratios (obtained at influent P/C ratios above 0.051 P-mol/C-mol), the acetate uptake rates started to decrease. The stoichiometry of the anaerobic conversions clearly demonstrated a metabolic shift from a glycogen dominated to a poly-phosphate dominated metabolism as the biomass poly-phosphate content increased. FISH and DGGE analyses confirmed that no significant changes occurred in the microbial community, suggesting that the changes in the biomass activity were due to different metabolic behavior, allowing the organisms to proliferate under conditions with fluctuating phosphate levels. PMID:28111570

Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: What Is the Evidence?

PubMed

Paiva, Sara; Carneiro, Márcia Mendonça

2013-01-01

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is defined as pain of at least 6 months' duration that occurs in the lower abdomen or below the umbilicus and has resulted in functional or psychological disability or required intervention and treatment. Therapeutic interventions center around the treatment of CPP as a diagnosis in and of itself, and treatment of specific disorders that may be related to CPP. A multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis and treatment seems to be most effective for symptomatic relief. This paper reviews the evidence for such interventions as psychological treatments including the use of complementary and alternative medicine techniques for CPP in women. Unfortunately, finding the best evidence in this setting is difficult as only very few randomized controlled trials are available. A combination of treatments is usually required over time for the treatment of refractory CPP. The multifactorial nature of CPP needs to be discussed with the patient and a good rapport as well as a partnership needs to be developed to plan a management program with regular followup. Promotion of a multidisciplinary approach which includes complementary and alternative medicine techniques in managing CPP in women seems to yield the best results.

[Effects of propranolol on acquisition and retrieval of morphine- induced conditioned place preference memories in ICR mice].

PubMed

Mao, Yu; Yang, Shang-Chuan; Liu, Chang; Ma, Yuan-Ye; Hu, Xin-Tian

2011-12-01

To interfere with the drug-cue memory processes of addicts such as reconsolidation by the administration of the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) of norepinephrine (NE) antagonist propranolol (PRO) has become a potential therapy in the future to decrease or inhibit relapse. However, the relationship between PRO and the acquisition or retrieval of morphine-cue memory is not clear. This study examined the effects of PRO on the acquisition and retrieval of memories in morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) mice model. We found that during memory acquisition period, PRO had no effects on the expression and extinction of morphine-CPP, which suggests that the β-AR was irrelevant to the CPP memory acquisition. However, during memory retrieval period, although PRO did not affect the expression of CPP, but it delayed the occurrence of CPP extinction, which indicates that PRO has an inhibit effect on CPP memory extinction, and β-AR plays an important role in modulating the extinction of morphine-CPP. Our study further improved the relationship between drug addiction and β-AR, and proposed a new theory to help developing potential therapy to cure addiction and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

ARCHITECTURAL WALL SECTIONS OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP640). INL DRAWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ARCHITECTURAL WALL SECTIONS OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0640-00-279-111682. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 8952-CPP-640-A-5. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

MISCELLANEOUS ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP640). INL DRAWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

MISCELLANEOUS ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-640-00-279-111684. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 8952-CPP-640-A-7. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

PLAN VIEW OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603) SHOWING STORAGE BASINS. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PLAN VIEW OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603) SHOWING STORAGE BASINS. INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0603-00-706-051285. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER CPP-D-1285. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Hybrid 2D photonic crystal-assisted Lu3Al5O12:Ce ceramic-plate phosphor and free-standing red film phosphor for white LEDs with high color-rendering index.

PubMed

Park, Hoo Keun; Oh, Ji Hye; Kang, Heejoon; Zhang, Jian; Do, Young Rag

2015-03-04

This paper reports the combined optical effects of a two-dimensional (2D) SiNx photonic crystal layer (PCL)-assisted Lu3Al5O12:Ce (LuAG:Ce) green ceramic-plate phosphor (CPP) and a free-standing (Sr,Ca)AlSiN3:Eu red film phosphor to enhance luminous efficacy, color rendering index (CRI), and special CRI (R9) of LuAG:Ce CPP-capped white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for high-power white LEDs at 350 mA. By introducing the 2D SiNx PCL, the luminous efficacy was improved by a factor of 1.25 and 1.15 compared to that of the conventional flat CPP-capped LED and the thickness-increased CPP-capped LED (with a thickness of 0.15 mm), respectively, while maintaining low color-rendering properties. The combining of the free-standing red film phosphor in the flat CPP-capped, the 2D PCL-assisted CPP-capped, and the thickness-increased CPP-capped LEDs led to enhancement of the CRI and the special CRI (R9); it also led to a decrease of the correlated color temperature (CCT) due to broad wavelength coverage via the addition of red emission. High CRI (94), natural white CCT (4450 K), and acceptable luminous efficacy (71.1 lm/W) were attained from the 2D PCL-assisted LuAG:Ce CPP/free-standing red film phosphor-based LED using a red phosphor concentration of 7.5 wt %. It is expected that the combination of the 2D PCL and the free-standing red film phosphor will be a good candidate for achieving a high-power white CPP-capped LED with excellent CRI.

Context-dependent effects of rimonabant on ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in female mice.

PubMed

Silva, Aline A F; Barbosa-Souza, Evelyn; Confessor-Carvalho, Cassio; Silva, Raiany R R; De Brito, Ana Carolina L; Cata-Preta, Elisangela G; Silva Oliveira, Thaynara; Berro, Lais F; Oliveira-Lima, Alexandre J; Marinho, Eduardo A V

2017-10-01

The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant has been previously found to prevent behavioral effects of drugs of abuse in a context-dependent manner, suggesting an important role of endocannabinoid signaling in drug-induced environmental conditioning. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of rimonabant on ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in female mice. Animals were conditioned with saline or ethanol (1.8g/kg) during 8 sessions, and subsequently treated with either saline or rimonabant (1 or 10mg/kg) in the CPP environment previously associated with saline (unpaired) or ethanol (paired) for 6 consecutive days. Animals were then challenged with ethanol (1.8g/kg) in the ethanol-paired environment and ethanol-induced CPP was quantified on the following day. While treatment with 1mg/kg rimonabant in the saline-associated environment had no effects on the subsequent expression of ethanol-induced CPP, it blocked the expression of CPP to ethanol when paired to the ethanol-associated environment. When given in the ethanol-paired environment, 10mg/kg rimonabant induced aversion to the ethanol-associated environment. The same aversion effect was observed for 10mg/kg rimonabant when given in the saline-associated environment, thereby potentiating the expression of ethanol-induced CPP. Importantly, rimonabant did not induce CPP or conditioned place aversion on its own. Controlling for the estrous cycle phase showed no influences of hormonal cycle on the development and expression of ethanol-induced CPP. Our data suggest that rimonabant reduces the rewarding properties of ethanol by abolishing drug-environment conditioning in the CPP paradigm in a context-dependent manner. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effects of d-govadine on conditioned place preference with d-amphetamine or food reward.

PubMed

Nesbit, Maya O; Dias, Carine; Phillips, Anthony G

2017-03-15

Tetrahydroprotoberberines (THPB) have a high affinity for dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptors and may provide a novel treatment for drug addiction. We assessed the effects of the THPB d-govadine on the acquisition, expression, extinction and reinstatement of d-amphetamine-(1.5mg/kg, i.p.) induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Furthermore, the effects of d-govadine on conditioned association between contextual stimuli and a natural reward were examined using food-induced CPP. In separate experiments, rats received d-govadine (0, 0.5 or 1.0mg/kg, i.p.) before a) each d-amphetamine injection during conditioning, b) expression of amphetamine-induced CPP, c) each extinction session, d) amphetamine-induced reinstatement of CPP, or e) placement into a compartment containing food during conditioning. Although d-govadine had no effect on acquisition of amphetamine CPP, treatment with d-govadine during acquisition dose-dependently extinguished a preference for the amphetamine-associated context more quickly than vehicle treatment. Moreover, d-govadine treatment facilitated the extinction of amphetamine CPP when given repeatedly throughout the extinction phase. Although the expression of amphetamine CPP was not affected by d-govadine administered prior to the expression test, amphetamine-induced reinstatement of CPP following an extinction period was blocked by d-govadine (1.0mg/kg). The intermediate dose of d-govadine blocked the acquisition of food CPP, whereas the high dose facilitated extinction of this preference as compared to vehicle-treated animals. Therefore, d-govadine attenuates the maintenance of conditioned associations between contextual stimuli and amphetamine or food reward, as well as amphetamine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking behaviour. As such, d-govadine may be a candidate for further development as a pharmacological treatment of psychostimulant drug dependence. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Toward an understanding of disequilibrium dihedral angles in mafic rocks

USGS Publications Warehouse

Holness, Marian B.; Humphreys, Madeleine C.S.; Sides, Rachel; Helz, Rosalind T.; Tegner, Christian

2012-01-01

The median dihedral angle at clinopyroxene-plagioclase-plagioclase junctions in mafic rocks, Θcpp, is generally lower than equilibrium (109˚ {plus minus} 2˚). Observation of a wide range of mafic bodies demonstrates that previous work on systematic variations of Θcpp is incorrect in several important respects. Firstly, the spatial distribution of plagioclase compositional zoning demonstrates that the final geometry of three-grain junctions, and hence Θcpp, is formed during solidification (the igneous process): sub-solidus textural modification in most dolerites and gabbros, previously thought to be the dominant control on Θcpp, is insignificant. Θcpp is governed by mass transport constraints, the inhibiting effects of small pore size on crystallization, and variation in relative growth rates of pyroxene and plagioclase. During rapid cooling, pyroxene preferentially fills wider pores while the narrower pores remain melt-filled, resulting in an initial value of Θcpp of 78˚, rather than 60˚ which would be expected if all melt-filled pores were filled with pyroxene. Lower cooling rates create a higher initial Θcpp due to changes in relative growth rates of the two minerals at the nascent three-grain junction. Low Θcpp (associated with cuspate clinopyroxene grains at triple junctions) can also be diagnostic of infiltration of previously melt-free rocks by late-stage evolved liquids (the metasomatic process). Modification of Θcpp by sub-solidus textural equilibration (the metamorphic process) is only important for fine-grained mafic rocks such as chilled margins and intra-plutonic chill zones. In coarse-grained gabbros from shallow crustal intrusions the metamorphic process occurs only in the centres of oikocrysts, associated with rounding of chadacrysts.

Regulation of extinction of cocaine-induced place preference by midkine is related to a differential phosphorylation of peroxiredoxin 6 in dorsal striatum.

PubMed

Gramage, Esther; Pérez-García, Carmen; Vicente-Rodríguez, Marta; Bollen, Silke; Rojo, Loreto; Herradón, Gonzalo

2013-09-15

The neurotrophic factors Midkine (MK) and Pleiotrophin (PTN) have been suggested to modulate drugs of abuse-induced effects. To test this hypothesis, cocaine (10 and 15mg/kg)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was rendered in PTN knockout (PTN-/-), MK knockout (MK-/-) and wild type (WT+/+) mice, and then extinguished after repeated saline injections (distributed in 4 extinction sessions). Cocaine induced a similar CPP in all the three genotypes. We found a significantly increased percentage of MK-/- mice that did not extinguish cocaine CPP at the end of the extinction sessions. Particularly, 40% of MK-/- mice did not extinguish cocaine (15mg/kg)-induced CPP compared to WT+/+ and PTN-/- mice (∼0-6%). Interestingly, we found that a greater magnitude of extinction of CPP after the first extinction session (5 days after last administration of cocaine) correlates with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the enzyme peroxiredoxin 6 in the dorsal striatum of MK-/- mice. On the other hand, a greater magnitude of CPP extinction correlates with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of aconitase 2 in the prefrontal cortex of WT+/+ mice. In contrast, a lower magnitude of CPP extinction correlates with increased phosphorylation of aconitase 2 in the prefrontal cortex of PTN-/- mice, suggesting that the correlation between the tyrosine phosphorylation levels of aconitase 2 and magnitude of CPP extinction depends on the genotype considered. The data demonstrate that MK is a novel genetic factor that plays a role in the extinction of cocaine-induced CPP by mechanisms that may involve specific phosphorylation of striatal peroxiredoxin 6. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation of persistent behaviour in the reinforced spatial alternation model of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

PubMed

Kontis, Dimitris; Boulougouris, Vasileios; Papakosta, Vasiliki Maria; Kalogerakou, Stamatina; Papadopoulos, Socrates; Poulopoulou, Cornelia; Papadimitriou, George N; Tsaltas, Eleftheria

2008-11-01

We have proposed rewarded T-maze alternation as a model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): the serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) increments persistence therein, while chronic pretreatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI fluoxetine) but not benzodiazepine or desipramine abolishes mCPP effects. However, we noted that acute SSRI administration also causes transient persistence increase, counteracted by mCPP pretreatment. This study (a) further explores the cross-tolerance between fluoxetine and mCPP and (b) extends the model by investigating its sensitivity to dopaminergic manipulations (D2, 3 agonism--quinpirole). In both experiments, baseline and drug testing were carried out under daily T-maze alternation training. Exp. 1: Matched group (n = 8) pairs of rats received one of the following 20-day pretreatments (daily intraperitoneal administration): (1) saline, (2) low-dose fluoxetine (2.5 mg/kg), (3) low-dose mCPP (0.5 mg/kg) or (4) combined fluoxetine + mCPP. One group per pretreatment then received a 4-day challenge with high-dose fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), the other with high-dose mCPP (2.5 mg/kg). Exp. 2: One group (n = 12) of rats received 20-day treatment with saline, another with quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg). Exp. 1: Saline and low-dose mCPP- or fluoxetine-pretreated animals showed significant persistence increases under both challenges, while combined low-dose fluoxetine + mCPP pretreatment afforded full protection from either challenge. Exp. 2: Quinpirole significantly increased directional persistence after 13 administration days. These results establish the sensitivity of the rewarded alternation OCD model to D2, 3 receptor activation, thereby extending its profile of pharmacological isomorphism with OCD. Furthermore, they suggest a common mechanism of action of an SSRI and a serotonin agonist in the control of directional persistence.

ARCHITECTURAL FLOOR PLAN OF OPERATING AREA HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP640). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ARCHITECTURAL FLOOR PLAN OF OPERATING AREA HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0640-00-279-111678. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 8952-CPP-640-A-1. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

ARCHITECTURAL DOOR DETAILS AND SCHEDULE OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP640). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ARCHITECTURAL DOOR DETAILS AND SCHEDULE OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-640-00-279-111683. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 8952-CPP-640-A-6. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

High power laser-driven ceramic phosphor plate for outstanding efficient white light conversion in application of automotive lighting

PubMed Central

Song, Young Hyun; Ji, Eun Kyung; Jeong, Byung Woo; Jung, Mong Kwon; Kim, Eun Young; Yoon, Dae Ho

2016-01-01

We report on Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ ceramic phosphor plate (CPP) using nano phosphor for high power laser diode (LD) application for white light in automotive lighting. The prepared CPP shows improved luminous properties as a function of Ce3+ concentration. The luminous properties of the Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ CPP nano phosphor are improved when compared to the Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ CPP with bulk phosphor, and hence, the luminous emittance, luminous flux, and conversion efficiency are improved. The Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ CPP with an optimal Ce3+ content of 0.5 mol % shows 2733 lm/mm2 value under high power blue radiant flux density of 19.1 W/mm2. The results indicate that Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ CPP using nano phosphor can serve as a potential material for solid-state laser lighting in automotive applications. PMID:27502730

High power laser-driven ceramic phosphor plate for outstanding efficient white light conversion in application of automotive lighting.

PubMed

Song, Young Hyun; Ji, Eun Kyung; Jeong, Byung Woo; Jung, Mong Kwon; Kim, Eun Young; Yoon, Dae Ho

2016-08-09

We report on Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) ceramic phosphor plate (CPP) using nano phosphor for high power laser diode (LD) application for white light in automotive lighting. The prepared CPP shows improved luminous properties as a function of Ce(3+) concentration. The luminous properties of the Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) CPP nano phosphor are improved when compared to the Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) CPP with bulk phosphor, and hence, the luminous emittance, luminous flux, and conversion efficiency are improved. The Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) CPP with an optimal Ce(3+) content of 0.5 mol % shows 2733 lm/mm(2) value under high power blue radiant flux density of 19.1 W/mm(2). The results indicate that Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) CPP using nano phosphor can serve as a potential material for solid-state laser lighting in automotive applications.

78 FR 42754 - Sodium Hexametaphosphate From the People's Republic of China: Continuation of Antidumping Duty Order

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-17

... hexametaphosphate is a water-soluble polyphosphate glass that consists of a distribution of polyphosphate chain... Salt; Glass H; Hexaphos; Sodaphos; Vitrafos; and BAC-N-FOS. Sodium hexametaphosphate is typically sold as a white powder or granule (crushed) and may also be sold in the form of sheets (glass) or as a...

Nicotine place preference in the mouse: influences of prior handling, dose and strain and attenuation by nicotinic receptor antagonists.

PubMed

Grabus, Sheri D; Martin, Billy R; Brown, Sharon E; Damaj, M Imad

2006-03-01

Although conditioned place preferences (CPPs) are seen with most abused drugs, nicotine does not always produce a preference in this design. The goals of the present experiment were to (1) examine various factors that could contribute to these inconsistent results and (2) begin to evaluate the specific nicotinic receptors involved in the nicotine CPP. The influences of prior handling, environmental habituation, and injection habituation on a nicotine CPP were first evaluated in ICR mice. Subsequently, various nicotine doses were assessed for their abilities to produce a CPP, and the effectiveness of nicotinic receptor antagonists in attenuating this preference was examined. Finally, nicotine CPPs were assessed in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice to examine the influence of strain in this design. Nicotine CPPs were seen in handled/environmentally habituated, but not in unhandled, ICR mice. Habituation to the injection techniques failed to strengthen the preference. In ICR mice, a CPP was seen with one intermediate dose of nicotine. This CPP was attenuated by mecamylamine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE). A nicotine CPP was also seen in C57BL/6J, but not in DBA/2J, mice. Earlier handling experience and strain are important factors when evaluating a nicotine CPP in the mouse. In addition, certain nicotinic receptors underlie the nicotine CPP, indicating that this model can elucidate underlying mediators of nicotine reward.

Disequilibrium dihedral angles in dolerite sills

USGS Publications Warehouse

Holness, Marian B.; Richardson, Chris; Helz, Rosalind T.

2012-01-01

The geometry of clinopyroxene-plagioclase-plagioclase junctions in mafic rocks, measured by the median dihedral angle Θcpp, is created during solidification. In the solidifying Kilauea Iki (Hawaii) lava lake, the wider junctions between plagioclase grains are the first to be filled by pyroxene, followed by the narrower junctions. The final Θcpp, attained when all clinopyroxene-plagioclase-plagioclase junctions are formed, is 78° in the upper crust of the lake, and 85° in the lower solidification front. Θcpp in the 3.5-m-thick Traigh Bhàn na Sgùrra sill (Inner Hebrides) is everywhere 78°. In the Whin Sill (northern England, 38 m thick) and the Portal Peak sill (Antarctica, 129 m thick), Θcpp varies symmetrically, with the lowest values at the margins. The 266-m-thick Basement Sill (Antarctica) has asymmetric variation of Θcpp, attributed to a complex filling history. The chilled margins of the Basement Sill are partially texturally equilibrated, with high Θcpp. The plagioclase grain size in the two widest sills varies asymmetrically, with the coarsest rocks found in the upper third. Both Θcpp and average grain size are functions of model crystallization times. Θcpp increases from 78° to a maximum of ∼100° as the crystallization time increases from 1 to 500 yr. Because the use of grain size as a measure of crystallization time is dependent on an estimate of crystal growth rates, dihedral angles provide a more direct proxy for cooling rates in dolerites.

Multidisciplinary Cleft Palate Program at BC Children's Hospital: Are We Meeting the Standards of Care?

PubMed

Dahiya, Anita; Courtemanche, Rebecca; Courtemanche, Douglas J

2018-05-01

To characterize current Cleft Palate Program (CPP) practices and evaluate the timeliness of appointments with respect to patient age and diagnosis based on American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) population guidelines and CPP patient-specific recommendations. A retrospective review of CPP patient appointments from November 6, 2012, to March 31, 2015, was done. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study was conducted using data from the CPP at BC Children's Hospital. A total of 1214 appointments were considered in the analysis, including syndromic and nonsyndromic patients of 0 to 27 years of age. Percentage of patients meeting follow-up targets by ACPA standards and CPP team recommendations. Our results showed patients 5 years and younger or nonsyndromic were more likely to be seen on time ( P < .001). No relationship between the timeliness of an appointment and specific patient diagnoses or distance to clinic was found. With the exception of nursing (97% of appointments were on time), all disciplines had less than 45% of appointments on time with 51% of appointments meeting ACPA guidelines for timeliness and 32% of all appointments meeting CPP recommendations. Timely care for the cleft/craniofacial patient populations represents a challenge for the CPP. Although half of patients may meet the general ACPA guidelines, only 32% of patients are meeting the CPP patient-specific recommendations. To provide better patient care, future adjustments are needed, which may include improved resource allotment and program support.

The Selective D3 Receptor Antagonist SB277011A Attenuates Morphine-Triggered Reactivation of Expression of Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference

PubMed Central

Rice, Onarae V.; Heidbreder, Christian A.; Gardner, Eliot L.; Schonhar, Charles D.; Ashby, Charles R.

2014-01-01

We examined the effect of acute administration of the selective D3 receptor antagonist SB277011A on morphine-triggered reactivation of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Repeated pairing of animals with 15 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine HCl or vehicle to cue-specific CPP chambers produced a significant CPP response compared to animals paired only with vehicle in both chambers. Expression of the CPP response to cocaine was then extinguished by repeatedly giving the animals vehicle injections in the cocaine-paired chambers. The magnitude of the CPP response after extinction was not significantly different from that of animals paired only with vehicle. Expression of the extinguished CPP response was reactivated by acute administration of 5 mg/kg i.p. of morphine but not by vehicle. Acute administration of 6 or 12 mg/kg i.p. (but not 3 mg/kg) of SB277011A significantly attenuated morphine-triggered reactivation of the cocaine-induced CPP. SB277011A itself (12 mg/kg i.p.) did not reactivate the extinguished CPP response. Overall, SB277011 decreases the incentive motivational actions of morphine. The present findings suggest that central D3 dopamine receptors are involved in relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior that a final common neural mechanism exists to mediate the incentive motivational effects of psychostimulants and opiates, and that selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists constitute promising compounds for treating addiction. PMID:23404528

Mitigation of enamel erosion using commercial toothpastes evaluated with optical coherence tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cassimiro-Silva, Patricia Fernandes; Maia, Ana Marly Araújo; Monteiro, Gabriela Queiroz de Melo; Gomes, Anderson S. L.

2016-03-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of commercial toothpastes containing sodium fluoride (NaF), stannous fluoride (SnF2), or casein phosphopeptides (CPP)-amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)/NaF regarding their potential to inhibit enamel erosion. Twenty-eight 4×4 mm enamel specimens were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n=7): negative control; Pronamel (NaF); Pro Health (SnF2/NaF); Mi Paste Plus (CPP-ACP/NaF). Erosive cycles with 0.5% citric acid, 5 times, 3 minutes/day for 7 days were performed. After the first and last cycle of each day, toothpaste slurries were applied for 2 min. The quantitative analysis was accomplished using Contact Profilometry and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), complemented by roughness and qualitative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. OCT and Profilometry analysis showed similar effectiveness in measuring the reduction of mineral loss. A significant increase in the mean roughness values was observed on eroded surface and also on treated surface as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The use of SnF2/NaF toothpaste was the most effective method for reducing mineral loss. As quantitative methods, OCT and Contact Profilometry showed no statistical differences. OCT, which was used for this purpose for the first time, has the advantage of being noninvasive, and therefore have the potential for clinical application.

WEST ELEVATION OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627) AND HOT PILOT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

WEST ELEVATION OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) AND HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640) LOOKING NORTHEAST. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-22-2-1. Mike Crane, Photographer, 11/1998 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

NORTH ELEVATION OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP640) LOOKING SOUTH AFTER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NORTH ELEVATION OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640) LOOKING SOUTH AFTER REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) WAS REMOVED. PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-33-2. Mike Crane, Photographer, 7/2006 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION VIEW OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) ON THE RIGHT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION VIEW OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) ON THE RIGHT AND LABORATORY (CPP-602) ON THE LEFT. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-51-3373. Unknown Photographer, 9/28/1951 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

PLOT PLAN OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603) SHOWING STORAGE BASINS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PLOT PLAN OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603) SHOWING STORAGE BASINS AND PROPOSED LOCATION OF FUEL ELEMENT CUTTING FACILITY. INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0603-00-706-051287. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER CPP-C-1287. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

NORTH AND WEST ELEVATIONS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627) LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NORTH AND WEST ELEVATIONS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) LOOKING SOUTHEAST. HEADEND PLANT (CPP-640) APPEARS IN THE BACKGROUND. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-22-1-4. Mike Crane, Photographer, 11/1998 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

EAST ELEVATION OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) LOOKING NORTHWEST. MAINTENANCE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EAST ELEVATION OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) LOOKING NORTHWEST. MAINTENANCE SHOP AND OFFICE BUILDING (CPP-630) ON RIGHT IN PHOTO. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-22-3-2. Mike Crane, Photographer, 11/1998 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Entropy as an indicator of cerebral perfusion in patients with increased intracranial pressure.

PubMed

Khan, James; Mariappan, Ramamani; Venkatraghavan, Lashmi

2014-07-01

Changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns correlate well with changes in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and hence entropy and bispectral index values may also correlate with CPP. To highlight the potential application of entropy, an EEG-based anesthetic depth monitor, on indicating cerebral perfusion in patients with increased intracranial pressure (ICP), we report two cases of emergency neurosurgical procedure in patients with raised ICP where anesthesia was titrated to entropy values and the entropy values suddenly increased after cranial decompression, reflecting the increase in CPP. Maintaining systemic blood pressure in order to maintain the CPP is the anesthetic goal while managing patients with raised ICP. EEG-based anesthetic depth monitors may hold valuable information on guiding anesthetic management in patients with decreased CPP for better neurological outcome.

Toward global standards for comparator pharmaceutical products: case studies of amoxicillin, metronidazole, and zidovudine in the Americas.

PubMed

Löbenberg, Raimar; Chacra, Nadia B; Stippler, Erika S; Shah, Vinod P; DeStefano, Anthony J; Hauck, Walter W; Williams, Roger L

2012-09-01

This study compared in vitro dissolution characteristics and other quality measures of different amoxicillin, metronidazole, and zidovudine products purchased in the Americas to a comparator pharmaceutical product (CPP). These three drugs are classified as Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class I drugs with the possibility that dissolution findings might be used to document bioequivalence. All investigated zidovudine products were found to be in vitro equivalent to the CPP. Only 3 of 12 tested amoxicillin products were found to be in vitro equivalent to the CPP. None of the tested metronidazole products were in vitro equivalent to the CPP. These findings suggest but do not confirm bioinequivalence where in vitro comparisons failed, given that an in vivo blood level study might have confirmed bioequivalence. At times, identifying a CPP in one of the selected markets proved difficult. The study demonstrates that products sold across national markets may not be bioequivalent. When coupled with the challenge of identifying a CPP in different countries, the results of this study suggest the value of an international CPP as well as increased use of BCS approaches as means of either documenting bioequivalence or signaling the need for further in vivo studies. Because of increased movement of medicines across national borders, practitioners and patients would benefit from these approaches.

Baclofen blocks the acquisition and expression of mitragynine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

PubMed

Yusoff, Nurul H M; Mansor, Sharif M; Müller, Christian P; Hassan, Zurina

2018-06-01

Mitragynine is the major alkaloid found in the leaves of M. speciosa Korth (Rubiaceae), a plant that is native to Southeast Asia. This compound has been used, either traditionally or recreationally, due to its psychostimulant and opioid-like effects. Recently, mitragynine has been shown to exert conditioned place preference (CPP), indicating the rewarding and motivational properties of M. speciosa. Here, the involvement of GABA B receptors in mediating mitragynine reward is studied using a CPP paradigm in rats. First, we examined the effects of GABA B receptor agonist baclofen (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) on the acquisition of mitragynine (10 mg/kg)-induced CPP. Second, the involvement of GABA B receptors in the expression of mitragynine-induced CPP was tested. We found that the acquisition of mitragynine-induced CPP could be blocked by higher doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) of baclofen. Baclofen at a high dose inhibited locomotor activity and caused a CPP. Furthermore, we found that baclofen (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) also blocked the expression of mitragynine-induced CPP. These findings suggest that both, the acquisition and expression of mitragynine's reinforcing properties is controlled by the GABA B receptor. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ayahuasca and Its DMT- and β-carbolines - Containing Ingredients Block the Expression of Ethanol-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice: Role of the Treatment Environment.

PubMed

Cata-Preta, Elisangela G; Serra, Yasmim A; Moreira-Junior, Eliseu da C; Reis, Henrique S; Kisaki, Natali D; Libarino-Santos, Matheus; Silva, Raiany R R; Barros-Santos, Thaísa; Santos, Lucas C; Barbosa, Paulo C R; Costa, José L; Oliveira-Lima, Alexandre J; Berro, Lais F; Marinho, Eduardo A V

2018-01-01

Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage produced from the decoction of Banisteriopsis caapi (Bc) and Psychotria viridis (Pv), β-carboline- and N,N -dimethyltryptamine(DMT)-containing plants, respectively. Accumulating evidence suggests that ayahuasca may have therapeutic effects on ethanol abuse. It is not known, however, whether its effects are dependent on the presence of DMT or if non-DMT-containing components would have therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the rewarding properties of ayahuasca (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, orally), Bc (132, 440, and 1320 mg/kg, orally) and Pv (3.75, 12.5 and 37.5 mg/kg, i.p.) extracts and their effects on ethanol (1.8 g/kg, i.p.) reward using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm in male mice. Animals were conditioned with ayahuasca, Bc or Pv extracts during 8 sessions. An intermediate, but not a high, dose of ayahuasca induced CPP in mice. Bc and Pv did not induce CPP. Subsequently, the effects of those extracts were tested on the development of ethanol-induced CPP. Ayahuasca, Bc or Pv were administered before ethanol injections during conditioning sessions. While Bc and Pv exerted no effects on ethanol-induced CPP, pretreatment with ayahuasca blocked the development of CPP to ethanol. Finally, the effects of a post-ethanol-conditioning treatment with ayahuasca, Bc or Pv on the expression of ethanol-induced CPP were tested. Animals were conditioned with ethanol, and subsequently treated with either ayahuasca, Bc or Pv in the CPP environment previously associated with saline or ethanol for 6 days. Animals were then reexposed to ethanol and ethanol-induced CPP was quantified on the following day. Treatment with all compounds in the ethanol-paired environment blocked the expression of ethanol-induced CPP. Administration of an intermediate, but not a high, dose of ayahuasca and Bc, as well as Pv administration, in the saline-paired compartment blocked the expression of ethanol-induced CPP. The present study sheds light into the components underlying the therapeutic effects of ayahuasca on ethanol abuse, indicating that ayahuasca and its plant components can decrease ethanol reward at doses that do not exert abuse liability. Importantly, the treatment environment seems to influence the therapeutic effects of ayahuasca and Bc, providing important insights into clinical practice.

The morphogenetically active polymer, inorganic polyphosphate complexed with GdCl3, as an inducer of hydroxyapatite formation in vitro.

PubMed

Wang, Xiaohong; Huang, Jian; Wang, Kui; Neufurth, Meik; Schröder, Heinz C; Wang, Shunfeng; Müller, Werner E G

2016-02-15

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a physiological polymer composed of tens to hundreds of phosphate units linked together via phosphoanhydride bonds. Here we compared the biological activity of polyP (chain length of 40 phosphate units), complexed with Gd(3+) (polyP·Gd), with the one caused by polyP (as calcium salt) and by GdCl3 alone, regarding their potencies to induce hydroxyapatite (HA) formation in SaOS-2 cells in vitro. The three compounds, GdCl3, polyP and polyP·Gd were found to be non-toxic at concentrations up to at least 30μM. Selecting a low, 5μM, concentration it was found that polyP·Gd significantly induced HA formation, as determined by Alizarin Red S staining and by quantitative determinations using that dye. Under those conditions polyP·Gd and to a smaller extent also polyP or GdCl3 (5μM each) caused HA crystal formation arranged in a nest-like pattern. Exposure of cells to polyP·Gd resulted in a strong increase in alkaline phosphatase activity; this enzyme did not cause a distinct degradation of polyP but of polyP·Gd which was extensively hydrolyzed. The morphogenetic activity of gadolinium, in the form of polyP·Gd, is underscored by the finding that this polymer causes a strong upregulation of the genes encoding morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) as well as collagen type I. It is concluded that polyP·Gd is not an inert polymer but acts as a morphogenetically active polymer and induces HA formation in vitro. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Platelet Surface-Associated Activation and Secretion-Mediated Inhibition of Coagulation Factor XII

PubMed Central

Zakharova, Natalia V.; Artemenko, Elena O.; Podoplelova, Nadezhda A.; Sveshnikova, Anastasia N.; Demina, Irina A.; Ataullakhanov, Fazly I.; Panteleev, Mikhail A.

2015-01-01

Coagulation factor XII (fXII) is important for arterial thrombosis, but its physiological activation mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we elucidated the role of platelets and platelet-derived material in fXII activation. FXII activation was only observed upon potent platelet stimulation (with thrombin, collagen-related peptide, or calcium ionophore, but not ADP) accompanied by phosphatidylserine exposure and was localised to the platelet surface. Platelets from three patients with grey platelet syndrome did not activate fXII, which suggests that platelet-associated fXII-activating material might be released from α-granules. FXII was preferentially bound by phosphotidylserine-positive platelets and annexin V abrogated platelet-dependent fXII activation; however, artificial phosphotidylserine/phosphatidylcholine microvesicles did not support fXII activation under the conditions herein. Confocal microscopy using DAPI as a poly-phosphate marker did not reveal poly-phosphates associated with an activated platelet surface. Experimental data for fXII activation indicates an auto-inhibition mechanism (k i/k a = 180 molecules/platelet). Unlike surface-associated fXII activation, platelet secretion inhibited activated fXII (fXIIa), particularly due to a released C1-inhibitor. Platelet surface-associated fXIIa formation triggered contact pathway-dependent clotting in recalcified plasma. Computer modelling suggests that fXIIa inactivation was greatly decreased in thrombi under high blood flow due to inhibitor washout. Combined, the surface-associated fXII activation and its inhibition in solution herein may be regarded as a flow-sensitive regulator that can shift the balance between surface-associated clotting and plasma-dependent inhibition, which may explain the role of fXII at high shear and why fXII is important for thrombosis but negligible in haemostasis. PMID:25688860

Apatite mineralization in elasmobranch skeletons via a polyphosphate intermediate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omelon, Sidney; Lacroix, Nicolas; Lildhar, Levannia; Variola, Fabio; Dean, Mason

2014-05-01

All vertebrate skeletons are stiffened with apatite, a calcium phosphate mineral. Control of apatite mineralization is essential to the growth and repair of the biology of these skeletons, ensuring that apatite is deposited in the correct tissue location at the desired time. The mechanism of this biochemical control remains debated, but must involve increasing the localized apatite saturation state. It was theorized in 1923 that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity provides this control mechanism by increasing the inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration via dephosphorylation of phosphorylated molecules. The ALP substrate for biological apatite is not known. We propose that polyphosphates (polyPs) produced by mitochondria may be the substrate for biological apatite formation by ALP activity. PolyPs (PO3-)n, also known as condensed phosphates, represent a concentrated, bioavailable Pi-storage strategy. Mitochondria import Pi and synthesize phosphate polymers through an unknown biochemical mechanism. When chelated with calcium and/or other cations, the effective P-concentration of these neutrally charged, amorphous, polyP species can be very high (~ 0.5 M), without inducing phosphate mineral crystallization. This P-concentration in the low Pi-concentration biological environment offers a method of concentrating P well above an apatite supersaturation required for nucleation. Bone is the most studied mineralized skeletal tissue. However, locating and analyzing active mineralizing areas is challenging. We studied calcified cartilage skeletons of elasmobranch fishes (sharks, stingrays and relatives) to analyse the phosphate chemistry in this continually mineralizing skeleton. Although the majority of the elasmobranch skeleton is unmineralized cartilage, it is wrapped in an outer layer of mineralized tissue comprised of small tiles called tesserae. These calcified tesserae continually grow through the formation of new mineral on their borders. Co-localization of ALP and polyPs were identified at the mineralizing tessera borders using Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy and histological methods. Application of exogenous ALP to skeletal tissue cross-sections resulted in polyP disappearance, and Pi production. It is proposed that elasmobranch skeletal cells produce polyP-containing granules as a concentrated P-source, while ALP activity controls when and where Pi is cleaved from polyP, increasing the apatite supersaturation to nucleate apatite minerals in the skeleton. These data support not only interaction of polyP and ALP as a cell-mediated apatite mineralization control mechanism, but also suggest that this mechanism arose millions of years ago and is common to both bony and cartilaginous skeletal systems.

78 FR 34989 - Sodium Hexametaphosphate From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of Expedited First...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-11

... is a water-soluble polyphosphate glass that consists of a distribution of polyphosphate chain lengths..., Sodium Salt; Glass H; Hexaphos; Sodaphos; Vitrafos; and BAC-N-FOS. Sodium hexametaphosphate is typically sold as a white powder or granule (crushed) and may also be sold in the form of sheets (glass) or as a...

Mortality and Outcome Comparison Between Brain Tissue Oxygen Combined with Intracranial Pressure/Cerebral Perfusion Pressure-Guided Therapy and Intracranial Pressure/Cerebral Perfusion Pressure-Guided Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis.

PubMed

Xie, Qiang; Wu, Hai-Bing; Yan, Yu-Feng; Liu, Meng; Wang, Er-Song

2017-04-01

The combination of brain tissue oxygen and standard intracranial pressure (ICP)/cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)-guided therapy is thought to improve traumatic brain injury (TBI) prognosis compared with standard ICP/CPP-guided therapy. However, related results of previous observational studies and recently published cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remain controversial. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of the combined therapy with that of standard ICP/CPP-guided therapy on mortality rate, favorable outcome, ICP/CPP, and length of stay (LOS). We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Web of Science in July 2016 for studies comparing the combined therapy and standard ICP/CPP-guided therapy. Random-effect and fixed-effect models were used for pooled analyses. After screening 362 studies, 8 cohort studies and 1 RCT were included. Primary outcomes were mortality and favorable outcome. The overall mortality risk ratio showed no obvious advantages between the 2 groups (risk ratio [RR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-1.06) and discharge mortality (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.80-1.26) and 3-month mortality (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53-1.12). Compared with the ICP/CPP group, the combined group was more likely to achieve better outcome during the 6 months after TBI (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.04-1.52) or exactly at 6 months (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.07-1.68), whereas ICP (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.19; 95% CI, -0.43 to 0.05), CPP (SMD, 0.13; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.35), and LOS (SMD, 0.13; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.37) showed no obvious differences. Compared with standard ICP/CPP-guided therapy, brain tissue oxygen combined with ICP/CPP-guided therapy improved long-term outcomes without any effects on mortality, ICP/CPP, or LOS. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Diagnostic value of baseline serum luteinizing hormone level for central precocious puberty in girls].

PubMed

Ou-Yang, Li-Xue; Yang, Fan

2017-07-01

To evaluate the diagnostic value of baseline serum luteinizing hormone (LH) level for central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls. A total of 279 girls with precocious puberty were subjected to assessment of growth and development, bone age determination, baseline LH test, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) test, gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test, and other related examinations. Of the 279 patients, 175 were diagnosed with CPP and 104 with premature thelarche (PT). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of baseline LH and FSH levels and their peak levels for CPP, and the correlation between the baseline LH level and the peak LH level was analyzed. The CPP group had significantly higher bone age, baseline LH and FSH levels, peak LH and FSH levels, and ratio of peak LH level to peak FSH level than the PT group (P<0.01). The ROC curve proved that baseline LH level and peak LH level had good diagnostic values for CPP. Among the three bone age subgroups in the CPP group (7.0-9.0 years, 9.0-11.0 years, and >11.0 years), baseline LH level showed the best diagnostic value in the >11.0 years subgroup, with the largest area under the ROC curve. At a baseline LH level of 0.45 IU/L, the Youden index reached the peak value, and the sensitivity and specificity were 66.7% and 80% respectively, for the diagnosis of CPP. At a peak LH level of 9.935 IU/L, the Youden index reached the peak value, and the sensitivity and specificity were 74.8% and 100% respectively, for the diagnosis of CPP. The baseline LH level was positively correlated with the peak LH level (r=0.440, P<0.01). Baseline LH level can be used as an primary screening index for the diagnosis of CPP. It has a certain diagnostic value for CPP at different bone ages, and may be used as a monitoring index during the treatment and follow-uP.

Baclofen facilitates the extinction of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in rats

PubMed Central

Voigt, Robin M.; Herrold, Amy A.; Napier, T. Celeste

2011-01-01

The powerful, long-lasting association between the rewarding effects of a drug and contextual cues associated with drug administration can be studied using conditioned place preference (CPP). The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen facilitates the extinction of morphine-induced CPP in mice. The current study extended this work by determining if baclofen could enhance the extinction of methamphetamine (Meth) CPP. CPP was established using a six day conditioning protocol wherein Meth-pairings were alternated with saline-pairings. Rats were subsequently administered baclofen (2mg/kg i.p. or vehicle) immediately after each daily forced extinction session, which consisted of a saline injection immediately prior to being placed into the previously Meth- or saline-paired chamber. One extinction training cycle, consisted of six once-daily forced extinction sessions, mimicking the alternating procedure established during conditioning, followed by a test for preference (Ext test). CPP persisted for at least four extinction cycles in vehicle-treated rats. In contrast, CPP was inhibited following a single extinction training cycle. These data indicate that Meth-induced CPP was resistant to extinction, but extinction training was rendered effective when the training was combined with baclofen. These findings converge with the prior demonstration of baclofen facilitating the extinction of morphine-induced CPP indicating that GABAB receptor actions are independent of the primary (unconditioned) stimulus (i.e., the opiate or the stimulant) and likely reflect mechanisms engaged by extinction learning processes per se. Thus, baclofen administered in conjunction with extinction training may be of value for addiction therapy regardless of the class of drug being abused. PMID:21463025

Naloxone effects on extinction of ethanol- and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in mice.

PubMed

Font, Laura; Houck, Christa A; Cunningham, Christopher L

2017-09-01

Previous studies found that naloxone (NLX) facilitated choice extinction of ethanol conditioned place preference (CPP) using long (60 min) test sessions, but there is little information on the variables determining this effect. These studies examined repeated exposure to NLX during extinction of ethanol- or cocaine-induced CPP using both short and long tests. DBA/2J mice were injected with NLX (0 or 10 mg/kg) before three 10- or 60-min choice extinction tests (experiment 1). All mice received a final 60-min test without NLX. Post-test NLX was given in experiment 2. Experiment 3 tested whether NLX would affect a forced extinction procedure. Experiment 4 tested its effect on extinction of cocaine-induced CPP. Pre-test (but not post-test) injections of NLX-facilitated choice extinction of ethanol CPP at both test durations. Pre-test NLX also facilitated forced extinction. However, pre-test NLX had no effect on choice extinction of cocaine CPP. Extinction test duration is not critical for engaging the opioid system during ethanol CPP extinction (experiment 1). Moreover, NLX's effect does not depend on CPP expression during extinction, just exposure to previously conditioned cues (experiment 3). The null effect of post-test NLX eliminates a memory consolidation interpretation (experiment 2) and the failure to alter cocaine CPP extinction argues against alteration of general learning or memory processes (experiment 4). Overall, these data suggest that the endogenous opioid system mediates a conditioned motivational effect that normally maintains alcohol-induced seeking behavior, which may underlie the efficacy of opiate antagonists in the treatment of alcoholism.

Distinct behavioral phenotypes in ethanol-induced place preference are associated with different extinction and reinstatement but not behavioral sensitization responses

PubMed Central

Pildervasser, João V. N.; Abrahao, Karina P.; Souza-Formigoni, Maria L. O.

2014-01-01

Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a model to study the role of drug conditioning properties. In outbred strains, individual variability may affect some behavioral measures. However, there are few studies focusing on understanding how different phenotypes of ethanol conditioned behavior may influence its extinction, reinstatement, and behavioral adaptation measures. We used male Swiss Webster mice to study different phenotypes related to ethanol conditioning strength, reinstatement and behavioral sensitization. Mice went through a CPP procedure with ethanol (2.2 g/kg, i.p.). After that, one group of mice was submitted to repeated extinction sessions, while another group remained in their home cages without any drug treatment. Mice went through environmental and ethanol priming (1.0 g/kg, i.p.) reinstatement tests. Ethanol priming test reinstated the conditioned behavior only in the animals kept in the home-cage during the abstinence period. Besides, the ethanol conditioned behavior strength was positively correlated with the time required to be extinguished. In the second set of experiments, some mice went through a CPP protocol followed by behavioral sensitization (five i.p. administrations of ethanol 2.2 g/kg or saline per week, for 3 weeks) and another group of mice went through sensitization followed by CPP. No positive correlation was observed between ethanol CPP strength and the intensity of behavioral sensitization. Considering that different phenotypes observed in CPP strength predicted the variability in other CPP measures, we developed a statistics-based method to classify mice according to CPP strength to be used in the evaluation of ethanol conditioning properties. PMID:25152719

Effects of a Rhodiola rosea L. extract on the acquisition, expression, extinction, and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in mice.

PubMed

Mattioli, Laura; Titomanlio, Federica; Perfumi, Marina

2012-05-01

Opioid addiction is a chronic, recurrent brain disease that is characterised by compulsive drug seeking and a high rate of relapse even after long periods of abstinence. Prevention of relapse is the primary goal of addiction treatment and is still the major limitation in drug therapy. The present study investigated the effects of a Rhodiola rosea L. hydroalcoholic extract (RHO), a well-known traditional oriental medicine, on establishment and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. CPP was induced by intraperitoneal injection of morphine (10 mg/kg) as an 8-day conditioning schedule. The effects of RHO on the rewarding properties of morphine were tested in mice receiving oral administration of RHO (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) 60 min prior to each morphine injection (acquisition) or prior to the CPP test on day 9 (expression). Once established, CPP was extinguished by repeated testing, during which conditioned mice were injected daily with different doses of RHO. Finally, the efficacy of RHO in blocking reinstatement of CPP provoked by priming injections and physical stress was also evaluated. RHO administration showed dose dependency for prevention of establishment of CPP and was effective in facilitating extinction of morphine-induced CPP. RHO suppressed both priming- and stress-induced reinstatement of CPP in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, as RHO was effective for reducing craving and vulnerability to relapse, it might be a very effective natural remedy for the treatment of opioid addiction.

Glomeruloid Microvascular Proliferation, Desmoplasia, and High Proliferative Index as Potential Indicators of High Grade Canine Choroid Plexus Tumors.

PubMed

Muscatello, Luisa Vera; Avallone, Giancarlo; Serra, Fabienne; Seuberlich, Torsten; Mandara, Maria Teresa; Sisó, Silvia; Brunetti, Barbara; Oevermann, Anna

2018-05-01

Choroid plexus tumors (CPT) are intraventricular neoplasms accounting for 10% of all primary central nervous system tumors in dogs. They are frequently classified according to the human WHO classification into choroid plexus papilloma (CPP, grade I), atypical CPP (aCPP, grade II), and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC, grade III). Histological features observed in canine CPT such as increased vascular density (IVD) and glomeruloid microvascular proliferation (GMVP) are not part of the WHO classification. This multi-centric study aimed to investigate tumor-associated vascular hyperplasia in dogs by determining the prevalence of GMVP and IVD in 52 canine CPT and their association with tumor grade. In addition, the expression of angiogenic factors was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 25 tumors to investigate the pathogenesis of tumor-associated vascular hyperplasia. Based on the classical histological hallmarks, this study of 52 CPT identified 22 (42%) CPP (grade I) and 30 of (58%) CPC (grade III). GMVP was more prevalent in CPC (13/30; 43%) than CPP (1/22; 4%), whereas IVD occurred to a similar extent in CPP and CPC. Desmoplasia was more common in CPC (19/30; 63%) than CPP (2/22; 9%), and similarly, the proliferative index (PI) of neoplastic epithelium was significantly higher in CPC (5.14%) than CPP (0.94%). The majority of CPT expressed platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) irrespective of tumor grade or tumor-associated vascular hyperplasia. These results suggest that tumor-associated GMVP, desmoplasia, and PI may serve as histological indicators of malignancy in CPT.

Distinct behavioral phenotypes in ethanol-induced place preference are associated with different extinction and reinstatement but not behavioral sensitization responses.

PubMed

Pildervasser, João V N; Abrahao, Karina P; Souza-Formigoni, Maria L O

2014-01-01

Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a model to study the role of drug conditioning properties. In outbred strains, individual variability may affect some behavioral measures. However, there are few studies focusing on understanding how different phenotypes of ethanol conditioned behavior may influence its extinction, reinstatement, and behavioral adaptation measures. We used male Swiss Webster mice to study different phenotypes related to ethanol conditioning strength, reinstatement and behavioral sensitization. Mice went through a CPP procedure with ethanol (2.2 g/kg, i.p.). After that, one group of mice was submitted to repeated extinction sessions, while another group remained in their home cages without any drug treatment. Mice went through environmental and ethanol priming (1.0 g/kg, i.p.) reinstatement tests. Ethanol priming test reinstated the conditioned behavior only in the animals kept in the home-cage during the abstinence period. Besides, the ethanol conditioned behavior strength was positively correlated with the time required to be extinguished. In the second set of experiments, some mice went through a CPP protocol followed by behavioral sensitization (five i.p. administrations of ethanol 2.2 g/kg or saline per week, for 3 weeks) and another group of mice went through sensitization followed by CPP. No positive correlation was observed between ethanol CPP strength and the intensity of behavioral sensitization. Considering that different phenotypes observed in CPP strength predicted the variability in other CPP measures, we developed a statistics-based method to classify mice according to CPP strength to be used in the evaluation of ethanol conditioning properties.

Topical Delivery of Anti-VEGF Drugs to the Ocular Posterior Segment Using Cell-Penetrating Peptides.

PubMed

de Cogan, Felicity; Hill, Lisa J; Lynch, Aisling; Morgan-Warren, Peter J; Lechner, Judith; Berwick, Matthew R; Peacock, Anna F A; Chen, Mei; Scott, Robert A H; Xu, Heping; Logan, Ann

2017-05-01

To evaluate the efficacy of anti-VEGF agents for treating choroidal neovascularization (CNV) when delivered topically using novel cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) compared with delivery by intravitreal (ivit) injection. CPP toxicity was investigated in cell cultures. Ivit concentrations of ranibizumab and bevacizumab after topical administration were measured using ELISA. The biological efficacy of topical anti-VEGF + CPP complexes was compared with ivit anti-VEGF injections using an established model of CNV. CPPs were nontoxic in vitro. In vivo, after topical eye drop delivery, CPPs were present in the rat anterior chamber within 6 minutes. A single application of CPP + bevacizumab eye drop delivered clinically relevant concentrations of bevacizumab to the posterior chamber of the rat eye in vivo. Similarly, clinically relevant levels of CPP + ranibizumab and CPP + bevacizumab were detected in the porcine vitreous and retina ex vivo. In an established model of CNV, mice treated with either a single ivit injection of anti-VEGF, twice daily CPP + anti-VEGF eye drops or daily dexamethasone gavage for 10 days all had significantly reduced areas of CNV when compared with lasered eyes without treatment. CPPs are nontoxic to ocular cells and can be used to deliver therapeutically relevant doses of ranibizumab and bevacizumab by eye drop to the posterior segment of mouse, rat, and pig eyes. The CPP + anti-VEGF drug complexes were cleared from the retina within 24 hours, suggesting a daily eye drop dosing regimen. Daily, topically delivered anti-VEGF with CPP was as efficacious as a single ivit injection of anti-VEGF in reducing areas of CNV in vivo.

Formation of nucleoside 5'-polyphosphates from nucleotides and trimetaphosphate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lohrmann, R.

1975-01-01

Nucleoside 5'-polyphosphates (N5PP) formed when solutions of nucleoside 5'-phosphates (N5P) and trimetaphosphate (TMP) are dessicated at room temperature are studied by paper chromatography, electrophoresis, and metal catalytic reactions. Divalent Mg ion exhibited superior catalytic function to other divalent metal ions in the reaction. Major reaction products are indicated. The importance of the N5PP series, TMP, and N5-triphosphate as substrates of RNA and DNA synthesis, and under postulated prebiotic conditions likely to obtain during prebiological ages of the earth, is emphasized and discussed. Alternate drying and wetting, evaporation from a prebiotic puddle, concentration of solubles in the remaining liquid phase, metal catalysis, and the role of these substances in the formation of amino acids and long-chain polyphosphates are considered.

Metabolic studies with NMR spectroscopy of the alga Dunaliella salina trapped within agarose beads.

PubMed

Bental, M; Pick, U; Avron, M; Degani, H

1990-02-22

A technique for the entrapment of the unicellular algae Dunaliella salina in agarose beads and their perfusion during NMR measurements is presented. The trapped cells maintained their ability to proliferate under normal growth conditions, and remained viable and stable under steady-state conditions for long periods during NMR measurements. Following osmotic shock in the dark, prominent changes were observed in the intracellular level of ATP and polyphosphates, but little to no changes in the intracellular pH or orthoposphate content. When cells were subjected to hyperosmotic shock, the ATP level decreased. The content of NMR-visible polyphosphates decreased as well, presumably due to the production of longer, NMR-invisible structures. Following hypoosmotic shock, the ATP content increased and longer polyphosphates were broken down to shorter, more mobile polymers.

AERIAL SHOWING COMPLETED REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627) ADJOINING FUEL PROCESSING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

AERIAL SHOWING COMPLETED REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) ADJOINING FUEL PROCESSING BUILDING AND EXCAVATION FOR HOT PILOT PLANT TO RIGHT (CPP-640). INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-60-1221. J. Anderson, Photographer, 3/22/1960 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

SOUTH SECTION OF WEST ELEVATION OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SOUTH SECTION OF WEST ELEVATION OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) LOOKING EAST. HEADEND PLANT BUILDING (CPP-640) APPEARS ON LEFT IN PHOTO. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-22-3-3. Mike Crane, Photographer, 11/1998 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

The role of ovarian hormones in sexual reward states of the female rat.

PubMed

Parada, Mayte; Vargas, Erica Barbosa; Kyres, Maria; Burnside, Kimberly; Pfaus, James G

2012-09-01

To what extent does the reward value of sexual stimulation in females depend on ovarian hormones? The effects of estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P) were examined on the acquisition and expression of sexual reward induced by paced copulation and clitoral stimulation (CLS) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. In experiment 1 we examined the expression of a pacing-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Ovariectomized, hormone-primed rats were given experience with paced copulation associated with one side of a CPP apparatus. Changing hormonal status prior to the final CPP test did not alter pacing-induced CPP. However, subsequent partial extinction of CPP was observed only in rats primed with EB+P, a treatment previously shown to induce sexual desire and receptivity. In Experiment 2, significant CLS-induced CPP developed in ovariectomized rats regardless of hormone priming. Our results show that the expression of the sexual reward state induced by paced copulation, and CLS in particular, is independent of hormone priming. We propose that ovarian hormones sensitize sensory and motor pathways necessary for sexual behavior and stimulation to induce reward. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Referred Pain Patterns Provoked on Intra-Pelvic Structures among Women with and without Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Descriptive Study

PubMed Central

Butler, Stephen; Peterson, Magnus; Eriksson, Margaretha

2015-01-01

Objectives To describe referred pain patterns provoked from intra-pelvic structures in women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) persisting after childbirth with the purpose to improve diagnostics and give implications for treatment. Materials and Methods In this descriptive and comparative study 36 parous women with CPP were recruited from a physiotherapy department waiting list and by advertisements in newspapers. A control group of 29 parous women without CPP was consecutively assessed for eligibility from a midwifery surgery. Inclusion criterion for CPP was: moderate pain in the sacral region persisting at least six months after childbirth confirmed by pelvic pain provocation tests. Exclusion criteria in groups with and without CPP were: persistent back or pelvic pain with onset prior to pregnancy, previous back surgery and positive neurological signs. Pain was provoked by palpation of 13 predetermined intra-pelvic anatomical landmarks. The referred pain distribution was expressed in pain drawings and described in pain maps and calculated referred pain areas. Results Pain provoked by palpation of the posterior intra-pelvic landmarks was mostly referred to the sacral region and pain provoked by palpation of the ischial and pubic bones was mostly referred to the groin and pubic regions, with or without pain referred down the ipsilateral leg. The average pain distribution area provoked by palpation of all 13 anatomical landmarks was 30.3 mm² (19.2 to 53.7) in women with CPP as compared to 3.2 mm² (1.0 to 5.1) in women without CPP, p< 0.0001. Conclusions Referred pain patterns provoked from intra-pelvic landmarks in women with CPP are consistent with sclerotomal sensory innervation. Magnification of referred pain patterns indicates allodynia and central sensitization. The results suggest that pain mapping can be used to evaluate and confirm the pain experience among women with CPP and contribute to diagnosis. PMID:25793999

Partial extinction of a conditioned context enhances preference for elements previously associated with cocaine but not with chocolate.

PubMed

Orsini, C; Bonito-Oliva, A; Montanari, C; Conversi, D; Cabib, S

2013-08-15

Drug-associated stimuli are crucial to reinstatement of drug-seeking after periods of abstinence, representing a central problem in treatment of addiction. The present study investigated the influence of partial extinction of the conditioned context on the expression of conditioned place preference (CPP). Mice of the inbred DBA/2J strain were conditioned with cocaine or chocolate in a context identified by multiple elements (A+B) and subsequently CPP expression was evaluated in a context containing only one element (A or B) or both (A+B). Cocaine- and chocolate-conditioned mice showed CPP in presence of the original compound stimulus. However, cocaine-conditioned mice did not show CPP when tested in A or B context, while chocolate-conditioned mice did show CPP to single element context. After conditioning mice were exposed to extinction training of the context A or B and then tested for CPP 1 and 9 days after the end of the extinction (days 9 and 18). Cocaine-conditioned mice showed CPP 9 days after extinction while chocolate-conditioned mice were relatively insensitive to the extinction procedure on day 1 after extinction, but they did not show CPP for the partial or the original compound 9 days after extinction. Cocaine-conditioned mice not submitted to the extinction training (simple passage of time) or submitted to a Sham-extinction procedure (saline injections and confinement in a new environment) did not show CPP on day 9 or 18. Cocaine-conditioned mice exposed to extinction training showed increased c-Fos expression in several brain areas in comparison to mice exposed to Sham-extinction. The extinction procedure did not specifically reduce behavioral sensitization. The results suggest that extinction training involving only elements of a drug-associated context can result in increased associative strength of those elements. © 2013.

Nicotine enhances the locomotor stimulating but not the conditioned rewarding effect of ethanol in DBA/2J mice.

PubMed

Gubner, Noah R; Cunningham, Christopher L; Phillips, Tamara J

2015-01-01

One hypothesis to explain the high rate of nicotine and alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) co-abuse is that these drugs have enhanced rewarding effects when taken together. The goal of this work was to use the conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure to determine whether nicotine would enhance the development of EtOH-induced CPP. The conditioned rewarding effects of nicotine (1 or 2 mg/kg of nicotine tartrate), EtOH (1 g/kg), and nicotine plus EtOH in combination were assessed using a well-established CPP procedure chosen specifically for examining alterations in the development of EtOH-induced CPP by nicotine. In addition, the reference dose procedure was used to directly compare the conditioned rewarding effect of EtOH versus nicotine plus EtOH. DBA/2J mice were used because they are an inbred strain that has repeatedly been shown to develop CPP to EtOH. Neither dose of nicotine alone produced CPP, whereas EtOH did, using the standard EtOH CPP procedure. The magnitude of EtOH-induced CPP was not affected by co-administration of 1 mg/kg nicotine, but 2 mg/kg nicotine interfered with the development of EtOH-induced CPP. Using the reference dose procedure, there was no significant preference or aversion for either nicotine + EtOH dose combination versus EtOH alone. However, combined nicotine and EtOH had a larger effect on locomotor activity, during the conditioning trials, compared to their additive effect when given alone, consistent with previous data. These data do not support the hypothesis that nicotine enhances the conditioned rewarding effect of EtOH. This finding differs from the combined locomotor stimulant effects of nicotine and EtOH that were observed in this study and in our previously published work, and suggests that combined stimulant effects of nicotine and EtOH do not predict enhanced reward. Copyright © 2015 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.

Evaluation of rainfall retrievals from SEVIRI reflectances over West Africa using TRMM-PR and CMORPH

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wolters, E. L. A.; van den Hurk, B. J. J. M.; Roebeling, R. A.

2011-02-01

This paper describes the evaluation of the KNMI Cloud Physical Properties - Precipitation Properties (CPP-PP) algorithm over West Africa. The algorithm combines condensed water path (CWP), cloud phase (CPH), cloud particle effective radius (re), and cloud-top temperature (CTT) retrievals from visible, near-infrared and thermal infrared observations of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites to estimate rain occurrence frequency and rain rate. For the 2005 and 2006 monsoon seasons, it is investigated whether the CPP-PP algorithm is capable of retrieving rain occurrence frequency and rain rate over West Africa with sufficient accuracy, using Tropical Monsoon Measurement Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM-PR) as reference. As a second goal, it is assessed whether SEVIRI is capable of monitoring the seasonal and daytime evolution of rainfall during the West African monsoon (WAM), using Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH) rainfall observations. The SEVIRI-detected rainfall area agrees well with TRMM-PR, with the areal extent of rainfall by SEVIRI being ~10% larger than from TRMM-PR. The mean retrieved rain rate from CPP-PP is about 8% higher than from TRMM-PR. Examination of the TRMM-PR and CPP-PP cumulative frequency distributions revealed that differences between CPP-PP and TRMM-PR are generally within +/-10%. Relative to the AMMA rain gauge observations, CPP-PP shows very good agreement up to 5 mm h-1. However, at higher rain rates (5-16 mm h-1) CPP-PP overestimates compared to the rain gauges. With respect to the second goal of this paper, it was shown that both the accumulated precipitation and the seasonal progression of rainfall throughout the WAM is in good agreement with CMORPH, although CPP-PP retrieves higher amounts in the coastal region of West Africa. Using latitudinal Hovmüller diagrams, a fair correspondence between CPP-PP and CMORPH was found, which is reflected by high correlation coefficients (~0.7) for both rain rate and rain occurrence frequency. The daytime cycle of rainfall from CPP-PP shows distinctly different patterns for three different regions in West Africa throughout the WAM, with a decrease in dynamical range of rainfall near the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The dynamical range as retrieved from CPP-PP is larger than that from CMORPH. It is suggested that this results from both the better spatio-temporal resolution of SEVIRI, as well as from thermal infrared radiances being partly used by CMORPH, which likely smoothes the daytime precipitation signal, especially in case of cold anvils from convective systems. The promising results show that the CPP-PP algorithm, taking advantage of the high spatio-temporal resolution of SEVIRI, is of added value for monitoring daytime precipitation patterns in tropical areas.

Involvement of NMDA glutamate receptors in the acquisition and reinstatement of the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA.

PubMed

García-Pardo, Maria P; Escobar-Valero, Carla; Rodríguez-Arias, Marta; Miñarro, Jose; Aguilar, Maria A

2015-08-01

Some 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users become dependent as a result of chronic consumption. A greater understanding of the neurobiological basis of the rewarding effects of MDMA could contribute to developing effective pharmacotherapies for MDMA-related problems. The present study evaluated the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors (NMDARs) in the acquisition and reinstatement of conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by MDMA. Adolescent male mice were conditioned with 1 or 10 mg/kg MDMA and pretreated with 5 or 10 mg/kg of the NMDAR antagonist memantine during acquisition of conditioning (experiment 1), or before a reinstatement test (experiment 2). In addition, the effects of memantine on acquisition of chocolate-induced CPP and the effects of memantine and MDMA on a passive avoidance task were evaluated. Memantine did not exert any motivational effects, but blocked the acquisition of MDMA-induced CPP. Moreover, following acquisition and extinction of MDMA-induced CPP, memantine did not induce reinstatement but blocked reinstatement of the CPP induced by priming with MDMA. Memantine did not block the CPP induced by chocolate, and it partially reversed the impairing effects of MDMA on memory. Our results demonstrate that NMDARs are involved in acquisition of the conditioned rewarding effects of MDMA and in priming-induced reinstatement of CPP following extinction. Moreover, they suggest the validity of memantine for the treatment of MDMA abuse.

Extraction optimization and influences of drying methods on antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.)

PubMed Central

Li, Ran; Duan, Meng-Ying; Wu, Hong-Xin

2017-01-01

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the extraction condition of polysaccharide from cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) (named CPP). Water to raw material ratio (10–30 mL/g), extraction time (40–80 min) and extraction temperature (60–100°C) were set as the 3 independent variables, and their effects on the extraction yield of CPP were measured. In addition, the effects of drying methods including hot air drying (HD), vacuum drying (VD) and freeze drying (FD) on the antioxidant activities of CPP were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal condition to extract CPP was: water to raw material ratio (15 mL/g), extraction time (61 min), and extraction temperature (97°C), a maximum CPP yield of 6.49% was obtained under this condition. CPP drying with FD method showed stronger reducing power (0.943 at 6 mg/mL) and radical scavenging capacities against DPPH radical (75.71% at 1.2 mg/mL) and ABTS radical (98.06 at 1.6 mg/mL) than CPP drying with HD and VD methods. Therefore, freeze drying served as a good method for keeping the antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from cup plant. The polysaccharide from cup plant has potential to use as a natural antioxidant. PMID:28837625

DYNAMIC CEREBROVASCULAR AND INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE REACTIVITY ASSESMENT OF IMPAIRED CEREBROVASCULAR AUTOREGULATION IN INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION

PubMed Central

Bragin, Denis E.; Statom, Gloria; Nemoto, Edwin M.

2016-01-01

SUMMARY We previously suggested that the discrepancy between the critical cerebral perfusion pressures (CPP) of 30 mmHg, obtained by increasing intracranial pressure (ICP), and 60 mmHg, obtained by decreasing arterial pressure, was due to pathological microvascular shunting at high ICP [1] and that the determination of the critical CPP by the static cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation curve is not valid with intracranial hypertension. Here we demonstrated that critical CPP, measured by induced dynamic ICP reactivity (iPRx) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVRx), accurately identifies the critical CPP in the hypertensive rat brain which differs from that obtained by the static autoregulation curve. Step changes in CPP from 70 to 50 and 30 mmHg were made by increasing ICP using an artificial cerebrospinal fluid reservoir connected to the cisterna magna. At each CPP, a transient 10-mmHg rise in arterial pressure was induced by bolus i.v. dopamine. iPRx and iCVRx were calculated as ΔICP/ΔMAP and as ΔCBF/ΔMAP, respectively. The critical CPP at high ICP, obtained by iPRx and iCVRx, is 50 mmHg, where compromised capillary flow, transition of blood flow to non-nutritive microvascular shunts, tissue hypoxia and BBB leakage begin to occur, which is higher than the 30 mmHg determined by static autoregulation. PMID:27165917

Subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (triptorelin) test for diagnosing precocious puberty.

PubMed

Poomthavorn, Preamrudee; Khlairit, Patcharin; Mahachoklertwattana, Pat

2009-01-01

A test involving 100 microg of intravenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a gold standard for confirming the diagnosis of central precocious puberty (CPP). However, intravenous GnRH for testing is commercially limited. To develop subcutaneous GnRH agonist (GnRH-A) testing and define a peak luteinizing hormone (LH) cutoff value in diagnosing CPP. A retrospective study of 101 girls with sexual precocity was undertaken. All girls underwent 100 microg subcutaneous GnRH-A (triptorelin) testing. Blood samples before and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after GnRH-A injection were analyzed for LH and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Criteria for diagnosing CPP include accelerated height, advanced bone age and pubertal-sized uterus and ovaries. Fifty-five girls were documented as having CPP. The remaining 46 girls were diagnosed with premature thelarche (PT). Peak LH concentration in the CPP group was significantly greater than that of the PT group with a median (range) of 10.0 IU/l (2.93-65.39) and 3.04 IU/l (0.19-8.82), respectively. Peak LH was achieved within 60 min following GnRH-A injection. Peak LH of 6 IU/l provided the most appropriate cutoff level in diagnosing CPP with a sensitivity of 89.1% and a specificity of 91.3%. Subcutaneous GnRH-A can be used as an alternative to confirm the diagnosis of CPP. Copyright 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.

The effects of exogenous CCK-8 on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced CPP.

PubMed

Wen, Di; Cong, Bin; Ma, Chunling; Yang, Shengchang; Yu, Hailei; Ni, Zhiyu; Li, Shujin

2012-02-21

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) is the most potent endogenous anti-opioid peptide and regulates a variety of physiological processes. In our previous study, we found that exogenous CCK-8 attenuated naloxone-induced withdrawal symptoms, but the possible regulative effects of CCK-8 on the rewarding effects of morphine were not examined. In the present study, we aimed to determine the exact effects of exogenous CCK-8 at various doses on the rewarding action of morphine by utilizing the unbiased conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. We therefore examined the effects of CCK-8 on the acquisition, expression and extinction of morphine-induced CPP and on locomotor activity. The results showed that CCK-8 (0.01-1μg, i.c.v.), administered alone, induced neither CPP nor place aversion, but blocked the acquisition of CPP when administered with 10mg/kg morphine. The highest dose of CCK-8 (1μg) administered before CPP testing increased CPP and, along with lower doses (0.1μg), reduced its extinction. In addition, the highest dose (1μg) of CCK-8 suppressed locomotor activity. Our study provides the first behavioral evidence for the inhibitory effects of exogenous CCK-8 on rewarding activity and reveals significant effects of exogenous CCK-8 on various stages of place preference and the development of opioid dependence. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Role of the ventral tegmental area in methamphetamine extinction: AMPA receptor-mediated neuroplasticity

PubMed Central

Chen, Han-Ting

2015-01-01

The molecular mechanisms underlying drug extinction remain largely unknown, although a role for medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) glutamate neurons has been suggested. Considering that the mPFC sends glutamate efferents to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), we tested whether the VTA is involved in methamphetamine (METH) extinction via conditioned place preference (CPP). Among various METH-CPP stages, we found that the amount of phospho-GluR1/Ser845 increased in the VTA at behavioral extinction, but not the acquisition or withdrawal stage. Via surface biotinylation, we found that levels of membrane GluR1 were significantly increased during METH-CPP extinction, while no change was observed at the acquisition stage. Specifically, the number of dendritic spines in the VTA was increased at behavioral extinction, but not during acquisition. To validate the role of the mPFC in METH-CPP extinction, we lesioned the mPFC. Ibotenic acid lesioning of the mPFC did not affect METH-CPP acquisition, however, it abolished the extinction stage and reversed the enhanced phospho-GluR1/Ser845 levels as well as increases in VTA dendritic spines during METH-CPP extinction. Overall, this study demonstrates that the mPFC plays a critical role in METH-CPP extinction and identifies the VTA as an alternative target in mediating the extinction of drug conditioning. PMID:25691515

Behavioral stress may increase the rewarding valence of cocaine-associated cues through a dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor-mediated mechanism without affecting associative learning or memory retrieval mechanisms.

PubMed

Schindler, Abigail G; Li, Shuang; Chavkin, Charles

2010-08-01

Stress exposure increases the risk of addictive drug use in human and animal models of drug addiction by mechanisms that are not completely understood. Mice subjected to repeated forced swim stress (FSS) before cocaine develop significantly greater conditioned place preference (CPP) for the drug-paired chamber than unstressed mice. Analysis of the dose dependency showed that FSS increased both the maximal CPP response and sensitivity to cocaine. To determine whether FSS potentiated CPP by enhancing associative learning mechanisms, mice were conditioned with cocaine in the absence of stress, then challenged after association was complete with the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist U50,488 or repeated FSS, before preference testing. Mice challenged with U50,488 60 min before CPP preference testing expressed significantly greater cocaine-CPP than saline-challenged mice. Potentiation by U50,488 was dose and time dependent and blocked by the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI). Similarly, mice subjected to repeated FSS before the final preference test expressed significantly greater cocaine-CPP than unstressed controls, and FSS-induced potentiation was blocked by norBNI. Novel object recognition (NOR) performance was not affected by U50,488 given 60 min before assay, but was impaired when given 15 min before NOR assay, suggesting that KOR activation did not potentiate CPP by facilitating memory retrieval or expression. The results from this study show that the potentiation of cocaine-CPP by KOR activation does not result from an enhancement of associative learning mechanisms and that stress may instead enhance the rewarding valence of cocaine-associated cues by a dynorphin-dependent mechanism.

Nicotine pretreatment reduced cocaine-induced CPP and its reinstatement in a sex- and dose-related manner in adult C57BL/6J mice.

PubMed

Singh, Prableen K; Lutfy, Kabirullah

2017-08-01

Previous preclinical studies have shown that nicotine pretreatment during adolescence increases the reinforcing actions of cocaine. However, little is known about the effect of prior nicotine administration on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and its reinstatement in adult mice. Besides, little information is available regarding the role of sex in this cross-talk between nicotine and cocaine. Thus, we examined if nicotine administration during adulthood would differentially alter cocaine-induced CPP, its extinction and reinstatement in male versus female mice and if the dose of nicotine was important in this regard. To this end, mice were pretreated with saline or nicotine (0.25 or 1mg/kg; twice daily for seven days) and then tested for place preference before and after single and repeated conditioning with cocaine (15mg/kg). Mice were then exposed to extinction training and tested for reinstatement of CPP. Our results showed that male and female mice pretreated with saline and conditioned with cocaine each exhibited a robust CPP after a single cocaine conditioning. However, this response was blunted in mice pretreated with the lower but not higher dose of nicotine. Female mice pretreated with the lower dose nicotine also failed to show CPP after repeated conditioning. Reinstatement of cocaine-induced CPP was also blunted in these mice compared to their respective controls. Together, these results suggest that nicotine administration during adulthood exerts differential effects on cocaine-induced CPP and its reinstatement in male and female mice and the dose of nicotine is important in this regard. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF GnRH ANALOG USE IN A PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY REFERRAL CENTER

PubMed Central

Watson, Sara E.; Greene, Ariana; Lewis, Katherine; Eugster, Erica A.

2017-01-01

Objective Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) are standard of care for the treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP). GnRHa have also been prescribed in other clinical settings with the hope of increasing adult stature, although evidence to support this practice is lacking. The degree to which GnRHa are being prescribed for indications other than CPP in routine clinical care has not been described. We sought to systematically examine GnRHa prescribing practices among the pediatric endocrinologists at our academic medical center. Methods We reviewed medical records of children treated with GnRHa during a 6-year interval. Variables analyzed included gender, age at start of treatment, indication for therapy, and use of growth hormone as adjunctive treatment. Nonparametric analyses were utilized to compare treatment characteristics of those with CPP versus those without. Results A total of 260 patients (82% female) aged 8.06 ± 2.68 years were identified. Of these, 191 (73.5%) were treated for CPP, whereas 69 (26.5%) were treated for normally timed puberty in the context of idiopathic short stature/poor predicted height (n = 37), growth hormone deficiency (n = 17), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (n = 10), primary hypothyroidism (n = 4), and developmental delay (n = 1). Of the 161 girls with CPP, GnRHa therapy was initiated at ≥8 years of age in 62 (39%). Conclusion Whereas most patients were treated for CPP, ~27% were treated for other indications. Of girls with CPP, 39% were treated at an age when benefit in terms of height is unlikely. This highlights the need for rigorous studies of GnRHa use for indications beyond CPP. PMID:25667370

Rottlerin impairs the formation and maintenance of psychostimulant-supported memory.

PubMed

Liao, Tien You; Tzeng, Wen-Yu; Wu, Hsin-Hua; Cherng, Chianfang G; Wang, Ching-Yi; Hu, Sherry S-J; Yu, Lung

2016-04-01

Since brain proteins such as protein kinase C (PKC), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are involved in the establishment and maintenance of psychostimulant memory, we sought to determine if systemic treatment with rottlerin, a natural compound affecting all these proteins, may modulate stimulant-supported memory. Stimulant-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was used in modeling stimulant-supported memory. Three cocaine (10 mg/kg; COC) or three methamphetamine (1 mg/kg; MA) conditioning trials reliably established the drug-induced CPP in male C57BL/6 mice. An intra-peritoneal rottlerin injection (5 mg/kg) at least 24 h prior to the first COC or first MA conditioning trial prevented the establishment of CPP. Following the establishment of the COC- or MA-induced CPP, saline conditioning trial was used to extinguish the CPP. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, intra-peritoneal (i.p.)) administered 20 h prior to the first saline conditioning trial diminished subsequent drug- and stressor-primed reinstatement of the extinguished CPP. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a fast-onset and long-lasting increase in hippocampal BDNF levels. However, treatment with a BDNF tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor antagonist, K252a (5 μg/kg), did not affect rottlerin's suppressing effect on COC-induced CPP and treatment with 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (10 mg/kg x 6, 7,8-DHF), a selective TrkB agonist, prior to each conditioning trial did not affect COC-induced CPP. These results suggest that systemic rottlerin treatment may impair the formation of COC- and MA-supported memory. Importantly, such a treatment may advance our understanding of the underlying mechanism through which extinction training resulted in the "forgetting" of the COC- and MA-supported memory.

Influence of Betaxolol on the Methamphetamine Dependence in Mice.

PubMed

Kim, Byoung-Jo; Park, Jong-Il; Eun, Hun-Jeong; Yang, Jong-Chul

2016-05-01

The noradrenaline system is involved in the reward effects of various kinds of abused drugs. Betaxolol (BTX) is a highly selective β1-antagonist. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of BTX on methamphetamine (MAP)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and hyperactivity in mice. The mice (n=72) were treated with MAP or saline every other day for a total of 6 days (from day 3 to day 8; 3-times MAP and 3-times saline). Each mouse was given saline (1 mL/kg) or MAP (1 mg/kg, s.c.) or BTX (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or MAP with BTX (5 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to the administration of MAP (1 mg/kg, s.c.) every other day and paired with for 1 h (three-drug and three-saline sessions). We then compared the CPP score between the two groups. After the extinction of CPP, the mice were given BTX (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (1 mL/kg) 24 h prior to a priming injection of MAP, and were then immediately tested to see whether the place preference was reinstated. The repeated administration of BTX 30 min prior to the exposure to MAP significantly reduced the development of MAP-induced CPP. When BTX was administered 24 h prior to the CPP-testing session on day 9, it also significantly attenuated the CPP, but did not result in any change of locomotor activity. In the drug-priming reinstatement study, the extinguished CPP was reinstated by a MAP (0.125 mg/kg, s.c.) injection and this was significantly attenuated by BTX. These findings suggest that BTX has a therapeutic and preventive effect on the development, expression, and drug-priming reinstatement of MAP-induced CPP.

Basolateral amygdalar D2 receptor activation is required for the companions-exerted suppressive effect on the cocaine conditioning.

PubMed

Tzeng, Wen-Yu; Cherng, Chian-Fang G; Yu, Lung; Wang, Ching-Yi

2017-01-01

The presence of companions renders decreases in cocaine-stimulated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) magnitude. Limbic systems are widely believed to underlie the modulation of accumbal dopamine release and cocaine conditioning. Thus, this study aimed to assess whether intact basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA), dorsal hippocampus (DH), and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is required for the companions-exerted suppressive effect on the cocaine-induced CPP. Three cage mates, serving as companions, were arranged to house with the experimental mice in the cocaine conditioning compartment throughout the cocaine conditioning sessions. Approximately 1week before the conditioning procedure, intracranial ibotenic acid infusions were done in an attempt to cause excitotoxic lesions targeting bilateral BLA, DH and DLS. Albeit their BLA, DH, and DLS lesions, the lesioned mice exhibited comparable cocaine-induced CPP magnitudes compared to the intact and sham lesion controls. Bilateral BLA, but not DH or DLS, lesions abolished the companions-exerted suppressive effect on the cocaine-induced CPP. Intact mice receiving intra-BLA infusion of raclopride, a selective D2 antagonist, 30min prior to the cocaine conditioning did not exhibit the companions-exerted suppressive effect on the cocaine-induced CPP. Intra-BLA infusion of Sch23390, a selective D1 antagonist, did not affect the companions-exerted suppressive effect on the CPP. These results, taken together, prompt us to conclude that the intactness of BLA is required for the companions-exerted suppressive effect on the cocaine-induced CPP. Importantly, activation of D2 receptor in the BLA is required for such suppressive effect on the CPP. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimodality Monitoring for Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Optimization in Comatose Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

PubMed Central

Ko, Sang-Bae; Choi, H. Alex; Parikh, Gunjan; Helbok, Raimund; Schmidt, J. Michael; Lee, Kiwon; Badjatia, Neeraj; Claassen, Jan; Connolly, E. Sander; Mayer, Stephan A.

2011-01-01

Background and Purpose Limited data exists to recommend specific cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) targets in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We sought to determine the feasibility of brain multimodality monitoring (MMM) for optimizing CPP and potentially reducing secondary brain injury after ICH. Methods We retrospectively analyzed brain MMM data targeted at perihematomal brain tissue in 18 comatose ICH patients (median monitoring: 164 hours). Physiological measures were averaged over one-hour intervals corresponding to each microdialysis sample. Metabolic crisis (MC) was defined as a lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR) >40 with a brain glucose concentration <0.7 mmol/L. Brain tissue hypoxia (BTH) was defined as PbtO2 <15 mm Hg. Pressure reactivity index (PRx) and oxygen reactivity index (ORx) were calculated. Results Median age was 59 years, median GCS score 6, and median ICH volume was 37.5 ml. The risk of BTH, and to a lesser extent MC, increased with lower CPP values. Multivariable analyses showed that CPP <80 mm Hg was associated with a greater risk of BTH (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1, P=0.01) compared to CPP >100 mm Hg as a reference range. Six patients died (33%). Survivors had significantly higher CPP and PbtO2 and lower ICP values starting on post-bleed day 4, whereas LPR and PRx values were lower, indicating preservation of aerobic metabolism and pressure autoregulation. Conclusions PbtO2 monitoring can be used to identify CPP targets for optimal brain tissue oxygenation. In patients who do not undergo MMM, maintaining CPP >80 mm Hg may reduce the risk of BTH. PMID:21852615

Polyphosphate Accumulation in Benthic Biofilms in an Agricultural Watershed (Pennsylvania, USA)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, S.

2015-12-01

Nutrient loading has contributed to eutrophication in rivers and downstream systems throughout the mid-Atlantic region, USA. It is known that biofilms can be assessed to determine the amount of phosphorus (P) pollution in a system and the agricultural impacts it has on stream health. Polyphosphates are a storage system in algal cells and can be used to reflect the degree of nutrient loading to stream ecosystems. An ISES (in situ enrichment system) experiment was deployed in four flumes of a USDA maintained stream watershed for a 12-day period. In July-August of 2014, experimental vials of agar were enriched with six levels of P loading from 0.0 to 1,540.8 μg PO4-3/day under consistently N enriched conditions. At the end of this period natural growing biofilms were scraped off tiles established in each site and analyzed for chlorophyll, total P, and polyphosphate. While there were no significant differences found in biomass growth between each treatment (two-way ANOVA; F= 3.387, p>0.042), there were significant increases in P storage with increased P provided (F= 148.853, p<0.001). We measured consistent uptake patterns throughout the watershed, suggesting that uptake was a consistent feature of biofilms throughout the landscape (F= 4.172, p>0.05). A large percentage of total P was also stored as polyphosphate in the treatments with added P in relation to the ambient tiles collected. Given these findings, we propose that polyphosphate storage in stream biofilms are an important, early warning indicator for changing trophic status in streams compared with biomass metrics (e.g., chlorophyll); therefore, P storage in stream algae reflects loading from throughout the terrestrial landscape.

Novel Family of Insect Salivary Inhibitors Blocks Contact Pathway Activation by Binding to Polyphosphate, Heparin, and Dextran Sulfate

PubMed Central

Alvarenga, Patricia H.; Xu, Xueqing; Oliveira, Fabiano; Chagas, Andrezza C.; Nascimento, Clarissa R.; Francischetti, Ivo M.B.; Juliano, Maria A.; Juliano, Luiz; Scharfstein, Julio; Valenzuela, Jesus G.; Ribeiro, José M.C.; Andersen, John F.

2014-01-01

Objective Polyphosphate and heparin are anionic polymers released by activated mast cells and platelets that are known to stimulate the contact pathway of coagulation. These polymers promote both the autoactivation of factor XII and the assembly of complexes containing factor XI, prekallikrein, and high-molecular-weight kininogen. We are searching for salivary proteins from blood-feeding insects that counteract the effect of procoagulant and proinflammatory factors in the host, including elements of the contact pathway. Approach and Results Here, we evaluate the ability of the sand fly salivary proteins, PdSP15a and PdSP15b, to inhibit the contact pathway by disrupting binding of its components to anionic polymers. We attempt to demonstrate binding of the proteins to polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate. We also evaluate the effect of this binding on contact pathway reactions. We also set out to determine the x-ray crystal structure of PdSP15b and examine the determinants of relevant molecular interactions. Both proteins bind polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate with high affinity. Through this mechanism they inhibit the autoactivation of factor XII and factor XI, the reciprocal activation of factor XII and prekallikrein, the activation of factor XI by thrombin and factor XIIa, the cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen in plasma, and plasma extravasation induced by polyphosphate. The crystal structure of PdSP15b contains an amphipathic helix studded with basic side chains that forms the likely interaction surface. Conclusions The results of these studies indicate that the binding of anionic polymers by salivary proteins is used by blood feeders as an antihemostatic/anti-inflammatory mechanism. PMID:24092749

Bone scintigraphy of the aged patient. 1. /sup 99m/Tc-polyphosphate bone scintigraphy (in Japanese)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yamamoto, M.; Chiba, K.; Tanno, M.

Application and evaluation of a new bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticai, / sup 99m/Tc-polyphosphate are reported. Analysis of the image by digital color display data analyzer (Phosdac) was performed. The subjects of the study were cases at Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital ranging from 63 to 85 years old with several kinds of bone diseases. Polyphosphate kits (Diagnostic Isotopes, Inc.) were used to prepare /sup 99m/Tc, and a Rho/gamma HP gamma-camera was used for scintigraphy. The images obtained were analyzed by Phosdac to obtain clear image of the bone system. In the final preparation, presence of approximately 30% of free /sup 99m/Tc was noticedmore » by paper chromatography. /sup 99m/Tc- polyphosphate was cleared from the blood with a half time of about 60 min. Urinary excretion proved to be 40 to 60% within 24 hrs. The bone system was visualized rather clearly with high accumulation of the label in the diseased region in spite of the fact that geriatric cases had marked general osteoporotic tendencies. In some cases, ribs were clearly visualized, and different information from that of x-ray was obtained by scanning images. Data processing by Phosdac increased diagnostic accuracy by enhancing the difference of the density of the image as well as eliminating the background caused by free /sup 99m/TcO/sub 4/. In conclusion, /sup 99m/Tc-polyphosphate was proved to be useful for bone scanning in geriatric cases. A digital color display data analyzer was successfully applied for the processing of the original data. (auth)« less

Characterisation of Phosphate Accumulating Organisms and Techniques for Polyphosphate Detection: A Review

PubMed Central

Tarayre, Cédric; Nguyen, Huu-Thanh; Brognaux, Alison; Delepierre, Anissa; De Clercq, Lies; Charlier, Raphaëlle; Michels, Evi; Meers, Erik; Delvigne, Frank

2016-01-01

Phosphate minerals have long been used for the production of phosphorus-based chemicals used in many economic sectors. However, these resources are not renewable and the natural phosphate stocks are decreasing. In this context, the research of new phosphate sources has become necessary. Many types of wastes contain non-negligible phosphate concentrations, such as wastewater. In wastewater treatment plants, phosphorus is eliminated by physicochemical and/or biological techniques. In this latter case, a specific microbiota, phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), accumulates phosphate as polyphosphate. This molecule can be considered as an alternative phosphate source, and is directly extracted from wastewater generated by human activities. This review focuses on the techniques which can be applied to enrich and try to isolate these PAOs, and to detect the presence of polyphosphate in microbial cells. PMID:27258275

Lower baseline plasma cortisol and prolactin together with increased body temperature and higher mCPP-induced cortisol responses in men with pedophilia.

PubMed

Maes, M; van West, D; De Vos, N; Westenberg, H; Van Hunsel, F; Hendriks, D; Cosyns, P; Scharpé, S

2001-01-01

There is some evidence that hormonal and serotonergic alterations may play a role in the pathophysiology of paraphilias. The aims of the present study were to examine: 1) baseline plasma cortisol, plasma prolactin, and body temperature; and 2) cortisol, prolactin, body temperature, as well as behavioral responses to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and placebo in pedophiles and normal men. Pedophiles showed significantly lower baseline plasma cortisol and prolactin concentrations and a higher body temperature than normal volunteers. The mCPP-induced cortisol responses were significantly greater in pedophiles than in normal volunteers. In normal volunteers, mCPP-induced a hyperthermic response, whereas in pedophiles no such response was observed. mCPP induced different behavioral responses in pedophiles than in normal men. In pedophiles, but not in normal men, mCPP increased the sensations "feeling dizzy, " "restless," and "strange" and decreased the sensation "feeling hungry". The results suggest that there are several serotonergic disturbances in pedophiles. It is hypothesized that the results are compatible with a decreased activity of the serotonergic presynaptic neuron and a 5-HT2 postsynaptic receptor hyperresponsivity.

Reinstatement of Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice by Priming Injections

PubMed Central

Do Couto, B. Ribeiro; Aguilar, M. A.; Manzanedo, C.; Rodríguez-Arias, M.; Miñarro, J.

2003-01-01

To construct a model of relapse of drug abuse in mice, the induction, we evaluated the extinction and reinstatement of morphine-induced place preference. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of morphine (0, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Mice showed CPP with 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the effects of two different extinction procedures. After conditioning with 40 mg/kg of morphine, the mice underwent daily extinction sessions of 60 or 15 min of duration. CPP was extinguished after seven and nine sessions, respectively. In Experiment 3, we tested the reinstating effects of several priming doses of morphine. Mice were conditioned with 40 mg/kg of morphine and underwent the daily 15 min extinction sessions until CPP was no longer evident. Then, the effects of morphine (0, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) were evaluated. CPP was reinstated by doses from 5 mg/kg upward. The results show that morphine priming injections are effective in reactivating opiateseeking behavior in mice, and thus, the CPP paradigm might be useful to investigate the mechanisms underlying relapse of drug abuse. PMID:15152982

Structural characterization and hypolipidemic effect of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide in rat.

PubMed

Yang, Zhan-Wei; Ouyang, Ke-Hui; Zhao, Jing; Chen, Hui; Xiong, Lei; Wang, Wen-Jun

2016-10-01

Polysaccharide is one of the important active ingredients of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves. The aims of this work were to analyze the structure of the polysaccharide of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves (CPP), and to investigate the antihyperlipidemic effect of CPP on high-fat emulsion (HFE)-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. CPP, comprised of two polysaccharides with average molecular weight (Mw) of 1.35×10(5)Da and 9.34×10(3)Da, was consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in the molar ratio of 1.00:2.23:0.64:0.49:0.63:4.16. Oral administration of CPP could significantly decrease levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), increase high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) in hyperlipidemic rats. CPP exerts therapeutic effects on hyperlipidaemic rats, by up-regulating expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), via down-regulating fatty acid synthase (FAS) and hydroxy methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA). This study demonstrates that CPP may be beneficial for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Re-evaluation of the reward comparison hypothesis for alcohol abuse.

PubMed

He, Alan Bo-Han; Chang, Yu-Chieh; Meng, Anna Wan Yun; Huang, Andrew Chih Wei

2017-08-14

This study examined whether various doses of ethanol induced reward or aversion and then evaluated Grigson's reward comparison hypothesis (1997). Rats were given a 0.1% saccharin solution (conditioned stimulus 1 [CS1]) 15min prior to administration of a 0, 0.05, 0.125, 0.20, 0.35, or 0.50g/kg dose of ethanol (unconditioned stimulus [US]). The rats were then exposed to a paired compartment (CS2) for 30min. The low dose of 0.05g/kg ethanol did not induce conditioned suppression (i.e., conditioned taste aversion [CTA]) or conditioned place preference (CPP). The dose of 0.125g/kg ethanol induced CPP but not CTA. High doses of ethanol, including 0.35g/kg and 0.50g/kg, produced CTA but not CPP. The middle dose of 0.20g/kg ethanol simultaneously induced CTA and CPP. As a result, the reward comparison hypothesis cannot explain the present finding that the middle dose of ethanol induced CTA and CPP. Meanwhile, the high doses of ethanol induced motivationally aversive CTA but not rewarding CPP. The reward comparison hypothesis should be updated further. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dual protection of wood surface treated with melamine-modified urea-formaldehyde resin mixed with ammonium polyphosphate against both fire and decay

Treesearch

Xing-xia Ma; Grant T. Kirker; Ming-liang Jiang; Yu-zhang Wu

2016-01-01

Surface coatings of melamine-modified urea-formaldehyde resins (MUFs) containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) have been shown to significantly improve the fire retardancy of wood by prolonging the ignition time and reducing the heat release rate, total heat released, and mass loss rate. Dual protection of wood against both decay and fire has been proposed for remedial...

Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) fruit juice attenuates the rewarding effect of ethanol in conditioned place preference in mice.

PubMed

Pandy, Vijayapandi; Khan, Yasmin

2016-11-01

Morinda citrifolia L. commonly known as noni or Indian mulberry belongs to the family Rubiaceae. Noni fruit juice has recently become a very popular remedy for the treatment of several diseases, including psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the anticraving effect of Tahitian Noni® Juice (TNJ) against ethanol seeking behavior in ICR male mice using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. The CPP procedure consisted of four phases: preconditioning, conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement. During conditioning, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of ethanol (2 g/kg body weight (bw)) and normal saline (10 ml/kg bw) were given on alternate days for 12 days. Then, the animals were subjected to extinction trials for the next 12 days to weaken CPP. Finally, CPP was reinstated in the extinguished animals by a single low-dose priming injection of ethanol (0.4 g/kg bw, i.p.). The effect of TNJ (as a source of drinking water) on different phases of ethanol CPP in mice was studied. TNJ-treated mice showed a significant reduction in ethanol seeking behavior in the CPP test. The reference drug, acamprosate (ACAM) also showed a similar effect in the CPP test. The outcome of this study suggests that TNJ is effective in attenuating ethanol craving in mice and could be utilized for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Further clinical studies in this direction are warranted to support the present preclinical findings.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) fruit juice attenuates the rewarding effect of ethanol in conditioned place preference in mice

PubMed Central

Pandy, Vijayapandi; Khan, Yasmin

2016-01-01

Morinda citrifolia L. commonly known as noni or Indian mulberry belongs to the family Rubiaceae. Noni fruit juice has recently become a very popular remedy for the treatment of several diseases, including psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the anticraving effect of Tahitian Noni® Juice (TNJ) against ethanol seeking behavior in ICR male mice using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. The CPP procedure consisted of four phases: preconditioning, conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement. During conditioning, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of ethanol (2 g/kg body weight (bw)) and normal saline (10 ml/kg bw) were given on alternate days for 12 days. Then, the animals were subjected to extinction trials for the next 12 days to weaken CPP. Finally, CPP was reinstated in the extinguished animals by a single low-dose priming injection of ethanol (0.4 g/kg bw, i.p.). The effect of TNJ (as a source of drinking water) on different phases of ethanol CPP in mice was studied. TNJ-treated mice showed a significant reduction in ethanol seeking behavior in the CPP test. The reference drug, acamprosate (ACAM) also showed a similar effect in the CPP test. The outcome of this study suggests that TNJ is effective in attenuating ethanol craving in mice and could be utilized for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Further clinical studies in this direction are warranted to support the present preclinical findings. PMID:27333840

The effects of necrotic enteritis, aflatoxin B1, and virginiamycin on growth performance, necrotic enteritis lesion scores, and mortality in young broilers.

PubMed

Cravens, R L; Goss, G R; Chi, F; De Boer, E D; Davis, S W; Hendrix, S M; Richardson, J A; Johnston, S L

2013-08-01

The effects of increasing aflatoxin B1 concentration (0, 0.75, 1.5 mg/kg) on broilers with or without necrotic enteritis or virginiamycin were determined. In the 23-d study, 22 male Cobb 500 chicks per pen were allotted to 12 treatments (3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement) with 8 replications. Intestines of 5 birds per pen were examined for lesions on d 21. Birds were allowed to consume feed and water ad libitum. Aflatoxin was included in the diets from d 0. All birds received a 10× dose of coccidiosis vaccine on d 10. Pens of birds where necrotic enteritis was being induced were on Clostridium perfringens pathogen (CPP) contaminated litter from d 0. Aflatoxin decreased gain and feed intake and resulted in poorer feed:gain, increased mortality, and higher lesion scores. Inducing necrotic enteritis increased lesion scores and decreased feed intake and gain. Adding virginiamycin to the diets improved gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and decreased mortality. There was a 3-way interaction (aflatoxin × virginiamycin × CPP) on gain; increasing aflatoxin decreased gain and the effects of CPP and virginiamycin were dependent on aflatoxin concentration. In the absence of aflatoxin virginiamycin increased gain but was unable to prevent the growth suppression caused by CPP. At 0.75 mg/kg of aflatoxin virginiamycin no longer increased growth in non-CPP challenged birds but was able to increase growth in CPP-challenged birds. At the 1.5 mg/kg of aflatoxin concentration, virginiamycin increased gain in non-CPP-challenged birds but challenging birds with CPP had no effect on gain. Virginiamycin improved overall feed conversion with the greatest improvement at 1.5 mg/kg (aflatoxin × virginiamycin, P < 0.05). Aflatoxin increased lesion scores in unchallenged birds but not in challenged birds (aflatoxin × CPP, P < 0.001). Aflatoxin and necrotic enteritis decrease broiler performance and interact to decrease weight gain, virginiamycin helps improve gain in challenged birds at 0.75 mg/kg of aflatoxin, but not at 1.5 mg/kg of aflatoxin.

Role of medial prefrontal cortex Narp in the extinction of morphine conditioned place preference.

PubMed

Blouin, Ashley M; Han, Sungho; Pearce, Anne M; Cheng, Kailun; Lee, Jongah J; Johnson, Alexander W; Wang, Chuansong; During, Matthew J; Holland, Peter C; Shaham, Yavin; Baraban, Jay M; Reti, Irving M

2013-01-15

Narp knockout (KO) mice demonstrate an impaired extinction of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP). Because the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in extinction learning, we tested whether Narp cells in this region play a role in the extinction of morphine CPP. We found that intracranial injections of adenoassociated virus (AAV) expressing wild-type (WT) Narp into the mPFC of Narp KO mice rescued the extinction and the injection of AAV expressing a dominant negative form of Narp (NarpN) into the mPFC of WT mice impaired the extinction of morphine CPP. These findings suggest that Narp in the mPFC mediates the extinction of morphine CPP.

Membrane interaction and functional plasticity of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases.

PubMed

Braun, Werner; Schein, Catherine H

2014-05-06

In this issue of Structure, Trésaugues and colleagues determined the interaction of membrane-bound phosphoinositides with three clinically significant human inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (I5Ps). A comparison to the structures determined with soluble substrates revealed differences in the binding mode and suggested how the I5Ps and apurinic endonuclease (APE1) activities evolved from the same metal-binding active center. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Crystal structure and luminescence properties of silver in AgM(PO{sub 3}){sub 3} (M = Mg, Zn, Ba) polyphosphates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Belharouak, I.; Parent, C.; Tanguy, B.

1999-06-01

The relationships between the crystal structures and the luminescent properties of the AgM(PO{sub 3}){sub 3} (M = Mg, Zn, Ba) polyphosphates are reported in comparison with those of AgPO{sub 3}. The structure of the magnesium and zinc phosphates is characterized by long polyphosphates chains connected to infinite chains of [AgO{sub 6}] and [MO{sub 6}] polyhedra sharing faces. The basic structural phosphate unit in AgBa(PO{sub 3}){sub 3} is a P{sub 3}O{sub 9} ring. Silver atoms are located in distorted octahedral sites. Two types of luminescent centers have been observed. The UV emission observed in all these materials is typical of isolatedmore » Ag{sup +} ions. The visible emission observed only in the zinc phosphate is probably the result of a silver-zinc association. 16 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.« less

Multifunctional Biomaterial Coating Based on Bio-Inspired Polyphosphate and Lysozyme Supramolecular Nanofilm.

PubMed

Xu, Xinyuan; Zhang, Dongyue; Gao, Shangwei; Shiba, Toshikazu; Yuan, Quan; Cheng, Kai; Tan, Hong; Li, Jianshu

2018-06-11

Current implant materials have widespread clinical applications together with some disadvantages, the majority of which are the ease with which infections are induced and difficulty in exhibiting biocompatibility. For the efficient improvement of their properties, the development of interface multifunctional modification in a simple, universal, and environmently benign approach becomes a critical challenge and has acquired the attention of numerous scientists. In this study, a lysozyme-polyphosphate composite coating was fabricated for titanium(Ti)-based biomaterial to obtain a multifunctional surface. This coating was easily formed by sequentially soaking the substrate in reduced-lysozyme and polyphosphate solution. Such a composite coating has shown predominant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria ( E. coli) and improved cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, which are much better than those of the pure substrate. This facile modification endows the biomaterial with anti-infective and potential bone-regenerative performance for clinical applications of biomaterial implants.

Microbiological aspects of polyphosphate injection in the processing and chill storage of poultry.

PubMed Central

Mead, G. C.; Adams, B. W.

1979-01-01

During commercial processing of broiler chickens, injection of polyphosphate (Puron 604 or 6040) resulted in microorganisms being added to the deep breast muscle. The level of contamination was related to the microbiological condition of the injection solution. Injection of polyphosphate had no effect on the shelf-life of fresh chilled carcasses held at 1 degree of 10 degrees C but changes were observed in the growth rate of microorganisms in the deep muscle and in the composition of the muscle microflora following storage. Cross-contamination of carcasses and the transfer of organisms from the skin to the deep muscle during injection was demonstrated with a marker strain of Clostridium perfringens. However, both processes were influenced by the number of marker organisms applied initially to the skin. The above findings are discussed in relation to the possible behaviour of any food poisoning bacteria present. PMID:216743

Non-surgical management methods of noncavitated carious lesions.

PubMed

Tellez, Marisol; Gomez, Juliana; Kaur, Sundeep; Pretty, Iain A; Ellwood, Roger; Ismail, Amid I

2013-02-01

To critically appraise all evidence related to the efficacy of nonsurgical caries preventive methods to arrest or reverse the progression of noncavitated carious lesions (NCCls). A detailed search of Medline (via OVID), Cochrane Collaboration, Scielo, and EMBASE identified 625 publications. After title and abstract review, 103 publications were selected for further review, and 29 were finally included. The final publications evaluated the following therapies: fluorides (F) in varying vehicles (toothpaste, gel, varnish, mouthrinse, and combination), chlorhexidine (CHX) alone or in combination with F, resin infiltration (I), sealants (S), xylitol (X) in varying vehicles (lozenges, gum, or in combination with F and/or xylitol), casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) or in combination with calcium fluoride phosphate. All included studies were randomized clinical trials, were conducted with human subjects and natural NCCls, and reported findings that can yield outcomes measures such as caries incidence/increments, percentage of progression and/or arrest, odds ratio progression test to control, fluorescence loss/mean values, changes in lesion area/volume and lesion depth. Data were extracted from the selected studies and checked for errors. The quality of the studies was evaluated by three different methods (ADA, Cochrane, author's consensus). Sample size for these trials ranged between 15 and 3903 subjects, with a duration between 2 weeks and 4.02 years. More than half of the trials assessed had moderate to high risk of bias or may be categorized as 'poor'. The great majority (65.5%) did not use intention to treat analysis, 21% did not use any blinding techniques, and 41% reported concealment allocation procedures. Slightly more than half of the trials (55%) factored in background exposure to other fluoride sources, and only 41% properly adjusted for potential confounders. Fluoride interventions (varnishes, gels, and toothpaste) seem to have the most consistent benefit in decreasing the progression and incidence of NCCls. Studies using xylitol, CHX, and CPP-ACP vehicles alone or in combination with fluoride therapy are very limited in number and in the majority of the cases did not show a statistically significant reduction. Sealants and resin infiltration studies point to a potential consistent benefit in slowing the progression or reversing NCCls.

Exercise is associated with reduction in the anxiogenic effect of mCPP on acoustic startle.

PubMed

Fox, James H; Hammack, Sayamwong E; Falls, William A

2008-08-01

Voluntary exercise has been associated with reduced anxiety across several animal models. Manipulation of central 5-HT can alter anxiety-like behaviors and administration of the 5-HT agonist metachlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) increases anxiety in rodents and humans. To examine whether the anxiolytic effect of exercise is associated with an alteration in 5-HT systems, we examined the anxiogenic effect of mCPP in exercising and nonexercising mice. C57BL/6J mice were given 2 weeks of free access to either a functioning or nonfunctioning running wheel. Mice were then tested for acoustic startle following systemic injection of either 0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg/kg of mCPP. Consistent with its anxiogenic properties, mCPP produced a dose-dependent increase in acoustic startle in nonexercising mice. However, this anxiogenic effect was blunted in exercising mice. These findings suggest that exercise may help to reduce anxiety by altering 5-HT systems, perhaps by down-regulating postsynaptic 5HT 2B/2C receptors.

Anti-Communist Vigilantes in the Philippines

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-06-03

including the founding chairman Jose Maria Sison and communist guerrilla leader Bernabe Buscayno, a.k.a. Kumander Dante. 2 Today, the CPP/NPA continues...arrest in 1976 of Jose Maria Sison, the CPP chairman. The new leadership modified the communist armed struggle by giving new impetus to urban guerilla...largest island In the Southern Philippines. The MNLF chairman Nur Misuari assisted CPP founder Jose Maria Sison in organizing the radical youth

An efficient PEGylated liposomal nanocarrier containing cell-penetrating peptide and pH-sensitive hydrazone bond for enhancing tumor-targeted drug delivery.

PubMed

Ding, Yuan; Sun, Dan; Wang, Gui-Ling; Yang, Hong-Ge; Xu, Hai-Feng; Chen, Jian-Hua; Xie, Ying; Wang, Zhi-Qiang

2015-01-01

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as small molecular transporters with abilities of cell penetrating, internalization, and endosomal escape have potential prospect in drug delivery systems. However, a bottleneck hampering their application is the poor specificity for cells. By utilizing the function of hydration shell of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and acid sensitivity of hydrazone bond, we constructed a kind of CPP-modified pH-sensitive PEGylated liposomes (CPPL) to improve the selectivity of these peptides for tumor targeting. In CPPL, CPP was directly attached to liposome surfaces via coupling with stearate (STR) to avoid the hindrance of PEG as a linker on the penetrating efficiency of CPP. A PEG derivative by conjugating PEG with STR via acid-degradable hydrazone bond (PEG2000-Hz-STR, PHS) was synthesized. High-performance liquid chromatography and flow cytometry demonstrated that PHS was stable at normal neutral conditions and PEG could be completely cleaved from liposome surface to expose CPP under acidic environments in tumor. An optimal CPP density on liposomes was screened to guaranty a maximum targeting efficiency on tumor cells as well as not being captured by normal cells that consequently lead to a long circulation in blood. In vitro and in vivo studies indicated, in 4 mol% CPP of lipid modified system, that CPP exerted higher efficiency on internalizing the liposomes into targeted subcellular compartments while remaining inactive and free from opsonins at a maximum extent in systemic circulation. The 4% CPPL as a drug delivery system will have great potential in the clinical application of anticancer drugs in future.

An efficient PEGylated liposomal nanocarrier containing cell-penetrating peptide and pH-sensitive hydrazone bond for enhancing tumor-targeted drug delivery

PubMed Central

Ding, Yuan; Sun, Dan; Wang, Gui-Ling; Yang, Hong-Ge; Xu, Hai-Feng; Chen, Jian-Hua; Xie, Ying; Wang, Zhi-Qiang

2015-01-01

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as small molecular transporters with abilities of cell penetrating, internalization, and endosomal escape have potential prospect in drug delivery systems. However, a bottleneck hampering their application is the poor specificity for cells. By utilizing the function of hydration shell of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and acid sensitivity of hydrazone bond, we constructed a kind of CPP-modified pH-sensitive PEGylated liposomes (CPPL) to improve the selectivity of these peptides for tumor targeting. In CPPL, CPP was directly attached to liposome surfaces via coupling with stearate (STR) to avoid the hindrance of PEG as a linker on the penetrating efficiency of CPP. A PEG derivative by conjugating PEG with STR via acid-degradable hydrazone bond (PEG2000-Hz-STR, PHS) was synthesized. High-performance liquid chromatography and flow cytometry demonstrated that PHS was stable at normal neutral conditions and PEG could be completely cleaved from liposome surface to expose CPP under acidic environments in tumor. An optimal CPP density on liposomes was screened to guaranty a maximum targeting efficiency on tumor cells as well as not being captured by normal cells that consequently lead to a long circulation in blood. In vitro and in vivo studies indicated, in 4 mol% CPP of lipid modified system, that CPP exerted higher efficiency on internalizing the liposomes into targeted subcellular compartments while remaining inactive and free from opsonins at a maximum extent in systemic circulation. The 4% CPPL as a drug delivery system will have great potential in the clinical application of anticancer drugs in future. PMID:26491292

Familiar companions diminish cocaine conditioning and attenuate cocaine-stimulated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

PubMed

Tzeng, Wen-Yu; Cherng, Chian-Fang G; Wang, Shyi-Wu; Yu, Lung

2016-06-01

This study aimed to assess the impact of companions on the rewarding effects of cocaine. Three cage mates, serving as companions, were housed with each experimental mouse throughout cocaine-place conditioning in a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm using conditioning doses of 10 and 20mg/kg. The presence of companions decreased the magnitude of the CPP. At 20mg/kg, cocaine stimulated dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens as evidenced by a significant decrease in total (spontaneous and electrical stimulation-provoked) DA release in accumbal superfusate samples. The presence of companions prevented this cocaine-stimulated DA release; such a reduction in cocaine-induced DA release may account for the reduction in the magnitude of the CPP in the presence of the companions. Furthermore, cocaine pretreatment (2.5mg/kg) was found to prevent the companion-produced decreases in cocaine (10mg/kg/conditioning)-induced CPP as well as the cocaine (10mg/kg)-stimulated DA release. Moreover, the presence of methamphetamine (MA) (1mg/kg)-treated companions decreased cocaine (20mg/kg/conditioning)-induced CPP and prevented the cocaine (20mg/kg)-stimulated DA release. Finally, the presence of companions decreased the magnitude of the CPP could not seem to be accounted for by cocaine-stimulated corticosterone (CORT) release. Taken together, these results indicate that familiar companions, regardless of their pharmacological status, may exert dampening effects on CPP induced by moderate to high conditioning doses of cocaine, at least in part, by preventing cocaine-stimulated DA release in the nucleus accumbens. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Role of GABAA receptors in dorsal raphe nucleus in stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-conditioned place preference in rats.

PubMed

Li, Chen; Staub, Daniel R; Kirby, Lynn G

2013-12-01

The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system plays an important role in stress-related psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Our data indicate that stress inhibits the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-5-HT system via stimulation of GABA synaptic activity by the stress neurohormone corticotropin-releasing factor and, more recently, that morphine history sensitizes DRN-5-HT neurons to GABAergic inhibitory effects of stress. We tested the hypothesis that DRN GABAA receptors contribute to stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-conditioned place preference (CPP). First, we tested if activation of GABAA receptors in the DRN would reinstate morphine CPP. Second, we tested if blockade of GABAA receptors in the DRN would attenuate swim stress-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP. CPP was induced by morphine (5 mg/kg) in a 4-day conditioning phase followed by a conditioning test. Upon acquiring conditioning criteria, subjects underwent 4 days of extinction training followed by an extinction test. Upon acquiring extinction criteria, animals underwent a reinstatement test. For the first experiment, the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (50 ng) or vehicle was injected into the DRN prior to the reinstatement test. For the second experiment, the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (75 ng) or vehicle was injected into the DRN prior to a forced swim stress, and then, animals were tested for reinstatement of CPP. Intraraphe injection of muscimol reinstated morphine CPP, while intraraphe injection of bicuculline attenuated swim stress-induced reinstatement. These data provide evidence that GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of the serotonergic DRN contributes to stress-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP.

Ritualistic chewing behavior induced by mCPP in the rat is an animal model of obsessive compulsive disorder.

PubMed

Kreiss, Deborah S; Coffman, Catherine F; Fiacco, Nicholas R; Granger, Jason C; Helton, Bernadette M; Jackson, Jennifer C; Kim, Leonid V; Mistry, Rishi S; Mizer, Tammie M; Palmer, Lolita V; Vacca, Jay A; Winkler, Stuart S; Zimmer, Benjamin A

2013-03-01

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, anxiety-producing thoughts accompanied by unwanted, overwhelming urges to perform ritualistic behaviors. Pharmacological treatments for this disorder (serotonin uptake inhibitors) are problematic because there is a 6-8 week delayed onset and half of the patients do not adequately respond. The present study evaluated whether Ritualistic Chewing Behaviors (RCBs) induced by the serotonin agonist mCPP in the rat is a behavioral model for OCD. The effects upon the RCBs induced by mCPP (1 mg/kg) were evaluated following treatments with either the serotonin antagonist mianserin (3 mg/kg), the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (1 mg/kg), the GABA modulator diazepam (10 mg/kg), or the serotonin uptake inhibitors clomipramine and fluvoxamine (15 mg/kg). The response to mCPP was blocked by acute treatment with mianserin, but not with acute haloperidol or diazepam. Further experiments revealed that the effects of mCPP were blocked by chronic, but not acute, treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine. A time-course demonstrated that 14 days of chronic treatment were required for blockade of the mCPP-evoked response. The current study demonstrates that mCPP-evoked RCBs may be a rodent model for OCD that can be used to predict the clinical efficacy and time course of novel OCD treatment. Future investigations may be able to use the current model as a tool for bench-marking corresponding changes in other measures of neurological activity that may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying OCD. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Oxytocin and MDMA ('Ecstasy') enhance social reward in rats.

PubMed

Ramos, Linnet; Hicks, Callum; Caminer, Alex; Goodwin, Jack; McGregor, Iain S

2015-07-01

Oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (AVP) and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') all increase social interaction in rats, perhaps by enhancing the rewarding value of social encounters. Here, we used the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to assess the intrinsic rewarding effects of OT, AVP and MDMA, and whether these effects are enhanced by the presence of a conspecific, or a dynamic, tactile object (a tennis ball). Adult male rats received conditioning sessions in a CPP apparatus twice a day (vehicle at 10 a.m., drug at 3 p.m.). Experiment 1 involved conditioning with OT (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)), AVP (0.005 mg/kg, i.p.) or MDMA (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Experiments 2 and 3 involved conditioning with the same treatments but in the presence of a conspecific receiving the same treatment (social-CPP) or in the presence of a tennis ball (object-CPP), respectively. Conditioned place preference was assessed 24 h, 2 weeks and 4 weeks later. OT, AVP and MDMA did not produce a conventional CPP. However, when the conditioning environment also contained a conspecific both OT and MDMA induced a significant CPP lasting for at least 4 weeks. Rats given OT and MDMA also developed a more modest yet significant CPP for the environment where they encountered a tennis ball. These results indicate that OT and MDMA can augment the rewarding effects of social interaction, but also interaction with a dynamic and tactile non-social object. AVP does not condition social- or object-CPPs and may promote social proximity by inducing generalized anxiety and defensive aggregation.

Acoustic analyses of thyroidectomy-related changes in vowel phonation.

PubMed

Solomon, Nancy Pearl; Awan, Shaheen N; Helou, Leah B; Stojadinovic, Alexander

2012-11-01

Changes in vocal function that can occur after thyroidectomy were tracked with acoustic analyses of sustained vowel productions. The purpose was to determine which time-based or spectral/cepstral-based measures of two vowels were able to detect voice changes over time in patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Prospective, longitudinal, and observational clinical trial. Voice samples of sustained /ɑ/ and /i/ recorded from 70 adults before and approximately 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after thyroid surgery were analyzed for jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), cepstral peak prominence (CPP), low-to-high ratio of spectral energy (L/H ratio), and the standard deviations of CPP and L/H ratio. Three trained listeners rated vowel and sentence productions for the four data collection sessions for each participant. For analysis purposes, participants were categorized post hoc according to voice outcome (VO) at their first postthyroidectomy assessment session. Shimmer, HNR, and CPP differed significantly across sessions; follow-up analyses revealed the strongest effect for CPP. CPP for /ɑ/ and /i/ differed significantly between groups of participants with normal versus negative (adverse) VO and between the pre- and 2-week postthyroidectomy sessions for the negative VO group. HNR, CPP, and L/H ratio differed across vowels, but both /ɑ/ and /i/ were similarly effective in tracking voice changes over time and differentiating VO groups. This study indicated that shimmer, HNR, and CPP determined from vowel productions can be used to track changes in voice over time as patients undergo and subsequently recover from thyroid surgery, with CPP being the strongest variable for this purpose. Evidence did not clearly reveal whether acoustic voice evaluations should include both /ɑ/ and /i/ vowels, but they should specify which vowel is used to allow for comparisons across studies and multiple clinical assessments. Copyright © 2012 The Voice Foundation. All rights reserved.

Role of the Dopaminergic System in the Acquisition, Expression and Reinstatement of MDMA-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Adolescent Mice

PubMed Central

Vidal-Infer, Antonio; Roger-Sánchez, Concepción; Daza-Losada, Manuel; Aguilar, María A.; Miñarro, José; Rodríguez-Arias, Marta

2012-01-01

Background The rewarding effects of 3,4-methylenedioxy-metamphetamine (MDMA) have been demonstrated in conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures, but the involvement of the dopaminergic system in MDMA-induced CPP and reinstatement is poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, the effects of the DA D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.125 and 0.250 mg/kg), the DA D2 antagonist Haloperidol (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), the D2 antagonist Raclopride (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) and the dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B (3 and 10 mg/kg) on the acquisition, expression and reinstatement of a CPP induced by 10 mg/kg of MDMA were evaluated in adolescent mice. As expected, MDMA significantly increased the time spent in the drug-paired compartment during the post-conditioning (Post-C) test, and a priming dose of 5 mg/kg reinstated the extinguished preference. The higher doses of Haloperidol, Raclopride and CGS 10746B and both doses of SCH 23390 blocked acquisition of the MDMA-induced CPP. However, only Haloperidol blocked expression of the CPP. Reinstatement of the extinguished preference was not affected by any of the drugs studied. Analysis of brain monoamines revealed that the blockade of CPP acquisition was accompanied by an increase in DA concentration in the striatum, with a concomitant decrease in DOPAC and HVA levels. Administration of haloperidol during the Post-C test produced increases in striatal serotonin, DOPAC and HVA concentrations. In mice treated with the higher doses of haloperidol and CGS an increase in SERT concentration in the striatum was detected during acquisition of the CPP, but no changes in DAT were observed. Conclusions/Significance These results demonstrate that, in adolescent mice, the dopaminergic system is involved in the acquisition and expression of MDMA-induced CPP, but not in its reinstatement. PMID:22916213

Persistent conditioned place preference to aggression experience in adult male sexually-experienced CD-1 mice

PubMed Central

Golden, Sam A.; Aleyasin, Hossein; Heins, Robert; Flanigan, Meghan; Heshmati, Mitra; Takahashi, Aki; Russo, Scott J.; Shaham, Yavin

2016-01-01

We recently developed a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure, commonly used to study rewarding drug effects, to demonstrate that dominant sexually-experienced CD-1 male mice form CPP to contexts previously associated with defeating subordinate male C57BL/6J mice. Here we further characterized conditioned and unconditioned aggression behavior in CD-1 mice. In Exp. 1 we used CD-1 mice that displayed a variable spectrum of unconditioned aggressive behavior toward younger subordinate C57BL/6J intruder mice. We then trained the CD-1 mice in the CPP procedure where one context was intruder-paired, while a different context was not. We then tested for aggression CPP 1 day after training. In Exp. 2, we tested CD-1 mice for aggression CPP 1 day and 18 days after training. In Exp. 3–4, we trained the CD-1 mice to lever-press for palatable food and tested them for footshock punishment-induced suppression of food-reinforced responding. In Exp. 5, we characterized unconditioned aggression in hybrid CD-1xC57BL/6J D1-Cre or D2-Cre F1 generation crosses. Persistent aggression CPP was observed in CD-1 mice that either immediately attacked C57BL/6J mice during all screening sessions or mice that gradually developed aggressive behavior during the screening phase. In contrast, CD-1 mice that did not attack the C57BL/6J mice during screening didn’t develop CPP to contexts previously paired with C57BL/6J mice. The aggressive phenotype did not predict resistance to punishment-induced suppression of food-reinforced responding. CD-1xD1-Cre or D2-Cre F1 transgenic mice showed strong unconditioned aggression. Our study demonstrates that aggression experience causes persistent CPP and introduces transgenic mice for circuit studies of aggression. PMID:27457669

Food deprivation facilitates reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference: Role of intra-accumbal dopamine D2-like receptors in associating reinstatement of morphine CPP with stress.

PubMed

Sadeghzadeh, Fatemeh; Babapour, Vahab; Haghparast, Abbas

2017-04-01

The high rate of relapse to drug use is one of the main problems in the treatment of addiction. Stress plays the essential role in drug abuse and relapse; nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms underlying stress and relapse. Accordingly, the effects of intra-accumbal administration of Sulpiride, as a dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist, on an ineffective morphine dose + food deprivation(FD)- and morphine priming-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference (CPP). About 104 adult male albino Wistar rats weighing 200-280 g were bilaterally implanted by cannula into the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Subcutaneous (sc) injection of morphine (5 mg kg -1 ) was used daily during a 3-day conditioning phase. After a 24-hr "off" period following achievement of extinction criterion, rats were tested for FD- and priming-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP by an ineffective (0.5 mg kg -1 , sc) and priming (1 mg kg -1 , sc) dose of morphine, respectively. In the next experiments, animals received different doses of intra-accumbal Sulpiride (0.25, 1, and 4 µg/0.5 µL saline) bilaterally and were subsequently tested for morphine reinstatement. Our findings indicated that the 24-hr FD facilitated reinstatement of morphine CPP. Furthermore, the D2-like receptor antagonist attenuated the ineffective morphine dose+ FD- and priming-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP dose-dependently. Also, contribution of D2-like receptors in mediation of the ineffective morphine dose+ FD-induced reinstatement of CPP was greater than morphine priming-induced reinstatement of CPP. The role of dopaminergic system in morphine reinstatement through a neural pathway in the NAc provides the evidence that D2-like receptor antagonist can be useful therapeutic targets for reinstatement of morphine CPP. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Persistent conditioned place preference to aggression experience in adult male sexually-experienced CD-1 mice.

PubMed

Golden, S A; Aleyasin, H; Heins, R; Flanigan, M; Heshmati, M; Takahashi, A; Russo, S J; Shaham, Y

2017-01-01

We recently developed a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure, commonly used to study rewarding drug effects, to demonstrate that dominant sexually-experienced CD-1 male mice form CPP to contexts previously associated with defeating subordinate male C57BL/6J mice. Here we further characterized conditioned and unconditioned aggression behavior in CD-1 mice. In Exp. 1 we used CD-1 mice that displayed a variable spectrum of unconditioned aggressive behavior toward younger subordinate C57BL/6J intruder mice. We then trained the CD-1 mice in the CPP procedure where one context was intruder-paired, while a different context was not. We then tested for aggression CPP 1 day after training. In Exp. 2, we tested CD-1 mice for aggression CPP 1 day and 18 days after training. In Exp. 3-4, we trained the CD-1 mice to lever-press for palatable food and tested them for footshock punishment-induced suppression of food-reinforced responding. In Exp. 5, we characterized unconditioned aggression in hybrid CD-1 × C57BL/6J D1-Cre or D2-Cre F1 generation crosses. Persistent aggression CPP was observed in CD-1 mice that either immediately attacked C57BL/6J mice during all screening sessions or mice that gradually developed aggressive behavior during the screening phase. In contrast, CD-1 mice that did not attack the C57BL/6J mice during screening did not develop CPP to contexts previously paired with C57BL/6J mice. The aggressive phenotype did not predict resistance to punishment-induced suppression of food-reinforced responding. CD-1 × D1-Cre or D2-Cre F1 transgenic mice showed strong unconditioned aggression. Our study demonstrates that aggression experience causes persistent CPP and introduces transgenic mice for circuit studies of aggression. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society.

High yield Cu-Co CPP GMR multilayer sensors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spallas, J.; Mao, M.; Law, B.

1997-01-15

We have fabricated and tested GMR magnetic flux sensors that operate in the CPP mode. This work is a continuation of the ultra-high density magnetic sensor research introduced at INTERMAG 96. We have made two significant modifications to the process sequence. First, contact to the sensor is made through a metal conduit deposited in situ with the multilayers. This deposition replaces electroplating. This configuration ensures a good electrical interface between the top of multilayer stack and the top contact, and a continuous, conductive current path to the sensor. The consequences of this modification are an increase in yield of operationalmore » devices to {ge}90% per wafer and a significant reduction of the device resistance to {le}560 milliohms and of the uniformity of the device resistance to {le}3%. Second, the as-deposited multilayer structure has been changed from [Cu 30 {angstrom}/Co 20 {angstrom}]{sub 18} (third peak) to [Cu 20.5 {angstrom}/Co 12 {angstrom}]{sub 30} (second peak) to increase the CPP and CIP responses. The sheet film second peak CIP GMR response is 18% and the sensitivity is 0.08 %/Oe. The sheet film third peak CIP GMR response is 8% and the sensitivity is 0. 05 %/Oe. The second peak CPP GMR response averaged over twenty devices on a four inch silicon substrate is 28% {+-} 6%. The response decreases radially from the substrate center. The average response at the center of the substrate is 33% {+-} 4%. The average second peak CPP sensitivity is 0.09 %/Oe {+-} 0.02 %/Oe. The best second peak CPP response from a single device is 39%. The sensitivity of that device is 0.13 %/Oe. The third peak CPP GMR response is approximately 14 %. The third peak CPP response sensitivity is 0.07 %/Oe. 6 refs., 3 figs.« less

Methylation profiling of choroid plexus tumors reveals 3 clinically distinct subgroups.

PubMed

Thomas, Christian; Sill, Martin; Ruland, Vincent; Witten, Anika; Hartung, Stefan; Kordes, Uwe; Jeibmann, Astrid; Beschorner, Rudi; Keyvani, Kathy; Bergmann, Markus; Mittelbronn, Michel; Pietsch, Torsten; Felsberg, Jörg; Monoranu, Camelia M; Varlet, Pascale; Hauser, Peter; Olar, Adriana; Grundy, Richard G; Wolff, Johannes E; Korshunov, Andrey; Jones, David T; Bewerunge-Hudler, Melanie; Hovestadt, Volker; von Deimling, Andreas; Pfister, Stefan M; Paulus, Werner; Capper, David; Hasselblatt, Martin

2016-06-01

Choroid plexus tumors are intraventricular neoplasms derived from the choroid plexus epithelium. A better knowledge of molecular factors involved in choroid plexus tumor biology may aid in identifying patients at risk for recurrence. Methylation profiles were examined in 29 choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs, WHO grade I), 32 atypical choroid plexus papillomas (aCPPs, WHO grade II), and 31 choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs, WHO grade III) by Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Bead Chip Array. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified 3 subgroups: methylation cluster 1 (pediatric CPP and aCPP of mainly supratentorial location), methylation cluster 2 (adult CPP and aCPP of mainly infratentorial location), and methylation cluster 3 (pediatric CPP, aCPP, and CPC of supratentorial location). In methylation cluster 3, progression-free survival (PFS) accounted for a mean of 72 months (CI, 55-89 mo), whereas only 1 of 42 tumors of methylation clusters 1 and 2 progressed (P< .001). On stratification of outcome data according to WHO grade, all CPCs clustered within cluster 3 and were associated with shorter overall survival (mean, 105 mo [CI, 81-128 mo]) and PFS (mean, 55 mo [CI, 36-73 mo]). The aCPP of methylation cluster 3 also progressed frequently (mean, 69 mo [CI, 44-93 mo]), whereas no tumor progression was observed in aCPP of methylation clusters 1 and 2 (P< .05). Only 1 of 29 CPPs recurred. Methylation profiling of choroid plexus tumors reveals 3 distinct subgroups (ie, pediatric low-risk choroid plexus tumors [cluster 1], adult low-risk choroid plexus tumors [cluster 2], and pediatric high-risk choroid plexus tumors [cluster 3]) and may provide useful prognostic information in addition to histopathology. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology 2016. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

Effectiveness of varnish with CPP-ACP in prevention of caries lesions around orthodontic brackets: an OCT evaluation.

PubMed

Pithon, Matheus M; Dos Santos, Mariana J; Andrade, Camilla S S; Leão Filho, Jorge César B; Braz, Ana Karla S; de Araujo, Renato E; Tanaka, Orlando M; Fidalgo, Tatiana K S; Dos Santos, Adrielle M; Maia, Lucianne C

2015-04-01

To evaluate the in vitro efficiency of applying varnish containing casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in prevention of caries lesions around orthodontic brackets. For this purpose, brackets were bonded to the vestibular surface of bovine incisors, and eight groups were formed (n = 15) according to exposure of oral hygiene substances and enamel varnish: 1 (control) brushing only performed, 2 (control) brushing + use of mouth wash with fluoride, 3 Duraphat varnish application only (Colgate-Palmolive Ind. E Com. Ltda, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), 4 Duraphat + brushing, 5 Duraphat + brushing + mouth wash, 6 MI Varnish application (GC America, USA), 7 MI + brushing, and 8 MI + brushing + mouth wash. The experimental groups alternated between pH cycling and the procedures described and were kept in an oven at temperature of 37°C. Both brushing and immersion in solutions was performed in a time interval of 1 minute, followed by washing in deionized water three times a day for 28 days of experimentation. Afterwards, evaluation by optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the special type (Ganymede OCT/Thorlabs, Newton, USA) was performed. In each group, a scanning exam of the white spot lesion area (around the region where brackets were bonded) and depth measurement of caries lesions were performed. Groups 1 and 3 were shown to differ statistically from groups 5, 6, 7, and 8 (p = 0.000). MI Varnish was shown to be more effective in diminishing caries lesion depth, compared with Duraphat, irrespective of being associated with brushing and mouth wash, or not. The major limitation of this study is that it is a study in which demineralization was obtained with the use of chemical products, and did not occur due to the presence of Streptococcus mutans and its acid byproducts. Application CPP-ACP-containing varnish irrespective of being associated with brushing and mouthwash, or not, reduced depth of caries lesions around orthodontic brackets. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Nutritional value and potential chemical food safety hazards of selected Polish sausages as influenced by their traditionality.

PubMed

Halagarda, Michał; Kędzior, Władysław; Pyrzyńska, Ewa

2018-05-01

Traditional food products have been regaining consumer interest worldwide. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in nutritional value of traditional and conventional Polish sausages and to determine potential chemical hazards connected with these products. The research material consisted of 5 varieties of registered traditional sausages and 4 varieties of conventional sausages. The nutritional value was identified based on selected indicators: protein, fat, NaCl, total ash, water, Feder's number, Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Zn, Cr, Cu; whereas the chemical food safety - based on: nitrates and nitrites, total and added phosphorus, Cd, Pb. The results of this study show that traditional sausages have higher content of protein, zinc, magnesium and potassium as well as lower concentrations of calcium, water and total ash, plus lower water to protein ratio in comparison to conventional counterparts. Polyphosphates are not used in the production of traditional sausages and the amounts of added nitrites are at low levels. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spectral Induced Polarization Response of Biofilm Formation in Hanford Vadose Zone Sediment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garcia, A.; Katsenovich, Y.; Lee, B.; Whitman, D.

2017-12-01

As a result of the U.S. Nuclear weapons program during the second world war and the cold war, there now exists a significant amount of uranium contamination at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford site located in Washington state. In-situ immobilization of mobile uranium via injections of a soluble sodium tripolyphosphate amendment may prove effective in the formation of insoluble uranyl phosphate mineral, autunite. However, the injected polyphosphate undergoes hydrolysis in aqueous solutions to form orthophosphate, which serves as a readily available nutrient for the various microorganisms in the sediment. Sediment-filled column experiments conducted under saturated oxygen restricted conditions using geophysical Spectral Induced Polarization technique have shown the impact of microbes on the dissolution of autunite, a calcium uranyl phosphate mineral. Spectral Induced Polarization may be an effective way to track changes indicative of bacterial activities on the surrounding environment. This method can be a cost-effective alternative to the drilling of boreholes at a field scale.

Phosphorus dynamics in and below the redoxcline in the Black Sea and implications for phosphorus burial

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dijkstra, N.; Kraal, P.; Séguret, M. J. M.; Flores, M. R.; Gonzalez, S.; Rijkenberg, M. J. A.; Slomp, C. P.

2018-02-01

Marine basins with oxygen-depleted deep waters provide a natural laboratory to investigate the consequences of anoxic and sulfidic (i.e. euxinic) conditions for biogeochemical processes in seawater and sediments. In this study, we investigate the dynamics of the key nutrient phosphorus (P) and associated elements such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca) in the euxinic deep basin of the Black Sea. By examining water column particles with scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive spectroscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we show that Mn(III/IV)-P is the key form of particulate P in the redoxcline. Other forms of particulate P include organic P, Fe(III)-P, and inorganic polyphosphates. Most inorganic P particles that are formed in the redoxcline subsequently dissolve in the underlying sulfidic waters, with the exception of some particulate Fe(III)-P that accounts for <1% of all P settling onto the seafloor. Organic P is the dominant source of P to the sediment. Most of this organic P is degraded in the upper 2 cm of the sediment. Results of sequential extractions and a 33P radiotracer experiment point towards the formation of labile Ca-P and P adsorbed onto calcium-carbonate and clays and a role of these phases as a major sink of P in the sediment. The total P burial efficiency in the sediments is ∼27%, which is relatively high when compared to estimates for sediments in other euxinic basins such as the Baltic Sea (<12%). We suggest that the abundant presence of calcium carbonate may contribute to the more efficient sequestration of P in Black Sea sediments.

South Africa and the 21st Century Power Partnership: Paving the Way to a Clean, Reliable, and Resilient Power System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

2017-05-09

The 21st Century Power Partnership (21CPP) serves as an open, collaborative platform for sharing policy and regulatory best practices in the service of power system transformation. Established in 2012, the 21CPP South Africa Programme is a global initiative that connects South African stakeholders with an international community of expertise. This fact sheet details the 21CPP South Africa Programme.

Chronic Pelvic Pain: Assessment, Evaluation, and Objectivation

PubMed Central

Pota, Vincenzo; Sansone, Pasquale; Aurilio, Caterina; Pace, Maria Caterina

2017-01-01

Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP) and Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CPPS) have a significant impact on men and women of reproductive and nonreproductive age, with a considerable burden on overall quality of life (QoL) and on psychological, functional, and behavioural status. Moreover, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties are remarkable features in many patients. Therefore evaluation, assessment and objectivation tools are often necessary to properly address each patient and consequently his/her clinical needs. Here we review the different tools for pain assessment, evaluation, and objectivation; specific features regarding CPP/CPPS will be highlighted. Also, recent findings disclosed with neuroimaging investigations will be reviewed as they provide new insights into CPP/CPPS pathophysiology and may serve as a tool for CPP assessment and objectivation. PMID:29359045

Pre-conditioned place preference treatment of chloral hydrate interrupts the rewarding effect of morphine.

PubMed

Sun, YongMei; Zong, Wei; Zhou, MuRu; Ma, YuanYe; Wang, JianHong

2015-08-01

The medical use of morphine as a pain killer is hindered by its side effects including dependence and further addiction. As the prototypical μ receptor agonist, morphine's rewarding effect can be measured by conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigms in animals. Chloral hydrate is a clinical sedative. Using a morphine CPP paradigm that mainly contains somatosensory cues, we found that pre-CPP treatment in rats using chloral hydrate for 6 consecutive days could disrupt the establishment of CPP in a U shape. Chloral hydrate had no effect on the body weight of rats. Our results indicate that prior treatment with chloral hydrate can interrupt the rewarding effect of morphine. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of the Contralateral Inguinal Ring in Clinically Unilateral Inguinal Hernia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

PubMed Central

Kokorowski, Paul J; Wang, Hsin-Hsiao Scott; Routh, Jonathan C; Hubert, Katherine C; Nelson, Caleb P

2013-01-01

Purpose The management of the contralateral inguinal canal in children with clinical unilateral inguinal hernia is controversial. Our objective was to systematically review the literature regarding management of the contralateral inguinal canal. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases (1940–2011) using ‘hernia’ and ‘inguinal’ and either ‘pediatric,’ ‘infant,’ or ‘child,’ to identify studies of pediatric (age≤21 yrs) patients with inguinal hernia. Among clinical unilateral hernia patients, we assessed the number of cases with contralateral patent processus (CPP) and incidence of subsequent clinical metachronous contralateral hernia (MCH). We evaluated three strategies for contralateral management: expectant management, laparoscopic evaluation or pre-operative ultrasound. Pooled estimates of MCH or CPP were generated with random effects by study when heterogeneity was found (I2>50%, or Cochrane’s Q p≥0.10). Results We identified 2,477 non-duplicated studies, 129 of which met our inclusion criteria and had sufficient information for quantitative analysis. The pooled incidence of MCH after open unilateral repair was 7.3% (95% CI 6.5%–8.1%). Laparoscopic examination identified CPP in 30% (95% CI 26%–34%). Lower age was associated with higher incidence of CPP (p<0.01). The incidence of MCH after a negative laparoscopic evaluation was 0.9% (95% CI 0.5%–1.3%). Significant heterogeneity was found in studies and pooled estimates should be interpreted with caution. Conclusions The literature suggests that laparoscopically identified CPP is a poor indicator of future contralateral hernia. Almost a third of patients will have a CPP, while less than one in 10 will develop MCH when managed expectantly. Performing contralateral hernia repair in patients with CPP results in overtreatment in roughly 2 out of 3 patients. PMID:23963735

On the behavioural specificity of hypophagia induced in male rats by mCPP, naltrexone, and their combination.

PubMed

Wright, F L; Rodgers, R J

2014-02-01

Serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and opioidergic mechanisms are intimately involved in appetite regulation. In view of recent evidence of positive anorectic interactions between opioid and various non-opioid substrates, our aim was to assess the behavioural specificity of anorectic responses to the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, the 5-HT2C/1B receptor agonist mCPP and their combination. Behavioural profiling techniques, including the behavioural satiety sequence (BSS), were used to examine acute drug effects in non-deprived male rats tested with palatable mash. Experiment 1 characterised the dose-response profile of mCPP (0.1-3.0 mg/kg), while experiment 2 assessed the effects of combined treatment with a sub-anorectic dose of mCPP (0.1 mg/kg) and one of two low doses of naltrexone (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg). Experiment 1 confirmed the dose-dependent anorectic efficacy of mCPP, with robust effects on intake and feeding-related measures observed at 3.0 mg/kg. However, that dose was also associated with other behavioural alterations including increased grooming, reductions in locomotion and sniffing, and disruption of the BSS. In experiment 2, naltrexone dose-dependently reduced food intake and time spent feeding, effects accompanied by a behaviourally selective acceleration in the BSS. However, the addition of 0.1 mg/kg mCPP did not significantly alter the behavioural changes observed in response to either dose of naltrexone given alone. In contrast to recently reported positive anorectic interactions involving low-dose combinations of opioid receptor antagonists or mCPP with cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists, present results would not appear to provide any support for potentially clinically relevant anorectic interactions between opioid and 5-HT2C/1B receptor mechanisms.

Effect of fendiline on the maintenance and expression of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in Sprague-Dawley rats.

PubMed

Voigt, Robin M; Riddle, Jennifer L; Napier, T Celeste

2014-05-01

Fendiline is a GABAB receptor-positive allosteric modulator and L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker that is safe for human use. Based on these pharmacological properties, fendiline may be useful to disrupt associative memories that can drive relapse to drug use in drug-addicted individuals The current study evaluated the potential of fendiline to inhibit the maintenance and expression of learned associations between methamphetamine (meth) and an environmental context using conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, to model for the associative learning that occurs during drug abuse by humans Following meth conditioning (1 mg/kg), fendiline (5 mg/kg) was administered at various post-conditioning times to ascertain if there was a temporal window during which fendiline would be effective. Two once-daily injections of fendiline did not influence the maintenance of CPP regardless of the post-conditioning treatment time while 10 once-daily fendiline treatments inhibited CPP maintenance (p < 0.05). Fendiline administered immediately prior to the CPP test inhibited expression of meth-induced CPP in rats with a fendiline treatment history of 10 once-daily injections (p < 0.05) or those that received two injections that corresponded to the last 2 days of the 10-day treatment (p < 0.05). Fendiline did not produce preference or aversion on its own, nor did it alter motivated motor behavior. Maintenance and expression of meth CPP is mitigated by repeated fendiline treatments when administered during the days that precede CPP testing. Reduction in the significance of meth-associated cues can reduce relapse; therefore, fendiline may be of value for addiction therapy in abstinent, meth-addicted humans.

Social housing conditions influence morphine dependence and the extinction of morphine place preference in adolescent mice.

PubMed

Bates, M L Shawn; Emery, Michael A; Wellman, Paul J; Eitan, Shoshana

2014-09-01

Adolescent opioid abuse is on the rise, and current treatments are not effective in reducing rates of relapse. Our previous studies demonstrated that social housing conditions alter the acquisition rate of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent mice. Specifically, the acquisition rate of morphine CPP is slower in morphine-treated animals housed with drug-naïve animals. Thus, here we tested the effect of social housing conditions on the development of morphine dependence and the extinction rate of an acquired morphine CPP. Adolescent male mice were group-housed in one of two housing conditions. They were injected for 6 days (PND 28-33) with 20 mg/kg morphine. Morphine only mice are animals where all four mice in the cage received morphine. Morphine cage-mate mice are morphine-injected animals housed with drug-naïve animals. Mice were individually tested for spontaneous withdrawal signs by quantifying jumping behavior 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after the final morphine injection. Then, mice were conditioned to acquire morphine CPP and were tested for the rate of extinction. Morphine cage-mates express less jumping behavior during morphine withdrawal as compared to morphine only mice. As expected, morphine cage-mate animals acquired morphine CPP more slowly than the morphine only animals. Additionally, morphine cage-mates extinguished morphine CPP more readily than morphine only mice. Social housing conditions modulate morphine dependence and the extinction rate of morphine CPP. Extinction testing is relevant to human addiction because rehabilitations like extinction therapy may be used to aid human addicts in maintaining abstinence from drug use. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stress and opioids: role of opioids in modulating stress-related behavior and effect of stress on morphine conditioned place preference.

PubMed

Bali, Anjana; Randhawa, Puneet Kaur; Jaggi, Amteshwar Singh

2015-04-01

Research studies have defined the important role of endogenous opioids in modulating stress-associated behavior. The release of β-endorphins in the amygdala in response to stress helps to cope with a stressor by inhibiting the over-activation of HPA axis. Administration of mu opioid agonists reduces the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a traumatic event by inhibiting fear-related memory consolidation. Similarly, the release of endogenous enkephalin and nociceptin in the basolateral amygdala and the nucleus accumbens tends to produce the anti-stress effects. An increase in dynorphin levels during prolonged exposure to stress may produce learned helplessness, dysphoria and depression. Stress also influences morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) depending upon the intensity and duration of the stressor. Acute stress inhibits morphine CPP, while chronic stress potentiates CPP. The development of dysphoria due to increased dynorphin levels may contribute to chronic stress-induced potentiation of morphine CPP. The activation of ERK/cyclic AMP responsive element-binding (CREB) signaling in the mesocorticolimbic area, glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala, and norepinephrine and galanin system in the nucleus accumbens may decrease the acute stress-induced inhibition of morphine CPP. The increase in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and augmentation of GABAergic transmission in the median prefrontal cortex may contribute in potentiating morphine CPP. Stress exposure reinstates the extinct morphine CPP by activating the orexin receptors in the nucleus accumbens, decreasing the oxytocin levels in the lateral septum and amygdala, and altering the GABAergic transmission (activation of GABAA and inactivation of GABAB receptors). The present review describes these varied interactions between opioids and stress along with the possible mechanism. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of fendiline on the maintenance and expression of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in Sprague-Dawley rats

PubMed Central

Voigt, Robin M.; Riddle, Jennifer L.; Napier, T. Celeste

2014-01-01

Rationale Fendiline is a GABAB receptor positive allosteric modulator and L-type Ca2+ channel blocker that is safe for human use. Based on these pharmacological properties, fendiline may be useful to disrupt associative memories that can drive relapse to drug use in drug-addicted individuals. Objective The current study evaluated the potential of fendiline to inhibit the maintenance and expression of learned associations between methamphetamine (meth) and an environmental context using conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, to model for the associative learning that occurs during drug abuse by humans. Methods Following meth conditioning (1mg/kg), fendiline (5mg/kg) was administered at various post-conditioning times to ascertain if there was a temporal window during which fendiline would be effective. Results Two once-daily injections of fendiline did not influence the maintenance of CPP regardless of the post-conditioning treatment time while 10 once-daily fendiline treatments inhibited CPP maintenance (p<0.05). Fendiline administered immediately prior to the CPP test inhibited expression of meth-induced CPP in rats with a fendiline treatment history of 10 once-daily injections (p<0.05) or those that received two injections that corresponded to the last two days of the 10 day treatment (p<0.05). Fendiline did not produce preference or aversion on its own, nor did it alter motivated motor behavior. Conclusion Maintenance and expression of meth CPP is mitigated by repeated fendiline treatments when administered during the days that precede CPP testing. Reduction in the significance of meth-associated cues can reduce relapse; therefore, fendiline may be of value for addiction therapy in abstinent, meth-addicted humans. PMID:24264565

Dopamine D1/D5 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus are required for the acquisition and expression of a single trial cocaine-associated memory.

PubMed

Kramar, Cecilia P; Barbano, M Flavia; Medina, Jorge H

2014-12-01

The role of the hippocampus in memory supporting associative learning between contexts and unconditioned stimuli is well documented. Hippocampal dopamine neurotransmission modulates synaptic plasticity and memory processing of fear-motivated and spatial learning tasks. Much less is known about the involvement of the hippocampus and its D1/D5 dopamine receptors in the acquisition, consolidation and expression of memories for drug-associated experiences, more particularly, in the processing of single pairing cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) training. To determine the temporal dynamics of cocaine CPP memory formation, we trained rats in a one-pairing CPP paradigm and tested them at different time intervals after conditioning. The cocaine-associated memory lasted 24 h but not 72 h. Then, we bilaterally infused the dorsal hippocampus with the GABA A receptor agonist muscimol or the D1/D5 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH 23390 at different stages to evaluate the mechanisms involved in the acquisition, consolidation or expression of cocaine CPP memory. Blockade of D1/D5 dopamine receptors at the moment of training impaired the acquisition of cocaine CPP memories, without having any effect when administered immediately or 12 h after training. The expression of cocaine CPP memory was also affected by the administration of SCH 23390 at the moment of the test. Conversely, muscimol impaired the consolidation of cocaine CPP memory only when administered 12 h post conditioning. These findings suggests that dopaminergic inputs to the dorsal hippocampus are required for the acquisition and expression of one trial cocaine-associated memory while neural activity of this structure is required for the late consolidation of these types of memories. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Monitoring of Intracranial Pressure in Meningitis.

PubMed

Depreitere, Bart; Bruyninckx, Dominike; Güiza, Fabian

2016-01-01

The literature on intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in meningitis is limited to case reports and a handful of descriptive series. The aim of this study is to investigate relationships among ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and outcome in meningitis and to identify whether ICP affected clinical decisions. Between 1999 and 2011, a total of 17 patients with meningitis underwent ICP monitoring at the University Hospitals Leuven. Charts were reviewed for clinical history, ICP/CPP data, imaging findings, and Glasgow Outcome Scale score. Univariate correlations were computed for outcome and ICP/CPP variables, computed tomography characteristics, and Corticosteroid Randomization After Significant Head Injury outcome model variables. Treatment decisions were assessed regarding whether or not they were based on ICP. At drain placement, Glasgow Coma Scale scores showed a median of 8 (range 3-12). Six of 17 patients had either one or two nonreactive pupils. Significant correlations with outcome were found for the highest documented ICP value (r = -0.70), the number of episodes when CPP <50 mmHg (r =-0.50), the lowest documented CPP value (r = 0.61), and pupil reactivity (r = 0.57). Treatment was influenced by ICP in all patients. The results support the notion that in meningitis high ICP and low CPP represent secondary insults. The poor condition of the patients illustrates that the level of suspicion for increased ICP in meningitis may not be high enough.

Dynamic Cerebrovascular and Intracranial Pressure Reactivity Assessment of Impaired Cerebrovascular Autoregulation in Intracranial Hypertension.

PubMed

Bragin, Denis E; Statom, Gloria; Nemoto, Edwin M

2016-01-01

We previously suggested that the discrepancy between a critical cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of 30 mmHg, obtained by increasing intracranial pressure (ICP), and 60 mmHg, obtained by decreasing arterial pressure, was due to pathological microvascular shunting at high ICP [1], and that the determination of the critical CPP by the static cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation curve is not valid with intracranial hypertension. Here, we demonstrated that induced dynamic ICP reactivity (iPRx), and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVRx) tests accurately identify the critical CPP in the hypertensive rat brain, which differs from that obtained by the static autoregulation curve. Step changes in CPP from 70 to 50 and 30 mmHg were made by increasing ICP using an artificial cerebrospinal fluid reservoir connected to the cisterna magna. At each CPP, a transient 10-mmHg increase in arterial pressure was induced by bolus intravenous dopamine. iPRx and iCVRx were calculated as ΔICP/Δ mean arterial pressure (MAP) and as ΔCBF/ΔMAP, respectively. The critical CPP at high ICP, obtained by iPRx and iCVRx, is 50 mmHg, where compromised capillary flow, transition of blood flow to nonnutritive microvascular shunts, tissue hypoxia, and brain-blood barrier leakage begin to occur, which is higher than the 30 mmHg determined by static autoregulation.

Preventive role of social interaction for cocaine conditioned place preference: correlation with FosB/DeltaFosB and pCREB expression in rat mesocorticolimbic areas

PubMed Central

El Rawas, Rana; Klement, Sabine; Salti, Ahmad; Fritz, Michael; Dechant, Georg; Saria, Alois; Zernig, Gerald

2012-01-01

The worsening of drug abuse by drug-associated social interaction is a well-studied phenomenon. In contrast, the molecular mechanisms of the beneficial effect of social interaction, if offered as a mutually exclusive choice to drugs of abuse, are under-investigated. In a rat place preference conditioning (CPP) paradigm, four 15 min episodes of social interaction with a gender- and weight-matched male early-adult conspecific inhibited cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP, a model of relapse. These protective effects of social interaction were paralleled by a reduced activation, as assessed by Zif268 expression, in brain areas known to play pivotal roles in drug-seeking behavior. Here we show that social interaction during extinction of cocaine CPP also reduced cocaine-CPP-stimulated FosB expression in the nucleus accumbens shell and core. In addition, social interaction during cocaine CPP extinction increased pCREB (cAMP response element binding protein) expression in the nucleus accumbens shell and the cingulate cortex area 1 (Cg1). Our results show that FosB and pCREB may be implicated in the protective effect of social interaction against cocaine-induced reinstatement of CPP. Thus, social interaction, if offered in a context that is clearly distinct from the previously drug-associated one, may profoundly inhibit relapse to cocaine addiction. PMID:22403532

Lactosylated casein phosphopeptides as specific indicators of heated milks.

PubMed

Pinto, Gabriella; Caira, Simonetta; Cuollo, Marina; Fierro, Olga; Nicolai, Maria Adalgisa; Chianese, Lina; Addeo, Francesco

2012-02-01

Casein phosphopeptides (CPP) were identified in small amounts in milks heated at various intensities by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CPP selectively concentrated on hydroxyapatite (HA) were regenerated using phosphoric acid mixed in the matrix. Unphosphorylated peptides not retained by HA were removed by buffer washing. This procedure enhanced the MALDI signals of CPP that are ordinarily suppressed by the co-occurrence of unphosphorylated peptides. CPP, belonging to the β-casein (CN) family, i.e., (f1-29) 4P, (f1-28) 4P, and (f1-27) 4P, and the α(s2)-CN family, i.e., (f1-21) 4P and (f1-24) 4P, were observed in liquid and powder milk. The lactosylated counterparts were specific to intensely heated milks, but absent in raw and thermized/pasteurized milk. Most CPP with C-terminal lysines probably arose from the activity of plasmin; an enzyme most active in casein hydrolysis. A CPP analogue was used as the internal standard. The raw milk signature peptide β-CN (f1-28) 4P constituted ~4.3% of the total β-CN. Small amounts of lactosylated peptides, which varied with heat treatment intensity, were detected in the milk samples. The limit of detection of ultra-high-temperature milk adjunction in raw or pasteurized milk was ~10%.

Agmatine attenuates acquisition but not the expression of ethanol conditioned place preference in mice: a role for imidazoline receptors.

PubMed

Sameer, Shaikh M; Chakraborty, Suwarna S; Ugale, Rajesh R

2013-04-01

The present study investigated the effect of agmatine on acquisition and expression of ethanol conditioned place preference (CPP) and its modulation by imidazoline agents. Swiss albino mice were treated intraperitoneally with saline or agmatine (20-40 mg/kg) before injection of ethanol (1.25 mg/kg) during conditioning days or on a test day (20-120 mg/kg), to observe the effect on acquisition or expression of CPP, respectively. Agmatine inhibited the acquisition but not the expression of ethanol CPP. Furthermore, both the I₁ receptor antagonist, efaroxan (9 mg/kg) and the I₂ receptor antagonist, BU224 (5 mg/kg) attenuated the agmatine-induced inhibition of the ethanol CPP acquisition. In contrast, the I₂ receptor agonist, 2-BFI (5 mg/kg) and I₁ receptor agonist, moxonidine (0.4 mg/kg) alone, or a combination of their subeffective doses, significantly attenuated the effect of agmatine (20 mg/kg) on acquisition of ethanol CPP. Agmatine or imidazoline agents alone produced neither place preference nor aversion, and at the doses used in the present study did not affect locomotor activity. Thus, agmatine attenuates the acquisition of ethanol CPP at least in part by imidazoline (I₁ or I₂) receptors. In future studies, agmatine or agents acting at the imidazoline receptors could be explored for their therapeutic potential in ethanol dependence.

Blocking α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inhibits the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP by drug priming in mice.

PubMed

Feng, Bin; Xing, Jiang-hao; Jia, Dong; Liu, Shui-bing; Guo, Hong-ju; Li, Xiao-qiang; He, Xiao-sheng; Zhao, Ming-gao

2011-06-20

Investigating the interaction between nicotinic and opioid receptors is of great interest for both basic mechanistic and clinical reasons. Morphine and nicotine, two common drugs of abuse, share several behavioral and rewarding properties. However, little is known about the subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). In this study, we found that a non-specific nAChR agonist, nicotine (0.5mg/kg), had no effects on the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP. However, we found that pretreatment with specific α(4)β(2) and α(7) nAChR subtype antagonists, dihydroxy-β-erithroidine (DHβE, 5mg/kg) and methyllycaconitine (MLA, 4 mg/kg), 20 min prior to administration of morphine, inhibited the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP by drug priming in mice. Furthermore, depression of the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP by a single DHβE or MLA treatment lasted at least three days later when the reinstatement was induced by morphine priming. The data suggest that specific nAChR subtypes, i.e., α(4)β(2) and α(7), may contribute to the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP by drug priming in mice. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Attachment Security Mediates the Longitudinal Association Between Child-Parent Psychotherapy and Peer Relations for Toddlers of Depressed Mothers

PubMed Central

Guild, Danielle J.; Toth, Sheree L.; Handley, Elizabeth D.; Rogosch, Fred A.; Cicchetti, Dante

2017-01-01

Numerous investigations have demonstrated that Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) promotes secure attachment between mothers and offspring. However, the role of post-intervention attachment security as it relates to long-term child outcomes has never been evaluated. The present study therefore examined post-intervention attachment status as a mediator of the association between CPP for depressed mothers and their offspring and subsequent peer relations among offspring. Depressed mothers and their toddlers were randomized to receive CPP (n = 45) or to a control group (DC; n = 55). A prior investigation with this sample indicated that offpring who received CPP attained significantly higher rates of secure attachment post-intervention, wheras insecure attachment continued to predominate for offspring in the DC group. The present study examined follow-up data of teachers’ reports on participants’ competence with classroom peers when they were approximately 9 years old. Findings indicated that children who received CPP were more likely to evidence secure attachments at post-intervention, which in turn was associated with more positive peer relationships at age 9. PMID:28401848

Attachment security mediates the longitudinal association between child-parent psychotherapy and peer relations for toddlers of depressed mothers.

PubMed

Guild, Danielle J; Toth, Sheree L; Handley, Elizabeth D; Rogosch, Fred A; Cicchetti, Dante

2017-05-01

Numerous investigations have demonstrated that child-parent psychotherapy (CPP) promotes secure attachment between mothers and offspring. However, the role of postintervention attachment security as it relates to long-term child outcomes has never been evaluated. The present study therefore examined postintervention attachment status as a mediator of the association between CPP for depressed mothers and their offspring and subsequent peer relations among offspring. Depressed mothers and their toddlers were randomized to receive CPP (n = 45) or to a control group (n = 55). A prior investigation with this sample indicated that offspring who received CPP attained significantly higher rates of secure attachment postintervention, whereas insecure attachment continued to predominate for offspring in the control group. The present study examined follow-up data of teachers' reports on participants' competence with classroom peers when they were approximately 9 years old. Findings indicated that children who received CPP were more likely to evidence secure attachments at postintervention, which in turn was associated with more positive peer relationships at age 9.

CPP-TRS(C): On using visual cognitive symbols to enhance communication effectiveness

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tonfoni, Graziella

1994-01-01

Communicative Positioning Program/Text Representation Systems (CPP-TRS) is a visual language based on a system of 12 canvasses, 10 signals and 14 symbols. CPP-TRS is based on the fact that every communication action is the result of a set of cognitive processes and the whole system is based on the concept that you can enhance communication by visually perceiving text. With a simple syntax, CPP-TRS is capable of representing meaning and intention as well as communication functions visually. Those are precisely invisible aspects of natural language that are most relevant to getting the global meaning of a text. CPP-TRS reinforces natural language in human machine interaction systems. It complements natural language by adding certain important elements that are not represented by natural language by itself. These include communication intention and function of the text expressed by the sender, as well as the role the reader is supposed to play. The communication intention and function of a text and the reader's role are invisible in natural language because neither specific words nor punctuation conveys them sufficiently and unambiguously; they are therefore non-transparent.

Galnon Facilitates Extinction of Morphine-Conditioned Place Preference but Also Potentiates the Consolidation Process

PubMed Central

Zhao, Xiaojie; Yun, Keming; Seese, Ronald R.; Wang, Zhenyuan

2013-01-01

Learning and memory systems are intimately involved in drug addiction. Previous studies suggest that galanin, a neuropeptide that binds G-protein coupled receptors, plays essential roles in the encoding of memory. In the present study, we tested the function of galnon, a galanin receptor 1 and 2 agonist, in reward-associated memory, using conditioned place preference (CPP), a widely used paradigm in drug-associated memory. Either before or following CPP-inducing morphine administration, galnon was injected at four different time points to test the effects of galanin activation on different reward-associated memory processes: 15 min before CPP training (acquisition), immediately after CPP training (consolidation), 15 min before the post-conditioning test (retrieval), and multiple injection after post-tests (reconsolidation and extinction). Galnon enhanced consolidation and extinction processes of morphine-induced CPP memory, but the compound had no effect on acquisition, retrieval, or reconsolidation processes. Our findings demonstrate that a galanin receptor 1 and 2 agonist, galnon, may be used as a viable compound to treat drug addiction by facilitating memory extinction process. PMID:24146862

Galnon facilitates extinction of morphine-conditioned place preference but also potentiates the consolidation process.

PubMed

Zhao, Xiaojie; Yun, Keming; Seese, Ronald R; Wang, Zhenyuan

2013-01-01

Learning and memory systems are intimately involved in drug addiction. Previous studies suggest that galanin, a neuropeptide that binds G-protein coupled receptors, plays essential roles in the encoding of memory. In the present study, we tested the function of galnon, a galanin receptor 1 and 2 agonist, in reward-associated memory, using conditioned place preference (CPP), a widely used paradigm in drug-associated memory. Either before or following CPP-inducing morphine administration, galnon was injected at four different time points to test the effects of galanin activation on different reward-associated memory processes: 15 min before CPP training (acquisition), immediately after CPP training (consolidation), 15 min before the post-conditioning test (retrieval), and multiple injection after post-tests (reconsolidation and extinction). Galnon enhanced consolidation and extinction processes of morphine-induced CPP memory, but the compound had no effect on acquisition, retrieval, or reconsolidation processes. Our findings demonstrate that a galanin receptor 1 and 2 agonist, galnon, may be used as a viable compound to treat drug addiction by facilitating memory extinction process.

Facilitation of Memory for Extinction of Drug-Induced Conditioned Reward: Role of Amygdala and Acetylcholine

PubMed Central

Schroeder, Jason P.; Packard, Mark G.

2004-01-01

These experiments examined the effects of posttrial peripheral and intra-amygdala injections of the cholinergic muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine on memory consolidation underlying extinction of amphetamine conditioned place preference (CPP) behavior. Male Long-Evans rats were initially trained and tested for an amphetamine (2 mg/kg) CPP. Rats were subsequently given limited extinction training, followed by immediate posttrial peripheral or intrabasolateral amygdala injections of oxotremorine. A second CPP test was then administered, and the amount of time spent in the previously amphetamine-paired and saline-paired apparatus compartments was recorded. Peripheral (0.07 or 0.01 mg/kg) or intra-amygdala (10 ηg/0.5μL) postextinction trial injections of oxotremorine facilitated CPP extinction. Oxotremorine injections that were delayed 2 h posttrial training did not enhance CPP extinction, indicating a time-dependent effect of the drug on memory consolidation processes. The findings indicate that memory consolidation for extinction of approach behavior to environmental stimuli previously paired with drug reward can be facilitated by posttrial peripheral or intrabasolateral amygdala administration of a cholinergic agonist. PMID:15466320

Preparation and bioactive properties of chitosan and casein phosphopeptides composite coatings for orthopedic implants.

PubMed

Qin, Liguo; Dong, Huanhuan; Mu, Ziqing; Zhang, Yali; Dong, Guangneng

2015-11-20

Using the layer-by-layer deposition method, functional chitosan/casein phospopeptides (CS/CPP) composite coatings were produced on Co-Cr-Mo alloy. The CS/CPP composite coatings had the dendritic topography, and were quite hydrophilic. Zeta potential measurements showed the composite coatings were negative charged at neural pH. XPS results indicated that the CS/CPP composite coatings were covalently bond to the substrate. When MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded on the CS/CPP composite coatings, no cytotoxicity was observed. The bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on the composite coatings and it was twice as much as that of cells cultured on the bare substrate. The expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA and the ratio of OPG/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RNAKL) mRNA were increased 5-fold and 55-fold, respectively. These results suggested the CS/CPP composite coatings may have potential application in cobalt matrix orthopaedic implants. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Supplemental groundwater remediation technologies to protect the Columbia River at Hanford, WA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thompson, K.M.; Petersen, S.W.; Fruchter, J.S.

2007-07-01

Nine projects have been recently selected by the US Department of Energy (EM-22) to address groundwater contaminant migration at the Hanford Site. This paper summarizes the background and objectives of these projects. Five of the selected projects are targeted at hexavalent chromium contamination in Hanford 100 Area groundwater. These projects represent an integrated approach towards identifying the source of hexavalent chromium contamination in the Hanford 100-D Area and treating the groundwater contamination. Currently, there is no effective method to stop strontium-90 associated with the riparian zone sediments from leaching into the river. Phyto-remediation may be a possible way to treatmore » this contamination. Its use at the 100-N Area will be investigated. Another technology currently being tested for strontium-90 contamination at the 100-N Area involves injection (through wells) of a calcium-citrate-phosphate solution, which will precipitate apatite, a natural calcium phosphate mineral. Apatite will adsorb the strontium-90, and then incorporate it as part of the apatite structure, isolating the strontium-90 contamination from entering the river. This EM-22 funded apatite project will develop a strategy for infiltrating the apatite solution from ground surface or a shallow trench to provide treatment over the upper portion of the contaminated zone, which is unsaturated during low river stage. Uranium in groundwater at the Hanford 300 Area is another environmental concern. Preliminary laboratory tests indicate that it may be possible to inject water-soluble phosphate compounds into the uranium contamination to stabilize it. One of the projects will perform laboratory tests using long-chain polyphosphate materials. Then, a field test will be conducted to determine if it is possible to treat groundwater in the unconfined aquifer at the Hanford 300 Area using polyphosphate materials. The rates of abiotic hydrolysis of are key parameters needed to predict the movement of carbon tetrachloride and one of its reductive degradation products, chloroform, from the Hanford 200 West Area towards the Columbia River. Current values for these rates have high uncertainty associated with them because they are extrapolated from determinations made at high temperatures (>70 deg. C) to ambient groundwater temperatures ({approx}19 deg. C) and have ignored possible contributions from sorptive interactions with sediments. One of the EM-22 projects will improve this situation by measuring the hydrolysis rates at temperatures down to 20 deg. C and in contact with various sediment solids. (authors)« less

Noncovalent interaction-assisted drug delivery system with highly efficient uptake and release of paclitaxel for anticancer therapy.

PubMed

Wei, Yuping; Ma, Liang; Zhang, Liang; Xu, Xia

2017-01-01

An effective drug delivery system requires efficient drug uptake and release inside cancer cells. Here, we report a novel drug delivery system, in which paclitaxel (PTX) interacts with a novel cell penetrating peptide (CPP) through noncovalent interaction designed based on molecular simulations. This CPP/PTX complex confers high efficiency in delivering PTX into cancer cells not by endocytosis but by an energy-independent pathway. Once inside cells, the noncovalent interaction between PTX and the CPP may allow fast release of PTX within cells due to the direct translocation of CPP/PTX. This drug delivery system exhibits strong capacity for inhibition of tumor growth and offers a new avenue for the development of advanced drug delivery systems for anticancer therapy.

Studies of proteoglycan involvement in CPP-mediated delivery.

PubMed

Wittrup, Anders; Zhang, Si-He; Belting, Mattias

2011-01-01

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are widely used to deliver macromolecular cargoes to intracellular sites of action. Many CPPs have been demonstrated to rely on cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) for efficient cellular entry and delivery. In this chapter, we describe methods for the study of PG involvement in CPP uptake. We provide descriptions of how to determine whether uptake of a CPP of interest is dependent on PGs. We also provide detailed protocols for the purification of PGs by anion-exchange chromatography as well as the characterization of the HSPG core protein composition of a cell line of interest. Finally, we present methods for modulating the expression level of specific HSPG core proteins as a means to determine the core protein specificity in the uptake of a particular CPP.

Effects of carrot pomace powder and a mixture of pectin and xanthan on the quality of gluten-free batter and cakes.

PubMed

Majzoobi, Mahsa; Vosooghi Poor, Zahra; Mesbahi, Gholamreza; Jamalian, Jalal; Farahnaky, Asgar

2017-12-01

Carrot pomace powder (CPP) is a valuable by-product of carrot processing containing nutrients and fiber and can be utilized for enrichment of gluten-free products. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of various levels of CPP (0, 10, 20, and 30%) and a mixture of hydrocolloids (HC) including pectin and xanthan (1.5% of each) on the quality of batter and gluten-free cakes. With increasing the level of CPP and inclusion of HC the viscosity of the batter increased significantly from 87 mPa s for the control to >7000 mPa s for 30%CCP + HC sample. The density of the control batter was 1.2 g/cm 3 which reduced significantly to 0.899 g/cm 3 for HC sample. The pH of the cake reduced from 7.23 to 6.78 with addition of CPP but increased slightly with inclusion of HC. The density of the cake reduced from 0.510 g/cm 3 for the control to 0.395 g/cm 3 for 20%CCP + C sample. The texture of the cakes became softer, more springy and chewable with addition of CPP, CPP + HC, and HC. The control sample had the lowest uniformity index (0.178) which improved with addition of CPP and CPP + HC and a highly uniform cake with a uniformity index of 0.045 was obtained for the 30%CCP + HC cake. Addition of CPP increased the dark color of the cakes while inclusion of HC had no effect on the appearance of the cake and color. It was concluded that inclusion of maximum 30%CCP and 20%CPP + HC promoted the quality and sensory attributes of gluten-free cakes. Although different types of gluten-free products are available in the market, most of them contain insufficient amount of fiber and nutrients. Despite popularity, gluten-free cakes are poor in fiber and nutrient contents. Therefore, improving the nutritional value of these products has received an increasing attention by the food industry. Carrot pomace powder (CPP) is an available source of fiber and nutrients and hence can be utilized for enrichment of gluten-free products. This study showed that the inclusion of up to 30% CPP or 20% CPP with a mixture of xanthan and pectin (3%, 1:1) improved the quality and sensory attributes of the cakes. Industrial implications of this study may lead to new product development and improved marketing due to the enhancement of quality, sensory attributes, and nutritional value of the products. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Culture-Dependent and -Independent Identification of Polyphosphate-Accumulating Dechloromonas spp. Predominating in a Full-Scale Oxidation Ditch Wastewater Treatment Plant.

PubMed

Terashima, Mia; Yama, Ayano; Sato, Megumi; Yumoto, Isao; Kamagata, Yoichi; Kato, Souichiro

2016-12-23

The oxidation ditch process is one of the most economical approaches currently used to simultaneously remove organic carbon, nitrogen, and also phosphorus (P) from wastewater. However, limited information is available on biological P removal in this process. In the present study, microorganisms contributing to P removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch reactor were investigated using culture-dependent and -independent approaches. A microbial community analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that a phylotype closely related to Dechloromonas spp. in the family Rhodocyclaceae dominated in the oxidation ditch reactor. This dominant Dechloromonas sp. was successfully isolated and subjected to fluorescent staining for polyphosphate, followed by microscopic observations and a spectrofluorometric analysis, which clearly demonstrated that the Dechloromonas isolate exhibited a strong ability to accumulate polyphosphate within its cells. These results indicate the potential key role of Dechloromonas spp. in efficient P removal in the oxidation ditch wastewater treatment process.

Culture-Dependent and -Independent Identification of Polyphosphate-Accumulating Dechloromonas spp. Predominating in a Full-Scale Oxidation Ditch Wastewater Treatment Plant

PubMed Central

Terashima, Mia; Yama, Ayano; Sato, Megumi; Yumoto, Isao; Kamagata, Yoichi; Kato, Souichiro

2016-01-01

The oxidation ditch process is one of the most economical approaches currently used to simultaneously remove organic carbon, nitrogen, and also phosphorus (P) from wastewater. However, limited information is available on biological P removal in this process. In the present study, microorganisms contributing to P removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch reactor were investigated using culture-dependent and -independent approaches. A microbial community analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that a phylotype closely related to Dechloromonas spp. in the family Rhodocyclaceae dominated in the oxidation ditch reactor. This dominant Dechloromonas sp. was successfully isolated and subjected to fluorescent staining for polyphosphate, followed by microscopic observations and a spectrofluorometric analysis, which clearly demonstrated that the Dechloromonas isolate exhibited a strong ability to accumulate polyphosphate within its cells. These results indicate the potential key role of Dechloromonas spp. in efficient P removal in the oxidation ditch wastewater treatment process. PMID:27867159

Crystal structures and theoretical studies of polyphosphate LiZnP3O9 for nonlinear optical applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Zhiqing; Su, Xin; Ding, Hanqin; Li, Hongyi

2018-06-01

Nonlinear optical materials have attracted worldwide attention owing to their wide range of applications, specially in the laser field. Phosphates with noncentrosymmetric structures are potential candidates for novel ultraviolet (UV)-NLO materials, because they usually display short UV cut-off edges. In this work, a polyphosphate, the LiZnP3O9 polyphosphate crystals were grown through spontaneous crystallization from high-temperature melts. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell parameters a = 8.330(3) Å, b = 8.520(3) Å, c = 8.635(3) Å, and Z = 4. In the structure, all the P atoms are coordinated by four oxygen atoms forming the [PO4] tetrahedra and further connected to generate a zig-zag [PO3]∞ anionic framework. Thermal analysis, IR spectroscopy, UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectrum and powder second harmonic generation measurements are performed. In addition, the first-principles calculation was employed for better understanding the structure-property relationships of LiZnP3O9.

Quantitative evaluation of noncovalent interactions between polyphosphate and dissolved humic acids in aqueous conditions.

PubMed

Fang, Wei; Sheng, Guo-Ping; Wang, Long-Fei; Ye, Xiao-Dong; Yu, Han-Qing

2015-12-01

As one kind of phosphorus species, polyphosphate (poly-P) is ubiquitous in natural environments, and the potential interactions between poly-P and humic substances in the sediments or natural waters would influence the fate of poly-P in the environments. However, the mechanism of the interactions has not yet been understood clearly. In this work, the characteristics and mechanisms of the interactions between humic acids (HA) and two model poly-P compounds with various chain lengths have been investigated. Results show that a stable polyphosphate-HA complex would be formed through the noncovalent interactions, and hydrogen bond might be the main driving force for the binding process, which might be formed between the proton-accepting groups of poly-P (e.g., PO and P-O(-)) and the oxygen containing functional groups in HA. Our findings implied that the presence of humic substances in natural waters, soils and sediments would influence the potential transport and/or mobility of environmental poly-P. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Exploration of Using Antisense Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA)-cell Penetrating Peptide (CPP) as a Novel Bactericide against Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora.

PubMed

Patel, Ravi R; Sundin, George W; Yang, Ching-Hong; Wang, Jie; Huntley, Regan B; Yuan, Xiaochen; Zeng, Quan

2017-01-01

Erwinia amylovora is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen in the family Enterobacteriaceae and is the causal agent of fire blight, a devastating disease of apple and pear. Fire blight is traditionally managed by the application of the antibiotic streptomycin during bloom, but this strategy has been challenged by the development and spread of streptomycin resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective, specific, and sustainable control alternatives for fire blight. Antisense antimicrobials are oligomers of nucleic acid homologs with antisense sequence of essential genes in bacteria. The binding of these molecules to the mRNA of essential genes can result in translational repression and antimicrobial effect. Here, we explored the possibility of developing antisense antimicrobials against E. amylovora and using these compounds in fire blight control. We determined that a 10-nucleotide oligomer of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) targeting the start codon region of an essential gene acpP is able to cause complete growth inhibition of E. amylovora . We found that conjugation of cell penetrating peptide (CPP) to PNA is essential for the antimicrobial effect, with CPP1 [(KFF)3K] being the most effective against E. amylovora . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of anti- acpP -CPP1 (2.5 μM) is comparable to the MIC of streptomycin (2 μM). Examination of the antimicrobial mechanisms demonstrated that anti- acpP -CPP1 caused dose-dependent reduction of acpP mRNA in E. amylovora upon treatment and resulted in cell death (bactericidal effect). Anti- acpP -CPP1 (100 μM) is able to effectively limit the pathogen growth on stigmas of apple flowers, although less effective than streptomycin. Finally, unlike streptomycin that does not display any specificity in inhibiting pathogen growth, anti- acpP -CPP1 has more specific antimicrobial effect against E. amylovora . In summary, we demonstrated that PNA-CPP can cause an effective, specific antimicrobial effect against E. amylovora and may provide the basis for a novel approach for fire blight control.

Exploration of Using Antisense Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA)-cell Penetrating Peptide (CPP) as a Novel Bactericide against Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora

PubMed Central

Patel, Ravi R.; Sundin, George W.; Yang, Ching-Hong; Wang, Jie; Huntley, Regan B.; Yuan, Xiaochen; Zeng, Quan

2017-01-01

Erwinia amylovora is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen in the family Enterobacteriaceae and is the causal agent of fire blight, a devastating disease of apple and pear. Fire blight is traditionally managed by the application of the antibiotic streptomycin during bloom, but this strategy has been challenged by the development and spread of streptomycin resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective, specific, and sustainable control alternatives for fire blight. Antisense antimicrobials are oligomers of nucleic acid homologs with antisense sequence of essential genes in bacteria. The binding of these molecules to the mRNA of essential genes can result in translational repression and antimicrobial effect. Here, we explored the possibility of developing antisense antimicrobials against E. amylovora and using these compounds in fire blight control. We determined that a 10-nucleotide oligomer of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) targeting the start codon region of an essential gene acpP is able to cause complete growth inhibition of E. amylovora. We found that conjugation of cell penetrating peptide (CPP) to PNA is essential for the antimicrobial effect, with CPP1 [(KFF)3K] being the most effective against E. amylovora. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of anti-acpP-CPP1 (2.5 μM) is comparable to the MIC of streptomycin (2 μM). Examination of the antimicrobial mechanisms demonstrated that anti-acpP-CPP1 caused dose-dependent reduction of acpP mRNA in E. amylovora upon treatment and resulted in cell death (bactericidal effect). Anti-acpP-CPP1 (100 μM) is able to effectively limit the pathogen growth on stigmas of apple flowers, although less effective than streptomycin. Finally, unlike streptomycin that does not display any specificity in inhibiting pathogen growth, anti-acpP-CPP1 has more specific antimicrobial effect against E. amylovora. In summary, we demonstrated that PNA–CPP can cause an effective, specific antimicrobial effect against E. amylovora and may provide the basis for a novel approach for fire blight control. PMID:28469617

Requirement of polyphosphate by Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 for competitive fitness and heat tolerance in laboratory media and sterile soil.

PubMed

Silby, Mark W; Nicoll, Julie S; Levy, Stuart B

2009-06-01

Knowledge of the genetic basis for bacterial survival and persistence in soil is a critical component in the development of successful biological control strategies and for understanding the ecological success of bacteria. We found a locus specifying polyphosphate kinase (ppk) and a nonpredicted antisense RNA (iiv8) in Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 to be necessary for optimal competitive fitness in LB broth culture and sterile loam soil. Pf0-1 lacking ppk and iiv8 was more than 10-fold less competitive against wild-type Pf0-1 in sterile loam soil low in inorganic phosphate. Studies indicated that ppk, and not iiv8, was required for competitive fitness. No role for iiv8 was identified. While a ppk and iiv8 mutant of Pf0-1 did not have increased sensitivity to osmotic, oxidative, and acid stress, it was more sensitive to elevated temperatures in laboratory medium and during growth in sterile soil. ppk was shown to be part of the Pho regulon in P. fluorescens, being upregulated in response to a low external P(i) concentration. Of importance, overproduction of polyphosphate in the soil environment appears to be more deleterious than production of none at all. Our findings reveal a new role for polyphosphate (and the need for proper regulation of its production) in competitive fitness of P. fluorescens in laboratory and soil environments.

Polyphosphate kinase: demonstration that short chain polyphosphate serves as a primer for the enzymatic synthesis of polyphosphate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robinson, N.A.; Wood, H.G.

1986-05-01

Polyphosphate (poly(P)) kinase, isolated from Propionibacterium shermanii, catalyzes the following reaction: poly(P/sub n/) + ATPin equilibriumpoly(P/sub n+1/) + ADP. The authors have purified this enzyme to 90% homogeneity and have shown it to be composed of 2-3 identical subunits of M/sub r/ 80,000. Investigation of the reaction mechanism by product analysis has revealed that the elongation phase is processive whereby successive elongation occurs without release of intermediate sizes until very long chains are formed. The initiation phase of synthesis has been investigated using (/sup 32/P) poly(P) primer of chain length 11-60. It is incorporated into long chain poly(P) and themore » /sup 32/P has been shown, by use of poly(P) glucokinase, to be localized at the end of the molecule. Calculation of average chain length based upon the incorporation of /sup 32/P, however, yields a value approx.3 fold higher than the value calculated by another method using poly(P) glucokinase. This result indicates that initiation of poly(P) synthesis occurs by at least one other route which does not involve short chain poly(P) primers. The effect of temperature and concentration of poly(P) primer upon the average chain length of poly(P) synthesized was also investigated. A general trend was observed in which the chain length of the synthesized poly(P) decreased as either temperature or concentration or primer was increased.« less

No evidence that environmental enrichment during rearing protects against cocaine behavioral effects but as an intervention reduces an already established cocaine conditioned place preference.

PubMed

Galaj, E; Shukur, A; Manuszak, M; Newman, K; Ranaldi, R

2017-05-01

Environmental enrichment (EE) produces differential effects on psychostimulant-related behaviors. Therefore, we investigated whether the timing of EE exposure - during rearing and before cocaine exposure versus in adulthood and after cocaine exposure might be a determining factor. In Experiment 1, rats reared with EE or not (non-EE) were conditioned with cocaine (5, 10 or 20mg/kg) in one compartment of a CPP apparatus and saline in the other, and later tested for cocaine CPP. In Experiment 2, locomotor activity in response to repeated injections of saline or cocaine was measured in rats raised with EE or non-EE. In Experiment 3 we measured the effects of EE or non-EE during rearing on food-based conditioned approach learning. In Experiment 4, rats were exposed to cocaine CPP conditioning then underwent 60days of EE or non-EE treatment after which they were tested for cocaine CPP. Our results show that rearing in EE did not reduce cocaine CPP or cocaine-induced locomotor activity (Experiments 1 and 2) but significantly facilitated conditioned approach learning (Experiment 3). On the other hand, EE treatment introduced after cocaine conditioning significantly reduced the expression of cocaine CPP (Experiment 4). These findings suggest that EE does not protect against cocaine's rewarding and stimulant effects but can reduce already established cocaine effects, suggesting that EE might be an effective treatment for cocaine addiction-related behaviors. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Acquisition and reinstatement of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in rats: Effects of the cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil and rivastigmine.

PubMed

Gawel, Kinga; Labuz, Krzysztof; Gibula-Bruzda, Ewa; Jenda, Malgorzata; Marszalek-Grabska, Marta; Silberring, Jerzy; Kotlinska, Jolanta H

2016-07-01

The present study examined the influence of the cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil (a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase) and rivastigmine (also an inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase) on the acquisition and reinstatement of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. Before the CPP procedure, animals received a single injection of ethanol (0.5 g/kg, 10% w/v, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) for 15 days. The ethanol-induced CPP (biased method) was developed by four injections of ethanol (0.5 g/kg, 10% w/v, i.p.) every second day. Control rats received saline instead of ethanol. Donepezil (0.5, 1 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) or rivastigmine (0.03, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered before ethanol during conditioning or before the reinstatement of ethanol-induced CPP. The cholinesterase inhibitors were equally effective in increasing (dose dependently) the acquisition of ethanol-induced CPP. Furthermore, priming injections of both inhibitors reinstated (cross-reinstatement) the ethanol-induced CPP with similar efficacy. These effects of both cholinesterase inhibitors were reversed by mecamylamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, but not by scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Thus, our results show that the cholinergic system is involved in the reinforcing properties of ethanol, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors play an important role in the relapse to ethanol-seeking behaviour. © The Author(s) 2016.

Global ischemia in dogs: cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and autoregulation.

PubMed

Nemoto, E M; Snyder, J V; Carroll, R G; Morita, H

1975-01-01

One hypothesis on the pathogenesis of post-ischemic-anoxic encephalopathy is impaired cerebral perfusion or the no-reflow phenomenon. Therapies aimed at preventing the development of this phenomenon are increased cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and hyperventilation or hypercapnia. Using a dog model in which we have described the progressive development of post-ischemic (PI) cerebral hypoperfusion after 15 minutes of global ischemia induced by aortic and vena cavae clamping, our aims in this study were to determine during the PI cerebral hypoperfusion period: (1) cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2, and (2) cerebral blood (CBF) autoregulation. Post-ischemic cerebral hypoperfusion to about 50% of normal was not accompanied by raised intracranial pressure (ICP) but cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity was markedly attenuated while maintaining some kind of autoregulatory phenomenon. Cerebral uptake of oxygen was not significantly affected by changing PACO2 from 20 to 60 torr at constant CPP or by changing CPP from 64 to 104 torr at constant PaCO2. These results suggest that increasing both CPP and hypocapnia/hypercapnia would not significantly attenuate PI neurological deficit after global cerebral ischemia. However, in two dogs inadvertently hemodiluted in the PI period, increasing CPP from 50 to 200 torr increased CBF by 200%, suggesting that hemodilution plus increased CPP may be effective therapy for amelioration of post-ischemic-anoxic encephalopathy. The significance of our findings on cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and autoregulation with respect to the mechanism of the no-reflow phenomenon is discussed.

SAXS characterization of the interactions among digested food compounds and the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the formed nanocomplexes.

PubMed

Yang, Yingkang; Wang, Xiaoqi; Chen, Guijie; Zhou, Wenhua; Zeng, Xiaoxiong; Hu, Bing; Li, Yunqi; Huang, Qingrong

2018-06-06

In the present study, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is applied to investigate the interaction between caseinophosphopeptides (CPP), the major digested product of milk protein, and chitosan (CS) under simulated gastrointestinal (GI) pH conditions. The change in pH value from the gastric to small intestinal environment induces complexation between CPP and CS, which is mainly driven by electrostatic interactions. The fractal dimension (Df) value of the domains inside the CPP-CS complexes is greater than 3, indicating the formation of dense particles/aggregates at the nanoscale. The Df value generally increases with an increase in the CS/CPP mass ratio. As a representative of polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) associates with CS and CPP, forming nanocomplexes with a spherical shape and average particle size of around 208 nm. The formed CS-EGCG-CPP nanocomplexes do not affect the antioxidant activity of EGCG in the in vitro assays. Moreover, in the cellular assay, the nanocomplexes protect the RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative injury. In addition, the nanocomplexes significantly inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Furthermore, they inhibit the expression of iNOS, phosphorylation and degradation of IκB, as well as the translocation of NF-κB p65; this indicates that the mechanism for their anti-inflammatory activity is via the mediation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

The Extracellular Matrix Protein Brevican Limits Time-Dependent Enhancement of Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference.

PubMed

Lubbers, Bart R; Matos, Mariana R; Horn, Annemarie; Visser, Esther; Van der Loo, Rolinka C; Gouwenberg, Yvonne; Meerhoff, Gideon F; Frischknecht, Renato; Seidenbecher, Constanze I; Smit, August B; Spijker, Sabine; van den Oever, Michel C

2016-06-01

Cocaine-associated environmental cues sustain relapse vulnerability by reactivating long-lasting memories of cocaine reward. During periods of abstinence, responding to cocaine cues can time-dependently intensify a phenomenon referred to as 'incubation of cocaine craving'. Here, we investigated the role of the extracellular matrix protein brevican in recent (1 day after training) and remote (3 weeks after training) expression of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). Wild-type and Brevican heterozygous knock-out mice, which express brevican at ~50% of wild-type levels, received three cocaine-context pairings using a relatively low dose of cocaine (5 mg/kg). In a drug-free CPP test, heterozygous mice showed enhanced preference for the cocaine-associated context at the remote time point compared with the recent time point. This progressive increase was not observed in wild-type mice and it did not generalize to contextual-fear memory. Virally mediated overexpression of brevican levels in the hippocampus, but not medial prefrontal cortex, of heterozygous mice prevented the progressive increase in cocaine CPP, but only when overexpression was induced before conditioning. Post-conditioning overexpression of brevican did not affect remote cocaine CPP, suggesting that brevican limited the increase in remote CPP by altering neuro-adaptive mechanisms during cocaine conditioning. We provide causal evidence that hippocampal brevican levels control time-dependent enhancement of cocaine CPP during abstinence, pointing to a novel substrate that regulates incubation of responding to cocaine-associated cues.

Combined action of MK-801 and ceftriaxone impairs the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference, and delays morphine extinction in rats.

PubMed

Fan, Yaodong; Niu, Haichen; Rizak, Joshua D; Li, Ling; Wang, Guimei; Xu, Liqi; Ren, He; Lei, Hao; Yu, Hualin

2012-10-01

It is well established that glutamate and its receptors, particularly the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), play a significant role in addiction and that the inhibition of glutamatergic hyperfunction reduces addictive behaviors in experimental animals. Specifically, NMDAR antagonists such as MK-801, and an inducer of the expression of glutamate transporter subtype-1 (GLT-1) (ceftriaxone) are known to inhibit addictive behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combined action of a low dose of MK-801 and a low dose of ceftriaxone provides better inhibition of the acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) than either compound alone. A morphine-paired CPP experiment was used to study the effects of low doses of MK-801, ceftriaxone and a combination of both on reward-related memory (acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement of morphine preference) in rats. A low dose of neither MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) nor ceftriaxone (25 mg/kg, i.p.) alone effectively impaired CPP behaviors. However, when applied in combination, they reduced the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP and completely prevented morphine reinstatement. Their combination also notably impaired the extinction of morphine-induced CPP. The combined action of a low dose of an NMDAR antagonist (MK-801) and GLT-1 activation by ceftriaxone effectively changed different phases of CPP behavior.

Cell-penetrating peptide-morpholino conjugates alter pre-mRNA splicing of DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) and inhibit murine coronavirus replication in vivo.

PubMed

Moulton, H M; Fletcher, S; Neuman, B W; McClorey, G; Stein, D A; Abes, S; Wilton, S D; Buchmeier, M J; Lebleu, B; Iversen, P L

2007-08-01

The cellular uptake of PMOs (phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers) can be enhanced by their conjugation to arginine-rich CPPs (cell-penetrating peptides). Here, we discuss our recent findings regarding (R-Ahx-R)(4)AhxB (Ahx is 6-aminohexanoic acid and B is beta-alanine) CPP-PMO conjugates in DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) and murine coronavirus research. An (R-Ahx-R)(4)AhxB-PMO conjugate was the most effective compound in inducing the correction of mutant dystrophin transcripts in myoblasts derived from a canine model of DMD. Similarly, normal levels of dystrophin expression were restored in the diaphragms of mdx mice, with treatment starting at the neonatal stage, and protein was still detecTable 22 weeks after the last dose of an (R-Ahx-R)(4)AhxB-PMO conjugate. Effects of length, linkage and carbohydrate modification of this CPP on the delivery of a PMO were investigated in a coronavirus mouse model. An (R-Ahx-R)(4)AhxB-PMO conjugate effectively inhibited viral replication, in comparison with other peptides conjugated to the same PMO. Shortening the CPP length, modifying it with a mannosylated serine moiety or replacing it with the R(9)F(2) CPP significantly decreased the efficacy of the resulting PPMO (CPP-PMO conjugate). We attribute the success of this CPP to its stability in serum and its capacity to transport PMO to RNA targets in a manner superior to that of poly-arginine CPPs.

Molecular evolution of the CPP-like gene family in plants: insights from comparative genomics of Arabidopsis and rice.

PubMed

Yang, Zefeng; Gu, Shiliang; Wang, Xuefeng; Li, Wenjuan; Tang, Zaixiang; Xu, Chenwu

2008-09-01

CPP-like genes are members of a small family which features the existence of two similar Cys-rich domains termed CXC domains in their protein products and are distributed widely in plants and animals but do not exist in yeast. The members of this family in plants play an important role in development of reproductive tissue and control of cell division. To gain insights into how CPP-like genes evolved in plants, we conducted a comparative phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis of the CPP-like gene family in Arabidopsis and rice. The results of phylogeny revealed that both gene loss and species-specific expansion contributed to the evolution of this family in Arabidopsis and rice. Both intron gain and intron loss were observed through intron/exon structure analysis for duplicated genes. Our results also suggested that positive selection was a major force during the evolution of CPP-like genes in plants, and most amino acid residues under positive selection were disproportionately located in the region outside the CXC domains. Further analysis revealed that two CXC domains and sequences connecting them might have coevolved during the long evolutionary period.

Comparing of the Effects of Hypericin and Synthetic Antidepressants on the Expression of Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference

PubMed Central

Assadi, Assad; Zarrindast, Mohammad Reza; Jouyban, Abolghasem; Samini, Morteza

2011-01-01

The effect of hypericin on the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was investigated and compared with the effect of the synthetic antidepressants. The CPP paradigms took place over six days using an unbiased procedure. The results demonstrate that intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of morphine sulfate (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/Kg) significantly induce the CPP in rat. Intra-peritoneal and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of hypericin and/or synthetic antidepressants augmented morphine-induced CPP. It has been suggested that the adrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmissions play an important role in mediating the antidepressant effect of hypericin and this effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on the reuptake of neurotransmitters. Morphine produces a reinforcement (reward) effect by activating. The μ-receptors that facilitate dopaminergic transmission. Serotonin is also a potent stimulator of dopamine release in such a way that an increase in brain serotonin could possibly stimulate the dopaminergic system. In conclusion, it may suggest that the augmentation of morphine-induced CPP by hypericin and synthetic antidepressants may be related to the increasing dopamine and serotonin concentrations in synaptic clefts. PMID:24250400

Rational Design of Porous Conjugated Polymers and Roles of Residual Palladium for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Lianwei; Cai, Zhengxu; Wu, Qinghe

Developing high efficient photocatalyts for splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen is one of the biggest chemical challenges in solar energy utilization. In this paper, we report our effort in rationally designing conjugated porous polymer (CPP) photocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production (PHP) from water. A series of CPP photocatalysts with different chromophore components and bipyridyl (bpy) contents were synthesized and found to evolve hydrogen photocatalytically from water. The PHP activity of bpy-containing CPPs can be greatly enhanced due to the improved light absorption, better wettability, higher crystallinity and the improved charge separation process. Moreover, the CPP photocatalyst made of strongmore » and fully conjugated donor chromo-phore DBD shows the highest hydrogen production rate ~ 33 μmol/h. The results indicate that copolymerization between a strong donor and weak acceptor is a useful strategy for the devel-opment of efficient photocatalysts. This study clarifies that the residual palladium in the CPP networks plays a key role for the catalytic performance. The PHP activity of CPP photocatalyst can be further enhanced to 164 μmol/h with an apparent quantum yield of 1.8% at 350 nm by loading 2 wt% of extra platinum cocat-alyst.« less

Effects of scopolamine on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in mice.

PubMed

Tan, Hua; Liu, Ning; Wilson, Fraser A W; Ma, Yuanye

2007-09-01

It is well known that the cholinergic system plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Psychopharmacological studies in humans and animals have shown that a systemic cholinergic blockade may induce deficits in learning and memory. Accumulated studies have indicated that learning and memory play an important role in drug addition. In the present study, in order to get a further understanding about the functions of the cholinergic system in drug-related learning and memory, we examined the effects of scopolamine (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Two kinds of morphine exposure durations (4 days and 12 days) were used. The main finding was that all doses of scopolamine enhanced the extinction of morphine-induced CPP in mice treated with morphine for 12 days. However, in mice treated with morphine for 4 days, all doses of scopolamine did not inhibit morphine-induced CPP. The highest dose (2.0 mg/kg) of scopolamine even significantly delayed the extinction of morphine-induced CPP. Our results suggest that the effects of a systemic cholinergic blockade on morphine-induced CPP depend on the morphine exposure time.

GluR2-3Y Inhibits the Acquisition and Reinstatement of Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats.

PubMed

Lin, Xiao-Jing; Zhang, Jian-Jun; Yu, Long-Chuan

2016-04-01

Accumulating evidence indicates that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) are involved in the relapse to abused drugs. However, the role of AMPARs containing the GluR2 subunit in opiate addiction is still unclear. GluR2-3Y, an interfering peptide, prevents the endocytosis of AMPARs containing the GluR2 subunit. In this study, we explored the effect of intravenous injection of GluR2-3Y on the acquisition, expression, and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (mCPP) in rats. We found that infusion of GluR2-3Y (1.5 nmol/g) one hour before morphine during the conditioning phase inhibited the acquisition of mCPP, while an identical injection one hour before the post-conditioning test had no influence on the expression of mCPP. Injection of GluR2-3Y (1.5 nmol/g) after mCPP extinction blocked the morphine-induced reinstatement of mCPP. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that inhibition of AMPAR endocytosis provides a new target for the treatment of opiate addiction.

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase10A attenuates morphine-induced conditioned place preference.

PubMed

Mu, Ying; Ren, Zhaoxiang; Jia, Jia; Gao, Bo; Zheng, Longtai; Wang, Guanghui; Friedman, Eitan; Zhen, Xuechu

2014-09-25

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 10A is selectively expressed in medium spiny neurons of the striatum. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key region that mediates drug reward and addiction-related behaviors. To investigate the potential role of PDE10A in the reinforcement properties of morphine, we tested the effect of MP-10, a selective inhibitor of PDE10A, on acquisition, expression, and extinction of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). The results show that 2.5 mg/kg MP-10, administered subcutaneously, significantly inhibited the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP. The same dose of MP-10 alone did not result in the CPP. Moreover, MP-10 did not alter the expression of morphine-induced CPP, but did accelerate the extinction of morphine-induced CPP. Additionally, chronic treatment with 2.5 mg/kg MP-10 decreased expression of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB), activated cAMP response element binding protein, in dorsomedial striatum, in shell of NAc, and in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as decreased expression of ΔFosB in the shell of NAc and ACC. The results suggest that inhibition of PDE10A may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of opioid addiction.

Effects of CCK-8 on the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP and expression of behavioral sensitization in rats.

PubMed

Wen, D; Zang, G; Sun, D; Yang, S; Yu, F; Li, S; Ma, C; Cong, B

2013-05-15

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), a neuropeptide, plays an important role in morphine dependence and several addictive behaviors. We have previously reported that CCK-8 attenuates the acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), but the possible functions of CCK-8 on drug relapse remain unclear. Here we evaluated the effects of CCK-8 on the reinstatement of extinguished morphine-induced CPP and behavioral sensitization. A single injection of 0.1 and 1μg CCK-8 (i.c.v.) significantly attenuated both drug- (morphine) and stress- (foot shock) primed reinstatement of CPP and reduced the escalated locomotor activity in reinstatement tests. Additionally, CCK-8 blocked the expression of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization. However, administration of CCK-8 (0.01, 0.1 and 1μg) alone to morphine-pretreated rats could not trigger reinstatement of CPP and had no significant effect on threshold sensitivity to foot shock. In conclusion, our study identifies a distinct inhibitory effect of CCK-8 on the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior and provides a potential application to the medication of drug relapse. Copyright © 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Maintenance of the Hanford cone penetrometer platform during fiscal year 1999

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

IWATATE, D.F.

This SOW describes services requested of Applied Research and Associates, Inc. (ARA), as a commercial provider of cone penetrometer equipment and services, to provide routine inspection and minimum preventive maintenance on the Hanford CP Platform (CPP) during Fiscal Year 1999. This SOW specifically pertains to the maintenance of the CPP and associated support equipment and is limited in scope to routine preventive maintenance and identification of any deficiencies. ARA is the original manufacturer of the CPP and will conduct this work following the vendor-prepared maintenance schedule.

Effects of rare-earth doping on femtosecond laser waveguide writing in zinc polyphosphate glass

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fletcher, Luke B.; Witcher, Jon J.; Troy, Neil

We have investigated waveguide writing in Er-Yb doped zinc polyphosphate glass using a femtosecond laser with a repetition rate of 1 KHz. We find that fabrication of good waveguides requires a glass composition with an O/P ratio of 3.25. The dependence on laser writing parameters including laser fluence, focusing conditions, and scan speed is reported. Waveguide properties together with absorption and emission data indicate that these glasses can be used for the fabrication of compact, high gain amplifying devices.

Linear-to-λ-Shape P-O-P Bond Transmutation in Polyphosphates with Infinite (PO3)∞ Chain.

PubMed

Wang, Ying; Li, Lin; Han, Shujuan; Lei, Bing-Hua; Abudoureheman, Maierhaba; Yang, Zhihua; Pan, Shilie

2017-09-05

A new metal polyphosphate, α-CsBa 2 (PO 3 ) 5 , exhibiting the first example of a linear P-O-P bond angle in a one-dimensional (PO 3 ) ∞ chain has been reported. Interestingly, α → β phase transition occurs in CsBa 2 (PO 3 ) 5 along with the P-O-P bonds varying from linear to λ-shape, suggesting that α-CsBa 2 (PO 3 ) 5 with unfavorable linear P-O-P bonds is more stable at ambient temperature.

Glycogen-bound polyphosphate kinase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.

PubMed

Skórko, R; Osipiuk, J; Stetter, K O

1989-09-01

Glycogen-bound polyphosphate kinase has been isolated from a crude extract of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl. Divalent cations (Mn2+ greater than Mg2+) stimulated the reaction. The enzyme does not require the presence of histones for its activity; it is inhibited strongly by phosphate and slightly by fluoride. The protein from the glycogen complex migrated in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel as a 57-kilodalton protein band; after isoelectric focusing it separated into several spots in the pH range of 5.6 to 6.7.

Dynamic NMDAR-mediated properties of place cells during the object place memory task.

PubMed

Faust, Thomas W; Robbiati, Sergio; Huerta, Tomás S; Huerta, Patricio T

2013-01-01

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) in the hippocampus participate in encoding and recalling the location of objects in the environment, but the ensemble mechanisms by which NMDARs mediate these processes have not been completely elucidated. To address this issue, we examined the firing patterns of place cells in the dorsal CA1 area of the hippocampus of mice (n = 7) that performed an object place memory (OPM) task, consisting of familiarization (T1), sample (T2), and choice (T3) trials, after systemic injection of 3-[(±)2-carboxypiperazin-4yl]propyl-1-phosphate (CPP), a specific NMDAR antagonist. Place cell properties under CPP (CPP-PCs) were compared to those after control saline injection (SAL-PCs) in the same mice. We analyzed place cells across the OPM task to determine whether they signaled the introduction or movement of objects by NMDAR-mediated changes of their spatial coding. On T2, when two objects were first introduced to a familiar chamber, CPP-PCs and SAL-PCs showed stable, vanishing or moving place fields in addition to changes in spatial information (SI). These metrics were comparable between groups. Remarkably, previously inactive CPP-PCs (with place fields emerging de novo on T2) had significantly weaker SI increases than SAL-PCs. On T3, when one object was moved, CPP-PCs showed reduced center-of-mass (COM) shift of their place fields. Indeed, a subset of SAL-PCs with large COM shifts (>7 cm) was largely absent in the CPP condition. Notably, for SAL-PCs that exhibited COM shifts, those initially close to the moving object followed the trajectory of the object, whereas those far from the object did the opposite. Our results strongly suggest that the SI changes and COM shifts of place fields that occur during the OPM task reflect key dynamic properties that are mediated by NMDARs and might be responsible for binding object identity with location.

D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus are involved in the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference.

PubMed

Assar, Nasim; Mahmoudi, Dorna; Farhoudian, Ali; Farhadi, Mohammad Hasan; Fatahi, Zahra; Haghparast, Abbas

2016-10-01

The hippocampus plays a vital role in processing contextual memories and reward related learning tasks, such as conditioned place preference (CPP). Among the neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, dopamine is deeply involved in reward-related processes. This study assessed the role of D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors within the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-CPP. To investigate the role of D1 and D2 receptors in morphine acquisition, the animals received different doses of D1- and/or D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists (SCH23390 and sulpiride, respectively) into the CA1, 5min before the administration of morphine (5mg/kg, subcutaneously) during a 3-days conditioning phase. To evaluate the involvement of these receptors in morphine reinstatement, the animals received different doses of SCH23390 or sulpiride (after extinction period) 5min before the administration of a low dose of morphine (1mg/kg) in order to reinstate the extinguished morphine-CPP. Conditioning scores were recorded by Ethovision software. The results of this study showed that the administration of SCH23390 or sulpiride, significantly decreased the acquisition of morphine-CPP. Besides, the injection of these antagonists before the administration of a priming dose of morphine, following the extinction period, decreased the reinstatement of morphine-CPP in sacrificed rats. However, the effect of sulpiride on the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-CPP was more significant than that of SCH23390. These findings suggested that D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors in the CA1 are involved in the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-CPP, and antagonism of these receptors can reduce the rewarding properties of morphine. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Current advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pelvic pain.

PubMed

Morrissey, Darlene; Ginzburg, Natasha; Whitmore, Kristene

2014-07-01

The diagnosis and treatment of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) have moved away from targeting a specific organ to multifactorial and multidisciplinary individualized approach to treatment strategies. The purpose of this article is to review the current advancements in diagnosis and treatment of CPP. Recognition that response to current treatment approach to CPP syndrome is variable; organizations such as the European Association of Urology, American Urologic Association, International Continence Society, International Association for the Study of Pain, and others have integrated the most current evidence and management strategies from multiple specialties (urology, gynecology, pain medicine, gastroenterology, colorectal surgery, neurology, physiotherapy, and psychology). The 1 World Congress on Pelvic Pain met in 2013 to further collaborate on diagnosis and management of CPP. A multimodal clinical phenotype system has also been implemented to help understand cause and guide therapy. New classification systems allow for overlap of mechanisms between conditions and a multidisciplinary treatment approach.

Thin film composition with biological substance and method of making

DOEpatents

Campbell, Allison A.; Song, Lin

1999-01-01

The invention provides a thin-film composition comprising an underlying substrate of a first material including a plurality of attachment sites; a plurality of functional groups chemically attached to the attachment sites of the underlying substrate; and a thin film of a second material deposited onto the attachment sites of the underlying substrate, and a biologically active substance deposited with the thin-film. Preferably the functional groups are attached to a self assembling monolayer attached to the underlying substrate. Preferred functional groups attached to the underlying substrate are chosen from the group consisting of carboxylates, sulfonates, phosphates, optionally substituted, linear or cyclo, alkyl, alkene, alkyne, aryl, alkylaryl, amine, hydroxyl, thiol, silyl, phosphoryl, cyano, metallocenyl, carbonyl, and polyphosphate. Preferred materials for the underlying substrate are selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, a plastic, a polymer, a proteic film, a membrane, a glass or a ceramic. The second material is selected from the group consisting of inorganic crystalline structures, inorganic amorphus structures, organic crystalline structures, and organic amorphus structures. Preferred second materials are phosphates, especially calcium phosphates and most particularly calcium apatite. The biologically active molecule is a protein, peptide, DNA segment, RNA segment, nucleotide, polynucleotide, nucleoside, antibiotic, antimicrobal, radioisotope, chelated radioisotope, chelated metal, metal salt, anti-inflamatory, steriod, nonsteriod anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antihistamine, receptor binding agent, or chemotherapeutic agent, or other biologically active material. Preferably the biologically active molecule is an osteogenic factor the compositions listed above.

[Wavelet packet extraction and entropy analysis of telemetry EEG from the prelimbic cortex of medial prefrontal cortex in morphine-induced CPP rats].

PubMed

Bai, Yu; Bai, Jia-Ming; Li, Jing; Li, Min; Yu, Ran; Pan, Qun-Wan

2014-12-25

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the relationship between the telemetry electroencephalogram (EEG) changes of the prelimbic (PL) cortex and the drug-seeking behavior of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) rats by using the wavelet packet extraction and entropy measurement. The recording electrode was stereotactically implanted into the PL cortex of rats. The animals were then divided randomly into operation-only control and morphine-induced CPP groups, respectively. A CPP video system in combination with an EEG wireless telemetry device was used for recording EEG of PL cortex when the rats shuttled between black-white or white-black chambers. The telemetry recorded EEGs were analyzed by wavelet packet extraction, Welch power spectrum estimate, normalized amplitude and Shannon entropy algorithm. The results showed that, compared with operation-only control group, the left PL cortex's EEG of morphine-induced CPP group during black-white chamber shuttling exhibited the following changes: (1) the amplitude of average EEG for each frequency bands extracted by wavelet packet was reduced; (2) the Welch power intensity was increased significantly in 10-50 Hz EEG band (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); (3) Shannon entropy was increased in β, γ₁, and γ₂waves of the EEG (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); and (4) the average information entropy was reduced (P < 0.01). The results suggest that above mentioned EEG changes in morphine-induced CPP group rat may be related to animals' drug-seeking motivation and behavior launching.

Enhancement of biocompatibility of 316LVM stainless steel by cyclic potentiodynamic passivation.

PubMed

Shahryari, Arash; Omanovic, Sasha; Szpunar, Jerzy A

2009-06-15

Passivation of stainless steel implants is a common procedure used to increase their biocompatibility. The results presented in this work demonstrate that the electrochemical cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) of a biomedical grade 316LVM stainless steel surface is a very efficient passivation method that can be used to significantly improve the material's general corrosion resistance and thus its biocompatibility. The influence of a range of experimental parameters on the passivation/corrosion protection efficiency is discussed. The passive film formed on a 316LVM surface by using the CPP method offers a significantly higher general corrosion resistance than the naturally grown passive film. The corresponding relative corrosion protection efficiency measured in saline during a 2-month period was 97% +/- 1%, which demonstrates a very high stability of the CPP-formed passive film. Its high corrosion protection efficiency was confirmed also at temperatures and chloride concentrations well above normal physiological levels. It was also shown that the CPP is a significantly more effective passivation method than some other surface-treatment methods commonly used to passivate biomedical grade stainless steels. In addition, the CPP-passivated 316LVM surface showed an enhanced biocompatibility in terms of preosteoblast (MC3T3) cells attachment. An increased thickness of the CPP-formed passive film and its enrichment with Cr(VI) and oxygen was determined to be the origin of the material's increased general corrosion resistance, whereas the increased surface roughness and surface (Volta) potential were suggested to be the origin of the enhanced preosteoblast cells attachment. Copyright 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cementitious porous pavement in stormwater quality control: pH and alkalinity elevation.

PubMed

Kuang, Xuheng; Sansalone, John

2011-01-01

A certain level of alkalinity acts as a buffer and maintains the pH value in a stable range in water bodies. With rapid urban development, more and more acidic pollutants flow to watersheds with runoff and drop alkalinity to a very low level and ultimately degrade the water environment. Cementitious porous pavement is an effective tool for stormwater acidic neutralization. When stormwater infiltrates cement porous pavement (CPP) materials, alkalinity and pH will be elevated due to the basic characteristics of cement concrete. The elevated alkalinity will neutralize acids in water bodies and maintain the pH in a stable level as a buffer. It is expected that CPP materials still have a certain capability of alkalinity elevation after years of service, which is important for CPP as an effective tool for stormwater management. However, few previous studies have reported on how CPP structures would elevate runoff alkalinity and pH after being exposed to rainfall-runoff for years. In this study, three groups of CPP specimens, all exposed to rainfall-runoff for 3 years, were used to test the pH and alkalinity elevation properties. It was found that runoff pH values were elevated from 7.4 to the range of 7.8-8.6 after infiltrating through the uncoated specimens, and from 7.4 to 8.5-10.7 after infiltrating through aluminum-coated specimens. Runoff alkalinity elevation efficiencies are 11.5-14.5% for uncoated specimens and 42.2% for coated specimens. The study shows that CPP is an effective passive unit operation for stormwater acid neutralization in our built environment.

Musculoskeletal Dysfunctions in Patients With Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Preliminary Descriptive Survey.

PubMed

Mieritz, Rune Mygind; Thorhauge, Kirsten; Forman, Axel; Mieritz, Hanne Beck; Hartvigsen, Jan; Christensen, Henrik Wulff

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal dysfunctions based on a standardized clinical examination of patients with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) who were referred to a specialized tertiary care center for laparoscopic examination. In addition, we stratified levels of self-reported pelvic pain, self-rated health, education, and work status based on musculoskeletal dysfunction status. This study used a cross-sectional design to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal dysfunctions in women with CPP who were referred to a tertiary care center specializing in care of women with CPP. The women completed a questionnaire and underwent a blinded systematic objective clinical examination of the musculoskeletal system by a doctor of chiropractic who then categorized the patients as having or not having musculoskeletal dysfunction. Ninety-four patients returned the questionnaire, completed the clinical examination, and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. More than half of the referred patients with CPP (48 out of 94) had musculoskeletal dysfunctions in the lumbar/pelvic region. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups with respect to self-rated health, education, work status, and pain level. Pain location was significantly different after Bonferroni correction in 1 out of the 36 aspects. In this sample of CPP patients, 51% were categorized as having a musculoskeletal dysfunction. Overall, CPP patients were similar with respect to certain characteristics, such as age, body mass index, and pain level, regardless of their classification; however, patients with musculoskeletal dysfunction tended to report more pain in the front and back of the lower limbs. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Rapamycin prevents drug seeking via disrupting reconsolidation of reward memory in rats.

PubMed

Lin, Jue; Liu, Lingqi; Wen, Quan; Zheng, Chunming; Gao, Yang; Peng, Shuxian; Tan, Yalun; Li, Yanqin

2014-01-01

The maladaptive drug memory developed between the drug-rewarding effect and environmental cues contributes to difficulty in preventing drug relapse. Established reward memories can be disrupted by pharmacologic interventions following their reactivation. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, has been proved to be involved in various memory consolidation. However, it is less well characterized in drug memory reconsolidation. Using a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure, we examined the effects of systemically administered rapamycin on reconsolidation of drug memory in rats. We found that systemically administered rapamycin (0.1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) after re-exposure to drug-paired environment, dose dependently decreased the expression of CPP 1 d later, and the effect lasted for up to 14 d and could not be reversed by a priming injection of morphine. The effect of rapamycin on morphine-associated memory was specific to drug-paired context, and rapamycin had no effect on subsequent CPP expression when rats were exposed to saline-paired context or homecage. These results indicated that systemic administration of rapamycin after memory reactivation can persistently inhibit the drug seeking behaviour via disruption of morphine memory reconsolidation in rats. Additionally, the effect of rapamycin on memory reconsolidation was reproduced in cocaine CPP and alcohol CPP. Furthermore, rapamycin did not induce conditioned place aversion and had no effect on locomotor activity and anxiety behaviour. These findings suggest that rapamycin could erase the acquired drug CPP in rats, and that mTOR activity plays an important role in drug reconsolidation and is required for drug relapse.

CONSTRUCTION VIEW OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) LOOKING NORTHWEST. INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION VIEW OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) LOOKING NORTHWEST. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-51-1390. Unknown Photographer, 1/31/1951 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627). INL PHOTO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627). INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-54-12124. Unknown Photographer, 9/21/1954 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

DETAILS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200062700098105071. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAILS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0627-00-098-105071. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 4272-14-108. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION VIEW OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) LOOKING EAST. INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION VIEW OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) LOOKING EAST. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-51-1547. Unknown Photographer, 2/28/1951 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Target of Rapamycin (TOR)-like 1 Kinase Is Involved in the Control of Polyphosphate Levels and Acidocalcisome Maintenance in Trypanosoma brucei*

PubMed Central

de Jesus, Teresa Cristina Leandro; Tonelli, Renata Rosito; Nardelli, Sheila C.; da Silva Augusto, Leonardo; Motta, Maria Cristina M.; Girard-Dias, Wendell; Miranda, Kildare; Ulrich, Paul; Jimenez, Veronica; Barquilla, Antonio; Navarro, Miguel; Docampo, Roberto; Schenkman, Sergio

2010-01-01

Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinases are highly conserved protein kinases that integrate signals from nutrients and growth factors to coordinate cell growth and cell cycle progression. It has been previously described that two TOR kinases control cell growth in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis. Here we studied an unusual TOR-like protein named TbTOR-like 1 containing a PDZ domain and found exclusively in kinetoplastids. TbTOR-like 1 localizes to unique cytosolic granules. After hyperosmotic stress, the localization of the protein shifts to the cell periphery, different from other organelle markers. Ablation of TbTOR-like 1 causes a progressive inhibition of cell proliferation, producing parasites accumulating in the S/G2 phase of the cell cycle. TbTOR-like 1 knocked down cells have an increased area occupied by acidic vacuoles, known as acidocalcisomes, and are enriched in polyphosphate and pyrophosphate. These results suggest that TbTOR-like 1 might be involved in the control of acidocalcisome and polyphosphate metabolism in T. brucei. PMID:20495004

MISCELLANEOUS ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627). INL DRAWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

MISCELLANEOUS ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0627-00-098-105631. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 4272-814-134. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION VIEW FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603) LOOKING EAST SHOWING ASBESTOS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION VIEW FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603) LOOKING EAST SHOWING ASBESTOS SIDING. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-51-1543. Unknown Photographer, 2/28/1951 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO SHOWING MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) LOOKING NORTH. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO SHOWING MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) LOOKING NORTH. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-51-1387. Unknown Photographer, 1/31/1951 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

SOUTH ELEVATION OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP640) LOOKING NORTH. INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SOUTH ELEVATION OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640) LOOKING NORTH. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-22-3-1. Mike Crane, Photographer, 11/1998 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO SHOWING FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603) LOOKING NORTHWEST. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO SHOWING FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603) LOOKING NORTHWEST. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-50-895. Unknown Photographer, 10/30/1950 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

BUILDING PLANS OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). INL DRAWING NUMBER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

BUILDING PLANS OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0603-61-299-103029. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 542-31-B-21. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627). INL PHOTO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627). INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-54-12573. R.G. Larsen, Photographer, 10/20/1954 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627) SHOWING INITIAL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) SHOWING INITIAL EXCAVATION. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-54-10703. Unknown Photographer, 5/21/1954 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

SOUTH ELEVATION OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) LOOKING NORTH. INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SOUTH ELEVATION OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) LOOKING NORTH. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-22-5-3. Mike Crane, Photographer, 11/1998 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Physical Therapy Treatment of Pelvic Pain.

PubMed

Bradley, Michelle H; Rawlins, Ashley; Brinker, C Anna

2017-08-01

Physical therapists offer a valuable service in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Physical therapists are trained in functional restoration of the whole body. The physical therapist is in the unique position to assess and treat CPP in restoration of transitional movement ease and tolerance for improved functional control with the ultimate goal of wellness. It is imperative that pelvic floor muscle overactivity, underactivity, or a combination there of is accurately assessed and treated to avoid exacerbation of symptoms. The physical therapist has treatment options to restore the function with education in independent management of CPP. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The 21st Century Power Partnership's program in Mexico (21CPP Mexico) is one initiative of the Clean Energy Ministerial, carried out in cooperation with government and local stakeholders, drawing upon an international community of power system expertise. The overall goal of this program is to support Mexico's power system transformation by accelerating the transition to a reliable, financially robust, and low-carbon system. 21CPP Mexico activities focus on achieving positive outcomes for all participants, especially addressing critical questions and challenges facing policymakers, regulators, and system operators. In support of this goal, 21CPP Mexico taps into deep networks of expertise and professional connections.

A possible link between dysmenorrhoea and the development of chronic pelvic pain.

PubMed

Hardi, Gemma; Evans, Susan; Craigie, Meredith

2014-12-01

Anecdotally, severe dysmenorrhoea can pre-date the development of chronic pelvic pain (CPP). This study describes the timeline for the transition from dysmenorrhoea to CPP in a cohort of new patients attending a private gynaecology clinic. In 16.4% of cases, transition occurred within one year, and within 12 years in over 50%. Our study suggests clinicians need to observe women with severe dysmenorrhoea for signs of chronic pain. Further research is needed into the transition from dysmenorrhoea to CPP, and effective early interventions. © 2014 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.

CPP-115, a Potent γ-Aminobutyric Acid Aminotransferase Inactivator for the Treatment of Cocaine Addiction

PubMed Central

Pan, Yue; Gerasimov, Madina R.; Kvist, Trine; Wellendorph, Petrine; Madsen, Karsten K.; Pera, Elena; Lee, Hyunbeom; Schousboe, Arne; Chebib, Mary; Bräuner-Osborne, Hans; Craft, Cheryl M.; Brodie, Jonathan D.; Schiffer, Wynne K.; Dewey, Stephen L.; Miller, Steven R.; Silverman, Richard B.

2011-01-01

Vigabatrin, a GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT) inactivator, is used to treat infantile spasms and refractory complex partial seizures and is in clinical trials to treat addiction. We evaluated a novel GABA-AT inactivator (CPP-115) and observed that it does not exhibit other GABAergic or off-target activities and is rapidly and completely orally absorbed and eliminated. Using in vivo microdialysis techniques in freely moving rats and micro-PET imaging techniques, CPP-115 produced similar inhibition of cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine and in synaptic dopamine in the nucleus accumbens at 1/300–1/600th the dose of vigabatrin. It also blocks expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference at a dose 1/300th that of vigabatrin. Electroretinographic (ERG) responses in rats treated with CPP-115, at doses 20–40 times higher than those needed to treat addiction in rats, exhibited reductions in ERG responses, which were less than the reductions observed in rats treated with vigabatrin at the same dose needed to treat addiction in rats. In conclusion, CPP-115 can be administered at significantly lower doses than vigabatrin, which suggests a potential new treatment for addiction with a significantly reduced risk of visual field defects. PMID:22128851

Post-Retrieval Extinction Attenuates Cocaine Memories

PubMed Central

Sartor, Gregory C; Aston-Jones, Gary

2014-01-01

Recent studies have shown that post-retrieval extinction training attenuates fear and reward-related memories in both humans and rodents. This noninvasive, behavioral approach has the potential to be used in clinical settings to treat maladaptive memories that underlie several psychiatric disorders, including drug addiction. However, few studies to date have used a post-retrieval extinction approach to attenuate addiction-related memories. In the current study, we attempted to disrupt cocaine-related memories by using the post-retrieval extinction paradigm in male Sprague Dawley rats. Results revealed that starting extinction training 1 h after cocaine contextual memory was retrieved significantly attenuated cocaine-primed reinstatement of conditioned place preference (CPP) and relapse of cocaine CPP (drug-free and cocaine-primed) following 30 days of abstinence. However, animals that did not retrieve the contextual cocaine memory before extinction training, or animals that began extinction training 24 h after retrieval (outside of the reconsolidation window), demonstrated normal cocaine CPP. Conversely, animals that received additional CPP conditioning, rather than extinction training, 1 h after reactivation of cocaine memory showed enhanced cocaine CPP compared with animals that did not reactivate the cocaine memory before conditioning. These results reveal that a behavioral manipulation that takes advantage of reconsolidation and extinction of drug memories may be useful in decreasing preference for, and abuse of, cocaine. PMID:24257156

Increased cellular uptake of peptide-modified PEGylated gold nanoparticles.

PubMed

He, Bo; Yang, Dan; Qin, Mengmeng; Zhang, Yuan; He, Bing; Dai, Wenbing; Wang, Xueqing; Zhang, Qiang; Zhang, Hua; Yin, Changcheng

2017-12-09

Gold nanoparticles are promising drug delivery vehicles for nucleic acids, small molecules, and proteins, allowing various modifications on the particle surface. However, the instability and low bioavailability of gold nanoparticles compromise their clinical application. Here, we functionalized gold nanoparticles with CPP fragments (CALNNPFVYLI, CALRRRRRRRR) through sulfhydryl PEG to increase their stability and bioavailability. The resulting gold nanoparticles were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-visible spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the stability in biological solutions was evaluated. Comparing to PEGylated gold nanoparticles, CPP (CALNNPFVYLI, CALRRRRRRRR)-modified gold nanoparticles showed 46 folds increase in cellular uptake in A549 and B16 cell lines, as evidenced by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The interactions between gold nanoparticles and liposomes indicated CPP-modified gold nanoparticles bind to cell membrane more effectively than PEGylated gold nanoparticles. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to measure interactions between nanoparticles and the membrane. TEM and uptake inhibitor experiments indicated that the cellular entry of gold nanoparticles was mediated by clathrin and macropinocytosis. Other energy independent endocytosis pathways were also identified. Our work revealed a new strategy to modify gold nanoparticles with CPP and illustrated the cellular uptake pathway of CPP-modified gold nanoparticles. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Agmatine attenuates nicotine induced conditioned place preference in mice through modulation of neuropeptide Y system.

PubMed

Kotagale, Nandkishor R; Walke, Sonali; Shelkar, Gajanan P; Kokare, Dadasaheb M; Umekar, Milind J; Taksande, Brijesh G

2014-04-01

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of agmatine on nicotine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male albino mice. Intra-peritoneal (ip) administration of nicotine (1mg/kg) significantly increased time spent in drug-paired compartment. Agmatine (20 and 40 mg/kg, ip) co-administered with nicotine during the 6 days conditioning sessions completely abolished the acquisition of nicotine-induced CPP in mice. Concomitant administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) (1 pg/mouse, icv) or [Leu(31), Pro(34)]-NPY (0.1 pg/mouse, icv), selective NPY Y1 receptor agonist potentiated the inhibitory effect of agmatine (10 mg/kg, ip) on nicotine CPP. Conversely, pretreatment with NPY Y1 receptor antagonist, BIBP3226 (0.01 ng/mouse, icv) blocked the effect of agmatine (20 mg/kg, ip) on nicotine induced CPP. In immunohistochemical study, nicotine decreased NPY-immunoreactivity in nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral part (BNSTl), arcuate nucleus (ARC) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Conversely, administration of agmatine prior to the nicotine significantly reversed the effect of nicotine on NPY-immunoreactivity in the above brain nuclei. This data indicate that agmatine attenuate nicotine induced CPP via modulation of NPYergic neurotransmission in brain. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

MISCELLANEOUS ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS AND SECTIONS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

MISCELLANEOUS ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS AND SECTIONS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0627-00-098-105632. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 4272-814-135. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

MISCELLANEOUS SECTIONS AND DETAILS OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

MISCELLANEOUS SECTIONS AND DETAILS OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0603-61-299-103032. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 542-31-B-24. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

WEST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

WEST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING NORTHEAST. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-20-1. Mike Crane, Photographer, 8/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

SOUTH ELEVATION AND DETAILS OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601). INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SOUTH ELEVATION AND DETAILS OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0601-00-291-103082. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 542-12-B-76. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

NORTH AND SOUTH SECTIONS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627). INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NORTH AND SOUTH SECTIONS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0627-00-098-105068. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 4272-14-105. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

EAST AND WEST ELEVATIONS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627). INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EAST AND WEST ELEVATIONS OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0627-00-098-105067. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 4272-14-104. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

EAST AND WEST ELEVATIONS OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601). INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EAST AND WEST ELEVATIONS OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0601-00-291-103081. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 542-11-B-75. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

WEST ELEVATIONS AND SECTIONS OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

WEST ELEVATIONS AND SECTIONS OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-063-61-299-103031. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 542-31-B-23. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

SIDING AND ROOF DETAILS OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SIDING AND ROOF DETAILS OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0603-61-299-103033. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 542-31-B-25. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

INTERIOR VIEW OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603) SHOWING CRANE ASSEMBLY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR VIEW OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603) SHOWING CRANE ASSEMBLY FOR TRANSFER PIT. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-51-2404. Unknown Photographer, 5/31/1951 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

WEST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

WEST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING NORTHEAST. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-20-3. Mike Crane, Photographer, 8/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

BUILDING DETAILS AND SECTIONS OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601). INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

BUILDING DETAILS AND SECTIONS OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0601-00-291-103080. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 542-11-B-74. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

STRUCTURAL DETAILS AND SECTIONS OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601). INL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

STRUCTURAL DETAILS AND SECTIONS OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0601-00-291-103079. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 542-11-B-73. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627) SHOWING PLACEMENT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) SHOWING PLACEMENT OF PIERS. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-54-11716. Unknown Photographer, 8/20/1954 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Revised Model of Calcium and Magnesium Binding to the Bacterial Cell Wall

PubMed Central

Thomas, Kieth J.; Rice, Charles V.

2014-01-01

Metals bind to the bacterial cell wall yet the binding mechanisms and affinity constants are not fully understood. The cell wall of gram positive bacteria is characterized by a thick layer of peptidoglycan and anionic teichoic acids anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane (lipoteichoic acid) or covalently bound to the cell wall (wall teichoic acid). The polyphosphate groups of teichoic acid provide one-half of the metal binding sites for calcium and magnesium, contradicting previous reports that calcium binding is 100% dependent on teichoic acid. The remaining binding sites are formed with the carboxyl units of peptidoglycan. In this work we report equilibrium association constants and total metal binding capacities for the interaction of calcium and magnesium ions with the bacterial cell wall. Metal binding is much stronger and previously reported. Curvature of Scatchard plots from the binding data and the resulting two regions of binding affinity suggest the presence of negative cooperative binding, meaning that the binding affinity decreases as more ions become bound to the sample. For Ca2+, Region I has a KA = (1.0 ± 0.2) × 106 M−1 and Region II has a KA = (0.075 ± 0.058) × 106 M−1. For Mg2+, KA1 = (1.5 ± 0.1) × 106 and KA2 = (0.17 ± 0.10) × 106. A binding capacity (η) is reported for both regions. However, since binding is still occurring in Region II, the total binding capacity is denoted by η2, which are 0.70 ± 0.04 µmol/mg and 0.67 ± 0.03 µmol/mg for Ca2+ and Mg2+ respectively. These data contradict the current paradigm of there being a single metal affinity value that is constant over a range of concentrations. We also find that measurement of equilibrium binding constants is highly sample dependent, suggesting a role for diffusion of metals through heterogeneous cell wall fragments. As a result, we are able to reconcile many contradictory theories that describe binding affinity and the binding mode of divalent metal cations. PMID:25315444

Whole-Genome Analysis Reveals that Mutations in Inositol Polyphosphate Phosphatase-like 1 Cause Opsismodysplasia

PubMed Central

Below, Jennifer E.; Earl, Dawn L.; Shively, Kathryn M.; McMillin, Margaret J.; Smith, Joshua D.; Turner, Emily H.; Stephan, Mark J.; Al-Gazali, Lihadh I.; Hertecant, Jozef L.; Chitayat, David; Unger, Sheila; Cohn, Daniel H.; Krakow, Deborah; Swanson, James M.; Faustman, Elaine M.; Shendure, Jay; Nickerson, Deborah A.; Bamshad, Michael J.

2013-01-01

Opsismodysplasia is a rare, autosomal-recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by short stature, characteristic facial features, and in some cases severe renal phosphate wasting. We used linkage analysis and whole-genome sequencing of a consanguineous trio to discover that mutations in inositol polyphosphate phosphatase-like 1 (INPPL1) cause opsismodysplasia with or without renal phosphate wasting. Evaluation of 12 families with opsismodysplasia revealed that INPPL1 mutations explain ∼60% of cases overall, including both of the families in our cohort with more than one affected child and 50% of the simplex cases. PMID:23273567

Balance ability and posture in postmenopausal women with chronic pelvic pain.

PubMed

Fuentes-Márquez, Pedro; Rodríguez-Torres, Janet R; Valenza, Marie C; Ortíz-Rubio, Araceli; Ariza-Mateos, María J; Cabrera-Martos, Irene

2018-04-09

The aim of the present study was to analyze balance ability and posture in postmenopausal women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP). This study includes a sample of 48 women with CPP recruited from the Gynecology Service of Virgen de las Nieves and San Cecilio Hospitals in Granada (Spain) and 48 healthy control women matched with respect to age and anthropometric characteristics. Outcome variables collected included: balance ability (Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test and Timed Up an Go Test) and posture (photogrammetry and Spinal Mouse). Significant differences were found in all Mini Best Test subscales: total (P < 0.001), anticipatory (P = 0.002), reactive postural control (P < 0.001), sensory orientation (P < 0.001), and dynamic gait (P < 0.001), and all Timed Up and Go test subscales: alone (P < 0.001), with manual (P = 0.002) and cognitive task (P = 0.030). Significant differences were also found on spinal cervical angles with a forward head posture in women with CPP; global spine alignment exhibited more deviation in the women with CPP (P < 0.001); and a higher percentage of women with CPP (58%) presented with increased thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. Cohen's d was used to calculate the effect size. Some subscales of balance and posture tests showed a large effect size (d ≥0.8), indicating a more consistent result. Women with CPP presented poor balance including anticipatory, reactive postural control, sensory orientation, dynamic gait, and dual task-related conditions. Posture showed higher values on the dorsal angle and lower sacral inclination, less spine alignment, and a more prevalent posture with increased kyphosis and lumbar lordosis.

Effects of cocaine combined with a social cue on conditioned place preference and nucleus accumbens monoamines after isolation rearing in rats

PubMed Central

Grotewold, Susan K.; Wall, Vanessa L.; Goodell, Dayton J.; Hayter, Cassandra

2015-01-01

Rationale Social interaction during drug exposure can potentiate cocaine reward. Isolation rearing (ISO) during adolescence increases social interaction and may amplify this potentiation. Objectives The objectives of this study are to determine whether ISO alters conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine when combined with a social cue and to determine whether ISO alters the effects of cocaine when combined with social cue on nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT). Methods Male and female rats were either ISO or group (GRP) reared for 4 weeks during adolescence. CPP was performed using a low dose of cocaine (2 mg/kg or saline) with or without exposure to a novel same-sex conspecific during conditioning. In vivo microdialysis was performed using the same parameters. Results ISO rats engaged in more social and aggressive behaviors during conditioning relative to GRP. Cocaine reduced social and aggressive behaviors in all rats. CPP was not influenced by rearing condition. Cocaine produced significant CPP, and a social cue produced CPP only in males. In contrast, the interaction of cocaine and a social cue on NAcS DA and 5-HT differed depending upon rearing condition. In isolates, cocaine-induced DA was attenuated, while cocaine plus a social cue produced potentiated DA and 5-HT. Conclusions Exposure to a low dose of cocaine in the presence of a social cue produced additive effects on CPP while producing synergistic effects on DA and 5-HT in the NAcS of ISO rats. The aversive effects of this compound stimulus may negate the rewarding effects in isolates. PMID:24553577

Intracranial pressure monitoring after primary decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: a clinical study.

PubMed

Picetti, Edoardo; Caspani, Maria Luisa; Iaccarino, Corrado; Pastorello, Giulia; Salsi, Pierpaolo; Viaroli, Edoardo; Servadei, Franco

2017-04-01

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring represents an important tool in the management of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although current information exists regarding ICP monitoring in secondary decompressive craniectomy (DC), little is known after primary DC following emergency hematoma evacuation. Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) for TBI and ICP monitoring after primary DC. Exclusion criteria were ICU length of stay (LOS) <1 day and pregnancy. Major objectives were: (1) to analyze changes in ICP/cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) after primary DC, (2) to evaluate the relationship between ICP/CPP and neurological outcome and (3) to characterize and evaluate ICP-driven therapies after DC. A total of 34 patients were enrolled. Over 308 days of ICP/CPP monitoring, 130 days with at least one episode of intracranial hypertension (26 patients, 76.5%) and 57 days with at least one episode of CPP <60 mmHg (22 patients, 64.7%) were recorded. A statistically significant relationship was discovered between the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores and mean post-decompression ICP (p < 0.04) and between GOS and CPP minimum (CPPmin) (p < 0.04). After DC, persisting intracranial hypertension was treated with: barbiturate coma (n = 7, 20.6%), external ventricular drain (EVD) (n = 4, 11.8%), DC diameter widening (n = 1, 2.9%) and removal of newly formed hematomas (n = 3, 8.8%). Intracranial hypertension and/or low CPP occurs frequently after primary DC; their occurence is associated with an unfavorable neurological outcome. ICP monitoring appears useful in guiding therapy after primary DC.

Intra-accumbal administration of AMN082, a metabotropic glutamate receptor type 7 allosteric agonist, inhibits the acquisition but not the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

PubMed

Vatankhah, Mahsaneh; Karimi-Haghighi, Saeideh; Sarihi, Abdolrahman; Haghparast, Abbas

2018-05-22

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a primary role in opioid reward. The actions of glutamate are mediated by the activation of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Previous documents have shown the extensive distributions of the different types of mGluRs, including mGluR7, in regions that are involved in opioid reward, such as the NAc. In this study, seventy male Wistar rats were used to investigate the role of mGluR7 receptors in the NAc on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). In Experiment 1, to determine the effect of AMN082, a selective mGluR7 allosteric agonist, on the acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), the rats bilaterally received AMN082 (1, 3 and 5 μg/0.5 μL DMSO) during three-day conditioning by morphine (5 mg/kg). In Experiment 2, the rats bilaterally received AMN082 (5 μg/0.5 μL DMSO) 5 min prior to the post-conditioning test to investigate the effect of AMN082 on the expression of morphine-induced CPP. The results showed that the intra-accumbal injection of AMN082 prevents the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP in a dose-dependent manner. However, intra-accumbal injection of AMN082 had no effect on the expression of morphine-induced CPP. The findings propose that the mGluR7 in the NAc inhibits the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP that could be mediated by inhibition of NMDA receptors in the NAc. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Sodium Benzoate Treatment in Combination with An Extinction Training on the Maintenance of Cocaine-Supported Memory.

PubMed

Tsai, Yi-Ni; Tzeng, Wen-Yu; Cherng, Chianfang G; Liao, Tien You; Wu, Hsin-Hua; Lin, Jie-Kuan; Yu, Lung

2016-02-29

Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor can facilitate the extinction of various maladaptive memories. Sodium benzoate (NaB) has been known to enhance a naturally occurring full agonist on the glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor. This study aimed to test whether systemic NaB treatment can affect the extinction of a cocaine-supported memory, the cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Following the establishment of the cocaine (10 mg/kg/conditioning × 3)-induced CPP, an extinction protocol, consisting of two consecutive extinction training bouts at an 8-h interval, was used. NaB (500 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline was given immediately following each extinction training bout to test the modulating effect of NaB on the maintenance of cocaine-induced CPP. Moreover, NaB was bilaterally micro-infused into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to validate the involvement of this brain region in mediating systemic NaB treatment-produced effect on cocaine-induced CPP. Systemic (500 mg/kg) and intra-mPFC (10 μg/side) NaB treatment significantly decreased subsequent cocaine-induced CPP magnitude, although the NaB treatment or the extinction training alone did not affect such CPP magnitude. It was of importance to note that systemic or intra-mPFC NaB delivery did not affect mouse locomotor activity in the retests. These results, taken together, suggest that NaB treatment in combination with the extinction training may facilitate the extinction of the cocaine-supported memory. Moreover, systemic NaB treatment exerts such effects, at least in part, via its effect in the mPFC.

Influence of cholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil and rivastigmine on the acquisition, expression, and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

PubMed

Gawel, Kinga; Labuz, Krzysztof; Jenda, Malgorzata; Silberring, Jerzy; Kotlinska, Jolanta H

2014-07-15

The influence of systemic administration of cholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil and rivastigmine on the acquisition, expression, and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was examined in rats. Additionally, this study aimed to compare the effects of donepezil, which selectively inhibits acetylcholinesterase, and rivastigmine, which inhibits both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase on morphine reward. Morphine-induced CPP (unbiased method) was induced by four injections of morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Donepezil (0.5, 1, and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) or rivastigmine (0.03, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) were given 20 min before morphine during conditioning phase and 20 min before the expression or reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP. Our results indicated that both inhibitors of cholinesterase attenuated the acquisition and expression of morphine CPP. The results were more significant after rivastigmine due to a broader inhibitory spectrum of this drug. Moreover, donepezil (1 mg/kg) and rivastigmine (0.5 mg/kg) attenuated the morphine CPP reinstated by priming injection of 5mg/kg morphine. These properties of both cholinesterase inhibitors were reversed by mecamylamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist but not scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. All effects of cholinesterase inhibitors were observed at the doses that had no effects on locomotor activity of animals. Our results suggest beneficial role of cholinesterase inhibitors in reduction of morphine reward and morphine-induced seeking behavior. Finally, we found that the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in attenuating reinstatement of morphine CPP provoked by priming injection may be due to stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dopamine D1 receptor agonist treatment attenuates extinction of morphine conditioned place preference while increasing dendritic complexity in the nucleus accumbens core.

PubMed

Kobrin, Kendra L; Arena, Danielle T; Heinrichs, Stephen C; Nguyen, Olivia H; Kaplan, Gary B

2017-03-30

The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) has a role in opioid reward and conditioned place preference (CPP), but its role in CPP extinction is undetermined. We examined the effect of D1R agonist SKF81297 on the extinction of opioid CPP and associated dendritic morphology in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a region involved with reward integration and its extinction. During the acquisition of morphine CPP, mice received morphine and saline on alternate days; injections were given immediately before each of eight daily conditioning sessions. Mice subsequently underwent six days of extinction training designed to diminish the previously learned association. Mice were treated with either 0.5mg/kg SKF81297, 0.8mg/kg SKF81297, or saline immediately after each extinction session. There was a dose-dependent effect, with the highest dose of SKF81297 attenuating extinction, as mice treated with this dose had significantly higher CPP scores than controls. Analysis of medium spiny neuron morphology revealed that in the NAc core, but not in the shell, dendritic arbors were significantly more complex in the morphine conditioned, SKF81297-treated mice compared to controls. In separate experiments using mice conditioned with only saline, SKF81297 administration after extinction sessions had no effect on CPP and produced differing effects on dendritic morphology. At the doses used in our experiments, SKF81297 appears to maintain previously learned opioid conditioned behavior, even in the face of new information. The D1R agonist's differential, rather than unidirectional, effects on dendritic morphology in the NAc core suggests that it may be involved in encoding reward information depending on previously learned behavior. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Early-life experience decreases drug-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP in adulthood via microglial-specific epigenetic programming of anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression.

PubMed

Schwarz, Jaclyn M; Hutchinson, Mark R; Bilbo, Staci D

2011-12-07

A critical component of drug addiction research involves identifying novel biological mechanisms and environmental predictors of risk or resilience to drug addiction and associated relapse. Increasing evidence suggests microglia and astrocytes can profoundly affect the physiological and addictive properties of drugs of abuse, including morphine. We report that glia within the rat nucleus accumbens (NAcc) respond to morphine with an increase in cytokine/chemokine expression, which predicts future reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) following a priming dose of morphine. This glial response to morphine is influenced by early-life experience. A neonatal handling paradigm that increases the quantity and quality of maternal care significantly increases baseline expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 within the NAcc, attenuates morphine-induced glial activation, and prevents the subsequent reinstatement of morphine CPP in adulthood. IL-10 expression within the NAcc and reinstatement of CPP are negatively correlated, suggesting a protective role for this specific cytokine against morphine-induced glial reactivity and drug-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP. Neonatal handling programs the expression of IL-10 within the NAcc early in development, and this is maintained into adulthood via decreased methylation of the IL-10 gene specifically within microglia. The effect of neonatal handling is mimicked by pharmacological modulation of glia in adulthood with ibudilast, which increases IL-10 expression, inhibits morphine-induced glial activation within the NAcc, and prevents reinstatement of morphine CPP. Taken together, we have identified a novel gene × early-life environment interaction on morphine-induced glial activation and a specific role for glial activation in drug-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior.

Inhibitory effects of forced swim stress and corticosterone on the acquisition but not expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference: involvement of glucocorticoid receptor in the basolateral amygdala.

PubMed

Attarzadeh-Yazdi, Ghassem; Karimi, Sara; Azizi, Pegah; Yazdi-Ravandi, Saeid; Hesam, Soghra; Haghparast, Abbas

2013-09-01

Addiction is a common chronic psychiatric disease which represents a global problem and stress has an important role to increase drug addiction and relapse. In the present study, we investigated the effects of physical stress and exogenous corticosterone on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Also, we tried to find out the role of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) of basolateral amygdala (BLA) in this regard. In the CPP paradigm, conditioning score and locomotion activity were recorded by Ethovision software. Male adult rats received forced swim stress (FSS) as a physical stress or corticosterone (10 mg/kg; ip) as a dominant stress hormone in rodents, 10min before morphine injection (5 mg/kg; sc) during three conditioning days (acquisition) or just prior to CPP test in the post-conditioning day (expression). In FSS procedure, animals were forced to swim for 6 min in cylinder filled with water (24-27 °C). To evaluate the role of glucocorticoid receptors in the BLA, different doses of mifepristone (RU38486) as a GR antagonist were injected into the BLA (0.3, 3 and 30 ng/side) during 3-day conditioning phase before FSS or injection of corticosterone in morphine-CPP paradigm. The results showed that FSS and corticosterone reduce the acquisition but not expression of morphine-induced CPP. Moreover, blockade of GRs in the BLA could diminish the inhibitory effects of FSS or corticosterone on the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP. It seems that stress exerts its effect on reward pathway via glucocorticoid receptors in the BLA. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Early-Life Experience Decreases Drug-Induced Reinstatement of Morphine CPP in Adulthood via Microglial-Specific Epigenetic Programming of Anti-Inflammatory IL-10 Expression

PubMed Central

Schwarz, Jaclyn M.; Hutchinson, Mark R.; Bilbo, Staci D.

2012-01-01

A critical component of drug addiction research involves identifying novel biological mechanisms and environmental predictors of risk or resilience to drug addiction and associated relapse. Increasing evidence suggests microglia and astrocytes can profoundly affect the physiological and addictive properties of drugs of abuse, including morphine. We report that glia within the rat Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) respond to morphine with an increase in cytokine/chemokine expression, which predicts future reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) following a priming dose of morphine. This glial response to morphine is influenced by early-life experience. A neonatal handling paradigm that increases the quantity and quality of maternal care significantly increases baseline expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 within the NAcc, attenuates morphine-induced glial activation, and prevents the subsequent reinstatement of morphine CPP in adulthood. IL-10 expression within the NAcc and reinstatement of CPP are negatively correlated, suggesting a protective role for this specific cytokine against morphine-induced glial reactivity and drug-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP. Neonatal handling programs the expression of IL-10 within the NAcc early in development, and this is maintained into adulthood via decreased methylation of the IL-10 gene specifically within microglia. The effect of neonatal handling is mimicked by pharmacological modulation of glia in adulthood with Ibudilast, which increases IL-10 expression, inhibits morphine-induced glial activation within the NAcc, and prevents reinstatement of morphine CPP. Taken together, we have identified a novel gene X early-life environment interaction on morphine-induced glial activation, and a specific role for glial activation in drug-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. PMID:22159099

Parameters for abolishing conditioned place preference for cocaine from running and environmental enrichment in male C57BL/6J mice.

PubMed

Mustroph, M L; Pinardo, H; Merritt, J R; Rhodes, J S

2016-10-01

Evidence suggests that 4 weeks of voluntary wheel running abolishes conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine in male C57BL/6J mice. To determine the duration and timing of exposure to running wheels necessary to reduce CPP, and the extent to which the running per se influences CPP as compared to environmental enrichment without running. A total of 239 males were conditioned for 4days twice daily with cocaine (10mg/kg) and then split into 7 intervention groups prior to 4days of CPP testing. Experiment 1 consisted of two groups housed as follows: short sedentary group (SS; n=20) in normal cages for 1 week; the short running group (SR; n=20) with running wheels for 1 week. Experiment 2 consisted of five groups housed as follows; short 1 week of running followed by a 3 week sedentary period (SRS; n=20); a 3 week sedentary period followed by 1 week of running (SSR; n=20); long sedentary group (LS; n=66) in normal cages for 4 weeks; long running group (LR; n=66) with running wheels for 4 weeks; and long environmental enrichment group (EE; n=27) with toys for 4 weeks. Levels of running were similar in all running groups. Both running and environmental enrichment reduced CPP relative to sedentary groups. Results suggest that the abolishment of cocaine CPP from running is robust and occurs with as low as 1 week of intervention but may be related to enrichment component of running rather than physical activity. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Adolescent social defeat increases adult amphetamine conditioned place preference and alters D2 dopamine receptor expression

PubMed Central

Burke, Andrew R.; Watt, Michael J.; Forster, Gina L.

2011-01-01

Components of the brain’s dopaminergic system, such as dopamine receptors, undergo final maturation in adolescence. Exposure to social stress during human adolescence contributes to substance abuse behaviors. We utilized a rat model of adolescent social stress to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying this correlation. Rats exposed to repeated social defeat in adolescence (P35–P39) exhibited increased conditioned place preference (CPP) for amphetamine (1 mg/kg) in adulthood (P70). In contrast, rats experiencing foot-shock during the same developmental period exhibited amphetamine CPP levels similar to non-stressed controls. Our previous experiments suggested adolescent defeat alters dopamine activity in the mesocorticolimbic system. Furthermore, dopamine receptors have been implicated in the expression of amphetamine CPP. Therefore, we hypothesized that alteration to dopamine receptor expression in the mesocorticolimbic system may be associated with to heightened amphetamine CPP of adult rats exposed to adolescence defeat. We measured D1 and D2 dopamine receptor protein content in the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc) and dorsal striatum following either adolescent social defeat or foot-shock stress and then adult amphetamine CPP. In controls, amphetamine CPP training reduced D2 receptor protein content in the NAc core. However, this down-regulation of NAc core D2 receptors was blocked by exposure to social defeat but not foot-shock stress in adolescence. These results suggest social defeat stress in adolescence alters the manner in which later amphetamine exposure down-regulates D2 receptors. Furthermore, persistent alterations to adult D2 receptor expression and amphetamine responses may depend on the type of stress experienced in adolescence. PMID:21933700

Inhibition of alpha7 nicotinic receptors in the ventral hippocampus selectively attenuates reinstatement of morphine-conditioned place preference and associated changes in AMPA receptor binding.

PubMed

Wright, Victoria L; Georgiou, Polymnia; Bailey, Alexis; Heal, David J; Bailey, Christopher P; Wonnacott, Susan

2018-04-17

Recurrent relapse is a major problem in treating opiate addiction. Pavlovian conditioning plays a role in recurrent relapse whereby exposure to cues learned during drug intake can precipitate relapse to drug taking. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been implicated in attentional aspects of cognition and mechanisms of learning and memory. In this study we have investigated the role of α7 nAChRs in morphine-conditioned place preference (morphine-CPP). CPP provides a model of associative learning that is pertinent to associative aspects of drug dependence. The α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA; 4 mg/kg s.c.) had no effect on the acquisition, maintenance, reconsolidation or extinction of morphine-CPP but selectively attenuated morphine-primed reinstatement of CPP, in both mice and rats. Reinstatement of morphine-CPP in mice was accompanied by a selective increase in [ 3 H]-AMPA binding (but not in [ 3 H]-MK801 binding) in the ventral hippocampus that was prevented by prior treatment with MLA. Administration of MLA (6.7 μg) directly into the ventral hippocampus of rats prior to a systemic priming dose of morphine abolished reinstatement of morphine-CPP, whereas MLA delivered into the dorsal hippocampus or prefrontal cortex was without effect. These results suggest that α7 nAChRs in the ventral hippocampus play a specific role in the retrieval of associative drug memories following a period of extinction, making them potential targets for the prevention of relapse. © 2018 The Authors.Addiction Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.

NORTHERN PORTION OF WEST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NORTHERN PORTION OF WEST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING NORTHEAST. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-20-4. Mike Crane, Photographer, 8/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

OBLIQUE PHOTO OF NORTHWEST CORNER OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OBLIQUE PHOTO OF NORTHWEST CORNER OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING SOUTHEAST. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-14-4. Mike Crane, Photographer, 8/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

NORTHERN PORTION OF WEST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NORTHERN PORTION OF WEST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING SOUTHEAST. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-20-2. Mike Crane, Photographer, 8/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

VIEW OF FECF HOT CELL OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF FECF HOT CELL OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING NORHTWEST. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-18-3. Mike Crane, Photographer, 8/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627) SHOWING EMPLACEMENT OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) SHOWING EMPLACEMENT OF ROOF SLABS. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-54-13463. R.G. Larsen, Photographer, 12/20/1954 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

VIEW OF TRANSFER BASIN CORRIDOR OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF TRANSFER BASIN CORRIDOR OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING NORTH. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-17-2. Mike Crane, Photographer, 8/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

OBLIQUE PHOTO OF NORTH ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OBLIQUE PHOTO OF NORTH ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING SOUTH. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-14-3. Mike Crane, Photographer, 8/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

ARCHITECTURAL SECTIONS A, B, C, D, OF HOT PILOT PLANT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ARCHITECTURAL SECTIONS A, B, C, D, OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0640-00-279-111681. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 8952-CPP-640-A-5. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Blood Aggravates Histological and Functional Damage after Acute Subdural Hematoma in Rats.

PubMed

Jussen, Daniel; Krenzlin, Harald; Papaioannou, Chrysostomos; Ens, Swetlana; Kempski, Oliver; Alessandri, Beat

2017-02-15

Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Whether the volume effect of the hematoma and increase of intracranial pressure (ICP) or the local effect of blood are responsible for this severe pathophysiology is unclear. Therefore, we compared subdural infusion of autologous blood and paraffin oil in a rat model of ASDH. In a histological study, we investigated the effects on acute ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), tissue oxygen changes, and brain damage at 2, 24, and 96 h post-infusion. Inflammatory reaction was analyzed by immuno-staining for microglia (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 [Iba1]) and activated astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]). Besides acute ICP and CBF changes, we investigated the development of behavior (neuroscore and beamwalk test) for up to 4 days after injury in a behavioral study. Despite comparably increased ICP, there was a more pronounced lesion growth in the blood infusion group during the first 96 h. Further, there was an increased peri-lesional immunoreactive area of Iba1 and GFAP 96 h post-infusion, primarily in the blood infusion group, whereas hippocampal damage was comparable in both infusion groups. In the behavioral evaluation, paraffin-infused animals showed a better recovery, compared with the blood infusion group. In conclusion, comparable acute time-course of ICP, CPP, and CBF clearly indicates that the differences in lesion size, inflammatory reaction, and behavioral deficits after blood- and paraffin oil-induced ASDH are partially due to blood constituents. Therefore, current data suggest that subdural hematomas should be completely removed as quickly as possible; decompression alone may not be sufficient to prevent secondary brain damage.

Locomotor sensitization to intermittent ketamine administration is associated with nucleus accumbens plasticity in male and female rats.

PubMed

Strong, C E; Schoepfer, K J; Dossat, A M; Saland, S K; Wright, K N; Kabbaj, M

2017-07-15

Clinical evidence suggests superior antidepressant response over time with a repeated, intermittent ketamine treatment regimen as compared to a single infusion. However, the club drug ketamine is commonly abused. Therefore, the abuse potential of repeated ketamine injections at low doses needs to be investigated. In this study, we investigated the abuse potential of repeated exposure to either 0, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg ketamine administered once weekly for seven weeks. Locomotor activity and conditioned place preference (CPP) were assayed to evaluate behavioral sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of ketamine and its rewarding properties, respectively. Our results show that while neither males nor females developed CPP, males treated with 5 mg/kg and females treated with either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg ketamine behaviorally sensitized. Furthermore, dendritic spine density was increased in the NAc of both males and females administered 5 mg/kg ketamine, an effect specific to the NAc shell (NAcSh) in males but to both the NAc core (NAcC) and NAcSh in females. Additionally, males administered 5 mg/kg ketamine displayed increased protein expression of ΔfosB, calcium calmodulin kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an effect not observed in females administered either dose of ketamine. However, males and females administered 5 mg/kg ketamine displayed increased protein expression of AMPA receptors (GluA1). Taken together, low-dose ketamine, when administered intermittently, induces behavioral sensitization at a lower dose in females than males, accompanied by an increase in spine density in the NAc and protein expression changes in pathways commonly implicated in addiction. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effects of six different preventive treatments on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: in vitro study.

PubMed

Cossellu, Gianguido; Lanteri, Valentina; Butera, Andrea; Sarcina, Michele; Farronato, Giampietro

2015-01-01

Objective : The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of six different prophylactic agents on shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. Materials and methods : One hundred twenty-six freshly extracted mandibular bovine incisors were used. Teeth were randomly divided into 7 equal groups (18 per group) as follows: group-1 served as control with no pre-treatment; group-2 enamel treated with fluoride varnish (Fluor Protector, Ivoclar Vivadent); group-3 containing casein-phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium-phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste (GC Tooth Mousse, RECALDENT™); group-4 with ozone (HealOzone, Kavo ) ; group-5 with glycine powder (Perio Flow, EMS); group-6 with hydroxyapatite powder 99.5% (Coswell S.p.A.); group-7 with a toothpaste made of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (BioRepair® Plus, Coswell S.p.A). Brackets were all bonded using the same technique with transbond XT (3 M Unitek, Monrovia, CA). All the bonded specimens were stored for 24 h in deionized water (37 °C) and subjected to thermal cycling for 1000 cycles. The SBS was measured with an Instron Universal Testing machine and the adhesive remnant was assessed with the adhesive remnant index (ARI) using a stereomicroscope at 10× magnification. Results : Statistical differences (ANOVA) were found among the seven investigated groups ( F = 12.226, p < 0.001). SBS of groups 2, 5 and 6 were significantly lower than the control group ( p < 0.05). ARI scores (chi-square test) were correlated with the differences of SBS values. Conclusion: CPP-ACP paste, ozone or BioRepair® did not compromise on bracket bond strength. Fluoride, glycine or hydroxyapatite significantly decreased the SBS; only the fluoride group showed significant clinically low (<6 MPa) SBS values.

Structure-based design and mechanisms of allosteric inhibitors for mitochondrial branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase

PubMed Central

Qi, Xiangbing; Gui, Wen-Jun; Morlock, Lorraine K.; Wallace, Amy L.; Ahmed, Kamran; Laxman, Sunil; Campeau, Philippe M.; Lee, Brendan H.; Hutson, Susan M.; Tu, Benjamin P.; Williams, Noelle S.; Tambar, Uttam K.; Wynn, R. Max; Chuang, David T.

2013-01-01

The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine are elevated in maple syrup urine disease, heart failure, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. BCAA homeostasis is controlled by the mitochondrial branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), which is negatively regulated by the specific BCKD kinase (BDK). Here, we used structure-based design to develop a BDK inhibitor, (S)-α-chloro-phenylpropionic acid [(S)-CPP]. Crystal structures of the BDK-(S)-CPP complex show that (S)-CPP binds to a unique allosteric site in the N-terminal domain, triggering helix movements in BDK. These conformational changes are communicated to the lipoyl-binding pocket, which nullifies BDK activity by blocking its binding to the BCKDC core. Administration of (S)-CPP to mice leads to the full activation and dephosphorylation of BCKDC with significant reduction in plasma BCAA concentrations. The results buttress the concept of targeting mitochondrial BDK as a pharmacological approach to mitigate BCAA accumulation in metabolic diseases and heart failure. PMID:23716694

Central precocious puberty: treatment with triptorelin 11.25 mg.

PubMed

Chiocca, Elena; Dati, Eleonora; Baroncelli, Giampiero I; Cassio, Alessandra; Wasniewska, Malgorzata; Galluzzi, Fiorella; Einaudi, Silvia; Cappa, Marco; Russo, Gianni; Bertelloni, Silvano

2012-01-01

Few data are available on quarterly 11.25 mg GnRH analog treatment in central precocious puberty (CPP). To assess the efficacy of triptorelin 11.25 mg in children with CPP. 17 patients (16 females) with CPP (7.9 ± 0.9 years) were treated with triptorelin 11.25 mg/90 days. Gonadotropins, basal-, and GnRH-stimulated peak, gonadal steroids, and pubertal signs were assessed at preinclusion and at inclusion visit, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months of treatment. Results. At 3, 6, and 12 months, all patients had suppressed LH peak (<3 IU/L after GnRH stimulation), as well as prepubertal oestradiol levels. Mean LH peak values after GnRH test significantly decreased from 25.7 ± 16.5 IU/L at baseline to 0.9 ± 0.5 IU/L at M3 (P < 0.0001); they did not significantly changed at M6 and M12. Triptorelin 11.25 mg/90 days efficiently suppressed the pituitary-gonadal axis in children with CPP from first administration.

Research of beam smoothing technologies using CPP, SSD, and PS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Rui; Su, Jingqin; Hu, Dongxia; Li, Ping; Yuan, Haoyu; Zhou, Wei; Yuan, Qiang; Wang, Yuancheng; Tian, Xiaocheng; Xu, Dangpeng; Dong, Jun; Zhu, Qihua

2015-02-01

Precise physical experiments place strict requirements on target illumination uniformity in Inertial Confinement Fusion. To obtain a smoother focal spot and suppress transverse SBS in large aperture optics, Multi-FM smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) was studied combined with continuous phase plate (CPP) and polarization smoothing (PS). New ways of PS are being developed to improve the laser irradiation uniformity and solve LPI problems in indirect-drive laser fusion. The near field and far field properties of beams using polarization smoothing were studied and compared, including birefringent wedge and polarization control array. As more parameters can be manipulated in a combined beam smoothing scheme, quad beam smoothing was also studies. Simulation results indicate through adjusting dispersion directions of one-dimensional (1-D) SSD beams in a quad, two-dimensional SSD can be obtained. Experiments have been done on SG-III laser facility using CPP and Multi-FM SSD. The research provides some theoretical and experimental basis for the application of CPP, SSD and PS on high-power laser facilities.

NAc Shell Arc/Arg3.1 Protein Mediates Reconsolidation of Morphine CPP by Increased GluR1 Cell Surface Expression: Activation of ERK-Coupled CREB is Required

PubMed Central

Lv, Xiu-Fang; Sun, Lin-Lin; Han, Ji-Sheng

2015-01-01

Background: Relapse into drug abuse evoked by reexposure to the drug-associated context has been a primary problem in the treatment of drug addiction. Disrupting the reconsolidation of drug-related context memory would therefore limit the relapse susceptibility. Methods: Morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) was used to assess activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1) and correlative molecule expression in the Nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell during the reconsolidation of morphine CPP. U0126 and Arc/Arg3.1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide were adapted to evaluate the role and the underlying mechanism of Arc/Arg3.1 during the reconsolidation. Results: The retrieval of morphine CPP in rats specifically increased the Arc/Arg3.1 protein level in the NAc shell, accompanied simultaneously by increases in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (pERK1/2), the phosphorylation of Cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding (pCREB), and the up-regulation of the membrane α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors GluR1 subunit level. Intra-NAc shell infusion U0126, an inhibitor of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), prevented the retrieval-induced up-regulation of pERK1/2, pCREB, Arc/Arg3.1, and membrane GluR1 immediately after retrieval of morphine CPP. The effect of disrupting the reconsolidation of morphine CPP by U0126 could last for at least 14 days, and could not be evoked by a priming injection of morphine. Furthermore, the specific knockdown of Arc/Arg3.1 in the NAc shell decreased the membrane GluR1 level, and impaired both the reconsolidation and the reinstatement of morphine CPP. Conclusions: Arc/Arg3.1 in the NAc shell mediates the reconsolidation of morphine-associated context memory via up-regulating the level of membrane of GluR1, for which the local activation of the ERK-CREB signal pathway, as an upstream mechanism of Arc/Arg3.1, is required. PMID:25746394

Disequilibrium dihedral angles in layered intrusions: the microstructural record of fractionation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holness, Marian; Namur, Olivier; Cawthorn, Grant

2013-04-01

The dihedral angle formed at junctions between two plagioclase grains and a grain of augite is only rarely in textural equilibrium in gabbros from km-scale crustal layered intrusions. The median of a population of these disequilibrium angles, Θcpp, varies systematically within individual layered intrusions, remaining constant over large stretches of stratigraphy with significant increases or decreases associated with the addition or reduction respectively of the number of phases on the liquidus of the bulk magma. The step-wise changes in Θcpp are present in Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, the Megacyclic Unit I of the Sept Iles Intrusion, and the Layered Series of the Skaergaard Intrusion. The plagioclase-bearing cumulates of Rum have a bimodal distribution of Θcpp, dependent on whether the cumulus assemblage includes clinopyroxene. The presence of the step-wise changes is independent of the order of arrival of cumulus phases and of the composition of either the cumulus phases or the interstitial liquid inferred to be present in the crystal mush. Step-wise changes in the rate of change in enthalpy with temperature (ΔH) of the cooling and crystallizing magma correspond to the observed variation of Θcpp, with increases of both ΔH and Θcpp associated with the addition of another liquidus phase, and decreases of both associated with the removal of a liquidus phase. The replacement of one phase by another (e.g. olivine ⇔ orthpyroxene) has little effect on ΔH and no discernible effect on Θcpp. An increase of ΔH is manifest by an increase in the fraction of the total enthalpy budget that is the latent heat of crystallization (the fractional latent heat). It also results in an increase in the amount crystallized in each incremental temperature drop (the crystal productivity). An increased fractional latent heat and crystal productivity result in an increased rate of plagioclase growth compared to that of augite during the final stages of solidification, causing a step-wise increase in Θcpp. Step-wise changes in the geometry of three-grain junctions in fully solidified gabbros thus provide a clear microstructural marker for the progress of fractionation.

Conditioned place preference and locomotor activity in response to methylphenidate, amphetamine and cocaine in mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thanos, P.K.; Thanos, P.K.; Bermeo, C.

Methylphenidate (MP) and amphetamine (AMPH) are the most frequently prescribed medications for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both drugs are believed to derive their therapeutic benefit by virtue of their dopamine (DA)-enhancing effects, yet an explanation for the observation that some patients with ADHD respond well to one medication but not to the other remains elusive. The dopaminergic effects of MP and AMPH are also thought to underlie their reinforcing properties and ultimately their abuse. Polymorphisms in the human gene that codes for the DA D4 receptor (D4R) have been repeatedly associated with ADHD and may correlate with themore » therapeutic as well as the reinforcing effects of responses to these psychostimulant medications. Conditioned place preference (CPP) for MP, AMPH and cocaine were evaluated in wild-type (WT) mice and their genetically engineered littermates, congenic on the C57Bl/6J background, that completely lack D4Rs (knockout or KO). In addition, the locomotor activity in these mice during the conditioning phase of CPP was tested in the CPP chambers. D4 receptor KO and WT mice showed CPP and increased locomotor activity in response to each of the three psychostimulants tested. D4R differentially modulates the CPP responses to MP, AMPH and cocaine. While the D4R genotype affected CPP responses to MP (high dose only) and AMPH (low dose only) it had no effects on cocaine. Inasmuch as CPP is considered an indicator of sensitivity to reinforcing responses to drugs these data suggest a significant but limited role of D4Rs in modulating conditioning responses to MP and AMPH. In the locomotor test, D4 receptor KO mice displayed attenuated increases in AMPH-induced locomotor activity whereas responses to cocaine and MP did not differ. These results suggest distinct mechanisms for D4 receptor modulation of the reinforcing (perhaps via attenuating dopaminergic signalling) and locomotor properties of these stimulant drugs. Thus, individuals with D4 receptor polymorphisms might show enhanced reinforcing responses to MP and AMPH and attenuated locomotor response to AMPH.« less

Mutations of the KISS1 Gene in Disorders of Puberty

PubMed Central

Silveira, L. G.; Noel, S. D.; Silveira-Neto, A. P.; Abreu, A. P.; Brito, V. N.; Santos, M. G.; Bianco, S. D. C.; Kuohung, W.; Xu, S.; Gryngarten, M.; Escobar, M. E.; Arnhold, I. J. P.; Mendonca, B. B.; Kaiser, U. B.; Latronico, A. C.

2010-01-01

Context: Kisspeptin, encoded by the KISS1 gene, is a key stimulatory factor of GnRH secretion and puberty onset. Inactivating mutations of its receptor (KISS1R) cause isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). A unique KISS1R-activating mutation was described in central precocious puberty (CPP). Objective: Our objective was to investigate KISS1 mutations in patients with idiopathic CPP and normosmic IHH. Patients: Eighty-three children with CPP (77 girls) and 61 patients with IHH (40 men) were studied. The control group consisted of 200 individuals with normal pubertal development. Methods: The promoter region and the three exons of KISS1 were amplified and sequenced. Cells expressing KISS1R were stimulated with synthetic human wild-type or mutant kisspeptin-54 (kp54), and inositol phosphate accumulation was measured. In a second set of experiments, kp54 was preincubated in human serum before stimulation of the cells. Results: Two novel KISS1 missense mutations, p.P74S and p.H90D, were identified in three unrelated children with idiopathic CPP. Both mutations were absent in 400 control alleles. The p.P74S mutation was identified in the heterozygous state in a boy who developed CPP at 1 yr of age. The p.H90D mutation was identified in the homozygous state in two unrelated girls with CPP. In vitro studies revealed that the capacity of the P74S and H90D mutants to stimulate IP production was similar to the wild type. After preincubation of wild-type and mutant kp54 in human serum, the capacity to stimulate signal transduction was significantly greater for P74S compared with the wild type, suggesting that the p.P74S variant is more stable. Only polymorphisms were found in the IHH group. Conclusion: Two KISS1 mutations were identified in unrelated patients with idiopathic CPP. The p.P74S variant was associated with higher kisspeptin resistance to degradation in comparison with the wild type, suggesting a role for this mutation in the precocious puberty phenotype. PMID:20237166

Mutations of the KISS1 gene in disorders of puberty.

PubMed

Silveira, L G; Noel, S D; Silveira-Neto, A P; Abreu, A P; Brito, V N; Santos, M G; Bianco, S D C; Kuohung, W; Xu, S; Gryngarten, M; Escobar, M E; Arnhold, I J P; Mendonca, B B; Kaiser, U B; Latronico, A C

2010-05-01

Kisspeptin, encoded by the KISS1 gene, is a key stimulatory factor of GnRH secretion and puberty onset. Inactivating mutations of its receptor (KISS1R) cause isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). A unique KISS1R-activating mutation was described in central precocious puberty (CPP). Our objective was to investigate KISS1 mutations in patients with idiopathic CPP and normosmic IHH. Eighty-three children with CPP (77 girls) and 61 patients with IHH (40 men) were studied. The control group consisted of 200 individuals with normal pubertal development. The promoter region and the three exons of KISS1 were amplified and sequenced. Cells expressing KISS1R were stimulated with synthetic human wild-type or mutant kisspeptin-54 (kp54), and inositol phosphate accumulation was measured. In a second set of experiments, kp54 was preincubated in human serum before stimulation of the cells. Two novel KISS1 missense mutations, p.P74S and p.H90D, were identified in three unrelated children with idiopathic CPP. Both mutations were absent in 400 control alleles. The p.P74S mutation was identified in the heterozygous state in a boy who developed CPP at 1 yr of age. The p.H90D mutation was identified in the homozygous state in two unrelated girls with CPP. In vitro studies revealed that the capacity of the P74S and H90D mutants to stimulate IP production was similar to the wild type. After preincubation of wild-type and mutant kp54 in human serum, the capacity to stimulate signal transduction was significantly greater for P74S compared with the wild type, suggesting that the p.P74S variant is more stable. Only polymorphisms were found in the IHH group. Two KISS1 mutations were identified in unrelated patients with idiopathic CPP. The p.P74S variant was associated with higher kisspeptin resistance to degradation in comparison with the wild type, suggesting a role for this mutation in the precocious puberty phenotype.

South Africa and the 21st Century Power Partnership (Fact Sheet). 21st Century Power Partnership; 21st Century Power Partnership

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

Established in 2012, the 21CPP South Africa Programme is a global initiative that connects South African stakeholders with an international community of expertise. The overall goal of this program is to support South Africa’s power system transformation by accelerating the transition to a reliable, financially robust, and low-carbon power system. 21CPP activities focus on achieving positive outcomes for all participants, especially addressing critical questions and challenges facing system planners, regulators, and operators. In support of this goal, 21CPP taps into deep networks of expertise among leading industry practitioners.

Annual Energy Outlook 2016 With Projections to 2040

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None, None

The Annual Energy Outlook 2016 (AEO2016), prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), presents long-term projections of energy supply, demand, and prices through 2040. The projections, focused on U.S. energy markets, are based on results from EIA’s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). NEMS enables EIA to make projections under alternative, internallyconsistent sets of assumptions. The analysis in AEO2016 focuses on the Reference case and 17 alternative cases. EIA published an Early Release version of the AEO2016 Reference case (including U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Clean Power Plan (CPP)) and a No CPP case (excluding the CPP) in May 2016.

Channel plasmon-polariton guiding by subwavelength metal grooves.

PubMed

Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I; Volkov, Valentyn S; Devaux, Eloïse; Ebbesen, Thomas W

2005-07-22

We report on realization of channel plasmon-polariton (CPP) propagation along a subwavelength metal groove. Using imaging with a near-field microscope and end-fire coupling with a tapered fiber connected to a tunable laser at telecommunication wavelengths (1425-1620 nm), we demonstrate low-loss (propagation length approximately 100 microm) and well-confined (mode width approximately 1.1 microm) CPP guiding along a triangular 0.6 microm-wide and 1 microm-deep groove in gold. We develop a simple model based on the effective-index method that accounts for the main features of CPP guiding and provides a clear physical picture of this phenomenon.

Analysis of the effect of CPP-ACP tooth mousse on enamel remineralization by circularly polarized images.

PubMed

Wu, Guotao; Liu, Xinqiang; Hou, Yongfu

2010-09-01

To evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate tooth mousse on the remineralization of bovine incisor by circularly polarized images. Eighty bovine incisors, each with a 4 x 4 mm artificially demineralized area, were used. The samples were divided into four groups: Group A, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate tooth mousse; Group B, fluoride toothpaste; Group C, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate tooth mousse and fluoride toothpaste; and Group D, no treatment. Circularly polarized images were taken after the specimens were treated for 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks, and the size of the demineralized area and the mean grey level were measured. Data analysis was done using repeated measures variance analysis. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to evaluate the correlation between the size of the demineralized area and the mean grey level. In all four groups, the size of the demineralized area and the mean grey level declined with time. The size of the demineralized area of Group C was significantly smaller than that of Group A at the end of the third and sixth weeks (P = .039, P = .000, respectively), and the mean grey level of Group C was lower than that of Group A at the end of the 6th and 12th weeks (P = .037, P = .004, respectively). At the end of the 6th, 9th, and 12th weeks, the size of the demineralized area of Group C was smaller (P = .000, P = .005, P = .005, respectively) and the mean grey level was lower (P = .000) than those of Group B. No statistically significant correlations were detected between the size of the demineralized area and the mean grey level. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate tooth mousse can reduce the size and mean grey level of demineralized areas and promote the remineralization of bovine enamel. Combined application with fluoride toothpaste strengthens the effect.

Multi-level evaluation of Escherichia coli polyphosphate related mutants using global transcriptomic, proteomic and phenomic analyses.

PubMed

Varas, Macarena; Valdivieso, Camilo; Mauriaca, Cecilia; Ortíz-Severín, Javiera; Paradela, Alberto; Poblete-Castro, Ignacio; Cabrera, Ricardo; Chávez, Francisco P

2017-04-01

Polyphosphate (polyP) is a linear biopolymer found in all living cells. In bacteria, mutants lacking polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1), the enzyme responsible for synthesis of most polyP, have many structural and functional defects. However, little is known about the causes of these pleiotropic alterations. The link between ppk1 deletion and those numerous phenotypes observed can be the result of complex molecular interactions that can be elucidated via a systems biology approach. By integrating different omics levels (transcriptome, proteome and phenome), we described the functioning of various metabolic pathways among Escherichia coli polyphosphate mutant strains (Δppk1, Δppx, and ΔpolyP). Bioinformatic analyses reveal the complex metabolic and regulatory bases of the phenotypes unique to polyP mutants. Our results suggest that during polyP deficiency (Δppk1 mutant), metabolic pathways needed for energy supply are up-regulated, including fermentation, aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Transcriptomic and q-proteomic contrasting changes between Δppk1 and Δppx mutant strains were observed in those central metabolic pathways and confirmed by using Phenotypic microarrays. In addition, our results suggest a regulatory connection between polyP, second messenger metabolism, alternative Sigma/Anti-Sigma factors and type-II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. We suggest a broader role for polyP via regulation of ATP-dependent proteolysis of type II toxin-antitoxin system and alternative Sigma/Anti-Sigma factors, that could explain the multiple structural and functional deficiencies described due to alteration of polyP metabolism. Understanding the interplay of polyP in bacterial metabolism using a systems biology approach can help to improve design of novel antimicrobials toward pathogens. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Metabolic shift of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms with different levels of polyphosphate storage.

PubMed

Acevedo, B; Oehmen, A; Carvalho, G; Seco, A; Borrás, L; Barat, R

2012-04-15

Previous studies have shown that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) are able to behave as glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) under different conditions. In this study we investigated the behavior of a culture enriched with Accumulibacter at different levels of polyphosphate (poly-P) storage. The results of stoichiometric ratios Gly(degraded)/HAc(uptake), PHB(synthesized)/HAc(uptake), PHV(synthesized)/HAc(uptake) and P(release)/HAc(uptake) confirmed a metabolic shift from PAO metabolism to GAO metabolism: PAOs with high poly-P content used the poly-P to obtain adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), and glycogen (Gly) to obtain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and some ATP. In a test where poly-P depletion was imposed on the culture, all the acetate (HAc) added in each cycle was transformed into polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) despite the decrease of poly-P inside the cells. This led to an increase of the Gly(degraded)/HAc(uptake) ratio that resulted from a shift towards the glycolytic pathway in order to compensate for the lack of ATP formed from poly-P hydrolysis. The shift from PAO to GAO metabolism was also reflected in the change in the PHA composition as the poly-P availability decreased, suggesting that polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) is obtained due to the consumption of excess reducing equivalents to balance the internal NADH, similarly to GAO metabolism. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed a significant PAO population change from Type I to Type II Accumulibacter as the poly-P availability decreased in short term experiments. This work suggests that poly-P storage levels and GAO-like metabolism are important factors affecting the competition between different PAO Types in enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The structure of the exopolyphsophatase (PPX) from Escherchia coli O157:H7 suggests a binding mode for long polyphosphate chains

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rangarajan,E.; Nadeau, G.; Li, Y.

2006-01-01

Polyphosphate (polyP) is a linear polymer consisting of tens to hundreds of phosphate molecules joined together by high-energy anhydride bonds. These polymers are found in virtually all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and perform many functions; prominent among them are the responses to many stresses. Polyphosphate is synthesized by polyP kinase (PPK), using the terminal phosphate of ATP as the substrate, and degraded to inorganic phosphate by both endo- and exopolyphosphatases. Here we report the crystal structure and analysis of the polyphosphate phosphatase PPX from Escherichia coli O157:H7 refined at 2.2 Angstroms resolution. PPX is made of four domains. Domains Imore » and II display structural similarity with one another and share the ribonuclease-H-like fold. Domain III bears structural similarity to the N-terminal, HD domain of SpoT. Domain IV, the smallest domain, has structural counterparts in cold-shock associated RNA-binding proteins but is of unknown function in PPX. The putative PPX active site is located at the interface between domains I and II. In the crystal structure of PPX these two domains are close together and represent the 'closed' state. Comparison with the crystal structure of PPX/GPPA from Aquifex aeolicus reveals close structural similarity between domains I and II of the two enzymes, with the PPX/GPPA representing an 'open' state. A striking feature of the dimer is a deep S-shaped canyon extending along the dimer interface and lined with positively charged residues. The active site region opens to this canyon. We postulate that this is a likely site of polyP binding.« less

ARCHITECTURAL FLOOR PLAN OF PROCESS AND ACCESS AREAS HOT PILOT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ARCHITECTURAL FLOOR PLAN OF PROCESS AND ACCESS AREAS HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0640-00-279-111679. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 8952-CPP-640-A-2. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

FACILITY LAYOUT OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603) SHOWING STORAGE BASINS, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

FACILITY LAYOUT OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603) SHOWING STORAGE BASINS, FUEL ELEMENT CUTTING FACILITY, AND DRY GRAPHITE STORAGE FACILITY. INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0603-00-030-056329. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

0BLIQUE PHOTO OF EAST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP603). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

0BLIQUE PHOTO OF EAST ELEVATION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). PHOTO TAKEN LOOKING WEST. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-54-15-1. Mike Crane, Photographer, 8/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP640) OVERALL VIEW ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640) OVERALL VIEW LOOKING SOUTHEAST; CONSTRUCTION 34 PERCENT COMPLETE. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-60-3034. Holmes, Photographer, 6/23/1960 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

ARCHITECTURAL ROOF PLAN AND WESTSOUTHEAST ELEVATIONS OF HOT PILOT PLANT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ARCHITECTURAL ROOF PLAN AND WEST-SOUTHEAST ELEVATIONS OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0640-00-279-111680. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 8952-CPP-640-A-3. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Dopamine D3 receptors regulate reconsolidation of cocaine memory.

PubMed

Yan, Y; Kong, H; Wu, E J; Newman, A H; Xu, M

2013-06-25

Memories of learned associations between the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse and environmental cues contribute to craving and relapse in humans. Disruption of reconsolidation dampens or even erases previous memories. Dopamine (DA) mediates the acquisition of reward memory and drugs of abuse can pathologically change related neuronal circuits in the mesolimbic DA system. Previous studies showed that DA D3 receptors are involved in cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. However, the role of D3 receptors in reconsolidation of cocaine-induced reward memory remains unclear. In the present study, we combined genetic and pharmacological approaches to investigate the role of D3 receptors in reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP. We found that the mutation of the D3 receptor gene weakened reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP in mice triggered by a 3-min (min) retrieval. Furthermore, treatment of a selective D3 receptor antagonist PG01037 immediately following the 3-min retrieval disrupted reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP in wild-type mice and such disruption remained at least 1 week after the 3-min retrieval. These results suggest that D3 receptors play a key role in reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP in mice, and that pharmacological blockade of these receptors may be therapeutic for the treatment of cocaine craving and relapse in clinical settings. Copyright © 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Correlation between cerebral hemodynamic and perfusion pressure changes in non-human primates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruesch, A.; Smith, M. A.; Wollstein, G.; Sigal, I. A.; Nelson, S.; Kainerstorfer, J. M.

2017-02-01

The mechanism that maintains a stable blood flow in the brain despite changes in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and therefore guaranties a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to the neurons, is known as cerebral auto-regulation (CA). In a certain range of CPP, blood flow is mediated by a vasomotor adjustment in vascular resistance through dilation of blood vessels. CA is known to be impaired in diseases like traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, stroke, hydrocephalus and others. If CA is impaired, blood flow and pressure changes are coupled and thee oxygen supply might be unstable. Lassen's blood flow auto-regulation curve describes this mechanism, where a plateau of stable blood flow in a specific range of CPP corresponds to intact auto-regulation. Knowing the limits of this plateau and maintaining CPP within these limits can improve patient outcome. Since CPP is influenced by both intracranial pressure and arterial blood pressure, long term changes in either can lead to auto-regulation impairment. Non-invasive methods for monitoring blood flow auto-regulation are therefore needed. We propose too use Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) too fill this need. NIRS is an optical technique, which measures microvascular changes in cerebral hemoglobin concentration. We performed experiments on non-human primates during exsanguination to demonstrate that thee limits of blood flow auto-regulation can be accessed with NIRS.

Inhibition of Hippocampal β-Adrenergic Receptors Impairs Retrieval But Not Reconsolidation of Cocaine-Associated Memory and Prevents Subsequent Reinstatement

PubMed Central

Otis, James M; Fitzgerald, Michael K; Mueller, Devin

2014-01-01

Retrieval of drug-associated memories is critical for maintaining addictive behaviors, as presentation of drug-associated cues can elicit drug seeking and relapse. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activation is necessary for retrieval using both rat and human memory models. Importantly, blocking retrieval with β-AR antagonists persistently impairs retrieval and provides protection against subsequent reinstatement. However, the neural locus at which β-ARs are required for maintaining retrieval and subsequent reinstatement is unclear. Here, we investigated the necessity of dorsal hippocampus (dHipp) β-ARs for drug-associated memory retrieval. Using a cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) model, we demonstrate that local dHipp β-AR blockade before a CPP test prevents CPP expression shortly and long after treatment, indicating that dHipp β-AR blockade induces a memory retrieval disruption. Furthermore, this retrieval disruption provides long-lasting protection against cocaine-induced reinstatement. The effects of β-AR blockade were dependent on memory reactivation and were not attributable to reconsolidation disruption as blockade of β-ARs immediately after a CPP test had little effect on subsequent CPP expression. Thus, cocaine-associated memory retrieval is mediated by β-AR activity within the dHipp, and disruption of this activity could prevent cue-induced drug seeking and relapse long after treatment. PMID:23907403

Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Mediated Delivery of Cas9 Protein and Guide RNA for Genome Editing.

PubMed

Suresh, Bharathi; Ramakrishna, Suresh; Kim, Hyongbum

2017-01-01

The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated (Cas) system represents an efficient tool for genome editing. It consists of two components: the Cas9 protein and a guide RNA. To date, delivery of these two components has been achieved using either plasmid or viral vectors or direct delivery of protein and RNA. Plasmid- and virus-free direct delivery of Cas9 protein and guide RNA has several advantages over the conventional plasmid-mediated approach. Direct delivery results in shorter exposure time at the cellular level, which in turn leads to lower toxicity and fewer off-target mutations with reduced host immune responses, whereas plasmid- or viral vector-mediated delivery can result in uncontrolled integration of the vector sequence into the host genome and unwanted immune responses. Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), a peptide that has an intrinsic ability to translocate across cell membranes, has been adopted as a means of achieving efficient Cas9 protein and guide RNA delivery. We developed a method for treating human cell lines with CPP-conjugated recombinant Cas9 protein and CPP-complexed guide RNAs that leads to endogenous gene disruption. Here we describe a protocol for preparing an efficient CPP-conjugated recombinant Cas9 protein and CPP-complexed guide RNAs, as well as treatment methods to achieve safe genome editing in human cell lines.

The interplay between ventro striatal BDNF levels and the effects of valproic acid on the acquisition of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in mice.

PubMed

Dos Santos, Manuel Alves; Escudeiro, Sarah Sousa; Vasconcelos, Germana Silva; Matos, Natália Castelo Branco; de Souza, Marcos Romário Matos; Patrocínio, Manoel Cláudio Azevedo; Dantas, Leonardo Pimentel; Macêdo, Danielle; Vasconcelos, Silvânia Maria Mendes

2017-11-01

Alcohol addiction is a chronic, relapsing and progressive brain disease with serious consequences for health. Compulsive use of alcohol is associated with the capacity to change brain structures involved with the reward pathway, such as ventral striatum. Recent evidence suggests a role of chromatin remodeling in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence and addictive-like behaviors. In addition, neuroadaptive changes mediated by the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) seems to be an interesting pharmacological target for alcoholism treatment. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of the deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) (300mg/kg) on the conditioned rewarding effects of ethanol using conditioned place preference (CPP) (15% v/v; 2g/kg). Ethanol rewarding effect was investigated using a biased protocol of CPP. BDNF levels were measured in the ventral striatum. Ethanol administration induced CPP. VPA pretreatment did not reduce ethanol-CPP acquisition. VPA pretreatment increased BDNF levels when compared to ethanol induced-CPP. VPA pretreatment increased BDNF levels even in saline conditioned mice. Taken together, our results indicate a modulatory effect of VPA on the BDNF levels in the ventral striatum. Overall, this study brings initial insights into the involvement of neurotrophic mechanisms in the ventral striatum in ethanol-induced addictive-like behavior. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Inhibition of hippocampal β-adrenergic receptors impairs retrieval but not reconsolidation of cocaine-associated memory and prevents subsequent reinstatement.

PubMed

Otis, James M; Fitzgerald, Michael K; Mueller, Devin

2014-01-01

Retrieval of drug-associated memories is critical for maintaining addictive behaviors, as presentation of drug-associated cues can elicit drug seeking and relapse. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activation is necessary for retrieval using both rat and human memory models. Importantly, blocking retrieval with β-AR antagonists persistently impairs retrieval and provides protection against subsequent reinstatement. However, the neural locus at which β-ARs are required for maintaining retrieval and subsequent reinstatement is unclear. Here, we investigated the necessity of dorsal hippocampus (dHipp) β-ARs for drug-associated memory retrieval. Using a cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) model, we demonstrate that local dHipp β-AR blockade before a CPP test prevents CPP expression shortly and long after treatment, indicating that dHipp β-AR blockade induces a memory retrieval disruption. Furthermore, this retrieval disruption provides long-lasting protection against cocaine-induced reinstatement. The effects of β-AR blockade were dependent on memory reactivation and were not attributable to reconsolidation disruption as blockade of β-ARs immediately after a CPP test had little effect on subsequent CPP expression. Thus, cocaine-associated memory retrieval is mediated by β-AR activity within the dHipp, and disruption of this activity could prevent cue-induced drug seeking and relapse long after treatment.

Implementation of quality by design principles in the development of microsponges as drug delivery carriers: Identification and optimization of critical factors using multivariate statistical analyses and design of experiments studies.

PubMed

Simonoska Crcarevska, Maja; Dimitrovska, Aneta; Sibinovska, Nadica; Mladenovska, Kristina; Slavevska Raicki, Renata; Glavas Dodov, Marija

2015-07-15

Microsponges drug delivery system (MDDC) was prepared by double emulsion-solvent-diffusion technique using rotor-stator homogenization. Quality by design (QbD) concept was implemented for the development of MDDC with potential to be incorporated into semisolid dosage form (gel). Quality target product profile (QTPP) and critical quality attributes (CQA) were defined and identified, accordingly. Critical material attributes (CMA) and Critical process parameters (CPP) were identified using quality risk management (QRM) tool, failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA). CMA and CPP were identified based on results obtained from principal component analysis (PCA-X&Y) and partial least squares (PLS) statistical analysis along with literature data, product and process knowledge and understanding. FMECA identified amount of ethylcellulose, chitosan, acetone, dichloromethane, span 80, tween 80 and water ratio in primary/multiple emulsions as CMA and rotation speed and stirrer type used for organic solvent removal as CPP. The relationship between identified CPP and particle size as CQA was described in the design space using design of experiments - one-factor response surface method. Obtained results from statistically designed experiments enabled establishment of mathematical models and equations that were used for detailed characterization of influence of identified CPP upon MDDC particle size and particle size distribution and their subsequent optimization. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Research of beam smoothing technology on the technical integration line

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Rui; Su, Jingqin; Li, Ping; Zhang, Ying; Wang, Jianjun; Dong, Jun; Yang, Dong; Jing, Feng; Xu, Lixin; Ming, Hai

2013-05-01

This paper is focused on the research of SSD and CPP carried out on TIL. A bulk phase modulator with 9.2-GHz modulation frequency is adopted in SSD. The output spectrum of the phase modulator is stable and the residual amplitude modulation is small. FM-to-AM effect caused by free-space propagation after using smoothing by spectral dispersion is theoretically and experimentally studied. Results indicate inserting a dispersion grating in places with larger beam aperture alleviates the FM-to-AM effect, suggesting minimizing free-space propagation and adopting image relay. Experiments indicate when the number of color cycles (Nc) adopts 1, imposing of SSD with 4.26 times diffraction limit (TDL) did not lead to pinhole closure in the spatial filters of the preamplifier with 20 TDL and main amplifier with 26 TDL. Experimental results also indicate SSD didn't influence the load capacity of the laser facility. The contrast of the 440-μm diameter focal spot with 95% energy included using SSD and CPP drops to 0.47, comparing to 1.71 not using SSD and CPP. When the pulse width of the third harmonic wave is 1 ns and the energy is 1115 J, no damage is found in CPP and other final optics. The experiments solves some key technical problems using SSD and CPP on high-power laser facilities, and provides a flexible platform for the laser-plasma interaction experiments.

Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus is critical for the expression of memory of methamphetamine-produced conditioned place preference in rats.

PubMed

Kuo, C-S; Chai, S-C; Chen, H-H

2011-03-31

Methamphetamine (MA) is a powerful and highly addictive psychostimulant. However, the neural substrate mediating MA-induced conditioned effects, an essential part of addiction, remain unclear. The present study investigated the involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the lateral nucleus of amygdala (LNA), and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) in MA-conditioned place preference (CPP). Rats underwent bilateral radio-frequency lesions of the ACC, LNA, or MD followed by MA CPP training. Lesions of the MD, but not the ACC or LNA, disrupted MA CPP learning. To clarify the role of the MD on the different stages of the MA CPP memory process, bilateral microinfusions of lidocaine into the MD were performed 5 min prior to each conditioning trial, immediately after the conditioning trial, or 5 min before the testing phase. Pretesting, but not pre- or post-conditioning, infusions of lidocaine into the MD impaired MA CPP. Furthermore, a clear preference for the previously conditioned MA paired cues was expressed when the rats were tested again 24 h after infusions of lidocaine. These results are interpreted as indicating that the MD is specifically involved in the memory retrieval process of MA associated memory which suggests the MD could have an important role in relapse in individuals suffering from MA addiction. Copyright © 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of quality of life and sexual satisfaction in women suffering from chronic pelvic pain with or without endometriosis.

PubMed

Tripoli, Tatiana M; Sato, Hélio; Sartori, Marair G; de Araujo, Fábio Fernando; Girão, Manoel J B C; Schor, Eduardo

2011-02-01

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is one of the most frequent symptoms in women of reproductive age. This is an enigmatic clinical condition that results from the complex interactions of physiological and psychological factors with direct impact on the social, marital, and professional lives of women. To evaluate the quality of life and sexual satisfaction of women who suffer from CPP with or without endometriosis. Forty-nine patients who had been diagnosed with endometriosis and 35 patients with CPP diagnosed with another gynecological condition, all 84 of whom were treated at the Chronic Pelvic Pain and Endometriosis Clinic at Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) from January to July of 2008. The controls were 50 healthy women from the Family Planning Clinic at UNIFESP. World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-Bref (WHOQOL-BREF) quality of life questionnaire and the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups with CPP symptoms, in either the results from the WHOQOL-BREF or in the GRISS questionnaire. In both questionnaires, differences were observed when the two groups of symptomatic women were compared with the group of healthy women. CPP caused by endometriosis or other gynecological conditions leads to a significant reduction of quality of life and sexual satisfaction. © 2010 International Society for Sexual Medicine.

Common experience modifies the reinforcing properties of methamphetamine-injected cage mates but not morphine-injected cage mates in C57 mice.

PubMed

Watanabe, Shigeru

2015-10-01

The aim of this study was to determine whether previous exposure to a drug affects the social facilitation of conditioned place preference (CPP) for a drug-injected cage mate. Twenty-two male C57/BL6J mice received drug injections (methamphetamine or morphine) and 22 male C57/BL6J mice received saline injections. All 44 mice then received CPP training, during which one compartment of a conventional CPP apparatus was associated with a drug-injected cage mate (stimulus mouse) and the other compartment was associated with a saline-injected cage mate (stimulus mouse). The subject mice did not receive any drug injection during this CPP training. Time spent in the compartment associated with the drug-injected cage mate was measured before and after training. Subject mice that had previously received methamphetamine injections showed an increase in the time spent in the compartment associated with the methamphetamine-injected cage mate after CPP training. This effect was not observed in subject mice that had previously received saline injections. Subject mice did not show an increase in the time spent in the compartment associated with the morphine-injected cage mate irrespective of whether they had previously received morphine or saline injections. Therefore, in agreement with previous reports, common experience with methamphetamine induced reinforcing properties, but that with morphine did not.

Does systemic administration of casein phosphopeptides affect orthodontic movement and root resorption in rats?

PubMed

Crowther, Lachlan; Shen, Gang; Almuzian, Mohammed; Jones, Allan; Walsh, William; Oliver, Rema; Petocz, Peter; Tarraf, Nour E; Darendeliler, M Ali

2017-10-01

To assess the potential effects of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) on orthodontically induced iatrogenic root resorption (OIIRR) and orthodontic teeth movement. Forty Wistar rats (aged 11 weeks) were randomly divided into experimental group (EG; n = 20) that received a diet supplemented with CPP and control group (CG; n = 20) devoid of diet supplement. A 150 g force was applied using nickel titanium (NiTi) coil that was bonded on maxillary incisors and extended unilaterally to a maxillary first molar. At Day 28, animals in both groups were euthanized. Volumetric assessment of root resorption craters and linear measurement of maxillary first molars movement were blindly examined using a micro-computed tomography scan. Nine rats were excluded from the experiment due to loss during general anesthesia or appliances' failure. Intra-operator reproducibility was high in both volumetric and linear measurements, 92.8 per cent and 98.5-97.6 per cent, respectively. The results reveal that dietary CPP has statistically insignificant effect on the overall OIIRR and orthodontic movement. CPP seems to have statistically insignificant effect on the volume of OIIRR and orthodontic movement in rats. A long-term study with larger sample size using a different concentration of CPP is required to clarify the dentoalveolar effect of CPP. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

Feasibility study for early removal of HEU from CPP-651-Phase II

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, C.V.; Henry, R.; Milligan, C.

1997-09-01

A two-phase feasibility study was initiated in late 1996 to identify a way to expedite the removal of SNM from the CPP-651 vault. The first phase of this study provided preliminary information that appeared promising, but needed additional detailed planning and evaluate to validate the concepts and conclusions. The focus of Phase 2 was to provide the validation via resource-loaded schedules and more detailed cost estimates. Section 1 describes the purpose and objectives of the Phase 2 tasks and the programmatic drivers that influence related CPP-651 high-enriched uranium (HEU) management issues. Section 2 identifies the evaluation criteria and methodology andmore » the transfer issues and barriers preventing shipment. Section 3 provides site-specific background information for the CPP-651 facility and the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) and describes the development of the basic material removal schedule, the proposed base case plan for removal of SNM, and the proposed HEU material management/shipping issues and strategies. Section 4 identifies the proposed options for accelerated removal of SNM and how they were evaluated via detailed scheduling, resource histograms, and cost analysis. Section 5 summarizes principal tasks for implementing this plan and other related HEU CPP-651 management issues that require continued planning efforts to assure successful implementation of this proposed early removal strategy.« less

Childhood physical punishment and the onset of drinking problems: evidence from metropolitan China

PubMed Central

Cheng, Hui G.; Anthony, James C.; Huang, Yuequin; Lee, Sing; Liu, Zhaorui; He, Yanling

2011-01-01

Background Evidence in support of a suspected causal association linking childhood physical punishment (CPP) and later alcoholic beverage-related disturbances has been found in metropolitan China. Here, the focus shifts to the CPP association with the estimated risk of starting to drink, having the first drinking problem, and transitioning from first drink to the first drinking problem. Methods Data are from the World Mental Health Surveys-metropolitan China study, with representative samples of adult household residents living in two metropolitan cities, Beijing and Shanghai. Recalled information was available for early life experiences (including CPP, other childhood adversities, and parental alcohol and drug problems), as well as the onset age of drinking and drinking problems. Survival analyses were used to estimate the hazard ratio. A structural equation modeling approach was used to control for other inter-correlated childhood adversities. Results Cox proportional hazards modeling discloses statistically robust associations linking CPP with drinking and drinking problems, as well as more rapid transitions from first drink to first drinking problem, even after accounting for other childhood adversities and parental drinking problems. These associations cannot be attributed to a more general noxious family environment. Conclusions These results lay a foundation for future experimental studies on the possible causal relationship linking CPP with the onset of drinking problems and the transition from drinking to drinking problems. PMID:21474254

Fluoride and calcium concentrations in the biofilm fluid after use of fluoridated dentifrices supplemented with polyphosphate salts.

PubMed

Nagata, Mariana Emi; Delbem, Alberto Carlos Botazzo; Hall, Kevin Bruce; Buzalaf, Marília Afonso Rabelo; Pessan, Juliano Pelim

2017-04-01

The present study evaluated fluoride (F) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in the biofilm fluid formed in situ under cariogenic challenge after using F dentifrices supplemented or not with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) or calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP). Volunteers (n = 12) were randomly divided into 5 groups according to the toothpastes used: placebo (without F, CaGP or TMP), 1100 ppm F (1100F) and low-fluoride dentifrice (LFD, 550 ppm F) with no supplementation (550F) or supplemented with 1 % TMP (550F-TMP) or 0.25 % CaGP (550F-CaGP). In each phase, volunteers wore palatal appliances containing 4 bovine enamel blocks. Cariogenic challenge was performed with 30 % sucrose solution, 6 times/day. On the morning of the eigth day, biofilm samples were collected 12 h and 1 h after brushing and cariogenic challenge. F and Ca analyses in the biofilm fluid were performed with the inverted electrode after buffering with TISAB III and using the Arsenazo III method, respectively. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA (repeated measures) and Student-Newman-Keuls test (p < 0.05). A dose-response relationship was verified between F concentrations in the dentifrices and in the biofilm fluid. Significant differences were observed among placebo, 550F, and 1100F only 1 h after brushing, without statistical differences among 550F, 550F-TMP, and 550F-CaGP. No defined trend was observed among the groups regarding Ca concentrations, with the highest values seen for placebo and 550F-CaGP. The anticaries effect of LFDs supplemented with CaGP or TMP cannot be related to an increased availability of F and Ca in the biofilm fluid. The better performance of LFDs containing CaGP or TMP shown in previous studies should be attributed to their ability to interact with tooth enamel and with the biofilm, rather to their effect on the biofilm fluid.

78 FR 59757 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-27

... continues to be available to consumers and businesses. As an essential part of restoring confidence, the... particularly interested in knowing how banks have used the money that Treasury has invested through the CPP... participants in the CPP are utilizing TARP capital. Affected public: Private Sector: Businesses or other for...

75 FR 34213 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-16

... participants in the CPP are utilizing TARP capital. Respondents: Private Sector: Businesses or other for-profit... continues to be available to consumers and businesses. As an essential part of restoring confidence, the... particularly interested in knowing how banks have used the money that Treasury has invested through the CPP...

78 FR 34160 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Office of Financial Stability

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-06

... Purchase Program (CPP) under which the Department has purchased qualifying capital in U.S. banking... Treasury has invested through the CPP. Consequently, the Treasury is seeking responses from banking..., maintenance, and purchase of services to provide information. Dated: June 3, 2013. Dawn D. Wolfgang, Treasury...

INTERIOR PHOTO OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING PROCESS MAKEUP AREA (CPP601) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR PHOTO OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING PROCESS MAKEUP AREA (CPP-601) LOOKING SOUTHWEST. PHOTO TAKEN FROM NORTHEAST CORNER. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-50-4-2. Mike Crane, Photographer, 6/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

FIRST FLOOR PLAN OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP627) SHOWING REMOTE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

FIRST FLOOR PLAN OF REMOTE ANALYTICAL FACILITY (CPP-627) SHOWING REMOTE ANALYTICAL LABORATORY, DECONTAMINATION ROOM, AND MULTICURIE CELL ROOM. INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0627-00-008-105065. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 4272-14-102. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

INTERIOR PHOTO OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING PROCESS MAKEUP AREA (CPP601) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR PHOTO OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING PROCESS MAKEUP AREA (CPP-601) LOOKING NORTH. PHOTO TAKEN FROM SOUTHWEST CORNER. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-50-1-3. Mike Crane, Photographer, 6/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP640) LOOKING NORTHEAST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640) LOOKING NORTHEAST SHOWING OVERALL BLOCK EXTERIOR WALLS; CONSTRUCTION 65 PERCENT COMPLETE. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-60-4976. Holmes, Photographer, 9/26/1960 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP640) LOOKING EAST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO OF HOT PILOT PLANT (CPP-640) LOOKING EAST SHOWING EXCAVATION AND FORMING; CONSTRUCTION 6 PERCENT COMPLETE. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-59-4935. J. Anderson, Photographer, 9/21/1959 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

INTERIOR PHOTO OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) PROCESS MAKEUP AREA ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR PHOTO OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) PROCESS MAKEUP AREA LOOKING SOUTH. PHOTO TAKEN FROM CENTER OF WEST WALL. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-50-1-4. Mike Crane, Photographer, 6/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

PLAN SECTIONS AND ELEVATIONS OF VESSEL SAMPLING STATIONS "P", "Q", ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PLAN SECTIONS AND ELEVATIONS OF VESSEL SAMPLING STATIONS "P", "Q", "S" CELLS MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0601-00-291-053694. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER CPP-E-1394. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

EQUIPMENT LAYOUT OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP601) LCELL PLAN AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EQUIPMENT LAYOUT OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) L-CELL PLAN AND SECTION SHOWS COMPLEXITY OF CELLS. INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0601-00-098-105687. ALTERNATE ID NUMBER 4289-20-301. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

INTERIOR PHOTO OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING PROCESS MAKEUP AREA (CPP601) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR PHOTO OF MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING PROCESS MAKEUP AREA (CPP-601) LOOKING NORTHWEST. PHOTO TAKEN FROM MIDDLE OF CORRIDOR. INL PHOTO NUMBER HD-50-2-3. Mike Crane, Photographer, 6/2005 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID