Identification and Characterization of Tumor Antigens Associated With Breast Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-08-01

including mental retardation and alpha- thalassemia (9). The RNA transcript was shown to exist at high levels in B 16 melanoma cells and moderate levels in...D.R. Mutations in a putative global transcriptional regulator cause X-linked mental retardation with alpha- thalassemia (ATRX syndrome). Cell (80): 837

THE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILD IN THE CLASSROOM. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION SERIES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

ERICKSON, MARION J.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED TO ENABLE TEACHERS AND OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE EDUCATION OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN TO RECOGNIZE AND TO MEET EFFECTIVELY THE CHILDREN'S NEEDS. EIGHT TOPICS ARE CONSIDERED--(1) NATURE AND CAUSES, (2) IDENTIFICATION, (3) SERVICES (PERSONNEL), (4) PROGRAM PLANNING, (5) PRESCHOOL PROGRAM, (6) ELEMENTARY SCHOOL…

A Mutation in the Rett Syndrome Gene, MECP2, Causes X-Linked Mental Retardation and Progressive Spasticity in Males

PubMed Central

Meloni, Ilaria; Bruttini, Mirella; Longo, Ilaria; Mari, Francesca; Rizzolio, Flavio; D’Adamo, Patrizia; Denvriendt, Koenraad; Fryns, Jean-Pierre; Toniolo, Daniela; Renieri, Alessandra

2000-01-01

Heterozygous mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene cause Rett syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder of young females. Only one male presenting an MECP2 mutation has been reported; he survived only to age 1 year, suggesting that mutations in MECP2 are male lethal. Here we report a three-generation family in which two affected males showed severe mental retardation and progressive spasticity, previously mapped in Xq27.2-qter. Two obligate carrier females showed either normal or borderline intelligence, simulating an X-linked recessive trait. The two males and the two obligate carrier females presented a mutation in the MECP2 gene, demonstrating that, in males, MECP2 can be responsible for severe mental retardation associated with neurological disorders. PMID:10986043

The Human Genome Project and Mental Retardation: An Educational Program. Final Progress Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davis, Sharon

The Arc, a national organization on mental retardation, conducted an educational program for members, many of whom have a family member with a genetic condition causing mental retardation. The project informed members about the Human Genome scientific efforts, conducted training regarding ethical, legal and social implications and involved members in issue discussions. Short reports and fact sheets on genetic and ELSI topics were disseminated to 2,200 of the Arc's leaders across the country and to other interested individuals. Materials produced by the project can e found on the Arc's web site, TheArc.org.

"Idiopathic" mental retardation and new chromosomal abnormalities

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Mental retardation is a heterogeneous condition, affecting 1-3% of general population. In the last few years, several emerging clinical entities have been described, due to the advent of newest genetic techniques, such as array Comparative Genomic Hybridization. The detection of cryptic microdeletion/microduplication abnormalities has allowed genotype-phenotype correlations, delineating recognizable syndromic conditions that are herein reviewed. With the aim to provide to Paediatricians a combined clinical and genetic approach to the child with cognitive impairment, a practical diagnostic algorithm is also illustrated. The use of microarray platforms has further reduced the percentage of "idiopathic" forms of mental retardation, previously accounted for about half of total cases. We discussed the putative pathways at the basis of remaining "pure idiopathic" forms of mental retardation, highlighting possible environmental and epigenetic mechanisms as causes of altered cognition. PMID:20152051

Depression and the Onset of Dementia in Adults with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burt, Diana Byrd; And Others

1992-01-01

Comparison of 61 adults with Down's syndrome and 43 adults with mental retardation resulting from other causes found that 8 Down's syndrome adults had both depression and declines in functioning, whereas no adults in the other group showed functional declines. Greater severity of depression was related to poor functioning in adults with Down's…

Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of Hypothyroidism in a School for Children with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jaswal, Shivani; Kaur, Jasbinder; Chavan, B. S.; Gupta, Seema; Kaur, Harjeet

2011-01-01

Objective: Pediatrician is the first contact in the Pathway to Care in children with Mental retardation (MR). Following the recent advancements in the area of molecular genetics, understanding of specific conditions of MR or Developmental Delay (DD) is expanding. Hypothyroidism is a treatable metabolic/endocrinological cause of MR. The aim of this…

Advanced Microscopic Imaging Methods to Investigate Cortical Development and the Etiology of Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haydar, Tarik F.

2005-01-01

Studies on human patients and animal models of disease have shown that disruptions in prenatal and early postnatal brain development are a root cause of mental retardation. Since proper brain development is achieved by a strict spatiotemporal control of neurogenesis, cell migration, and patterning of synapses, abnormalities in one or more of these…

The Use of Genomic Microarrays to Study Chromosomal Abnormalities in Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mao, Rong; Pevsner, Jonathan

2005-01-01

Mental retardation affects 2 to 3% of the US population. It is defined by broad criteria, including significantly subaverage intelligence, onset by age 18, and impaired function in a group of adaptive skills. A myriad of genetic and environmental causes have been described, but for approximately half of individuals diagnosed with mental…

The Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein, FMRP, Recognizes G-Quartets

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Darnell, Jennifer C.; Warren, Stephen T.; Darnell, Robert B.

2004-01-01

Fragile X mental retardation is a disease caused by the loss of function of a single RNA-binding protein, FMRP. Identifying the RNA targets recognized by FMRP is likely to reveal much about its functions in controlling some aspects of memory and behavior. Recent evidence suggests that one of the predominant RNA motifs recognized by the FMRP…

Role of microRNA Pathway in Mental Retardation

PubMed Central

Qurashi, Abrar; Chang, Shuang; Jin, Peng

2007-01-01

Deficits in cognitive functions lead to mental retardation (MR). Understanding the genetic basis of inherited MR has provided insights into the pathogenesis of MR. Fragile X syndrome is one of the most common forms of inherited MR, caused by the loss of functional Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, single-stranded RNAs between 18 and 25 nucleotides in length, which have been implicated in diversified biological pathways. Recent studies have linked the miRNA pathway to fragile X syndrome. Here we review the role of the miRNA pathway in fragile X syndrome and discuss its implication in MR in general. PMID:17982588

A Mutation Affecting the Sodium/Proton Exchanger, "SLC9A6," Causes Mental Retardation with Tau Deposition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Garbern, James Y.; Neumann, Manuela; Trojanowski, John Q.; Lee, Virginia M.-Y.; Feldman, Gerald; Norris, Joy W.; Friez, Michael J.; Schwartz, Charles E.; Stevenson, Roger; Sima, Anders A. F.

2010-01-01

We have studied a family with severe mental retardation characterized by the virtual absence of speech, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, late-onset ataxia, weakness and dystonia. Post-mortem examination of two males revealed widespread neuronal loss, with the most striking finding being neuronal and glial tau deposition in a pattern reminiscent…

A Taxonomy of Teacher-Defined Problems in the Education of Mentally Retarded Children. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cook, John J.; Miller, Donald M.

A taxonomy of problems in the environment or evident in student behaviors which impede providing the necessary conditions for pupils to learn was developed by teachers of the educable mentally retarded (EMR) in Wisconsin. Of the teachers, 67% or 487 responded to a request to specify five problems along with their causes and successful and…

The mGluR theory of fragile X mental retardation.

PubMed

Bear, Mark F; Huber, Kimberly M; Warren, Stephen T

2004-07-01

Many of the diverse functional consequences of activating group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors require translation of pre-existing mRNA near synapses. One of these consequences is long-term depression (LTD) of transmission at hippocampal synapses. Loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the defect responsible for fragile X syndrome in humans, increases LTD in mouse hippocampus. This finding is consistent with the growing evidence that FMRP normally functions as a repressor of translation of specific mRNAs. Here we present a theory that can account for diverse neurological and psychiatric aspects of fragile X syndrome, based on the assumption that many of the protein-synthesis-dependent functions of metabotropic receptors are exaggerated in fragile X syndrome. The theory suggests new directions for basic research as well as novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of humans with fragile X, the most frequent inherited cause of mental retardation and an identified cause of autism.

The child with developmental delay: An approach to etiology

PubMed Central

Meschino, Wendy S

2003-01-01

OBJECTIVE: To describe an approach to history, physical examination and investigation for the developmentally delayed child. METHODS: A review of electronic databases from 1997 to 2001 was done searching for articles relating to the approach to or investigations of children with developmental delay. Five studies, including a review of a consensus conference on evaluation of mental retardation, were chosen because of their general approaches to developmental delay and/or mental retardation, or specific evaluations of a particular laboratory investigation. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnosis or cause of mental retardation can be identified in 20% to 60% of cases. Evaluation of the developmentally delayed child should include a detailed history and physical examination, taking special care to record a three-generation pedigree, as well as to look for dysmorphic features. If no other cause is apparent, routine investigations should include a chromosome study and fragile X studies. Further investigations are warranted depending on the clinical features. PMID:20011550

MEF2C haploinsufficiency caused by either microdeletion of the 5q14.3 region or mutation is responsible for severe mental retardation with stereotypic movements, epilepsy and/or cerebral malformations.

PubMed

Le Meur, N; Holder-Espinasse, M; Jaillard, S; Goldenberg, A; Joriot, S; Amati-Bonneau, P; Guichet, A; Barth, M; Charollais, A; Journel, H; Auvin, S; Boucher, C; Kerckaert, J-P; David, V; Manouvrier-Hanu, S; Saugier-Veber, P; Frébourg, T; Dubourg, C; Andrieux, J; Bonneau, D

2010-01-01

Over the last few years, array-comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) has considerably improved our ability to detect cryptic unbalanced rearrangements in patients with syndromic mental retardation. Molecular karyotyping of six patients with syndromic mental retardation was carried out using whole-genome oligonucleotide array-CGH. 5q14.3 microdeletions ranging from 216 kb to 8.8 Mb were detected in five unrelated patients with the following phenotypic similarities: severe mental retardation with absent speech, hypotonia and stereotypic movements. Facial dysmorphic features, epilepsy and/or cerebral malformations were also present in most of these patients. The minimal common deleted region of these 5q14 microdeletions encompassed only MEF2C, the gene for a protein known to act in brain as a neurogenesis effector, which regulates excitatory synapse number. In a patient with a similar phenotype, an MEF2C nonsense mutation was subsequently identified. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that haploinsufficiency of MEF2C is responsible for severe mental retardation with stereotypic movements, seizures and/or cerebral malformations.

Summit on the National Effort To Prevent Mental Retardation and Related Disabilities. Summit Proceedings (Washington, D.C., February 6-7, 1991).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC.

This document reports the proceedings of a summit to assess the adequacy of the U.S. effort to prevent mental retardation and related disabilities and to chart the course for future strategies to reduce the incidence and ameliorate the effects of these disabilities, particularly when caused by socioeconomic conditions. The document contains…

MEF2C haploinsufficiency caused by either microdeletion of the 5q14.3 region or mutation is responsible for severe mental retardation with stereotypic movements, epilepsy and/or cerebral malformations

PubMed Central

Le Meur, Nathalie; Holder-Espinasse, Muriel; Jaillard, Sylvie; Goldenberg, Alice; Joriot, Sylvie; Amati-Bonneau, Patrizia; Guichet, Agnès; Barth, Magalie; Charollais, Aude; Journel, Hubert; Auvin, Stéphane; Boucher, Cécile; Kerckaert, Jean-Pierre; David, Véronique; Manouvrier-Hanu, Sylvie; Saugier-Veber, Pascale; Frébourg, Thierry; Dubourg, Christèle; Andrieux, Joris; Bonneau, Dominique

2010-01-01

Over the last few years, array-CGH has remarkably improved the ability to detect cryptic unbalanced rearrangements in patients presenting with syndromic mental retardation. Using whole genome oligonucleotide array-CGH, we detected 5q14.3 microdeletions ranging from 216 kb to 8.8 Mb in 5 unrelated patients showing phenotypic similarities, namely severe mental retardation with absent speech, hypotonia and stereotypic movements. Most of the patients presented also with facial dysmorphic features, epilepsy and/or cerebral malformations. The minimal common deleted region of these 5q14 microdeletions encompassed only MEF2C, known to act in brain as a neurogenesis effector which regulates excitatory synapse number. In a patient presenting a similar phenotype, we subsequently identified a MEF2C nonsense mutation. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that haploinsufficiency of MEF2C is responsible for severe mental retardation with stereotypic movements, seizures and/or cerebral malformations. PMID:19592390

Mapping Self-Reports of Working Memory Deficits to Executive Dysfunction in Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 ("FMR1") Gene Premutation Carriers Asymptomatic for FXTAS

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kogan, Cary S.; Cornish, Kim M.

2010-01-01

Fragile X Syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by the silencing of a single gene on the X chromosome, the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 ("FMR1") gene. In recent years, the premutation ("carrier") status has received considerable attention and there is now an emerging consensus that despite intellectual functioning being within…

Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome with a Neuroactive Steroid

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

common form of inherited intellectual disability and autism . The protein (FMRP) encoded by the fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR1), is an RNA...FXS) is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation, and the most common single gene mutation associated with autism (Demark et al. 2003...profile of impairments, with the most interesting being comorbidity with autism . From the most recent studies, the prevalence of autism spectrum

Family Problems concerning the Mentally Retarded Child

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klackenberg, Gunnar

1969-01-01

A mentally handicapped child causes familial pressures: concerns over future pregnancies, emotional strain, and the necessity for an ultimate decision on whether or not the child should be institutionalized. (JF)

Deaf not Daft: The Deaf in Mental Subnormality Hospitals.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Chris

1982-01-01

Case studies of deaf or hearing impaired persons in institutions for the mentally retarded illustrate the ways in which the "invisible handicap" can mask cognitive ability, causing unnecessary institutionalization. (CL)

A Mental Retardation-linked Nonsense Mutation in Cereblon Is Rescued by Proteasome Inhibition*

PubMed Central

Xu, Guoqiang; Jiang, Xiaogang; Jaffrey, Samie R.

2013-01-01

A nonsense mutation in cereblon (CRBN) causes autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation. Cereblon is a substrate receptor for the Cullin-RING E3 ligase complex and couples the ubiquitin ligase to specific ubiquitination targets. The CRBN nonsense mutation (R419X) results in a protein lacking 24 amino acids at its C terminus. Although this mutation has been linked to mild mental retardation, the mechanism by which the mutation affects CRBN function is unknown. Here, we used biochemical and mass spectrometric approaches to explore the function of this mutant. We show that the protein retains its ability to assemble into a Cullin-RING E3 ligase complex and catalyzes the ubiquitination of CRBN-target proteins. However, we find that this mutant exhibits markedly increased levels of autoubiquitination and is more readily degraded by the proteasome than the wild type protein. We also show that the level of the mutant protein can be restored by a treatment of cells with a clinically utilized proteasome inhibitor, suggesting that this agent may be useful for the treatment of mental retardation associated with the CRBN R419X mutation. These data demonstrate that enhanced autoubiquitination and degradation account for the defect in CRBN activity that leads to mental retardation. PMID:23983124

Teachers of Children Who Are Mentally Retarded: A Report Based on Findings from the Study "Qualification and Preparation of Teachers of Exceptional Children." Bulletin, 1957, No. 3

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mackie, Romaine P.; Williams, Harold M.; Dunn, Lloyd M.

1957-01-01

In recent years public interest in the problems of children who have exceptional educational needs has grown very rapidly. This interest has been especially strong in problems of mentally retarded children. Some of the causes of this development can be identified. The success of specialized programs for teaching these children is one of the more…

Mental Retardation; Its Social Context and Social Consequences.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Farber, Bernard

Concerned with mental retardation as a social product, the following topics are discussed: mental retardation as a social phenomenon, the concept of the retarded as surplus population, labeling and incompetence in relation to life chances, mental retardation as deviance and as incompetence, and findings on the prevalence of retardation in the…

The Effects of Spiritual Self-Care Training on Caregiving Strain in Mothers of Mentally Retarded Children.

PubMed

Dindar, Mitra; Rahnama, Mozhgan; Afshari, Mehdi; Moghadam, Mahdieh Poodineh

2016-12-01

Care for a mentally retarded child induces a lot of problems for the mother and leads her to care giving strain and ignorning her self-care. Spiritual health will co-ordinate all aspects of human life and is necessary for coping with diseases in mother of mentally retarded children. To evaluate the effects of spiritual self-care training on care giving strain in mothers of mentally retarded children. The present study, is a before and after type quasi-experimental research based on which 60 mothers of mentally retarded children who were hospitalized in Elahi Rehabilitation Center in Quchan City, were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Data was collected by demographic characteristic questionnaire and care giving strain questionnaire that were filled by groups before, immediately and two weeks after spiritual self-care training. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20. According to the results, there was no significant difference between the mean score of care giving strain in intervention and control groups before and immediately after the intervention. However, among the members of the intervention group the score of mother care giving strain decreased an average of 87.21% within two weeks after the intervention, which was statistically significant over time (p=0.001). The score of mothers in the control group increased an average of 5% over time which was not statistically significant (p=0.4). The observed differences between these groups were also statistically significant even after controlling the effects of such intervening factors as marital status, children age and the years of caring for children (p=0.001). Spiritual self-care training can decrease care giving strain in mothers of mentally retarded children. Therefore, strengthening their spiritual beliefs and backgrounds, mothers can greatly reduce the strain caused by care giving problems of mentally retarded children.

The Effects of Spiritual Self-Care Training on Caregiving Strain in Mothers of Mentally Retarded Children

PubMed Central

Dindar, Mitra; Afshari, Mehdi; Moghadam, Mahdieh Poodineh

2016-01-01

Introduction Care for a mentally retarded child induces a lot of problems for the mother and leads her to care giving strain and ignorning her self-care. Spiritual health will co-ordinate all aspects of human life and is necessary for coping with diseases in mother of mentally retarded children. Aim To evaluate the effects of spiritual self-care training on care giving strain in mothers of mentally retarded children. Materials and Methods The present study, is a before and after type quasi-experimental research based on which 60 mothers of mentally retarded children who were hospitalized in Elahi Rehabilitation Center in Quchan City, were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Data was collected by demographic characteristic questionnaire and care giving strain questionnaire that were filled by groups before, immediately and two weeks after spiritual self-care training. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20. Results According to the results, there was no significant difference between the mean score of care giving strain in intervention and control groups before and immediately after the intervention. However, among the members of the intervention group the score of mother care giving strain decreased an average of 87.21% within two weeks after the intervention, which was statistically significant over time (p=0.001). The score of mothers in the control group increased an average of 5% over time which was not statistically significant (p=0.4). The observed differences between these groups were also statistically significant even after controlling the effects of such intervening factors as marital status, children age and the years of caring for children (p=0.001). Conclusion Spiritual self-care training can decrease care giving strain in mothers of mentally retarded children. Therefore, strengthening their spiritual beliefs and backgrounds, mothers can greatly reduce the strain caused by care giving problems of mentally retarded children. PMID:28208939

AUTISTIC FEATURES IN CHILDREN WITH MENTAL RETARDATION

PubMed Central

Kar, Nilamadhab; Khanna, Rakesh; Kar, Gopal Chandra

1997-01-01

Most of the autistic disorder patients are also mentally retarded and many mentally retarded persons exhibit autistic symptoms. By using a standard instrument (Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Rating Scale) the autistic features of the mentally retarded children were studied. The study also examined the influence of age, sex and level of mental retardation on the occurrence of autistic symptoms. Children who came for consultation to child psychiatric unit were compared with those at a school for children with mental retardation receiving stimulation. Male children from child psychiatric unit had significantly higher scores than those from the school. Social and language impairment could be reliably identified and grouped. It was possible to diagnose the syndrome of autism in children with mental retardation in a significant number (9.6%)as compared to that was possible only clinically (1.9%). More number of children with severe/ profound mental retardation could be diagnosed as autistic. The autistic syndrome in children with mental retardation can be picked up more effectively by the use of structured instrument. PMID:21584097

A novel mutation in PGAP2 gene causes developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy and microcephaly in consanguineous Saudi family.

PubMed

Naseer, Muhammad Imran; Rasool, Mahmood; Jan, Mohammed M; Chaudhary, Adeel G; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Abuzenadah, Adel M; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad H

2016-12-15

PGAP2 (Post-GPI Attachment to Proteins 2) gene is involved in lipid remodeling steps of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor maturation. At the surface of the cell this gene is required for proper expression of GPI-anchored proteins. Hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome-3 is an autosomal recessive disorder usually characterized by severe mental retardation. Mutations in the PGAP2 gene cause hyperphosphatasia mental retardation syndrome-3. We have identified a large consanguineous family from Saudi origin segregating developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy and microcephaly. Whole exome sequencing with 100× coverage was performed on two affected siblings of the family. Data analysis in the patient revealed a novel missense mutation c.191C>T in PGAP2 gene resulting in Alanine to Valine substitution (Ala64Val). The mutation was reconfirmed and validated by subsequent Sanger sequencing method. The mutation was ruled out in 100 unrelated healthy controls. We suggest that this pathogenic mutation disrupts the proper function of the gene proteins resulting in the disease state. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mutations in the gene encoding the Sigma 2 subunit of the adaptor protein 1 complex, AP1S2, cause X-linked mental retardation.

PubMed

Tarpey, Patrick S; Stevens, Claire; Teague, Jon; Edkins, Sarah; O'Meara, Sarah; Avis, Tim; Barthorpe, Syd; Buck, Gemma; Butler, Adam; Cole, Jennifer; Dicks, Ed; Gray, Kristian; Halliday, Kelly; Harrison, Rachel; Hills, Katy; Hinton, Jonathon; Jones, David; Menzies, Andrew; Mironenko, Tatiana; Perry, Janet; Raine, Keiran; Richardson, David; Shepherd, Rebecca; Small, Alexandra; Tofts, Calli; Varian, Jennifer; West, Sofie; Widaa, Sara; Yates, Andy; Catford, Rachael; Butler, Julia; Mallya, Uma; Moon, Jenny; Luo, Ying; Dorkins, Huw; Thompson, Deborah; Easton, Douglas F; Wooster, Richard; Bobrow, Martin; Carpenter, Nancy; Simensen, Richard J; Schwartz, Charles E; Stevenson, Roger E; Turner, Gillian; Partington, Michael; Gecz, Jozef; Stratton, Michael R; Futreal, P Andrew; Raymond, F Lucy

2006-12-01

In a systematic sequencing screen of the coding exons of the X chromosome in 250 families with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), we identified two nonsense mutations and one consensus splice-site mutation in the AP1S2 gene on Xp22 in three families. Affected individuals in these families showed mild-to-profound mental retardation. Other features included hypotonia early in life and delay in walking. AP1S2 encodes an adaptin protein that constitutes part of the adaptor protein complex found at the cytoplasmic face of coated vesicles located at the Golgi complex. The complex mediates the recruitment of clathrin to the vesicle membrane. Aberrant endocytic processing through disruption of adaptor protein complexes is likely to result from the AP1S2 mutations identified in the three XLMR-affected families, and such defects may plausibly cause abnormal synaptic development and function. AP1S2 is the first reported XLMR gene that encodes a protein directly involved in the assembly of endocytic vesicles.

The Van Hiele geometry thinking levels of mild mental retardation students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shomad, Z. A.; Kusmayadi, T. A.; Riyadi

2017-12-01

This research is to investigate the level of mild mental retardation geometry students thinking. This research focuses on the geometry thinking level based on Van Hiele theory. This study uses qualitative methods with case study strategy. Data obtained from observation and tests result. The subjects are 12 mental retardation students. The result show that ability of mild mental retardation students with each other is different but have same level of level thinking geometry. The geometry thinking level of mental retardation students was identified in level 1 of the Van Hiele theory. Based on the level thinking geometry of mental retardation students simplify geometry thinking teachers in selecting appropriate learning methods, choose the materials in accordance with ability, and can modify the material following the geometry thinking level of mental retardation students.

Current Issues in Mental Retardation and Human Development: Selected Papers from the 1970 Staff Development Conferences of the President's Committee on Mental Retardation (Washington, D.C., 1971).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stedman, Donald J., Ed.

Six papers discuss some of the current issues in the field of mental retardation and human development. Epidemiology of mental retardation from a sociological and clinical point of view is analyzed by Jane R. Mercer, based on studies of mental retardation in the community in Pomona, California. The role of genetics and intra-uterine diagnosis of…

Phenotypic variability of Cat-Eye syndrome.

PubMed

Berends, M J; Tan-Sindhunata, G; Leegte, B; van Essen, A J

2001-01-01

Cat-Eye syndrome (CES) is a disorder with a variable pattern of multiple congenital anomalies of which coloboma of the iris and anal atresia are the best known. CES is cytogenetically characterised by the presence of an extra bisatellited marker chromosome, which represents an inverted dicentric duplication of a part of chromosome 22 (inv dup(22)). We report on three CES-patients who carry an inv dup(22) diagnosed with FISH studies. They show remarkable phenotypic variability. The cause of this variability is unknown. Furthermore, we review clinical features of 71 reported patients. Only 41% of the CES-patients have the combination of iris coloboma, anal anomalies and pre-auricular anomalies. Therefore, almost 60% of the CES-patients are hard to recognize by their phenotype alone. Mild to moderate mental retardation was found in 32% (16/50) of the cases. Mental retardation occurs more frequently in male CES-patients. There is no apparent phenotypic difference between mentally retarded and mentally normal CES-patients.

ECT IN MENTALLY RETARDED SUBJECTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS

PubMed Central

Chopra, V.K; Sinha, V.K.

2002-01-01

The mentally retarded subjects show a much higher prevalence of full range of psychiatric disorders than the non-retarded population. Whereas the role of psychotropic drugs in such patients is well discussed, the reports on the use of ECT are scarce. Many psychiatrists dealing with the mentally retarded psychiatric patients are reluctant to consider ECT due to lack of adequate experience. We report five mentally retarded patients with different psychiatric disorders who were successfully treated with ECT after failing adequate trials of pharmacotherapy. No disproportionately higher adverse events on account of mental retardation were observed. ECT need to be favorably considered in mentally retarded persons with psychiatric morbidity especially when treatment with psychotropic drugs either fail or is intolerable. PMID:21206883

Mental Retardation: Prevention Strategies That Work.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC.

The report by the President's Committee on Mental Retardation reviews the current state of knowledge in the area of biological and environmental prevention of mental retardation and describes programs on the frontiers of research or service delivery. Section I examines programs that are effectively preventing mental retardation through biomedical…

People with Mental Retardation Are Dying, Legally.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keyes, Denis; And Others

1997-01-01

Criticizes the institution of the death penalty for convicted criminals with mental retardation. Examples are given of cases in which juries were not told of the defendant's mental retardation before sentencing, and a list of defendants with mental retardation that have been executed since 1976 is provided. (CR)

Mental Retardation Activities of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC. Office of Mental Retardation Coordination.

Briefly described are eight mental retardation programs of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Coordination is thought to be the most cricial factor in successful administration of the mental retardation programs. The mental retardation activities of the Department are arranged according to categories of preventive services, basic…

The amino-terminal structure of human fragile X mental retardation protein obtained using precipitant-immobilized imprinted polymers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Yufeng; Chen, Zhenhang; Fu, Yanjun; He, Qingzhong; Jiang, Lun; Zheng, Jiangge; Gao, Yina; Mei, Pinchao; Chen, Zhongzhou; Ren, Xueqin

2015-03-01

Flexibility is an intrinsic property of proteins and essential for their biological functions. However, because of structural flexibility, obtaining high-quality crystals of proteins with heterogeneous conformations remain challenging. Here, we show a novel approach to immobilize traditional precipitants onto molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to facilitate protein crystallization, especially for flexible proteins. By applying this method, high-quality crystals of the flexible N-terminus of human fragile X mental retardation protein are obtained, whose absence causes the most common inherited mental retardation. A novel KH domain and an intermolecular disulfide bond are discovered, and several types of dimers are found in solution, thus providing insights into the function of this protein. Furthermore, the precipitant-immobilized MIPs (piMIPs) successfully facilitate flexible protein crystal formation for five model proteins with increased diffraction resolution. This highlights the potential of piMIPs for the crystallization of flexible proteins.

Proceedings of the Conference on Nutrition and Mental Retardation (Ann Arbor, Michigan, February 10-11, 1971).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Springer, Ninfa Saturnino, Ed.

The conference, planned primarily for nutritionists and dieticians, dealt with the role of nutrition in the prevention and management of mental retardation. Proceedings include an overview of mental retardation, an examination of nutrition manpower needs in the fields of mental health and mental retardation on both the national and state levels,…

Referential first mention in narratives by mildly mentally retarded adults.

PubMed

Kernan, K T; Sabsay, S

1987-01-01

Referential first mentions in narrative reports of a short film by 40 mildly mentally retarded adults and 20 nonretarded adults were compared. The mentally retarded sample included equal numbers of male and female, and black and white speakers. The mentally retarded speakers made significantly fewer first mentions and significantly more errors in the form of the first mentions than did nonretarded speakers. A pattern of better performance by black males than by other mentally retarded speakers was found. It is suggested that task difficulty and incomplete mastery of the use of definite and indefinite forms for encoding old and new information, rather than some global type of egocentrism, accounted for the poorer performance by mentally retarded speakers.

The Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: Revision of the Algorithm for Pharmacotherapy of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pliszka, Steven R.; Crismon, M. Lynn; Hughes, Carroll W.; Corners, C. Keith; Emslie, Graham J.; Jensen, Peter S.; McCracken, James T.; Swanson, James M.; Lopez, Molly

2006-01-01

Objective: In 1998, the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation developed algorithms for medication treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Advances in the psychopharmacology of ADHD and results of a feasibility study of algorithm use in community mental health centers caused the algorithm to be modified and…

Towards a National Mental Retardation Manpower Model for Canada.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Linton, Thomas E.

The stated need for developing a national mental retardation manpower model for Canada is not the manpower shortages in mental retardation, but the unsound conceptual and functional approaches to the socialization and education of the mentally retarded. The report is divided into the four major areas investigated by a task force. First, the…

Conjunctive Visual Search in Individuals with and without Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carlin, Michael; Chrysler, Christina; Sullivan, Kate

2007-01-01

A comprehensive understanding of the basic visual and cognitive abilities of individuals with mental retardation is critical for understanding the basis of mental retardation and for the design of remediation programs. We assessed visual search abilities in individuals with mild mental retardation and in MA- and CA-matched comparison groups. Our…

Type and Frequency of Social Interaction among Workers with and without Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferguson, Brad; And Others

1993-01-01

The social/verbal interactions of six employees with moderate or severe mental retardation and six workers without mental retardation were observed in restaurant settings. Among findings was that interactions between workers with mental retardation and the job coach correlated negatively with the workers' initiation of interactions with co-workers…

Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports. 10th Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Luckasson, Ruth; Borthwick-Duffy, Sharon; Buntinx, Wil H. E.; Coulter, David L.; Craig, Ellis M.; Reeve, Alya; Schalock, Robert L.; Snell, Martha E.; Spitalnik, Deborah M.; Spreat, Scott; Tasse, Marc J.

This manual, the 10th edition of a regularly published definition and classification work on mental retardation, presents five key assumptions upon which the definition of mental retardation is based and a theoretical model of five essential dimensions that explain mental retardation and how to use the companion system. These dimensions include…

Mental Retardation Activities of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1970

Introduced by discussions of the coordination of mental retardation programs, a summary of activities, and a list of the Secretary's Committee on Mental Retardation for 1969, the pamphlet reports the activities of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in mental retardation. Activities described include those of the Health Services…

The difficulties of teacher in teaching geometry for mental retardation students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shomad, Z. A.; Kusmayadi, T. A.; Riyadi

2018-03-01

The purpose of this research is to find out the problems faced by teachers in teaching materials on mental retardation students. It focused on the difficulties faced by the teacher in teaching geometry. A qualitative method with field study approach used in this study. The subjects in this research are the teacher and mild mental retardation students. There are six teachers and six students involve as the subject which is chosen by purposive sampling. The data of this research is the observation and interview against teachers and mental retardation students. The data was analyzed qualitatively with Miles and Huberman steps. The results of this research show that mental retardation students have less attention to the materials, less special books or learning media props, difficult in the set the students, and the difficulty in choosing the material that suits the student needs and the condition of mental retardation students. There's not much pay attention to the children with special need, particularly mental retardation student. Thus, this study can help analyze the difficulties teachers so that learning math for mental retardation students more optimal.

Hansels and Gretels: Studies of Children in Institutions for the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Braginsky, Dorothea D.; Braginsky, Benjamin M.

Data from research with mildly mentally retarded children conducted in state training schools contradicts prevalent conceptions and theories of mental retardation and supports a new way of conceptualizing retardation, in which retardates are not seen as qualitatively different from others nor as defective or less than human organisms. Investigated…

38 CFR 4.127 - Mental retardation and personality disorders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AFFAIRS SCHEDULE FOR RATING DISABILITIES Disability Ratings Mental Disorders § 4.127 Mental retardation and personality disorders. Mental retardation and personality disorders are not diseases or injuries... from them may not be service-connected. However, disability resulting from a mental disorder that is...

Becoming a Neighbor: An Examination of the Placement of People with Mental Retardation in Connecticut Communities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bradley, Valerie J.; And Others

This study examined the impact of deinstitutionalization of the mentally retarded on their communities, the extent of availability of support services, and the extent to which the Connecticut Department of Mental Retardation assures adequate quality of support services and day programs for people with mental retardation living in community…

Socioeconomic Status and the Prevalence of Mental Retardation in Bangladesh.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Islam, Shaheen; And Others

1993-01-01

A population-based study of the prevalence of mental retardation among children (ages 2-9) in Bangladesh screened 10,000 children and found the prevalence rates of 5.9 per thousand for severe and 14.4 per thousand for mild mental retardation. Only the prevalence of mild mental retardation was strongly associated with low socioeconomic status.…

Weight Survey on Adult Persons with Mental Retardation Living in the Community

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hove, Oddbjorn

2004-01-01

Prevalence of underweight and obesity were investigated in 282 mentally retarded persons living on the West Coast of Norway. Data collected in this survey suggest that people with severe mental retardation were more likely to be underweight and people with mild mental retardation were more likely to be obese. Compared to persons of average…

Conjunctive visual search in individuals with and without mental retardation.

PubMed

Carlin, Michael; Chrysler, Christina; Sullivan, Kate

2007-01-01

A comprehensive understanding of the basic visual and cognitive abilities of individuals with mental retardation is critical for understanding the basis of mental retardation and for the design of remediation programs. We assessed visual search abilities in individuals with mild mental retardation and in MA- and CA-matched comparison groups. Our goal was to determine the effect of decreasing target-distracter disparities on visual search efficiency. Results showed that search rates for the group with mental retardation and the MA-matched comparisons were more negatively affected by decreasing disparities than were those of the CA-matched group. The group with mental retardation and the MA-matched group performed similarly on all tasks. Implications for theory and application are discussed.

THE REASONING METHODS AND REASONING ABILITY IN NORMAL AND MENTALLY RETARDED GIRLS AND THE REASONING ABILITY OF NORMAL AND MENTALLY RETARDED BOYS AND GIRLS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

CAPOBIANCO, RUDOLPH J.; AND OTHERS

A STUDY WAS MADE TO ESTABLISH AND ANALYZE THE METHODS OF SOLVING INDUCTIVE REASONING PROBLEMS BY MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN. THE MAJOR OBJECTIVES WERE--(1) TO EXPLORE AND DESCRIBE REASONING IN MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN, (2) TO COMPARE THEIR METHODS WITH THOSE UTILIZED BY NORMAL CHILDREN OF APPROXIMATELY THE SAME MENTAL AGE, (3) TO EXPLORE THE…

42 CFR 483.118 - Residents and applicants determined not to require NF level of services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... provision of specialized services for the mental illness or mental retardation. (2) Short term residents... provision of, specialized services for the mental illness or mental retardation. (3) For the purpose of...) Applicants who do not require NF services. If the State mental health or mental retardation authority...

42 CFR 483.112 - Preadmission screening of applicants for admission to NFs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... NF services. For each NF applicant with MI or MR, the State mental health or mental retardation... determined to require a NF level of care, the State mental health or mental retardation authority (as... State mental health or mental retardation authority for screening. (See § 483.128(a) for discussion of...

42 CFR 483.112 - Preadmission screening of applicants for admission to NFs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... NF services. For each NF applicant with MI or MR, the State mental health or mental retardation... determined to require a NF level of care, the State mental health or mental retardation authority (as... State mental health or mental retardation authority for screening. (See § 483.128(a) for discussion of...

Prader-Willi Syndrome: Causes, Characteristics, Interventions, Long-Term Consequences.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Otto, Tracy L.; Barber, William H.

1992-01-01

An overview of Prader-Willi syndrome, the most common form of dysmorphic genetic obesity associated with mental retardation, is presented, with an emphasis on associated causes, characteristics, diagnosis and counseling, intervention, and long-term consequences. (Author/DB)

People with Mental Retardation in the Criminal Justice System. ARC Q&A #101-47.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reynolds, Leigh Ann

This fact sheet uses a question-and-answer format to summarize issues related to people with mental retardation in the criminal justice system. Questions and answers address the following topics: the number of people with mental retardation in the criminal justice system (2 to 10 percent of the prison population is mentally retarded); whether…

Everyday technology use among people with mental retardation: relevance, perceived difficulty, and influencing factors.

PubMed

Hällgren, Monica; Nygård, Louise; Kottorp, Anders

2014-05-01

While the development and possibilities of technology today are commonly regarded to be unlimited, knowledge regarding the technological needs of people with mental retardation is fairly limited. The aim of this study was to enhance knowledge of perceived relevance and difficulty in using everyday technology (ET) such as stoves, cell phones, and elevators in adults with mental retardation. 120 participants with different levels of mental retardation were interviewed with the Everyday Technology Use Questionnaire (ETUQ) about their use of such technologies in their everyday life. Analyses of variance, post hoc tests, and regression analyses were used to explore the data. Participants with moderate and severe mental retardation differed in mean perceived difficulty from those with mild mental retardation, suggesting that increased perceived difficulty in ET use is related to the level of mental retardation. Differences between groups were also found in the proportion of items that were relevant for each person. The variables Level of Mental Retardation, Additional Disabilities, and Proportional Relevance of ET Items could together predict 67.2% of the variation in perceived difficulty in technology use. The findings also indicate that age, housing, gender, and geographical district do not covariate with perceived difficulty in ET use.

The self-esteem and anxiety of children with and without mentally retarded siblings.

PubMed

Saban, Fatma; Arıkan, Duygu

2013-11-01

The study was carried out with the aim of determining the factors affecting and to evaluate anxiety situations and self-esteem of children with and without mentally retarded siblings. The sampling included 227 healthy children: 108 of them have mental retarded sibling and 119 of them do not have mental retarded sibling. The context of this study consisted of 15-18 year of age healthy children with mentally retarded siblings and 15-18 year of aged healthy children having at least one sibling between the dates February 15(st) and June 26(st) 2010. Personal Information Form, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Trait Anxiety Scale were used. It was found out that trait anxiety of 17-18 aged of children with mental retarded sibling (47.04 ± 7.3) was higher than that of the children without mental retarded siblings (44.05 ± 11.23) (P < 0.05). It was observed that self-esteem of children with mentally retarded sibling was not affected from the handicap of their siblings (P > 0.05). Trait anxiety score averages of children with mentally retarded sibling and experience some difficulties due to his or her siblings's handicap (47.00 ± 7.76) were found higher than those of those of the children without any problem with the environment (42.61 ± 7.48) (P < 0.05). Although the average score of trait anxiety and self-esteem in both groups were not significant different, score of trait anxiety for children with mentally disabled siblings was higher in comparison. It was concluded that anxiety of children with and without mentally retarded siblings increased as self-esteem of these children decreased.

The self-esteem and anxiety of children with and without mentally retarded siblings

PubMed Central

Saban, Fatma; Arıkan, Duygu

2013-01-01

Background: The study was carried out with the aim of determining the factors affecting and to evaluate anxiety situations and self-esteem of children with and without mentally retarded siblings. Materials and Methods: The sampling included 227 healthy children: 108 of them have mental retarded sibling and 119 of them do not have mental retarded sibling. The context of this study consisted of 15-18 year of age healthy children with mentally retarded siblings and 15-18 year of aged healthy children having at least one sibling between the dates February 15st and June 26st 2010. Personal Information Form, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Trait Anxiety Scale were used. Results: It was found out that trait anxiety of 17-18 aged of children with mental retarded sibling (47.04 ± 7.3) was higher than that of the children without mental retarded siblings (44.05 ± 11.23) (P < 0.05). It was observed that self-esteem of children with mentally retarded sibling was not affected from the handicap of their siblings (P > 0.05). Trait anxiety score averages of children with mentally retarded sibling and experience some difficulties due to his or her siblings's handicap (47.00 ± 7.76) were found higher than those of those of the children without any problem with the environment (42.61 ± 7.48) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Although the average score of trait anxiety and self-esteem in both groups were not significant different, score of trait anxiety for children with mentally disabled siblings was higher in comparison. It was concluded that anxiety of children with and without mentally retarded siblings increased as self-esteem of these children decreased. PMID:24523782

Alterations of amino acids and monoamine metabolism in male Fmr1 knockout mice: a putative animal model of the human fragile X mental retardation syndrome.

PubMed

Gruss, M; Braun, K

2001-01-01

The Fragile X syndrome, a common form of mental retardation in humans, is caused by silencing the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene leading to the absence of the encoded fragile X mental retardation protein 1 (FMRP). We describe morphological and behavioral abnormalities for both affected humans and Fmr1 knockout mice, a putative animal model for the human Fragile X syndrome. The aim of the present study was to identify possible neurochemical abnormalities in Fmr1 knockout mice, with particular focus on neurotransmission. Significant region-specific differences of basal neurotransmitter and metabolite levels were found between wildtype and Fmr1 knockout animals, predominantly in juveniles (post-natal days 28 to 31). Adults (postnatal days 209 to 221) showed only few abnormalities as compared with the wildtype. In juvenile knockout mice, aspartate and taurine were especially increased in cortical regions, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem. In addition, juveniles showed an altered balance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the caudal cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem. We detected very few differences in monoamine turnover in both age stages. The results presented here provide the first evidence that lack of FMRP expression in FMRP knockout mice is accompanied by age-dependent, region-specific alterations in neurotransmission.

Anthropometric and craniofacial patterns in mentally retarded males with emphasis on the fragile X syndrome.

PubMed

Butler, M G; Pratesi, R; Watson, M S; Breg, W R; Singh, D N

1993-09-01

Anthropometric and craniofacial profile patterns indicating the percent difference from the overall mean were developed on 34 physical parameters with 31 white, mentally retarded males (23 adults and 8 children) with the fra(X) syndrome matched for age with 31 white, mentally retarded males without a known cause of their retardation. The fra(X) syndrome males consistently showed larger dimensions for all anthropometric variables, with significant differences for height, sitting height, arm span, hand length, middle finger length, hand breadth, foot length, foot breadth, and testicular volume. A craniofacial pattern did emerge between the two groups of mentally retarded males, but with overlap of several variables. Significant differences were noted for head circumference, head breadth, lower face height, bizygomatic diameter, inner canthal distance, ear length and ear width, with the fra(X) syndrome males having larger head dimensions (head circumference, head breadth, head length, face height and lower face height), but smaller measurements for minimal frontal diameter, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, and inner canthal distance. Several significant correlations were found with the variables for both mentally retarded males with and without the fra(X) syndrome. In a combined anthropometric and craniofacial profile of 19 variables comparing 26 white fra(X) syndrome males (13 with high expression (> 30%) and 13 with low expression (< 30%), but matched for age), a relatively flat profile was observed with no significant differences for any of the variables. Generally, fra(X) syndrome males with increased fragile X chromosome expression have larger amplifications of the CGG trinucleotide repeat of the FMR-1 gene. No physical differences were detectable in our study between fra(X) males with high expression and apparently larger amplifications of the CGG trinucleotide repeats compared with those patients with low expression. Our research illustrates the use of anthropometry in identifying differences between mentally retarded males with or without the fra(X) syndrome and offers a comprehensive approach for screening males for the fra(X) syndrome and selecting those individuals for cytogenetic and/or molecular genetic testing.

Anthropometric and craniofacial patterns in mentally retarded males with emphasis on the fragile X syndrome

PubMed Central

Butler, Merlin G.; Pratesi, Riccardo; Watson, Michael S.; Breg, W. Roy; Singh, Dharmdeo N.

2017-01-01

Anthropometric and craniofacial profile patterns indicating the percent difference from the overall mean were developed on 34 physical parameters with 31 white, mentally retarded males (23 adults and 8 children) with the fra(X) syndrome matched for age with 31 white, mentally retarded males without a known cause of their retardation. The fra(X) syndrome males consistently showed larger dimensions for all anthropometric variables, with significant differences for height, sitting height, arm span, hand length, middle finger length, hand breadth, foot length, foot breadth, and testicular volume. A craniofacial pattern did emerge between the two groups of mentally retarded males, but with overlap of several variables. Significant differences were noted for head circumference, head breadth, lower face height, bizygomatic diameter, inner canthal distance, ear length and ear width, with the fra(X) syndrome males having larger head dimensions (head circumference, head breadth, head length, face height and lower face height), but smaller measurements for minimal frontal diameter, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, and inner canthal distance. Several significant correlations were found with the variables for both mentally retarded males with and without the fra(X) syndrome. In a combined anthropometric and craniofacial profile of 19 variables comparing 26 white fra(X) syndrome males (13 with high expression (>30%) and 13 with low expression (< 30%), but matched for age), a relatively flat profile was observed with no significant differences for any of the variables. Generally, fra(X) syndrome males with increased fragile X chromosome expression have larger amplifications of the CGG trinucleotide repeat of the FMR-1 gene. No physical differences were detectable in our study between fra(X) males with high expression and apparently larger amplifications of the CGG trinucleotide repeats compared with those patients with low expression. Our research illustrates the use of anthropometry in identifying differences between mentally retarded males with or without the fra(X) syndrome and offers a comprehensive approach for screening males for the fra(X) syndrome and selecting those individuals for cytogenetic and/or molecular genetic testing. PMID:8275570

Medicaid program; mental retardation--definition of "persons with related conditions"--Health Care Financing Administration. Proposed rule.

PubMed

1983-02-23

We propose to amend the 1978 Medicaid regulations on intermediate care facility services for the mentally retarded and persons with related conditions to correct the definition of "persons with related conditions". This definition, because of an inadvertent error in 1978, is currently tied to the definition of developmental disability in the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act (DDABRA) as amended in 1978. The DDABRA, as amended, covers the mentally ill. The 1978 regulations intended to make "no substantive change" to prior Medicaid regulations which did not cover the mentally ill. The cross-reference to the DDABRA produced the unintended result of incorporating into Medicaid regulations the revision to the definition of the developmentally disabled created by the 1978 amendments to the DDABRA and may tend to cause confusion about the kind of care that is covered by the Medicaid program. Therefore, a correction of this drafting error is necessary. To avoid results of this kind in the future this proposal would establish a Medicaid definition of conditions related to mental retardation that would meet specific needs of the Medicaid program and would be independent of the definition of developmental disability in the DDABRA.

Innovations in Vocational Rehabilitation and Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ayers, George E., Ed.

Conference proceedings of the Vocational Rehabilitation Subdivision Meetings held at the American Association on Mental Deficiency contain discussions of innovative aspects of vocational rehabilitation and mental retardation. In the area of training rehabilitation counselors, George Baroff describes the Mental Retardation Training Institute in…

Validity of the Schizophrenia Diagnosis of the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA): A Comparison of Schizophrenic Patients with and without Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Linaker, Olav M.; Helle, Jon

1994-01-01

This study found that the schizophrenia subscale of the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults was a valid quantitative measure of schizophrenia if one item was removed from the scale. Comparison with a nonretarded population indicated that mentally retarded patients had less delusions and more incoherence and flat affect. They…

Diagnostic test for prenatal identification of Down's syndrome and mental retardation and gene therapy therefor

DOEpatents

Smith, Desmond J.; Rubin, Edward M.

2000-01-01

A a diagnostic test useful for prenatal identification of Down syndrome and mental retardation. A method for gene therapy for correction and treatment of Down syndrome. DYRK gene involved in the ability to learn. A method for diagnosing Down's syndrome and mental retardation and an assay therefor. A pharmaceutical composition for treatment of Down's syndrome mental retardation.

Science and students with mental retardation: An analysis of curriculum features and learner characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scruggs, Thomas E.; Mastropieri, Margo A.

Although much research has been conducted on the learning characteristics of individuals with mental retardation, science learning of such individuals has received far less attention. In this investigation, students with mental retardation were observed over a 2-year period, in order to determine how the characteristics of mental retardation manifested themselves in the context of inquiry-oriented, hands-on science curriculum. Analysis of all relevant data sources, including observations and field notes, videotape and audiotape recordings, student products, and interviews, suggested that several characteristics commonly attributed to students with mild mental retardation were observed to interact with the science curriculum. These characteristics included attention, semantic memory, logical reasoning, and outerdirectedness. However, teachers were skilled at adapting instruction to meet the special needs of these learners. Implications for teaching science to students with mental retardation are provided.

Physical activity of adults with mental retardation: review and research needs.

PubMed

Temple, Viviene A; Frey, Georgia C; Stanish, Heidi I

2006-01-01

To characterize physical activity levels of adults with mental retardation and identify limitations in published research. Key word searches for "mental retardation," "intellectual disability," "learning disability," or "developmental disability" combined with "physical activity" or "habitual exercise" identified articles from MEDLINE, Academic Search Elite, Psych Articles, Health Source, and SPORT Discus. This produced a total of 801 citations. Published English-language literature that quantitatively measured physical activity levels of adults with mental retardation was included in this review. Fourteen articles met this criterion. Characteristics of participants, study design, outcome measures, methods of analyses, and findings in terms of percentages, step counts, and accelerometer output were extracted. Data were synthesized to identify the percentage of adults with mental retardation who met published health-related physical activity criteria and compare them with adults without mental retardation and to examine study limitations. The studies with the greatest rigor indicate that one-third of adults or fewer with mental retardation were sufficiently active to achieve health benefits. However, data are insufficient to determine whether adults with mental retardation are less active than the general community. Future research would be enhanced by including appropriately powered representative samples, by including comparison groups, by validating physical activity questionnaires, and by determining the accuracy of proxy respondents.

The Mentally Retarded in Sweden.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grunewald, Karl

Described are residential and educational services provided for mentally retarded (MC) children and adults in Sweden. Normalization is the focus of the services which make maximum use of mental and physical capacities to reduce the handicap of mental retardation. Described are general principles, and four stages involving development of services…

A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MENTAL RETARDATION. NUMBER I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

GELHART, ROBERT P.

INCLUDING BOOKS, JOURNAL ARTICLES, THESES, RESEARCH REPORTS, MONOGRAPHS, AND GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS, THE BIBLIOGRAPHY LISTS 105 ITEMS ON MENTAL RETARDATION. PUBLICATION DATES RANGE FROM 1931 THROUGH 1966 (IN PRESS). THE ITEMS CITED COVER CONCEPTS OF MENTAL RETARDATION, EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE MENTALLY HANDICAPPED, AND PROGRAMS FOR THEM. A…

Evaluation of Community Residential Programs for Mentally Retarded Persons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minnesota State Office of the Legislative Auditor, St. Paul. Program Evaluation Div.

The report evaluates how Minnesota plans, regulates, and finances residential services for mentally retarded persons. The first chapter reviews descriptive findings about the mentally retarded population in the state and notes that despite a decline in the number of state hospital residents, the total number of retarded persons in long-term care…

Mental Retardation: The Known and the Unknown. Information as of February 1, 1975.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC.

The report of the President's Committee on Mental Retardation deals with three goal areas: minimum occurrence of disability, adequate and humane service systems, and assurance of full citizenship for the retarded. Considered in an initial section are the background, definition, prevalence, and incidence of mental retardation. Reviewed is research…

Psychometric properties of ADHD rating scales among children with mental retardation.

PubMed

Miller, Michael L; Fee, Virginia E; Jones, Christie J

2004-01-01

The validity of hyperactivity rating scales in children with mental retardation was evaluated. Forty-eight children with mental retardation were rated by parents, teachers and teaching assistants on rating scales measuring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as part of a related investigation. In addition, direct observations were conducted using the Abikoff Classroom Observation Code. The concurrent validity of each scale was examined. Scales completed by both teachers and teaching assistants were found to provide valid information for the assessment of ADHD in mentally retarded children. Results provided the best support for the ABC-C in the assessment of ADHD in mentally retarded children.

Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of an inv(Y)(p11.2q11.221∼q11.222) in a Syrian Family.

PubMed

Al-Achkar, W; Wafa, A; Al-Ablog, A; Moassass, F; Liehr, T

2013-12-01

Constitutional chromosomal abnormalities are an important cause of miscarriage, infertility, congenital anomalies and mental retardation in humans. Pericentric inversions of the human Y-chromosome [inv(Y)] are rather common and show an estimated incidence of 0.6-1:1,000 in males in the general population. Most of the reported cases with inv(Y) are familial. For carriers of pericentric inversions the risk of mental retardation or multiple abortions is not apparently increased and there is no relation with abnormal phenotypic features. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to detect microdeletions along the Y-chromosome as well as cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis were done to delineate the characteristics of an inv(Y) in a Syrian family. Thus, we present a detailed molecular-cytogenetic characterization of a father and his two sons having an inv(Y)(p11. 2q11.221∼q11.222) with varying mental retardation features but otherwise normal phenotype.

24 CFR 100.201 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., illegal use of or addiction to a controlled substance. For purposes of this part, an individual shall not... Virus infection, mental retardation, emotional illness, drug addiction (other than addiction caused by...

24 CFR 100.201 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., illegal use of or addiction to a controlled substance. For purposes of this part, an individual shall not... Virus infection, mental retardation, emotional illness, drug addiction (other than addiction caused by...

24 CFR 100.201 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., illegal use of or addiction to a controlled substance. For purposes of this part, an individual shall not... Virus infection, mental retardation, emotional illness, drug addiction (other than addiction caused by...

MICROBIAL SEQUESTRATION OF LEAD AND OTHER HEAVY METALS

EPA Science Inventory

Human activity resulting in heavy metal contamination is a worldwide concern. Lead is a potent neurotoxin that can cause heart problems, kidney damage, and mental retardation. Mercury causes toxicity based on its form and route of exposure. Effects range from allergic reactions t...

Educable Mentally Retarded, Level I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suo, Minnie Alice; Willemin, Helen

Intended for teachers of special classes of educable mentally retarded children aged 6 to 8 (mental age = 3.5 to 4.9), the guide stresses skills necessary to the development of physical, personal and social, and vocational competency. An introduction defines philosophy and goals, outlines the educable mentally retarded program and the readiness…

Individuals with Mental Retardation and the Criminal Justice System: The View from States' Attorneys General.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McAfee, James K.; Gural, Michele

1988-01-01

Results of a survey of state attorneys general (N=46) found that, with few exceptions, identification of persons with mental retardation in criminal justice is neither systematic nor probable. Protections lie in statutes pertaining to mental illness rather than to mental retardation. (Author/DB)

Identification of Important Community Living Skills for Adults with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lovett, David L.; Harris, Mary B.

1987-01-01

Attempted to identify skills important for successful community living of adults with mental retardation. Individuals (N=73) who had significant contact with adults with mental retardation completed questionnaire on academic, leisure, personal, social, and vocational skills frequently taught to persons with mental handicaps. Subjects considered…

Theories on Criminality and Mental Retardation Project CAMIO, Volume 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haskins, Jimmy R.; Friel, Charles M.

This historical review of theories on criminality and mental retardation is part of Project CAMIO (Correctional Administration and the Mentally Incompetent Offender), a Texas study to determine the incidence of criminal incarceration of the mentally retarded (MR) and to identify laws, procedures, and practices which affect the prosecution and…

Prospects for Prevention and Amelioration of Mental Retardation: A Guest Editorial

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clarke, A. D. B.; Clarke, Ann M.

1977-01-01

In a guest editorial, the view of the President's Committee on Mental Retardation (1972), that the incidence of mental retardation can be decreased by 50 percent by the year 2000, is critically examined. (BB)

A Plea for Consideration of Ecological Validity in the Experimental Psychology of Mental Retardation: A Guest Editorial

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brooks, Penelope H.; Baumeister, Alfred A.

1977-01-01

The authors contend that the experimental psychology of mental retardation suffers from methatheoretical and methodological weaknesses, preeminently the failure to consider the ecology of mental retardation. (CL)

21 CFR 862.1560 - Urinary phenylketones (nonquantitative) test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... and treatment of congenital phenylketonuria which, if untreated, may cause mental retardation. (b) Classification. Class I (general controls). The device is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in...

Autoinflammatory Diseases

MedlinePlus

... damage. Vision loss. Hearing loss. Mental retardation. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS) is associated ... red spots on the skin caused by burst blood vessels (purpura). Joint pain. Permanent shortening of a muscle ...

Reactions to the Labels "Institutionalized" and "Mentally Retarded" by Retarded and Nonretarded Persons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gibbons, Frederick X.; Gibbons, Barbara N.

The effects of labels, "mentally retarded" and "institutionalized" on the evaluations and causal attributions of nonretarded persons, and on the social distance preferences of EMR persons, were assessed. In addition, each group was asked to predict the likelihood of a labeled (mentally retarded) or a nonlabeled target person achieving success at a…

Fears of institutionalized mentally retarded adults.

PubMed

Sternlicht, M

1979-01-01

The patterns of fears of institutionalized mentally retarded adults were studied in a sample of i2 moderately retarded men and women between the ages of 21-49. The direct questioning method was employed. Two interviews were held, two weeks apart; the first interview elicited the Ss' fears, while the second concerned the fears of their friends. A total of 146 responses were obtained, and these were categorized according to the types of fears: supernatural-natural events, animals, physical injury, psychological stress, egocentric responses, and no fears. The Ss displayed a higher percentage of fears in the preoperational stage than in the concrete operational stage. In a comparison of male to female fears, only one category, that of fears of animals, reached significance. The study suggested that the same developmental trend of fears that appears in normal children appears in the retarded as well, and these fears follow Piaget's level of cognitive development, proceeding from egocentric perceptions of causality to realistic cause and effect thinking.

A Proposal for the Unification of Vermont's Mental Retardation Service System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vermont State Dept. of Mental Health, Montpelier. Div. of Mental Retardation.

This planning document proposes that services to Vermonters with mental retardation be unified around the community mental retardation service system, in order to provide community placements for residents of the Brandon Training School (BTS) who are under court order for discharge between 1989 and 1993. The Department of Mental Health plans to…

Mental Retardation Activities of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC. Secretary's Committee on Mental Retardation.

The coordination of mental retardation programs in the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) and 1968 mental retardation legislation are reviewed. Departmental activities summarized include those of the Health Services and Mental Health Administration, National Institutes of Health, Office of Education, Social and Rehabilitation…

Creatine deficiency syndromes.

PubMed

Schulze, Andreas

2013-01-01

The lack of creatine in the central nervous system causes a severe but treatable neurological disease. Three inherited defects, AGAT, GAMT, and CrT deficiency, compromising synthesis and transport of creatine have been discovered recently. Together these so-called creatine deficiency syndromes (CDS) might represent the most frequent metabolic disorders with a primarily neurological phenotype. Patients with CDS present with global developmental delays, mental retardation, speech impairment especially affecting active language, seizures, extrapyramidal movement disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. The two defects in the creatine synthesis, AGAT and GAMT, are autosomal recessive disorders. They can be diagnosed by analysis of the creatine, guanidinoacetate, and creatinine in body fluids. Treatment is available and, especially when introduced in infancy, has a good outcome. The defect of creatine transport, CrT, is an X-linked condition and perhaps the most frequent reasons for X-linked mental retardation. Diagnosis is made by an increased ratio of creatine to creatinine in urine, but successful treatment still needs to be explored. CDS are under-diagnosed because easy to miss in standard diagnostic workup. Because CDS represent a frequent cause of cognitive and neurological impairment that is treatable they warrant consideration in the workup for genetic mental retardation syndromes, for intractable seizure disorders, and for neurological diseases with a predominant lack of active speech. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chronological age and performance of persons with mental retardation on verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised, French Version.

PubMed

Facon, B; Facon-Bollengier, T

1999-12-01

The Influence of chronological age on verbal intelligence of persons with metal retardation was studied using the French version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised. Participants were 1,101 children and adolescents divided into two groups according to the severity of metal retardation. The first group included 551 participants with moderate mental retardation, the second 550 participants with mild mental retardation. Analyses indicated a significant association between chronological age and raw scores on the four Verbal Comprehension subtests, even with performance on Perceptual Organization and Freedom from Distractibility subtests held constant. This finding suggests the relationship between chronological age and verbal intelligence is valid for persons with moderate mental retardation as well as for those with mild metal retardation.

Presidential Address 1985: Inalienable Rights of Persons with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walker, B. R.

1985-01-01

The address reviews the establishment of rights for mentally retarded persons, cautions about the need to safeguard those rights, discusses the central role of individual program plans, and cites the importance of a continuum of services for mentally retarded persons. (CL)

Retraso Mental. Traduccion de ERIC EC Digest #528. (Mental Retardation. Translation of ERIC EC Digest #528).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hawkins-Shepard, Charlotte

This fact sheet presents basic information on mental retardation for Spanish-speaking educators and others. First, definitions from the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) are presented. The fact sheet then analyzes how the new AAMR definitions differ from earlier ones,…

Stimulating Physical Development of Mentally Retarded Children. Mental Retardation Training Program Technical Report Series 70-3.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stein, Julian U.; And Others

Four papers presented at an all-day workshop at Ohio State University focus on stimulating the physical development of mentally retarded children. Noted in the introduction is importance of cooperation between university training programs and facilities serving the mentally handicapped. Julian Stein discusses the physical and motor development of…

Fragile X syndrome: from molecular genetics to therapy.

PubMed

D'Hulst, C; Kooy, R F

2009-09-01

Fragile X syndrome, the main cause of inherited mental retardation, is caused by transcriptional silencing of the fragile X mental retardation gene, FMR1. Absence of the associated protein FMRP leads to the dysregulation of many genes creating a phenotype of ADHD, anxiety, epilepsy and autism. The core aim of this review is to summarise two decades of molecular research leading to the characterisation of cellular and molecular pathways involved in the pathology of this disease and as a consequence to the identification of two new promising targets for rational therapy of fragile X syndrome, namely the group 1 metabotrope glutamate receptors (Gp1 mGluRs) and the gamma-amino butyric acid A receptors (GABA(A)Rs). As no current clinical treatments are directed specifically at the underlying neuronal defect due to absence of FMRP, this might open new powerful therapeutic strategies.

A de novo SOX10 mutation causing severe type 4 Waardenburg syndrome without Hirschsprung disease.

PubMed

Sznajer, Yves; Coldéa, Cristina; Meire, Françoise; Delpierre, Isabelle; Sekhara, Tayeb; Touraine, Renaud L

2008-04-15

Type 4 Waardenburg syndrome represents a well define entity caused by neural crest derivatives anomalies (melanocytes, intrinsic ganglion cells, central, autonomous and peripheral nervous systems) leading, with variable expressivity, to pigmentary anomalies, deafness, mental retardation, peripheral neuropathy, and Hirschsprung disease. Autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is prevalent when Sox10 gene mutation is identified. We report the natural history of a child who presented with synophrys, vivid blue eye, deafness, bilateral complete semicircular canals agenesis with mental retardation, subtle signs for peripheral neuropathy and lack of Hirschsprung disease. SOX10 gene sequencing identified "de novo" splice site mutation (c.698-2A > C). The present phenotype and the genotype findings underline the wide spectrum of SOX10 gene implication in unusual type 4 Waardenburg syndrome patient. Copyright 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Enzymatic properties and localization of motopsin (PRSS12), a protease whose absence causes mental retardation.

PubMed

Mitsui, Shinichi; Yamaguchi, Nozomi; Osako, Yoji; Yuri, Kazunari

2007-03-09

Motopsin (PRSS12) is a mosaic protease expressed in the central nervous system. Truncation of the human motopsin gene causes nonsyndromic mental retardation. Understanding the enzymatic properties and localization of motopsin protein in the central nervous system will help identify the molecular mechanism by which the loss of motopsin function causes mental retardation. Recombinant motopsin showed amidolytic activity against the synthetic substrate benzyloxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-arginine 4-methyl-coumaryl-7-amide. Motopsin activated the single-chain tissue plasminogen activator precursor and exhibited gelatinolytic activity. This enzymatic activity was inhibited by typical serine protease inhibitors such as aprotinin, leupeptin, and (4-amidinophenyl) methanesulfonyl fluoride. Immunocytochemistry using anti-motopsin IgG revealed that both human and mouse motopsin proteins were distributed in discrete puncta along the dendrites and soma as well as axons in cultured hippocampal neurons. In the limbic system, including the cingulate and hippocampal pyramidal neurons and piriform cortex, high level of motopsin protein was expressed at postnatal day 10, but a very low level at 10-week-old mice. Motopsin and tissue plasminogen activator were co-expressed in the cingulate pyramidal neurons at postnatal day 10 and were distributed along dendrites of cultured pyramidal neurons. In cranial nuclei, a moderate level of motopsin protein was detected independently on the developmental stage. Our results suggest that motopsin has multiple functions, such as axon outgrowth, arranging perineuronal environment, and maintaining neuronal plasticity, partly in coordination with other proteases including tissue plasminogen activator.

DSM-III Diagnoses Compared with Factor Structure of the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA), in an Institutionalized, Mostly Severely Retarded Population.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Linaker, Olav

1991-01-01

The Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults was used to diagnose 163 mentally retarded institutionalized adults according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-III axis 1 categories. Nine factors were extracted which contained 49.3 percent of the data variance and categorized correctly 69.3 percent of the cases. Factors included…

Reduced Cortical Thickness in Mental Retardation

PubMed Central

Wang, Chao; Wang, Jiaojian; Zhang, Yun; Yu, Chunshui; Jiang, Tianzi

2011-01-01

Mental retardation is a developmental disorder associated with impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors. Many studies have addressed white matter abnormalities in patients with mental retardation, while the changes of the cerebral cortex have been studied to a lesser extent. Quantitative analysis of cortical integrity using cortical thickness measurement may provide new insights into the gray matter pathology. In this study, cortical thickness was compared between 13 patients with mental retardation and 26 demographically matched healthy controls. We found that patients with mental retardation had significantly reduced cortical thickness in multiple brain regions compared with healthy controls. These regions include the bilateral lingual gyrus, the bilateral fusiform gyrus, the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, the bilateral temporal pole, the left inferior temporal gyrus, the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the right precentral gyrus. The observed cortical thickness reductions might be the anatomical substrates for the impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors in patients with mental retardation. Cortical thickness measurement might provide a sensitive prospective surrogate marker for clinical trials of neuroprotective medications. PMID:22216343

Newborn Screening To Prevent Mental Retardation. The Arc Q & A.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arc, Arlington, TX.

This information fact sheet on screening newborns to prevent mental retardation defines newborn screening and outlines how screening is performed. It discusses the six most common disorders resulting in mental retardation for which states most commonly screen. These include phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, maple syrup…

38 CFR 4.127 - Mental retardation and personality disorders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... personality disorders. 4.127 Section 4.127 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS... and personality disorders. Mental retardation and personality disorders are not diseases or injuries... superimposed upon mental retardation or a personality disorder may be service-connected. (Authority: 38 U.S.C...

38 CFR 4.127 - Mental retardation and personality disorders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... personality disorders. 4.127 Section 4.127 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS... and personality disorders. Mental retardation and personality disorders are not diseases or injuries... superimposed upon mental retardation or a personality disorder may be service-connected. (Authority: 38 U.S.C...

38 CFR 4.127 - Mental retardation and personality disorders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... personality disorders. 4.127 Section 4.127 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS... and personality disorders. Mental retardation and personality disorders are not diseases or injuries... superimposed upon mental retardation or a personality disorder may be service-connected. (Authority: 38 U.S.C...

38 CFR 4.127 - Mental retardation and personality disorders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... personality disorders. 4.127 Section 4.127 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS... and personality disorders. Mental retardation and personality disorders are not diseases or injuries... superimposed upon mental retardation or a personality disorder may be service-connected. (Authority: 38 U.S.C...

A National Mental Retardation Manpower Model.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Inst. on Mental Retardation, Toronto (Ontario).

The report of the Task Force established by the Canadian National Institute on Mental Retardation concerns a comprehensive planning and organization program for training personnel, especially associate professionals, in the field of mental retardation to provide a more effective utilization of manpower. Summarized are results of surveys of…

Severe Mental Retardation: From Theory to Practice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bricker, Diane, Ed.; Filler, John, Ed.

Fourteen papers examine current issues and practices in the education of students with severe mental retardation (SMR). Papers touch upon the broad context of education for SMR students, programs for the SMR population, and critical issues. The following papers are presented: "The Severely Mentally Retarded Individual: Philosophical and…

Lead Poisoning in Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lin-Fu, Jane S.

This publication is a guide to help social and health workers plan a preventive campaign against lead poisoning, a cause of mental retardation other neurological handicaps, and death among children. The main victims are 1- to 6-year-olds living in areas where deteriorating housing prevails. Among the causes of lead poisoning are: ingestion of…

Pregnancy and Birth-Related Brain Disorders.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fink, Leslie

1986-01-01

Although it once seemed simple to say that a single event such as birth trauma or asphyxia caused brain disorders like cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and epilepsy, a recent study showed that it is nearly impossible to pinpoint a single cause and its effects. Recommendations for further research are made. (BB)

Epidemiology of Down Syndrome

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sherman, Stephanie L.; Allen, Emily G.; Bean, Lora H.; Freeman, Sallie B.

2007-01-01

Down syndrome (DS) is the most commonly identified genetic form of mental retardation and the leading cause of specific birth defects and medical conditions. Traditional epidemiological studies to determine the prevalence, cause, and clinical significance of the syndrome have been conducted over the last 100 years. DS has been estimated to occur…

Mental Retardation in the Caribbean: Needs, Resources, Approaches.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thorburn, Marigold J., Ed.

Presented are conference reports including an opening address on the economic benefits of programs for the mentally retarded (MR), and eight papers discussing the problem of mental retardation in the Caribbean. Two papers on preschool age children, respectively, consider the identification and assessment of MR children in the Caribbean and present…

Mental Retardation in Perspective.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horvath, Michael; And Others

This monograph presents a general introduction to the history, classification, and characteristics of mental retardation. It begins with a discussion of the history of mental retardation from ancient Greece and Rome to the present. The beginnings of special education are traced to the early 19th century in Europe. Major influences in treatment of…

The Myth of Mental Retardation: Paradigm Shifts, Disaggregation, and Developmental Disabilities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, J. David

2002-01-01

This commentary discusses whether the American Association on Mental Retardation should change its name. It argues that the term "mental retardation" should become an historical artifact of the evolution of our thinking about children and adults with developmental disabilities. The plurality of the term "developmental…

Characteristics of Those Persons with Mental Retardation Registered with the Mental Retardation Division.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cocks, Errol; Ng, Pin Chee

1983-01-01

The paper discusses an analysis of a computerized data bank on the mentally retarded population in Victoria, Australia. Prevalence rates, severity of handicap, age, sex, and residence type are reviewed and implications for community vocational and residential services for adults are noted. (CL)

Behavioral Treatment of Aggression in the Mentally Retarded: A Review.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Feldstein, Jerome H.

The paper reviews 34 behavioral treatment studies (1967-1983) examining reduction of aggressive behavior in mentally retarded people. Research reviewed was limited to treatment of physically aggressive responses such as hits, kicks, bites, chokes, scratches, and throwing objects by persons designated as mentally retarded. Among results reported…

Noncitizen: Plight of the Mentally Retarded

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skarnulis, Ed

1974-01-01

Mentally retarded citizens have been denied their human and civil rights, not only by the public, but by professionals--including social workers. The author claims that most programs for the mentally retarded are, at best, dehumanizing. Professionals have an ethical obligation to refuse to refer children to such programs. (Author)

The Role of Cognition and Adaptive Behavior in Employment of People with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Su, Chwen-Yng; Lin, Yueh-Hsien; Wu, Yuh-Yih; Chen, Ching-Chiang

2008-01-01

Few studies have specifically investigated the cognitive correlates of employment for persons with mental retardation. To evaluate the relationship of cognitive and adaptive functioning to work status, 56 competitively employed and 55 unemployed individuals with mental retardation underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological and adaptive…

Clozapine in Three Individuals with Mild Mental Retardation and Treatment-Refractory Psychiatric Disorders.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pary, Robert J.

1994-01-01

Although clozapine is a drug specifically approved for people with schizophrenia, it has not been systematically evaluated with dually diagnosed individuals having mental retardation. This article reviews the drug's use in the general population, discusses potential difficulties in prescribing it for individuals with mental retardation, and…

Decision Making in Leisure. Empowerment for People with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bullock, Charles C.; Mahon, Michael J.

1992-01-01

People with mental retardation have been overlooked in recreation/leisure and decision making, which are integral to full community participation. They must be provided with leisure education and decision-making skills. The article describes the Decision Making in Leisure model, explaining its use with individuals with mental retardation. (SM)

Competence and Adjustment of Siblings of Children with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hannah, Mary E.; Midlarsky, Elizabeth

1999-01-01

This study compared the adjustment and competence of 100 children and adolescents, half of whom were siblings of individuals with mental retardation. Although there were no overall differences for internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, self-esteem, and competence, boys with a mentally retarded sibling had more difficulty in school…

Cognitive Representation of Motion in Individuals with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conners, Frances A.; Wyatt, Beverly S.; Dulaney, Cynthia L.

1998-01-01

Fifteen adolescents with and 15 without mental retardation were compared on their tendency to show the representational momentum effect when viewing a stimulus array that implied motion. Participants with mental retardation showed the representational momentum effects as did the others, although the magnitude of the memory shift was smaller.…

Carbamazepine-Induced Hyponatremia in Patients with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kastner, Ted; And Others

1992-01-01

This study of 40 patients with mental retardation receiving carbamazepine found hyponatremia in only 5 percent of these patients and found a statistically, but not clinically, significant decrease in serum sodium levels in patients receiving anticonvulsant polytherapy. Results support the use of this drug with patients with mental retardation and…

Nutrition and Mental Retardation. An Annotated Bibliography, 1964-1970.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Springer, Ninfa Saturnino

This annotated bibliography is primarily organized for nutritionists. It presents selected articles published from 1964 to the present. All aspects of nutrition in mental retardation are covered excepting inborn errors of metabolism. Sections are included on: (1) nutrition, birthweight, and mental retardation; (2) nutrition, growth, and mental…

Enhancing independent time-management skills of individuals with mental retardation using a Palmtop personal computer.

PubMed

Davies, Daniel K; Stock, Steven E; Wehmeyer, Michael L

2002-10-01

Achieving greater independence for individuals with mental retardation depends upon the acquisition of several key skills, including time-management and scheduling skills. The ability to perform tasks according to a schedule is essential to domains like independent living and employment. The use of a portable schedule prompting system to increase independence and self-regulation in time-management for individuals with mental retardation was examined. Twelve people with mental retardation participated in a comparison of their use of the technology system to perform tasks on a schedule with use of a written schedule. Results demonstrated the utility of a Palmtop computer with schedule prompting software to increase independence in the performance of vocational and daily living tasks by individuals with mental retardation.

The DoD Civilian Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-21

as mental retardation, organic brain syndrome , emotional or mental illness, and specific learning disabilities. b. Major Life Activities. Functions...mental or psychological disorder, such as mental retardation, organic brain syndrome , emotional or mental illness, and specific learning disabilities

Drosophila Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Developmentally Regulates Activity-Dependent Axon Pruning

PubMed Central

Tessier, Charles R.; Broadie, Kendal

2014-01-01

Summary Fragile X Syndrome (FraX) is a broad-spectrum neurological disorder with symptoms ranging from hyperexcitability to mental retardation and autism. Loss of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (fmr1) gene product, the mRNA-binding translational regulator FMRP, causes structural over-elaboration of dendritic and axonal processes as well as functional alterations in synaptic plasticity at maturity. It is unclear, however, whether FraX is primarily a disease of development, a disease of plasticity or both; a distinction vital for engineering intervention strategies. To address this critical issue, we have used the Drosophila FraX model to investigate the developmental roles of Drosophila FMRP (dFMRP). dFMRP expression and regulation of chickadee/profilin coincides with a transient window of late brain development. During this time, dFMRP is positively regulated by sensory input activity, and required to limit axon growth and for efficient activity-dependent pruning of axon branches in the Mushroom Body learning/memory center. These results demonstrate that dFMRP has a primary role in activity-dependent neural circuit refinement in late brain development. PMID:18321984

The Fragile X Mental Retardation Syndrome 20 Years After the FMR1 Gene Discovery: an Expanding Universe of Knowledge

PubMed Central

Rousseau, François; Labelle, Yves; Bussières, Johanne; Lindsay, Carmen

2011-01-01

The fragile X mental retardation (FXMR) syndrome is one of the most frequent causes of mental retardation. Affected individuals display a wide range of additional characteristic features including behavioural and physical phenotypes, and the extent to which individuals are affected is highly variable. For these reasons, elucidation of the pathophysiology of this disease has been an important challenge to the scientific community. 1991 marks the year of the discovery of both the FMR1 gene mutations involved in this disease, and of their dynamic nature. Although a mouse model for the disease has been available for 16 years and extensive research has been performed on the FMR1 protein (FMRP), we still understand little about how the disease develops, and no treatment has yet been shown to be effective. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on FXMR with an emphasis on the technical challenges of molecular diagnostics, on its prevalence and dynamics among populations, and on the potential of screening for FMR1 mutations. PMID:21912443

The fragile X mental retardation protein has nucleic acid chaperone properties

PubMed Central

Gabus, Caroline; Mazroui, Rachid; Tremblay, Sandra; Khandjian, Edouard W.; Darlix, Jean-Luc

2004-01-01

The fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation resulting from the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP contains two K-homology (KH) domains and one RGG box that are landmarks characteristic of RNA-binding proteins. In agreement with this, FMRP associates with messenger ribonucleoparticles (mRNPs) within actively translating ribosomes, and is thought to regulate translation of target mRNAs, including its own transcript. To investigate whether FMRP might chaperone nucleic acid folding and hybridization, we analysed the annealing and strand exchange activities of DNA oligonucleotides and the enhancement of ribozyme-directed RNA substrate cleavage by FMRP and deleted variants relative to canonical nucleic acid chaperones, such as the cellular YB-1/p50 protein and the retroviral nucleocapsid protein HIV-1 NCp7. FMRP was found to possess all the properties of a potent nucleic acid chaperone, requiring the KH motifs and RGG box for optimal activity. These findings suggest that FMRP may regulate translation by acting on RNA–RNA interactions and thus on the structural status of mRNAs. PMID:15096575

The fragile X mental retardation protein has nucleic acid chaperone properties.

PubMed

Gabus, Caroline; Mazroui, Rachid; Tremblay, Sandra; Khandjian, Edouard W; Darlix, Jean-Luc

2004-01-01

The fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation resulting from the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP contains two K-homology (KH) domains and one RGG box that are landmarks characteristic of RNA-binding proteins. In agreement with this, FMRP associates with messenger ribonucleoparticles (mRNPs) within actively translating ribosomes, and is thought to regulate translation of target mRNAs, including its own transcript. To investigate whether FMRP might chaperone nucleic acid folding and hybridization, we analysed the annealing and strand exchange activities of DNA oligonucleotides and the enhancement of ribozyme-directed RNA substrate cleavage by FMRP and deleted variants relative to canonical nucleic acid chaperones, such as the cellular YB-1/p50 protein and the retroviral nucleocapsid protein HIV-1 NCp7. FMRP was found to possess all the properties of a potent nucleic acid chaperone, requiring the KH motifs and RGG box for optimal activity. These findings suggest that FMRP may regulate translation by acting on RNA-RNA interactions and thus on the structural status of mRNAs.

The fragile x mental retardation syndrome 20 years after the FMR1 gene discovery: an expanding universe of knowledge.

PubMed

Rousseau, François; Labelle, Yves; Bussières, Johanne; Lindsay, Carmen

2011-08-01

The fragile X mental retardation (FXMR) syndrome is one of the most frequent causes of mental retardation. Affected individuals display a wide range of additional characteristic features including behavioural and physical phenotypes, and the extent to which individuals are affected is highly variable. For these reasons, elucidation of the pathophysiology of this disease has been an important challenge to the scientific community. 1991 marks the year of the discovery of both the FMR1 gene mutations involved in this disease, and of their dynamic nature. Although a mouse model for the disease has been available for 16 years and extensive research has been performed on the FMR1 protein (FMRP), we still understand little about how the disease develops, and no treatment has yet been shown to be effective. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on FXMR with an emphasis on the technical challenges of molecular diagnostics, on its prevalence and dynamics among populations, and on the potential of screening for FMR1 mutations.

Children with Usher syndrome: mental and behavioral disorders.

PubMed

Dammeyer, Jesper

2012-03-27

Mental and behavioral disorders among adults with Usher syndrome have been discussed and reported in some case studies but no research has been reported on children with Usher syndrome. This article investigates the prevalence and characteristics of mental and behavioral disorders among 26 children, 3-17 years of age, with Usher syndrome. Six of the 26 children were diagnosed with a mental or behavioral disorder (1 with schizophrenia and mild mental retardation, 1 with atypical autism and severe mental retardation, 1 with atypical autism and mild mental retardation, 1 with mild mental retardation, and 2 with conduct disorder). Another 3 children had had a mental or behavioral disorder previously in their childhood. Even though vision impairment first manifests in late childhood, some children with Usher syndrome seem to develop mental and behavioral disorders during childhood. The aetiology and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders among children with Usher syndrome are discussed. Children with Usher syndrome and their parents may need clinical support during early childhood to prevent development of mental and behavioral disorders.

Persons with Mental Retardation and Related Conditions in Mental Retardation Facilities: Selected Findings from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey. Project Report 29.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lakin, K. Charlie; And Others

This report presents statistics on residential facilities for the mentally retarded and on the residents themselves, derived from the Institutional Population Component of the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES). Part 1 presents an overview of the NMES and discusses previous efforts to survey persons residing in mental retardation…

Learning and behavioral deficits associated with the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein: what a fly and mouse model can teach us

PubMed Central

Santos, Ana Rita; Kanellopoulos, Alexandros K.

2014-01-01

The Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent form of inherited mental disability and is considered a monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder. FXS is caused by a triplet expansion that inhibits the expression of the FMR1 gene. The gene product, the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), regulates mRNA metabolism in brain and nonneuronal cells. During brain development, FMRP controls the expression of key molecules involved in receptor signaling, cytoskeleton remodeling, protein synthesis and, ultimately, spine morphology. Symptoms associated with FXS include neurodevelopmental delay, cognitive impairment, anxiety, hyperactivity, and autistic-like behavior. Twenty years ago the first Fmr1 KO mouse to study FXS was generated, and several years later other key models including the mutant Drosophila melanogaster, dFmr1, have further helped the understanding of the cellular and molecular causes behind this complex syndrome. Here, we review to which extent these biological models are affected by the absence of FMRP, pointing out the similarities with the observed human dysfunction. Additionally, we discuss several potential treatments under study in animal models that are able to partially revert some of the FXS abnormalities. PMID:25227249

Teaching the Educable Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Love, Harold D.

The text discusses the behavior, evaluation, and education of mentally retarded children. Harold D. Love presents an overview of the retarded, a description of intelligence and personality tests, and a historical survey of retardation; Virginia Cantrell reviews the educational philosophies and methods of Itard, Seguin, and Montessori. Shirley K.…

42 CFR 483.108 - Relationship of PASARR to other Medicaid processes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... mental health or mental retardation authorities cannot be countermanded by the State Medicaid agency... of this part may overturn a PASARR determination made by the State mental health or mental retardation authorities. (b) In making their determinations, however, the State mental health and mental...

42 CFR 483.108 - Relationship of PASARR to other Medicaid processes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... mental health or mental retardation authorities cannot be countermanded by the State Medicaid agency... of this part may overturn a PASARR determination made by the State mental health or mental retardation authorities. (b) In making their determinations, however, the State mental health and mental...

Effects of poverty on cognitive function: a hidden neurologic epidemic.

PubMed

Bergen, Donna C

2008-08-05

Mental retardation is one of the most prevalent neurologic disorders globally. Surveys in high-income countries show 3 to 5 per 1,000 with severe intellectual disability, i.e., IQ below 55. Estimates from developing countries, however, have found prevalence rates from 5 to as much as 22 per 1,000. Protein-energy malnutrition, dietary micronutrient deficiencies, environmental toxins, and lack of early sensory stimulation or the ability to profit from it may contribute to neurodevelopmental disabilities. Tropical diseases such as parasitosis with resultant anemia, malaria, and other infections are major contributory causes. Reduction of poverty and its effects would reduce the present and future burden of mental retardation and cognitive dysfunction, especially in developing countries.

Severely infected pneumoceles of the frontal sinus in patients with mental retardation and brain atrophy treated by endoscopic sinus surgery.

PubMed

Tojima, Ichiro; Kikuoka, Hirotaka; Ogawa, Takao; Shimizu, Takeshi

2018-04-01

We herein present three cases of abnormally expanded frontal sinuses (pneumoceles) with severe infection in patients with mental retardation and brain atrophy. Two patients previously underwent laryngotracheal separation surgery, and bacteriological examinations of purulent nasal discharge revealed infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. As conservative medical treatments were ineffective, all three patients were treated by computed tomography-guided endoscopic sinus surgery. This navigation system is useful for safer surgery in the area of anatomic deformity. The clinical findings, possible etiologies and surgical treatment of these cases are discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fragile X mental retardation protein: A paradigm for translational control by RNA-binding proteins.

PubMed

Chen, Eileen; Joseph, Simpson

2015-07-01

Translational control is a common mechanism used to regulate gene expression and occur in bacteria to mammals. Typically in translational control, an RNA-binding protein binds to a unique sequence in the mRNA to regulate protein synthesis by the ribosomes. Alternatively, a protein may bind to or modify a translation factor to globally regulate protein synthesis by the cell. Here, we review translational control by the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the absence of which causes the neurological disease, fragile X syndrome (FXS). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. and Société française de biochimie et biologie Moléculaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved.

Psychometric Properties of ADHD Rating Scales among Children with Mental Retardation I: Reliability

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Michael L.; Fee, Virginia E.; Netterville, Amanda K.

2004-01-01

The reliability of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) rating scales in children with mental retardation was assessed. Parents, teachers, and teaching assistants completed ADHD rating scales on 48 children aged 5-12 diagnosed with mental retardation. Measures included the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Conners Rating Scales, the…

Facial Emotion Recognition by Persons with Mental Retardation: A Review of the Experimental Literature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rojahn, Johannes; And Others

1995-01-01

This literature review discusses 21 studies on facial emotion recognition by persons with mental retardation in terms of methodological characteristics, stimulus material, salient variables and their relation to recognition tasks, and emotion recognition deficits in mental retardation. A table provides comparative data on all 21 studies. (DB)

Utilization of Computer Technology To Facilitate Money Management by Individuals with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davies, Daniel K.; Stock, Steven E.; Wehmeyer, Michael L.

2003-01-01

This report describes results of an initial investigation of the utility of a specially designed money management software program for improving management of personal checking accounts for individuals with mental retardation. Use with 19 adults with mental retardation indicated the software resulted in significant reduction in check writing and…

THE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILD, A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH. MCGRAW-HILL SERIES IN PSYCHOLOGY.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

ROBINSON, HALBERT B.; ROBINSON, NANCY M.

PRESENTING A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO MENTAL RETARDATION, THIS TEXT BEGINS WITH A DISCUSSION OF THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE, PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION, AND THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE FIELD OF MENTAL RETARDATION. A SECTION ON ETIOLOGY AND SYNDROMES PRESENTS INFORMATION ON GENETIC FACTORS AND GENETIC SYNDROMES AND THE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL…

Teacher Report versus Adaptive Behavior Scale in Assessment of Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Ansari, Ahmed

1993-01-01

This study assessed the degree of agreement between teacher report and an adapted Adaptive Behavior Scale in the identification of mental retardation and associated learning difficulties in 257 young Bahraini school children. Findings indicated that the instrument is sensitive in identification of children with mental retardation and exhibits high…

Development of Services for Elderly Persons with Mental Retardation in a Rural State.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cotten, Paul D.; Spirrison, Charles L.

1988-01-01

A model demonstration project to meet the needs of elderly mentally retarded individuals in a rural state was designed as a complementary, collaborative endeavor among service providers from the aging, mental retardation, and generic service system networks in Mississippi. Continuous training of staff members across networks was emphasized. (JW)

Haloperidol Treatment of Trichotillomania in a Boy with Autism and Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ghaziuddin, M.; And Others

1991-01-01

The report describes the successful treatment of trichotillomania (compulsive hair pulling) in a mentally retarded 11-year-old boy with autism and severe mental retardation. Administration of haloperidol resulted in complete cessation of hair pulling which reappeared when the dosage was decreased and ceased again when dosage was reestablished. (DB)

Assessment of Seizures and Related Symptomatology in Persons with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayville, Erik A.; Matson, Johnny L.

2004-01-01

Seizures can be debilitating across a number of physical, social, occupational, and personal variables. Given the deficits in all of these areas frequently present in persons with mental retardation, effective assessment and subsequent treatment of seizures is a primary goal for individuals with both mental retardation and epilepsy. To thoroughly…

PUBLIC PROVISION FOR THE MENTALLY RETARDED IN THE UNITED STATES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

BEST, HARRY

WRITTEN FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE SOCIOLOGIST OR SOCIAL SCIENTIST, THIS BOOK REPORTS DATA OBTAINED FROM STATISTICAL RESEARCH ON MENTAL RETARDATES. ITS CHIEF PURPOSE IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE MENTALLY RETARDED AND PROVISIONS MADE FOR THEM IN THE UNITED STATES. DISCUSSION OF THE GENERAL CONDITION COVERS DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION, ETIOLOGY,…

Clinical Study of the Effects of Age on the Physical Health of Adults with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooper, Sally-Ann

1998-01-01

Physical disorders and pharmacotherapy for 134 people with mental retardation (ages 65 years and older) living in the United Kingdom were compared to 73 younger adults with mental retardation. Results showed the older group had higher rates of urinary incontinence, immobility, hearing impairments, arthritis, hypertension, and cerebrovascular…

INTEGRATION OF STIMULUS CUES BY NORMAL AND MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN. FINAL REPORT.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

ELAM, CLAUDE B.

TWO EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS BY WHICH NORMAL AND MENTALLY RETARDED SUBJECTS SYNTHESIZE STIMULUS CUES IN PERCEPTUAL IDENTIFICATION. THE INITIAL STUDY EMPLOYED 50 COLLEGE STUDENTS, 34 GRADE SCHOOL STUDENTS, AND 24 MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN (AGES 9-16) AS SUBJECTS. THE…

Psychopharmacology and Mental Retardation: A 10 Year Review (1990- 1999).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matson, Johnny L.; Bamburg, Jay W.; Mayville, Erik A.; Pinkston, Jim; Bielecki, Joanne; Kuhn, David; Smalls, Yemonja; Logan, James R.

2000-01-01

Review of the literature on psychopharmacology and mental retardation from 1990-1999 found most studies had major methodological flaws. Also, most drug administrations were not based in science, were not evaluated appropriately, and generally did not follow best practices for treatment of persons with mental retardation. A table lists the studies…

Preparing the Mentally Retarded in the Areas of Food Preparation and Service.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mattson, Bruce D.; And Others

The report of a project for planning a training program for the mentally retarded in the areas of food preparation and service summarizes activities of the planning project and makes recommendations for possible implementation. The training program is designed for educable mentally retarded youth who would benefit from specific vocational…

Arm Tremor, Tardive Dyskinesia, and Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

van Emmerik, R. E. A.; And Others

1993-01-01

The arm tremor of adults (n=32) diagnosed as having mental retardation and/or tardive dyskinesia was examined through an analysis of the acceleration properties of several arm postures. The degree of arm acceleration was increased in all subjects compared to a control group without mental retardation. Effects of neuroleptic medication were noted.…

Body Awareness in Children with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simons, Johan; Dedroog, Inge

2009-01-01

The body awareness of 124 toddlers with mental retardation and of 124 children developing normally matched to them on age and gender was examined. Twenty-nine of the children with mental retardation were diagnosed as Down syndrome (DS). The "Pointing and Naming" Test of Berges and Lezine [Berges, J., & Lezine, I. (1978). "Test d'imitation de…

Who Is Interested in Careers in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kobe, Frank H.; Hammer, David

1993-01-01

Assessment of career interests in 80 undergraduate students enrolled in a course and practicum on the psychology of mental retardation found no significant changes in career interest from pretest to posttest. Students with prior exposure to individuals with mental retardation (especially as volunteers) reported high levels of career interest.…

Death Penalty Issues Following Atkins

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patton, James R.; Keyes, Denis W.

2006-01-01

In light of the U.S. Supreme Court's 2002 landmark decision in "Atkins v. Virginia," a diagnosis of mild mental retardation has taken on a life and death significance for people who are the most deeply involved in criminal justice. As such, each aspect of the mental retardation definition (American Association on Mental Retardation, 2002) is a…

Fruit flies and intellectual disability.

PubMed

Bolduc, François V; Tully, Tim

2009-01-01

Mental retardation--known more commonly nowadays as intellectual disability--is a severe neurological condition affecting up to 3% of the general population. As a result of the analysis of familial cases and recent advances in clinical genetic testing, great strides have been made in our understanding of the genetic etiologies of mental retardation. Nonetheless, no treatment is currently clinically available to patients suffering from intellectual disability. Several animal models have been used in the study of memory and cognition. Established paradigms in Drosophila have recently captured cognitive defects in fly mutants for orthologs of genes involved in human intellectual disability. We review here three protocols designed to understand the molecular genetic basis of learning and memory in Drosophila and the genes identified so far with relation to mental retardation. In addition, we explore the mental retardation genes for which evidence of neuronal dysfunction other than memory has been established in Drosophila. Finally, we summarize the findings in Drosophila for mental retardation genes for which no neuronal information is yet available. All in all, this review illustrates the impressive overlap between genes identified in human mental retardation and genes involved in physiological learning and memory.

Of Atkins and men: deviations from clinical definitions of mental retardation in death penalty cases.

PubMed

Blume, John H; Johnson, Sheri Lynn; Seeds, Christopher

2009-01-01

Under Atkins v. Virginia, the Eighth Amendment exempts from execution individuals who meet the clinical definitions of mental retardation set forth by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and the American Psychiatric Association. Both define mental retardation as significantly subaverage intellectual functioning accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning, originating before the age of 18. Since Atkins, most jurisdictions have adopted definitions of mental retardation that conform to those definitions. But some states, looking often to stereotypes of persons with mental retardation, apply exclusion criteria that deviate from and are more restrictive than the accepted scientific and clinical definitions. These state deviations have the effect of excluding from Atkins's reach some individuals who plainly fall within the class it protects. This article focuses on the cases of Roger Cherry, Jeffrey Williams, Michael Stallings, and others, who represent an ever-growing number of individuals inappropriately excluded from Atkins. Left unaddressed, the state deviations discussed herein permit what Atkins does not: the death-sentencing and execution of some capital defendants who have mental retardation.

PERSPECTIVES IN MENTAL RETARDATION.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

JORDAN, THOMAS E.

THIRTY-THREE ARTICLES ILLUSTRATE THE EDITOR'S FORMULATION OF ISSUES CONCERNING THE PROBLEM OF MENTAL RETARDATION--(1) THE TRIPARTITE (ONTOLOGICAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND EDOLOGICAL) NATURE OF RETARDATION, (2) THE NECESSITY TO MOVE BEYOND A SINGLE DISCIPLINE IN DEALING WITH RETARDATION, (3) THE NUMBER OF AGENCIES NOW INVOLVED IN STUDY AND CARE, AND (4)…

Fragile X syndrome: A review of clinical management

PubMed Central

Lozano, Reymundo; Azarang, Atoosa; Wilaisakditipakorn, Tanaporn; Hagerman, Randi J

2016-01-01

Summary The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene, which codes for the fragile X mental retardation 1 protein, usually has 5 to 40 CGG repeats in the 5′ untranslated promoter. The full mutation is the almost always the cause of fragile X syndrome (FXS). The prevalence of FXS is about 1 in 4,000 to 1 in 7,000 in the general population although the prevalence varies in different regions of the world. FXS is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism. The understanding of the neurobiology of FXS has led to many targeted treatments, but none have cured this disorder. The treatment of the medical problems and associated behaviors remain the most useful intervention for children with FXS. In this review, we focus on the non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of medical and behavioral problems associated with FXS as well as current recommendations for follow-up and surveillance. PMID:27672537

Research on mental retardation: an agenda for the future.

PubMed

Verdugo, M A

2000-06-01

This article summarizes the results of a study carried out on 12 scientific journals that deal with research on mental retardation. The purpose was to analyze the type of research currently being published. Data shows that, although most of research on mental retardation from 1991 to June, 1999 agrees with the multidimensional system proposed by the AAMR in 1992, research still tends to focus on a psychopathological model when considering people with mental retardation. We conclude by offering several suggestions on the need for a collaborative approach between researchers and professionals and the benefits of developing a supportive culture for research.

Veridical and False Pictorial Memory in Individuals with and without Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carlin, Michael T.; Toglia, Michael P.; Wakeford, Yvonne; Jakway, Allison; Sullivan, Kate; Hasel, Lisa

2008-01-01

Veridical and false pictorial recognition were assessed in individuals with mental retardation; groups were matched for MA and CA. Pictures were viewed in either a generative or static format at acquisition. The individuals with mental retardation and those in the MA-matched group had higher rates of false memories for critical items and lower hit…

Institutionalization, Involuntary Sterilization, and Mental Retardation: Profiles from the History of the Practice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, David J.; Polloway, Edward A.

1993-01-01

This study analyzes data on 212 individuals with mental retardation who were sterilized while residents of the Central Virginia Training Center and discharged from the facility between 1969 and 1989. The analysis includes gender, age at and date of sterilization, level of mental retardation, and location of subsequent discharge. (Author/JDD)

Comparison of Risperidone and Methylphenidate for Reducing ADHD Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Moderate Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Filho, Alceu Gomes Correia; Bodanese, Rafael; Silva, Tatiana Laufer; Alvares, Julia Paglioza; Aman, Michael; Rohde, Luis Augusto

2005-01-01

Objective: To evaluate the short-term efficacy and tolerability of risperidone and methylphenidate for reducing symptoms related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents with moderate mental retardation. Method: In a 4-week, single-blind, parallel-group trial, 45 subjects with moderate mental retardation and…

Mindfulness Training Assists Individuals with Moderate Mental Retardation to Maintain Their Community Placements

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Singh, Nirbhay N.; Lancioni, Giulio E.; Winton, Alan S. W.; Adkins, Angela D.; Singh, Judy; Singh, Ashvind N.

2007-01-01

The mindfulness procedure "Meditation on the Soles of the Feet" can help individuals with mild mental retardation control aggressive behavior. In this study, our aim was to teach this mindfulness technique, using a multiple baseline design, to 3 individuals with moderate mental retardation who were at risk of losing their community placements…

Interference and Inhibition in Tasks of Selective Attention by Persons with and without Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Merrill, Edward C.

2006-01-01

Persons with mental retardation often exhibit greater interference in visual selective attention tasks than do persons matched with them on CA. My goal here was to evaluate whether differences in distractor interference between persons with and without mental retardation may be related to differences in negative priming. Fifteen participants with…

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities: 1981 Research Programs of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Inst. of Child Health and Human Development (NIH), Bethesda, MD.

The monograph reviews federal research activities and progress in biomedical and behavioral/social science research in mental retardation. Activities represent the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities branch. The following categories are addressed in terms of biomedical…

The Croydon Assessment of Learning Study: Prevalence and Educational Identification of Mild Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simonoff, Emily; Pickles, Andrew; Chadwick, Oliver; Gringras, Paul; Wood, Nicky; Higgins, Siobhan; Maney, Julie-Ann; Karia, Nisha; Iqbal, Huma; Moore, Anne

2006-01-01

Background: Mild mental retardation is an enduring and impairing condition. Its prevalence has varied widely across different studies from 0.5 to over 8%, with higher rates in completely ascertained samples. The current study estimates the prevalence of low IQ in the mental retardation range (intellectual disability) in a population sample and…

Muscle Fatigue during Intermittent Exercise in Individuals with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zafeiridis, Andreas; Giagazoglou, Paraskevi; Dipla, Konstantina; Salonikidis, Konstantinos; Karra, Chrisanthi; Kellis, Eleftherios

2010-01-01

This study examined fatigue profile during intermittent exercise in 10 men with mild to moderate mental retardation (MR) and 10 men without mental retardation (C). They performed 4 x 30 s maximal knee extensions and flexions with 1-min rest on an isokinetic dynamometer. Peak torque of flexors (PTFL) and extensors (PTEX), total work (TW), and…

Primacy Effects in Short-Term Memory with the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Detterman, Douglas K.

This paper reports on two experiments conducted in an attempt to extend findings by Ellis which suggest a rehearsal deficit in mentally retarded subjects. In experiment one, mentally retarded subjects saw nine stimuli in a serial position probe task for either two, four, or six seconds each. Performances for the two and four second-per-item rates…

A Morpholino Strategy to Assess TSC Gene Function in Zebrafish

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-11-01

ABSTRACT Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder associated with severe neurological symptoms including mental retardation, autism ...ABSTRACT Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder associated with severe neurological symptoms including mental retardation, autism ...devastating autosomal dominant disease that results in severe neurological symptoms including mental retardation, autism , and seizures (DiMario, 2004

Preparing Teachers of Pupils with Mental Retardation: Changes in Course Offerings from 1970-1990.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brusca, Rita M.; Montemurro, Theodore J.

1994-01-01

Comparison of typical courses of study from 1970 to 1990 for students preparing to be teachers of pupils with mental retardation found little change in percentage of programs offering a special course on mental retardation; increased percentage of programs offering cross-categorical courses; and decreased percentage of programs requiring joint…

Poverty and Mental Retardation: A Causal Relationship.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hurley, Rodger L.

The incidence of mental retardation among the poor and the reasons for such high prevalence are the focus of the text which is based largely on the state of New Jersey. Mental retardation is viewed as a social pathology which thrives in the ghetto; the effects of poverty and racial prejudice are explored as are the assessment of intelligence and…

Prevalence of Obesity in Adults with Mental Retardation: Implications for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rimmer, James H.; And Others

1993-01-01

Measurement of obesity among 364 adults with mental retardation indicated that rates of obesity were significantly higher among females than males; subjects with severe mental retardation had the lowest overall rates of obesity; and residents of a state-operated institution had lower obesity rates than group home, family, and Intermediate Care…

Allocation of Attention and Effect of Practice on Persons with and without Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oka, Kohei; Miura, Toshiaki

2008-01-01

Persons with mild and moderate mental retardation and CA-matched persons without mental retardation performed a dual-task, "pencil-and-paper task" (Baddeley, Della Sala, Gray, Papagno, & Spinnler (1997). Testing central executive functioning with a pencil-and-paper test. In Rabbit (Ed.), Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function (pp. 61-80).…

An Evaluation of in Vivo Desensitization and Video Modeling to Increase Compliance with Dental Procedures in Persons with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conyers, Carole; Miltenberger, Raymond G.; Peterson, Blake; Gubin, Amber; Jurgens, Mandy; Selders, Andrew; Dickinson, Jessica; Barenz, Rebecca

2004-01-01

Fear of dental procedures deters many individuals with mental retardation from accepting dental treatment. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of two procedures, in vivo desensitization and video modeling, for increasing compliance with dental procedures in participants with severe or profound mental retardation. Desensitization…

Awareness among Family Members Having Children with Mental Retardation on Relevant Legislations in India

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kuppusamy, Balabaskar; Narayan, Jayanthi; Nair, Deepa

2012-01-01

In India, Acts and legislations are in place for persons with mental retardation. Three major Acts namely Rehabilitation Council of India Act (1992), Persons with Disabilities (Equal opportunities, protection of rights and full participation) Act (1995) and National Trust for welfare of persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental retardation and…

The Use of Published Language Tests with the Mentally Retarded: A National Survey.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rushakoff, Gary E.; Johnson, Pamela C.

This study reports the results of a nationwide questionnaire survey of 204 speech and language clinicians from 65 facilities for mentally retarded individuals. Information was requested from clinicians about which language test they used with the mentally retarded population, why they used these tests, and how often they used them. Residential and…

Effects of Age, Gender, and Causality on Perceptions of Persons with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Panek, Paul E.; Jungers, Melissa K.

2008-01-01

The present study examined the effects of age, gender, and causality on the perceptions of persons with mental retardation. Participants rated individuals with mental retardation using a semantic differential scale with three factors: activity, evaluation, and potency. Target individuals in each scenario varied on the variables of age (8, 20, 45),…

Comparison of Sustained and Selective Attention in Children Who Have Mental Retardation with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pearson, Deborah A.; And Others

1996-01-01

This study compared children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mental retardation with children with only mental retardation on tasks involving sustained and selective attention. No compelling evidence emerged for sustained attention deficits in the ADHD children, though evidence suggesting selective attention deficits was…

Mental Retardation and the Law: A Report on Status of Current Court Cases.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Friedman, Paul; Beck, Ronna Lee

Included in the report are summaries of four new cases and updated information on 38 cases regarding legal issues in mental retardation. Featured is a review of cases dealing with liability of judges and lawyers in violating the rights of mentally retarded persons. Other issues addressed (with sample court case in parentheses) include commitment…

Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Adults With Mental Retardation Living in the Community

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hove, Oddbjorn

2004-01-01

The prevalence of eating disorders among 311 adults with mental retardation living in the West Coast of Norway was investigated. Reports stemming from a questionnaire completed by health workers were the data source. Diagnostic criteria adapted for persons with mental retardation were used. The main finding was that 27% of cases showed indices of…

Examining the Beliefs of Involved Adults Concerning the Moral and Religious Development of Individuals with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Randel D.; Shepherd, Terry L.

This report discusses the outcomes of a study that examined the beliefs concerning the moral and religious development of individuals with mental retardation. Forty-four individuals who met the criteria of professionals who provide direct care to, or had administrative responsibility for, individuals with mental retardation participated in the…

Evaluation of a Weight Loss Treatment Program for Individuals with Mild Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sailer, Angela B.; Miltenberger, Raymond G.; Johnson, Brigitte; Zetocha, Kim; Egemo, Kristin; Hegstad, Holly

2006-01-01

Obesity is a major problem for people in the United States. Individuals with mental retardation also are prone to obesity. The most successful programs for treating obesity typically are treatment packages consisting of multiple behavioral components. Research in the area of weight loss and mental retardation has not evaluated programs for…

Sleep Studies of Adults with Severe or Profound Mental Retardation and Epilepsy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Espie, Colin A.; Paul, Audrey; McFie, Joyce; Amos, Pat; Hamilton, David; McColl, John H.; And Others

1998-01-01

A study of the sleep patterns of 28 people with severe or profound mental retardation and epilepsy found atypical sleep stages with significant depletion of REM sleep and a predominance of indiscriminate non-REM sleep. Sleep diaries completed by caregivers reveal lengthy sleep periods, especially among those with profound mental retardation.…

Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Regulates Heterosynaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connor, Steven A.; Hoeffer, Charles A.; Klann, Eric; Nguyen, Peter V.

2011-01-01

Silencing of a single gene, FMR1, is linked to a highly prevalent form of mental retardation, characterized by social and cognitive impairments, known as fragile X syndrome (FXS). The FMR1 gene encodes fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which negatively regulates translation. Knockout of Fmr1 in mice results in enhanced long-term…

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasite Infections among Individuals with Mental Retardation in New York State.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schupf, Nicole; And Others

1995-01-01

Prevalence of intestinal parasite infection among program participants of the New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities for 1986-87 was estimated at 7.3%, suggesting that management of parasitic infection is improving. Males and individuals with severe/profound mental retardation were twice as likely to have…

Motes v. Hall County.

PubMed

1983-09-07

In a challenge to Georgia's involuntary sterilization statute, the state Supreme Court ruled that the standard of evidence required by the statute before granting a state-initiated sterilization petition did not meet constitutional requirements. Recognizing procreation as a fundamental right, the court held that authorization of involuntary sterilization of mental incompetents must be based on the elevated standard of "clear and convincing evidence" that the person is irreversibly and incurably mentally incompetent, whether by mental retardation or brain damage, and is unable to care for a child without causing serious mental of physical harm to the child.

A Study on Characteristics and Competencies Needed by Teachers of the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ho, Hua-Kuo

This study assessed the characteristics of 134 teachers of the mentally retarded in Taiwan, and surveyed 321 teachers of the retarded concerning desirable teacher characteristics and competencies. Four main conclusions were drawn: (1) outstanding teachers of the retarded were highly rated for such characteristics as "flexibility of…

Mental Retardation: The Search for Cures. Research Monograph Number 7.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Menolascino, Frank J.; Neman, Ronald

The booklet describes the Association for Retarded Citizens' (ARC's) goal of coordinating efforts to seek a cure for mental retardation. Cures are defined as any intervention that would significantly increase intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior beyond the upper level of retardation. It is explained that because of the variety of causes…

The Mentally Retarded Worker: An Economic Discovery. Report to the President. 14th Annual Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC.

The booklet examines potential contributions that can be made by mentally retarded workers and exposes common misconceptions about their employability. Initial sections introduce the nature of retardation and describe real-life situations showing economic benefits of employment to employers, taxpayers, and retarded persons themselves. Among the…

Short-Term Memory for Movement Duration in Mentally Retarded and Nonretarded Adults.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Elliott, Digby; Grundy, Stephen B.

1984-01-01

Both retarded and nonretarded adults (N=26) failed to benefit from opportunities to mentally rehearse their criterion movement over the retention interval, suggesting that strategic differences between the groups cannot explain the poorer performances of the retarded Ss. The retarded Ss appeared to have problems remembering the sensory…

Mental Illness in Persons with Mental Retardation: ARC Facts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weber, Linda R.; Wimmer, Sharon

This brief factsheet presents information on mental illness in mentally retarded persons. The most prevalent disorders found in this population are schizophrenia, organic brain syndrome, adjustment disorders, personality disorders, depression, and behavioral problems. Few standardized methods of assessment exist for the diagnosis of mental illness…

Sexual Abuse of the Mentally Retarded Patient: Medical and Legal Analysis for the Primary Care Physician

PubMed Central

Morano, Jamie P.

2001-01-01

The primary care physician has a vital role in documenting and preventing sexual abuse among the mentally retarded populations in our community. Since the current national trend is to integrate citizens with mental retardation into the community away from institutionalized care, it is essential that all physicians have a basic understanding of the unique medical and legal ramifications of their clinical diagnoses. As the legal arena is currently revising laws concerning rights of sexual consent among the mentally retarded, it is essential that determinations of mental competency follow national standards in order to delineate clearly any instance of sexual abuse. Clinical documentation of sexual abuse and sexually transmitted disease is an important part of a routine examination since many such individuals are indeed sexually active. Legal codes adjudicating sexual abuse cases of the mentally retarded often offer scant protection and vague terminology. Thus, medical documentation and physician competency rulings form a solid foundation for future work toward legal recourse for the abused. PMID:15014610

Children with Usher syndrome: mental and behavioral disorders

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Mental and behavioral disorders among adults with Usher syndrome have been discussed and reported in some case studies but no research has been reported on children with Usher syndrome. Methods This article investigates the prevalence and characteristics of mental and behavioral disorders among 26 children, 3-17 years of age, with Usher syndrome. Results Six of the 26 children were diagnosed with a mental or behavioral disorder (1 with schizophrenia and mild mental retardation, 1 with atypical autism and severe mental retardation, 1 with atypical autism and mild mental retardation, 1 with mild mental retardation, and 2 with conduct disorder). Another 3 children had had a mental or behavioral disorder previously in their childhood. Conclusion Even though vision impairment first manifests in late childhood, some children with Usher syndrome seem to develop mental and behavioral disorders during childhood. The aetiology and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders among children with Usher syndrome are discussed. Children with Usher syndrome and their parents may need clinical support during early childhood to prevent development of mental and behavioral disorders. PMID:22449032

Nonretarded and Mentally Retarded Children's Control over Syntax Structures.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McLeavey, Breda C.; And Others

1982-01-01

Ten nonretarded preschoolers and 10 mildly mentally retarded children (mean age 8 years) were compared for control over various syntactic structures. The retarded children evidenced difficulties similar to those of younger nonretarded children. (Author/SB)

21 CFR 866.3175 - Cytomegalovirus serological reagents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... cytomegalic inclusion disease) and provides epidemiological information on these diseases. Cytomegalic inclusion disease is a generalized infection of infants and is caused by intrauterine or early postnatal... (abnormal smallness of the head), motor disability, and mental retardation. Cytomegalovirus infection has...

Efficacy of Short Term Training in Education of Children with Mental Retardation to Teachers of Visually Impaired Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Narayan, J.; Subba Rao, T. A.; Reddy, O. R.

1998-01-01

A one-week inservice program on mental retardation was provided to 24 teachers of students with visual impairments in India. Emphasis was on community based rehabilitation and the teaching of children with mental retardation who also have visual impairment. Testing revealed participants had gained knowledge and their evaluations indicated they…

Shaping with Visual Feedback and Token Reinforcement: Effects on Voice Volume Changes in Mentally Retarded Adults.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bieber, Carrie; Gurski, John C.

In an attempt to confirm earlier results with a group of mentally retarded females, 12 mentally retarded institutionalized adults (8 male, 4 female) were trained to either reduce (Loud group) or increase (Soft group) their voice volumes with a combination of visual feedback and token reinforcement. The feedback unit provided a binary light on-off…

Investigating Ongoing Strategic Behaviour of Students with Mild Mental Retardation: Implementation and Relations to Performance in a Problem-Solving Situation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dermitzaki, Irini; Stavroussi, Panayiota; Bandi, Maria; Nisiotou, Ioulia

2008-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent students with mild mental retardation exhibit strategic behaviour during problem solving and to investigate the relationships between the ongoing behaviours examined and the students' respective performance. Eleven students with non-organic mild mental retardation participated in the study.…

The Effects of Motor Remediation with the Mentally Retarded: A Review of Research. Working Paper No. 74.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DiRocco, Patrick J.

The author reviews research on the effects of motor remediation with the mentally retarded on the areas of motor ability, physical fitness, social and emotional competency, reading achievement, and intelligence. It is concluded that motor development theories have led to an increase of motor training programs for the mentally retarded, and that…

Mental Retardation and the Problem of "Normality": Self-Determination and Identity Choice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, J. David

2007-01-01

The meaning of the category and concept of mental retardation is explored through the words of a fictional character, and the accounts of real people who have been injured and stigmatized by the label. Examples of the extremes to which people have gone to avoid or escape the term mental retardation are provided. The classification of retardation…

Teachers' and Mothers' Assessment of Social Skills of Students with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cifci Tekinarslan, Ilknur; Sazak Pinar, Elif; Sucuoglu, Bulbin

2012-01-01

The purpose of this study is to compare the assessment results of social skills of students with mental retardation by their teachers and mothers through relational model by using descriptive statistics. The research group in this study consisted of mothers and teachers of 562 children with mental retardation aged between 6 and 12 who enrolled in…

Effects of Physical Training and Calcium Intake on Bone Mineral Density of Students with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hemayattalab, Rasool

2010-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of physical training and calcium intake on bone mineral density (BMD) of students with mental retardation. Forty mentally retarded boys (age 7-10 years old) were randomly assigned to four groups (no differences in age, BMD, calcium intake and physical activity): training groups with or…

Hepatitis B Infection in a Day School of Mentally Retarded Students: Transmission from Students to Staff.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Remis, Robert S.; And Others

1987-01-01

Teaching Staff in day schools for mentally retarded students with direct classroom contact may carry an occupational risk of HBV infection. A seroepidemiologic study associated the prevalence of HBV markers with classroom contact with an HBsAg-positive student, duration of employment at school, and previous work with mentally retarded individuals.…

Services for Mentally Retarded Persons: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Handicapped of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources and the Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies of the Committee on Appropriations. United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session on Recommendations to Improve Services for Mentally Retarded Citizens (July 31, 1984).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Appropriations.

The proceedings of this 1984 hearing presents recommendations to improve services for mentally retarded citizens. A report on conditions in intermediate care facilities for the mentally retarded is followed by statements of Senators L. Weicker, Jr., J. Randolph, and R. Stafford and by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human…

Equally unequal: gender discrimination in the workplace among adults with mental retardation.

PubMed

Julius, Elona; Wolfson, Hagit; Yalon-Chamovitz, Shira

2003-01-01

Gender discrimination in the work place has been widely reported. Women are usually discriminated against both with respect to level of occupation and salary. The current study explored the correlation between gender and employment among adults with mental retardation, specifically, whether gender discrimination in the work place is as prominent among people with mental retardation as in the general population. Level of occupation and salary earned were studied in 227 adults with mild and moderate mental retardation residing in institutions, hostels, and sheltered homes in Israel. The findings suggest a correlation between gender and employment similar to that in the general population. Women were found to be employed mainly in sheltered workshops and lower levels of occupation, and to earn significantly less than the men. However, closer examination of each work place revealed that within each level of occupation there were no significant gender differences in salary. The finding suggests that while women with mental retardation earn lower salaries than men, this is mainly the result of their lower level of occupation. Rehabilitation efforts should therefore be directed toward ensuring higher levels of occupation as well as community employment among women with mental retardation.

[Behavioral disorders and substance abuse in adolescents with mental retardation].

PubMed

Papachristou, Ec; Anagnostopoulos, Dk

2014-01-01

The percentage of people with mental retardation in the general population is estimated at about 2.3%, with adolescence (15-20 years) constituting the development period during which a peak in rates of mental retardation is observed. The increased prevalence of adolescence may be explained from the fact that the specified requirements of the school initially, and society later, inevitably lead to comparative evaluation of the teen with mental retardation in relation to peers, thus making mental retardation more apparent. Adolescents with mental retardation face a number of physical and psychological needs which are not often distinguishable and as a consequence undergo the deterioration of their already burdened quality of life. In particular, mental health problems occur 3 to 4 times more often in adolescents with mental retardation compared with adolescents of the general population. This review presents the most recent epidemiological findings regarding the correlation between behavioral disorders, substance use and the possible comorbidity in adolescents with intellectual disability, both at community level and residential care level. Epidemiological data indicate that behavioral disorders are among the most common types of psychopathology in mentally retarded adolescents with the severity and symptoms varying depending on the personal characteristics of each adolescent. Regarding substance use, the available data show that the rates of substance use (alcohol, smoking, illicit drugs) are lower in this specific population group but the differences over the last years tend to be eliminated. Finally, according to the few surveys that were examined referring to the comorbidity of behavioral disorders and substance use in adolescents with intellectual disability, the results were contradictory. Specifically, while behavioral disorders continued to be one of the most common types of psychopathology, the related substances disorders indicated lower rates compared to normal intelligence adolescents with behavioral disorders. Risk factors that increase the chances of developing either simple or more complicated types of psychopathology in adolescents with mental retardation have been found to be based on individual, family and social levels. On the other hand, the individual characteristics of adolescents (intellectual level, attention capacity, understandable linguistic expression, overall progress until adolescence), the existence of a supportive family environment and the presence of social support and awareness through the creation of special counseling, education and medical services, are the most important protective factors which contribute to the prevention of several forms of psychopathology in adolescents with mental retardation. For the writing of the literature review, the following electronic databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, Psycinfo, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The key words used were: Intellectual Disability, Behavioral disorders, Adolescents, Mental Retardation, Learning disabilities, Developmental Disabilities, Disruptive behaviour disorders, Conduct disorder, Substance Abuse, Substance Misuse, Oppositional defiant disorder, Alcohol and illicit drug use, Smoking Use, Young people, Teenagers, Youths.

Physical fitness and adults with mental retardation. An overview of current research and future directions.

PubMed

Pitetti, K H; Rimmer, J H; Fernhall, B

1993-07-01

The deinstitutionalization movement of the past 25 years has focused on the placement of people with mental retardation into community-based settings. There is a need for exercise- and health-related professionals to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the term mental retardation and all of the intellectual and behavioural ramifications that coexist with this condition before addressing the 'how to' of fitness evaluation. Therefore, the article outlines the range of intellectual and behavioural characteristics of this population, based on the level of retardation. Many researchers investigating body composition have reported that a disproportionate number of adults with mental retardation carry a percentage of body fat that would be considered unhealthy (e.g. it increases the risk of early onset of such diseases as hypertension and adult onset diabetes mellitus). Living arrangements (i.e. institution vs smaller residences) play a role in the prevalence of obesity. Many attempts of researchers to control weight in adults with mental retardation through caloric restriction, exercise, and a combination of diet and exercise, have had a varied outcome. Cardiovascular capacity is considered by most exercise physiologists as the major physiological indicator for overall fitness. The majority of researchers who have evaluated the cardiovascular fitness levels of adults with mental retardation have reported fitness levels representative of a very sedentary population. Therefore, one would expect a keen sense of urgency among researchers to develop training regimens targeted specifically for people with mental retardation. Many have been developed, but to date only 2 cardiovascular training regimens have been reported that specifically describe the necessary components of an exercise programme (i.e. frequency, duration, intensity) that would allow for reproducibility--a stationary bicycle routine using the Schwinn 'Air-Dyne' ergometer and a run/walk programme. Of these, only the programme using the Schwinn 'Air-Dyne' ergometer reported significant improvements in cardiopulmonary fitness. Researchers have demonstrated that: (1) body strength is valuable for recreation activities and activities of daily living; (2) competence in upper body muscular skills is a prerequisite for many available vocational opportunities; and (3) positive correlations have been established between muscular strength and industrial work performance in people with mental retardation. Therefore, there is a need for appropriate evaluation procedures for determining the muscular strength and endurance of people with mental retardation. The future directions for researchers and professionals concerned with the fitness status of people with mental retardation includes answering question such as: What will be the effect of obesity on general health status?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Dentinogenesis imperfecta associated with short stature, hearing loss and mental retardation: a new syndrome with autosomal recessive inheritance?

PubMed

Cauwels, R G E C; De Coster, P J; Mortier, G R; Marks, L A M; Martens, L C

2005-08-01

The follow-up history and oral findings in two brothers from consanguineous parents suggest that the association of dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), delayed tooth eruption, mild mental retardation, proportionate short stature, sensorineural hearing loss and dysmorphic facies may represent a new syndrome with autosomal recessive inheritance. Histological examination of the dentin matrix of a permanent molar from one of the siblings reveals morphological similarities with defective dentinogenesis as presenting in patients affected with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), a condition caused by deficiency of type I collagen. A number of radiographic and histological characteristics, however, are inconsistent with classical features of DI. These findings suggest that DI may imply greater genetical heterogeneity than currently assumed.

Kristi and Her Talker.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fischer, Jeanne

1986-01-01

A 14-year-old girl, born with a form of brain damage which caused mental retardation and lack of normal speech, progressed from use of basic sign language and picture communication to use of an electronic speech-synthesized communicator for her expressive language needs. (CB)

Mental Health and Mental Retardation Services in Nevada. Executive Summary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kakalik, J. S.; And Others

Summarized are the findings and recommendations of a 2-year study of all major services and service delivery systems in Nevada for persons with mental health disorders, mentally retarded persons, and abusers of alcohol and other drugs. Considered are the following areas of basic service needs: prevention of the mentally handicapping conditions,…

The Fragile X Continuum: New Advances and Perspectives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cornish, K.; Turk, J.; Hagerman, R.

2008-01-01

Fragile X syndrome is the world's most common hereditary cause of intellectual disability in men and to a lesser extent in women. The disorder is caused by the silencing of a single gene on the X chromosome, the Fragile X Mental Retardation Gene-1. A substantial body of research across the disciplines of molecular genetics, child psychiatry and…

Investigation of the Effectiveness of the Story-Map Method on Reading Comprehension Skills among Students with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Isikdogan, Necla; Kargin, Tevhide

2010-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the story-map technique on reading comprehension skills among students with mild mental retardation. The research group consisted of 14 students with mild mental retardation. The students in the research group were chosen from students who attended to an elementary school and a…

Project TRABAJO and Individualized Bilingual Education for Children with Retarded Mental Development. E.S.E.A. Title VII [and] Chapter 720 Annual Evaluation Report, 1980-81.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York City Board of Education, Brooklyn, NY. Office of Educational Evaluation.

Project TRABAJO (an academic and job program) and the Individualized Bilingual Education for Children with Retarded Mental Development(a Chapter 720 Program) are two programs which provide supplementary and instructional support for 150 mildly and moderately mentally retarded New York City school students with limited English proficiency. The…

State Guidelines for Mental Retardation and Intellectual Disabilities: A Re-visitation of Previous Analyses in Light of Changes in the Field

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Polloway, Edward A.; Patton, James R.; Smith, J. David; Lubin, Jacqueline; Antoine, Karian

2009-01-01

In 2002, the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) (Luckasson et al., 2002) revised their manual on mental retardation. It also extended the changes that had been made in the previous (1992) manual to further promote an alternative approach to definition and classification in the field. The study reported here sought to determine the…

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status in Mentally Retarded Children and Adolescents: A Study from North Western India

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mathur, Manju; Bhargava, Rachna; Benipal, Ramandeep; Luthra, Neena; Basu, Sabita; Kaur, Jasbinder; Chavan, B. S.

2007-01-01

Objective: To compare the dietary habits and nutritional status of mentally retarded (MR) and normal (NG) subjects and to examine the relationship between the dietary habits and nutritional status and the level of mental retardation in the MR group. Method: A case control design was utilized: 117 MR (random sampling) and 100 NG (quota sampling)…

Bone Mineral Density and Respiratory Muscle Strength in Male Individuals with Mental Retardation (with and without Down Syndrome)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

da Silva, Vinicius Zacarias Maldaner; Barros, Jonatas de Franca; de Azevedo, Monique; de Godoy, Jose Roberto Pimenta; Arena, Ross; Cipriano, Gerson, Jr.

2010-01-01

The purpose of this study was to assess the respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in individuals with mental retardation (MR), with or without Down Syndrome (DS), and its association with bone mineral density (BMD). Forty-five male individuals (15 with DS, 15 with mental retardation (MR) and 15 apparently healthy controls), aged 20-35, participated in…

Aetiologic spectrum of mental retardation & developmental delay in India

PubMed Central

Aggarwal, Shagun; Bogula, Vijay Raju; Mandal, Kausik; Kumar, Rashmi; Phadke, Shubha R.

2012-01-01

Background & objectives: The aetiology of mental retardation is varied and difficult to establish. Reports from India on the spectrum of underlying causative conditions are lacking. This retrospective study was conducted to establish the various aetiologies of mental retardation (MR) and developmental delay (DD) in patients attending a medical genetics centre in north India and to assess the contribution of genetic disorders. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in north India. All patients attending the centre with MR or DD from January 2007 to December 2009 were included. The aetiology of MR/DD was ascertained after clinical assessment and targeted laboratory evaluation. The spectrum of causative conditions and contribution of genetic disorders was established. Results: A total of 338 patients were included in the study, of whom definite diagnosis was established in 253 (74.8%). The various aetiological categories were: chromosomal disorders in 112 (33.1%), non chromosomal syndromes in 32 (9.5%), neurometabolic disorders in 34 (10.1%), central nervous system structural defects in 25 (7.4%), cerebral palsy in 43 (12.7%) and environmental insults in 7 (2%). Eighty five patients (25.2%) had idiopathic mental retardation. A total of 196 (58%) patients had a genetic disorder as the cause of MR/DD. Interpretation & conclusions: The aetiology of MR/DD is varied and difficult to establish in a significant proportion of patients. Chromosomal and various monogenic disorders contribute to a large number of MR/DD cases and hence a genetic work up is essential for all such patients. PMID:23041737

Sustained Attention of Adults with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tomporowski, Phillip D.; Allison, Pamela

1988-01-01

The sustained attention of 23 young adults with mild mental retardation and nonretarded subjects was assessed. Findings suggested that the sustained attention of the retarded differs from that of the nonretarded on those vigilance tasks that place demands on memory abilities. (Author/DB)

Nonspecific Mental Retardation in British Columbia as Ascertained through a Registry.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herbst, Diana S.; Baird, Patricia A.

1983-01-01

Findings from the British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry revealed information about the age specific prevalence of mental retardation with no known etiology; association of mild and profound retardation with microcephalus, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, or epilepsy; and survival rates. (Author/CL)

Curriculum Guidelines for Exceptional Children: EMR 1970-71 Revision.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Escambia County Board of Public Instruction, Pensacola, FL.

This document provides curriculum guides for teaching educable mentally retarded middle school (prevocational level) and high school (vocational level) students in Escambia County, Florida. It includes a definition of mental retardation, characteristics of mentally handicapped (MH) children, a mental age reference chart, and suggestions for…

Ex-post-facto analysis of competitive employment outcomes for individuals with mental retardation: national perspective.

PubMed

Moore, Corey L; Harley, Debra A; Gamble, David

2004-08-01

Disparities in proportions of competitive job placements and provision of vocational rehabilitation services by level of mental retardation were identified for 28,565 individuals. Chi-square results reveal that consumers with mild mental retardation are significantly more likely to achieve competitive jobs compared to those with more severe levels. Logistic regression indicated that the odds of achieving a competitive job for consumers receiving job placement services, business/vocational training, and counseling were nearly two times that of individuals not receiving such services. Findings suggest that a significantly lower proportion of these services were provided to consumers with severe/profound mental retardation. Implications of findings for service, research, and policy are discussed.

Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) controls diacylglycerol kinase activity in neurons.

PubMed

Tabet, Ricardos; Moutin, Enora; Becker, Jérôme A J; Heintz, Dimitri; Fouillen, Laetitia; Flatter, Eric; Krężel, Wojciech; Alunni, Violaine; Koebel, Pascale; Dembélé, Doulaye; Tassone, Flora; Bardoni, Barbara; Mandel, Jean-Louis; Vitale, Nicolas; Muller, Dominique; Le Merrer, Julie; Moine, Hervé

2016-06-28

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the absence of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) in neurons. In the mouse, the lack of FMRP is associated with an excessive translation of hundreds of neuronal proteins, notably including postsynaptic proteins. This local protein synthesis deregulation is proposed to underlie the observed defects of glutamatergic synapse maturation and function and to affect preferentially the hundreds of mRNA species that were reported to bind to FMRP. How FMRP impacts synaptic protein translation and which mRNAs are most important for the pathology remain unclear. Here we show by cross-linking immunoprecipitation in cortical neurons that FMRP is mostly associated with one unique mRNA: diacylglycerol kinase kappa (Dgkκ), a master regulator that controls the switch between diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid signaling pathways. The absence of FMRP in neurons abolishes group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent DGK activity combined with a loss of Dgkκ expression. The reduction of Dgkκ in neurons is sufficient to cause dendritic spine abnormalities, synaptic plasticity alterations, and behavior disorders similar to those observed in the FXS mouse model. Overexpression of Dgkκ in neurons is able to rescue the dendritic spine defects of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene KO neurons. Together, these data suggest that Dgkκ deregulation contributes to FXS pathology and support a model where FMRP, by controlling the translation of Dgkκ, indirectly controls synaptic proteins translation and membrane properties by impacting lipid signaling in dendritic spine.

Sexual self-esteem in mothers of normal and mentally-retarded children.

PubMed

Tavakolizadeh, Jahanshir; Amiri, Mostafa; Nejad, Fahimeh Rastgoo

2017-06-01

Sexual self-esteem is negatively influenced by the stressful experiences in lifetime. This study compared the sexual self-esteem and its components in mothers with normal and mentally-retarded children in Qaen city, in 2014. A total of 120 mothers were selected and assigned into two groups of 60 samples based on convenient sampling method and randomized multiple stage sampling. Both groups completed sexual self-esteem questionnaire. The data were analyzed employing t-test through SPSS software version15. The results showed that the rate of sexual self-esteem in mothers of mentally-retarded children decreased significantly compared with that of mothers with normal children (p<0.05). Moreover, the mean scores of all components of sexual self-esteem including skill and experience, attractiveness, control, moral judgment, and adaptiveness in mothers of mentally-retarded children were significantly less than those of mothers with normal children (p <0.05). Therefore, it is recommended that self-esteem, especially the sexual one, be taught to mothers of mentally-retarded children by specialists.

Bioplasmic Forces: A New Concept of Readiness

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ogletree, Earl J.

1973-01-01

Discusses the concept of bioplasmic forces--the foundation of human growth, regeneration of cells, and life energy--and the relationship between physical and mental development of the child, focusing on the theory that premature or forced learning may cause intellectual or academic retardation. (TO)

Harnessing genomics to identify environmental determinants of heritable disease

EPA Science Inventory

De novo mutation is increasingly being recognized as the cause for a range of human genetic diseases and disorders. Important examples of this include inherited genetic disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, mental retardation, epilepsy, and a broad range of adverse reproductiv...

All Our Children: Handicapped and Normal.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Marilyn J.; Scruggs, Thomas E.

The two part presentation presents information on specific conditions of developmental delay and suggests intervention approaches. Three causes of mental retardation (Down's syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and cerebral palsy) are identified and described in terms of definition, incidence, characteristics, and educational implications. Part II is…

Mild cognitive impairment in early life and mental health problems in adulthood.

PubMed

Chen, Chuan-Yu; Lawlor, John P; Duggan, Anne K; Hardy, Janet B; Eaton, William W

2006-10-01

We assessed the extent to which borderline mental retardation and mental retardation at preschool ages are related to emotional and behavioral problems in young adulthood. We also explored early risk factors for having mental health problems as a young adult that might be related to preschool differences in cognitive ability. We used data from a cohort of births studied in the Johns Hopkins Collaborative Perinatal Study and followed up in the Pathways to Adulthood Study. Preschool cognitive functioning was assessed at 4 years of age. Individual characteristics, psychosocial factors, and mental problems were prospectively evaluated from birth through young adulthood. Children with subaverage cognitive abilities were more likely to develop mental health problems than their counterparts with IQs above 80. Inadequate family interactions were shown to increase 2- to 4-fold the risk of emotional or behavioral problems among children with borderline mental retardation. Subaverage cognitive functioning in early life increases later risk of mental health problems. Future research may help to delineate possible impediments faced at different developmental stages and guide changes in supportive services to better address the needs of children with borderline mental retardation.

A Study of the Community Adjustment of Deinstitutionalized Mentally Retarded Persons. Volume I. Approaches to Defining and Measuring the Community Adjustment of Mentally Retarded Persons: A Review of the Literature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Freedman, Ruth

The first of a six-volume series on the community adjustment of deinstitutionalized mentally retarded persons examines 28 research studies on community adjustment and proposes a framework for reviewing criterion measures and predictors of adjustment. Summary descriptions of major characteristics of the studies are provided, and matrices listing…

The Role of TSC1 in the Formation and Maintenance of Excitatory Synapses

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-01

autism , and mental retardation of unclear etiology. We induce loss of Tscl or Tsc2 in a small fraction of differentiated hippocampal pyramidal neurons...organ systems. Patients with TSC also display neurological symptoms including epilepsy, autism , and mental retardation of unclear etiology. Here we...heart, and eyes [1]. TSC also 2 typically presents with a constellation of neurological deficits that include epilepsy, mental retardation, and autism

The Georgia Feasibility Study: The Development of Alternative Community Services for the Current Residents of Georgia Retardation Center and the Southwest Developmental Center at Bainbridge.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bradley, Valerie J.; And Others

The report explores the feasibility of placing 565 severely mentally retarded residents of the Georgia Retardation Center and Southwestern Developmental Center at Bainbridge, Georgia, in alternative community living and daytime arrangements. The seven mental retardation service areas which had placed most of these residents were the focus of…

Political Philosophy and the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stanovich, Keith E.

The effects of Social Darwinism, eugenics, and contemporary political conservatism on the status of advocacy efforts for the mentally retarded are reviewed. Provided are historical sketches of Social Darwinism, which viewed the retarded as members of an inferior race, and eugenics, which argued for sterilization of the "genetically…

Perceptual-Motor Attributes of Mentally Retarded Youth.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cratty, Bryant J.

To evaluate six perceptual-motor attributes of trainable and educable mentally retarded children, a battery of tests was constructed which included body perception, gross agility, balance, locomotor ability, throwing, and tracking; 83 retarded subjects provided reliability data, and their scores, with those of 120 additional subjects, provided…

The Mentally Retarded Offender and Corrections.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Santamour, Miles; West, Bernadette

The booklet provides an overview of the issues involved in correctional rehabilitation for the mentally retarded offender. Reviewed are clinical and legal definitions of criminal behavior and retardation, and discussed are such issues as law enforcement and court proceedings problems, pros and cons of special facilities, labeling, normalization,…

Mental Retardation. Selected Articles from the Rehabilitation Record.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rehabilitation Services Administration (DHEW), Washington, DC.

Presented are six articles on residential living, vocational education, employment recreation, deinstitutionalization, and workshop experience of mentally retarded children and adults. K. Grunewald discusses the planning of housing for five- to eight person groups of retarded children and adults in varying kinds of residential facilities in Sweden…

A Cognitive Approach to the Education of Retarded Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haywood, H. Carl

1977-01-01

Moderately mentally retarded children can acquire the necessary basic mental operations through a proper progression of mediated learning experiences; once the basic mental operations have been acquired, complex learning can occur because the necessary cognitive tools are present. (JD)

Issues in Fertility Control for Mentally Retarded Female Adolescents: II. Parental Attitudes toward Sterilization.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Passer, Alice; And Others

1984-01-01

Interviews with 69 parents of mentally retarded adolescents revealed that 46 percent had considered sterilization for their daughters. Interest in sterilization especially correlated with increased severity of retardation and with difficulty teaching menstrual hygiene. Few parents supported either an extremely restrictive or permissive position.…

Some Aspects of Mental Retardation. A Training Guide for the Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phelps, William R.

Presented for vocational counselors is an overview of mental retardation, including the definition, and etiology. Described are the prenatal factors of heredity (including familial retardation and cranial anomalies), infections (including syphilis and encephalitis), radiation, blood group incompatibility, and unknown or variable etiological…

Iconic Memory Deficit of Mildly Mentally Retarded Individuals.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hornstein, Henry A.; Mosley, James L.

1987-01-01

Ten mildly retarded young adult males and nonretarded subjects matched for chronological age or mental age were required to recognize both verbal and nonverbal stimuli presented tachistoscopically. Results of a backward visual masking paradigm varying stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) indicated the retarded subjects performed poorer at the longest…

The Texas Plan to Combat Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Governor's Advisory Committee on Mental Retardation Planning, Austin, TX.

The Texas state plan of action against mental retardation is presented. Aspects considered include the evolution of the plan, the role of the health services, medical aspects of retardation, education and training, vocational rehabilitation and employment, and social welfare. Also surveyed are the following: residential and day care, manpower,…

Problems of Psychology of Mentally Retarded Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Inst. of Defectology.

Presented are 18 papers on problems in the psychology of mentally retarded children. Seven of the papers are in English, two in French, and nine in Russian. The English papers are concerned with the following topics: peculiarities of psychic functions in oligophrenic (retarded) children with pronounced underdevelopment of frontal lobes of cerebral…

The Mentally Retarded Inmate: Prison Adjustment and Implications for Treatment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Craig; And Others

1988-01-01

Examined whether or not there were differences in the prison adaptation of mentally retarded and nonretarded inmates. Compared 439 retarded inmates, 439 matched nonretarded inmates, and 439 unmatched nonretarded inmates. Found statistically significant differences between groups in the areas of assaults on correctional officers and other…

DIRECTORY OF RESIDENTIAL CAMPS SERVING THE MENTALLY RETARDED.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Association for Retarded Children, New York, NY.

PREPARED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR RETARDED CHILDREN FROM A QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO STATE AND LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS, THE DIRECTORY (1967) LISTS RESIDENT CAMPS SERVING THE MENTALLY RETARDED THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. CAMPS ARE ENTERED ALPHABETICALLY ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION WITHIN EACH STATE. TYPES OF CHILDREN SERVED INCLUDE MENTALLY…

An evaluation of in vivo desensitization and video modeling to increase compliance with dental procedures in persons with mental retardation.

PubMed

Conyers, Carole; Miltenberger, Raymond G; Peterson, Blake; Gubin, Amber; Jurgens, Mandy; Selders, Andrew; Dickinson, Jessica; Barenz, Rebecca

2004-01-01

Fear of dental procedures deters many individuals with mental retardation from accepting dental treatment. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of two procedures, in vivo desensitization and video modeling, for increasing compliance with dental procedures in participants with severe or profound mental retardation. Desensitization increased compliance for all 5 participants, whereas video modeling increased compliance for only 1 of 3 participants.

Education for Adulthood: A Curriculum for the Mentally Retarded Who Need a Better Understanding of Life's Processes and a Training Guide for Those Who Will Teach the Curriculum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenbaum, Madeline; Noll, Sandra J.

The curriculum guide is intended for those who live and work with mentally retarded adults and for mentally retarded adults attempting to succeed in community living. The first section focuses on training staff and provides guidelines for describing the content and methods employed in the curriculum. Research on such issues as self-concept, sex…

Intellectual classification of Black and White children in special education programs using the WISC-III and the Cognitive Assessment System.

PubMed

Naglieri, J A; Rojahn, J

2001-07-01

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Third Edition and the Cognitive Assessment System were compared for a sample of 78 White and Black students in special education programs for children with mental retardation. Results showed that the WISC-III identified more children as having mental retardation than did the Cognitive Assessment System. More important, however, the WISC-III classified disproportionately more Blacks than Whites as having mental retardation as compared to the Cognitive Assessment System. Results imply that the problem of disproportionate representation of Black children in special education classes for children with mental retardation may be addressed if the Cognitive Assessment System were used instead of the WISC-III.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnostic Features and Psychoeducational Risk Factors.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phelps, LeAdelle; Grabowski, Jo-Anne

1992-01-01

Discusses Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), accepted as leading known cause of mental retardation. Relates chronicity, timing, and severity of alcohol exposure to age-specific developmental and behavioral consequences. Delineates specific interventions with infants, preschoolers, school-age children, and adolescents. Advocates for accurate diagnosis…

Facts about Hib Disease. ARC Facts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Association for Retarded Citizens, Arlington, TX.

The fact sheet provides basic information about Hib Disease in young children, which may involve a bacterial meningitis causing mental retardation, hearing loss, partial blindness, speech disorders, partial paralysis, behavioral problems, or seizures. Stressed is prevention of Hib Disease through immunization. The question and answer format…

Mental Health and Mental Retardation Services in Nevada.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kakalik, J. S.; And Others

Summarized are the findings and recommendations of a 2-year study of all major mental health, and mental retardation, alcohol, and drug abuse services and programs in Nevada. Fourteen chapters are given to the following topics (sample subtopics are in parentheses): description of the survey (scope of the project); summary and recommendations…

Behavioral and Emotional Symptoms of Children and Adolescents with Prader-Willi Syndrome

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reddy, Linda A.; Pfeiffer, Steven I.

2007-01-01

To examine the behavioral and emotional difficulties of 73 children and adolescents with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), mental retardation-only, and dual diagnosis (i.e., mental retardation and psychiatrically disordered) on the Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders (DSMD: Naglieri, LeBuffe, & Pfeiffer, "Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders" (DSMD) San…

Flying Blind on Purpose? Thoughts on the Banishment of Developmental Theories from Clinical Settings.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mitchell, Stephen

1997-01-01

Raises concerns about the failure of mental health service providers to address the psycho-developmental needs of people with mental retardation, especially incarcerated individuals with severe behavior disturbances and both mental illness and mental retardation. A "flight from developmental theory" is seen in most service providers to this…

Prenatal alcohol exposure and long-term developmental consequences

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spohr, H.L.; Willms, J.; Steinhausen, H.C.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a leading cause of congenital mental retardation but little is known about the long-term development and adolescent outcome of children with FAS. In a 10-year follow-up study of 60 patients diagnosed as having FAS in infancy and childhood, the authors investigated the long-term sequelae of intrauterine alcohol exposure. The authors found that the characteristic craniofacial malformations of FAS diminish with time, but microcephaly and, to a lesser degree, short stature and underweight (in boys) persist; in female adolescents body weight normalizes. Persistent mental retardation is the major sequela of intrauterine alcohol exposure in many cases,more » and environmental and educational factors do not have strong compensatory effects on the intellectual development of affected children.« less

Mosaic Turner syndrome associated with schizophrenia.

PubMed

Jung, Sook Young; Park, Joo Won; Kim, Dong Hyun; Jun, Yong Hoon; Lee, Jeong Seop; Lee, Ji Eun

2014-03-01

Turner syndrome is a sex-chromosome disorder; occurring in 1 in 2,500 female births. There are sporadic few case reports of concomitant Turner syndrome with schizophrenia worldwide. Most Turner females had a 45,X monosomy, whereas the majority of comorbidity between Turner syndrome and schizophrenia had a mosaic karyotype (45,X/46,XX). We present a case of a 21-year-old woman with Turner syndrome, mosaic karyotype (45,X/46,XX), showing mental retardation, hypothyroidism, and schizophrenia. HOPA gene within Xq13 is related to mental retardation, hypothyroidism, and schizophrenia. Our case may be a potential clue which supports the hypothesis for involvement of genes on X chromosome in development of schizophrenia. Further studies including comorbid cases reports are need in order to discern the cause of schizophrenia in patients having Turner syndrome.

42 CFR 456.436 - Continued stay review process.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Intermediate Care Facilities... mentally retarded, the recipient's qualified mental retardation professional, within 1 working day of its... final decision on the need for the continued stay; (g) If the attending physician or qualified mental...

Orthopaedic Problems of the Mentally Retarded

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McSweeney, Anthony

1972-01-01

Problems encountered by orthopedic surgeons treating the mentally retarded are identified, and cooperation among pediatricians, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and orthopedic surgeons is recommended. (GW)

Fruit flies and intellectual disability

PubMed Central

Bolduc, François V.; Tully, Tim

2011-01-01

Mental retardation—known more commonly nowadays as intellectual disability—is a severe neurological condition affecting up to 3% of the general population. As a result of the analysis of familial cases and recent advances in clinical genetic testing, great strides have been made in our understanding of the genetic etiologies of mental retardation. Nonetheless, no treatment is currently clinically available to patients suffering from intellectual disability. Several animal models have been used in the study of memory and cognition. Established paradigms in Drosophila have recently captured cognitive defects in fly mutants for orthologs of genes involved in human intellectual disability. We review here three protocols designed to understand the molecular genetic basis of learning and memory in Drosophila and the genes identified so far with relation to mental retardation. In addition, we explore the mental retardation genes for which evidence of neuronal dysfunction other than memory has been established in Drosophila. Finally, we summarize the findings in Drosophila for mental retardation genes for which no neuronal information is yet available. All in all, this review illustrates the impressive overlap between genes identified in human mental retardation and genes involved in physiological learning and memory. PMID:19182539

Stress and self-injurious behavior; hormonal and serotonergic parameters in mentally retarded subjects.

PubMed

Verhoeven, W M; Tuinier, S; van den Berg, Y W; Coppus, A M; Fekkes, D; Pepplinkhuizen, L; Thijssen, J H

1999-01-01

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) and stereotyped behavior (SB) are major challenges for professionals in the field of mental retardation. From animal experiments it has become obvious that these behavioral disturbances are not purposeless but may emerge secondary to restrictive environment and may serve de-arousing objectives. In mentally retarded subjects, several hypotheses have been formulated concerning the pathogenesis of SIB, particularly about the involvement of serotonin and beta-endorphin, which are supported by beneficial treatment effects of the opiate antagonist naltrexone and serotonin modulating compounds, respectively. The present study was designed to investigate basal levels of stress-hormonal and serotonergic parameters as well as plasma levels of amino-acids and the beta-carboline norharman in a group of 64 mentally retarded subjects with SB and/or SIB. Allocation to three different groups comprising 17 retarded controls, 26 subjects with mainly SIB and 21 subjects with mainly SB, was originally performed using the scores on the factors Irritability, Stereotypic Behaviour and Hyperactivity of the Aberrant Behavioral Checklist. Because of the overlapping nature of the behavioral parameters, subjects were subsequently divided into three maximally contrasting groups, viz. predominantly SIB, predominantly SB and retarded controls, each comprising 11 subjects. With respect to beta-endorphin, no differences were found either between both the original and maximally contrasting groups or in comparison to nonretarded controls. As compared to retarded controls, a tendency to lower values for total cortisol and cortisol binding globulin appeared to be present in the SIB group, whereas in the SB group a tendency toward higher levels of the major serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA was found. In the contrasting SB group, a trend toward decreased total cortisol level was observed as compared to the retarded control group. In addition, significantly lower values for norharman and tryptophan were demonstrated in the total group of mentally retarded subjects as compared to non-retarded controls. The results of the present study, yielding co-existent disturbances in stress-hormonal and monoaminergic mechanisms as well as in the metabolism of norharman, are in line with the hypothesis that mentally retarded subjects are at risk for the development of stress-related behavioral disorders such as SIB and SB.

Clinical significance of rare copy number variations in epilepsy: a case-control survey using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization.

PubMed

Striano, Pasquale; Coppola, Antonietta; Paravidino, Roberta; Malacarne, Michela; Gimelli, Stefania; Robbiano, Angela; Traverso, Monica; Pezzella, Marianna; Belcastro, Vincenzo; Bianchi, Amedeo; Elia, Maurizio; Falace, Antonio; Gazzerro, Elisabetta; Ferlazzo, Edoardo; Freri, Elena; Galasso, Roberta; Gobbi, Giuseppe; Molinatto, Cristina; Cavani, Simona; Zuffardi, Orsetta; Striano, Salvatore; Ferrero, Giovanni Battista; Silengo, Margherita; Cavaliere, Maria Luigia; Benelli, Matteo; Magi, Alberto; Piccione, Maria; Dagna Bricarelli, Franca; Coviello, Domenico A; Fichera, Marco; Minetti, Carlo; Zara, Federico

2012-03-01

To perform an extensive search for genomic rearrangements by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization in patients with epilepsy. Prospective cohort study. Epilepsy centers in Italy. Two hundred seventy-nine patients with unexplained epilepsy, 265 individuals with nonsyndromic mental retardation but no epilepsy, and 246 healthy control subjects were screened by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. Identification of copy number variations (CNVs) and gene enrichment. Rare CNVs occurred in 26 patients (9.3%) and 16 healthy control subjects (6.5%) (P = .26). The CNVs identified in patients were larger (P = .03) and showed higher gene content (P = .02) than those in control subjects. The CNVs larger than 1 megabase (P = .002) and including more than 10 genes (P = .005) occurred more frequently in patients than in control subjects. Nine patients (34.6%) among those harboring rare CNVs showed rearrangements associated with emerging microdeletion or microduplication syndromes. Mental retardation and neuropsychiatric features were associated with rare CNVs (P = .004), whereas epilepsy type was not. The CNV rate in patients with epilepsy and mental retardation or neuropsychiatric features is not different from that observed in patients with mental retardation only. Moreover, significant enrichment of genes involved in ion transport was observed within CNVs identified in patients with epilepsy. Patients with epilepsy show a significantly increased burden of large, rare, gene-rich CNVs, particularly when associated with mental retardation and neuropsychiatric features. The limited overlap between CNVs observed in the epilepsy group and those observed in the group with mental retardation only as well as the involvement of specific (ion channel) genes indicate a specific association between the identified CNVs and epilepsy. Screening for CNVs should be performed for diagnostic purposes preferentially in patients with epilepsy and mental retardation or neuropsychiatric features.

An evaluation of in vivo desensitization and video modeling to increase compliance with dental procedures in persons with mental retardation.

PubMed Central

Conyers, Carole; Miltenberger, Raymond G; Peterson, Blake; Gubin, Amber; Jurgens, Mandy; Selders, Andrew; Dickinson, Jessica; Barenz, Rebecca

2004-01-01

Fear of dental procedures deters many individuals with mental retardation from accepting dental treatment. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of two procedures, in vivo desensitization and video modeling, for increasing compliance with dental procedures in participants with severe or profound mental retardation. Desensitization increased compliance for all 5 participants, whereas video modeling increased compliance for only 1 of 3 participants. PMID:15293644

[Long-term dental interventions in mentally retarded children under general anesthesia with sevoflurane].

PubMed

Sitkin, S I; Gasparian, A L; Ivanova, T Iu; Nesterova, E Iu; Drozdova, N I

2015-01-01

Dental procedures in mentally retarded children is challenging for both dentist and for anesthesiologist. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dental care procedures under general anesthesia with sevoflurane by means of laryngeal mask in mentally retarded children. The randomized controlled study included 65 mentally retarded children with ASA 2-3 who underwent dental treatment. All patients had multiple caries. The children were divided into two groups. The first group included 35 children with normal body weigh while the second one - 30 obese children. All patients received a rapid induction with sevoflurane with the subsequent installation of the laryngeal mask. In the second group the signs of hypoventilation recorded an average of 10 ± 4 minutes after induction of anesthesia, which was manifested in increasing Pсо₂greater than 50 mm Hg. In the first group, the signs of hypoventilation marked an average of 18 ± 3.5 minutes from the start of induction of anesthesia. All patients were transferred to the artificial lung ventilation through the LMA. By dental treatment under general anesthesia with sevoflurane and laryngeal mask all mentally retarded children had respiratory depression with increased levels of carbon dioxide greater than 50 mmHg, but obese children developed these signs of hypoventilation twice as fast. Conducting long dental treatment in mentally retarded children require artificial lung ventilation.

A 4q35.2 subtelomeric deletion identified in a screen of patients with co-morbid psychiatric illness and mental retardation

PubMed Central

Pickard, Ben S; Hollox, Edward J; Malloy, M Pat; Porteous, David J; Blackwood, Douglas HR; Armour, John AL; Muir, Walter J

2004-01-01

Background Cryptic structural abnormalities within the subtelomeric regions of chromosomes have been the focus of much recent research because of their discovery in a percentage of people with mental retardation (UK terminology: learning disability). These studies focused on subjects (largely children) with various severities of intellectual impairment with or without additional physical clinical features such as dysmorphisms. However it is well established that prevalence of schizophrenia is around three times greater in those with mild mental retardation. The rates of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder have also been reported as increased in people with mental retardation. We describe here a screen for telomeric abnormalities in a cohort of 69 patients in which mental retardation co-exists with severe psychiatric illness. Methods We have applied two techniques, subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and multiplex amplifiable probe hybridisation (MAPH) to detect abnormalities in the patient group. Results A subtelomeric deletion was discovered involving loss of 4q in a patient with co-morbid schizoaffective disorder and mental retardation. Conclusion The precise region of loss has been defined allowing us to identify genes that may contribute to the clinical phenotype through hemizygosity. Interestingly, the region of 4q loss exactly matches that linked to bipolar affective disorder in a large multiply affected Australian kindred. PMID:15310400

Astrocytic Contributions to Synaptic and Learning Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome.

PubMed

Hodges, Jennifer L; Yu, Xinzhu; Gilmore, Anthony; Bennett, Hannah; Tjia, Michelle; Perna, James F; Chen, Chia-Chien; Li, Xiang; Lu, Ju; Zuo, Yi

2017-07-15

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common type of mental retardation attributable to a single-gene mutation. It is caused by FMR1 gene silencing and the consequent loss of its protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein. Fmr1 global knockout (KO) mice recapitulate many behavioral and synaptic phenotypes associated with FXS. Abundant evidence suggests that astrocytes are important contributors to neurological diseases. This study investigates astrocytic contributions to the progression of synaptic abnormalities and learning impairments associated with FXS. Taking advantage of the Cre-lox system, we generated and characterized mice in which fragile X mental retardation protein is selectively deleted or exclusively expressed in astrocytes. We performed in vivo two-photon imaging to track spine dynamics/morphology along dendrites of neurons in the motor cortex and examined associated behavioral defects. We found that adult astrocyte-specific Fmr1 KO mice displayed increased spine density in the motor cortex and impaired motor-skill learning. The learning defect coincided with a lack of enhanced spine dynamics in the motor cortex that normally occurs in response to motor skill acquisition. Although spine density was normal at 1 month of age in astrocyte-specific Fmr1 KO mice, new spines formed at an elevated rate. Furthermore, fragile X mental retardation protein expression in only astrocytes was insufficient to rescue most spine or behavioral defects. Our work suggests a joint astrocytic-neuronal contribution to FXS pathogenesis and reveals that heightened spine formation during adolescence precedes the overabundance of spines and behavioral defects found in adult Fmr1 KO mice. Copyright © 2016 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rescue of Synaptic Phenotypes and Spatial Memory in Young Fragile X Mice.

PubMed

Sun, Miao-Kun; Hongpaisan, Jarin; Alkon, Daniel L

2016-05-01

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is characterized by synaptic immaturity, cognitive impairment, and behavioral changes. The disorder is caused by transcriptional shutdown in neurons of thefragile X mental retardation 1gene product, fragile X mental retardation protein. Fragile X mental retardation protein is a repressor of dendritic mRNA translation and its silencing leads to dysregulation of synaptically driven protein synthesis and impairments of intellect, cognition, and behavior, and FXS is a disorder that currently has no effective therapeutics. Here, young fragile X mice were treated with chronic bryostatin-1, a relatively selective protein kinase Cεactivator, which induces synaptogenesis and synaptic maturation/repair. Chronic treatment with bryostatin-1 rescues young fragile X mice from the disorder phenotypes, including normalization of most FXS abnormalities in 1) hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression, 2) postsynaptic density-95 levels, 3) transformation of immature dendritic spines to mature synapses, 4) densities of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, and 5) spatial learning and memory. The therapeutic effects were achieved without downregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 5 in the hippocampus and are more dramatic than those of a late-onset treatment in adult fragile X mice. mGluR5 expression was in fact lower in fragile X mice and its expression was restored with the bryostatin-1 treatment. Our results show that synaptic and cognitive function of young FXS mice can be normalized through pharmacological treatment without downregulation of mGluR5 and that bryostatin-1-like agents may represent a novel class of drugs to treat fragile X mental retardation at a young age and in adults. Copyright © 2016 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

Recurrent Rearrangements of Chromosome 1q21.1 and Variable Pediatric Phenotypes

PubMed Central

Mefford, Heather C.; Sharp, Andrew J.; Baker, Carl; Itsara, Andy; Jiang, Zhaoshi; Buysse, Karen; Huang, Shuwen; Maloney, Viv K.; Crolla, John A.; Baralle, Diana; Collins, Amanda; Mercer, Catherine; Norga, Koen; de Ravel, Thomy; Devriendt, Koen; Bongers, Ernie M.H.F.; de Leeuw, Nicole; Reardon, William; Gimelli, Stefania; Bena, Frederique; Hennekam, Raoul C.; Male, Alison; Gaunt, Lorraine; Clayton-Smith, Jill; Simonic, Ingrid; Park, Soo Mi; Mehta, Sarju G.; Nik-Zainal, Serena; Woods, C. Geoffrey; Firth, Helen V.; Parkin, Georgina; Fichera, Marco; Reitano, Santina; Giudice, Mariangela Lo; Li, Kelly E.; Casuga, Iris; Broomer, Adam; Conrad, Bernard; Schwerzmann, Markus; Räber, Lorenz; Gallati, Sabina; Striano, Pasquale; Coppola, Antonietta; Tolmie, John L.; Tobias, Edward S.; Lilley, Chris; Armengol, Lluis; Spysschaert, Yves; Verloo, Patrick; De Coene, Anja; Goossens, Linde; Mortier, Geert; Speleman, Frank; van Binsbergen, Ellen; Nelen, Marcel R.; Hochstenbach, Ron; Poot, Martin; Gallagher, Louise; Gill, Michael; McClellan, Jon; King, Mary-Claire; Regan, Regina; Skinner, Cindy; Stevenson, Roger E.; Antonarakis, Stylianos E.; Chen, Caifu; Estivill, Xavier; Menten, Björn; Gimelli, Giorgio; Gribble, Susan; Schwartz, Stuart; Sutcliffe, James S.; Walsh, Tom; Knight, Samantha J.L.; Sebat, Jonathan; Romano, Corrado; Schwartz, Charles E.; Veltman, Joris A.; de Vries, Bert B.A.; Vermeesch, Joris R.; Barber, John C.K.; Willatt, Lionel; Tassabehji, May; Eichler, Evan E.

2009-01-01

BACKGROUND Duplications and deletions in the human genome can cause disease or predispose persons to disease. Advances in technologies to detect these changes allow for the routine identification of submicroscopic imbalances in large numbers of patients. METHODS We tested for the presence of microdeletions and microduplications at a specific region of chromosome 1q21.1 in two groups of patients with unexplained mental retardation, autism, or congenital anomalies and in unaffected persons. RESULTS We identified 25 persons with a recurrent 1.35-Mb deletion within 1q21.1 from screening 5218 patients. The microdeletions had arisen de novo in eight patients, were inherited from a mildly affected parent in three patients, were inherited from an apparently unaffected parent in six patients, and were of unknown inheritance in eight patients. The deletion was absent in a series of 4737 control persons (P = 1.1×10−7). We found considerable variability in the level of phenotypic expression of the microdeletion; phenotypes included mild-to-moderate mental retardation, microcephaly, cardiac abnormalities, and cataracts. The reciprocal duplication was enriched in the nine children with mental retardation or autism spectrum disorder and other variable features (P = 0.02). We identified three deletions and three duplications of the 1q21.1 region in an independent sample of 788 patients with mental retardation and congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS We have identified recurrent molecular lesions that elude syndromic classification and whose disease manifestations must be considered in a broader context of development as opposed to being assigned to a specific disease. Clinical diagnosis in patients with these lesions may be most readily achieved on the basis of genotype rather than phenotype. PMID:18784092

Effects of Snoezelen Room, Activities of Daily Living Skills Training, and Vocational Skills Training on Aggression and Self-Injury by Adults with Mental Retardation and Mental Illness

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Singh, Nirbhay N.; Lancioni, Giulio E.; Winton, Alan S. W.; Molina, Enrique J.; Sage, Monica; Brown, Stephen; Groeneweg, Jop

2004-01-01

Multi-sensory stimulation provided in a Snoezelen room is being used increasingly for individuals with mental retardation and mental illness to facilitate relaxation, provide enjoyment, and inhibit behavioral challenges. We observed aggressive and self-injurious behavior in three groups of 15 individuals with severe or profound mental retardation…

Mild Cognitive Impairment in Early Life and Mental Health Problems in Adulthood

PubMed Central

Chen, Chuan-Yu; Lawlor, John P.; Duggan, Anne K.; Hardy, Janet B.; Eaton, William W.

2006-01-01

Objectives. We assessed the extent to which borderline mental retardation and mental retardation at preschool ages are related to emotional and behavioral problems in young adulthood. We also explored early risk factors for having mental health problems as a young adult that might be related to preschool differences in cognitive ability. Methods. We used data from a cohort of births studied in the Johns Hopkins Collaborative Perinatal Study and followed up in the Pathways to Adulthood Study. Preschool cognitive functioning was assessed at 4 years of age. Individual characteristics, psychosocial factors, and mental problems were prospectively evaluated from birth through young adulthood. Results. Children with subaverage cognitive abilities were more likely to develop mental health problems than their counterparts with IQs above 80. Inadequate family interactions were shown to increase 2- to 4-fold the risk of emotional or behavioral problems among children with borderline mental retardation. Conclusions. Subaverage cognitive functioning in early life increases later risk of mental health problems. Future research may help to delineate possible impediments faced at different developmental stages and guide changes in supportive services to better address the needs of children with borderline mental retardation. PMID:17008572

Comments on "Brain Size and Cerebral Glucose Metabolic Rate in Nonspecific Mental Retardation and Down Syndrome."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willerman, Lee; Schultz, Robert T.

1995-01-01

The relationship between mental retardation and brain size is discussed. Research suggests that a common path for many otherwise idiopathic mild retardation cases (genetic or environmental) could be small brain size, indicating reduced information processing capacity. Suggestions are made for further research on neuron number. (SLD)

Establishing Mental Retardation in Capital Cases: A Potential Matter of Life and Death.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baroff, George S.

1991-01-01

This paper discusses psychological test obstacles to gaining the acceptance of a diagnosis of mental retardation in criminal defendants, use of the Revised Beta intelligence test with defendants who may be retarded, possible modification of the adaptive behavior criterion for criminal defendants, and appropriateness of the death penalty for…

Molecular investigation of mental retardation locus gene PRSS12 by linkage analysis

PubMed Central

Ali, Zafar; Babar, Masroor Ellahi; Ahmad, Jamil; Yousaf, Muhammad Zubair; Asif, Muhammad; Shah, Sajjad Ali

2011-01-01

The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of families having mental retardation in Pakistani population. We enrolled seven mentally retarded (MR) families with two or more affected individuals. Family history was taken to minimize the chances of other abnormalities. Pedigrees were drawn using the Cyrillic software (version 2.1). The structure of pedigrees shows that all the marriages are consanguineous and the families have recessive mode of inheritance. All the families were studied by linkage analysis to mental retardation locus (MRT1)/gene PRSS12. Three STR markers (D4S191, D4S2392, and D4S3024) in vicinity of mental retardation (MR) locus (MRT1)/gene PRSS12 were amplified on all the sample of each family by PCR. The PCR products were then genotyped on non denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The Haplotype were constructed to determine the pattern of inheritance and also to determine that a family was linked or unlinked to gene PRSS12. One out of the seven families was potentially linked to gene PRSS12, while the other six families remain unlinked. PMID:22090715

Molecular investigation of mental retardation locus gene PRSS12 by linkage analysis.

PubMed

Ali, Zafar; Babar, Masroor Ellahi; Ahmad, Jamil; Yousaf, Muhammad Zubair; Asif, Muhammad; Shah, Sajjad Ali

2011-05-01

The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of families having mental retardation in Pakistani population. We enrolled seven mentally retarded (MR) families with two or more affected individuals. Family history was taken to minimize the chances of other abnormalities. Pedigrees were drawn using the Cyrillic software (version 2.1). The structure of pedigrees shows that all the marriages are consanguineous and the families have recessive mode of inheritance. All the families were studied by linkage analysis to mental retardation locus (MRT1)/gene PRSS12. Three STR markers (D4S191, D4S2392, and D4S3024) in vicinity of mental retardation (MR) locus (MRT1)/gene PRSS12 were amplified on all the sample of each family by PCR. The PCR products were then genotyped on non denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The Haplotype were constructed to determine the pattern of inheritance and also to determine that a family was linked or unlinked to gene PRSS12. One out of the seven families was potentially linked to gene PRSS12, while the other six families remain unlinked.

Slogans and Euphemisms: The Functions of Semantics in Mental Health and Mental Retardation Care.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bachrach, Leona L.

The paper examines the way in which semantics relates to policies of deinstitutionalization of persons with mental illness and mental retardation. Different understandings of common terms in the field are illustrated and it is suggested that the government plays many games, both number games and word games, in dealing with homeless people, migrant…

[The birth of clinical psychology in the scientific work of Lightner Witmer].

PubMed

Morabito, Carmela

2006-01-01

The paper deals with the beginning of Clinical Psychology in the first years of XX century, when a central role was played by the theoretical and practical approach on mental retardation and behavioural disorders of L. Witmer. The author describes the cultural formation of Witmer, between Structural Psychology and Functionalism, and the special attention he devoted to the management and education of children affected by mental retardation and behavioural problems. ... Any child, the functions of whose brain are not developed up to the normal limit for his age, is suffering from retardation ... Retardation must be defined in terms of individual capacity for physical and mental development....

Rorschach cognitive developmental indices of mentally retarded persons: a comparison with scores on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-revised.

PubMed

Di Nuovo, S F; Colucci, G; Pellicciotta, A; Buono, S

1997-08-01

In a sample of 55 mentally retarded subjects (M age = 14 yr., 1 mo.) the relations between some perceptual and cognitive Rorschach indices, including the Becker's Genetic Level Score, and Wechsler Scale scores were studied. The mean Developmental Score did not increase across ages and was higher for girls than for boys, while Verbal and Performance IQs were lower for girls. The correlations confirm the hypothesis that for mentally retarded persons WISC-R scaled scores and Rorschach cognitive indices are different measures of intellective functioning. The findings are discussed with reference to the assessment and rehabilitation of retarded subjects.

[The application of diminished criminal responsibility rating scale to mental retardation offenders].

PubMed

Guan, Wei; Cai, Wei-Xiong; Huang, Fu-Yin; Wu, Jia-Sheng

2009-10-01

To explore the application of Diminished Criminal Responsibility Rating Scale (DCRRS) to mental retardation offenders. The DCRRS was used to 121 cases of mental retardation offenders who were divided into three groups according to the degree of their diminished criminal responsibility. There were significant differences in rating score among the three groups (mild group 22.12+/-4.69, moderate group 25.50+/-5.48, major group 27.59+/-5.69), and 17 items had good correlation with the total score of the scale with the correlation coefficient from 0.289 to 0.665. Six factors were extracted by the factor analysis, and 69.392% variation could be explained. The DCRRS has rational items, its total score could show the difference among the three degree diminished criminal responsibility of mental retardation offenders.

Large state-level fluctuations in mental retardation classifications related to introduction of renormed intelligence test.

PubMed

Scullin, Matthew H

2006-09-01

Oppositely valenced forces may be at work to influence rates of placement of children into mental retardation programs. On one hand, educational policies regarding intellectual disability and concerns about overrepresentation of minorities in special education may contribute to lower placement rates; on the other hand, more difficult intelligence test norms may be a countervailing force, increasing placement rates. An analysis of longitudinal data on state and national level placement rates reveals that a lengthy and steep 12-year decline in students receiving mental retardation services reversed shortly after the introduction of the WISC-III in 1991. This phenomenon has relevance for death-penalty cases, because this historical pattern may affect the ability to establish whether an adult meets the developmental period onset criterion for mental retardation.

Fragile X syndrome: mechanistic insights and therapeutic avenues regarding the role of potassium channels.

PubMed

Lee, Hye Young; Jan, Lily Yeh

2012-10-01

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common form of mental disability and one of the known causes of autism. The mutation responsible for FXS is a large expansion of the trinucleotide CGG repeats that leads to DNA methylation of the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) and transcriptional silencing, resulting in the absence of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an mRNA binding protein. Although it is widely known that FMRP is critical for metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-dependent long-term depression (LTD), which has provided a general theme for developing pharmacological drugs for FXS, specific downstream targets of FMRP may also be of therapeutic value. Since alterations in potassium channel expression level or activity could underlie neuronal network defects in FXS, here we describe recent findings on how these channels might be altered in mouse models of FXS and the possible therapeutic avenues for treating FXS. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Representation of international authorship across prominent journals in the field of mental retardation.

PubMed

Matson, Michael L; Matso, Johnny L; Lott, Julia D; Logan, James R

2002-01-01

This article is a reflection of international publication trends across prominent journals in the field of mental retardation. Journals reviewed were the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, Mental Retardation, and Research in Developmental Disabilities. Percentage of authors from the United States (US) and other countries were evaluated. US authors represented 84-91% in US journals, while US representation in foreign journals was much lower at 21%. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Temporal Requirements of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in Modulating Circadian Clock Circuit Synaptic Architecture

PubMed Central

Gatto, Cheryl L.; Broadie, Kendal

2009-01-01

Loss of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene function is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation and autism spectrum disorders, characterized by attention disorder, hyperactivity and disruption of circadian activity cycles. Pursuit of effective intervention strategies requires determining when the FMR1 product (FMRP) is required in the regulation of neuronal circuitry controlling these behaviors. In the well-characterized Drosophila disease model, loss of the highly conserved dFMRP causes circadian arrhythmicity and conspicuous abnormalities in the circadian clock circuitry. Here, a novel Sholl Analysis was used to quantify over-elaborated synaptic architecture in dfmr1-null small ventrolateral neurons (sLNvs), a key subset of clock neurons. The transgenic Gene-Switch system was employed to drive conditional neuronal dFMRP expression in the dfmr1-null mutant background in order to dissect temporal requirements within the clock circuit. Introduction of dFMRP during early brain development, including the stages of neurogenesis, neuronal fate specification and early pathfinding, provided no rescue of dfmr1 mutant phenotypes. Similarly, restoring normal dFMRP expression in the adult failed to restore circadian circuit architecture. In sharp contrast, supplying dFMRP during a transient window of very late brain development, wherein synaptogenesis and substantial subsequent synaptic reorganization (e.g. use-dependent pruning) occur, provided strong morphological rescue to reestablish normal sLNvs synaptic arbors. We conclude that dFMRP plays a developmentally restricted role in sculpting synaptic architecture in these neurons that cannot be compensated for by later reintroduction of the protein at maturity. PMID:19738924

Abnormal cerebellar development and ataxia in CARP VIII morphant zebrafish.

PubMed

Aspatwar, Ashok; Tolvanen, Martti E E; Jokitalo, Eija; Parikka, Mataleena; Ortutay, Csaba; Harjula, Sanna-Kaisa E; Rämet, Mika; Vihinen, Mauno; Parkkila, Seppo

2013-02-01

Congenital ataxia and mental retardation are mainly caused by variations in the genes that affect brain development. Recent reports have shown that mutations in the CA8 gene are associated with mental retardation and ataxia in humans and ataxia in mice. The gene product, carbonic anhydrase-related protein VIII (CARP VIII), is predominantly present in cerebellar Purkinje cells, where it interacts with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1, a calcium channel. In this study, we investigated the effects of the loss of function of CARP VIII during embryonic development in zebrafish using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides against the CA8 gene. Knockdown of CA8 in zebrafish larvae resulted in a curved body axis, pericardial edema and abnormal movement patterns. Histologic examination revealed gross morphologic defects in the cerebellar region and in the muscle. Electron microscopy studies showed increased neuronal cell death in developing larvae injected with CA8 antisense morpholinos. These data suggest a pivotal role for CARP VIII during embryonic development. Furthermore, suppression of CA8 expression leads to defects in motor and coordination functions, mimicking the ataxic human phenotype. This work reveals an evolutionarily conserved function of CARP VIII in brain development and introduces a novel zebrafish model in which to investigate the mechanisms of CARP VIII-related ataxia and mental retardation in humans.

Independent role for presynaptic FMRP revealed by an FMR1 missense mutation associated with intellectual disability and seizures

PubMed Central

Myrick, Leila K.; Deng, Pan-Yue; Hashimoto, Hideharu; Oh, Young Mi; Cho, Yongcheol; Poidevin, Mickael J.; Suhl, Joshua A.; Visootsak, Jeannie; Cavalli, Valeria; Jin, Peng; Cheng, Xiaodong; Warren, Stephen T.; Klyachko, Vitaly A.

2015-01-01

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) results in intellectual disability (ID) most often caused by silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. The resulting absence of fragile X mental retardation protein 1 (FMRP) leads to both pre- and postsynaptic defects, yet whether the pre- and postsynaptic functions of FMRP are independent and have distinct roles in FXS neuropathology remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate an independent presynaptic function for FMRP through the study of an ID patient with an FMR1 missense mutation. This mutation, c.413G > A (R138Q), preserves FMRP’s canonical functions in RNA binding and translational regulation, which are traditionally associated with postsynaptic compartments. However, neuronally driven expression of the mutant FMRP is unable to rescue structural defects at the neuromuscular junction in fragile x mental retardation 1 (dfmr1)-deficient Drosophila, suggesting a presynaptic-specific impairment. Furthermore, mutant FMRP loses the ability to rescue presynaptic action potential (AP) broadening in Fmr1 KO mice. The R138Q mutation also disrupts FMRP’s interaction with the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels that modulate AP width. These results reveal a presynaptic- and translation-independent function of FMRP that is linked to a specific subset of FXS phenotypes. PMID:25561520

Fragile X mental retardation protein participates in non-coding RNA pathways.

PubMed

Li, En-Hui; Zhao, Xin; Zhang, Ce; Liu, Wei

2018-02-20

Fragile X syndrome is one of the most common forms of inherited intellectual disability. It is caused by mutations of the Fragile X mental retardation 1(FMR1) gene, resulting in either the loss or abnormal expression of the Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Recent research showed that FMRP participates in non-coding RNA pathways and plays various important roles in physiology, thereby extending our knowledge of the pathogenesis of the Fragile X syndrome. Initial studies showed that the Drosophila FMRP participates in siRNA and miRNA pathways by interacting with Dicer, Ago1 and Ago2, involved in neural activity and the fate determination of the germline stem cells. Subsequent studies showed that the Drosophila FMRP participates in piRNA pathway by interacting with Aub, Ago1 and Piwi in the maintenance of normal chromatin structures and genomic stability. More recent studies showed that FMRP is associated with lncRNA pathway, suggesting a potential role for the involvement in the clinical manifestations. In this review, we summarize the novel findings and explore the relationship between FMRP and non-coding RNA pathways, particularly the piRNA pathway, thereby providing critical insights on the molecular pathogenesis of Fragile X syndrome, and potential translational applications in clinical management of the disease.

Mental Retardation and the Law: A Report on Status of Current Court Cases.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC.

Presented by the President's Committee on Mental Retardation are an analysis of architectural barriers and a summary of new state cases, updated information on previously reported cases, and a listing of cases all concerned with the legal rights of the retarded. Architectural barriers are considered in terms of statutory actions and constitutional…

Building a Network of Services: 1963-1971. Final Report: Greater Cleveland Mental Retardation Development Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buckman, Rilma Oxley

The final report documents the Greater Cleveland Mental Retardation Development Project, a 5-year demonstration project concerned with solving such problems as how a community can provide all the services and programs needed by the retarded and their families, ensure successful and appropriate employment, and staff and finance such programs.…

Report to the President, Federal Programs for the Retarded, A Review and Evaluation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC.

Presented are the reports of 22 federal departments and agencies on their programs related to mental retardation. The review of governmental programs is seen as a needed first step toward mobilization of the full federal potential in coordinating efforts in the gamut of problems of mental retardation. The departments and agencies covered include…

Federal Programs for the Retarded: A Review and Evaluation. Report to the President.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC.

Reports from 22 federal departments and agencies on their programs related to mental retardation have been compiled for submission to the President's Committee on Mental Retardation for review, analysis, and subsequent action. For each report, the overall mission is given, as well as unit identification, external programs (services or activities),…

Short-Term Memory for Pictures and Words by Mentally Retarded and Nonretarded Persons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellis, Norman R.; Wooldridge, Peter W.

1985-01-01

Twelve mentally retarded and 12 nonretarded adults were compared in a Brown-Peterson short-term memory task for the retention of words and pictures over intervals up to 30 seconds. The retarded subjects forgot more rapidly over the initial 10 seconds. They also retained pictures better than they did words. (Author/DB)

Interaction and Performance within Cooperative Groups: Effects on Nonhandicapped Students' Attitudes toward Their Mildly Mentally Retarded Peers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Acton, Heather M.; Zarbatany, Lynne

1988-01-01

Preferences of 40 nonretarded children, aged 7-12, for 40 mildly mentally retarded schoolmates were assessed before and after participating in a cooperative game together. Participation improved nonretarded children's preferences for and attitudes toward their retarded peers, regardless of the level of interaction permitted or the performance…

Adoptive and Birth Family Adjustment to Rearing Retarded Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glidden, Laraine Masters; Bush, Beverly A.

The study identified 81 families who adopted children with mental retardation or at risk for mental retardation, and compared them with 61 matched families with similar birth children. For birth families, the initial diagnosis was a time of crisis, with high depression scores, while scores at follow-up (an average of 5.3 years later) indicated no…

GUIDING THE RETARDED CHILD, AN APPROACH TO A TOTAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

BAUMGARTNER, BERNICE B.

THIS BOOK PRESENTS AN APPROACH TO EDUCATING THE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILD, WITH THE EMPHASIS ON PROVIDING A COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM BASED ON CREATING A HOME-SCHOOL-COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT. IT IS ADDRESSED TO SPECIAL EDUCATION AND SPECIAL SUBJECT TEACHERS, TO THE REGULAR CLASSROOM TEACHER WITH A MENTALLY RETARDED CHILD IN HIS CLASS, AND TO…

The Disruptive Student and the Teacher. NEA Professional Studies Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rivers, L. Wendell

Methods are described for the classroom management of disruptive children, defined as those who cannot be classified as emotionally disturbed or mentally retarded but who, either periodically or chronically, cause problems in classroom management or discipline. No attempt is made to provide exhaustive theoretical background, but, rather,…

Cerebral Dysfunctions Related to Perinatal Organic Damage: Clinical-Neuropathologic Correlations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Towbin, Abraham

1978-01-01

Recent neuropathology studies identify hypoxia as the main cause of perinatal cerebral damage. Cerebral lesions present at birth, with transition to chronic scar lesions, are correlated to mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and minimal brain dysfunction. Gestation age and severity of hypoxic exposure essentially determine the cerebral…

Planning Ahead Can Save the Life of a Child with Epilepsy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Apel, Laura; Hollingsworth, Jan Carter

2008-01-01

Three million Americans have epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures unprovoked by any known cause. Those at risk for epilepsy include individuals with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism, stroke, major head trauma, central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage, CNS infection, dementia, and brain…

Attention and Language in Fragile X

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cornish, Kim; Sudhalter, Vicki; Turk, Jeremy

2004-01-01

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a well-recognized cause of mental retardation and developmental delay in males. Alongside the well-documented clinical characteristics of the condition, recent advances in technology and methodology have begun to define FXS at a number of different levels: genetic, brain structure and function, cognition, and behavior.…

Children with Down Syndrome: Implications for Assessment and Intervention in the School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Andrew S.

2008-01-01

Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation and one of the most frequently occurring neurodevelopmental genetic disorders in children. Children with Down syndrome typically experience a constellation of symptomology that includes developmental motor and language delay, specific deficits in verbal memory, and broad…

Refining Behavioral Phenotypes: Personality-Motivation in Williams and Prader-Willi Syndromes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dykens, Elisabeth M.; Rosner, Beth A.

1999-01-01

Personality-motivation was compared for age- and gender-matched individuals with Williams (n=35) or Prader-Willi (n=35) syndromes or mental retardation due to nonspecific causes (n=35). Each syndrome featured aberrant motivational profiles and similarities were found across groups in social interaction, anxiety, and orderliness. Recommendations…

A Current Look at Phenylketonuria (PKU).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fischer, Margaret

Research was reviewed on the current status of phenylketonuria, an hereditary amino acid metabolic disorder that can cause severe mental retardation, physical complications, and emotional difficulties if not detected and treated early in childhood. A majority of the research cited was published in the 1960's. Topics covered were: discovery of…

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the Developing Socio-Emotional Brain

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Niccols, Alison

2007-01-01

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is currently recognized as the most common known cause of mental retardation, affecting from 1 to 7 per 1000 live-born infants. Individuals with FAS suffer from changes in brain structure, cognitive impairments, and behavior problems. Researchers investigating neuropsychological functioning have identified deficits in…

76 FR 69743 - The Development and Evaluation of Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccines; Public Workshop

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-09

... immune systems. Congenital HCMV infection causes mental retardation, learning disabilities, hearing loss, vision loss, and other disabilities. Patients undergoing stem cell or solid-organ transplants are at... available basis beginning at 8 a.m. If you need special accommodations due to a disability, please contact...

Aging among the Disabled: A Neglected Area.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kemp, Bryan

The paper addresses issues involved in the aging of persons disabled earlier through spinal dysfunction (post-polio and spinal cord injury) and mental retardation. Biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging are examined separately. In a discussion of longevity and physical health, causes of functional aging are considered.…

Sterilization of the Mentally Ill and the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, Washington, DC.

Reported were the results of a survey on the sterilization of the mentally ill and the mentally retarded. Thirty-three states responded to the survey. It was found that 17 states have a sterilization statute, but the existence of the statute was explained not to mean that the procedure was used. Sixteen states responded that they did not have a…

Predictors and Outcomes of the End of Co-Resident Caregiving in Aging Families of Adults with Mental Retardation or Mental Illness.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seltzer, Marsha Mailick; Greenberg, Jan S.; Krauss, Marty Wyngaarden; Hong, Jinkuk

1997-01-01

Aging mothers who lived with an adult child experiencing mental retardation (n=308) or mental illness (n=73) were studied to determine the antecedents and consequences of the end of coresidence. Consequences of this transition with respect to maternal burden and depressive symptoms were similar for most participants. (Author/MKA)

Effects of Different Variations of Mental and Physical Practice on Sport Skill Learning in Adolescents with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hemayattalab, Rasool; Movahedi, Ahmadreza

2010-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of five variations of imagery and physical practice on learning of Basketball free throws in adolescents with mental retardation (AWMR). Forty AWMR were randomly assigned to five groups and performed a variation of practice: physical practice, mental practice, physical practice followed by…

Book of Proceedings of Workshops Held on Physical Education for the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mississippi Univ. for Women, Columbus.

Proceedings are presented from three workshops concerning physical education for the mentally retarded held at Mississippi State University, University of Mississippi, and University of Southern Mississippi in 1967. Topics covered in the workshops include program development of physical education with the mentally handicapped, reports of research…

Clinical Comparison of Haloperidol with Chlorpromazine in Mentally Retarded Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LeVann, Leonard J.

1971-01-01

In an 8-week double-blind comparison, haloperidol reduced the severity of the target symptoms impulsiveness, hostility, and aggressiveness in significantly more mentally retarded children than did chlorpromazine. (Author)

Sterilization of Persons with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Elkins, Thomas E.; Andersen, H. Frank

1992-01-01

This article examines the historical, legal, and ethical concerns regarding sterilization for persons with mental retardation and offers guidelines to help counsel individuals with disabilities or their families regarding decision making about sterilization. (DB)

A Trial of Metformin in Individuals With Fragile X Syndrome

ClinicalTrials.gov

2018-06-05

Fragile X Syndrome; Fragile X Mental Retardation Syndrome; Mental Retardation, X Linked; Genetic Diseases, X-Linked; Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion; Fra(X) Syndrome; Intellectual Disability; FXS; Neurobehavioral Manifestations; Sex Chromosome Disorders

Fire Safety Training with Adults Who Are Profoundly Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rae, Rosamond; Roll, David

1985-01-01

An intensive fire safety training program for profoundly mentally retarded institutionalized persons resulted in a significant decrease in mean evacuation time and gradual substitution of verbal for physical prompts. (CL)

Trends in Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Retarded

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conroy, James W.

1977-01-01

A review of national trends in deinstitutionalization of the mentally retarded indicated limited progress toward depopulation of institutions and showed that much of the national effort has been directed toward interinstitutional relocation. (Author/CL)

78 FR 50057 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-16

... collection; Title of Information Collection: Intermediate Care Facility (ICF) for the Mentally Retarded (MR... intermediate care facility (ICF) for the mentally retarded (MR) provider and client characteristics are...

Activational Peaking in Educable and Trainable Mentally Retarded Persons

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gargiulo, Richard M.; Uno, Tad

1977-01-01

A study involving 10 educable and 10 trainable mentally retarded adolescents indicated that levels of intellectual functioning influenced patterns of autonomic activation as measured by magnitude of the galvanic skin response. (CL)

Fragile X Mental Retardation Syndrome: Structure of the KH1-KH2 Domains of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Valverde,R.; Poznyakova, I.; Kajander, T.

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation in humans, with an estimated prevalence of about 1 in 4000 males. Although several observations indicate that the absence of functional Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is the underlying basis of Fragile X syndrome, the structure and function of FMRP are currently unknown. Here, we present an X-ray crystal structure of the tandem KH domains of human FMRP, which reveals the relative orientation of the KH1 and KH2 domains and the location of residue Ile304, whose mutation to Asn is associated with a particularly severe incidence ofmore » Fragile X syndrome. We show that the Ile304Asn mutation both perturbs the structure and destabilizes the protein.« less

Programing for the Mentally Retarded. Report of a National Conference (Washington, D.C., October 31 - November 2, 1966).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Washington, DC. Project on Recreation and Fitness for the Mentally Retarded.

Papers and presentations on physical education and recreation for the mentally retarded consider programs in Norway, the importance of physical activity, the physical educator as a member of the special education team, and the team approach in programing. The following are also treated: recreation and day care for the severely retarded in a…

Leisure Activities for Retarded Children. A Task Analysis Approach. Integrating Trainable Mentally Retarded Children Through Community Education. ESEA Title IV, Part C.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minneapolis Public Schools, Minn.

Designed to meet the need of trainable mentally retarded persons for recreation skill training and for opportunities to experience leisure/social skill development in a community setting, the packet provides task analysis information on 114 activities. Information is provided on behavioral objectives, basic skills required, materials and…

Decreasing Self-Stimulating Behaviors with the Profoundly Mentally Retarded, While Acknowledging Obstacles and Frustrations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Susan J.; Solimani, Genevieve

Two studies examined different treatment procedures to suppress self-stimulating behaviors with the profoundly mentally retarded. In experiment 1, a fine mist of cold water from a spray bottle was applied to the neck of a teenaged student in a class for the profoundly retarded. The intervention was very successful in reducing inappropriate humming…

Making A Difference: What Communities Can Do To Prevent Mental Handicap and Promote Lives of Quality. Volume IV: Respected and Responsible Citizens.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kappel, Bruce

The fourth of five volumes on the means by which Canadian communities can reduce the incidence of mental retardation, minimize existing impairment, and improve the quality of life of the mentally retarded, this booklet focuses on the prevention of mental handicap in adults and ways to accommodate and encourage community participation by the…

X-chromosome tiling path array detection of copy number variants in patients with chromosome X-linked mental retardation

PubMed Central

Madrigal, I; Rodríguez-Revenga, L; Armengol, L; González, E; Rodriguez, B; Badenas, C; Sánchez, A; Martínez, F; Guitart, M; Fernández, I; Arranz, JA; Tejada, MI; Pérez-Jurado, LA; Estivill, X; Milà, M

2007-01-01

Background Aproximately 5–10% of cases of mental retardation in males are due to copy number variations (CNV) on the X chromosome. Novel technologies, such as array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), may help to uncover cryptic rearrangements in X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) patients. We have constructed an X-chromosome tiling path array using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and validated it using samples with cytogenetically defined copy number changes. We have studied 54 patients with idiopathic mental retardation and 20 controls subjects. Results Known genomic aberrations were reliably detected on the array and eight novel submicroscopic imbalances, likely causative for the mental retardation (MR) phenotype, were detected. Putatively pathogenic rearrangements included three deletions and five duplications (ranging between 82 kb to one Mb), all but two affecting genes previously known to be responsible for XLMR. Additionally, we describe different CNV regions with significant different frequencies in XLMR and control subjects (44% vs. 20%). Conclusion This tiling path array of the human X chromosome has proven successful for the detection and characterization of known rearrangements and novel CNVs in XLMR patients. PMID:18047645

Self-Management Training of Mentally Retarded Adults with Chronic Conduct Difficulties. RT11.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cole, Christine L.; And Others

Six mildly and moderately mentally retarded adults with chronic and severe emotional/behavioral problems participated in a study of the assumption that aggression and conduct disorders reflected self-managed coping skills deficits. The study was conducted in a vocational training workshop setting located in the Waisman Center on Mental Retardation…

Towards Defining Adequate Lithium Trials for Individuals with Mental Retardation and Mental Illness.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pary, Robert J.

1991-01-01

Use of lithium with mentally retarded individuals with psychiatric conditions and/or behavior disturbances is discussed. The paper describes components of an adequate clinical trial and reviews case studies and double-blind cases. The paper concludes that aggression is the best indicator for lithium use, and reviews treatment parameters and…

Oral Health of Institutionalized Individuals with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jurek, George H.; Reid, William H.

1993-01-01

Residents (n=702) of Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation institutions were given dental examinations, and findings were compared with data from 1,077 residents 9 years earlier. Data were analyzed for oral pathology, unmet dental needs, contribution of dental care to habilitation, and effectiveness of the dental service system.…

EFFECTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

SMITH, LLOYD L.; STROUD, JAMES B.

THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS UPON EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN OF A COMPREHENSIVE OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM EMBRACING NOT ONLY GOOD INSTRUCTION, BUT ALSO PSYCHOTHERAPY, A GOOD MENTAL-HYGIENE ATMOSPHERE, AND WHOLESOME AND EFFECTIVE HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS IN SCHOOL, HOME, AND COMMUNITY. THE MAJOR OBJECTIVES WERE--(1) TO SELECT AND/OR DEVELOP…

A Helpful Guide in the Training of a Mentally Retarded Child.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blanton, Elsie

The guide offers numerous practical suggestions for training mentally retarded children in self care skills, and catalogs developmental characteristics of children from birth to a mental age of 11 years. Included are brief sections on the management of neurologically impaired children and mongoloid babies, the importance of speech stimulation, and…

Recurrent seizures, mental retardation and extensive brain calcinosis related to delayed diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism in an adolescent boy.

PubMed

Eom, Tae-Hoon; Kim, Young-Hoon; Kim, Jung-Min

2015-05-01

Reports of adolescent patients presenting with intractable seizures and mental retardation secondary to idiopathic hypothyroidism are uncommon in the literature. In this case, we report a 17-year-old boy who developed recurrent seizures, mental retardation and extensive brain calcinosis related to delayed diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism can be easily missed in children and adolescents, and may lead to irreversible neurologic sequelae. This case highlights the need to consider hypocalcemia in any patient with uncontrolled seizures. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Severe Mental Retardation in Children in a Northern Swedish County

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

And Others; Gustavson, K. H.

1977-01-01

Presented are results of a study of the incidence, prevalence, gestational age, birth weight, associated central nervous system disorders, and etiological and pathogenetic aspects of 161 severely mentally retarded children in Northern Sweden. (CL)

The Drosophila homolog of Down's syndrome critical region 1 gene regulates learning: Implications for mental retardation

PubMed Central

Chang, Karen T.; Shi, Yi-Jun; Min, Kyung-Tai

2003-01-01

Mental retardation is the most common phenotypic abnormality seen in Down's syndrome (DS) patients, yet the underlying mechanism remains mysterious. DS critical region 1 (DSCR1), located on chromosome 21, is overexpressed in the brain of DS fetus and encodes an inhibitor of calcineurin, but its physiological significance is unknown. To study its functional importance and role in mental retardation in DS, we generated Drosophila mutants of nebula, an ortholog of human DSCR1. Here, we report that both nebula loss-of-function and overexpression mutants exhibit severe learning defects that are attributed by biochemical perturbations rather than maldevelopment of the brain. These results, combined with our data showing that the same biochemical signaling pathway is altered in human DS fetal brain tissue overexpressing DSCR1, suggest that alteration of DSCR1 expression could contribute to mental retardation in DS. PMID:14668437

Arch fingerprints, hypotonia, and areflexia associated with X linked mental retardation.

PubMed Central

Stevenson, R E; Häne, B; Arena, J F; May, M; Lawrence, L; Lubs, H A; Schwartz, C E

1997-01-01

A syndrome with distinctive facies, poor muscle tone, absent deep tendon reflexes, tapered fingers, excessive fingerprint arches, genu valgum and mild-moderate mental retardation has occurred in four males in two generations of a white family of European ancestry. The facies are characterised by square configuration, tented upper lip, and thickening of the helices, upper eyelids, and alae nasi. At birth and at maturity, growth (head circumference, height, weight) of affected males is comparable to or greater than unaffected male sibs. Moderate impairment of cognitive function was documented (IQ scores between 40-51). Carriers show no heterozygote manifestations. This X linked condition appears to be different from other syndromes with mental retardation, although there are certain similarities with the alpha thalassaemia-mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X). Linkage analysis found tight linkage to DXS1166 and DXS995 in Xq13 and Xq21 respectively. Images PMID:9192265

Arch fingerprints, hypotonia, and areflexia associated with X linked mental retardation.

PubMed

Stevenson, R E; Häne, B; Arena, J F; May, M; Lawrence, L; Lubs, H A; Schwartz, C E

1997-06-01

A syndrome with distinctive facies, poor muscle tone, absent deep tendon reflexes, tapered fingers, excessive fingerprint arches, genu valgum and mild-moderate mental retardation has occurred in four males in two generations of a white family of European ancestry. The facies are characterised by square configuration, tented upper lip, and thickening of the helices, upper eyelids, and alae nasi. At birth and at maturity, growth (head circumference, height, weight) of affected males is comparable to or greater than unaffected male sibs. Moderate impairment of cognitive function was documented (IQ scores between 40-51). Carriers show no heterozygote manifestations. This X linked condition appears to be different from other syndromes with mental retardation, although there are certain similarities with the alpha thalassaemia-mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X). Linkage analysis found tight linkage to DXS1166 and DXS995 in Xq13 and Xq21 respectively.

A case of probable autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia with corkscrew hairs and mental retardation in a family with tuberous sclerosis.

PubMed

Argenziano, G; Monsurrò, M R; Pazienza, R; Delfino, M

1998-02-01

We describe a woman with a probable autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia with corkscrew hairs and mental retardation in a family with tuberous sclerosis. Other findings included syndactyly, typical facies, dental abnormalities, dermatoglyphic hypoplasia, epidermal ridge sweat pore count slightly below normal, and keratosis pilaris. Clinical studies and genetic analysis excluded the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis in our patient. We conclude that she has ectodermal dysplasia associated with mental retardation. This association has been described previously; it suggests the possible interrelationship of a community of ectodermal dysplasia syndromes with a distinctive structural hair abnormality (pili torti et canaliculi), variable midfacial malformations, limb defects, and other features such as mental retardation. The similarity of our patient to that described by Whiting et al. and Abramovits-Ackerman et al. suggests the autonomy of this syndrome.

A study of the risk of mental retardation among children of pregnant women who have attempted suicide by means of a drug overdose.

PubMed

Petik, Dora; Czeizel, Barbara; Banhidy, Ferenc; Czeizel, Andrew E

2012-01-01

The aim of the study was to estimate the effect on the fetal development of high doses of prescription drugs taken as a suicide attempt during pregnancy. Pregnant women were identified among self-poisoned females in the toxicological inpatient clinic in Budapest between 1960 and 1993. Congenital abnormalities, intrauterine development based on birth weight and post-conceptional age, mental retardation, cognitive-behavioral status were compared in exposed children born to mothers who had attempted suicide by means of a drug overdose during pregnancy with their siblings, born either before or after the affected pregnancy, as sib controls. Of a total of 1 044 pregnant women, 74 used the combination of amobarbital, glutethimide and promethazine (Tardyl®, one of the most popular drugs for treatment of insomnia in Hungary) for suicide attempt. Of these 74 women, 27 delivered live-born babies. The mean dose of Tardyl® used for suicide attempts was 24 times the usually prescribed clinical dose. The rate of congenital abnormalities and intrauterine retardation was not higher in exposed children than in their sib controls. However, of the 27 exposed children, eight (29.6%) were mentally retarded (X²₁=79.7, p= Sig) while mental retardation did not occur among 46 sib controls. These exposed children were born to mothers who attempted suicide with Tardyl® between the 14th and 20th post-conceptional weeks. The components of Tardyl® used separately for a suicide attempt during pregnancy were not associated with a higher risk of mental retardation. Therefore the high doses of Tardyl® associated with the high risk for mental retardation may be due to the interaction of its three drug components. The findings of the study showed that the high doses of a drug containing three components may be associated with a significantly increased risk for mental retardation without any structural defects, whereas each of these three component drugs taken alone was not associated with this adverse effect.

Final Report of the Evaluation of the Summer Program for Mentally Retarded Young Adults--Occupational Training Centers. Summer 1970. ESEA Title I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nalven, Fredric; Oliver, Adela

The 1970 Summer Program for Mentally Retarded Young Adults Occupational Training Centers program, funded under Title I of the 1965 Elementary Secondary Education Act, was designed to serve the summer educational, prevocational, and social needs of approximately 170 retarded adolescents and young adults. The general objectives of the project were…

MR 67: A First Report to the President on the Nation's Progress and Remaining Great Needs in the Campaign to Combat Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC.

Yearly statistics are provided to show the increase in services, programs, or personnel for the mentally retarded in the areas of training programs, special education classes, vocational rehabilitation, the foster grandparent program, and diagnostic clinics. The status of 18 programs and their financial need, the decrease in retardation due to…

A COMPARISON OF THE EMPIRICAL VALIDITY OF SIX TESTS OF ABILITY WITH EDUCABLE MENTAL RETARDATES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MUELLER, MAX W.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE VALIDITY OF INTELLIGENCE AND OTHER TESTS USED IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RETARDED CHILDREN WAS PERFORMED. EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES CONSISTED OF 101 CHILDREN SELECTED FROM SPECIAL CLASSES FOR EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED (EMR) WHOSE AGES RANGED FROM 6.9 TO 10 YEARS AND WHOSE IQ SCORES RANGED FROM 50 TO 80. THE TESTS EVALUATED WERE (1)…

INTRA-INSTITUTIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS--A PARADIGM FOR EMPLOYEE STIMULATION.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

CLELAND, CHARLES C.; PECK, ROBERT F.

TO DEVELOP A PROPOSAL FOR POSITIVE EMPLOYEE STIMULATION, A STUDY WAS MADE OF MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AMONG ATTENDANTS AT INSTITUTIONS FOR MENTAL RETARDATES. ATTENDANTS AT SUCH INSTITUTIONS ARE SUBJECTED TO A GREATER AMOUNT OF CULTURE SHOCK AND SOCIAL DEPRIVATION THAN OTHER EMPLOYEES. OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME THIS CAUSES A DETERIORATION OF…

Research versus Advocacy in the Allocation of Resources: Problems, Causes, Solutions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Menolascino, Frank J.; Stark, Jack A.

1990-01-01

This commentary on EC 231 901 discusses whether resource allocations and service policies for mentally retarded individuals should be based upon purported findings of scientific theory or the purported needs of service systems. The paper calls for improved research utilization and understanding of what makes a social movement work. (JDD)

Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome: Neurobiology and Risk

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zigman, Warren B.; Lott, Ira T.

2007-01-01

Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by increased mortality rates, both during early and later stages of life, and age-specific mortality risk remains higher in adults with DS compared with the overall population of people with mental retardation and with typically developing populations. Causes of increased mortality rates early in life are…

Fragile X Syndrome in Males: Diagnostic, Behavioral, and Educational Implications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bellinger, Diane; And Others

This paper reviews the research on fragile X syndrome, the second most common cause of mental retardation related to chromosomal anomaly. It notes that far more males than females are affected by the fragile X syndrome, which typically results in craniofacial changes, delays in growth and development, speech/language difficulties, and cognitive…

Communication, Hip Hop Style

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Apel, Laura

2009-01-01

When Candi Carter, a producer at "The Oprah Winfrey Show", learned that her son, Emerson, was born with chromosome 8p, which causes heart defects, mental retardation, severe speech delay, and other issues, she was immediately thrust into the world of special needs parenting. Like many in her position, she learned quickly that her child's…

Reye's Syndrome. The Arc Q & A.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reynolds, Leigh Ann

This fact sheet uses a question-and-answer format to summarize what is known about Reye's Syndrome, a disease probably caused by ingestion of salicylate, which affects all organs of the body but especially the liver and brain, often resulting in neurological abnormalities and mental retardation. The following topics on the subject are covered:…

Modelling fragile X syndrome in the laboratory setting: A behavioral perspective.

PubMed

Melancia, Francesca; Trezza, Viviana

2018-04-25

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation and the most frequent monogenic cause of syndromic autism spectrum disorders. The syndrome is caused by the loss of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), a key RNA-binding protein involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal morphology. Patients show intellectual disability, social deficits, repetitive behaviors and impairments in social communication. The aim of this review is to outline the importance of behavioral phenotyping of animal models of FXS from a developmental perspective, by showing how the behavioral characteristics of FXS at the clinical level can be translated into effective, developmentally-specific and clinically meaningful behavioral readouts in the laboratory setting. After introducing the behavioral features, diagnostic criteria and off-label pharmacotherapy of FXS, we outline how FXS-relevant behavioral features can be modelled in laboratory animals in the course of development: we review the progress to date, discuss how behavioral phenotyping in animal models of FXS is essential to identify potential treatments, and discuss caveats and future directions in this research field. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Hippocampal dysfunction and cognitive impairment in Fragile-X Syndrome.

PubMed

Bostrom, Crystal; Yau, Suk-Yu; Majaess, Namat; Vetrici, Mariana; Gil-Mohapel, Joana; Christie, Brian R

2016-09-01

Fragile-X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and the leading genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder. FXS is caused by transcriptional silencing of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (Fmr1) gene due to a CGG repeat expansion, resulting in the loss of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). FMRP is involved in transcriptional regulation and trafficking of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and distal sites both in pre- and post-synaptic terminals. Consequently, FXS is a multifaceted disorder associated with impaired synaptic plasticity. One region of the brain that is significantly impacted by the loss of FMRP is the hippocampus, a structure that plays a critical role in the regulation of mood and cognition. This review provides an overview of the neuropathology of Fragile-X Syndrome, highlighting how structural and synaptic deficits in hippocampal subregions, including the CA1 exhibiting exaggerated metabotropic glutamate receptor dependent long-term depression and the dentate gyrus displaying hypofunction of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, contribute to cognitive impairments associated with this neurodevelopmental disorder. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Homemaking for the Educable Mentally Retarded Girl; In-Service Training Materials for Teachers of the Educable Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyen, Edward L.; Carr, Donald L.

Designed for use with educable mentally handicapped girls, the guide stresses the importance of certain homemaking areas. They include grooming and personality, home management, foods and nutrition, clothing, and child care. For each area, an outline of suggested content is provided, specifying sub-units, general objectives, and activities. Sample…

Human Rights and Equal Opportunities for People with Mental Handicap--With Particular Reference to Down Syndrome.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stratford, Brian

1991-01-01

Issues of human rights and the mentally retarded, especially those with Down's Syndrome, are reviewed noting the influence of Christianity, definitions of "humanness," quality of life issues, utilitarian and formalist philosophies, the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons, and the right to work. (DB)

Piaget's Developmental Theories Used in an Early Childhood Program for Mentally Retarded Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Francis Christi, Sister

The author describes a Piaget based curriculum involving three main themes (classification, number measurement/space, and seriation) for young mentally retarded children. Students solve problems by doing something physically and mentally to the data, shuffling the facts about in their minds, so that they will come to a logical solution. Language…

Pauses in the Narratives Produced by Autistic, Mentally Retarded, and Normal Children as an Index of Cognitive Demand.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thurber, Christopher; Tager-Flusberg, Helen

1993-01-01

The production of speech pauses and repairs in story narratives produced by autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children, matched on verbal mental age, was analyzed. Children with autism produced fewer nongrammatical pauses, and their nongrammatical pausing was correlated with measures of story length and complexity, suggesting that their…

[Development of an Occupational Training Center for the Mentally Retarded.] Final Project Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hastbacka, Edwin A.

The Occupational Training Center prepared mentally retarded young adults (over age 15, IQ range 30 to 70, average IQ 55) who were beyond regular schooling for competitive employment. The training program consisted of 60 to 90 mentally and multiply handicapped students per year (35 at a time) and used subcontracts from local businesses. The…

Short-term memory for pictures and words by mentally retarded and nonretarded persons.

PubMed

Ellis, N R; Wooldridge, P W

1985-05-01

Mentally retarded and nonretarded persons were compared in a Brown-Peterson short-term memory task for the retention of words and pictures over intervals up to 30 seconds. The retarded subjects forgot more rapidly over the initial 10 seconds. They also retained pictures better than they did words; the nonretarded subjects retained these stimuli equally well. The results were theoretically interpreted as reflecting a structural memory deficit in retarded individuals, who were viewed as having greater facility with an imaginal memory code than with a verbal code. Transforming information from one code to another may also have been more difficult for retarded persons.

Epilepsy, Mental Retardation, and Anticonvulsant Therapy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaufman, Kenneth Roland; Katz-Garris, Lynda

1979-01-01

Inappropriate or inadequately documented medication for patients in mental retardation institutions is a major medical and economic problem. Within a 127-patient ward, 41 patients were treated with anticonvulsants. Of these patients, 24 had no documented indications for usage. (Author)

Aerobic Dance and the Mentally Retarded--A Winning Combination.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barton, Bonnie J.

1982-01-01

The results of a study on an experimental dance program for mentally retarded children show that these children can improve in physical fitness and that success through physical activities can enhance their generally poor self-concept. (JN)

Use of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test with Mentally Retarded Persons: Review and Recommendations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wolkowitz, Owen M.

1990-01-01

Studies on the use of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test to detect depression are described, with special emphasis on use of the test with children, demented elderly persons, and mentally retarded persons. (Author/JDD)

Mental Retardation: Past, Present and Future

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crissey, Marie Skodak

1975-01-01

Notes that two developments had major impacts on policies towards the mentally retarded between the 1880s and the 1920s: (1) the swing toward the eugenics-heredity-genetics movement, and (2) the development of individual intelligence testing. (Author/JM)

Behavioral Therapy of Phobias: A Case with Gynecomastia and Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Revenq, Bernard

1974-01-01

A 13-year-old boy, institutionalized for severe mental retardation, who was found to have obsessive tendencies and an IQ of 71 to 78, was systematically desensitized for phobias associated with ambigous sexual identity. (MC)

Consumer Roulette: The Shopping Patterns of Mentally Retarded Persons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Randall D.; Ewing, Sheryl

1981-01-01

To develop information regarding the commercial product purchasing behavior of mildly mentally retarded adults, 11 participants were included in a mock shopping exercise. The results indicated several serious deficiencies in the purchasing strategies of the participants. (Author/SB)

Involuntary Euthanasia and Current Attempts to Define Persons with Mental Retardation as Less Than Human.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lusthaus, Evelyn W.

1985-01-01

The author examines current attempts to define mentally retarded persons as less than human and suggests that these ideologies are being used to justify euthanasia practices and to formulate euthanasia policies. (CL)

Epidemiology of Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heber, Rick

Prevalence data on mental retardation is presented including international estimates on general prevalence, age directions, geographical variations within the United States, racial and ethnic variations, economic class distributions, family variations, and population distribution in institutions. Statistics are also provided in areas of specific…

X-linked mental retardation associated with macro-orchidism.

PubMed Central

Turner, G; Eastman, C; Casey, J; McLeay, A; Procopis, P; Turner, B

1975-01-01

Two families are described with an X-linked form of mental retardation in whom the affected males were found to have bilateral enlargement of the testes. No conclusive evidence of any endocrinological disturbance was found. Images PMID:1240971

Architectural Considerations for Classrooms for Exceptional Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas Education Agency, Austin.

Definitions are provided of the following exceptionalities: blind, partially sighted, physically handicapped, minimally brain injured, deaf, educable mentally retarded (primary, junior, and senior high levels), trainable mentally retarded, speech handicapped, and emotionally disturbed. Architectural guidelines specify classroom location, size,…

Haploinsufficiency of HDAC4 Causes Brachydactyly Mental Retardation Syndrome, with Brachydactyly Type E, Developmental Delays, and Behavioral Problems

PubMed Central

Williams, Stephen R.; Aldred, Micheala A.; Der Kaloustian, Vazken M.; Halal, Fahed; Gowans, Gordon; McLeod, D. Ross; Zondag, Sara; Toriello, Helga V.; Magenis, R. Ellen; Elsea, Sarah H.

2010-01-01

Brachydactyly mental retardation syndrome (BDMR) is associated with a deletion involving chromosome 2q37. BDMR presents with a range of features, including intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, behavioral abnormalities, sleep disturbance, craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities (including brachydactyly type E), and autism spectrum disorder. To date, only large deletions of 2q37 have been reported, making delineation of a critical region and subsequent identification of candidate genes difficult. We present clinical and molecular analysis of six individuals with overlapping deletions involving 2q37.3 that refine the critical region, reducing the candidate genes from >20 to a single gene, histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). Driven by the distinct hand and foot anomalies and similar cognitive features, we identified other cases with clinical findings consistent with BDMR but without a 2q37 deletion, and sequencing of HDAC4 identified de novo mutations, including one intragenic deletion probably disrupting normal splicing and one intragenic insertion that results in a frameshift and premature stop codon. HDAC4 is a histone deacetylase that regulates genes important in bone, muscle, neurological, and cardiac development. Reportedly, Hdac4−/− mice have severe bone malformations resulting from premature ossification of developing bones. Data presented here show that deletion or mutation of HDAC4 results in reduced expression of RAI1, which causes Smith-Magenis syndrome when haploinsufficient, providing a link to the overlapping findings in these disorders. Considering the known molecular function of HDAC4 and the mouse knockout phenotype, taken together with deletion or mutation of HDAC4 in multiple subjects with BDMR, we conclude that haploinsufficiency of HDAC4 results in brachydactyly mental retardation syndrome. PMID:20691407

Autosomal Recessive Mental Retardation, Deafness, Ankylosis, and Mild Hypophosphatemia Associated with a Novel ANKH Mutation in a Consanguineous Family

PubMed Central

Morava, Eva; Kühnisch, Jirko; Drijvers, Jefte M.; Robben, Joris H.; Cremers, Cor; van Setten, Petra; Branten, Amanda; Stumpp, Sabine; de Jong, Alphons; Voesenek, Krysta; Vermeer, Sascha; Heister, Angelien; Claahsen-van der Grinten, Hedi L.; O'Neill, Charles W.; Willemsen, Michèl A.; Lefeber, Dirk; Deen, Peter M. T.; Kornak, Uwe; Kremer, Hannie; Wevers, Ron A.

2011-01-01

Context: Mutations in ANKH cause the highly divergent conditions familial chondrocalcinosis and craniometaphyseal dysplasia. The gene product ANK is supposed to regulate tissue mineralization by transporting pyrophosphate to the extracellular space. Objective: We evaluated several family members of a large consanguineous family with mental retardation, deafness, and ankylosis. We compared their skeletal, metabolic, and serological parameters to that of the autosomal recessive progressive ankylosis (ank) mouse mutant, caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the murine ortholog Ank. Participants: The studied patients had painful small joint soft-tissue calcifications, progressive spondylarthropathy, osteopenia, mild hypophosphatemia, mixed hearing loss, and mental retardation. Results: After mapping the disease gene to 5p15, we identified the novel homozygous ANK missense mutation L244S in all patients. Although L244 is a highly conserved amino acid, the mutated ANK protein was detected at normal levels at the plasma membrane in primary patient fibroblasts. The phenotype was highly congruent with the autosomal recessive progressive ankylosis (ank) mouse mutant. This indicates a loss-of-function effect of the L244S mutation despite normal ANK protein expression. Interestingly, our analyses revealed that the primary step of joint degeneration is fibrosis and mineralization of articular soft tissues. Moreover, heterozygous carriers of the L244S mutation showed mild osteoarthritis without metabolic alterations, pathological calcifications, or central nervous system involvement. Conclusion: Beyond the description of the first human progressive ankylosis phenotype, our results indicate that ANK influences articular soft tissues commonly involved in degenerative joint disorders. Furthermore, this human disorder provides the first direct evidence for a role of ANK in the central nervous system. PMID:20943778

Autosomal recessive mental retardation, deafness, ankylosis, and mild hypophosphatemia associated with a novel ANKH mutation in a consanguineous family.

PubMed

Morava, Eva; Kühnisch, Jirko; Drijvers, Jefte M; Robben, Joris H; Cremers, Cor; van Setten, Petra; Branten, Amanda; Stumpp, Sabine; de Jong, Alphons; Voesenek, Krysta; Vermeer, Sascha; Heister, Angelien; Claahsen-van der Grinten, Hedi L; O'Neill, Charles W; Willemsen, Michèl A; Lefeber, Dirk; Deen, Peter M T; Kornak, Uwe; Kremer, Hannie; Wevers, Ron A

2011-01-01

Mutations in ANKH cause the highly divergent conditions familial chondrocalcinosis and craniometaphyseal dysplasia. The gene product ANK is supposed to regulate tissue mineralization by transporting pyrophosphate to the extracellular space. We evaluated several family members of a large consanguineous family with mental retardation, deafness, and ankylosis. We compared their skeletal, metabolic, and serological parameters to that of the autosomal recessive progressive ankylosis (ank) mouse mutant, caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the murine ortholog Ank. The studied patients had painful small joint soft-tissue calcifications, progressive spondylarthropathy, osteopenia, mild hypophosphatemia, mixed hearing loss, and mental retardation. After mapping the disease gene to 5p15, we identified the novel homozygous ANK missense mutation L244S in all patients. Although L244 is a highly conserved amino acid, the mutated ANK protein was detected at normal levels at the plasma membrane in primary patient fibroblasts. The phenotype was highly congruent with the autosomal recessive progressive ankylosis (ank) mouse mutant. This indicates a loss-of-function effect of the L244S mutation despite normal ANK protein expression. Interestingly, our analyses revealed that the primary step of joint degeneration is fibrosis and mineralization of articular soft tissues. Moreover, heterozygous carriers of the L244S mutation showed mild osteoarthritis without metabolic alterations, pathological calcifications, or central nervous system involvement. Beyond the description of the first human progressive ankylosis phenotype, our results indicate that ANK influences articular soft tissues commonly involved in degenerative joint disorders. Furthermore, this human disorder provides the first direct evidence for a role of ANK in the central nervous system.

Haploinsufficiency of HDAC4 causes brachydactyly mental retardation syndrome, with brachydactyly type E, developmental delays, and behavioral problems.

PubMed

Williams, Stephen R; Aldred, Micheala A; Der Kaloustian, Vazken M; Halal, Fahed; Gowans, Gordon; McLeod, D Ross; Zondag, Sara; Toriello, Helga V; Magenis, R Ellen; Elsea, Sarah H

2010-08-13

Brachydactyly mental retardation syndrome (BDMR) is associated with a deletion involving chromosome 2q37. BDMR presents with a range of features, including intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, behavioral abnormalities, sleep disturbance, craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities (including brachydactyly type E), and autism spectrum disorder. To date, only large deletions of 2q37 have been reported, making delineation of a critical region and subsequent identification of candidate genes difficult. We present clinical and molecular analysis of six individuals with overlapping deletions involving 2q37.3 that refine the critical region, reducing the candidate genes from >20 to a single gene, histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). Driven by the distinct hand and foot anomalies and similar cognitive features, we identified other cases with clinical findings consistent with BDMR but without a 2q37 deletion, and sequencing of HDAC4 identified de novo mutations, including one intragenic deletion probably disrupting normal splicing and one intragenic insertion that results in a frameshift and premature stop codon. HDAC4 is a histone deacetylase that regulates genes important in bone, muscle, neurological, and cardiac development. Reportedly, Hdac4(-/-) mice have severe bone malformations resulting from premature ossification of developing bones. Data presented here show that deletion or mutation of HDAC4 results in reduced expression of RAI1, which causes Smith-Magenis syndrome when haploinsufficient, providing a link to the overlapping findings in these disorders. Considering the known molecular function of HDAC4 and the mouse knockout phenotype, taken together with deletion or mutation of HDAC4 in multiple subjects with BDMR, we conclude that haploinsufficiency of HDAC4 results in brachydactyly mental retardation syndrome.

Dampened dopamine-mediated neuromodulation in prefrontal cortex of fragile X mice

PubMed Central

Paul, Kush; Venkitaramani, Deepa V; Cox, Charles L

2013-01-01

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inheritable mental retardation caused by transcriptional silencing of the Fmr1 gene resulting in the absence of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). The role of this protein in neurons is complex and its absence gives rise to diverse alterations in neuronal function leading to neurological disorders including mental retardation, hyperactivity, cognitive impairment, obsessive-compulsive behaviour, seizure activity and autism. FMRP regulates mRNA translation at dendritic spines where synapses are formed, and thus the lack of FMRP can lead to disruptions in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Many of these neurological deficits in FXS probably involve the prefrontal cortex, and in this study, we have focused on modulatory actions of dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex. Our data indicate that dopamine produces a long-lasting enhancement of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) mediated by D1-type receptors seen in wild-type mice; however, such enhancement is absent in the Fmr1 knock-out (Fmr1 KO) mice. The facilitation of IPSCs produced by direct cAMP stimulation was unaffected in Fmr1 KO, but D1 receptor levels were reduced in these animals. Our results show significant disruption of dopaminergic modulation of synaptic transmission in the Fmr1 KO mice and this alteration in inhibitory activity may provide insight into potential targets for the rescue of deficits associated with FXS. PMID:23148316

Dampened dopamine-mediated neuromodulation in prefrontal cortex of fragile X mice.

PubMed

Paul, Kush; Venkitaramani, Deepa V; Cox, Charles L

2013-02-15

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inheritable mental retardation caused by transcriptional silencing of the Fmr1 gene resulting in the absence of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). The role of this protein in neurons is complex and its absence gives rise to diverse alterations in neuronal function leading to neurological disorders including mental retardation, hyperactivity, cognitive impairment, obsessive-compulsive behaviour, seizure activity and autism. FMRP regulates mRNA translation at dendritic spines where synapses are formed, and thus the lack of FMRP can lead to disruptions in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Many of these neurological deficits in FXS probably involve the prefrontal cortex, and in this study, we have focused on modulatory actions of dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex. Our data indicate that dopamine produces a long-lasting enhancement of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) mediated by D1-type receptors seen in wild-type mice; however, such enhancement is absent in the Fmr1 knock-out (Fmr1 KO) mice. The facilitation of IPSCs produced by direct cAMP stimulation was unaffected in Fmr1 KO, but D1 receptor levels were reduced in these animals. Our results show significant disruption of dopaminergic modulation of synaptic transmission in the Fmr1 KO mice and this alteration in inhibitory activity may provide insight into potential targets for the rescue of deficits associated with FXS.

Deletion of chromosome 21 in a girl with congenital hypothyroidism and mild mental retardation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ahlbom, B.E.; Anneren, G.; Sidenvall, R.

1996-08-23

We report on a girl with a large interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 and with mild mental retardation, congenital hypothyroidism, and hyperopia. The deletion [del(21)(q11.1-q22.1)] extends molecularly from marker D21S215 to D21S213. The distal breakpoint is not clearly defined but is situated between markers D21S213 and IFNAR. This patient has the largest deletion of chromosome 21 known without having severe mental retardation or malformations. The deletion does not involve the {open_quotes}Down syndrome chromosome{close_quotes} region, the region of chromosome 21 which in trisomy causes most of the manifestations of Down syndrome. Apparently, the proximal part of themore » long arm of chromosome 21 does not include genes that are responsible for severe clinical effects in the event of either deletion or duplication, since several reported patients with either trisomy or deletion of this region have mild phenotypic abnormalities. Congenital hypothyroidism is much more common in Down syndrome than in the average population. Thus, the congenital hypothyroidism of the present patient might indicate that there is one or several genes on the proximal part of chromosome 21, which might be of importance for the thyroid function. 24 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.« less

42 CFR 456.411 - Recipient information required for UR.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Intermediate Care...) The name of the recipient's physician. (c) The name of the qualified mental retardation professional... mental retardation professional believes continued stay is necessary. (h) Other supporting material that...

Individualized Educational Programming for the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Singh, Nirbhay N.; Ahrens, Michael G.

1980-01-01

The minimal components of a model which utilizes a computer for summarizing individual performance records for teaching educational skills to the mentally retarded are described. The most important components are assessment, individual and group programing, continuous data collection, and program evaluation. (Author)

Patterns of Awareness in Children's Understanding of Disabilities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conant, Susan; Budoff, Milton

1983-01-01

Nondisabled children and adults (n=103) were interviewed about their conceptions of blindness, deafness, orthopedic disabilities, mental retardation, and psychological disturbance. In the Guttman scalogram analyses, psychological disturbance was the "most difficult" disability, then mental retardation, then orthopedic disabilities, then…

Horticultural Careers for Persons with Mental Retardation. Expanding Opportunities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dehart-Bennett, Mary E.; Relf, Diane

1990-01-01

Horticulture careers provide therapeutic, rewarding employment for persons with mental retardation. Rehabilitation experts should become aware of the potential employment opportunities in horticulture so that individuals with disabilities can receive the training and job placement support they need. (Author)

Pharmacotherapy in Mental Retardation and Autism.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Handen, Benjamin L.

1993-01-01

Reviews studies examining effects of pharmacological interventions for children with mental retardation and autism. Discusses information regarding stimulants, neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, antianxiety drugs, and antidepressant drugs as measured by their effects on laboratory and clinical measures of activity level, self-injurious behavior, and…

Growth, Hypothalamic Function, and Brain Ventricle Size in Mentally Retarded Subjects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leisti, S.; Iianainen, M.

1978-01-01

To determine whether moderate enlargement of the third brain ventricle or the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles was associated with hypothalamic dysfunction, 15 mentally retarded Ss (ages 12-25 years) with such characteristics were studies. (DLS)

[Habilitation of Mentally Retarded Persons: Wyatt vs. Hardin and Related Cases--Collected Comments.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mental Retardation, 1981

1981-01-01

Four articles address the 1978 Wyatt v. Hardin proceedings which debated the issues of the training/habilitation potential of institutionalized mentally retarded persons and the feasibility of placing these persons in community-based living facilities. (SB)

The MMPI-168(L) and ADD in Assessing Psychopathology in Individuals with Mental Retardation: Between and within Instrument Associations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDaniel, William F.; Passmore, Corie E.; Sewell, Hollie M.

2003-01-01

A study involving 58 adults with mental retardation and mental disorders found few correlations between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Assessment of Dual Diagnosis (ADD). The major exception was the Mania scale of the MMPI, which correlated moderately well with the ADD Schizophrenia and Dementia scales. (Contains…

Community Supports for People Labeled by Both the Mental Retardation and the Mental Health Systems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Knoll, James; Racino, Julie Ann

The paper addresses issues in providing community services for people with both mental retardation and emotional or behavioral disorders. First, it explores the meaning often found at the root of the often elusive definition of dual diagnosis concluding that this has become a catch-all category for people who present existing service systems with…

The New Jersey Comprehensive Plan to Combat Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Jersey State Interdepartmental Committee on Lifetime Disability, Trenton.

Recommendations to combat mental retardation in New Jersey are made in the following areas: coordination; research; prevention, detection, and treatment; clinical, social, recreation, and religious services; residential care; education; vocational rehabilitation; law; manpower and training; and public awareness. Additional information is given…

Current Trends in the Treament of Phobias in Autistic and Mentally Retarded Persons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jackson, Henry J.

1983-01-01

The paper reviews research on phobic disorders of mentally retarded and autistic persons, noting the definitions, incidence and prevalence, etiological explanations, and treatment approaches. Methodological weaknesses are stressed. Behavioral interventions are seen as the treatments of choice. (CL)

Drugs in Mental Retardation: Treatment or Tragedy?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aman, Michael G.

1985-01-01

Treatment of mentally retarded persons with psychotropic and anticonvulsant drugs is discussed in terms of drug classification, rationale for use, attitudes toward use, and clinical research findings. The literature on neuroleptic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and cerebral stimulant drugs is summarized. Controversial reports that some medications…

A Report of Two Cases of Morquio's Syndrome Associated with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kumar, Y. Vikram; And Others

1979-01-01

The paper details the case studies of two siblings, a boy aged 7 and a girl aged 5 1/2, who suffer from Morquio's Syndrome (a disease characterized by cartilagenous and bony abnormalities) as well as mental retardation. (PHR)

Task Monotony and Performance Efficacy of Mentally Retarded Young Adults.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Locke, Bill J.; And Others

1982-01-01

Thirty-six mildly mentally retarded young adults were exposed to one of three training arrangements for vigilance performance, a monitoring task that some professionals consider uniquely appropriate for such persons because they are assumed to be less susceptible to boredom. (Author)

Mildly Retarded Adults: Their Attitudes Toward Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gan, Jennifer; And Others

1977-01-01

Responses to a 40-item questionnaire distributed to 50 mildly mentally retarded (MR) adults indicate that the majority possess accurate information about MR, hold realistic attitudes toward their own needs and abilities, and advocate community integration of the retarded. (Author/JG)

A gene defect causing a novel progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, EPMR, maps to chromosome 8p

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ranta, S.; Tahvanainen, E.; Karila, E.

1994-09-01

EPMR (progressive epilepsy with mental retardation) is a newly discovered autosomal recessively inherited disorder which occurs with high frequency in an isolated rural population in Finland. So far 25 patients have been identified, 21 of whom are alive. Twenty-three patients share a common ancestor from the 18th century. The main features of EPMR are: normal early development, tonic-clonic seizures with onset between ages 5 and 10, and mental retardation which begins approximately 2 years after the onset of epilepsy and soon leads to deepening mental retardation. Adult patients do not manage their daily life without help. The EEG is normalmore » at the onset of epilepsy but later progressive slowing of the background activity occurs. The etiology and pathogenesis of EPMR remain known. As this is a novel disease entity without any definitive diagnostic marker we wished to begin its elucidation by first defining its gene locus. A random search for linkage in four multiplex families (only 20 individuals tested) resulted in the finding of linkage to marker D8S264 with a lod score of 4.45 at zero recombination. The EPMR gene resides in a 7 centimorgan interval between marker loci AFM185xb2 and D8S262 with a maximum multipoint lod score of 7.03 at 1.8 centimorgans proximal to D8S264. Physically this region is very distal on 8p. Of the sixteen EPMR chromosomes haplotyped 15 were identical or almost identical. One chromosome, however, had a distinctly different haplotype raising the possibility of there being two different mutations or one very old mutation. These findings are a starting point toward isolating and characterizing the gene and its protein product. Physical mapping has been initiated by isolating nine YACs from the region.« less

High-Throughput Screening to Identify Compounds That Increase Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Expression in Neural Stem Cells Differentiated From Fragile X Syndrome Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

PubMed

Kumari, Daman; Swaroop, Manju; Southall, Noel; Huang, Wenwei; Zheng, Wei; Usdin, Karen

2015-07-01

: Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited cognitive disability, is caused by a deficiency of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). In most patients, the absence of FMRP is due to an aberrant transcriptional silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. FXS has no cure, and the available treatments only provide symptomatic relief. Given that FMR1 gene silencing in FXS patient cells can be partially reversed by treatment with compounds that target repressive epigenetic marks, restoring FMRP expression could be one approach for the treatment of FXS. We describe a homogeneous and highly sensitive time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay for FMRP detection in a 1,536-well plate format. Using neural stem cells differentiated from an FXS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line that does not express any FMRP, we screened a collection of approximately 5,000 known tool compounds and approved drugs using this FMRP assay and identified 6 compounds that modestly increase FMR1 gene expression in FXS patient cells. Although none of these compounds resulted in clinically relevant levels of FMR1 mRNA, our data provide proof of principle that this assay combined with FXS patient-derived neural stem cells can be used in a high-throughput format to identify better lead compounds for FXS drug development. In this study, a specific and sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay for fragile X mental retardation protein detection was developed and optimized for high-throughput screening (HTS) of compound libraries using fragile X syndrome (FXS) patient-derived neural stem cells. The data suggest that this HTS format will be useful for the identification of better lead compounds for developing new therapeutics for FXS. This assay can also be adapted for FMRP detection in clinical and research settings. ©AlphaMed Press.

A System Approach to Navy Medical Education and Training. Appendix 38. Competency Curriculum for Psychiatric Technician.

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-08-31

Interaction with Patient with Mental Retardation and/or Organic Brain Syndrome . . . 23 i- £ 4. Interaction with Patient with Personality or Character...Patient Diagnosed as a Sexual Deviant . . ............... 21 3 Interaction with Patient with Mental Retardation and/or Organic Brain Syndrome . . 23 4...retardation or an organic brain syndrome (organic brain disorder) (Behavior) The PSYT will assist patient in becoming familiar with the physical environment of

Neurobehavioral and Psychosocial Issues in Klinefelter Syndrome

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Geschwind, Daniel H.; Dykens, Elisabeth

2004-01-01

Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a relatively common (1/500 to 1/1,000) genetic syndrome caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to an XXY karyotype. In most cases, the physical and neurobehavioral characteristics of KS are relatively mild, and KS is not usually associated with moderate or severe mental retardation. However, KS is often…

Correlation between Dental Maturation and Chronological Age in Patients with Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Down Syndrome

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Diz, P.; Limeres, J.; Salgado, A. F. P.; Tomas, I.; Delgado, L. F.; Vazquez, E.; Feijoo, J. F.

2011-01-01

Determining a child's chronological age and stage of maturation is particularly important in fields such as paediatrics, orthopaedics, and orthodontics, as well as in forensic and anthropological studies. Some systemic conditions can cause abnormal physiological maturation, and skeletal maturation is usually more delayed than dental maturation.…

Male-Female Characteristics of Fragile X Syndrome.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caron, Jackie

Fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of mental retardation next to Down syndrome. The syndrome is more prevalent in males because they only have one X chromosome, where the gene for fragile X is carried, while women have two X chromosomes and the normal gene can compensate for the affected chromosome. Certain physical features are…

Auditory Brainstem Responses in Young Males with Fragile X Syndrome

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roberts, Joanne; Hennon, Elizabeth A.; Anderson, Kathleen; Roush, Jackson; Gravel, Judith; Skinner, Martie; Misenheimer, Jan; Reitz, Patricia

2005-01-01

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation resulting in developmental delays in males. Atypical outer ear morphology is characteristic of FXS and may serve as a marker for abnormal auditory function. Despite this abnormality, studies of the hearing of young males with FXS are generally lacking. A few studies…

Water Pollution. Environmental Education Curriculum. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Topeka Public Schools, KS.

Water is one of the most polluted resources in our environment. Since everyone has the same basic need for pure water, it follows that all people should have a basic knowledge of the causes, results and solutions to the water pollution problem. This unit is designed for use with Level II and III educable mentally retarded students to present…

Schritt fur Schritt: Die Durschsetzung der Rechte geistig behinderter Menschen; Pas a Pas: La mise en application des droits des personnes handicapees mentales; Paso a Paso: Puesta en practica de los derechos de los deficientes mentales (Step by Step: Implementation of the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

International League of Societies for the Mentally Handicapped, Brussels (Belgium).

The booklet presents the proceedings (in English, French, Spanish, and German) of Session 62 of the Seventh World Congress of the International League of Societies for the Mentally Handicapped, detailing some analytical guidelines for national societies on the implementation of the rights of mentally retarded persons. Rights discussed include…

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH ON EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

KIRK, SAMUEL A.; WEINER, BLUMA B.

THIS MONOGRAPH PROVIDES REVIEWS OF BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH STUDIES WHICH INCLUDE AUTHOR, TITLE, PURPOSE, SUBJECTS, METHODS OR PROCEDURES, AND RESULTS. REVIEWS ARE GROUPED BY 11 EXCEPTIONALITY AREAS AND ADMINISTRATION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION. THE AREAS OF EXCEPTIONALITY ARE (1) GIFTED, (2) EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED, (3) TRAINABLE MENTALLY RETARDED, (4)…

Perception of Contingency and Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeVellis, Robert F.; McCauley, Charley

1979-01-01

It is argued that the general learning difficulties exhibited by mentally retarded persons are similar in many respects to the learning difficulties of nonretarded persons who are in a state of learned helplessness (M. Seligman, 1975) or who are external in locus of control orientation. (Author)

Measuring Interpersonal Problems in People with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kellett, Stephen; Beail, Nigel; Newman, David W.

2005-01-01

Despite interpersonal problems being commonplace in the clinical presentations of people with mental retardation, previous efforts to index interpersonal difficulties have tended to unsatisfactorily rely on external ratings. The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-32 is a psychometrically robust self-report measure of interpersonal problems in…

Editorial: Trends in Mental Retardation in the 1990s.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rowitz, Louis

1989-01-01

Issues in mental retardation to be addressed in the next decade include homogenization of disabilities, aging of the population, increasing information and research needs, diagnosis, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, legal and ethical problems, caregiving, adolescent care, health care delivery, lifelong disabilities, vocational opportunities,…

HANDBOOK OF MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

CARTER, CHARLES H.

THE CLINICAL SYNDROMES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE PRODUCTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION ARE DESCRIBED BY SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, AND ETIOLOGY. SYNDROMES TREATED ARE (1) PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL INFECTIONS, (2) PRENATAL INTOXICATION AND ALLERGIC REACTIONS, (3) PRENATAL TRAUMA, PHYSICAL AGENTS, OR INTOXICATION, (4) BIRTH INJURIES, (5) POSTNATAL POISONS AND ALLERGIC…

On What Basis Hope? Modern Progress and Postmodern Possibilities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Danforth, Scot

1997-01-01

Examines modern and postmodern concepts of hope as applied to services for persons having mental retardation. Contrasts modernist theories of special education, based on interventionist social science, with postmodernist views, which critique modern social science as perpetuating stigmatized "mentally retarded" identities defined by…

Factors affecting social integration of noninstitutionalized mentally retarded adults.

PubMed

Reiter, S; Levi, A M

1980-07-01

The social integration of noninstitutionalized moderately and mildly mentally retarded young adults was investigated. A group of moderately and mildly retarded adults (study group) was compared with a group of borderline retarded (control group) adults on employability, behavior at work, social integration and social skills, personality, and self-concept. Findings indicated that the study group was less well integrated at work and in society than was the control group and showed lack of social skills. The retarded adults who had nonretarded friends showed better social-educational skills than did the other subjects. Findings suggest that even retarded individuals who grow up in the community need help in order to become socially independent. The existence of a special social club for retarded adults was found to fulfill the functions of a sheltered framework. Participants in the club showed more positive self-concepts; however, the club did not seem to prepare them for social integration in the general community.

Effect of computer game intervention on the attention capacity of mentally retarded children.

PubMed

Rezaiyan, Akram; Mohammadi, Eesa; Fallah, Parviz A

2007-10-01

The low rate of understanding and the limited domain of attention are two important and distinctive characteristics of mental retardation. One of the important strategies to provide effective education for these subjects is to lessen the backgrounds and impacts of these affective factors. The aim of this research was to find the effect of computer games program on the amount of mentally retarded persons' attention. Sixty educable male mentally retarded subjects were selected from two 24-h care centres in Tehran. The Toulouse-Pieron Scale was used to determinate the subjects' attention at pre-post test. Members of the experimental group were subjected to 35 sets of computer games. After use of the sets of computer games, the attention scores of the subjects were assessed immediately after the intervention and 5 weeks later. The results showed that exactly after the intervention the average attention scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. But, 5 weeks after the intervention, there was actually no significant difference.

New X-linked mental retardation syndrome with the gene mapped tentatively in Xp22.3

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wittwer, B.; Kircheisen, R.; Leutelt, J.

1996-07-12

X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) is genetically heterogeneous and clinically variable. We describe a new XLMR syndrome of severe mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies. Two sisters have (with 3 different partners) 3 severely handicapped sons. In 2 cases, oligohydramnios and intrauterine growth retardation were noted. Common anomalies included a square-shaped face, high and broad forehead, frontal bossing, downward slant of palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, long philtrum, thin upper lip, and apparently low-set ears. One boy has bilateral microphthalmos and sclerocornea, and his cousin has atrophy of the optic nerve. All 3 patients are blind and have profound statomotor andmore » mental retardation, seizures, and a grossly abnormal electroencephalographic pattern. Additional findings are short stature, delayed bone matuation, hydronephrosis, vesicorenal reflux, cryptorchidism, clinodactyly of the 5th fingers, and transverse palmar creases. The karyotype is normal (46,XY). Segregation analysis showed perfect coinheritance between the clinical phenotype and alleles at several loci in Xp22.3, whereas recombinants were identified with marker loci from Xp22.2-qter. Analysis of multiple informative meioses suggests that the disease locus maps in Xp22.3 distal to DXS16. 9 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Treatment of behavior disorders in mental retardation: report on transitioning to atypical antipsychotics, with an emphasis on risperidone.

PubMed

Aman, Michael G; Gharabawi, Georges M

2004-09-01

Mental illnesses are more common in people with mental retardation and developmental disabilities than in the general population. Due to the difficulty of making specific psychiatric diagnoses in these patients, the target of medication is often a behavioral symptom. For many symptoms, antipsychotic medications are effective, but the serious side effect profile of conventional antipsychotics renders their use problematic. Recent findings concerning the safety and efficacy of atypical antipsychotics for control of certain disruptive behaviors in adults and children led a Special Topic Advisory Panel to draw up guidelines for transitioning patients with specific symptoms from classical antipsychotics to risperidone and, by extrapolation, to other atypical agents. Participants were chosen by Janssen Pharmaceutica, based on individual achievements and lifetime experience. The Special Topic Advisory Panel on Transitioning to Risperidone Therapy in Patients With Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities comprised academic clinicians with at least 10 years' experience in the field of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. It included a clinical pharmacist, consultant pharmacists, a certified developmental disabilities nurse, psychiatrists, a family physician, and a psychologist. The Panel considered recent studies of the efficacy and tolerability of risperidone and other atypical antipsychotics in adults and children with mental retardation and developmental disabilities. MEDLINE searches were conducted using the name of each atypical antipsychotic and the following terms: mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and behavior disorders. Searches were conducted starting in July 2002 and done periodically through April 2004 to capture new additions to the literature. Searches were confined to English. GUIDELINES PROCESS: The Panel reviewed the available evidence, identified optimal doses and titration schedules, considered instruments and rating scales for assessing symptoms, and developed guidelines. The guidelines set forth initial and target doses and titration schedules of risperidone therapy for some behavioral symptoms and provide recommendations concerning withdrawal of previous medications and for procedures and rating scales for assessing symptoms. In patients with severe retardation, the goal is often to identify specific target behaviors rather than to pursue an exact diagnosis, which may be unattainable.

Medicaid-financed residential care for persons with mental retardation.

PubMed

Lakin, K C; Hall, M J

1990-12-01

Two sources of Medicaid support for persons with mental retardation and related conditions (MR/RC) are examined, the intermediate care facility for the mentally retarded (ICF/MR) program and the home and community-based services (HCBS) waiver. Results indicate that Medicaid support through the ICF/MR program has shown little recent growth in terms of number of persons served, although expenditures continue to increase. Medicaid's HCBS waiver is being used increasingly by States to support residential placement because of its greater flexibility and more individualized approach relative to ICF/MR care. Use of Medicaid to finance care for persons with MR/RC varies considerably across States.

Medicaid-financed residential care for persons with mental retardation

PubMed Central

Lakin, K. Charlie; Hall, Margaret Jean

1990-01-01

Two sources of Medicaid support for persons with mental retardation and related conditions (MRIRC) are examined, the intermediate care facility for the mentally retarded (ICF/MR) program and the home and community-based services (HCBS) waiver. Results indicate that Medicaid support through the ICF/MR program has shown little recent growth in terms of number of persons served, although expenditures continue to increase. Medicaid's HCBS waiver is being used increasingly by States to support residential placement because of its greater flexibility and more individualized approach relative to ICF/MR care. Use of Medicaid to finance care for persons with MR/RC varies considerably across States. PMID:10113489

OCCUPATIONS IN THE CARE AND REHABILITATION OF THE MENTALLY RETARDED.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

BOSS, MILTON R.; GREGG, RANDOLPH M.

TWENTY-SEVEN FULL TIME OCCUPATIONS INVOLVING DIAGNOSIS, CARE, AND REHABILITATION OF THE MENTALLY RETARDED ARE DISCUSSED. FOR EACH, AN OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION, THE NEEDED QUALIFICATIONS, AND SOME INDICATION OF THE NECESSARY WORKER TRAIT REQUIREMENTS SUCH AS APTITUDES, INTERESTS, TEMPERAMENT, AND PHYSICAL DEMANDS AND WORKING CONDITIONS ARE…

Divorce in Families of Genetically Handicapped/Mentally Retarded Individuals.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roesel, Rosalyn; Lawlis, G. Frank

1983-01-01

Investigated divorce among parents (N=113) of mentally retarded/genetically handicapped children and found a divorce rate significantly lower than the general population. Young parents of handicapped first born males and older mothers of handicapped first borns were at a higher risk of divorce. (Author/JAC)

Issues in the Taxonomy of Psychopathology in Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Einfeld, Stewart L.; Aman, Michael

1995-01-01

Factors affecting the development of a taxonomy of psychopathology for children with mental retardation are considered, along with the following diagnostic areas to address: stereotypic behavior and self-injury, autism, organic brain syndromes, and pervasive developmental disorders. Using data from multivariate studies and findings related to…

PHENYLKETONURIA, AN INHERITED METABOLIC DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL RETARDATION.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

CENTERWALL, WILLARD R.; CENTERWALL, SIEGRIED A.

ADDRESSED TO PUBLIC HEALTH WORKERS AND PHYSICIANS IN GENERAL PRACTICE, THE PAMPHLET INTRODUCES METHODS OF DETECTING AND MANAGING PHENYLKETONURIA, AN INHERITED METABOLIC DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL RETARDATION. INFORMATION, UPDATED FROM THE 1961 EDITION, IS INCLUDED ON THE INCIDENCE AND GENETICS, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND CLINICAL COURSE OF THE…

Correlates of Work Adjustment among the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ho, Hua-Kuo

The study sought to determine the relationships between work adjustment and selected personal, educational, vocational, and familial variables among 116 mentally retarded trainees from two vocational training programs in Taiwan. Findings included, among others: older trainees were more likely to accept rules/authority than younger workers; males…

Foundation Care: A Treatment Model for Nonambulatory Profoundly Mentally Retarded Persons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LaMendola, Walter F.; And Others

1987-01-01

Two institutional treatment models--Intermediate Care Facilities and Foundation Care--were compared with 30 profoundly mentally retarded adults. The Foundation Care model (which emphasized habilitation through health, nurturance, stimulation, and play) demonstrated more resident-oriented management practices and used more tactile modalities and…

Use of Psychotropic Medication in Oklahoma: A Statewide Survey.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spreat, Scott; Conroy, James W.; Jones, Jennifer C.

1997-01-01

Analysis of statewide (Oklahoma) survey data revealed that 22.5% of individuals with mental retardation who were served by the Oklahoma mental retardation system were receiving antipsychotic medication. Higher levels of medication use were found in institutional settings and Intermediate Care Facility settings. (Author/DB)

Occupational Interests and Mentally Retarded People: Review and Recommendations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stodden, Robert A.; And Others

1979-01-01

The article reviews several studies regarding the choice of occupational interests for the mentally retarded adolescent. Several concerns about current evaluation practices are discussed. Recommendations are offered for a client centered, developmental model, making the evaluation of occupational interests a viable part of the client's…

Detection of Malingered Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shandera, Anne L.; Berry, David T. R.; Clark, Jessica A.; Schipper, Lindsey J.; Graue, Lili O.; Harp, Jordan P.

2010-01-01

In a cross-validation of results from L. O. Graue et al. (2007), standard psychological assessment instruments, as well as tests of neurocognitive and psychiatric feigning, were administered under standard instructions to 24 participants diagnosed with mild mental retardation (MR) and 10 demographically matched community volunteers (CVH). A 2nd…

Progress in Mental Development of Retarded Cerebral Palsied Infants

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Banham, Katharine M.

1972-01-01

Reported were scores on the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale, the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale (Form L-M), the Quick Screening Scale of Mental Development, and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale achieved by 102 retarded, cerebral palsied infants who were in a hospital rehabilitation program. (GW)

Epilepsy and Mental Retardation: An Overview.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coulter, David L.

1993-01-01

The comprehensive management of epilepsy in people with mental retardation requires consideration of four aspects of care: diagnosis and classification, anticonvulsant drug treatment, safety and protection from injury, and psychosocial functioning. This paper outlines what is known and unknown in these four areas and introduces articles in this…

A Descriptive Analysis of Interactions between Co-Workers and Supported Employees.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rusch, Frank R.; And Others

This study describes varying types of nonhandicapped co-worker interactions with supported employees. The sample included 341 supported employees with mental retardation served by community rehabilitation facilities in Illinois. Results indicated that co-workers interact extensively with persons who are mentally retarded. These interactions…

Adolescent Depression: Relationships of Self-Report to Intellectual and Adaptive Functioning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Manikam, Ramasamy; And Others

1995-01-01

Self-report measures of depression, general psychopathology, and social skills were administered to 100 adolescents ranging from moderate mental retardation to above normal intelligence. Adolescents with mental retardation reported more depression and general psychopathology symptoms. Adaptive behavior functioned as a moderator variable, mediating…

Teaching and Training Relevant Community Skills to Mentally Retarded Persons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matson, Johnny L.

1988-01-01

Reviews some of the major developments in teaching and training relevant community skills to mentally retarded persons. The following adaptive skills are discussed: (1) toilet use and bed wetting; (2) eating, dressing, and personal hygiene; (3) community survival; and (4) vocational and social skills. (BJV)

What's in a Name?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tasse, Marc J.

2013-01-01

The World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of developing the 11th edition of the "International Classification of Diseases" ("ICD-11"). Part of this process includes replacing "mental retardation" with a more acceptable term to identify the condition. The current international consensus appears to be replacing "mental retardation" with…

Administrative Issues in Institutions for the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cleland, Charles C.; Swartz, Jon D.

Designed primarily for administrators of both public and private institutions for the mentally retarded, the volume offers guidelines for coping with three areas of modification of institutional image, daily operational problems concerning manpower and equipment, and future demands upon institutions. Brief exercises following some of the readings…

Mental Retardation: Topics of Today--Issues of Tomorrow.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyen, Edward L., Ed.

1984-01-01

The monograph examines issues affecting the future of handicapped people generally, and mentally retarded people specifically. E. Meyen introduces the volume and describes how the issues were identified. H. Turnbull and P. Barber, in "Perspectives on Public Policy," discuss such issues as defederalization, redefinition of handicaps, and…

Training Eye-Pointing Behavior in a Nonabulatory Profoundly Mentally Retarded Child Using Contingent Vibratory Stimulation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zucker, Stanley H.; And Others

1980-01-01

Contingent vibration was used to train a precommunication response in a spastic/quadriplegic profoundly mentally retarded boy (age 11). The results indicated an increase in the S's eye pointing behavior subsequent to the administration of response contingent vibration. (Author)

Identification of five novel arginine vasopressin gene mutations in patients with familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus.

PubMed

Tian, Dan; Cen, Jing; Nie, Min; Gu, Feng

2016-10-01

Familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI) is a genetic disorder presenting with polyuria and polydipsia and is caused by mutations in the arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II (AVP-NPII) gene. The clinical manifestations of this disorder vary greatly depending on different mutations. The present study reports the genetic, clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with FNDI caused by five novel mutations. Ten patients encompassing two pedigrees and four individual cases diagnosed with FNDI were included. Biochemical markers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were evaluated and genomic DNA was sequenced. The results revealed that age at onset ranged from 1.0 to 11.0 years. Daily urine volumes ranged from 2.0 to 12.0 liters. One patient had mental retardation and three patients had puberty retardation; one patient had nausea, vomiting and mental retardation; and two patients had fever. Treatments, if given, included desmopressin and vasopressin tannate. Posterior pituitary T1-weighted MRI high-intensity signals were absent in two cases and present in four cases. Sequencing revealed five novel mutations in the AVP-NPII gene. On the whole, the findings of the present study indicate that FNDI exhibits different clinical manifestations and a diverse age at onset. Posterior pituitary MRI does not provide a definite diagnosis of FNDI. We also identified five novel AVP-NPII mutations. Thus, an enhanced understanding of FNDI pathogenesis may provide a basis for the development of presymptomatic FNDI diagnotic tools.

Neurological impairments and sleep-wake behaviour among the mentally retarded.

PubMed

Lindblom, N; Heiskala, H; Kaski, M; Leinonen, L; Nevanlinna, A; Iivanainen, M; Laakso, M L

2001-12-01

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the sleep-wake behaviour and neurological impairments among mentally retarded people. The sleep-wake behaviour of 293 mentally retarded subjects living in a rehabilitation center was studied by a standardized observation protocol carried out by trained staff members. The protocol consisted of brief check-ups of the subjects' sleep-wake status at 20-min intervals for five randomly chosen 24-h periods during 4 months. From the raw data five sleep-wake behaviour variables were formed. The data concerning the subject characteristics (age, body mass index (BMI), gender, degree of mental retardation, presence of locomotor disability, that of epilepsy, blindness or deafness and the usage of psychotropic medications) were collected from the medical records. Two main findings emerged: (1) severe locomotor disability, blindness and active epilepsy were found to be independent predictors of increased daytime sleep and increased number of wake-sleep transitions and (2) the subjects with a combination of two or all three of these impairments had a significantly more fragmented and abnormally distributed sleep than those with none or milder forms of these impairments. Age, BMI, degree of mental retardation and the studied medications played a minor role in the sleep disturbances of the study population. Finally, deafness was not found to be associated with any of the measured sleep-wake variables.

Ethnic differences in the knowledge, attitude and beliefs towards mental illness in a traditional fast developing country.

PubMed

Bener, Abdulbari; Ghuloum, Suhaila

2011-06-01

The aim of the study was to examine the ethnic differences in knowledge, attitude and practice towards mental illness in a sample of Qatari and non-Qatari Arabs. This is a cross sectional survey conducted in Primary Health Care centers, Qatar from October to June 2009. A representative sample of 3000 Qatari and non-Qatari Arabs above 20 years of age were approached and 2514 subjects (83.8%) gave consent to participate in this study. More than non-Qatari Arabs, a significant proportion of Qataris thought that mental illness can be a punishment from God (44.5% vs 50.6%; p=0.002) and that people with mental illness are mentally retarded (35.1% vs 45.1%; p<0.001). Qatari nationals had a poor knowledge about causes of mental illness compared to non-Qatari Arabs such as a belief that mental illness is due to possession of evil spirits (40.5% vs 37.6%) and psychiatric medication will cause addiction (61% vs 57.3%). The study revealed that there is an ethnic diversity within Arab societies in their knowledge, attitude and practice towards mental illness.

A Social Attitude Approach to Sex Education for the Educable Mentally Retarded. In-Service Training Materials for Teachers of the Educable Mentally Retarded, Session III.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyen, Edward L.; Carr, Donald L.

Designed for educable mentally handicapped children, these lessons on social attitudes stress sex education and also present broader coverage of information relevant to the development of social skills. The pre-primary unit, for ages 4 to 7, includes lessons on healthy body image, proper toilet habits, male and female roles, sequence of growth,…

Mental Retardation and the Law: A Report on Status of Current Court Cases.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Friedman, Paul

The document reports on five new cases and updates information on 29 previously reported cases regarding mental retardation and the law. Cases are divided into the following categories: classification, commitment, confidentiality, education, employment, protection from harm, sterilization, treatment, and zoning. Listed separately, by the above…

Mental Retardation and the Law: A Report on Status of Current Court Cases.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levine, Jan Martin, Ed.

Brief reports on the status of approximately 75 ongoing or recently decided court cases in states of relevance to the mentally retarded are provided. Cases cover the following issues: commitment, community living and services, criminal law, discrimination, guardianship, institutions and deinstitutionalization, medical/legal issues, parental rights…

MR78, Mental Retardation: The Leading Edge. Service Programs That Work.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perske, Robert

The book highlights 30 effective service programs for mentally retarded persons. The first section presents information on eight family oriented programs serving high risk, Down's syndrome, urban poor, and profoundly handicapped children. Included are descriptions of parent education, support, and advocacy programs. Among seven public school…

USE OF NEW AUDIO-VISUAL TECHNIQUES TO TEACH MENTALLY-RETARDED CHILDREN.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

ROSS, DOROTHEA M.

DEPENDENCY LEARNING, THE ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL INTERRELATIONSHIP VALUES, WAS STUDIED AS A TECHNIQUE FOR FOSTERING AUDIOVISUAL ACADEMIC LEARNING AMONG 54 YOUNG, EDUCABLE MENTAL RETARDATES. SOME OF THESE SUBJECTS WERE TAUGHT TO VALUE SIMULATED DEPENDENCY MODELS. THESE MODELS WERE CONSISTENTLY PAIRED WITH SUCH REWARDING STIMULI AS…

Teaching Moderately Mentally Retarded Children Basic Reading Skills.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoogeveen, Frans R.; And Others

1989-01-01

Four moderately mentally retarded students, aged 8-13, were instructed in a basic skills reading program which emphasized a phonemic alphabet, pictorial cueing, and stimulus manipulation techniques. The training improved the Dutch students' ability to read one- and two-syllable words, and was generalizable to untrained words of the same…

Mental Retardation: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reschly, Daniel J., Ed.; Myers, Tracy G., Ed.; Hartel, Christine R., Ed.

The Social Security Administration (SSA) provides income support and medical benefits for adults with mental retardation unable to perform substantial gainful activity through the Disability Insurance (DI) program and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. SSI benefits are also provided to families of children and adolescents who evidence…

International Directory of Mental Retardation Resources.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dybwad, Rosemary F., Ed.

The directory lists and describes governmental and voluntary agencies, research, and other resources in the field of mental retardation in foreign countries. The first section, on international organizations, gives names, addresses, names of directors, and one or more paragraphs of description for the United Nations and its specialized agencies,…

Health Care Needs of Adults with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rubin, I. Leslie

1987-01-01

Experience with provision of optimal health services to mentally retarded individuals in institutional settings can be applied and adapted to design services for such adults living in the community. Coordination of health care by a team of nurses, primary care physicians, and special medical services is recommended. (Author/DB)

A Job Retention Model for Individuals with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fornes, Sandra

2006-01-01

This structured literature review examines the literature and addresses issues of job retention for adult workers with moderate to mild mental retardation (MR), investigating the relationships between work-related social behaviors, self-determination, person-job congruency of individuals with MR, and their job performance and job satisfaction with…

Improving Outcomes for Workers with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fornes, Sandra; Rocco, Tonette S.; Rosenberg, Howard

2008-01-01

This research presents an analysis of factors predicting job retention, job satisfaction, and job performance of workers with mental retardation. The findings highlight self-determination as a critical skill in predicting the three important employee outcomes. The study examined a hypothesized job retention model and the outcome of the three…

Housekeeping Management Assistant Manual for Training of the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock. Research and Training Center in Mental Retardation.

Presented is an instructional guide for teaching mentally retarded persons to become housekeeping assistants. Listed are tasks, objectives, and background information for the following six units: general safety procedures; daily duties (general cleaning, use of supply carts, and bathroom cleaning); laundry procedures (including use of washer and…

Teaching Community Survival Skills to Mentally Retarded Adults: A Review and Analysis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martin, James E.; And Others

1982-01-01

The article reviews research on training mentally retarded adults in the following community survival skills: travel training, money management, meal preparation, clothing and personal care, telephone skill, housekeeping, self-medication, leisure skills, social skills, and conversation. Results are said to indicate the value of behavioral…

Project Job: Vocational Training Program for Mentally Retarded Adults.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 1983

1983-01-01

A vocational training program for trainable mentally retarded youth and adults provided instruction on functional skills, travel training, and independent living skills in addition to supervised performance in part time jobs in the community. The program expanded into small business subsidiaries for boat cleaning and detailing and marine serving.…

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test as an Indication of Depression in Patients with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mattes, Jeffrey A.; Amsell, Loren

1993-01-01

Administration of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) for three groups of institutionalized patients with severe/profound mental retardation found that the 12 depressed patients more frequently (though not significantly) had positive DSTs and significantly higher cortisol levels compared with nondepressed patients with and without other…

Co-Worker Involvement in Employment Programs for Persons with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McNair, Jeff

This paper reviews recent literature related to co-worker involvement in non-sheltered community-based employment programs for persons with mental retardation. Discussion of co-worker roles is categorized into six areas: training, associating, befriending, advocating, evaluating, and information giving. Also discussed are other variables…

Assessing Student Teachers' Attitudes toward Mentally Retarded and Physically Handicapped Persons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ashman, Adrian F.

1984-01-01

Analysis of questionnaires completed by 104 postgraduate level education students revealed that Ss were more accepting of physical than mental handicaps. No sex differences were found. Identified five factors: perceived rights and privileges of physically handicapped and retarded persons, interpersonal comfort with handicapped people, attitudes…

Chronic Regurgitation among Persons with Mental Retardation: A Need for Combined Medical and Interdisciplinary Strategies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rogers, B.; And Others

1992-01-01

This study found chronic regurgitation in 23 of 220 institutionalized adults with severe mental retardation. A high prevalence of dysphagia and gastroesophageal abnormalities was found, suggesting the importance of full evaluation and treatment prior to a diagnosis of rumination in this population. (Author/DB)

The Logan School Motor Development Program for the Deaf-Blind and Sensory Impaired.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Logan, Thomas E.

Presented are numerous motor development activities for sensory impaired, severely and profoundly mentally retarded, and multiply handicapped mentally retarded students of all ages. Background information is provided on program objectives and administration, the multiply handicapped child, motor development, and methods of movement training.…

Euthanasia and Mental Retardation: Suggesting the Unthinkable.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hollander, Russell

1989-01-01

The article examines current opinions toward euthanasia of persons with mental retardation in light of the history of public and professional attitudes. It also discusses the rejection of euthanasia on moral and religious grounds, and notes the use of lifelong incarceration, based on eugenics principles, to accomplish similar ends. (DB)

Dementia and Depression in Elders with Mental Retardation: A Pilot Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harper, Dennis C.; Wadsworth, John S.

1990-01-01

This article investigates cognitive decline and depressive symptomatology among older adults with mental retardation. A pilot study of assessment instruments is reported. Findings reveal that decreasing cognitive ability is associated with higher rates of observed depression and reported behavioral problems. Cognitive decline was associated with…

National Study of Public Spending for Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Braddock, David; And Others

1987-01-01

Results of a nationwide study of public mental retardation/developmental disabilities spending in the states during Fiscal Years 1977 through 1986 were analyzed and identified trends such as continuing growth in spending for community services, contraction of total spending for institutional operations, and predominance of support for intermediate…

Symposium: Compliance and Quality in Residential Life. Foreword.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Edward M.

1992-01-01

The senator from Massachusetts introduces this special issue by reviewing his family's interest in persons with mental retardation, the potential of the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Intermediate Care Facilities for the Mentally Retarded (ICF/MR) program, and the importance of improving care for residents of ICFs. (DB)

Reducing Barriers to Sex Education for Adults with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huntley, Cristy F.; Benner, Susan M.

1993-01-01

Opinions of professionals from 16 agencies were obtained to identify techniques that agencies serving adults or adolescents with mental retardation could utilize to provide systematic sex education and counseling. Recommendations are offered in five areas: self-advocacy and self-determination, individual design, staff training and support,…

Computer Assisted Instruction for the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Providence Coll., RI.

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) for the mentally retarded is described; the advantages of CAI (which generally follows the pattern of programed instruction) are listed; and the roles of the teacher and the student are summarized. The coursewriter is explained, and its use as an experimental tool discussed. Guidelines are given covering…

Mental Retardation Programs of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC. Office of Mental Retardation Coordination.

The mental retardation programs of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare are arranged and explained according to the categories of preventive services, basic and supportive services, training of personnel, research, construction, and income maintenance. Then follow eight agency reports that generally contain introductory information,…

Planning Curriculum Development: With Examples from Projects for the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayer, William V., Ed.

Presented are guidelines based on five federally funded projects for planning and developing curriculum for the mentally retarded. Discussed are the initial steps of identifying the target population, needs, and objectives. Examples of curriculum design, including the rationale and conceptual framework, are provided. Considered are elements of…

Neuroleptic-Induced Dementia Documented in Four Adults with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gedye, A.

1998-01-01

Describes four case studies of neuroleptic-induced dementia in four adults with mental retardation. The neuroleptic-induced dementia occurred while the individuals were on a low dose of either loxapine, thioridazine, haloperidol, or pimozide. The individuals showed full recovery after the offending medication was withdrawn. (Author/CR)

A Survey of School Psychologists' Practices for Identifying Mentally Retarded Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wodrich, David L.; Barry, Christine T.

1991-01-01

Surveyed school psychologists regarding identification of mentally retarded students. The Wechsler scales were the most frequently used tests for deriving intelligence quotient scores, which together with adaptive behavior scale scores were rated as most influential in identification-placement decisions. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales were…

Well-Being for Mentally Retarded Adolescents: A Social, Leisure, and Nutrition Education Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coyne, Phyllis

Intended for those working with moderately mentally retarded adolescents, the manual offers guidelines for social, recreation, and nutrition education. An introduction points out that the program model contains specific program strategies, assessment techniques, and methods to teach specific skills and concepts in the areas of leisure…

Genetic Issues in Mental Retardation, 1996-1997.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Genetic Issues in Mental Retardation, 1996

1996-01-01

This document consists of the first six issues of a newsletter, which discusses current knowledge about and concerns related to genetics and mental retardation. The second issue addresses the problem of genetic discrimination. The third issue considers genetic testing, screening, and counseling. The fourth issue addresses genetic privacy issues.…

Cognitive Development of Severely and Profoundly Mentally Retarded Individuals.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Silverstein, A. B.; And Others

1982-01-01

H. Corman and S. Escalona's scales for object permanence and spatial relationships were readministered to 71 severely and profoundly mentally retarded individuals (mean age 19 years) five years after the last previous administration of the scales. Gains in mean scores were small but statistically significant for both scales. (Author)

Treatment of Sexual Offenses by Persons with Developmental Disabilities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Myers, Beverly A.

1991-01-01

A case history of a young man with mild mental retardation who had engaged in pedophilia and was successfully treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate is presented. The role of antiandrogen treatments of mentally retarded sexual offenders is discussed including issues of informed consent and ethical aspects of treatment. (Author/DB)

Mental Retardation FY 1983. Special Report to Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Inst. of Child Health and Human Development (NIH), Bethesda, MD.

The paper reviews mental retardation research activities of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD) and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS). Research activities are cited to illustrate the scope of NICHHD's efforts in a variety of biomedial areas. Activities are…

The New Morbidity and the Prevention of Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baumeister, Alfred A.

1988-01-01

Efforts to prevent mental retardation have been encumbered by lack of scientific and technical knowledge, vague understanding of incidence and prevalence, and scarcity of resources to implement effective public policies. Scientific and social progress toward prevention has pursued a wavelike, erratic course, driven primarily by prevailing social,…

Japanese Studies on Attitudes towards Persons with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tachibana, Toshiaki; Watanabe, Kanji

2002-01-01

Review of Japanese studies on attitudes toward persons with mental retardation first notes origins in increased support for special classes in schools. Reported findings focus on items most affecting attitude differences, gender differences, effect of contact, educational differences, and age differences. A unique sociological study in a fishery…

Application of the 1992 AAMR Definition: Issues for Preschool Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vig, Susan; Jedrysek, Eleonora

1996-01-01

Theoretical and practical challenges in implementing a 1992 definition of mental retardation developed by the American Association on Mental Retardation are reviewed, focusing on issues pertaining to preschool children. The definition is found to be problematic with this age group due to elimination of classification levels, limited relevance of…

Increasing Wearing of Prescription Glasses in Individuals with Mental Retardation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeLeon, Iser G.; Hagopian, Louis P.; Rodriguez-Catter, Vanessa; Bowman, Lynn G.; Long, Ethan S.; Boelter, Eric W.

2008-01-01

This study evaluated an intervention for promoting wearing of prescription glasses in 4 individuals with mental retardation who had refused to wear their glasses previously. Distraction through noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) increased independent glasses wearing for 1 of the 4 participants. An intervention consisting of NCR, response cost, and…

Behavior Disorders in Persons with Mental Retardation Receiving Antipsychotic Medication.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ono, Yoshiro

1998-01-01

The behavior disorders of 54 Japanese individuals with mental retardation receiving antipsychotic medication were compared to 52 subjects receiving anticonvulsants and 202 subjects without medication. Results found the problem behaviors of subjects receiving antipsychotic drugs were more severe and severity of disability was associated with higher…

A Bibliography of Bibliographies on Mental Retardation, 1963-June 1975.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Black, Lawrence, Comp.

Presented is a bibliography of over 100 bibliographies (published in 1963-1975) intended for social workers, teachers, and other professionals working in the field of mental retardation. Entries are arranged alphabetically by author or contributing organization under the following categories: general references, biochemistry, care of the mentally…

The State of the States in Developmental Disabilities. Fifth Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Braddock, David; Hemp, Richard; Parish, Susan; Westrich, James

This volume reports on the fifth nationwide survey of trends in mental retardation (MR) and developmental disabilities (DD). It begins with four chapters summarizing trends in the nation as a whole. The first chapter is "Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives" (David Braddock). This…

A Comparison of Three Methods to Measure Percent Body Fat on Mentally Retarded Adults.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burkett, Lee N.; And Others

1994-01-01

Reports a study that compared three measures for determining percent body fat in mentally retarded adults (multiple skinfolds and circumference measurements, Infrared Interactance, and Bioelectrical Impedance). Results indicated the Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer and Infrared Interactance Analyzer produced values for percent body fat that were…

42 CFR 435.622 - Individuals in institutions who are eligible under a special income level.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... THE STATES, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS, AND AMERICAN SAMOA General Financial..., nursing facilities, and intermediate care facilities for the mentally retarded who would not be eligible... (hospital, nursing facility, or intermediate level care for the mentally retarded), or by other factors...

Persons with Mental Retardation and Technology Use Patterns and Needs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parette, Howard P., Jr.; VanBiervliet, Alan

A questionnaire examining consumer needs, spending, travel, credit options and utilization practices in adaptive/assistive and educational technology was answered by 2,201 Arkansans with disabilities of all ages. This paper emphasizes results relating to Arkansans with mental retardation. Results indicate Medicare/Medicaid as the single most…

Influence of the Social Context on Pragmatic Skills of Adults with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oetting, Janna B.; Rice, Mabel L.

1991-01-01

The influence of social context on pragmatic skills of 16 adults with mild to moderate mental retardation was examined using videotaped conversations. Data analysis revealed that the subjects were proficient in judging topic maintenance presentations in a simplified but not a complex context. (DB)

Screening for Osteoporosis in Community-Dwelling Adults with Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tyler, Carl V., Jr.; Snyder, Clint W.; Zyzanski, Stephen

2000-01-01

Osteoporosis screening of 107 adults, ages 40 to 60, with mental retardation who attended community-based training centers found 21 percent had osteoporosis and 34 percent had osteopenia. The most significant predictor of lower bone mineral densities were Down syndrome, mobility status, and race. (Contains references.) (Author/DB)

Total Habilitation as a Major Goal of Intervention in Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Drash, Philip W.; And Others

1987-01-01

Intervention advances in mental retardation have enabled some individuals to function as independent, nonretarded persons. Establishing total habilitation (a term needed to describe this outcome) as a major goal of intervention will promote research and the development of an intervention continuum that includes prevention, total habilitation, and…

Transition from School to Young Adulthood: Four Case Studies of Young Adults Labelled Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lichtenstein, Stephen; Michaelides, Nike

1993-01-01

These 4 case studies examine the last years of high school and postschool experiences of 4 21-year-olds labeled mentally retarded. Issues discussed include school compliance with legislation concerning Individualized Education Programs, influence of parental involvement, adult services, and necessary employment supports. (JDD)

Bibliography on Speech, Hearing and Language in Relation to Mental Retardation, 1900-1968.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peins, Maryann

The bibliography lists materials dealing with the communicative behavior (speech, hearing, language) of the mentally retarded. Each entry is classified according to one or more of the following categories: speech and language behavior; assessment of speech and language; hearing (assessment, problems, rehabilitation, research); habilitation…

Transportation and the Mentally Retarded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC.

Reported were the results of a contract that involved identification, description, and categorization of the nature of transportation problems for the mentally retarded by means of analysis of existing studies, two surveys, and an inventory of specialized programs and systems operating in the United States. One major problem was found to be…

Commentaries on Calnen and Blackman.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Journal on Mental Retardation, 1992

1992-01-01

Four responses and a rebuttal are presented to EC 603 716, focusing on "protections" from the state for individuals with mental retardation, the vulnerability of individuals with mental retardation, the need to take individual abilities into account, and the unusual uncertainty in determining the justice of the verdict imposing the death penalty.…

Autism and mental retardation among offspring born after in vitro fertilization.

PubMed

Sandin, Sven; Nygren, Karl-Gösta; Iliadou, Anastasia; Hultman, Christina M; Reichenberg, Abraham

2013-07-03

Between 1978 and 2010, approximately 5 million infants were born after in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments. Yet limited information on neurodevelopment after IVF exists, especially after the first year of life. To examine the association between use of any IVF and different IVF procedures and the risk of autistic disorder and mental retardation in the offspring. A population-based, prospective cohort study using Swedish national health registers. Offspring born between 1982 and 2007 were followed up for a clinical diagnosis of autistic disorder or mental retardation until December 31, 2009. The exposure of interest was IVF, categorized according to whether intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for male infertility was used and whether embryos were fresh or frozen. For ICSI, whether sperm were ejaculated or surgically extracted was also considered. Relative risks (RRs) for autistic disorder and mental retardation and rates per 100,000 person-years, comparing spontaneously conceived offspring with those born after an IVF procedure and comparing 5 IVF procedures used in Sweden vs IVF without ICSI with fresh embryo transfer, the most common treatment. We also analyzed the subgroup restricted to singletons. Of the more than 2.5 million infants born, 30,959 (1.2%) were conceived by IVF and were followed up for a mean 10 (SD, 6) years. Overall, 103 of 6959 children (1.5%) with autistic disorder and 180 of 15,830 (1.1%) with mental retardation were conceived by IVF. The RR for autistic disorder after any procedure compared with spontaneous conception was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.94-1.39; 19.0 vs 15.6 per 100,000 person-years). The RR for mental retardation was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.01-1.36; 46.3 vs 39.8 per 100,000 person-years). For both outcomes, there was no statistically significant association when restricting analysis to singletons. Compared with IVF without ICSI with fresh embryo transfer, there were statistically significantly increased risks of autistic disorder following ICSI using surgically extracted sperm and fresh embryos (RR, 4.60 [95% CI, 2.14-9.88]; 135.7 vs 29.3 per 100,000 person-years); for mental retardation following ICSI using surgically extracted sperm and fresh embryos (RR, 2.35 [95% CI, 1.01-5.45]; 144.1 vs 60.8 per 100,000 person-years); and following ICSI using ejaculated sperm and fresh embryos (RR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.03-2.09]; 90.6 vs 60.8 per 100,000 person-years). When restricting the analysis to singletons, the risks of autistic disorder associated with ICSI using surgically extracted sperm were not statistically significant, but the risks associated with ICSI using frozen embryos were significant for mental retardation (with frozen embryos, RR, 2.36 [95% CI, 1.04-5.36], 118.4 vs 50.6 per 100,000 person-years]; with fresh embryos, RR, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.00-2.57], 80.0 vs 50.6 per 100,000 person-years). Compared with spontaneous conception, IVF treatment overall was not associated with autistic disorder but was associated with a small but statistically significantly increased risk of mental retardation. For specific procedures, IVF with ICSI for paternal infertility was associated with a small increase in the RR for autistic disorder and mental retardation compared with IVF without ICSI. The prevalence of these disorders was low, and the increase in absolute risk associated with IVF was small.

[Iodine and thyroid gland with or without nuclear catastrophe].

PubMed

Dilas, Ljiljana Todorović; Bajkin, Ivana; Icin, Tijana; Paro, Jovanka Novaković; Zavisić, Branka Kovacev

2012-01-01

Iodine, as a trace element, is a necessary and limiting substrate for thyroid gland hormone synthesis. It is an essential element that enables the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones and Iodine Metabolism. Three iodine molecules are added to make triiodothyronine, and four for thyroxine - the two key hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency The proper daily amount of iodine is required for optimal thyroid function. Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, developmental brain disorders and goiter. Iodine deficiency is the single most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. It also decreases child survival, causes goiters, and impairs growth and development. Iodine deficiency disorders in pregnant women cause miscarriages, stillbirths, and other complications. Children with iodine deficiency disorders can grow up stunted, apathetic, mentally retarded, and incapable of normal movements, speech or hearing. Excessive Iodine Intake. Excessive iodine intake, which can trigger a utoimmune thyroid disease and dysfunction. is on the other side. Iodine use in Case of Nuclear Catastrophe. In addition to other severe consuquences of radioactivity, high amount of radioactive iodine causes significant increase in incidence of thyroid gland carcinoma after some of the nuclear catastrophes (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl, Fukushima). The incidence of thyroid carcinoma was increased mostly in children. This paper was aimed at clarifying some of the possibilities of prevention according to the recommendations given by the World Health Organization.

Comparison of the performance of first-grade and mentally retarded students on the Peabody Mathematics Readiness Test.

PubMed

Richardson, L I; Thurman, R L; Bassler, O C

1978-07-01

The Peabody Mathematics Readiness Test was developed to assess mathematics readiness and identify children who would encounter difficulty in first-grade mathematics. In the present study, we compared performances of mentally retarded subjects and first-grade subjects on this test. Retarded subjects' mean scores were significantly lower than those of the nonretarded subjects on the drawing test; however, there were no significant differences between the mean scores of the groups on the other five subscales.

Identification of Expanded Alleles of the "FMR1" Gene in the CHildhood Autism Risks from Genes and Environment (CHARGE) Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tassone, Flora; Choudhary, Nimrah S.; Tassone, Federica; Durbin-Johnson, Blythe; Hansen, Robin; Hertz-Picciotto, Irva; Pessah, Isaac

2013-01-01

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neuro-developmental disorder characterized by intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Expansion of a CGG trinucleotide repeat (greater than 200 repeats) in the 5'UTR of the fragile X mental retardation gene, is the single most prevalent cause of cognitive disabilities. Several screening studies…

Regulation of GABAA receptors by fragile X mental retardation protein

PubMed Central

Liu, Baosong; Li, Lijun; Chen, Juan; Wang, Zefen; Li, Zhiqiang; Wan, Qi

2013-01-01

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). The deficiency of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) is implicated in FXS. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate the effect of FMRP on GABAARs, we transfected FMRP cDNAs in rat cortical neurons. We measured the protein expression of GABAARs and phosphatase PTEN, and recorded GABAAR-mediated whole-cell currents in the transfected neurons. We show that the transfection of FMRP cDNAs causes increased protein expression of GABAARs in cortical neurons, but GABAAR-mediated whole-cell currents are not potentiated by FMRP transfection. These results suggest the possibility that intracellular signaling antagonizing GABAAR activity may play a role in inhibiting GABAAR function in FMRP-transfected neurons. We further show that FMRP transfection results in an enhanced protein expression of PTEN, which contributes to the inhibition of GABAAR function in FMRP-transfected neurons. These results indicate that GABAARs are regulated by FMRP through both an up-regulation of GABAAR expression and a PTEN enhancement-induced inhibition of GABAAR function, suggesting that an abnormal regulation of GABAAR and PTEN by the loss of FMRP underlies the pathogenesis of FXS. PMID:24044036

Fmrp Interacts with Adar and Regulates RNA Editing, Synaptic Density and Locomotor Activity in Zebrafish

PubMed Central

Porath, Hagit T.; Barak, Michal; Pinto, Yishay; Wachtel, Chaim; Zilberberg, Alona; Lerer-Goldshtein, Tali; Efroni, Sol; Levanon, Erez Y.; Appelbaum, Lior

2015-01-01

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent inherited form of mental retardation. The cause for this X-linked disorder is the silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (fmr1) gene and the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein (Fmrp). The RNA-binding protein Fmrp represses protein translation, particularly in synapses. In Drosophila, Fmrp interacts with the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (Adar) enzymes. Adar enzymes convert adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) and modify the sequence of RNA transcripts. Utilizing the fmr1 zebrafish mutant (fmr1-/-), we studied Fmrp-dependent neuronal circuit formation, behavior, and Adar-mediated RNA editing. By combining behavior analyses and live imaging of single axons and synapses, we showed hyperlocomotor activity, as well as increased axonal branching and synaptic density, in fmr1-/- larvae. We identified thousands of clustered RNA editing sites in the zebrafish transcriptome and showed that Fmrp biochemically interacts with the Adar2a protein. The expression levels of the adar genes and Adar2 protein increased in fmr1-/- zebrafish. Microfluidic-based multiplex PCR coupled with deep sequencing showed a mild increase in A-to-I RNA editing levels in evolutionarily conserved neuronal and synaptic Adar-targets in fmr1-/- larvae. These findings suggest that loss of Fmrp results in increased Adar-mediated RNA editing activity on target-specific RNAs, which, in turn, might alter neuronal circuit formation and behavior in FXS. PMID:26637167