76 FR 6651 - Release of Waybill Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-07

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Surface Transportation Board Release of Waybill Data The Surface...-9--12/21/ 10), for permission to use certain data from the Board's 2009 Carload Waybill Samples. A... Administration. The waybill sample contains confidential railroad and shipper data; therefore, if any parties...

75 FR 1118 - Release of Waybill Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-08

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Surface Transportation Board Release of Waybill Data The Surface.../17/09), for permission to use certain data from the Board's 1985 through 2008 Carload Waybill Samples... Administration. The waybill sample contains confidential railroad and shipper data; therefore, if any parties...

48 CFR 47.305-15 - Loading responsibilities of contractors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Loading responsibilities of contractors. 47.305-15 Section 47.305-15 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL... responsibilities of contractors. (a)(1) Contractors are responsible for loading, blocking, and bracing carload...

29 CFR 779.357 - May qualify as exempt 13(a)(2) establishments; classification of coal sales.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... establishment's sales are recognized as retail in the particular industry, sales of coal to the consumer from a...: (1) Sales where the delivery is made by railroad car or cargo vessel. (2) Sales in a carload quantity...

29 CFR 779.357 - May qualify as exempt 13(a)(2) establishments; classification of coal sales.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... establishment's sales are recognized as retail in the particular industry, sales of coal to the consumer from a...: (1) Sales where the delivery is made by railroad car or cargo vessel. (2) Sales in a carload quantity...

29 CFR 779.357 - May qualify as exempt 13(a)(2) establishments; classification of coal sales.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... establishment's sales are recognized as retail in the particular industry, sales of coal to the consumer from a...: (1) Sales where the delivery is made by railroad car or cargo vessel. (2) Sales in a carload quantity...

29 CFR 779.357 - May qualify as exempt 13(a)(2) establishments; classification of coal sales.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... establishment's sales are recognized as retail in the particular industry, sales of coal to the consumer from a...: (1) Sales where the delivery is made by railroad car or cargo vessel. (2) Sales in a carload quantity...

75 FR 517 - Release of Waybill Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-05

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Surface Transportation Board Release of Waybill Data The Surface... permission to use certain data from the Board's 2008 Carload Waybill Samples. A copy of this request may be... contains confidential railroad and shipper data; therefore, if any parties object to these requests, they...

76 FR 6842 - Release of Waybill Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-08

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Surface Transportation Board Release of Waybill Data The Surface... permission to use certain data from the Board's Carload Waybill Samples. A copy of this request may be obtained from the Office of Economics. The waybill sample contains confidential railroad and shipper data...

76 FR 12412 - Release of Waybill Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-07

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Surface Transportation Board Release of Waybill Data The Surface...-TFGen 01 01 (WB11-021), for permission to use certain data from the Board's 2008 and 2009 Carload... contains confidential railroad and shipper data; therefore, if any parties object to these requests, they...

77 FR 19417 - Affton Terminal Railroad Company-Operation Exemption1

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-30

... Railroad Company--Operation Exemption\\1\\--Affton Trucking Company Affton Terminal Railroad Company (ATRR... to an agreement with Affton Trucking Company (ATC),\\3\\ approximately 2.0 miles of railroad right-of... Railroad Association of St. Louis and BNSF Railway Company and inbound carloads for transloading into...

48 CFR 52.247-57 - Transportation Transit Privilege Credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... can be applied to the supplies when shipped from the original source, the offeror is invited to... offeror will ship these supplies under commercial bills of lading, paying all remaining transportation... offeror represents the transportation costs in cents per 100 pounds (freight rate) for full carload...

77 FR 322 - Release of Waybill Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-04

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Surface Transportation Board Release of Waybill Data The Surface... permission to use certain data from the Board's 2010 Carload Waybill Sample. A copy of this request may be... shipper data; therefore, if any parties object to these requests, they should file their objections with...

76 FR 13447 - Release of Waybill Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-11

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Surface Transportation Board Release of Waybill Data The Surface... (WB468-12-- 3/2/11), for permission to use certain data from the Board's 2009 Carload Waybill Sample. A... confidential railroad and shipper data; therefore, if any parties object to these requests, they should file...

49 CFR 1244.4 - Sampling of waybills.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Sampling of waybills. 1244.4 Section 1244.4... PROPERTY-RAILROADS § 1244.4 Sampling of waybills. (a) Subject railroads shall file waybill sample... expected sampling rates for the manual system are as follows: Numbers of carloads on waybill Expected...

49 CFR 1244.4 - Sampling of waybills.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Sampling of waybills. 1244.4 Section 1244.4... PROPERTY-RAILROADS § 1244.4 Sampling of waybills. (a) Subject railroads shall file waybill sample... expected sampling rates for the manual system are as follows: Numbers of carloads on waybill Expected...

49 CFR 172.400a - Exceptions from labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... this subchapter). (2) A package or unit of military explosives (including ammunition) shipped by or on behalf of the DOD when in— (i) Freight containerload, carload or truckload shipments, if loaded and... cylinder permanently mounted in or on a transport vehicle. (5) A freight container, aircraft unit load...

49 CFR 172.400a - Exceptions from labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... this subchapter). (2) A package or unit of military explosives (including ammunition) shipped by or on behalf of the DOD when in— (i) Freight containerload, carload or truckload shipments, if loaded and... cylinder permanently mounted in or on a transport vehicle. (5) A freight container, aircraft unit load...

49 CFR 172.400a - Exceptions from labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... this subchapter). (2) A package or unit of military explosives (including ammunition) shipped by or on behalf of the DOD when in— (i) Freight containerload, carload or truckload shipments, if loaded and... cylinder permanently mounted in or on a transport vehicle. (5) A freight container, aircraft unit load...

41 CFR 101-26.602-4 - Procurement of coal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Procurement of coal. 101... PROGRAM 26.6-Procurement Sources Other Than GSA § 101-26.602-4 Procurement of coal. (a) Federal agencies desiring to participate in the Defense Fuel Supply Center coal contracting program for carload delivery...

41 CFR 101-26.602-4 - Procurement of coal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Procurement of coal. 101... PROGRAM 26.6-Procurement Sources Other Than GSA § 101-26.602-4 Procurement of coal. (a) Federal agencies desiring to participate in the Defense Fuel Supply Center coal contracting program for carload delivery...

41 CFR 101-26.602-4 - Procurement of coal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Procurement of coal. 101... PROGRAM 26.6-Procurement Sources Other Than GSA § 101-26.602-4 Procurement of coal. (a) Federal agencies desiring to participate in the Defense Fuel Supply Center coal contracting program for carload delivery...

41 CFR 101-26.602-4 - Procurement of coal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Procurement of coal. 101... PROGRAM 26.6-Procurement Sources Other Than GSA § 101-26.602-4 Procurement of coal. (a) Federal agencies desiring to participate in the Defense Fuel Supply Center coal contracting program for carload delivery...

41 CFR 101-26.602-4 - Procurement of coal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2011-07-01 2007-07-01 true Procurement of coal. 101... PROGRAM 26.6-Procurement Sources Other Than GSA § 101-26.602-4 Procurement of coal. (a) Federal agencies desiring to participate in the Defense Fuel Supply Center coal contracting program for carload delivery...

48 CFR 52.247-58 - Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. 52.247-58 Section 52.247-58 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... Text of Provisions and Clauses 52.247-58 Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. As... be shipped in carload lots by rail: Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments (APR 1984...

48 CFR 52.247-58 - Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. 52.247-58 Section 52.247-58 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... Text of Provisions and Clauses 52.247-58 Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. As... be shipped in carload lots by rail: Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments (APR 1984...

48 CFR 52.247-58 - Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. 52.247-58 Section 52.247-58 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... Text of Provisions and Clauses 52.247-58 Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. As... be shipped in carload lots by rail: Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments (APR 1984...

48 CFR 52.247-58 - Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. 52.247-58 Section 52.247-58 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... Text of Provisions and Clauses 52.247-58 Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. As... be shipped in carload lots by rail: Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments (APR 1984...

48 CFR 47.305-7 - Quantity analysis, direct delivery, and reduction of crosshauling and backhauling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Quantity analysis, direct... Contracts 47.305-7 Quantity analysis, direct delivery, and reduction of crosshauling and backhauling. (a) Quantity analysis. (1) The requiring activity shall consider the acquisition of carload or truckload...

48 CFR 52.247-33 - F.o.b. Origin, With Differentials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... load, stow, trim, block, and/or brace carload or truckload shipment (when loaded by the Contractor) on... any loss of and/or damage to the goods— (i) Occurring before delivery to the carrier; (ii) Resulting..., whenever this option is exercised, the Government shall make no reimbursement based on a quoted...

48 CFR 52.247-33 - F.o.b. Origin, With Differentials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... load, stow, trim, block, and/or brace carload or truckload shipment (when loaded by the Contractor) on... any loss of and/or damage to the goods— (i) Occurring before delivery to the carrier; (ii) Resulting..., whenever this option is exercised, the Government shall make no reimbursement based on a quoted...

48 CFR 52.247-33 - F.o.b. Origin, With Differentials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... load, stow, trim, block, and/or brace carload or truckload shipment (when loaded by the Contractor) on... any loss of and/or damage to the goods— (i) Occurring before delivery to the carrier; (ii) Resulting..., whenever this option is exercised, the Government shall make no reimbursement based on a quoted...

48 CFR 52.247-33 - F.o.b. Origin, With Differentials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... load, stow, trim, block, and/or brace carload or truckload shipment (when loaded by the Contractor) on... any loss of and/or damage to the goods— (i) Occurring before delivery to the carrier; (ii) Resulting..., whenever this option is exercised, the Government shall make no reimbursement based on a quoted...

78 FR 2483 - Ohio Terminal Railway Company-Operation Exemption-Hannibal Real Estate, LLC

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-11

... Railway Company--Operation Exemption--Hannibal Real Estate, LLC Ohio Terminal Railway Company (OTRC),\\1\\ a... near Hannibal, in Monroe County, Ohio (the Line), pursuant to an operating agreement with Hannibal Real Estate, LLC (Hannibal). \\1\\ OTRC is a wholly owned, corporate subsidiary of Carload Express, Inc. (CEI...

48 CFR 47.303-17 - Contractor-prepaid commercial bills of lading, small package shipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... advantageous to the Government, the contracting officer may authorize the contractor to ship supplies, which... with its own shipments so that the Government can take advantage of lower carload or truckload freight... charges with a copy of the carrier's receipted freight bill or other evidence of receipt, except as...

48 CFR 47.303-17 - Contractor-prepaid commercial bills of lading, small package shipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... advantageous to the Government, the contracting officer may authorize the contractor to ship supplies, which... with its own shipments so that the Government can take advantage of lower carload or truckload freight... charges with a copy of the carrier's receipted freight bill or other evidence of receipt, except as...

48 CFR 47.303-17 - Contractor-prepaid commercial bills of lading, small package shipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... advantageous to the Government, the contracting officer may authorize the contractor to ship supplies, which... with its own shipments so that the Government can take advantage of lower carload or truckload freight... charges with a copy of the carrier's receipted freight bill or other evidence of receipt, except as...

48 CFR 47.303-17 - Contractor-prepaid commercial bills of lading, small package shipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... advantageous to the Government, the contracting officer may authorize the contractor to ship supplies, which... with its own shipments so that the Government can take advantage of lower carload or truckload freight... charges with a copy of the carrier's receipted freight bill or other evidence of receipt, except as...

48 CFR 52.247-58 - Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... be shipped in carload lots by rail: Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments (APR 1984... Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. 52.247-58 Section 52.247-58 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... Text of Provisions and Clauses 52.247-58 Loading, Blocking, and Bracing of Freight Car Shipments. As...

78 FR 41993 - Ann Arbor Railroad, Inc.-Lease Exemption-Norfolk Southern Railway Company

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-12

... number of carloads interchanged with NSR in a given year.\\1\\ AARR states that the interchange commitment..., Canadian National Railway Company (CN), CSX Transportation, Inc., and Wheeling & Lake Erie Railway in Toledo; the Indiana and Ohio Railway and CN in Diann, Mich.; NSR in Milan, Mich.; and Great Lakes Central...

Shrinkage and footage loss from drying 4/4-inch hard maple lumber.

Treesearch

Daniel E. Dunmire

1968-01-01

Equations are presented for estimating shrinkage and resulting footage losses due to drying hard maple lumber. The equations, based on board shrinkage data taken from a representative lumber sample, are chiefly intended for use with lots of hard maple lumber, such as carloads, truckloads, or kiln loads, but also can be used for estimating the average shrinkage of...

18. THREEQUARTER VIEW OF HULETT UNLOADERS, LOOKING NORTHEAST. IF INCOMING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. THREE-QUARTER VIEW OF HULETT UNLOADERS, LOOKING NORTHEAST. IF INCOMING ORE IS NOT TO BE SHIPPED IMMEDIATELY, THE 'LARRYMAN' MOVES HIS CARLOAD OF ORE ALONG THE CANTILEVER AT THE REAR OF THE HULETT AND DEPOSITS IT INTO THE STORAGE YARD. - Pennsylvania Railway Ore Dock, Lake Erie at Whiskey Island, approximately 1.5 miles west of Public Square, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

Template-directed hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite as a drug delivery system for the poorly water-soluble drug carvedilol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Qinfu; Wang, Tianyi; Wang, Jing; Zheng, Li; Jiang, Tongying; Cheng, Gang; Wang, Siling

2011-09-01

In order to improve the dissolution rate and increase the bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug, intended to be administered orally, the biocompatible and bioactive mesoporous hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully synthesized. In the present study, mesoporous HA nanoparticles were produced using Pluronic block co-polymer F127 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as templates by the hydrothermal method. The obtained mesoporous HA was employed as a drug delivery carrier to investigate the drug storage/release properties using carvedilol (CAR) as a model drug. Characterizations of the raw CAR powder, mesoporous HA and CAR-loaded HA were carried out by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated that CAR was successfully incorporated into the mesoporous HA host. In vitro drug release studies showed that mesoporous HA had a high drug load efficiency and provided immediate release of CAR compared with micronized raw drug in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and intestinal fluid (pH 6.8). Consequently, mesoporous HA is a good candidate as a drug carrier for the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs.

(Initiation of strategic assessment of fossil options, Phase 2). Summary. Progress report, November 1981-February 1982. [USA; coal transhipment capacity in 1990 for 37 ports

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kocur, G.; Adler, T.J.

1982-02-23

The export coal transportation study has proceeded through the first two subtasks. Figure 1 shows a comparison between past and projected US coal export demand and US port coal transshipment capacities. Projected export demand was taken from the MIT World Coal Study, and projected port capacities were determined primarily by personal communications with port managers. Table 1 details projected 1990 capacities at each major port, with a maximum-minimum range indicating undertain projects. The obvious observation from these data is the massive discrepancy between projected capacities and projected export movements. It is very likely that many ports have publicized ambitious expansionmore » plans in order to discourage competing ports from expanding. In addition, the excess port capacity could be used for exports of, for example, iron ore and grain. Nonetheless, Fig. 1 does indicate some need to determine which subset of ports will lie on the most cost-effective routing from mine to ultimate destination and which thus deserve the largest investments. The survey of rail export (steam) coal rates began with an identification of representative mines (13) to port (19) movement (total of 54 allowable). Per carload rail rates were then obtained for approximately 25 of these movements. Regression analyses were performed relating these rates to shipping distance, and other factors. 1 figure, 1 table.« less

Analysis of railroad tank car releases using a generalized binomial model.

PubMed

Liu, Xiang; Hong, Yili

2015-11-01

The United States is experiencing an unprecedented boom in shale oil production, leading to a dramatic growth in petroleum crude oil traffic by rail. In 2014, U.S. railroads carried over 500,000 tank carloads of petroleum crude oil, up from 9500 in 2008 (a 5300% increase). In light of continual growth in crude oil by rail, there is an urgent national need to manage this emerging risk. This need has been underscored in the wake of several recent crude oil release incidents. In contrast to highway transport, which usually involves a tank trailer, a crude oil train can carry a large number of tank cars, having the potential for a large, multiple-tank-car release incident. Previous studies exclusively assumed that railroad tank car releases in the same train accident are mutually independent, thereby estimating the number of tank cars releasing given the total number of tank cars derailed based on a binomial model. This paper specifically accounts for dependent tank car releases within a train accident. We estimate the number of tank cars releasing given the number of tank cars derailed based on a generalized binomial model. The generalized binomial model provides a significantly better description for the empirical tank car accident data through our numerical case study. This research aims to provide a new methodology and new insights regarding the further development of risk management strategies for improving railroad crude oil transportation safety. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of multiple tank car releases in train accidents.

PubMed

Liu, Xiang; Liu, Chang; Hong, Yili

2017-10-01

There are annually over two million carloads of hazardous materials transported by rail in the United States. The American railroads use large blocks of tank cars to transport petroleum crude oil and other flammable liquids from production to consumption sites. Being different from roadway transport of hazardous materials, a train accident can potentially result in the derailment and release of multiple tank cars, which may result in significant consequences. The prior literature predominantly assumes that the occurrence of multiple tank car releases in a train accident is a series of independent Bernoulli processes, and thus uses the binomial distribution to estimate the total number of tank car releases given the number of tank cars derailing or damaged. This paper shows that the traditional binomial model can incorrectly estimate multiple tank car release probability by magnitudes in certain circumstances, thereby significantly affecting railroad safety and risk analysis. To bridge this knowledge gap, this paper proposes a novel, alternative Correlated Binomial (CB) model that accounts for the possible correlations of multiple tank car releases in the same train. We test three distinct correlation structures in the CB model, and find that they all outperform the conventional binomial model based on empirical tank car accident data. The analysis shows that considering tank car release correlations would result in a significantly improved fit of the empirical data than otherwise. Consequently, it is prudent to consider alternative modeling techniques when analyzing the probability of multiple tank car releases in railroad accidents. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estimating the variable cost for high-volume and long-haul transportation of densified biomass and biofuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jacob J. Jacobson; Erin Searcy; Md. S. Roni

This article analyzes rail transportation costs of products that have similar physical properties as densified biomass and biofuel. The results of this cost analysis are useful to understand the relationship and quantify the impact of a number of factors on rail transportation costs of denisfied biomass and biofuel. These results will be beneficial and help evaluate the economic feasibility of high-volume and long-haul transportation of biomass and biofuel. High-volume and long-haul rail transportation of biomass is a viable transportation option for biofuel plants, and for coal plants which consider biomass co-firing. Using rail optimizes costs, and optimizes greenhouse gas (GHG)more » emissions due to transportation. Increasing bioenergy production would consequently result in lower GHG emissions due to displacing fossil fuels. To estimate rail transportation costs we use the carload waybill data, provided by Department of Transportation’s Surface Transportation Board for products such as grain and liquid type commodities for 2009 and 2011. We used regression analysis to quantify the relationship between variable transportation unit cost ($/ton) and car type, shipment size, rail movement type, commodity type, etc. The results indicate that: (a) transportation costs for liquid is $2.26/ton–$5.45/ton higher than grain type commodity; (b) transportation costs in 2011 were $1.68/ton–$5.59/ton higher than 2009; (c) transportation costs for single car shipments are $3.6/ton–$6.68/ton higher than transportation costs for multiple car shipments of grains; (d) transportation costs for multiple car shipments are $8.9/ton and $17.15/ton higher than transportation costs for unit train shipments of grains.« less

Bauxite and Kaolin Deposits of the Irwinton district, Georgia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lang, Walter B.; Warren, Walter C.; Thompson, Raymond M.; Overstreet, Elizabeth F.

1965-01-01

The Irwinton district is in the central part of Georgia at the inner margin of the Coastal Plain province. The oldest rocks exposed in the district are crystalline rocks of the Piedmont province. They are unconformably overlain by nonmarine sedimentary strata of Late Cretaceous age, including gravel, micaceous sand, and lenses of kaolin. Bauxite has been found in a few of the kaolin lenses near the top of the sequence of these strata. During a long period prior to deposition of the over- lying marine beds of the Claiborne and Jackson Groups (middle and upper Eocene), the Upper Cretaceous strata were subjected to subaerial erosion. The bauxite deposits are considered to have formed during this period. They range in thickness from a few inches to more than 10 feet and occupy areas ranging from a few square feet to more than 5 acres. Most of the known bauxite deposits lie along the valleys of Commissioners Creek and Big Sandy Creek in Wilkinson County. The kaolin lenses are much larger than the bauxite deposits; some of the lenses underlie more than 200 acres and are more than 20 feet thick. Bauxite was discovered in the district in 1907 and was mined from 1910 to 1928. A few additional carloads of ore were shipped in 1941 and 1942, but no ore has been mined since that time. Reserves of high-grade bauxite are very small. Reserves of all grades of bauxite plus bauxitic clay may be about 400,000 long tons. The Irwinton district is the principal source of high-grade kaolin in the United States. The presence of kaolin here has been known since early colo- nial time, and it has been mined continuously since 1897. Production in 1959 was 1,940,279 short tons. The reserves of kaolin are very large but have never been adequately measured. Reserves of first and second grade kaolin may be 67 to 84 million short tons. Kaolin of lower grade is present in larger quantity.

Twenty-Sixth Annual Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 1904-1905

USGS Publications Warehouse

Walcott, Charles D.

1905-01-01

IntroductionRemarks on the work of the yearBranches of workThe United States Geological Survey was created in 1879 for the purpose—as its name implies—of examining and reporting on the geologic structure and mineral resources and products of the national domain. To the adequate description of geologic formations and structure cartography is essential, and Congress early recognized this fact by making appropriations for the preparation of a geologic map of the United States. The topographic base map, in order to show with sufficient precision the relations of the geologic formations and the intricacies of the structure, must have a rather large scale and present considerable detail. No such map of this country existed in 1879, and its preparation was immediately begun. The waters of the country are of vast importance, and in a broad sense may be regarded as one of its greatest mineral resources. Hence, in the evolution of the work of the Survey, and especially in view of the great importance of the subject to the irrigation interests, Congress early began making appropriations for ascertaining the amount and quality of the surface and underground waters and when, in 1902, the service for the reclamation of arid lands was organized, that work naturally was placed in the hands of the Secretary of the Interior and by him intrusted to the Director of the Survey.The three great branches of work carried on by the Geological Survey are, therefore, the geologic, the topographic, and the hydrographic, and with these, more especially the latter, is conjoined the Reclamation Service ; publication and administration constitute necessary auxiliary branches. Along these great lines the work of the Survey has progressed without essential variation for many years. The changes made have been due to normal expansion rather than to radical departure in object or plan.State cooperationDuring the last fiscal year, State cooperation, as explained in previous reports, continued. Arrangements for cooperation in geologic work were made with five States, the total amount contributed by them being about \\$8,000, and arrangements for cooperative topographic surveys were made with eleven States, the amount available for such surveys being thus increased by more than \\$100,000.Reclamation serviceThe work of the Reclamation Service during the last fiscal year was advanced as rapidly as was thought consistent with thoroughness and accuracy. Actual construction is now in progress on eight projects, as follows : Salt River, Arizona; Truckee-Carson, Nevada; Hondo, New Mexico ; Uncompahgre Valley, Colorado; Minidoka, Idaho; Belle Fourche, South Dakota ; North Platte, Wyoming and Nebraska ; and Shoshone, Wyoming. Proposals were received for work on the Laguna dam, Yuma project, California and Arizona; Huntley project, Montana, and the Fort Buford project, North Dakota and Montana. In several other States operations are at a point where advertisements for bids only await the removal of certain legal obstacles, the settlement of international difficulties, or the termination of delays on the part of local organizations or individuals.The organization of the body of men constituting the personnel of the Reclamation Service, whose field of operations covers so large a territory, though necessarily difficult, has been satisfactorily accomplished, and precedents have been established along approved lines. The general allotment of funds has been made with a view to the greatest benefit to the greatest number, and from the broad standpoint of the welfare of the country as a whole.One of the important features in the evolution of the irrigation work is the development of power, which the numerous dams and, drops in canals make possible. Plans were made to transmit the power being developed in many sections of the arid regions, by means of electricity, to points more or less distant, there to be used for raising underground waters, pumping waters lying above the line of gravity canals, or for various other purposes, and attention was also given to the character of the soils and of the water to be used upon them, the materials used in the construction of the works, and numerous other details incident to reclamation by irrigation.Coal-testing plantUnder two special appropriations of \\$30,000 each, carried by the urgent deficiency bill approved February 18, 1904, and the general deficiency bill approved April 27, 1904, the Director of the Geological Survey was authorized to construct and operate at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition a plant for testing the coals and lignites of the United States, in order to determine their fuel values and the most economic method of their utilization for different purposes, it being provided that all testing machinery and all coals and lignites to be tested 'should be contributed free of charge to the Government. For carrying out the provisions of these acts the Director appointed a committee, consisting of Edward W. Parker, Joseph A. Holmes, and Marius R. Campbell, to direct the construction and operation of the plant. This committee received the heartiest cooperation from the manufacturers of such equipment as was needed for the installation of the plant, from the railroad companies in freight concessions and transportation for the experts and their assistants, and from the coal operators in the furnishing of coal in carload lots for testing purposes. Although the utmost expedition was used in the construction of the plant, it was not until the first of September that the testing work actually began. Between the first of September and the close of the exposition 65 carload samples of coal for testing purposes were received, and the results of the investigation were published in a preliminary report issued as Geological Survey Bulletin No. 261. The coals tested were received from 17 States and Territories, and much valuable information regarding the best uses to which the different coals may be put was obtained.One of the most important facts developed during this investigation is the possibility of utilizing the vast lignite resources of the West in the manufacture of producer gas, it having been shown that a higher grade of this gas can be obtained from lignite than from ordinary bituminous and anthracite coal. The investigation also showed that the slack or fine coal produced at the dry, noncoking bituminous coal mines of the middle West, large quantities of which are now being wasted, can be profitably utilized by briquetting.