Probing the Mechanical Strength of an Armored Bubble and Its Implication to Particle-Stabilized Foams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taccoen, Nicolas; Lequeux, François; Gunes, Deniz Z.; Baroud, Charles N.

2016-01-01

Bubbles are dynamic objects that grow and rise or shrink and disappear, often on the scale of seconds. This conflicts with their uses in foams where they serve to modify the properties of the material in which they are embedded. Coating the bubble surface with solid particles has been demonstrated to strongly enhance the foam stability, although the mechanisms for such stabilization remain mysterious. In this paper, we reduce the problem of foam stability to the study of the behavior of a single spherical bubble coated with a monolayer of solid particles. The behavior of this armored bubble is monitored while the ambient pressure around it is varied, in order to simulate the dissolution stress resulting from the surrounding foam. We find that above a critical stress, localized dislocations appear on the armor and lead to a global loss of the mechanical stability. Once these dislocations appear, the armor is unable to prevent the dissolution of the gas into the surrounding liquid, which translates into a continued reduction of the bubble volume, even for a fixed overpressure. The observed route to the armor failure therefore begins from localized dislocations that lead to large-scale deformations of the shell until the bubble completely dissolves. The critical value of the ambient pressure that leads to the failure depends on the bubble radius, with a scaling of Δ Pcollapse∝R-1 , but does not depend on the particle diameter. These results disagree with the generally used elastic models to describe particle-covered interfaces. Instead, the experimental measurements are accounted for by an original theoretical description that equilibrates the energy gained from the gas dissolution with the capillary energy cost of displacing the individual particles. The model recovers the short-wavelength instability, the scaling of the collapse pressure with bubble radius, and the insensitivity to particle diameter. Finally, we use this new microscopic understanding to predict the aging of particle-stabilized foams, by applying classical Ostwald ripening models. We find that the smallest armored bubbles should fail, as the dissolution stress on these bubbles increases more rapidly than the armor strength. Both the experimental and theoretical results can readily be generalized to more complex particle interactions and shell structures.

Structure and mechanical behaviors of protective armored pangolin scales and effects of hydration and orientation.

PubMed

Liu, Z Q; Jiao, D; Weng, Z Y; Zhang, Z F

2016-03-01

As natural flexible dermal armor, pangolin scales provide effective protection against predatory threats and possess other notable properties such as anti-adhesion and wear-resistance. In this study, the structure, mechanical properties, deformation and damage behaviors of pangolin scales were systematically investigated with the effects of hydration and orientation evaluated. The scales are divided into three macro-layers constituted by overlapping keratin tiles with distinct lamellar arrangements which are further composed of lower-ordered lamellae. Both hardness and strength are significantly decreased by hydration; while the plasticity is markedly improved concomitantly, and as such, the mechanical damages are mitigated. The tensile strength invariably approximates to one third of hardness in value. The tensile deformation is dominated by lamellae stretching and pulling out under wet condition, which is distinct from the trans-lamellar fracture in dry samples. The compressive behaviors are featured by pronounced plasticity in both dry and wet scales; and notable strain-hardening capacity is introduced by hydration, especially along the thickness direction wherein kinking occurs. Inter-lamellar cracking is effectively alleviated in wet samples compared with the dry ones and both of them deform by macroscopic buckling. This study may help stimulate possible inspiration for the design of high-performance synthetic armor materials by mimicking pangolin scales. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Review of the development of small- and medium-capacity gas turbines at the Motoren- und Turbinen Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heilmann, W.

1985-01-01

Small- and medium-capacity gas turbines under development for turboprop aircraft and helicopter, as well as for armored and commercial vehicle propulsion, are discussed. Design problems related to axial turbines, ceramic components, regenerative gas turbines, and the optimal expansion ratios for turbines with capacities from 250 to greater than 800 kW are considered; in addition, combustion chamber technology is mentioned. Prototype gas turbines with capacities of 500 to 600 kW or 800 to 1800 kW are described.

The natural armors of fish: A comparison of the lamination pattern and structure of scales

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Murcia, Sandra; Lavoie, Ellen; Linley, Tim

Fish scales exhibit a unique balance of flexibility, strength and toughness, which is essential to provide protection without encumbering locomotion. Although the mechanical behavior and structure of this natural armor are of recent interest, a comparison of these qualities from scales of different fish species has not been reported. In this investigation the armor of fish with different locomotion, size and protection needs were analyzed. Scales from the Arapaima gigas, the tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) and the carp (Cyprinus carpio) were compared in terms of the stacking sequence of individual plies and their microstructure. The scales were also compared with respectmore » to anatomical position to distinguish site-specific functional differences. Results show that the lamination sequence of plies for the carp and tarpon exhibit a Bouligand structure with relative rotation of 75° between consecutive plies. The arapaima scales exhibit a cross-ply structure, with 90° rotation between adjacent plies. In addition, results indicate that the volume fraction of reinforcement, the number of plies and the variations in thickness with anatomical position are unique amongst the three fish. These characteristics should be considered in evaluations focused on the mechanical behavior.« less

Researches on the behaviour of cellular antiballistic composites based on AlMg-SiC alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bălţătescu, O.; Florea, R. M.; Rusu, I.; Carcea, I.

2015-11-01

The researches presented in this paper refers basically to the impact of a small/medium caliber bullet shot on a light armor built on the base of a AlMg-SiC metallic composite cellular/foam. Thus, we study the antiballistic behavior and protection properties of the armor, based on the effects that occur at the impact zone of the bullet with the composite surface. We performed an antiballistic behavior modeling by means of a finite element analysis, based on a "multi grid" Fast Finite Element (FFE) system. We used for this purpose the DYNA 2D software package. The obtained samples show after the impact the occurrence of concentration / deformation pores effect and intercellular cracks development to the interior of the composite. Those effects, depending on speed, mass and length of the projectile ballistic trajectory, reduce zonal tensions due to the effect of cell walls deformation. It was obtained a good correlation between modeling results and the electron microscope analyse of the impact area. It is worth mentioning that almost all values for impact energy absorbed by the composite armor are in the protection active zone provided by it.

Hydrogen assisted cracking and CO2 corrosion behaviors of low-alloy steel with high strength used for armor layer of flexible pipe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zhenguang; Gao, Xiuhua; Du, Linxiu; Li, Jianping; Zhou, Xiaowei; Wang, Xiaonan; Wang, Yuxin; Liu, Chuan; Xu, Guoxiang; Misra, R. D. K.

2018-05-01

In this study, hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) were carried out to study hydrogen assisted cracking behavior (HIC, SSCC and HE) of high strength pipeline steel used for armor layer of flexible pipe in ocean. The CO2 corrosion behavior of designed steel with high strength was studied by using immersion experiment. The experimental results demonstrate that the corrosion resistance of designed steel with tempered martensite to HIC, SSCC and HE is excellent according to specific standards, which contributes to the low concentration of dislocation and vacancies previously formed in cold rolling process. The corrosion mechanism of hydrogen induced cracking of designed steel, which involves in producing process, microstructure and cracking behavior, is proposed. The designed steel with tempered martensite shows excellent corrosion resistance to CO2 corrosion. Cr-rich compound was first formed on the coupon surface exposed to CO2-saturated brine condition and chlorine, one of the corrosion ions in solution, was rich in the inner layer of corrosion products.

Flaw detection in a multi-material multi-layered composite: using fem and air-coupled ut

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Livings, R. A.; Dayal, V.; Barnard, D. J.

Ceramic tiles are the main ingredient of a multi-layer multi-material composite being considered for the modernization of tank armors. The high stiffness, low attenuation, and precise dimensions of these uniform tiles make them remarkable resonators when driven to vibrate. This study is aimed at modeling the vibration modes of the tiles and the composite lay-up with finite element analysis and comparing the results with the resonance modes observed in air-coupled ultrasonic excitation of the tiles and armor samples. Defects in the tile, during manufacturing and/or after usage, are expected to change the resonance modes. The comparison of a pristine tile/lay-upmore » and a defective tile/lay-up will thus be a quantitative damage metric. The understanding of the vibration behavior of the tile, both by itself and in the composite lay-up, can provide useful guidance to the nondestructive evaluation of armor panels containing ceramic tiles.« less

Armored spring-core superconducting cable and method of construction

DOEpatents

McIntyre, Peter M.; Soika, Rainer H.

2002-01-01

An armored spring-core superconducting cable (12) is provided. The armored spring-core superconducting cable (12) may include a spring-core (20), at least one superconducting strand (24) wound onto the spring-core (20), and an armored shell (22) that encases the superconducting strands (24). The spring-core (20) is generally a perforated tube that allows purge gases and cryogenic liquids to be circulated through the armored superconducting cable (12), as well as managing the internal stresses within the armored spring-core superconducting cable (12). The armored shell (22) manages the external stresses of the armored spring-core superconducting cable (12) to protect the fragile superconducting strands (24). The armored spring-core superconducting cable (12) may also include a conductive jacket (34) formed outwardly of the armored shell (22).

An overview of the development of the first wall and other principal components of a laser fusion power plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sethian, John D.; Raffray, A. Rene; Latkowski, Jeffery; Blanchard, James P.; Snead, Lance; Renk, Timothy J.; Sharafat, Shahram

2005-12-01

This paper introduces the JNM Special Issue on the development of a first wall for the reaction chamber in a laser fusion power plant. In this approach to fusion energy a spherical target is injected into a large chamber and heated to fusion burn by an array of lasers. The target emissions are absorbed by the wall and encapsulating blanket, and the resulting heat converted into electricity. The bulk of the energy deposited in the first wall is in the form of X-rays (1.0-100 keV) and ions (0.1-4 MeV). In order to have a practical power plant, the first wall must be resistant to these emissions and suffer virtually no erosion on each shot. A wall candidate based on tungsten armor bonded to a low activation ferritic steel substrate has been chosen as the initial system to be studied. The choice was based on the vast experience with these materials in a nuclear environment and the ability to address most of the key remaining issues with existing facilities. This overview paper is divided into three parts. The first part summarizes the current state of the development of laser fusion energy. The second part introduces the tungsten armored ferritic steel concept, the three critical development issues (thermo-mechanical fatigue, helium retention, and bonding) and the research to address them. Based on progress to date the latter two appear to be resolvable, but the former remains a challenge. Complete details are presented in the companion papers in this JNM Special Issue. The third part discusses other factors that must be considered in the design of the first wall, including compatibility with blanket concepts, radiological concerns, and structural considerations.

Influence of particle size on the low and high strain rate behavior of dense colloidal dispersions of nanosilica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asija, Neelanchali; Chouhan, Hemant; Gebremeskel, Shishay Amare; Bhatnagar, Naresh

2017-01-01

Shear thickening is a non-Newtonian flow behavior characterized by the increase in apparent viscosity with the increase in applied shear rate, particularly when the shear rate exceeds a critical value termed as the critical shear rate (CSR). Due to this remarkable property of shear-thickening fluids (STFs), they are extensively used in hip protection pads, protective gear for athletes, and more recently in body armor. The use of STFs in body armor has led to the development of the concept of liquid body armor. In this study, the effect of particle size is explored on the low and high strain rate behavior of nanosilica dispersions, so as to predict the efficacy of STF-aided personal protection systems (PPS), specifically for ballistic applications. The low strain rate study was conducted on cone and plate rheometer, whereas the high strain rate characterization of STF was conducted on in-house fabricated split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. Spherical nanosilica particles of three different sizes (100, 300, and 500 nm) as well as fumed silica particles of four different specific surface areas (Aerosil A-90, A-130, A-150, and A-200), respectively, were used in this study. The test samples were prepared by dispersing nanosilica particles in polypropylene glycol (PPG) using ultrasonic homogenization method. The low strain rate studies aided in determining the CSR of the synthesized STF dispersions, whereas the high strain rate studies explored the impact-resisting ability of STFs in terms of the impact toughness and the peak stress attained during the impact loading of STF in SHPB testing.

Finite Element Modeling of the Behavior of Armor Materials Under High Strain Rates and Large Strains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polyzois, Ioannis

For years high strength steels and alloys have been widely used by the military for making armor plates. Advances in technology have led to the development of materials with improved resistance to penetration and deformation. Until recently, the behavior of these materials under high strain rates and large strains has been primarily based on laboratory testing using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus. With the advent of sophisticated computer programs, computer modeling and finite element simulations are being developed to predict the deformation behavior of these metals for a variety of conditions similar to those experienced during combat. In the present investigation, a modified direct impact Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus was modeled using the finite element software ABAQUS 6.8 for the purpose of simulating high strain rate compression of specimens of three armor materials: maraging steel 300, high hardness armor (HHA), and aluminum alloy 5083. These armor materials, provided by the Canadian Department of National Defence, were tested at the University of Manitoba by others. In this study, the empirical Johnson-Cook visco-plastic and damage models were used to simulate the deformation behavior obtained experimentally. A series of stress-time plots at various projectile impact momenta were produced and verified by comparison with experimental data. The impact momentum parameter was chosen rather than projectile velocity to normalize the initial conditions for each simulation. Phenomena such as the formation of adiabatic shear bands caused by deformation at high strains and strain rates were investigated through simulations. It was found that the Johnson-Cook model can accurately simulate the behavior of body-centered cubic (BCC) metals such as steels. The maximum shear stress was calculated for each simulation at various impact momenta. The finite element model showed that shear failure first occurred in the center of the cylindrical specimen and propagated outwards diagonally towards the front and back edges forming an hourglass pattern. This pattern matched the failure behavior of specimens tested experimentally, which also exhibited failure through the formation of adiabatic shear bands. Adiabatic shear bands are known to lead to a complete shear failure. Both mechanical and thermal mechanisms contribute to the formation of shear bands. However, the finite element simulations did not show the effects of temperature rise within the material, a phenomenon which is known to contribute to thermal instabilities, whereby strain hardening effects are outweighed by thermal softening effects and adiabatic shear bands begin to form. In the simulations, the purely mechanical maximum shear stress failure, nucleating from the center of the specimens, was used as an indicator of the time at which these shear bands begin to form. The time and compressive stress at the moment of thermal instability in experimental results which have shown to form adiabatic shear bands, matched closely to those at which shear failure was first observed in the simulations. Although versatile in modeling BCC behavior, the Johnson-Cook model did not show the correct stress response in face-centered cubic (FCC) metals, such as aluminum 5083, where effects of strain rate and temperature depend on strain. Similar observations have been reported in literature. In the Johnson-Cook model, temperature, strain rate and strain" parameters are independent of each other. To this end, a more physical-based model based on dislocation mechanics, namely the Feng and Bassim constitutive model, would be more appropriate.

Composite armor, armor system and vehicle including armor system

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S.; Jones, Warren F.; Lacy, Jeffrey M.; Thinnes, Gary L.

2013-01-01

Composite armor panels are disclosed. Each panel comprises a plurality of functional layers comprising at least an outermost layer, an intermediate layer and a base layer. An armor system incorporating armor panels is also disclosed. Armor panels are mounted on carriages movably secured to adjacent rails of a rail system. Each panel may be moved on its associated rail and into partially overlapping relationship with another panel on an adjacent rail for protection against incoming ordnance from various directions. The rail system may be configured as at least a part of a ring, and be disposed about a hatch on a vehicle. Vehicles including an armor system are also disclosed.

Damage-tolerance strategies for nacre tablets.

PubMed

Wang, Shengnan; Zhu, Xinqiao; Li, Qiyang; Wang, Rizhi; Wang, Xiaoxiang

2016-05-01

Nacre, a natural armor, exhibits prominent penetration resistance against predatory attacks. Unraveling its hierarchical toughening mechanisms and damage-tolerance design strategies may provide significant inspiration for the pursuit of high-performance artificial armors. In this work, relationships between the structure and mechanical performance of nacre were investigated. The results show that other than their brick-and-mortar structure, individual nacre tablets significantly contribute to the damage localization of nacre. Affected by intracrystalline organics, the tablets exhibit a unique fracture behavior. The synergistic action of the nanoscale deformation mechanisms increases the energy dissipation efficiency of the tablets and contributes to the preservation of the structural and functional integrity of the shell. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Light Armored Vehicles in Operations Other Than War

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-05-01

8Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under Armor (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000), 212. 6 attach and detach elements in task organizing for a...operations. Kenneth W. Estes writes in his book Marines Under Armor : “The light armored vehicles of the LAR battalions, by contrast [to tanks], continue...Martin’s Press, 1991. Estes, Kenneth W., Marines under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle. 1916-2000. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval

Transient sheath overvoltages in armored power cables

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gustavsen, B.; Sletbak, J.

1996-07-01

This paper is concerned with methods of limiting the build-up of transient voltages between sheath and armor in long armored power cables. Calculations by a frequency dependent cable model demonstrate that this voltage can be efficiently limited to an acceptable level by introducing sheath-armor bondings at regular intervals, or by using a semiconductive sheath-armor interlayer. The paper investigates the required minimum length between bondings, as well as the required conductivity of the sheath-armor interlayer if the use of bondings is to be avoided.

Anthropometric Cockpit Compatibility Assessment of US Army Aircraft for Large and Small Personnel Wearing A Cold Weather, Armored Vest, Chemical Defense Protective Clothing Configuration

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-07-01

12 5. Survival Vest-Armor Plate Insert Configurations Employed ...................... 14 6. Summary of Critical Anthropometric Measure- ments...to assure an adequate aviator-to-cockpit fit for personnel wearing cold weather, survival vest with armor plate , and chemical defense protective...trousers (NSN 8415-00-407-1060). Survival vest, armor plated (NSN 8470-00-935-3192) The armor- plated survival vest could have the armor inserted in

Characterizing the interaction among bullet, body armor, and human and surrogate targets.

PubMed

Shen, Weixin; Niu, Yuqing; Bykanova, Lucy; Laurence, Peter; Link, Norman

2010-12-01

This study used a combined experimental and modeling approach to characterize and quantify the interaction among bullet, body armor, and human surrogate targets during the 10-1000 μs range that is crucial to evaluating the protective effectiveness of body armor against blunt injuries. Ballistic tests incorporating high-speed flash X-ray measurements were performed to acquire the deformations of bullets and body armor samples placed against ballistic clay and gelatin targets with images taken between 10 μs and 1 ms of the initial impact. Finite element models (FEMs) of bullet, armor, and gelatin and clay targets were developed with material parameters selected to best fit model calculations to the test measurements. FEMs of bullet and armor interactions were then assembled with a FEM of a human torso and FEMs of clay and gelatin blocks in the shape of a human torso to examine the effects of target material and geometry on the interaction. Test and simulation results revealed three distinct loading phases during the interaction. In the first phase, the bullet was significantly slowed in about 60 μs as it transferred a major portion of its energy into the body armor. In the second phase, fibers inside the armor were pulled toward the point of impact and kept on absorbing energy until about 100 μs after the initial impact when energy absorption reached its peak. In the third phase, the deformation on the armor's back face continued to grow and energies inside both armor and targets redistributed through wave propagation. The results indicated that armor deformation and energy absorption in the second and third phases were significantly affected by the material properties (density and stiffness) and geometrical characteristics (curvature and gap at the armor-target interface) of the targets. Valid surrogate targets for testing the ballistic resistance of the armor need to account for these factors and produce the same armor deformation and energy absorption as on a human torso until at least about 100 μs (maximum armor energy absorption) or more preferably 300 μs (maximum armor deformation).

The Need to Mobilize Armor in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-20

success. 1 Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under Armor (Naval Institute Press,2000)34 2 Increasing Combat...4 Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under Armor (Naval Institute Press,2000) 202 5 Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under ... Armor (Naval Institute Press,2000) 198- 202 6 Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under Armor (Naval Institute Press,2000) 203 8 mechanized unit was needed to

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

48 CFR 252.225-7030 - Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. 252.225-7030 Section 252.225-7030 Federal Acquisition... Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate. As prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate (DEC 2006) (a) Carbon, alloy, and armor...

Strategic Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the...George Featherstonhaugh linked mineral availability with national defense. He suggested to Secretary of War Lewis Cass that a geological map of the...from military tactical vehicle armor (ArmorWorks) to concealable armor protection for civilians (Point Blank Body Armor, Inc. and PACA Body Armor

Dynamic Behavior and Optimization of Advanced Armor Ceramics: January-December 2011 Annual Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

however, under conventional methods of processing. To develop plasticity in ceramic like SiC, new fracture mechanisms and interesting behaviors need...and new fracture mechanisms . These improvements, in turn, could offer the potential for improved ballistic performance. Co-precipitation has been...experiments, the following deformed fragments were recovered for extensive SEM and TEM study.  A fracture mechanism map has been constructed in

One Dimension Analytical Model of Normal Ballistic Impact on Ceramic/Metal Gradient Armor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Lisheng; Zhang, Qingjie; Zhai, Pengcheng; Cao, Dongfeng

2008-02-01

An analytical model of normal ballistic impact on the ceramic/metal gradient armor, which is based on modified Alekseevskii-Tate equations, has been developed. The process of gradient armour impacted by the long rod can be divided into four stages in this model. First stage is projectile's mass erosion or flowing phase, mushrooming phase and rigid phase; second one is the formation of comminuted ceramic conoid; third one is the penetration of gradient layer and last one is the penetration of metal back-up plate. The equations of third stage have been advanced by assuming the behavior of gradient layer as rigid-plastic and considering the effect of strain rate on the dynamic yield strength.

One Dimension Analytical Model of Normal Ballistic Impact on Ceramic/Metal Gradient Armor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu Lisheng; Zhang Qingjie; Zhai Pengcheng

2008-02-15

An analytical model of normal ballistic impact on the ceramic/metal gradient armor, which is based on modified Alekseevskii-Tate equations, has been developed. The process of gradient armour impacted by the long rod can be divided into four stages in this model. First stage is projectile's mass erosion or flowing phase, mushrooming phase and rigid phase; second one is the formation of comminuted ceramic conoid; third one is the penetration of gradient layer and last one is the penetration of metal back-up plate. The equations of third stage have been advanced by assuming the behavior of gradient layer as rigid-plastic andmore » considering the effect of strain rate on the dynamic yield strength.« less

Shock destruction armor system

DOEpatents

Froeschner, Kenneth E.

1993-01-01

A shock destruction armor system is constructed and arranged to destroy the force of impact of a projectile by shock hydrodynamics. The armor system is designed to comprise a plurality of superimposed armor plates each preferably having a thickness less than five times the projectile's diameter and are preferably separated one-from-another by a distance at least equal to one-half of the projectile's diameter. The armor plates are effective to hydrodynamically and sequentially destroy the projectile. The armor system is particularly adapted for use on various military vehicles, such as tanks, aircraft and ships.

Ballistic Testing for Interceptor Body Armor Inserts Needs Improvement

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

030, “Ballistic Testing and Product Quality Surveillance for the Interceptor Body Armor - Vest Components Need Improvement,” January 3, 2011. This...Body Armor Ballistic Inserts Interceptor Body Armor (IBA) is a modular body armor system that consists of an outer tactical vest , ballistic inserts...altitude tests was because the ceramic ballistic inserts are solid structures that are not sensitive to reduced pressure and moisture. PM SEQ offered no

Transparent Armor Cost Benefit Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-06

Armored HMMWVs (M1114s) 2003 2005 2006 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 3/6/2007 4/17 2006 “Iraqi Pope Glass” 2004-2005 - GPK Recent HistoryEarly OIF Curb Wt...10,300lbs GVW: 12,100lbs UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 3/6/2007 5/17 Future Transparent Gun Shields Requirement: Upgrade GPKS with transparent armor for...enhanced situational awareness while maintaining soldier cover within armor envelope. AHI GS & GPK Upgraded Gunner Shield – Transparent Armored Gun

Ballistic Testing and Product Quality Surveillance for the Interceptor Body Armor - Vest Components Need Improvement

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-03

six contracts. Interceptor Body Armor – Vest Components IBA is a modular body armor system that consists of an OTV, ceramic plates , and components...Armor - Vest Components Need Improvement Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the...Ballistic Testing and Product Quality Surveillance for the Interceptor Body Armor - Vest Components Need Improvement 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT

Fracture of Rolled Homogeneous Steel Armor (Nucleation Threshold Stress).

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

AD-AO81 618 ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND ABERD--ETC F/B 19/4 FRACTURE OF ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS STEEL ARMOR (NUCLEATION THRESHOL--ETC(U...ARBRL-MR-02984A QQ FRACTURE OF ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS STEEL ARMOR (NUCLEATION THRESHOLD STRESS) Gerald L Moss Lynn SeamanLy~ S, ,.DTIC S ELECTED January...nucleation stress, Crack threshold stress, Fracture, Fracture stress, Spallation, Armor, Rolled homogeneous steel armor M~ AS$TRACr (Vita ssf -- ebb

Heavy Wrought Armor Metallurgical Evaluation of Commercially Produced Heavy Wrought Armor to Improve the Specification Requirements

DTIC Science & Technology

1948-02-02

Armor, Steel , Wrought, Over 4" WAL Project No.: 8.11-G TITLE HEAVY WROUGHT ARMOR Metallurgical Evaluation of Commercially Produced * . Heavy Wrought...Tentative Specification AXS-1803 Armor Plate: Steel , Wrought, Homogeneous (4" to 1211 inclusive). The results of the investi- gation indicated the...Plate: Steel , Wrought, Homogeneous (4" to 12" inclusive)". .’o* -... . . . . .’"-’ ."-. - -- -" - -"-. ."-. 2

2009 Combat Vehicles Conference (BRIEFING CHARTS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-10-14

Strategy to Field 531 Systems Targeting Under Armor and FS3 Integration on A3 BFIST on the Move Our #1 Priority is to Support Units Engaged in O C i...Armored Knight Program • Targeting Under Armor /On the Move effort underway to • The M1200 Armored Knight provides increase survivability of...increased survivability Sustainment Survivability 32 10/13/2009 BFIST Program Overview • Targeting Under Armor /On the Move effort underway to

76 FR 27355 - 2011 National Institute of Justice Body Armor Workshop

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-11

... Institute of Justice Body Armor Workshop AGENCY: National Institute of Justice, DOJ. ACTION: Notice of Meeting of the 2011 NIJ Body Armor Workshop. SUMMARY: The National Institute of Justice invites manufacturers of ballistic-resistant body armor, ballistic laboratory testing facilities and other interested...

Laminate armor and related methods

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S; Lillo, Thomas M; Zagula, Thomas M

2013-02-26

Laminate armor and methods of manufacturing laminate armor. Specifically, laminate armor plates comprising a commercially pure titanium layer and a titanium alloy layer bonded to the commercially pure titanium outer layer are disclosed, wherein an average thickness of the titanium alloy inner layer is about four times an average thickness of the commercially pure titanium outer layer. In use, the titanium alloy layer is positioned facing an area to be protected. Additionally, roll-bonding methods for manufacturing laminate armor plates are disclosed.

27 CFR 478.148 - Armor piercing ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Armor piercing ammunition... AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Exemptions, Seizures, and Forfeitures § 478.148 Armor piercing ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes. The Director may exempt certain armor piercing...

27 CFR 478.148 - Armor piercing ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Armor piercing ammunition... AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Exemptions, Seizures, and Forfeitures § 478.148 Armor piercing ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes. The Director may exempt certain armor piercing...

27 CFR 478.148 - Armor piercing ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Armor piercing ammunition... AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Exemptions, Seizures, and Forfeitures § 478.148 Armor piercing ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes. The Director may exempt certain armor piercing...

27 CFR 478.148 - Armor piercing ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2012-04-01 2010-04-01 true Armor piercing ammunition... AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Exemptions, Seizures, and Forfeitures § 478.148 Armor piercing ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes. The Director may exempt certain armor piercing...

46 CFR 111.05-7 - Armored and metallic sheathed cable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Armored and metallic sheathed cable. 111.05-7 Section 111.05-7 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING... Armored and metallic sheathed cable. When installed, the metallic armor or sheath must meet the...

46 CFR 111.05-7 - Armored and metallic sheathed cable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Armored and metallic sheathed cable. 111.05-7 Section 111.05-7 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING... Armored and metallic sheathed cable. When installed, the metallic armor or sheath must meet the...

46 CFR 111.05-7 - Armored and metallic sheathed cable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Armored and metallic sheathed cable. 111.05-7 Section 111.05-7 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING... Armored and metallic sheathed cable. When installed, the metallic armor or sheath must meet the...

46 CFR 111.05-7 - Armored and metallic sheathed cable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Armored and metallic sheathed cable. 111.05-7 Section 111.05-7 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING... Armored and metallic sheathed cable. When installed, the metallic armor or sheath must meet the...

46 CFR 111.05-7 - Armored and metallic sheathed cable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Armored and metallic sheathed cable. 111.05-7 Section 111.05-7 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING... Armored and metallic sheathed cable. When installed, the metallic armor or sheath must meet the...

7 CFR 1755.406 - Shield or armor ground resistance measurements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 11 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Shield or armor ground resistance measurements. 1755... MATERIALS, AND STANDARD CONTRACT FORMS § 1755.406 Shield or armor ground resistance measurements. (a) Shield or armor ground resistance measurements shall be made on completed lengths of copper cable and wire...

7 CFR 1755.406 - Shield or armor ground resistance measurements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 11 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Shield or armor ground resistance measurements. 1755... MATERIALS, AND STANDARD CONTRACT FORMS § 1755.406 Shield or armor ground resistance measurements. (a) Shield or armor ground resistance measurements shall be made on completed lengths of copper cable and wire...

Power Projection: The Current and Future Relevance of the M1A1Tank to Marine Corps Capabilities

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

Kenneth W. Estes, Marines under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle, 1916-2000 (Annapolis, MD: Naval institute Press, 2000), 183...is the M2 heavy barrel machine gun that has been in the U.S. inventory for decades. It can be fired from under armor and has a range of 1800 meters...Accessed 9 January 2002. Estes, Kenneth W. Marines under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle, 1916-2000. Annapolis, MD

Baseline UT Measurements for Armor Inspection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Margetan, Frank J.; Richter, Nate; Barnard, Dan; Hsu, David; Gray, Tim; Brasche, Lisa; Bruce Thompson, R.

2010-02-01

Some prototype armor panels are fabricated from several layers of dissimilar material bonded together. These may include ceramics, graphite composites, fiberglass composites and rubber. The ultrasonic properties of these layers influence inspections for armor defects. In this paper we describe measurements of ultrasonic velocity, attenuation, sound beam distortion and signal fluctuations for the individual layers comprising one armor prototype. We then discuss how knowledge of these properties can be used when choosing an optimum frequency for an ultrasonic pitch/catch immersion inspection. In our case an effective inspection frequency near 1.5 MHz affords: (1) adequate strength of through-transmitted signals in unflawed armor; (2) adequate lateral resolution for detecting small disbonds at interfaces; and (3) low levels of UT signal fluctuations due to the natural inhomogeneity of certain armor layers. The utility of this approach is demonstrated using armor panels containing artificial disbonds at selected interfaces.

77 FR 22345 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comments Requested; Body Armor in...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-13

... correctional officers, such as the proportion who have body armor, the rate of use, the decision-making factors... Collection; Comments Requested; Body Armor in Correctional Institutions Survey ACTION: 60-day notice of... Collection: Establishment survey and initial approval of collection. (2) Title of Form/Collection: Body Armor...

Maintaining the Marine Corps’ Tank Dominant Combat Overmatch in an Uncertain Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-12

Company, 1999), 6. 2 2011 Tank Conference Report. (Dated 02 Feb 2011) 3 Kenneth E. Estes. Marines Under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored...Kenneth W. Marines Under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle, 1916-2000. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000. Ford

User s Manual for Armor Stone Evaluation Model (ARMOR): Great Lakes Armor Stone Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-01

Broderick and Ahrens (1982) defined damage to an armor layer by the normalized eroded cross-section area as S = Ae/(Dn50)2, where Ae is the measured...84. Broderick , L., and J. P. Ahrens. 1982. Rip-rap stability scale effects. Technical Paper 82- 3. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways

Armored Force: The Rapid Development of a Uniquely American Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-19

tank dominated the Armored Force in 1940. The latest model, the M2A4 , weighed 12 tons and carried a 37mm main gun mounted in a single turret. It also...exploitation phase. Second, armor was concentrated in sufficient mass at the point of the breakthrough. This enabled the armored units to blast their

Tanks Within The Marine Air Ground Task Force: A N/A Versatile Combat Multiplier Throughout the Full Spectrum of Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-26

Estes, Marines Under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle, 1916- 2000. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD, 2000. Prior to WWIT...Marines Under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle, 1916-2000. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MA: 2000 Gilbert, Oscar E

Quantifying the effectiveness of shoreline armoring removal on coastal biota of Puget Sound.

PubMed

Lee, Timothy S; Toft, Jason D; Cordell, Jeffery R; Dethier, Megan N; Adams, Jeffrey W; Kelly, Ryan P

2018-01-01

Shoreline armoring is prevalent around the world with unprecedented human population growth and urbanization along coastal habitats. Armoring structures, such as riprap and bulkheads, that are built to prevent beach erosion and protect coastal infrastructure from storms and flooding can cause deterioration of habitats for migratory fish species, disrupt aquatic-terrestrial connectivity, and reduce overall coastal ecosystem health. Relative to armored shorelines, natural shorelines retain valuable habitats for macroinvertebrates and other coastal biota. One question is whether the impacts of armoring are reversible, allowing restoration via armoring removal and related actions of sediment nourishment and replanting of native riparian vegetation. Armoring removal is targeted as a viable option for restoring some habitat functions, but few assessments of coastal biota response exist. Here, we use opportunistic sampling of pre- and post-restoration data for five biotic measures (wrack % cover, saltmarsh % cover, number of logs, and macroinvertebrate abundance and richness) from a set of six restored sites in Puget Sound, WA, USA. This broad suite of ecosystem metrics responded strongly and positively to armor removal, and these results were evident after less than one year. Restoration responses remained positive and statistically significant across different shoreline elevations and temporal trajectories. This analysis shows that removing shoreline armoring is effective for restoration projects aimed at improving the health and productivity of coastal ecosystems, and these results may be widely applicable.

Quantifying the effectiveness of shoreline armoring removal on coastal biota of Puget Sound

PubMed Central

Toft, Jason D.; Adams, Jeffrey W.

2018-01-01

Shoreline armoring is prevalent around the world with unprecedented human population growth and urbanization along coastal habitats. Armoring structures, such as riprap and bulkheads, that are built to prevent beach erosion and protect coastal infrastructure from storms and flooding can cause deterioration of habitats for migratory fish species, disrupt aquatic–terrestrial connectivity, and reduce overall coastal ecosystem health. Relative to armored shorelines, natural shorelines retain valuable habitats for macroinvertebrates and other coastal biota. One question is whether the impacts of armoring are reversible, allowing restoration via armoring removal and related actions of sediment nourishment and replanting of native riparian vegetation. Armoring removal is targeted as a viable option for restoring some habitat functions, but few assessments of coastal biota response exist. Here, we use opportunistic sampling of pre- and post-restoration data for five biotic measures (wrack % cover, saltmarsh % cover, number of logs, and macroinvertebrate abundance and richness) from a set of six restored sites in Puget Sound, WA, USA. This broad suite of ecosystem metrics responded strongly and positively to armor removal, and these results were evident after less than one year. Restoration responses remained positive and statistically significant across different shoreline elevations and temporal trajectories. This analysis shows that removing shoreline armoring is effective for restoration projects aimed at improving the health and productivity of coastal ecosystems, and these results may be widely applicable. PMID:29492331

Physicochemical characterization of Capstone depleted uranium aerosols I: uranium concentration in aerosols as a function of time and particle size.

PubMed

Parkhurst, Mary Ann; Cheng, Yung Sung; Kenoyer, Judson L; Traub, Richard J

2009-03-01

During the Capstone Depleted Uranium (DU) Aerosol Study, aerosols containing DU were produced inside unventilated armored vehicles (i.e., Abrams tanks and Bradley Fighting Vehicles) by perforation with large-caliber DU penetrators. These aerosols were collected and characterized, and the data were subsequently used to assess human health risks to personnel exposed to DU aerosols. The DU content of each aerosol sample was first quantified by radioanalytical methods, and selected samples, primarily those from the cyclone separator grit chambers, were analyzed radiochemically. Deposition occurred inside the vehicles as particles settled on interior surfaces. Settling rates of uranium from the aerosols were evaluated using filter cassette samples that collected aerosol as total mass over eight sequential time intervals. A moving filter was used to collect aerosol samples over time, particularly within the first minute after a shot. The results demonstrate that the peak uranium concentration in the aerosol occurred in the first 10 s after perforation, and the concentration decreased in the Abrams tank shots to about 50% within 1 min and to less than 2% after 30 min. The initial and maximum uranium concentrations were lower in the Bradley vehicle than those observed in the Abrams tank, and the concentration levels decreased more slowly. Uranium mass concentrations in the aerosols as a function of particle size were evaluated using samples collected in a cyclone sampler, which collected aerosol continuously for 2 h after perforation. The percentages of uranium mass in the cyclone separator stages ranged from 38 to 72% for the Abrams tank with conventional armor. In most cases, it varied with particle size, typically with less uranium associated with the smaller particle sizes. Neither the Abrams tank with DU armor nor the Bradley vehicle results were specifically correlated with particle size and can best be represented by their average uranium mass concentrations of 65 and 24%, respectively.

Plasma-enhanced synthesis of green flame retardant cellulosic materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Totolin, Vladimir

The natural fiber-containing fabrics and composites are more environmentally friendly, and are used in transportation (automobiles, aerospace), military applications, construction industries (ceiling paneling, partition boards), consumer products, etc. Therefore, the flammability characteristics of the composites based on polymers and natural fibers play an important role. This dissertation presents the development of plasma assisted - green flame retardant coatings for cellulosic substrates. The overall objective of this work was to generate durable flame retardant treatment on cellulosic materials. In the first approach sodium silicate layers were pre-deposited onto clean cotton substrates and cross linked using low pressure, non-equilibrium oxygen plasma. A statistical design of experiments was used to optimize the plasma parameters. The modified cotton samples were tested for flammability using an automatic 45° angle flammability test chamber. Aging tests were conducted to evaluate the coating resistance during the accelerated laundry technique. The samples revealed a high flame retardant behavior and good thermal stability proved by thermo-gravimetric analysis. In the second approach flame retardant cellulosic materials have been produced using a silicon dioxide (SiO2) network coating. SiO 2 network armor was prepared through hydrolysis and condensation of the precursor tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), prior coating the substrates, and was cross linked on the surface of the substrates using atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) technique. Due to protection effects of the SiO2 network armor, the cellulosic based fibers exhibit enhanced thermal properties and improved flame retardancy. In the third approach, the TEOS/APP treatments were extended to linen fabrics. The thermal analysis showed a higher char content and a strong endothermic process of the treated samples compared with control ones, indicating a good thermal stability. Also, the surface analysis proved the existence of the silica-based coatings on all treated cellulosic substrates after intense ultrasound washes. The results obtained in this work allow us to conclude that silica-based coatings used in conjunction with plasma processes have high potential to obtain green flame retardant cellulosic materials with potential applications in the development of upholstered furniture, clothing and military applications.

Transparent Armor Cost Benefit Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-04-01

2005 2006 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 4/30/2008 4/17 2006 “Iraqi Pope Glass” 2004-2005 - GPK Recent HistoryEarly OIF Curb Wt: 10,300lbs GVW: 12,100lbs...UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 4/30/2008 5/17 Future Transparent Gun Shields Requirement: Upgrade GPKS with transparent armor for enhanced situational...awareness while maintaining soldier cover within armor envelope. AHI GS & GPK Upgraded Gunner Shield – Transparent Armored Gun Shield (TAGS

Transparent Armor Cost Benefit Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-10-30

added this cocoon to approximately 100 HMMWVs in Ramadi. 2006 “Iraqi Pope Glass” 2004-2005 - GPK Recent HistoryEarly OIF Curb Wt: 10,300lbs GVW...12,100lbs UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 10/30/2006 5/14 Future Transparent Gun Shields Requirement: Upgrade GPKS with transparent armor for enhanced...situational awareness while maintaining soldier cover within armor envelope. AHI GS & GPK Upgraded Gunner Shield – Transparent Armored Gun Shield (TAGS

Prey Vulnerability Limits Top-Down Control and Alters Reciprocal Feedbacks in a Subsidized Model Food Web

PubMed Central

Atlas, William I.; Palen, Wendy J.

2014-01-01

Resource subsidies increase the productivity of recipient food webs and can affect ecosystem dynamics. Subsidies of prey often support elevated predator biomass which may intensify top-down control and reduce the flow of reciprocal subsidies into adjacent ecosystems. However, top-down control in subsidized food webs may be limited if primary consumers posses morphological or behavioral traits that limit vulnerability to predation. In forested streams, terrestrial prey support high predator biomass creating the potential for strong top-down control, however armored primary consumers often dominate the invertebrate assemblage. Using empirically based simulation models, we tested the response of stream food webs to variations in subsidy magnitude, prey vulnerability, and the presence of two top predators. While terrestrial prey inputs increased predator biomass (+12%), the presence of armored primary consumers inhibited top-down control, and diverted most aquatic energy (∼75%) into the riparian forest through aquatic insect emergence. Food webs without armored invertebrates experienced strong trophic cascades, resulting in higher algal (∼50%) and detrital (∼1600%) biomass, and reduced insect emergence (−90%). These results suggest prey vulnerability can mediate food web responses to subsidies, and that top-down control can be arrested even when predator-invulnerable consumers are uncommon (20%) regardless of the level of subsidy. PMID:24465732

Materials for Ground Platform Survivability

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-17

Purpose: Protect the Soldier!!! • Soldier Body Armor – Vest – Helmet – SAPI Plate (Small Arms Protective Insert) – ESAPI Plate (Enhanced SAPI...public release UNCLASSIFIED: Dist A. Approved for public release Traditional Armor Material’s • Metal’s: – Steel • Armor Plate , Steel, Wrought...Homogeneous (for Use in Combat- Vehicles and for Ammunition Testing) (MIL-DTL-12560) • Armor Plate , Steel, Wrought, Ultra-High-Hardness (MIL-DTL- 32332

Armored Family of Vehicles (AFV). Phase 1 Report. Book 7. Volume 11

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-08-31

Armored Family of Vehicles. Specific requirements and products are described which initiate the training development process and a training management ...approach for the TRADOC and proponent schools to plan, develop, manage and integrate the training subsystem(s) for the Armored Family of Vehicles...Procedures. q. Charter, Armored Family of Vehicles. r. Operational and Organizational (O&W) Plan for AFV. s. System MANPRINT Management Plan for AFV

Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor. NIJ Standard-0101.06

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-07-01

49.2 ft ± 3.28 ft) Length to be adjusted to meet velocity accuracy requirements Test Barrel Armor Panel Backing Material Fixture Start Sensor Set...Systems, Testing and Evaluation Amanda Forster, Materials Research Engineer The preparation of this standard was sponsored by the National...manufacturers seek NIJ compliance of their armor to this standard and the armor contains unique materials or forms of construction that may not have

Computational Study of a Functionally Graded Ceramic-Metallic Armor

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-15

UNCLAS –Dist. A - Approved for public release Computational Study of a Functionally Graded Ceramic-Metallic Armor Douglas W. Templeton1, Tara J...efficiency of a postulated FGM ceramic-metallic armor system composed of aluminum nitride (AlN) and aluminum. The study had two primary...2006 2. REPORT TYPE N/ A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Computational Study of a Functionally Graded Ceramic-Metallic Armor 5a

Composite structural armor for combat vehicle applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haskell, William E., III; Alesi, A. L.; Parsons, G. R.

1990-01-01

Several projects that have demonstrated the advantages of using thick composite armor technology for structural applications in armored combat vehicles are discussed. The first involved composite cargo doors for the Marine Corps LVTP-7 amphibious landing vehicle. Another was a demonstration composite turret that offered a weight reduction of 15.5 percent. The advantages of this composite armor compared to metallic armors used for combat vehicle hull and turret applications are reduced weight at equal ballistic protection; reduced back armor spall; excellent corrosion resistance; reduced production costs by parts consolidation; and inherent thermal and acoustic insulative properties. Based on the encouraging results of these past programs, the Demonstration Composite Hull Program was started in September 1986. To demonstrate this composite armor technology, the Army's newest infantry fighting vehicle, the Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV), was selected as a model. A composite infantry fighting vehicle, designated the CIFV for this program, has been designed and fabricated and is currently undergoing a 6000 mile field endurance test. The CIFV demonstration vehicle uses the BFV engine, transmission, suspension, track and other equipment.

Expanding the Availability of Lightweight Aluminum Alloy Armor Plate Procured from Detailed Military Specifications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doherty, Kevin; Squillacioti, Richard; Cheeseman, Bryan; Placzankis, Brian; Gallardy, Denver

For many years, the range of aluminum alloys for armor plate applications obtainable in accordance with detailed military specifications was very limited. However, the development of improved aluminum alloys for aerospace and other applications has provided an opportunity to modernize the Army portfolio for ground vehicle armor applications. While the benefits of offering additional alloy choices to vehicle designers is obvious, the process of creating detailed military specifications for armor plate applications is not trivial. A significant amount of material and testing is required to develop the details required by an armor plate specification. Due to the vast number of material programs that require standardization and with a limited amount of manpower and funds as a result of Standardization Reform in 1995, one typically requires a need statement from a vehicle program office to justify and sponsor the work. This presentation will focus on recent aluminum alloy armor plate specifications that have added capability to vehicle designers' selection of armor materials that offer possible benefits such as lower cost, higher strength, better ballistic and corrosion resistance, improved weldability, etc.

Advanced Metals and Ceramics for Armor and Anti-Armor Applications. High-Fidelity Design and Processing of Advanced Armor Ceramics

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

microstructures through advanced powder processing , (7) nondestructive evaluation of ceramic armor, (8) investigation of the relation between quasi-static...of a green microstructure of a compact prepared by this process using Superior Graphite 490 powder that had been twice beneficiated by settling and...create a dense, uniform microstructure of highly oriented grains • Determined the relationship between processing parameters, such as shear and solids

CRASHWORTHY HELICOPTER GUNNER’S SEAT INVESTIGATION

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-01-01

less restrict- ing to gun motion than a fully armored bucket seat. The problem remains in getting the gunners to wear body armor, and this can be... motions . The adjustable seat back accommodates a gun- ner with or without body armor and troops with or without combat packs and equipment. A back flap...Developmental Retractable Monkey Harness Restraint for UH-l 1 1.9 10 Gunner Survival Vest With Body Armor (ISVESTA) Side View . . . . . . . . *. . ... .. 22

An Exploration of Integrated Ground Weapons Concepts for Armor/Anti- Armor Missions

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

de - vii signs. We examined the potential of these light armor designs closely, but did not compare them with the MBT designs. The main problem in...man MBT .............................. 93 35. Three-man remote turret des :6n: side view ............................ 95 36. Three-man remote turret...configurations, including two- and three-man ver- sions with remote and manned turrets. Section V describes some light armored vehicle de - signs, including two

Investigation of New Materials and Methods of Construction of Personnel Armor

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

NEW MATERIALS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF PERSONNEL ARMOR by Poh, Choon Wei December 2008 Thesis Advisor: Robert S. Hixson Second...REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Investigation of New Materials and Methods of Construction of Personnel Armor 6...personnel and vehicle armor. However, much of this work has focused on finding materials that were very ‘strong’ to resist penetration of objects moving

Full Spectrum LAR

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

Emerson 901 TOW Under Armor (TUA) weapons system. When reliably operational, the Emerson 901 turret can still provide effective anti-armor fires as...the rear of the LAV-R thus there is no available space to carry ammunition resupplies, food, or under armor ambulance kits. On the other hand, the...the LAR battalion; however, the LAV-EFSS cannot be fired under armor protection or in the direct firing mode. Both the LAV-120 AMS and the LAV-EFSS

Functional trade-off between strength and thermal capacity of dermal armor: Insights from girdled lizards.

PubMed

Broeckhoven, Chris; du Plessis, Anton; Hui, Cang

2017-10-01

The presence of dermal armor is often unambiguously considered the result of an evolutionary predator-prey arms-race. Recent studies focusing predominantly on osteoderms - mineralized elements embedded in the dermis layer of various extant and extinct vertebrates - have instead proposed that dermal armor might exhibit additional functionalities besides protection. Multiple divergent functionalities could impose conflicting demands on a phenotype, yet, functional trade-offs in dermal armor have rarely been investigated. Here, we use high-resolution micro-computed tomography and voxel-based simulations to test for a trade-off between the strength and thermal capacity of osteoderms using two armored cordylid lizards as model organisms. We demonstrate that high vascularization, associated with improved thermal capacity might limit the strength of osteoderms. These results call for a holistic, cautionary future approach to studies investigating dermal armor, especially those aiming to inspire artificial protective materials. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wound Ballistics Modeling for Blast Loading Blunt Force Impact and Projectile Penetration.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taylor, Paul A.

Light body armor development for the warfighter is based on trial-and-error testing of prototype designs against ballistic projectiles. Torso armor testing against blast is nonexistent but necessary to protect the heart and lungs. In tests against ballistic projectiles, protective apparel is placed over ballistic clay and the projectiles are fired into the armor/clay target. The clay represents the human torso and its behind-armor, permanent deflection is the principal metric used to assess armor protection. Although this approach provides relative merit assessment of protection, it does not examine the behind-armor blunt trauma to crucial torso organs. We propose a modeling andmore » simulation (M&S) capability for wound injury scenarios to the head, neck, and torso of the warfighter. We will use this toolset to investigate the consequences of, and mitigation against, blast exposure, blunt force impact, and ballistic projectile penetration leading to damage of critical organs comprising the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. We will leverage Sandia codes and our M&S expertise on traumatic brain injury to develop virtual anatomical models of the head, neck, and torso and the simulation methodology to capture the physics of wound mechanics. Specifically, we will investigate virtual wound injuries to the head, neck, and torso without and with protective armor to demonstrate the advantages of performing injury simulations for the development of body armor. The proposed toolset constitutes a significant advance over current methods by providing a virtual simulation capability to investigate wound injury and optimize armor design without the need for extensive field testing.« less

Lateral Erosion Encourages Vertical Incision in a Bimodal Alluvial River

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gran, K. B.

2015-12-01

Sand can have a strong impact on gravel transport, increasing gravel transport rates by orders of magnitude as sand content increases. Recent experimental work by others indicates that adding sand to an armored bed can even cause armor to break-up and mobilize. These two elements together help explain observations from a bimodal sand and gravel-bedded river, where lateral migration into sand-rich alluvium breaks up the armor layer, encouraging further incision into the bed. Detailed bedload measurements were coupled with surface and subsurface grain size analyses and cross-sectional surveys in a seasonally-incised channel carved into the upper alluvial fan of the Pasig-Potrero River at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. Pinatubo erupted in 1991, filling valleys draining the flanks of the volcano with primarily sand-sized pyroclastic flow debris. Twenty years after the eruption, sand-rich sediment inputs are strongly seasonal, with most sediment input to the channel during the rainy season. During the dry season, flow condenses from a wide braided planform to a single-thread channel in most of the upper basin, extending several km onto the alluvial fan. This change in planform creates similar unit discharge ranges in summer and winter. Lower sediment loads in the dry season drive vertical incision until the bed is sufficiently armored. Incision proceeds downstream in a wave, with increasing sediment transport rates and decreasing grain size with distance downstream, eventually reaching a gravel-sand transition and return to a braided planform. Incision depths in the gravel-bedded section exceeded 3 meters in parts of a 4 km-long study reach, a depth too great to be explained by predictions from simple winnowing during incision. Instead, lateral migration into sand-rich alluvium provides sufficient fine sediment to break up the armor surface, allowing incision to start anew and increasing the total depth of the seasonally-incised valley. Lateral migration is recorded in a series of inset terraces within the valley. The importance of sand on channel behavior thus extends beyond transport rates, affecting the depth of incision and volume of material excavated during a rainy to dry season transition.

Flow instabilities in non-uniformly heated helium jet arrays used for divertor PFCs

DOE PAGES

Youchison, Dennis L.

2015-07-30

In this study, due to a lack of prototypical experimental data, little is known about the off-normal behavior of recently proposed divertor jet cooling concepts. This article describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study on two jet array designs to investigate their susceptibility to parallel flow instabilities induced by non-uniform heating and large increases in the helium outlet temperature. The study compared a single 25-jet helium-cooled modular divertor (HEMJ) thimble and a micro-jet array with 116 jets. Both have pure tungsten armor and a total mass flow rate of 10 g/s at a 600 °C inlet temperature. We investigated flowmore » perturbations caused by a 30 MW/m 2 off-normal heat flux applied over a 25 mm 2 area in addition to the nominal 5 MW/m 2 applied over a 75 mm 2 portion of the face. The micro-jet array exhibited lower temperatures and a more uniform surface temperature distribution than the HEMJ thimble. We also investigated the response of a manifolded nine-finger HEMJ assembly using the nominal heat flux and a 274 mm 2 heated area. For the 30 MW/m2 case, the micro-jet array absorbed 750 W in the helium with a maximum armor surface temperature of 1280 °C and a fluid/solid interface temperature of 801 °C. The HEMJ absorbed 750 W with a maximum armor surface temperature of 1411 °C and a fluid/solid interface temperature of 844 °C. For comparison, both the single HEMJ finger and the micro-jet array used 5-mm-thick tungsten armor. The ratio of maximum to average temperature and variations in the local heat transfer coefficient were lower for the micro-jet array compared to the HEMJ device. Although high heat flux testing is required to validate the results obtained in these simulations, the results provide important guidance in jet design and manifolding to increase heat removal while providing more even temperature distribution and minimizing non-uniformity in the gas flow and thermal stresses at the armor joint.« less

Field Expedient Armor Modifications to US Armored Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

Technology” (Fort Knox, KY: US Army Armor Center, 1983). 12 2Ian V. Hogg. Armour in Conflict, The Design and Tactics of Armoured Fighting...making their own whitewash. Lacking whitewash, they often resorted to commandeering white bed linen to drape over their vehicles. Both techniques proved...other Armoured Fighting Vehicles of World War II (New York: Exeter Books, 1983), 256. 19White, I. D., “Report on US vs. German Armor,” Exhibit 2, p. 6

Scientific evaluation of the ArmorGuard mobile barrier system.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-06-17

"Accidents and injuries occur during maintenance activities that could be protected by the ArmorGuard or BalsiBeam mobile barrier systems. The main purpose of this study is to perform a scientific evaluation of the utility of the ArmorGuard system in...

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

48 CFR 225.7011 - Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Restriction on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. 225.7011 Section 225.7011 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... on carbon, alloy, and armor steel plate. ...

Biophysical Characterization and Predicted Human Thermal Responses to U.S. Army Body Armor Protection Levels (BAPL)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

for ballistic protection in the form of hard (e.g., ceramic plates ) and soft armor materials. The ultimate goal of these protective vests is to...Strain Decision Aid im Vapor permeability im/clo permeability index IOTV Interceptor Outer Tactical Vest m•s meters per second PC Plate Carrier RH...Army Body Armor Protection Levels (BAPL) 0 to 5 Level Configuration Added Weight lbs/kg BAPL 0 No body armor 0 BAPL 1 Vest or plate carrier with

Shell-armored wood cobbles as a potential criterion for detrital coal deposits

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DiMarco, M.J.; Nummedal, D.

1986-01-01

Shell-armored wood cobbles occur on detrital-peat beaches along the seaward edge of the Mississippi Delta. Shell material consists exclusively of Mulinia lateralis, a dwarf surf clam. Soft, heavy, waterlogged wood fragments are abraded and become armored by hard shells in response to wave activity on the beach. Although their preservation potential is suspect, fossilized shell-armored wood clasts would probably be recognized as a type of coal ball and might indicate an allochthonous origin for the host coal.

RNase-Resistant Virus-Like Particles Containing Long Chimeric RNA Sequences Produced by Two-Plasmid Coexpression System▿

PubMed Central

Wei, Yuxiang; Yang, Changmei; Wei, Baojun; Huang, Jie; Wang, Lunan; Meng, Shuang; Zhang, Rui; Li, Jinming

2008-01-01

RNase-resistant, noninfectious virus-like particles containing exogenous RNA sequences (armored RNA) are good candidates as RNA controls and standards in RNA virus detection. However, the length of RNA packaged in the virus-like particles with high efficiency is usually less than 500 bases. In this study, we describe a method for producing armored L-RNA. Armored L-RNA is a complex of MS2 bacteriophage coat protein and RNA produced in Escherichia coli by the induction of a two-plasmid coexpression system in which the coat protein and maturase are expressed from one plasmid and the target RNA sequence with modified MS2 stem-loop (pac site) is transcribed from another plasmid. A 3V armored L-RNA of 2,248 bases containing six gene fragments—hepatitis C virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV1, SARS-CoV2, and SARS-CoV3), avian influenza virus matrix gene (M300), and H5N1 avian influenza virus (HA300)—was successfully expressed by the two-plasmid coexpression system and was demonstrated to have all of the characteristics of armored RNA. We evaluated the 3V armored L-RNA as a calibrator for multiple virus assays. We used the WHO International Standard for HCV RNA (NIBSC 96/790) to calibrate the chimeric armored L-RNA, which was diluted by 10-fold serial dilutions to obtain samples containing 106 to 102 copies. In conclusion, the approach we used for armored L-RNA preparation is practical and could reduce the labor and cost of quality control in multiplex RNA virus assays. Furthermore, we can assign the chimeric armored RNA with an international unit for quantitative detection. PMID:18305135

Shock imprint and rolling direction influence upon the breaking tenacity for 2P armor steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zichil, V.; Coseru, A.; Schnakovszky, C.; Herghelegiu, E.; Radu, C.

2016-08-01

The state of art in present literature shows that the breaking tenacity of a material is influenced by the integrity of the structure. Since armors used in aviation and to protect military vehicles are frequently impact loaded, through the contact between armor sheet and projectiles, or other foreign bodies, the authors have proposed to study the dependence between the breaking tenacity of 2P armor steel depending on the direction of the rolling of the armor plate, of the geometry (spherical imprint, pyramidal and linear imprint) and the depth of the deformation that results after impact. Tests were conducted upon CT (ASTM E- 399) specimen type, using the critical factor of stress intensity during the state of planar strain.

Analyzing nature's protective design: The glyptodont body armor.

PubMed

du Plessis, Anton; Broeckhoven, Chris; Yadroitsev, Igor; Yadroitsava, Ina; le Roux, Stephan Gerhard

2018-06-01

Many animal species evolved some form of body armor, such as scales of fish and bony plates or osteoderms of reptiles. Although a protective function is often taken for granted, recent studies show that body armor might comprise multiple functionalities and is shaped by trade-offs among these functionalities. Hence, despite the fact that natural body armor might serve as bio-inspiration for the development of artificial protective materials, focussing on model systems in which body armor serves a solely protective function might be pivotal. In this study, we investigate the osteoderms of Glyptotherium arizonae, an extinct armadillo-like mammal in which body armor evolved as protection against predators and/or tail club blows of conspecifics. By using a combination of micro-computed tomography, reverse-engineering, stress simulations and mechanical testing of 3D printed models, we show that the combination of dense compact layers and porous lattice core might provide an optimized combination of strength and high energy absorption. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Armored DNA in recombinant Baculoviruses as controls in molecular genetic assays.

PubMed

Freystetter, Andrea; Paar, Christian; Stekel, Herbert; Berg, Jörg

2017-10-01

The widespread use of molecular PCR-based assays in analytical and clinical laboratories brings about the need for test-specific, stable, and reliable external controls (EC) as well as standards and internal amplification controls (IC), in order to arrive at consistent test results. In addition, there is also a growing need to produce and provide stable, well-characterized molecular controls for quality assurance programs. In this study, we describe a novel approach to generate armored double-stranded DNA controls, which are encapsulated in baculovirus (BV) particles of the species Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. We used the well-known BacPAK™ Baculovirus Expression System (Takara-Clontech), removed the polyhedrin promoter used for protein expression, and generated recombinant BV-armored DNAs. The obtained BV-armored DNAs were readily extracted by standard clinical DNA extraction methods, showed favorable linearity and performance in our clinical PCR assays, were resistant to DNase I digestion, and exhibited marked stability in human plasma and serum. BV-armored DNA ought to be used as ECs, quantification standards, and ICs in molecular assays, with the latter application allowing for the entire monitoring of clinical molecular assays for sample adequacy. BV-armored DNA may also be used to produce double-stranded DNA reference materials for, e.g., quality assurance programs. The ease to produce BV-armored DNA should make this approach feasible for a broad spectrum of molecular applications. Finally, as BV-armored DNAs are non-infectious to mammals, they may be even more conveniently shipped than clinical specimen.

30 CFR 75.700 - Grounding metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... conduits enclosing power conductors. 75.700 Section 75.700 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH... Grounding § 75.700 Grounding metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors. [Statutory Provisions] All metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors shall be electrically...

30 CFR 75.700 - Grounding metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... conduits enclosing power conductors. 75.700 Section 75.700 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH... Grounding § 75.700 Grounding metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors. [Statutory Provisions] All metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors shall be electrically...

31 CFR 800.302 - Transactions that are not covered transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... business, produces armored personnel carriers in the United States. Corporation A, a foreign person, seeks... with the production of armored personnel carriers. Corporation A seeks to negotiate an agreement under... into a contractual arrangement to acquire the entire armored personnel carrier business operations of...

31 CFR 800.302 - Transactions that are not covered transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... business, produces armored personnel carriers in the United States. Corporation A, a foreign person, seeks... with the production of armored personnel carriers. Corporation A seeks to negotiate an agreement under... into a contractual arrangement to acquire the entire armored personnel carrier business operations of...

31 CFR 800.302 - Transactions that are not covered transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... business, produces armored personnel carriers in the United States. Corporation A, a foreign person, seeks... with the production of armored personnel carriers. Corporation A seeks to negotiate an agreement under... into a contractual arrangement to acquire the entire armored personnel carrier business operations of...

The Subject Headings of the Morris Swett Library, USAFAS. Revised.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-05-15

Royal Armoured Corps. x Armored force. Armored troops. Armored units. Mechanized force. Mechanized units. Mechanized warfare. Tank companies. Tank...g., U. S. Ary- Physical training. CAMERA MOUNTS. CAMERAS, AERIAL. II I • • ! I CAMOUFLAGE. (U 166.3h) x Air arm - amouflage. - Bibliography. - Drape

Preparing soft-bodied arthropods for arthropods for microscope examination: Armored Scales (Insects: Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Proper identification of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) requires preparation of the specimen on a microscope slide. This training video provides visual instruction on how to prepare armored scales specimens on microscope slides for examination and identification. Steps ranging from collect...

Cost Savings Associated with the LV 100-5 Tank Engine

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-03-01

34 F. UNDER ARMOR AUXILLARY POWER UNIT...................................... 35 viii G. SUMMARY...48 E. UNDER ARMOR AUXILLARY POWER UNIT...................................... 49 F. SUMMARY...the gunner and commander thermal sights. An under armor auxiliary power unit, new computer mass memory unit, color maps and displays are included

28 CFR 33.102 - Preferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE GRANT PROGRAMS Bulletproof Vest... armor vests based on the percentage of law enforcement officers who do not have access to an armor vest... wear armor vests whenever feasible; and (c) Has a violent crime rate at or above the national average...

28 CFR 33.102 - Preferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE GRANT PROGRAMS Bulletproof Vest... armor vests based on the percentage of law enforcement officers who do not have access to an armor vest... wear armor vests whenever feasible; and (c) Has a violent crime rate at or above the national average...

28 CFR 33.102 - Preferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE GRANT PROGRAMS Bulletproof Vest... armor vests based on the percentage of law enforcement officers who do not have access to an armor vest... wear armor vests whenever feasible; and (c) Has a violent crime rate at or above the national average...

28 CFR 33.102 - Preferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE GRANT PROGRAMS Bulletproof Vest... armor vests based on the percentage of law enforcement officers who do not have access to an armor vest... wear armor vests whenever feasible; and (c) Has a violent crime rate at or above the national average...

28 CFR 33.102 - Preferences.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE GRANT PROGRAMS Bulletproof Vest... armor vests based on the percentage of law enforcement officers who do not have access to an armor vest... wear armor vests whenever feasible; and (c) Has a violent crime rate at or above the national average...

Metallurgical Examination of 2 Inch, 2-1/2 Inch, and 3 Inch Rolled Homogeneous Armor Employed in the Ballistic Evaluation of Armor against 57 mm and 90 mm ARmor-Piercing Projectiles

DTIC Science & Technology

1949-08-24

t I- Results of Hardoed Survey* at Aberden Proving Ground an at Watertown Axue Average Average Surface Hardness...of surface hardness determination, made at Aberdeen ProvIng Ground and crocea-sectional hardness surveys made at Watertcwn Arsenal are limted in Table...Against 57 ma and, 90 w Armor-Piercing Ammunvtion,," At the request of this Arsenall,, Aerdeen Proving Ground provided 80 x 120" sections cut from a

An Annotated Bibliography of MANPRINT-Related Assessments and Evaluations Conducted by the U.S. Army, 2nd Edition: 1953 to 2009. Volume 1- Index

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-01

System (ACABA) MA 1973 Armored Vest M1955 Body Armor- Armored Vest M1955 USMC M1955 Armored Vest and the Proposed Titanium Nylon Improved... Laser - MILES Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System in an Operational Environment (MILES) MA 1980 SAW M249 Rifle- 5.56mm- Machine Gun- SAW M249...Weapon System MA 1993 MCF MCF Modular Causeway Ferry (MCF) MA 1993 MDS NBC- Decon- MDS Modular Decontamination System (MDS) MA 1993 MELIOS Laser

Advanced Metallic Thermal Protection System Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blosser, M. L.; Chen, R. R.; Schmidt, I. H.; Dorsey, J. T.; Poteet, C. C.; Bird, R. K.

2002-01-01

A new Adaptable, Robust, Metallic, Operable, Reusable (ARMOR) thermal protection system (TPS) concept has been designed, analyzed, and fabricated. In addition to the inherent tailorable robustness of metallic TPS, ARMOR TPS offers improved features based on lessons learned from previous metallic TPS development efforts. A specific location on a single-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicle was selected to develop loads and requirements needed to design prototype ARMOR TPS panels. The design loads include ascent and entry heating rate histories, pressures, acoustics, and accelerations. Additional TPS design issues were identified and discussed. An iterative sizing procedure was used to size the ARMOR TPS panels for thermal and structural loads as part of an integrated TPS/cryogenic tank structural wall. The TPS panels were sized to maintain acceptable temperatures on the underlying structure and to operate under the design structural loading. Detailed creep analyses were also performed on critical components of the ARMOR TPS panels. A lightweight, thermally compliant TPS support system (TPSS) was designed to connect the TPS to the cryogenic tank structure. Four 18-inch-square ARMOR TPS panels were fabricated. Details of the fabrication process are presented. Details of the TPSS for connecting the ARMOR TPS panels to the externally stiffened cryogenic tank structure are also described. Test plans for the fabricated hardware are presented.

NDE of hybrid armor structures using acoustography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sandhu, Jaswinder S.; Pergantis, Charles G.

2011-06-23

The US Army is investigating the use of composite materials to deliver lightweight and more effective armor protection systems to soldiers and other army assets. However, widespread use of such hybrid armor will require a reliable but fast NDE methodology to ensure integrity of these components during manufacturing and while in service. Traditional ultrasonic inspection of such hybrid armor structures may prove to be very effective, but point-by-point ultrasonic scanning is inherently time-consuming and manufacturing slowdowns could develop in high-volume production of such armor systems. In this paper, we report on the application of acoustography for the NDE of hybridmore » armor structures. Acoustography differs from conventional ultrasonic testing in that test objects are inspected in full field, analogously to real time x-ray imaging. The approach uses a novel, super high resolution large area acousto-optic (AO) sensor, which allows image formation through simple ultrasound shadow casting, analogous to x-ray image formation. This NDE approach offers significant inspection speed advantage over conventional point-by-point ultrasonic scanning procedures and is well-suited for high volume production. We will report initial results on a number of hybrid armor plate specimens employing composite materials that are being investigated by the US Army. Acoustography NDE results will also be verified using other complimentary NDE methods.« less

Construction of armored RNA containing long-size chimeric RNA by increasing the number and affinity of the pac site in exogenous rna and sequence coding coat protein of the MS2 bacteriophage.

PubMed

Wei, Baojun; Wei, Yuxiang; Zhang, Kuo; Yang, Changmei; Wang, Jing; Xu, Ruihuan; Zhan, Sien; Lin, Guigao; Wang, Wei; Liu, Min; Wang, Lunan; Zhang, Rui; Li, Jinming

2008-01-01

To construct a one-plasmid expression system of the armored RNA containing long chimeric RNA by increasing the number and affinity of the pac site. The plasmid pET-MS2-pac was constructed with one C-variant pac site, and then the plasmid pM-CR-2C containing 1,891-bp chimeric sequences and two C-variant pac sites was produced. Meanwhile, three plasmids (pM-CR-C, pM-CR-2W and pM-CR-W) were obtained as parallel controls with a different number and affinity of the pac site. Finally, the armored RNA was expressed and purified. The armored RNA with 1,891 bases target RNA was expressed successfully by the one-plasmid expression system with two C-variant pac sites, while for one pac site, no matter whether the affinity was changed or not, only the 1,200 bases target RNA was packaged. It was also found that the C-variant pac site could increase the expression efficiency of the armored RNA. The armored RNA with 1,891-bp exogenous RNA in our study showed the characterization of ribonuclease resistance and stability at different time points and temperature conditions. The armored RNA with 1,891 bases exogenous RNA was constructed and the expression system can be used as a platform for preparation of the armored RNA containing long RNA sequences. Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

The Armored Infantry in the US Force Structure.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-02

armored infantry and tank integration occurred during the capture of the town of Troyes , France, in 1944, by Task Force West of the 4th Armored...Singling and Troyes . The same can not be said of the foot infantryman because normally he was not associated with tanks. Such was the case in the previously

27 CFR 478.149 - Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Armor piercing ammunition... FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Exemptions, Seizures, and Forfeitures § 478.149 Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation. The...

27 CFR 478.149 - Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Armor piercing ammunition... FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Exemptions, Seizures, and Forfeitures § 478.149 Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation. The...

27 CFR 478.149 - Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2012-04-01 2010-04-01 true Armor piercing ammunition... FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Exemptions, Seizures, and Forfeitures § 478.149 Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation. The...

27 CFR 478.149 - Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Armor piercing ammunition... FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Exemptions, Seizures, and Forfeitures § 478.149 Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation. The...

27 CFR 478.149 - Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Armor piercing ammunition... FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Exemptions, Seizures, and Forfeitures § 478.149 Armor piercing ammunition manufactured or imported for the purpose of testing or experimentation. The...

Investigation of Advanced Personnel Armor Using Layered Construction

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

foam were constructed to test against baseline armor AISI 4140 steel plate. A hypothetical orthotropic material model closely resembling that of...against baseline armor AISI 4140 steel plate. A hypothetical orthotropic material model closely resembling that of Dyneema HB25 was derived based on...54 2. Steel AISI 4140 ...................................................................................56 3. Composite Plates

76 FR 76100 - Amendment to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Revision of U.S. Munitions List...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-06

..., or electromagnetic countermeasure(s) to neutralize the threat prior to contact with a vehicle) and... armor parts and components; (6) electromagnetic armor parts and components, including pulsed power parts... reactive or electromagnetic armor. Dated: 28 November 2011. Ellen O. Tauscher, Under Secretary, Arms...

A Comparison of the Scorpion Load Carriage System (SLCS) to the Modular Lightweight Load Carrying Equipment (MOLLE)

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-07-01

volunteer was asked to report wearing Battle Dress Uniform or Under Armor Undergarment) because the reflective markers used for motion capture needed to be...data collection sessions wearing Under Armor Undergarment, combat boots, integrated body armor and Scorpion helmet. Subjects were given time to

Apparatus for investigating the reactions of soft-bodied invertebrates to controlled humidity gradients

PubMed Central

Russell, Joshua; Pierce-Shimomura, Jonathan T.

2015-01-01

Background While many studies have assayed behavioral responses of animals to chemical, temperature and light gradients, fewer studies have assayed how animals respond to humidity gradients. Our novel humidity chamber has allowed us to study the neuromolecular basis of humidity sensation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Russell et al. 2014). New Method We describe an easy-to-construct, low-cost humidity chamber to assay the behavior of small animals, including soft-bodied invertebrates, in controlled humidity gradients. Results We show that our humidity-chamber design is amenable to soft-bodied invertebrates and can produce reliable gradients ranging 0.3–8% RH/cm across a 9-cm long x 7.5-cm wide gel-covered arena. Comparison with Existing Method(s) Previous humidity chambers relied on circulating dry and moist air to produce a steep humidity gradient in a small arena (e.g. Sayeed & Benzer, 1996). To remove the confound of moving air that may elicit mechanical responses independent of humidity responses, our chamber controlled the humidity gradient using reservoirs of hygroscopic materials. Additionally, to better observe the behavioral mechanisms for humidity responses, our chamber provided a larger arena. Although similar chambers have been described previously, these approaches were not suitable for soft-bodied invertebrates or for easy imaging of behavior because they required that animals move across wire or fabric mesh. Conclusion The general applicability of our humidity chamber overcomes limitations of previous designs and opens the door to observe the behavioral responses of soft-bodied invertebrates, including genetically powerful C. elegans and Drosophila larvae. PMID:25176025

Single-Enzyme Nanoparticles Armored by a Nanometer-Scale Organic/Inorganic Network

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Jungbae; Grate, Jay W.

2003-09-01

We have developed armored single-enzyme nanoparticles (SENs), which dramatically stabilize a protease (a-chymotrypsin, CT) by surrounding each enzyme molecule with a porous composite organic/inorganic shell of less than a few nanometers thick. The armored enzymes show no decrease in CT activity at 30C for four days while free CT activity is rapidly reduced by orders of magnitude. The armored shell around CT is sufficiently thin and porous that it does not place any serious mass-transfer limitation on substrates. This unique approach will have a great impact in using enzymes in various fields.

The Other Shoe: An Early Operant Conditioning Chamber for Pigeons.

PubMed

Sakagami, Takayuki; Lattal, Kennon A

2016-05-01

We describe an early operant conditioning chamber fabricated by Harvard University instrument maker Ralph Gerbrands and shipped to Japan in 1952 in response to a request of Professor B. F. Skinner by Japanese psychologists. It is a rare example, perhaps the earliest still physically existing, of such a chamber for use with pigeons. Although the overall structure and many of the components are similar to contemporary pigeon chambers, several differences are noted and contrasted to evolutionary changes in this most important laboratory tool in the experimental analysis of behavior. The chamber also is testimony to the early internationalization of behavior analysis.

Acid mine treatment with open limestone channels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ziemkiewicz, P.F.; Brant, D.L.; Skousen, J.G.

1996-12-31

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is often associated with mining of pyritic coal and metal deposits. Typical AMD associated with coal mines in the eastern US can have acidity and iron concentrations ranging from the teens to the thousands of mg/l. Aluminum and manganese can be present in concentrations ranging from zero to the low hundreds of mg/l. Much attention has been devoted to developing inexpensive, limestone (LS)-based systems for treating AMID with little or no maintenance. However, LS tends to coat with metal hydroxides when exposed to AMID in an oxidized state, a process known as {open_quotes}armoring{close_quotes}. It is generallymore » assumed that once armored, LS ceases to neutralize acid. Another problem is that the hydroxides tend to settle into plug the pore spaces in LS beds forcing water to move around rather than through the LS. While both are caused by the precipitation of metal hydroxides, armoring and plugging are two different problems. Plugging of LS pores can be avoided by maintaining a high flushing rate through the LS bed. Armoring, however, occurs regardless of water velocity. This study investigated the influence of armoring on LS solubility and the implications of armoring and plugging on the construction of open (oxidizing) LS channels for treating AMD. We evaluated the AMID treatment performance of armored and unarmored LS in oxidizing environments both in laboratory and field studies.« less

History of the Army Ground Forces. Study Number 27. History of the Armored Force, Command and Center

DTIC Science & Technology

1946-01-01

Forces be- *• came closer. With its redesignation as the Armored Command on 2 Tuly 1945, the activ- ities of the Armored Force became more closely...techniques. Num- ber of graduates not available. .,- Clerical Courses Clerical Course - Opened 4 November 1940; closed 22 Tuly 1944. Duration of each class - 8

’Stinger under Armor:’ An Analysis of Alternatives

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

This paper examines a concept for employment of the Stinger Air Defense Artillery weapon system known as ’Stinger under Armor .’ It traces the...areas air defense in the pre-FAADS era. This broader deficiency ultimately drove the need for ’Stinger under Armor ’ as a short-term solution to a current battlefield vulnerability.

106-17 Telemetry Standards. Annex A.4. Asynchronous Recorder Multiplexer Output Re-Constructor (ARMOR)

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-07-01

Output Re-Constructor 1. General This standard defines the recommended multiplexer format for single-channel data recording on small-format (1/2 in...which is 1-based, is determined by the position of the channel’s module in the ARMOR system . The first input channel found in the ARMOR system is

Fabrication, testing and modeling of a new flexible armor inspired from natural fish scales and osteoderms.

PubMed

Chintapalli, Ravi Kiran; Mirkhalaf, Mohammad; Dastjerdi, Ahmad Khayer; Barthelat, Francois

2014-09-01

Crocodiles, armadillo, turtles, fish and many other animal species have evolved flexible armored skins in the form of hard scales or osteoderms, which can be described as hard plates of finite size embedded in softer tissues. The individual hard segments provide protection from predators, while the relative motion of these segments provides the flexibility required for efficient locomotion. In this work, we duplicated these broad concepts in a bio-inspired segmented armor. Hexagonal segments of well-defined size and shape were carved within a thin glass plate using laser engraving. The engraved plate was then placed on a soft substrate which simulated soft tissues, and then punctured with a sharp needle mounted on a miniature loading stage. The resistance of our segmented armor was significantly higher when smaller hexagons were used, and our bio-inspired segmented glass displayed an increase in puncture resistance of up to 70% compared to a continuous plate of glass of the same thickness. Detailed structural analyses aided by finite elements revealed that this extraordinary improvement is due to the reduced span of individual segments, which decreases flexural stresses and delays fracture. This effect can however only be achieved if the plates are at least 1000 stiffer than the underlying substrate, which is the case for natural armor systems. Our bio-inspired system also displayed many of the attributes of natural armors: flexible, robust with 'multi-hit' capabilities. This new segmented glass therefore suggests interesting bio-inspired strategies and mechanisms which could be systematically exploited in high-performance flexible armors. This study also provides new insights and a better understanding of the mechanics of natural armors such as scales and osteoderms.

Operational Leadership and Advancing Technology

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-04

FINAL 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 9 Feb – 4 May 2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Operational Leadership and Advancing Technology 5a...operational leader must use his authority and leadership skills to get by in from all concerned to maximize technological advances. 15. SUBJECT TERMS...WWI armor, British armor doctrine, German Armor doctrine, operational leadership 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

Quantifying Ballistic Armor Performance: A Minimally Invasive Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holmes, Gale; Kim, Jaehyun; Blair, William; McDonough, Walter; Snyder, Chad

2006-03-01

Theoretical and non-dimensional analyses suggest a critical link between the performance of ballistic resistant armor and the fundamental mechanical properties of the polymeric materials that comprise them. Therefore, a test methodology that quantifies these properties without compromising an armored vest that is exposed to the industry standard V-50 ballistic performance test is needed. Currently, there is considerable speculation about the impact that competing degradation mechanisms (e.g., mechanical, humidity, ultraviolet) may have on ballistic resistant armor. We report on the use of a new test methodology that quantifies the mechanical properties of ballistic fibers and how each proposed degradation mechanism may impact a vest's ballistic performance.

Analysis of Tile-Reinforced Composite Armor. Part 1; Advanced Modeling and Strength Analyses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davila, C. G.; Chen, Tzi-Kang; Baker, D. J.

1998-01-01

The results of an analytical and experimental study of the structural response and strength of tile-reinforced components of the Composite Armored Vehicle are presented. The analyses are based on specialized finite element techniques that properly account for the effects of the interaction between the armor tiles, the surrounding elastomers, and the glass-epoxy sublaminates. To validate the analytical predictions, tests were conducted with panels subjected to three-point bending loads. The sequence of progressive failure events for the laminates is described. This paper describes the results of Part 1 of a study of the response and strength of tile-reinforced composite armor.

Use of armored RNA as a standard to construct a calibration curve for real-time RT-PCR.

PubMed

Donia, D; Divizia, M; Pana', A

2005-06-01

Armored Enterovirus RNA was used to standardize a real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for environmental testing. Armored technology is a system to produce a robust and stable RNA standard, trapped into phage proteins, to be used as internal control. The Armored Enterovirus RNA protected sequence includes 263 bp of highly conserved sequences in 5' UTR region. During these tests, Armored RNA has been used to produce a calibration curve, comparing three different fluorogenic chemistry: TaqMan system, Syber Green I and Lux-primers. The effective evaluation of three amplifying commercial reagent kits, in use to carry out real-time RT-PCR, and several extraction procedures of protected viral RNA have been carried out. The highest Armored RNA recovery was obtained by heat treatment while chemical extraction may decrease the quantity of RNA. The best sensitivity and specificity was obtained using the Syber Green I technique since it is a reproducible test, easy to use and the cheapest one. TaqMan and Lux-primer assays provide good RT-PCR efficiency in relationship to the several extraction methods used, since labelled probe or primer request in these chemistry strategies, increases the cost of testing.

Effect of surface texture and structure on the development of stable fluvial armors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bertin, Stephane; Friedrich, Heide

2018-04-01

Stable fluvial armors are found in river systems under conditions of partial sediment transport and limited sediment supply, a common occurrence in nature. Stable armoring is also readily recreated in experimental flumes. Initially, this bed stabilizing phenomenon was examined for different flow discharges and solely related to surface coarsening and bedload transport reduction. The models developed suggest a specific armor composition (i.e., texture) dependent on the parent bed material and formative discharge. Following developments in topographic remote sensing, recent research suggests that armor structure is an important control on bed stability and roughness. In this paper, replicated flume runs during which digital elevation models (DEMs) were collected from both exposed and flooded gravel beds are used to interpret armoring manifestations and to assess their replicability. A range of methodologies was used for the analysis, providing information on (i) surface grain size and orientation, (ii) bed-elevation distributions, (iii) the spatial coherence of the elevations at the grain-scale, (iv) surface slope and aspect, (v) grain imbrication and (vi) the spatial variability in DEM properties. The bed-surface topography was found to be more responsive than bed-material size to changes in flow strength. Our experimental results also provide convincing evidence that gravel-beds' response to water-work during parallel degradation is unique (i.e., replicable) given the formative parameters. Based on this finding, relationships between the armors' properties and formative parameters are proposed, and are supported by adding extensive data from previous research.

Persistence of 10-year old Exxon Valdez oil on Gulf of Alaska beaches: The importance of boulder-armoring

USGS Publications Warehouse

Irvine, Gail V.; Mann, Daniel H.; Short, Jeffrey W.

2006-01-01

Oil stranded as a result of the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill has persisted for >10 years at study sites on Gulf of Alaska shores distant from the spill's origin. These sites were contaminated by "oil mousse", which persists in these settings due to armoring of underlying sediments and their included oil beneath boulders. The boulder-armored beaches that we resampled in 1999 showed continued contamination by subsurface oil, despite their exposure to moderate to high wave energies. Significant declines in surface oil cover occurred at all study sites. In contrast, mousse has persisted under boulders in amounts similar to what was present in 1994 and probably in 1989. Especially striking is the general lack of weathering of this subsurface oil over the last decade. Oil at five of the six armored-beach sites 10 years after the spill is compositionally similar to 11-day old Exxon Valdez oil. Analysis of movements in the boulder-armor that covers the study beaches reveals that only minor shifts have occurred since 1994, suggesting that over the last five, and probably over the last 10 years, boulder-armors have remained largely unmoved at the study sites. These findings emphasize the importance of particular geomorphic parameters in determining stranded oil persistence. Surface armoring, combined with stranding of oil mousse, results in the unexpectedly lengthy persistence of only lightly to moderately weathered oil within otherwise high-energy wave environments.

ROBucket: A low cost operant chamber based on the Arduino microcontroller.

PubMed

Devarakonda, Kavya; Nguyen, Katrina P; Kravitz, Alexxai V

2016-06-01

The operant conditioning chamber is a cornerstone of animal behavioral research. Operant boxes are used to assess learning and motivational behavior in animals, particularly for food and drug reinforcers. However, commercial operant chambers cost several thousands of dollars. We have constructed the Rodent Operant Bucket (ROBucket), an inexpensive and easily assembled open-source operant chamber based on the Arduino microcontroller platform, which can be used to train mice to respond for sucrose solution or other liquid reinforcers. The apparatus contains two nose pokes, a drinking well, and a solenoid-controlled liquid delivery system. ROBucket can run fixed ratio and progressive ratio training schedules, and can be programmed to run more complicated behavioral paradigms. Additional features such as motion sensing and video tracking can be added to the operant chamber through the array of widely available Arduino-compatible sensors. The design files and programming code are open source and available online for others to use.

Soft Body Armor: An Overview of Materials, Manufacturing, Testing, and Ballistic Impact Dynamics

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

Atlantic Treaty Organization NIJ National Institute of Justice OTV Outer tactical vest PBI Polybenzimidazole PBO Polybenzobisoxazole PET ...grenades and mortar rounds, is performed in accordance with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2920.6...LEVELS IN SOFT BODY ARMOR The design of woven fabrics for armor applications is complex because it requires an understanding of the related

A Cognitive Analysis of Armor Procedural Task Training

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-03-01

Verbal Behavior, 8, 323-343. Craik , F. I. M., & Lockhart , R. S. (1972). Levels of processing : A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning...concep- tual or meaningful) coding of the task to be learned (e.g., Bjork, 1975; Craik & Lockhart , 1972; Melton & Martin, 1972). In order to remember a...were several serious problems with applying this approach in the context of entry- level military training. In particular, the soldier did not always

Bibliography of Technical Publications and Papers July 1976 - September 1977

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-10-01

Lightweight Body Armor Medical Technical Symposium, Colorado Springs, CO, 18 August 1977. 67. BENSEL, C. Human factors consideration in the use of CW...HEISELMAN. Human factors in food service operations. Activities Report, 29(2): 54-60 (1977). 110. TAUB, I. A., P. ANGELINI, and C. MERRITT, JR...rat: Electrophysiological and behavioral studies. Amer. J. Physiol., 231(4): 1043-1049 (1976). 205. ANDERSON, W. G., C. Y. BYON, H. GUT , and F. H

Outbred CD1 mice are as suitable as inbred C57BL/6J mice in performing social tasks.

PubMed

Hsieh, Lawrence S; Wen, John H; Miyares, Laura; Lombroso, Paul J; Bordey, Angélique

2017-01-10

Inbred mouse strains have been used preferentially for behavioral testing over outbred counterparts, even though outbred mice reflect the genetic diversity in the human population better. Here, we compare the sociability of widely available outbred CD1 mice with the commonly used inbred C57BL/6J (C57) mice in the one-chamber social interaction test and the three-chamber sociability test. In the one-chamber task, intra-strain pairs of juvenile, non-littermate, male CD1 or C57 mice display a series of social and aggressive behaviors. While CD1 and C57 pairs spend equal amount of time socializing, CD1 pairs spend significantly more time engaged in aggressive behaviors than C57 mice. In the three-chamber task, sociability of C57 mice was less dependent on acclimation paradigms than CD1 mice. Following acclimation to all three chambers, both groups of age-matched male mice spent more time in the chamber containing a stranger mouse than in the empty chamber, suggesting that CD1 mice are sociable like C57 mice. However, the observed power suggests that it is easier to achieve statistical significance with C57 than CD1 mice. Because the stranger mouse could be considered as a novel object, we assessed for a novelty effect by adding an object. CD1 mice spend more time in the chamber with a stranger mouse than that a novel object, suggesting that their preference is social in nature. Thus, outbred CD1 mice are as appropriate as inbred C57 mice for studying social behavior using either the single or the three-chamber test using a specific acclimation paradigm. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of weapons' combustion products in armored vehicles. Appendix A: Sampling and analysis methods. Appendix B: Analytical data. Final report, 30 September 1986-14 December 1988

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Menzies, K.T.; Randel, M.A.; Quill, A.L.

1989-01-01

The U.S. Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory defined an extensive research program to address the generation of potentially toxic propellant combustion products in crew compartments of armored vehicles during weapons firing. The major objectives of the research were (1) to determine the presence and concentration of propellant combustion products, (2) to determine potential crew exposure to these combustion products, and (3) to assess the efficacy of field monitoring in armored vehicles. To achieve these goals, air monitoring was conducted in selected armored vehicle types, i.e., M109, M60, M3, M1, at several Army installations.

Mosaic Transparent Armor System Final Report CRADA No. TC02162.0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuntz, J. D.; Breslin, M.

This was a collaborative effort between Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC as manager and operator of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and The Protective Group, Inc. (TPG) to improve the performance of the mosaic transparent armor system (MTAS) for transparent armor applications, military and civilian. LLNL was to provide the unique MTAS technology and designs to TPG for innovative construction and ballistic testing of improvements needed for current and near future application of the armor windows on vehicles and aircraft. The goal of the project was to advance the technology of MTAS to the point that these mosaic transparent windowsmore » would be introduced and commercially manufactured for military vehicles and aircraft.« less

Influence of heat and particle fluxes nonlocality on spatial distribution of plasma density in two-chamber inductively coupled plasma sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kudryavtsev, A. A.; Serditov, K. Yu.

2012-07-01

This study presents 2D simulations of the two-chamber inductively coupled plasma source where power is supplied in the small discharge chamber and extends by electron thermal conductivity mechanism to the big diffusion chamber. Depending on pressure, two main scenarios of plasma density and its spatial distribution behavior were identified. One case is characterized by the localization of plasma in the small driver chamber where power is deposed. Another case describes when the diffusion chamber becomes the main source of plasma with maximum of the electron density. The differences in spatial distribution are caused by local or non-local behavior of electron energy transport in the discharge volume due to different characteristic scale of heat transfer with electronic conductivity.

Anesthetic management of a case of armored brain.

PubMed

Gupta, Surender Kumar; Pandia, Mihir Prakash

2015-01-01

Armored brain is condition, which occurs due to calcification in a chronic subdural hematoma (SDH). Here, we are reporting a case of armored brain due to chronic SDH as a complication of vetriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt). Patient had undergone major surgery for removal of calcified hematoma. VP shunt is a simple surgery, but can lead to catastrophic complications like this. In this report, we had described this condition and its aspects.

A New Paradigm for NDE (Non Destructive Evaluation)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-06

determining specific physical properties of the armor which are correlated with armor structural health. A pair of Lead Zirconate Titanate ( PZT ...this is commonly called the “pitch and catch” method. The armor plate vibrates when it is excited by a mechanical vibration from the PZT actuator...transducer, and this vibration is transmitted through the plate and induces an electrical signal in the PZT receiver transducer by virtue of the

Cross-Validation of Predictor Equations for Armor Crewman Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

Technical Report 447 CROSS-VALIDATION OF PREDICTOR EQUATIONS FOR ARMOR CREWMAN PERFORMANCE Anthony J. Maitland , Newell K. Eaton, and Janet F. Neft...ORG. REPORT NUMBER Anthony J/ Maitland . Newell K/EatorV. and B OTATO RN UBR. 9- PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS I0. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT...Technical Report 447 CROSS-VALIDATION OF PREDICTOR EQUATIONS FOR ARMOR CREWMAN PERFORMANCE Anthony J. Maitland , Newell K. Eaton, Accession For and

Stretch-and-release fabrication, testing and optimization of a flexible ceramic armor inspired from fish scales.

PubMed

Martini, Roberto; Barthelat, Francois

2016-10-13

Protective systems that are simultaneously hard to puncture and compliant in flexion are desirable, but difficult to achieve because hard materials are usually stiff. However, we can overcome this conflicting design requirement by combining plates of a hard material with a softer substrate, and a strategy which is widely found in natural armors such as fish scales or osteoderms. Man-made segmented armors have a long history, but their systematic implementation in a modern and a protective system is still hampered by a limited understanding of the mechanics and the design of optimization guidelines, and by challenges in cost-efficient manufacturing. This study addresses these limitations with a flexible bioinspired armor based on overlapping ceramic scales. The fabrication combines laser engraving and a stretch-and-release method which allows for fine tuning of the size and overlap of the scales, and which is suitable for large scale fabrication. Compared to a continuous layer of uniform ceramic, our fish-scale like armor is not only more flexible, but it is also more resistant to puncture and more damage tolerant. The proposed armor is also about ten times more puncture resistant than soft elastomers, making it a very attractive alternative to traditional protective equipment.

The addition of body armor diminishes dynamic postural stability in military soldiers.

PubMed

Sell, Timothy C; Pederson, Jonathan J; Abt, John P; Nagai, Takashi; Deluzio, Jennifer; Wirt, Michael D; McCord, Larry J; Lephart, Scott M

2013-01-01

Poor postural stability has been identified as a risk factor for lower extremity musculoskeletal injury. The additional weight of body armor carried by Soldiers alters static postural stability and may predispose Soldiers to lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries. However, static postural stability tasks poorly replicate the dynamic military environment, which places considerable stress on the postural control system during tactical training and combat. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of body armor on dynamic postural stability during single-leg jump landings. Thirty-six 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) Soldiers performed single-leg jump landings in the anterior direction with and without wearing body armor. The dynamic postural stability index and the individual stability indices (medial-lateral stability index, anterior-posterior stability index, and vertical stability index) were calculated for each condition. Paired sample t-tests were performed to determine differences between conditions. Significant differences existed for the medial-lateral stability index, anterior-posterior stability index, vertical stability index, and dynamic postural stability index (p < 0.05). The addition of body armor resulted in diminished dynamic postural stability, which may result in increased lower extremity injuries. Training programs should address the altered dynamic postural stability while wearing body armor in attempts to promote adaptations that will result in safer performance during dynamic tasks.

Comparison of Biophysical Characteristics and Predicted Thermophysiological Responses of Three Prototype Body Armor Systems Versus Baseline U.S. Army Body Armor Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-19

effective and scientifically valid method of making comparisons of clothing and equipment changes prior to conducting human research. predictive modeling...valid method of making comparisons of clothing and equipment changes prior to conducting human research. 2 INTRODUCTION Modern day...clothing and equipment changes prior to conducting human research. METHODS Ensembles Three different body armor (BA) plus clothing ensembles were

Simulated Tank Anti-Armor Gunnery System (STAGS-TOW).

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-05-01

to train TOW gunners. It is derived from a model previously developed for DRAGON. The system employs a terrain board with model enemy armored vehicles ...gunnery training. TOW is a crew-portable, heavy anti-tank weapon designed to attack and defeat armored vehicles and field fortifications. The missile is...a target area, converts the infrared energy to electrical signals and then to visible light and displays the visible light as a real-time scene for

Visualization and Analysis of Impact Damage in Sapphire

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-01

transparent armor materials like Starphire soda - lime and borosilicate glass [8], fused silica [9] and the transparent polycrystalline ceramic AlON...conventional glass -based armor when a transparent ceramic is used as strike face on a glass -polymer laminate [1, 2, 3]. Sapphire, i.e. single crystal aluminum...materials. Since part of transparent armor consists of brittle materials, the fragmentation of the ceramic and glass layers plays a key role in the

Anesthetic management of a case of armored brain

PubMed Central

Gupta, Surender Kumar; Pandia, Mihir Prakash

2015-01-01

Armored brain is condition, which occurs due to calcification in a chronic subdural hematoma (SDH). Here, we are reporting a case of armored brain due to chronic SDH as a complication of vetriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt). Patient had undergone major surgery for removal of calcified hematoma. VP shunt is a simple surgery, but can lead to catastrophic complications like this. In this report, we had described this condition and its aspects. PMID:25558206

Fabrication of High Strength Lightweight Metals for Armor and Structural Applications: Large Scale Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Processing of Aluminum 5083 Alloy

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

ARL-TR-8047 ● JUNE 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Fabrication of High -Strength Lightweight Metals for Armor and Structural...to the originator. ARL-TR-8047 ● JUNE 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Fabrication of High -Strength Lightweight Metals for...Fabrication of High -Strength Lightweight Metals for Armor and Structural Applications: Large-Scale Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Processing of

Friction Stir Weld Failure Mechanisms in Aluminum-Armor Structures Under Ballistic Impact Loading Conditions

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

REPORT Friction Stir Weld Failure Mechanisms in Aluminum -Armor Structures Under Ballistic Impact Loading Conditions 14. ABSTRACT 16. SECURITY...Stir Weld Failure Mechanisms in Aluminum -Armor Structures Under Ballistic Impact Loading Conditions M. Grujicic, B. Pandurangan, A. Arakere, C-F. Yen...K.O. Pedersen, Fracture Mechanisms of Aluminum Alloy AA7075-T651 Under Various Loading Conditions , Int. J. Impact Eng., 2010, 37, p 537–551 24. T

Ground Vehicle System Integration (GVSI) and Design Optimization Model.

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-07-30

number of stowed kills Same basic load lasts longer range Gun/ammo parameters impact system weight, under - armor volume requirements Round volume...internal volume is reduced, the model assumes that the crew’s ability to operate while under armor will be impaired. If the size of a vehicle crew is...changing swept volume will alter under armor volume requirements for the total system; if system volume is fixed, changing swept volume will

Weapon System Implications of RLPG Technology

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-01

the extreme emphasis placed on minimizing volume under armor . For an RLPG, the space required is further reduced because, unlike the case with an SPG...ensuring that all the on-board missiles can be launched from under armor . Currently, vehicle-launched missiles are fired from racks of four launch...reload is not done under armor . External, manual reload for the direct-fire role is simply not feasible operationally. It is possible to design a

TRADOC Annual Command History, 1 January to 31 December 1991

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-01

24th Infantry Division (Mechanized), the French 6th Light Armored Division, the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment, and other units assigned; and VII Corps...under Lt. Gen. Frederick M. Franks, Jr., with the U.S. Ist Infantry Division (Mechanized), Ist and 3d Armored Divisions, the Ist Cavalry Division, the...Alma Ata, Kazakhstan, the presidents of all the former republics except Georgia and the three seceding Baltic states, declared formation of the

The Armys Armored Multi Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-11

M-113 personnel carriers, which are still in service in a variety of support capacities in Armored Brigade Combat Teams (ABCTs). While M-113s no...reliability, and interoperability by mission role variant within the Heavy Brigade Combat Team (HBCT) [now known as the Armored Brigade Combat Team – ABCT... teams within complex operational environments. For example, “commanders will not allow them to leave Forward Operating Bases (FOBs) or enter

Thermal modeling of W rod armor.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nygren, Richard Einar

2004-09-01

Sandia has developed and tested mockups armored with W rods over the last decade and pioneered the initial development of W rod armor for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in the 1990's. We have also developed 2D and 3D thermal and stress models of W rod-armored plasma facing components (PFCs) and test mockups and are applying the models to both short pulses, i.e. edge localized modes (ELMs), and thermal performance in steady state for applications in C-MOD, DiMES testing and ITER. This paper briefly describes the 2D and 3D models and their applications with emphasis on modeling for an ongoingmore » test program that simulates repeated heat loads from ITER ELMs.« less

The DTIC Review. Volume 1, Number 1: Nuclear Proliferation and Deterrence in a Changing Political World

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-08-01

Mathematical Expectation" by David Schmeidler and Peter Wakker, "Expected Utility Hypothesis" by Mark Machina, "Rational Behavior" by Amartya Sen ...other regional adversaries are not secure and, hence, are highly sen - sitive to this form of pressure. The question is whether such threats can be used...Warsaw Pact." Moreover, conventional military capabilities are constantly changing through advances in armor, avionics, sen - sors, munitions. etc

Serious Game and Virtual World Training: Instrumentation and Assessment

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-10

Effectiveness of EEG Neurofeedback Training for ADHD in a Clinical Setting as Measured by Changes in T.O.V.A. Scores, Behavioral Ratings, and WISC-R...Human Physiological Data Collection Methods 24 4.3.1 Electroencephalography ( EEG ) 24 4.3.2 Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) and Heart Rate Variability...Collecting Human Data 24 8 Participant Wearing a 32-Channel EEG Cap 25 9 Future Force Warrior Example Combat Armor 27 10 Screenshot of the Organic

Development of a ROTC/Army Career Commitment Model. Volume 2, Appendices

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-11-01

Biological Sciences 3. BusinE Administration 4. Genera, ’eaching and Social Service 5. Humanities, Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences 6. Fine Arts...Army do you intend to join? 1. Adjutant General’s Corps 9. Medical Service Corps 2. Air Defense Artillery 10. Military Intelligence 3. Armor 11...Chemical Corps 5. Corps of Engineers 6. Field Artillery 7. Finance Corps 8. Infantry 9. Medical Service Corps 10. Military Intelligence 11. Military Police

Environmental assessment of depleted uranium used in military armor-piercing rounds in terrestrial systems.

PubMed

Stanley, Jacob K; Coleman, Jessica G; Brasfield, Sandra M; Bednar, Anthony J; Ang, Choo Y

2014-06-01

Depleted uranium (DU) from the military testing and use of armor-piercing kinetic energy penetrators has been shown to accumulate in soils; however, little is known about the toxicity of DU geochemical species created through corrosion or weathering. The purpose of the present study was to assess the toxic effects and bioaccumulation potential of field-collected DU oxides to the model terrestrial invertebrates Eisenia fetida (earthworm) and Porcellio scaber (isopod). Earthworm studies were acute (72 h) dermal exposures or 28-d spiked soil exposures that used noncontaminated field-collected soils from the US Army's Yuma and Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Endpoints assessed in earthworm testing included bioaccumulation, growth, reproduction, behavior (soil avoidance), and cellular stress (neutral red uptake in coelomocytes). Isopod testing used spiked food, and endpoints assessed included bioaccumulation, survival, and feeding behavior. Concentration-dependent bioaccumulation of DU in earthworms was observed with a maximum bioaccumulation factor of 0.35; however, no significant reductions in survival or impacts to cellular stress were observed. Reproduction lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOEC) of 158 mg/kg and 96 mg/kg were observed in Yuma Proving Ground and a Mississippi reference soil (Karnac Ferry), respectively. Earthworm avoidance of contaminated soils was not observed in 48-h soil avoidance studies; however, isopods were shown to avoid food spiked with 12.7% by weight DU oxides through digital tracking studies. © 2014 SETAC.

Characterization of limestone reacted with acid-mine drainage in a pulsed limestone bed treatment system at the Friendship Hill National Historical Site, Pennsylvania, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hammarstrom, J.M.; Sibrell, P.L.; Belkin, H.E.

2003-01-01

Armoring of limestone is a common cause of failure in limestone-based acid-mine drainage (AMD) treatment systems. Limestone is the least expensive material available for acid neutralization, but is not typically recommended for highly acidic, Fe-rich waters due to armoring with Fe(III) oxyhydroxide coatings. A new AMD treatment technology that uses CO2 in a pulsed limestone bed reactor minimizes armor formation and enhances limestone reaction with AMD. Limestone was characterized before and after treatment with constant flow and with the new pulsed limestone bed process using AMD from an inactive coal mine in Pennsylvania (pH = 2.9, Fe = 150 mg/l, acidity = 1000 mg/l CaCO3). In constant flow experiments, limestone is completely armored with reddish-colored ochre within 48 h of contact in a fluidized bed reactor. Effluent pH initially increased from the inflow pH of 2.9 to over 7, but then decreased to 6 during operation. Limestone removed from a pulsed bed pilot plant is a mixture of unarmored, rounded and etched limestone grains and partially armored limestone and refractory mineral grains (dolomite, pyrite). The ???30% of the residual grains in the pulsed flow reactor that are armored have thicker (50- to 100-??m), more aluminous coatings and lack the gypsum rind that develops in the constant flow experiment. Aluminium-rich zones developed in the interior parts of armor rims in both the constant flow and pulsed limestone bed experiments in response to pH changes at the solid/solution interface. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Manufacturing process scale-up of optical grade transparent spinel ceramic at ArmorLine Corporation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spilman, Joseph; Voyles, John; Nick, Joseph; Shaffer, Lawrence

2013-06-01

While transparent Spinel ceramic's mechanical and optical characteristics are ideal for many Ultraviolet (UV), visible, Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR), Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR), and multispectral sensor window applications, commercial adoption of the material has been hampered because the material has historically been available in relatively small sizes (one square foot per window or less), low volumes, unreliable supply, and with unreliable quality. Recent efforts, most notably by Technology Assessment and Transfer (TA and T), have scaled-up manufacturing processes and demonstrated the capability to produce larger windows on the order of two square feet, but with limited output not suitable for production type programs. ArmorLine Corporation licensed the hot-pressed Spinel manufacturing know-how of TA and T in 2009 with the goal of building the world's first dedicated full-scale Spinel production facility, enabling the supply of a reliable and sufficient volume of large Transparent Armor and Optical Grade Spinel plates. With over $20 million of private investment by J.F. Lehman and Company, ArmorLine has installed and commissioned the largest vacuum hot press in the world, the largest high-temperature/high-pressure hot isostatic press in the world, and supporting manufacturing processes within 75,000 square feet of manufacturing space. ArmorLine's equipment is capable of producing window blanks as large as 50" x 30" and the facility is capable of producing substantial volumes of material with its Lean configuration and 24/7 operation. Initial production capability was achieved in 2012. ArmorLine will discuss the challenges that were encountered during scale-up of the manufacturing processes, ArmorLine Optical Grade Spinel optical performance, and provide an overview of the facility and its capabilities.

WARFIGHTER SUPPORT: Independent Expert Assessment of Army Body Armor Test Results and Procedures Needed Before Fielding

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-10-01

protective vest and ceramic plate inserts. GAO observed Preliminary Design Model testing of new plate designs, which resulted in the Army’s...Table 1: Organizations Contacted for Information about Body Armor Testing 46 Figures Figure 1: ESAPI Plates as Worn inside Outer Tactical Vest 11...Central Command has required that DOD personnel in its area of operations be issued the Interceptor Body Armor system, comprising ceramic plates that

Armor in Battle

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-03-01

Singling 2-59 808th TD Battalion: After-Action Report 2-88 Friendly Fire 2-92 Troyes - An Armored Attack 2-96 A Tank Platoon in Tunisia 2-106 L Calculated...damage as they did. 2-95 AF TROYE - ANAARIORED ATTACK BY BRIGADIEZR GENERAL ARTHUR L. WEST, JR. COLONEL MOSBY P. MILLER ... GNPERAL WOOD came in to...23 August. CCA, 4th Armored Division, coimnanded by Colonel Bruce C. Clarke, received orders on 24 August to seize Troyes , France, and secure

The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-14

for Congress Congressional Research Service Summary The Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) is the Army’s proposed replacement for the Vietnam ...for armor and mechanized infantry units. 1 Known as the M-113, it entered production in 1960 and saw extensive wartime service in Vietnam . Considered...needed to operate as part of combined arms teams within complex operational environments . For example, “commanders will not allow them to leave Forward

Acquisition of Armored Vehicles Purchased Through Contract W914NS-05-M-1189

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-10-21

vehicles. Results. The Multi-National Security Transition Command – Iraq (MNSTC-I) purchased seven armored Mercedes - Benz vehicles that did not have...contractor to provide seven armored Mercedes - Benz vehicles. The vehicles were to be used by the Multi-National Security Transition Command (MNSTC-I) to...ability to provide the vehicles immediately. The contract called for the delivery of seven Mercedes - Benz sedans at a price of $135,000 per vehicle that

Further testing and development of simulation models for UT inspections of armor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Margetan, Frank J.; Richter, Nathaniel; Thompson, R. Bruce

2012-05-01

In previous work we introduced an approach for simulating ultrasonic pulse/echo immersion inspections of multi-layer armor panels. Model inputs include the thickness, density, velocity and attenuation of each armor layer, the focal properties of the transducer, and a measured calibration signal. The basic model output is a response-versus-time waveform (ultrasonic A-scan) which includes echoes from all interfaces including those arising from reverberations within layers. Such A-scans can be predicted both for unflawed panels and panels containing a large disbond at any given interface. In this paper we continue our testing of the simulation software, applying it now to an armor panel consisting of SiC ceramic tiles fully embedded in a titanium-alloy matrix. An interesting specimen of such armor became available in which some tile/metal interfaces appear to be well bonded, while others have disbonded areas of various sizes. We compare measured and predicted A-scans for UT inspections, and also demonstrate an extension of the model to predict ultrasonic C-scans over regions containing a small, isolated disbond.

Contemporary body armor: technical data, injuries, and limits.

PubMed

Prat, N; Rongieras, F; Sarron, J-C; Miras, A; Voiglio, E

2012-04-01

The introduction of firearms in the fifteenth century led to the continuous development of bulletproof personal protection. Due to recent industrial progress and the emergence of a new generation of ballistic fibers in the 1960s, the ability of individual ballistic protections to stop projectiles greatly increased. While protective equipment is able to stop increasingly powerful missiles, deformation during the impact can cause potentially lethal nonpenetrating injuries that are grouped under the generic term of behind armor blunt trauma, and the scope and consequences of these are still unclear. This review first summarizes current technical data for modern bulletproof vests, the materials used in them, and the stopping mechanisms they employ. Then it describes recent research into the specific ballistic injury patterns of soldiers wearing body armor, focusing on behind-armor blunt trauma.

Reasons to Improve: The Evolution of the U.S. Tank from 1945-1991

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

comparable to German Panther and Tiger tanks in armor and firepower. The Korean War experience did two things. First, it ushered in the era of limited war...yards away.21 In July 1943, a Tiger tank near Gela, Sicily quickly destroyed four tanks and hit a fifth from G Company, 67th Armored Regiment.22 During...German adversary in the form of Panther and Tiger tanks retained a significant advantage over the U.S. Sherman tank because of its armored protection

The Process of Change: The British Armored Division; Its Development and Employment in North Africa during World War II.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

concensus about futrue war because of the nature of the Army’s external and internal environment . The armored force missions which resulted from the several...at the key environmental factors, both external and internal which helped to shape the armored division in the formative years from 1926-1938. An...difficult to understand, particularly during peacetime. The army must correctly project the future nature of war. Since there is no model for this

Ballistic Performance of Alimina/S-2 Glass-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Hybrid Lightweight Armor Against Armor Piercing (AP) and Non-AP Projectiles

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

and a phenolic -resin based polymeric matrix. Such armor panels offer superior protection against fragmented ballistic threats when compared to...database does not contain a material model for the HJ1 composite but provides a model for a Kevlar Fiber Reinforced Polymer (KFRP) containing 53 vol... phenolic resin and epoxy yield stresses and then with a ratio of the S-2 glass and aramid fibers volume fractions. To test the validity of the

The Army’s Ground Combat Vehicle Program and Alternatives

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

the M2A3 Bradley IFV used in Iraq, which includes reactive armor and underbelly armor. Weighta Number of Vehicle (Tons) Passengers Ground Combat...RCWS = remotely controlled weapon station; n.a. = not applicable. a. Version of the M2A3 Bradley IFV used in Iraq, which includes reactive armor and...trade-offs that the Army made to reduce the average procurement unit cost to $13.5 million (in 2013 dollars). b. Version of the M2A3 Bradley IFV used

Computational Modeling of Dynamic Failure Mechanisms in Armor/Anti-Armor Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-01

June 1983. Xavier, Celio; Da Costa, Carlos R.C. Estudo do Comportamento Mecanico de Placas de Alumina Sob Impacto Balistico. (A Study of the Mechanical...0 40 10 0.0 La 2.0 SUMMARY OF RESULTS The emphasis of the project in the first two years was to evaluate the literature and survey private industry...of Materials of Interest for Lightweight Armor," Report LA -3858-MS, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, January 22, 1968

Ballistic-Failure Mechanisms in Gas Metal Arc Welds of MIL A46100 Armor-Grade Steel: A Computational Investigation

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-12

distribution is unlimited. Ballistic-Failure Mechanisms in Gas Metal Arc Welds of Mil A46100 Armor-Grade Steel : A Computational Investigation The views...Welds of Mil A46100 Armor-Grade Steel : A Computational Investigation Report Title In our recent work, a multi-physics computational model for the...introduction of the sixth module in the present work in recognition of the fact that in thick steel GMAW weldments, the overall ballistic performance

Technical Reference Manual: NATO Planning Guide for the Estimation of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN), Casualties, Allied Medical Publication-8(C)

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

use of these submodels was reached. The details of the four agent-specific meetings, including the dates , locations, and participating SMEs are...Protected Armored Personnel Carrier – Closed 0% 0% Armored Personnel Carrier – Moving 50% 0% Armored Personnel Carrier – Open 100% 0% Earth Shelter 75...limited number of radioisotopes , typically emitting gamma and/or beta radiation. RDDs include at least two types of radiation sources: 1) point

Acousto-ultrasonic system for the inspection of composite armored vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Godinez, Valery F.; Carlos, Mark F.; Delamere, Michael; Hoch, William; Fotopoulos, Christos; Dai, Weiming; Raju, Basavaraju B.

2001-04-01

In this paper the design and implementation of a unique acousto-ultrasonics system for the inspection of composite armored vehicles is discussed. The system includes a multi-sensor probe with a position-tracking device mounted on a computer controlled scanning bridge. The system also includes an arbitrary waveform generator with a multiplexer and a multi-channel acoustic emission board capable of simultaneously collecting and processing up to four acoustic signals in real time. C-scans of an armored vehicle panel with defects are presented.

Desert Shield and Desert Storm Emerging Observations

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-10-07

harsh elements. d. Recommended actions. (1) Relocate APU to bustle rack on turret as an interim solution. (2) Development of an under armor APU. e...statement has been written that states an under armor APU Lu needed for the current NMT. (1) Textron Lycominq has developed an under armor APU as part...FPR OFFICiIA 0M FOR OFFICIAL Uf[ ONf.Y c. Losson(s) Learned. (1) Acquisition of a mobile, survivable rearm vehicle is required to provide an " under

The Road To The Objective Force. Armaments for the Army Transformation

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-06-18

Vehicle Fire Support Vehicle •TOW 2B Anti-Tank Capability Under Armor •Detection of NBC Hazards Mortar Carrier •Dismounted M121 120mm MRT Initially...engaged from under armor M6 Launchers (x4) Staring Array Thermal Sight Height reduction for air transport Day Camera Target Acq Sight Armament Remote...PM BCT ANTI-TANK GUIDED MISSILE VEHICLE • TOWII • ITAS (Raytheon) - 2 Missiles • IBAS Day Camera • Missile is Remotely Fired Under Armor • M6 Smoke

The Need For and Benefits of the Creation of the Light Armored Reconnaissance Regiment

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-14

instead of the 8 battalions reporting straight to a commanding general provides significant advantages . When asked about the benefits of the recent...The Need For and Benefits of the Creation of the Light Armored N/A Reconnaissance Regiment 5b. GRANT NUMBER N/A 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER N/A 6...MASTER OF MILITARY STUDIES THE NEED FOR AND BENEFITS OF THECREATION OF THE LIGHT ARMORED RECONNAISSANCE REGIMENT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

Physicochemical characterization of Capstone depleted uranium aerosols IV: in vitro solubility analysis.

PubMed

Guilmette, Raymond A; Cheng, Yung Sung

2009-03-01

As part of the Capstone Depleted Uranium (DU) Aerosol Study, the solubility of selected aerosol samples was measured using an accepted in vitro dissolution test system. This static system was employed along with a SUF (synthetic ultrafiltrate) solvent, which is designed to mimic the physiological chemistry of extracellular fluid. Using sequentially obtained solvent samples, the dissolution behavior over a 46-d test period was evaluated by fitting the measurement data to two- or three-component negative exponential functions. These functions were then compared with Type M and S absorption taken from the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 66 Human Respiratory Tract Model. The results indicated that there was a substantial variability in solubility of the aerosols, which in part depended on the type of armor being impacted by the DU penetrator and the particle size fraction being tested. Although some trends were suggested, the variability noted leads to uncertainties in predicting the solubility of other DU-based aerosols. Nevertheless, these data provide a useful experimental basis for modeling the intake-dose relationships for inhaled DU aerosols arising from penetrator impact on armored vehicles.

Dissolution of methane bubbles with hydrate armoring in deep ocean conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kovalchuk, Margarita; Socolofsky, Scott

2017-11-01

The deep ocean is a storehouse of natural gas. Methane bubble moving upwards from marine sediments may become trapped in gas hydrates. It is uncertain precisely how hydrate armoring affects dissolution, or mass transfer from the bubble to the surrounding water column. The Texas A&M Oilspill Calculator was used to simulate a series of gas bubble dissolution experiments conducted in the United States Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory High Pressure Water Tunnel. Several variations of the mass transfer coefficient were calculated based on gas or hydrate phase solubility and clean or dirty bubble correlations. Results suggest the mass transfer coefficient may be most closely modeled with gas phase solubility and dirty bubble correlation equations. Further investigation of hydrate bubble dissolution behavior will refine current numeric models which aid in understanding gas flux to the atmosphere and plumes such as oil spills. Research funded in part by the Texas A&M University 2017 Undergraduate Summer Research Grant and a Grant from the Methane Gas Hydrates Program of the US DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory.

Periodic behavior in lava dome eruptions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barmin, A.; Melnik, O.; Sparks, R. S. J.

2002-05-01

Lava dome eruptions commonly display fairly regular alternations between periods of high activity and periods of low or no activity. The time scale for these alternations is typically months to several years. Here we develop a generic model of magma discharge through a conduit from an open-system magma chamber with continuous replenishment. The model takes account of the principal controls on flow, namely the replenishment rate, magma chamber size, elastic deformation of the chamber walls, conduit resistance, and variations of magma viscosity, which are controlled by degassing during ascent and kinetics of crystallization. The analysis indicates a rich diversity of behavior with periodic patterns similar to those observed. Magma chamber size can be estimated from the period with longer periods implying larger chambers. Many features observed in volcanic eruptions such as alternations between periodic behaviors and continuous discharge, sharp changes in discharge rate, and transitions from effusive to catastrophic explosive eruption can be understood in terms of the non-linear dynamics of conduit flows from open-system magma chambers. The dynamics of lava dome growth at Mount St. Helens (1980-1987) and Santiaguito (1922-2000) was analyzed with the help of the model. The best-fit models give magma chamber volumes of ∼0.6 km3 for Mount St. Helens and ∼65 km3 for Santiaguito. The larger magma chamber volume is the major factor in explaining why Santiaguito is a long-lived eruption with a longer periodicity of pulsations in comparison with Mount St. Helens.

Identification of fundamental deformation and failure mechanisms in armor ceramics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muller, Andrea Marie

Indentation of a surface with a hard sphere can be used to examine micromechanical response of a wide range of materials and has been shown to generate loading conditions resembling early stages of ballistic impact events. Cracking morphologies also show similarities, particularly with formation of cone cracks at the contact site. The approach in this thesis is to use this indentation technique to characterize contact damage and deformation processes in armor ceramics, as well as identify the role of cone cracking and inelastic behavior. To accomplish these objectives, an instrumented indentation system was designed and fabricated, extending depth-sensing capabilities originally developed for nano-indentation to higher forces. This system is also equipped with an acoustic emission system to detect onset of cone cracking and subsequent failure. Once calibrated and verified the system was used to evaluate elastic modulus and cone crack initiation forces of two commercial float glasses. As-received air and tin surfaces of soda-lime-silica and borosilicate float glass were tested to determine differences in elastic and fracture behavior. Information obtained from load--displacement curves and visual inspection of indentation sites were used to determine elastic modulus, and conditions for onset of cone cracking as a function of surface roughness. No difference in reduced modulus or cone cracking loads on as-received air and tin surfaces were observed. Abraded surfaces showed the tin surface to be slightly more resistant to cone cracking. A study focusing on the transition from elastic to inelastic deformation in two transparent fine-grained polycrystalline spinels with different grain sizes was then conducted. Congruent experiments included observations on evolution of damage, examinations of sub-surface damage and inspection of remnant surface profiles. Indentation stress--strain behavior obtained from load--displacement curves revealed a small difference in yielding and strain-hardening behavior given the significant grain size difference. Directly below the indentation sites, regions of grain boundary cracking, associated with the inelastic zone, were identified in both spinels. Comparison of Meyer hardness and in-situ hardness showed a discrepancy at low loads, a result of elastic recovery. Elastic-plastic indentation behavior of the two spinels was then compared to behavior of a transparent large-grained aluminum oxinitirde (AlON) and a small-grained sintered aluminum nitride (AlN). Subsurface indentation damage revealed transitions from intergranular to transgranular fracture in the two spinels, AlON showed a transition from multiple cleavage microcracks to transgranular fracture while AlN exhibited only intergranular fracture. Analysis of indentation stress-strain results showed a slight difference in yielding behaviors of the two spinels and AlON whereas AlN showed a much lower yield value comparatively. Slight differences in strain-hardening behavior were observed. When comparing indentation stress--strain energy density and work of indentation a linear correlation was observed and a clear distinction could be made between materials. Therefore, it is suggested by the work in this thesis that instrumented spherical indentation could serve as a useful method of evaluating armor materials, particularly when behavior is described using indentation stress and strain, as this is a useful way to evaluate onset and development of inelastic deformation under high contact pressures and self-confining stresses. Additionally, it proposes that comparison of the work of indentation and indentation strain energy density approaches provide a good foundation for evaluating and comparing a materials penetration resistance.

29 CFR 782.4 - Drivers' helpers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... definition has classified all such employees, including armed guards on armored trucks and conductorettes on..., although the primary duty of armed guards on armored trucks is to protect the valuables in the case of...

29 CFR 782.4 - Drivers' helpers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... definition has classified all such employees, including armed guards on armored trucks and conductorettes on..., although the primary duty of armed guards on armored trucks is to protect the valuables in the case of...

29 CFR 782.4 - Drivers' helpers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... definition has classified all such employees, including armed guards on armored trucks and conductorettes on..., although the primary duty of armed guards on armored trucks is to protect the valuables in the case of...

3D-printing a 'family' of biomimetic models to explain armored grasping in syngnathid fishes.

PubMed

Porter, Michael M; Ravikumar, Nakul

2017-11-06

Seahorses and pipehorses evolved at least two independent strategies for tail grasping, despite being armored with a heavy body plating. To help explain mechanical trade-offs associated with the different designs, we created a 'family' of 3D-printed models that mimic variations in the presence and size of their armored plates. We measured the performance of the biomimetic proxies across several mechanical metrics, representative of their protective and prehensile capacities. Our results show that the models mimicking the tails of seahorses are the best all-around performers, while those of the distal-most, prehensile region of pipehorses are more flexible, but less protected. The comparison also reveals that different adaptive strategies provide different task-specific performance advantages, which could be leveraged for the design of armored manipulators or other bio-inspired technologies.

Nuclease-resistant double-stranded DNA controls or standards for hepatitis B virus nucleic acid amplification assays

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

Background Identical blood samples tested using different kits can give markedly different hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels, which can cause difficulty in the interpretation of viral load. A universal double-stranded DNA control or standard that can be used in all commercial HBV DNA nucleic acid amplification assay kits is urgently needed. By aligning all HBV genotypes (A-H), we found that the surface antigen gene and precore-core gene regions of HBV are the most conserved regions among the different HBV genotypes. We constructed a chimeric fragment by overlapping extension polymerase chain reaction and obtained a 1,349-bp HBVC+S fragment. We then packaged the fragment into lambda phages using a traditional lambda phage cloning procedure. Results The obtained armored DNA was resistant to DNase I digestion and was stable, noninfectious to humans, and could be easily extracted using commercial kits. More importantly, the armored DNA may be used with all HBV DNA nucleic acid amplification assay kits. Conclusions The lambda phage packaging system can be used as an excellent expression platform for armored DNA. The obtained armored DNA possessed all characteristics of an excellent positive control or standard. In addition, this armored DNA is likely to be appropriate for all commercial HBV DNA nucleic acid amplification detection kits. Thus, the constructed armored DNA can probably be used as a universal positive control or standard in HBV DNA assays. PMID:20025781

Electroencephalogram, circulation, and lung function after high-velocity behind armor blunt trauma.

PubMed

Drobin, Dan; Gryth, Dan; Persson, Jonas K E; Rocksén, David; Arborelius, Ulf P; Olsson, Lars-Gunnar; Bursell, Jenny; Kjellström, B Thomas

2007-08-01

Behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) is defined as the nonpenetrating injury resulting from a ballistic impact on personal body armor. The protective vest may impede the projectile, but some of the kinetic energy is transferred to the body, causing internal injuries and occasionally death. The aim in this study was to investigate changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) and physiologic parameters after high-velocity BABT. Eight anesthetized pigs, wearing body armor (including a ceramic plate) on the right side of their thorax, were shot with a 7.62-mm assault rifle (velocity approximately 800 m/s). The shots did not penetrate the armor and these animals were compared with control animals (n = 4), shot with blank ammunition. EEG and several physiologic parameters were thereafter monitored during a 2-hour period after the shot. All animals survived during the experimental period. Five of the exposed animals showed a temporary effect on EEG. Furthermore, exposed animals displayed decreased cardiac capacity and an impaired oxygenation of the blood. Postmortem examination revealed subcutaneous hematomas and crush injuries to the right lung. The results in our animal model indicate that high-velocity BABT induce circulatory and respiratory dysfunction, and in some cases even transient cerebral functional disturbances.

Armored Enzyme-Nanohybrids and Their Catalytic Function Under Challenging Conditions.

PubMed

Zore, Omkar V; Kasi, Rajeswari M; Kumar, Challa V

2017-01-01

Synthesis and characterization of highly stable and functional bienzyme-polymer triads assembled on layered graphene oxide (GO) are described here. Glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used as model enzymes and polyacrylic acid (PAA) as model polymer to armor the enzymes. PAA-armored GOx and HRP covalent conjugates were further protected from denaturation by adsorption onto GO nanosheets. Structure and morphology of this enzyme-polymer-nanosheet hybrid biocatalyst (GOx-HRP-PAA/GO) were confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis, zeta potential, circular dichroism, and transmission electron microscopy. The armored biocatalysts retained full enzymatic activities under challenging conditions of pH (2.5-7.4), warm temperatures (65°C), and presence of chemical denaturants, 4mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, while GOx/HRP physical mixtures without the armor had very little activity under the same conditions. Therefore, this novel combination of two orthogonal approaches, enzyme conjugation with PAA and subsequent physical adsorption onto GO nanosheets, resulted in super stable hybrid biocatalysts that function under harsh conditions. Therefore, this general and powerful approach may be used to design environmentally friendly, green, biocompatible, and biodegradable biocatalysts for energy production in biofuel cell or biobattery applications. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Kevlar® as a Potential Accident Radiation Dosimeter for First Responders, Law Enforcement and Military Personnel.

PubMed

Romanyukha, Alexander; Trompier, François; Benevides, Luis A

2016-08-01

Today the armed forces and law enforcement personnel wear body armor, helmets, and flak jackets composed substantially of Kevlar® fiber to prevent bodily injury or death resulting from physical, ballistic, stab, and slash attacks. Therefore, there is a high probability that during a radiation accident or its aftermath, the Kevlar®-composed body armor will be irradiated. Preliminary study with samples of Kevlar® foundation fabric obtained from body armor used by the U.S. Marine Corps has shown that all samples evaluated demonstrated an EPR signal, and this signal increased with radiation dose. Based on these results, the authors predict that, with individual calibration, exposure at dose above 1 Gy can be reliably detected in Kevlar® samples obtained from body armor. As a result of these measurements, a post-event reconstruction of exposure dose can be obtained by taking various samples throughout the armor body and helmet worn by the same irradiated individual. The doses can be used to create a whole-body dose map that would be of vital importance in a case of a partial body or heterogeneous exposure.

Ballistic Resistance of Armored Passenger Vehicles: Test Protocols and Quality Methods

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jeffrey M. Lacy; Robert E. Polk

2005-07-01

This guide establishes a test methodology for determining the overall ballistic resistance of the passenger compartment of assembled nontactical armored passenger vehicles (APVs). Because ballistic testing of every piece of every component of an armored vehicle is impractical, if not impossible, this guide describes a testing scheme based on statistical sampling of exposed component surface areas. Results from the test of the sampled points are combined to form a test score that reflects the probability of ballistic penetration into the passenger compartment of the vehicle.

Systems Analysis of Remote Piloting/Robotics Technology Applicable to Assault Rafts.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

LTOG 3.936 m n Driver Position Driver is only member of crew seated under armor - seated in front leftI of hull - 3 M17 periscopes - single piece...hatch cover. Vision Data Summary I.D - 3P; H - 82.5* to 165* V - 110 to 220 SC - Is not under armor ; therefore has freedom of vision. Mobility Information... under armor - seated in front left * of hull - 3 Ml7 periscopes - single piece hatch cover. 4Vision Data Summary SD - 3P; H - 82.50 to 1650 V - 110 to

Ceramic composite protection for turbine disc bursts. [for the A-300 aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gardner, P. B.

1977-01-01

Ceramic composite turbine disc protection panels for the A300B were developed using armor technology. Analytical predictions for modifying the ballistic projectile armor system were verified by a test program conducted to qualify the rotor containment system. With only a slight change in the areal density of the armor system a more than two-fold increase in kinetic energy protection level was achieved. Thickness of the fiberglass reinforced plastic backing material was increased to achieve an optimum ratio of ceramic thickness to backing thickness for the different ballistic defeat condition.

Embedded-monolith armor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McElfresh, Michael W.; Groves, Scott E; Moffet, Mitchell L.

2016-07-19

A lightweight armor system utilizing a face section having a multiplicity of monoliths embedded in a matrix supported on low density foam. The face section is supported with a strong stiff backing plate. The backing plate is mounted on a spall plate.

77 FR 39259 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comments Requested: Body Armor in...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-02

... technological collection techniques or other forms of information technology, e.g., permitting electronic... associated with prison environments. There is little data on body armor use by correctional officers, such as...

Negligible heat strain in armored vehicle officers wearing personal body armor

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Objectives This study evaluated the heat strain experienced by armored vehicle officers (AVOs) wearing personal body armor (PBA) in a sub-tropical climate. Methods Twelve male AVOs, aged 35-58 years, undertook an eight hour shift while wearing PBA. Heart rate and core temperature were monitored continuously. Urine specific gravity (USG) was measured before and after, and with any urination during the shift. Results Heart rate indicated an intermittent and low-intensity nature of the work. USG revealed six AVOs were dehydrated from pre through post shift, and two others became dehydrated. Core temperature averaged 37.4 ± 0.3°C, with maximum's of 37.7 ± 0.2°C. Conclusions Despite increased age, body mass, and poor hydration practices, and Wet-Bulb Globe Temperatures in excess of 30°C; the intermittent nature and low intensity of the work prevented excessive heat strain from developing. PMID:21801453

Evaluation of weapons' combustion products in armored vehicles. Final report, 30 September 1986-14 December 1988

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Menzies, K.T.; Randel, M.A.; Quill, A.L.

1989-01-01

The U.S. Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory defined an extensive research program to address the generation of potentially toxic propellant combustion products in crew compartments of armored vehicles during weapons firing. The major objectives of the research were: (1) to determine the presence and concentration of propellant combustion products, (2) to determine potential crew exposure to these combustion products, and (3) to assess the efficacy of field monitoring in armored vehicles. To achieve these goals, air monitoring was conducted in selected armored vehicle types, i.e., M109, M60, M3, M1, at several Army installations. Auxiliary information concerning the specific munitionsmore » fired and the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) or Forces Command (FORSCOM) firing scenarios was collected so that a comparison of pollutant concentrations generated by specific weapons both within vehicle types and between vehicle types could be made.« less

Hydroxyapatite-armored poly(ε-caprolactone) microspheres and hydroxyapatite microcapsules fabricated via a Pickering emulsion route.

PubMed

Fujii, Syuji; Okada, Masahiro; Nishimura, Taiki; Maeda, Hayata; Sugimoto, Tatsuya; Hamasaki, Hiroyuki; Furuzono, Tsutomu; Nakamura, Yoshinobu

2012-05-15

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticle-armored poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microspheres were fabricated via a "Pickering-type" emulsion solvent evaporation method in the absence of any molecular surfactants. It was clarified that the interaction between carbonyl/carboxylic acid groups of PCL and the HAp nanoparticles at an oil-water interface played a crucial role in the preparation of the stable Pickering-type emulsions and the HAp nanoparticle-armored microspheres. The HAp nanoparticle-armored PCL microspheres were characterized in terms of size, size distribution, morphology, and chemical compositions using scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The presence of HAp nanoparticles at the surface of the microspheres was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Pyrolysis of the PCL cores led to the formation of the corresponding HAp hollow microcapsules. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A new nonpenetrating ballistic injury.

PubMed

Carroll, A W; Soderstrom, C A

1978-12-01

A new, nonpenetrating ballistic injury mechanism involving individuals protected by soft body armor is described. Experimental studies using laboratory animals have demonstrated that despite stopping missile penetration, the heart, liver, spleen, and spinal cord are vulnerable to injury. The rapid jolting force of an impacting bullet is contrasted with the usually encountered mechanisms producing blunt trauma injury. The experimental methodology used to assess a 20% increase in survival probability and an 80% decrease in the need for surgical intervention with a new soft body armor is reviewed. Five cases of ballistic assaults on law enforcement personnel protected by soft body armor are presented. Four emphasize the potentially lifesaving qualities of the armor, while the fifth indicates the need for torso encircling design. Hospitalization should follow all assaults, regardless of the innocuous appearance of the skin lesion and the apparent well being on the assaulted individual. Therapeutic guidelines for patient management are suggested.

A new nonpenetrating ballistic injury.

PubMed Central

Carroll, A W; Soderstrom, C A

1978-01-01

A new, nonpenetrating ballistic injury mechanism involving individuals protected by soft body armor is described. Experimental studies using laboratory animals have demonstrated that despite stopping missile penetration, the heart, liver, spleen, and spinal cord are vulnerable to injury. The rapid jolting force of an impacting bullet is contrasted with the usually encountered mechanisms producing blunt trauma injury. The experimental methodology used to assess a 20% increase in survival probability and an 80% decrease in the need for surgical intervention with a new soft body armor is reviewed. Five cases of ballistic assaults on law enforcement personnel protected by soft body armor are presented. Four emphasize the potentially lifesaving qualities of the armor, while the fifth indicates the need for torso encircling design. Hospitalization should follow all assaults, regardless of the innocuous appearance of the skin lesion and the apparent well being on the assaulted individual. Therapeutic guidelines for patient management are suggested. Images Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. PMID:736653

Preparation and Use of an Easily Constructed, Inexpensive Chamber for Viewing Courtship Behaviors of Fruit Flies, Drosophila sp.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Christensen, Timothy J.; Labov, Jay B.

1997-01-01

Details the construction of a viewing chamber for fruit flies that connects to a dissecting microscope and features a design that enables students to easily move fruit flies in and out of the chamber. (DDR)

Armored Long RNA Controls or Standards for Branched DNA Assay for Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1▿

PubMed Central

Zhan, Sien; Li, Jinming; Xu, Ruihuan; Wang, Lunan; Zhang, Kuo; Zhang, Rui

2009-01-01

The branched DNA (bDNA) assay is a reliable method for quantifying the RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The positive controls and standards for this assay for the detection of HIV-1 consist of naked RNA, which is susceptible to degradation by RNase. Armored RNA is a good candidate for an RNase-resistant positive control or standard. However, its use has been limited by the maximal length of the exogenous RNA packaged into virus-like particles by routine armored RNA technology. In the present study, we produced armored long RNA (armored L-RNA) controls or standards (AR-HIV-pol-3034b) for a bDNA assay of HIV-1 by increasing the amount and affinity of the pac sites (the pac site is a specific 19-nucleotide stem-loop region located at the 5′ terminus of the MS2 bacteriophage replicase gene) by a one-plasmid double-expression system. AR-HIV-pol-3034b was completely resistant to DNase and RNase, was stable in normal human EDTA-preserved plasma at 4°C for at least 6 months, and produced reproducible, linear results in the Versant HIV-1 RNA 3.0 assay. In conclusion, AR-HIV-pol-3034b could act as a positive control or standard in a bDNA assay for the detection of HIV-1. In addition, the one-plasmid double-expression system can be used as a better platform than the one-plasmid expression system and the two-plasmid coexpression system for expressing armored L-RNA. PMID:19494069

Optimization of armored spherical tanks for storage on the lunar surface

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bents, D. J.; Knight, D. A.

1992-01-01

A redundancy strategy for reducing micrometeroid armoring mass is investigated, with application to cryogenic reactant storage for a regenerative fuel cell (RFC) on the lunar surface. In that micrometeoroid environment, the cryogenic fuel must be protected from loss due to tank puncture. The tankage must have a sufficiently high probability of survival over the length of the mission so that the probability of system failure due to tank puncture is low compared to the other mission risk factors. Assuming that a single meteoroid penetration can cause a storage tank to lose its contents, two means are available to raise the probability of surviving micrometeoroid attack to the desired level. One can armor the tanks to a thickness sufficient to reduce probability of penetration of any tank to the desired level or add extra capacity in the form of spare tanks that results in survival of a given number out of the ensemble at the desired level. A combination of these strategies (armoring and redundancy) is investigated. The objective is to find the optimum combination which yields the lowest shielding mass per cubic meter of surviving fuel out of the original ensemble. The investigation found that, for the volumes of fuel associated with multikilowatt class cryo storage RFC's, and the armoring methodology and meteoroid models used, storage should be fragmented into small individual tanks. Larger installations (more fuel) pay less of a shielding penalty than small installations. For the same survival probability over the same time period, larger volumes will require less armoring mass per unit volume protected.

Armored long RNA controls or standards for branched DNA assay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

PubMed

Zhan, Sien; Li, Jinming; Xu, Ruihuan; Wang, Lunan; Zhang, Kuo; Zhang, Rui

2009-08-01

The branched DNA (bDNA) assay is a reliable method for quantifying the RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The positive controls and standards for this assay for the detection of HIV-1 consist of naked RNA, which is susceptible to degradation by RNase. Armored RNA is a good candidate for an RNase-resistant positive control or standard. However, its use has been limited by the maximal length of the exogenous RNA packaged into virus-like particles by routine armored RNA technology. In the present study, we produced armored long RNA (armored L-RNA) controls or standards (AR-HIV-pol-3034b) for a bDNA assay of HIV-1 by increasing the amount and affinity of the pac sites (the pac site is a specific 19-nucleotide stem-loop region located at the 5' terminus of the MS2 bacteriophage replicase gene) by a one-plasmid double-expression system. AR-HIV-pol-3034b was completely resistant to DNase and RNase, was stable in normal human EDTA-preserved plasma at 4 degrees C for at least 6 months, and produced reproducible, linear results in the Versant HIV-1 RNA 3.0 assay. In conclusion, AR-HIV-pol-3034b could act as a positive control or standard in a bDNA assay for the detection of HIV-1. In addition, the one-plasmid double-expression system can be used as a better platform than the one-plasmid expression system and the two-plasmid coexpression system for expressing armored L-RNA.

12. Photocopy of lithograph (source unknown) The Armor Lithograph Company, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Photocopy of lithograph (source unknown) The Armor Lithograph Company, Ltd., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, ca. 1888 COURTHOUSE AND JAIL, FROM THE WEST - Allegheny County Courthouse & Jail, 436 Grant Street (Courthouse), 420 Ross Street (Jail), Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA

Marine Tanks: The Corps’ Indispensable Asset

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-16

2 Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under Armor (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000), 5. 5 Why tanks belong in the...correspondence 10 Bibliography Captain Robert Bodisch USMC, conversation with the author, 10 November 2004. Estes, Kenneth W. Marines Under Armor : the

Resonance and streaming of armored microbubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spelman, Tamsin; Bertin, Nicolas; Stephen, Olivier; Marmottant, Philippe; Lauga, Eric

2015-11-01

A new experimental technique involves building a hollow capsule which partially encompasses a microbubble, creating an ``armored microbubble'' with long lifespan. Under acoustic actuation, such bubble produces net streaming flows. In order to theoretically model the induced flow, we first extend classical models of free bubbles to describe the streaming flow around a spherical body for any known axisymmetric shape oscillation. A potential flow model is then employed to determine the resonance modes of the armored microbubble. We finally use a more detailed viscous model to calculate the surface shape oscillations at the experimental driving frequency, and from this we predict the generated streaming flows.

A novel duplex real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for rubella virus with armored RNA as a noncompetitive internal positive control.

PubMed

Zhao, Lihong; Li, Ruiying; Liu, Aihua; Zhao, Shuping

2015-07-01

The objective of this study was to build and apply a duplex real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for rubella virus. Firstly, a 60-bp-long armored RV RNA was constructed in the laboratory. Secondly, a duplex real time RT-PCR assay was established. Thirdly, the 60-bp-long armored RV RNA was used as an internal positive control (IPC) for the duplex real time RT-PCR. And finally the duplex real time RT-PCR assay was applied to detect RV RNA in clinical specimens. The in-house assay has a high amplification efficiency (0.99), a high analytical sensitivity (200 copies/mL), and a good reproducibility. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the in-house assay were both 100%, due to the monitoring of the armored RV RNA IPC. Therefore, the in-house duplex real time quantitative RT-PCR assay is a specific, sensitive, reproducible and accurate assay for quantitation of RV RNA in clinical specimens. And noncompetitive armored RV RNA IPC can monitor RT-PCR inhibition and prevent false-negative and inaccurate results in the real time detection system. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preparation of His-tagged armored RNA phage particles as a control for real-time reverse transcription-PCR detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

PubMed

Cheng, Yangjian; Niu, Jianjun; Zhang, Yongyou; Huang, Jianwei; Li, Qingge

2006-10-01

Armored RNA has been increasingly used as both an external and internal positive control in nucleic acid-based assays for RNA virus. In order to facilitate armored RNA purification, a His6 tag was introduced into the loop region of the MS2 coat protein, which allows the exposure of multiple His tags on the surface during armored RNA assembly. The His-tagged armored RNA particles were purified to homogeneity and verified to be free of DNA contamination in a single run of affinity chromatography. A fragment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) genome targeted for SARS-CoV detection was chosen for an external positive control preparation. A plant-specific gene sequence was chosen for a universal noncompetitive internal positive control preparation. Both controls were purified by Co2+ affinity chromatography and were included in a real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay for SARS-CoV. The noncompetitive internal positive control can be added to clinical samples before RNA extraction and enables the identification of potential inhibitive effects without interfering with target amplification. The external control could be used for the quantification of viral loads in clinical samples.

Armored Scales and Their Parasitoids on Commercial Avocados Grown in California or Imported from Mexico.

PubMed

Morse, J G; Rugman-Jones, P F; Woolley, J B; Heraty, J M; Triapitsyn, S V; Hofshi, R; Stouthamer, R

2016-10-01

Levels of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Mexican Hass avocados imported into California over May 2008-June 2009 were monitored on 135 trucks entering the state via the Blythe border station, the entry point receiving the highest volume of fruit. Levels of live sessile scales were 3.9-fold higher than indicated in a previous survey (September 2007-April 2008) although levels of live eggs and crawlers were similar to previous levels. A survey of avocado fruit in California infested with armored scales detected four species known to be endemic but failed to find any of the seven exotic Diaspididae entering the state on Mexican fruit. Monitoring of Mexican armored scales on imported avocados from September 2007 to December 2010 recovered 10 species of parasitoids predominated by two species of Signiphora Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae). One of these species, Signiphora flavopalliata Ashmead, comprised 36% of all collected Mexican parasitoids and is a known hyperparasitoid. A survey of armored scale parasitoids present on commercial California avocados detected 17 genetic signatures, with only four of these in common with those detected on imported Mexican fruit. The implications of these findings are discussed. © The Authors 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Armored brain: A case report and review of the literature.

PubMed

Petraglia, Anthony L; Moravan, Michael J; Jahromi, Babak S

2011-01-01

Calcified chronic subdural hematomas occur infrequently. When the calcifications are extensive and bilateral, the condition is termed "armored brain". We describe a case of "armored brain" incidentally discovered in an adult presenting with abdominal pain and mild headaches, long after initial placement of a ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt. A 38-year-old woman, treated at infancy with a VP shunt, presented with a 2-month history of abdominal pain associated with nausea and chills. She was neurologically intact on exam. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a rim-enhancing loculated fluid collection surrounding the patient's distal VP shunt catheter tip. As a part of her initial work-up, she received a head CT to evaluate the proximal VP shunt, which demonstrated large bilateral chronic subdural hematomas with heavily calcified walls. She was eventually taken to the operating room (OR) for replacement of the distal catheter. It was felt that her acute clinical presentation was unrelated to the bilateral, calcified subdural hematomas and thus the decision was made to manage them conservatively. This rare complication of chronic shunting for hydrocephalus is sometimes referred to as armored brain. Surgery for armored brain is infrequently indicated and beneficial in only small subgroup of patients, with management guided by clinical presentation. Our patient fully recovered after shunt revision alone.

Promoting Improved Ballistic Resistance of Transparent Armor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wereszczak, Andrew A; Patel, P; Templeton, D W

2011-01-01

Transparent armor is a material or system of materials designed to be optically transparent, yet protect from fragmentation or ballistic impacts. Although engineered to defeat specific threats, or a range of threats, there are general requirements common to all of these designs. The primary requirement for a transparent armor system is to not only defeat the designated threat but also provide a multi-hit capability with minimized distortion of surrounding areas. Ground platforms have several parameters that must be optimized, such as weight, space efficiency, and cost versus performance. Glass exhibits tensile failure stress that is very much dependent on themore » amount of material being stressed, the side being tensile-stressed (i.e., air-versus tin-side if a float glass), and where it is being tensile stressed (i.e., in the middle or near an edge). An axiom arising from those effects is a greater amount of allowable deflection (i.e., higher failure stress) of a ballistically impacted transparent armor will result in improved ballistic resistance. Therefore, the interpretation and management of those tensile-failure-stress dependencies shall ultimately improve ballistic resistance and its predictability of transparent armor. Each of those three dependencies (size, side, and location) in a soda-lime silicate glass is described.« less

Featured Invention: Laser Scaling Device

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dunn, Carol Anne

2008-01-01

In September 2003, NASA signed a nonexclusive license agreement with Armor Forensics, a subsidiary of Armor Holdings, Inc., for the laser scaling device under the Innovative Partnerships Program. Coupled with a measuring program, also developed by NASA, the unit provides crime scene investigators with the ability to shoot photographs at scale without having to physically enter the scene, analyzing details such as bloodspatter patterns and graffiti. This ability keeps the scene's components intact and pristine for the collection of information and evidence. The laser scaling device elegantly solved a pressing problem for NASA's shuttle operations team and also provided industry with a useful tool. For NASA, the laser scaling device is still used to measure divots or damage to the shuttle's external tank and other structures around the launchpad. When the invention also met similar needs within industry, the Innovative Partnerships Program provided information to Armor Forensics for licensing and marketing the laser scaling device. Jeff Kohler, technology transfer agent at Kennedy, added, "We also invited a representative from the FBI's special photography unit to Kennedy to meet with Armor Forensics and the innovator. Eventually the FBI ended up purchasing some units. Armor Forensics is also beginning to receive interest from DoD [Department of Defense] for use in military crime scene investigations overseas."

High temperature surface effects of He + implantation in ICF fusion first wall materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zenobia, Samuel J.; Radel, R. F.; Cipiti, B. B.; Kulcinski, Gerald L.

2009-06-01

The first wall armor of the inertial confinement fusion reactor chambers must withstand high temperatures and significant radiation damage from target debris and neutrons. The resilience of multiple materials to one component of the target debris has been investigated using energetic (20-40 keV) helium ions generated in the inertial electrostatic confinement device at the University of Wisconsin. The materials studied include: single-crystalline, and polycrystalline tungsten, tungsten-coated tantalum-carbide 'foams', tungsten-rhenium alloy, silicon carbide, carbon-carbon velvet, and tungsten-coated carbon-carbon velvet. Steady-state irradiation temperatures ranged from 750 to 1250 °C with helium fluences between 5 × 10 17 and 1 × 10 20 He +/cm 2. The crystalline, rhenium alloyed, carbide foam, and powder metallurgical tungsten specimens each experienced extensive pore formation after He + irradiation. Flaking and pore formation occurred on silicon carbide samples. Individual fibers of carbon-carbon velvet specimens sustained erosion and corrugation, in addition to the roughening and rupturing of tungsten coatings after helium ion implantation.

Compartment A125; view forward of barbette, an armored cylinder for ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Compartment A-125; view forward of barbette, an armored cylinder for supporting and protecting the forward 8" gun turret above. Anchor windlass is in left background. (033) - USS Olympia, Penn's Landing, 211 South Columbus Boulevard, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

75 FR 25208 - Announcement of Body Armor Research Needs Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-07

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology Announcement of Body Armor Research Needs Meeting AGENCY: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Commerce. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) invites...

Advanced Composite Armor: In Situ Sensing with Carbon Nanotube Networks for Improved Damage Tolerance

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-19

aerogel -spun carbon nanotube fibres under tensile loading, Journal of Materials Chemistry, (02 2012): 0. doi: 10.1039/c2jm15869h 08/10/2012 6.00 Amanda... aerogel state and held together by entanglements and van der Waals interactions. The electrical and mechanical behavior of these fibers is provided in...5.1 ± 1.7 (104) Resistance, R [Ω] 67.5 ± 23.6 Table 1. Material properties of the aerogel -spun carbon nanotube fibers. 9    The fibers

A phylogenetic analysis of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), based upon nuclear, mitochondrial, and endosymbiont gene sequences.

PubMed

Andersen, Jeremy C; Wu, Jin; Gruwell, Matthew E; Gwiazdowski, Rodger; Santana, Sharlene E; Feliciano, Natalie M; Morse, Geoffrey E; Normark, Benjamin B

2010-12-01

Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are among the most invasive insects in the world. They have unusual genetic systems, including diverse types of paternal genome elimination (PGE) and parthenogenesis. Intimate relationships with their host plants and bacterial endosymbionts make them potentially important subjects for the study of co-evolution. Here, we expand upon recent phylogenetic work (Morse and Normark, 2006) by analyzing armored scale and endosymbiont DNA sequences from 125 species of armored scale insect, represented by 253 samples and eight outgroup species. We used fragments of four different gene regions: the nuclear protein-coding gene Elongation Factor 1α (EF1α), the large ribosomal subunit (28S) rDNA, a mitochondrial region spanning parts of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome oxidase II (COII), and the small ribosomal subunit (16S) rDNA from the primary bacterial endosymbiont Uzinura diaspidicola. Maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses were performed producing highly congruent topological results. A comparison of two datasets, one with and one without missing data, found that missing data had little effect on topology. Our results broadly corroborate several major features of the existing classification, although we do not find any of the subfamilies, tribes or subtribes to be monophyletic as currently constituted. Using ancestral state reconstruction we estimate that the ancestral armored scale had the late PGE sex system, and it may as well have been pupillarial, though results differed between reconstruction methods. These results highlight the need for a complete revision of this family, and provide the groundwork for future taxonomic work in armored scale insects. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Armored scale insect endosymbiont diversity at the species level: genealogical patterns of Uzinura diasipipdicola in the Chionaspis pinifoliae-Chionaspis heterophyllae species complex (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae).

PubMed

Andersen, J C; Gwiazdowski, R A; Gdanetz, K; Gruwell, M E

2015-02-01

Armored scale insects and their primary bacterial endosymbionts show nearly identical patterns of co-diversification when viewed at the family level, though the persistence of these patterns at the species level has not been explored in this group. Therefore we investigated genealogical patterns of co-diversification near the species level between the primary endosymbiont Uzinura diaspidicola and its hosts in the Chionaspis pinifoliae-Chionaspis heterophyllae species complex. To do this we generated DNA sequence data from three endosymbiont loci (rspB, GroEL, and 16S) and analyzed each locus independently using statistical parsimony network analyses and as a concatenated dataset using Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions. We found that for two endosymbiont loci, 16S and GroEL, sequences from U. diaspidicola were broadly associated with host species designations, while for rspB this pattern was less clear as C. heterophyllae (species S1) shared haplotypes with several other Chionaspis species. We then compared the topological congruence of the phylogenetic reconstructions generated from a concatenated dataset of endosymbiont loci (including all three loci, above) to that from a concatenated dataset of armored scale hosts, using published data from two nuclear loci (28S and EF1α) and one mitochondrial locus (COI-COII) from the armored scale hosts. We calculated whether the two topologies were congruent using the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test. We found no significant differences (P = 0.4892) between the topologies suggesting that, at least at this level of resolution, co-diversification of U. diaspidicola with its armored scale hosts also occurs near the species level. This is the first such study of co-speciation at the species level between U. diaspidicola and a group of armored scale insects.

Analysis of behind the armor ballistic trauma.

PubMed

Wen, Yaoke; Xu, Cheng; Wang, Shu; Batra, R C

2015-05-01

The impact response of body armor composed of a ceramic plate with an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber-reinforced composite and layers of UHMWPE fibers shielding a block of ballistic gelatin has been experimentally and numerically analyzed. It is a surrogate model for studying injuries to human torso caused by a bullet striking body protection armor placed on a person. Photographs taken with a high speed camera are used to determine deformations of the armor and the gelatin. The maximum depth of the temporary cavity formed in the ballistic gelatin and the peak pressure 40mm behind the center of the gelatin front face contacting the armor are found to be, respectively, ~34mm and ~15MPa. The Johnson-Holmquist material model has been used to simulate deformations and failure of the ceramic. The UHMWPE fiber-reinforced composite and the UHMWPE fiber layers are modeled as linear elastic orthotropic materials. The gelatin is modeled as a strain-rate dependent hyperelastic material. Values of material parameters are taken from the open literature. The computed evolution of the temporary cavity formed in the gelatin is found to qualitatively agree with that seen in experiments. Furthermore, the computed time histories of the average pressure at four points in the gelatin agree with the corresponding experimentally measured ones. The maximum pressure at a point and the depth of the temporary cavity formed in the gelatin can be taken as measures of the severity of the bodily injury caused by the impact; e.g. see the United States National Institute of Justice standard 0101.06-Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lamellae spatial distribution modulates fracture behavior and toughness of african pangolin scales

DOE PAGES

Chon, Michael J.; Daly, Matthew; Wang, Bin; ...

2017-06-10

Pangolin scales form a durable armor whose hierarchical structure offers an avenue towards high performance bio-inspired materials design. In this paper, the fracture resistance of African pangolin scales is examined using single edge crack three-point bend fracture testing in order to understand toughening mechanisms arising from the structures of natural mammalian armors. In these mechanical tests, the influence of material orientation and hydration level are examined. The fracture experiments reveal an exceptional fracture resistance due to crack deflection induced by the internal spatial orientation of lamellae. An order of magnitude increase in the measured fracture resistance due to scale hydration,more » reaching up to ~ 25 kJ/m 2 was measured. Post-mortem analysis of the fracture samples was performed using a combination of optical and electron microscopy, and X-ray computerized tomography. Interestingly, the crack profile morphologies are observed to follow paths outlined by the keratinous lamellae structure of the pangolin scale. Most notably, the inherent structure of pangolin scales offers a pathway for crack deflection and fracture toughening. Finally, the results of this study are expected to be useful as design principles for high performance biomimetic applications.« less

Lamellae spatial distribution modulates fracture behavior and toughness of african pangolin scales.

PubMed

Chon, Michael J; Daly, Matthew; Wang, Bin; Xiao, Xianghui; Zaheri, Alireza; Meyers, Marc A; Espinosa, Horacio D

2017-12-01

Pangolin scales form a durable armor whose hierarchical structure offers an avenue towards high performance bio-inspired materials design. In this study, the fracture resistance of African pangolin scales is examined using single edge crack three-point bend fracture testing in order to understand toughening mechanisms arising from the structures of natural mammalian armors. In these mechanical tests, the influence of material orientation and hydration level are examined. The fracture experiments reveal an exceptional fracture resistance due to crack deflection induced by the internal spatial orientation of lamellae. An order of magnitude increase in the measured fracture resistance due to scale hydration, reaching up to ~ 25kJ/m 2 was measured. Post-mortem analysis of the fracture samples was performed using a combination of optical and electron microscopy, and X-ray computerized tomography. Interestingly, the crack profile morphologies are observed to follow paths outlined by the keratinous lamellae structure of the pangolin scale. Most notably, the inherent structure of pangolin scales offers a pathway for crack deflection and fracture toughening. The results of this study are expected to be useful as design principles for high performance biomimetic applications. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lamellae spatial distribution modulates fracture behavior and toughness of african pangolin scales

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chon, Michael J.; Daly, Matthew; Wang, Bin

Pangolin scales form a durable armor whose hierarchical structure offers an avenue towards high performance bio-inspired materials design. In this paper, the fracture resistance of African pangolin scales is examined using single edge crack three-point bend fracture testing in order to understand toughening mechanisms arising from the structures of natural mammalian armors. In these mechanical tests, the influence of material orientation and hydration level are examined. The fracture experiments reveal an exceptional fracture resistance due to crack deflection induced by the internal spatial orientation of lamellae. An order of magnitude increase in the measured fracture resistance due to scale hydration,more » reaching up to ~ 25 kJ/m 2 was measured. Post-mortem analysis of the fracture samples was performed using a combination of optical and electron microscopy, and X-ray computerized tomography. Interestingly, the crack profile morphologies are observed to follow paths outlined by the keratinous lamellae structure of the pangolin scale. Most notably, the inherent structure of pangolin scales offers a pathway for crack deflection and fracture toughening. Finally, the results of this study are expected to be useful as design principles for high performance biomimetic applications.« less

Dynamic Material Properties of Orthotropic Polymer and Molybdenum for Use in Next Generation Composite Armor Concept?

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

1. Shock Compression Experimental Techniques ...............................22 a. Target...3 Figure 2. Composite plate (left) shown by Poh defeating Tantalum projectile while armor grade steel (right) failed...entire target buildup used for a shock compression experiment ..................................................................................23 Figure

Preparation of armored RNA as a control for multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR detection of influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

PubMed

Yu, Xin-Fen; Pan, Jing-Cao; Ye, Rong; Xiang, Hai-Qing; Kou, Yu; Huang, Zhi-Cheng

2008-03-01

The common respiratory viruses, including influenza A, influenza B, and newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viruses, may cause similar clinical symptoms. Therefore, differential diagnosis of these virus pathogens is frequently required for single clinical samples. In addition, there is an urgent need for noninfectious and stable RNA standards and controls for multivirus detection. In this study, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) targeting of the RNAs of influenza A and influenza B viruses and SARS coronavirus was performed, and the resulting products were spliced into a fragment which was packaged into armored RNA for use as a noninfectious, quantifiable synthetic substitute. Furthermore, in the present study we developed a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay in which the armored RNA was used as an external positive control and the three RNA viruses could be detected simultaneously in a single reaction mix. The detection limit of the multiplex real-time PCR was 10 copies/microl of armored RNA.

Evaluation of weapons' combustion products in armored vehicles. Appendix C: Summary of descriptive statistics (proc tabulate). Appendix D: Summary of comparative statistics. Final report, 30 September 1986-14 December 1988

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Menzies, K.T.; Randel, M.A.; Quill, A.L.

1989-01-01

The U.S. Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory defined an extensive research program to address the generation of potentially toxic propellant combustion products in crew compartments of armored vehicles during weapons firing. The major objectives of the research were (1) to determine the presence and concentration of propellant combustion products, (2) to determine potential crew exposure to these combustion products, and (3) to assess the efficacy of field monitoring in armored vehicles. To achieve these goals, air monitoring was conducted in selected armored vehicle types, i.e., M109, M60, M3, M1, at several Army installations. Auxiliary information concerning the specific munitionsmore » fired and the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) or Forces Command (FORSCOM) firing scenarios was collected so that a comparison of pollutant concentrations generated by specific weapons both within vehicle types and between vehicle types could be made.« less

Armored instrumentation cable for geothermal well logging

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dennis, B.R.; Johnson, J.; Todd, B.

1981-01-01

Multiconductor armored well-logging cable is used extensively by the oil and natural gas industry to lower various instruments used to measure the geological and geophysical parameters into deep wellbores. Advanced technology in oil-well drilling makes it possible to achieve borehole depths of 9 km (30,000 ft). The higher temperatures in these deeper boreholes demand advancements in the design and manufacturing of wireline cable and in the electrical insulating and armoring materials used as integral components. If geothermal energy is proved an abundant economic resource, drilling temperatures approaching and exceeding 300/sup 0/C will become commonplace. The adaptation of teflons as electricalmore » insulating material permitted use of armored cable in geothermal wellbores where temperatures are slightly in excess of 200/sup 0/C, and where the concentrations of corrosive minerals and gases are high. Teflon materials presently used in wireline cables, however, are not capable of continuous operation at the anticipated higher temperatures.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taylor, Paul A.; Cooper, Candice Frances; Burnett, Damon J.

Light body armor development for the warfighter is based on trial-and-error testing of prototype designs against ballistic projectiles. Torso armor testing against blast is virtually nonexistent but necessary to ensure adequate protection against injury to the heart and lungs. In this report, we discuss the development of a high-fidelity human torso model, it's merging with the existing Sandia Human Head-Neck Model, and development of the modeling & simulation (M&S) capabilities necessary to simulate wound injury scenarios. Using the new Sandia Human Torso Model, we demonstrate the advantage of virtual simulation in the investigation of wound injury as it relates tomore » the warfighter experience. We present the results of virtual simulations of blast loading and ballistic projectile impact to the tors o with and without notional protective armor. In this manner, we demonstrate the ad vantages of applying a modeling and simulation approach to the investigation of wound injury and relative merit assessments of protective body armor without the need for trial-and-error testing.« less

Perforation of Thin Aluminum Alloy Plates by Blunt Projectiles - Experimental and Numerical Investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Gang; Zhang, Wei

2013-06-01

Reducing the armor weight has become a research focus in terms of armored material with the increasing requirement of the mobility and flexibility of tanks and armored vehicles in modern local wars. Due to high strength-to-density ratio, aluminum alloy has become a potential light armored material. In this study, both lab-scale ballistic test and finite element simulation were adopted to examine the ballistic resistance of aluminum alloy targets. Blunt high strength steel projectiles with 12.7 mm diameter were launched by light gas gun against 3.3 mm thick aluminum alloy plates at velocity of 90 ~ 170 m/s. The ballistic limit velocity was obtained. Plugging failure and obvious structure deformation of targets were observed, and with the impact velocity increasing, the target structure deformation decrease gradually. Corresponding 2D finite element simulations were conducted by ABAQUS/EXPLICIT combined with material performance testing. Good agreement between the numerical simulations and the experimental results was found. National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.: 11072072).

Enzyme Armoring by an Organosilica Layer: Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanobiocatalysts.

PubMed

Correro, M Rita; Sykora, Sabine; Corvini, Philippe F-X; Shahgaldian, Patrick

2017-01-01

The availability of highly stable and reusable enzymes is one of the main challenges in bio-based industrial processes. Enzyme immobilization and encapsulation represent promising strategies to reach this goal. In this chapter, the synthetic strategy to produce hybrid organic/inorganic nanobiocatalysts (NBC) is reported. This strategy is based on the sequential immobilization of an enzyme on the surface of silica nanoparticles followed by the growth, at the surface of the nanoparticles, of a shielding layer which serves as an armor to protect the enzyme against denaturation/degradation. This armor is produced through a thickness-controlled organosilane poly-condensation onto the nanoparticle surface around the enzyme to form a protective organosilica layer. The armored nanobiocatalysts present enhanced catalytic activity and improved stability against heat, pH, chaotropic agents, proteases, and ultrasound. The method is versatile in that it can be successfully adapted to a number of different enzymes. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Optimization of armored spherical tanks for storage on the lunar surface

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bents, D. J.; Knight, D. A.

1992-01-01

A redundancy strategy for reducing micrometeroid armoring mass is investigated, with application to cryogenic reactant storage for a regenerative fuel cell (RFC) on the lunar surface. In that micrometeoroid environment, the cryogenic fuel must be protected from loss due to tank puncture. The tankage must have a sufficiently high probability of survival over the length of the mission so that the probability of system failure due to tank puncture is low compared to the other mission risk factors. Assuming that a single meteoroid penetration can cause a storage tank to lose its contents, two means are available to raise the probability of surviving micrometeoroid attack to the desired level. One can armor the tanks to a thickness sufficient to reduce probability of penetration of any tank to the desired level or add extra capacity in the form of space tanks that results in survival of a given number out of the ensemble at the desired level. A combination of these strategies (armor and redundancy) is investigated.

Wenckebach upper rate response in single chamber pacemaker.

PubMed

Barold, S S

2000-07-01

The Medtronic Minix pacemaker during normal function in the VVT mode was found to exhibit a Wenckenbach upper rate response similar to that of dual chamber devices. This behavior occurred only when the upper rate interval was longer than the pacemaker refractory period. In a single chamber device this response may simulate pacemaker malfunction.

Nano-Biotechnology in Using Enzymes for Environmental Remediation: Single-Enzyme Nanoparticles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Jungbae; Grate, Jay W.

2005-01-01

We have developed armored single-enzyme nanoparticles (SENs), which dramatically stabilize a protease (a-chymotrypsin, CT) by surrounding each enzyme molecule with a porous composite organic/inorganic shell of less than a few nanometers thick. The armored enzymes show no decrease in CT activity at 30°C for a day while free CT activity is rapidly reduced by orders of magnitude. The armored shell around CT is sufficiently thin and porous that it does not place any serious mass-transfer limitation of substrate. This unique approach will have a great impact in using enzymes in various fields, including environmental remediation.

Comparative Ballistic Performance of 20mm AP M95 and 20mm AP M75 Projectiles against Rolled Homogeneous Steel Armor

DTIC Science & Technology

1960-05-01

Dominic A. Piccione, " Comparative Ballistic Performanceof 20mm AP M95 and 20mm AP M75 Projectiles againstRolled Homogeneous Steel Armor (U)’\\ WAL-TR-160.1/1... COMPARATIVE BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF 20MM AP M95 AND 20MM AP M75 PROJECTILES AGAINST ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS STEEL ARMOR (U) TECHNICAL REPORT NO. WAL TR I60.l/I(c...o > -< Abt9sortf bl O *_, o o -o WATERTOWN ARSENAL LABORATORIES co COMPARATIVE BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF 20MM AP M95 AND 20MM AP M75

30 CFR 77.700 - Grounding metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... conduits enclosing power conductors. 77.700 Section 77.700 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH..., and conduits enclosing power conductors. Metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors shall be electrically continuous throughout and shall be grounded by methods approved by an...

30 CFR 77.700 - Grounding metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... conduits enclosing power conductors. 77.700 Section 77.700 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH..., and conduits enclosing power conductors. Metallic sheaths, armors, and conduits enclosing power conductors shall be electrically continuous throughout and shall be grounded by methods approved by an...

27 CFR 478.37 - Manufacture, importation and sale of armor piercing ammunition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... and sale of armor piercing ammunition. 478.37 Section 478.37 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Administrative and Miscellaneous Provisions § 478.37 Manufacture...

27 CFR 478.37 - Manufacture, importation and sale of armor piercing ammunition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... and sale of armor piercing ammunition. 478.37 Section 478.37 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Administrative and Miscellaneous Provisions § 478.37 Manufacture...

27 CFR 478.37 - Manufacture, importation and sale of armor piercing ammunition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... and sale of armor piercing ammunition. 478.37 Section 478.37 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Administrative and Miscellaneous Provisions § 478.37 Manufacture...

27 CFR 478.37 - Manufacture, importation and sale of armor piercing ammunition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... and sale of armor piercing ammunition. 478.37 Section 478.37 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Administrative and Miscellaneous Provisions § 478.37 Manufacture...

Black Pineleaf Scale (FIDL)

Treesearch

Katharine A. Sheehan; Mario A. Melendez; Shana Westfall

1998-01-01

The black pineleaf scale (Nuculaspis californica (Coleman)) belongs to a group of sucking insects called armored scales. Concealed under their protective shells, these scales insert their mouthparts into their hosts, removing sap and, possibly, injecting toxic enzymes secreted in the saliva. Armored scales are important pests of agricultural and ornamental plants;...

Breaching Around Corners: Engineer Operations in Urban Environments

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-09-01

determine what combinations of resources are available to accomplish the mission. The combat engineer vehicle (CEV) no longer provides rubble removal under ... armor . It is questionable whether the M9 armored combat earthmover (ACE) has the mass and traction to push rubble. Therefore, we need to explore

2005 NDIA Combat Vehicles Conference. Volume 1. Wednesday

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-22

supporting arms under armor (FO/FAC) helpful • Mobile Data Automated Communications Terminal (MDACT) • Useful if connectivity can be maintained • Consider...other uses • Ability to coordinate supporting arms under armor (FO/FAC) helpful • Mobile Data Automated Communications Terminal (MDACT) • Useful if

Tanks in the Street: Lessons Learned Through Bytes not Blood

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-02-02

under armor protection. The crews relied on the vehicle’s vision blocks and sights to acquire targets. The simulation replicated these actions that...maintain mutually supporting fires. There is a delicate balance between remaining mobile and remaining under armor protection. A small force, squad

Modeling for Military Operational Medicine Scientific and Technical Objectives

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-01

measurements and less error in interpreting the measurements since the sensor units are placed directly under armor ; and (3) new material that matches the...more accurate measurements and less error in interpreting the measurements, since the sensor units are placed directly under armor ; and (3) new

Armored brain: A case report and review of the literature

PubMed Central

Petraglia, Anthony L.; Moravan, Michael J.; Jahromi, Babak S.

2011-01-01

Background: Calcified chronic subdural hematomas occur infrequently. When the calcifications are extensive and bilateral, the condition is termed “armored brain”. We describe a case of “armored brain” incidentally discovered in an adult presenting with abdominal pain and mild headaches, long after initial placement of a ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt. Case Description: A 38-year-old woman, treated at infancy with a VP shunt, presented with a 2-month history of abdominal pain associated with nausea and chills. She was neurologically intact on exam. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a rim-enhancing loculated fluid collection surrounding the patient's distal VP shunt catheter tip. As a part of her initial work-up, she received a head CT to evaluate the proximal VP shunt, which demonstrated large bilateral chronic subdural hematomas with heavily calcified walls. She was eventually taken to the operating room (OR) for replacement of the distal catheter. It was felt that her acute clinical presentation was unrelated to the bilateral, calcified subdural hematomas and thus the decision was made to manage them conservatively. Conclusions: This rare complication of chronic shunting for hydrocephalus is sometimes referred to as armored brain. Surgery for armored brain is infrequently indicated and beneficial in only small subgroup of patients, with management guided by clinical presentation. Our patient fully recovered after shunt revision alone. PMID:21918735

Multifunctionality of chiton biomineralized armor with an integrated visual system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Ling; Connors, Matthew; Kolle, Mathias

2015-11-20

Nature provides a multitude of examples of multifunctional structural materials. There are often trade-offs in these materials because few of them are equally well suited for multiple tasks. One such example is the biomineralized armor of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata, which incorporates an integrated sensory system that includes hundreds of eyes with aragonite-based lens. Here, we used optical experiments to demonstrate directly, for the first time, that these microscopic, mineralized lenses are able to form images. Furthermore, our experiments revealed that the optical performance of these polycrystalline lenses is enhanced by the reduction of spherical aberration through the shape ofmore » the lens and that birefringence scattering is minimized by the use of relatively large, co-aligned grains (~10 μm as compared to ~1 μm in the non-eye regions). Additionally, we used multi-scale mechanical testing techniques to show that A. granulata’s lenses are an integral component of its biomineralized armor, but that both the intrinsic and overall mechanical properties of the lenses are compromised as compared to the primary solid regions of the armor plates. Our results demonstrate that as the size, complexity, and functionality of the integrated sensory elements increases, the local mechanical performance of the armor decreases. But, A. granulata has evolved several strategies to compensate for its local mechanical vulnerabilities to form a multifunctional system with co-optimized overall optical and structural functions.« less

27 CFR 478.37 - Manufacture, importation and sale of armor piercing ammunition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Manufacture, importation... COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION Administrative and Miscellaneous Provisions § 478.37 Manufacture, importation and sale of armor piercing ammunition. No person shall manufacture or import, and no manufacturer...

A new species of Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, 1921 from China (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) with a key to Chinese species

PubMed Central

Wei, Jiu-Feng; Feng, Ji-Nian

2012-01-01

Abstract A new species of armored scale, Pseudaulacaspis zhenyuanensis Wei & Feng, sp. n. is described and illustrated from specimens collected on Spermadictyon suaveolens in China. A key to armored scale species known from China is provided. PMID:22859894

Comparing the Efficacy of Airpower and Heavy Ground Power

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

really mattered. Today, there are two major drawbacks to the mantra of overwhelming the enemy with combat power on the battlefield. First, as discussed...Forces; History and Sourcebook, 131. 11 The pendulum of armor/anti-armor advantages swung back and forth repeatedly since the tank’s debut in World

Compartment A20 construction stories locker looking from forward to aft ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Compartment A-20 construction stories locker looking from forward to aft showing wooden ladder and storage bins. Heavy frame supports armored protective deck. Armor plate hatch at top left penetrates protective deck. (05) - USS Olympia, Penn's Landing, 211 South Columbus Boulevard, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Sand Transport, Flow Turbulence, and Bed Forms over an Immobile Gravel Bed

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Channels downstream of dams often become armored because the sediment supply from upstream is cut off. Sand is generally supplied to these armored reaches intermittently from tributaries downstream of the dam or from sand bypassing. Accurate predictions of the rate of transport of sand over and th...

A new species of armored scale, Mycetaspis ailynaomi (Hemiptera, Diaspididae, Aspidiotinae), associated with Mammea americana L. (Malpighiales, Calophyllaceae) from Puerto Rico

PubMed Central

Dones, Ramón A.; Evans, Gregory A.

2011-01-01

Abstract A new species of armored scale, Mycetaspis ailynaomi Dones and Evans is described and illustrated from specimens collected on mamey (Mammea americana) from Puerto Rico. A key to the species of Mycetaspis is provided. PMID:21852924

Establishment of the armored scale, Rhizaspidiotus donacis, a biological control agent of Arundo donax

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The armored scale biological control agent, Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Leonardi) (Hemiptera; Diaspididae) has established populations on the invasive weed, Arundo donax L. (Poaceae; Arundinoideae) in Del Rio (Val Verde, Co.) and in field plots at the USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Moore Airbase, Edinburg (Hidalgo Co.)...

Will the U.S. Army Have a Tank in 2020?

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-04-15

However, new high efficiency propulsion systems are available that significantly reduce the volume required under armor on tanks. A diesel...the increasing electricity demand of modernized tanks. APUs have been mounted on Ml series tanks and an under armor APU will be part of the Ml A2

27 CFR 478.148 - Armor piercing ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... intended for sporting or industrial purposes. 478.148 Section 478.148 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and... ammunition intended for sporting or industrial purposes. The Director may exempt certain armor piercing... for any such ammunition which is primarily intended for sporting purposes or intended for industrial...

28 CFR 33.101 - Standards and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Program Applying for the Program § 33.101 Standards and requirements. This... vests in the quickest and easiest manner available. The program will assist your jurisdiction in determining which type of armor vest will best suit your jurisdiction's needs, and will ensure that each armor...

28 CFR 33.101 - Standards and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Program Applying for the Program § 33.101 Standards and requirements. This... vests in the quickest and easiest manner available. The program will assist your jurisdiction in determining which type of armor vest will best suit your jurisdiction's needs, and will ensure that each armor...

28 CFR 33.101 - Standards and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Program Applying for the Program § 33.101 Standards and requirements. This... vests in the quickest and easiest manner available. The program will assist your jurisdiction in determining which type of armor vest will best suit your jurisdiction's needs, and will ensure that each armor...

28 CFR 33.101 - Standards and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Program Applying for the Program § 33.101 Standards and requirements. This... vests in the quickest and easiest manner available. The program will assist your jurisdiction in determining which type of armor vest will best suit your jurisdiction's needs, and will ensure that each armor...

28 CFR 33.101 - Standards and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Program Applying for the Program § 33.101 Standards and requirements. This... vests in the quickest and easiest manner available. The program will assist your jurisdiction in determining which type of armor vest will best suit your jurisdiction's needs, and will ensure that each armor...

Direct observation of individual particle armored bubble interaction, stability, and coalescence dynamics.

PubMed

Tan, Sin-Ying; Ata, Seher; Wanless, Erica J

2013-07-18

The interactions between two individual particle-stabilized bubbles were investigated, in the absence of surfactant, using a combination of coalescence rig and high-speed video camera. This combination allows the visualization of bubble coalescence dynamics which provide information on bubble stability. Experimental data suggested that bubble stability is enhanced by both the adsorption of particles at the interface as indicated by the long induction time and the increase in damping coefficient at high surface coverage. The interaction between an armored bubble and a bare bubble (asymmetric interaction) can be destabilized through the addition of a small amount of salt, which suggested that electrostatic interactions play a significant role in bubble stability. Interestingly, the DLVO theory cannot be used to describe the bubble stability in the case of a symmetric interaction as coalescence was inhibited at 0.1 M KCl in both the absence and presence of particles at the interfaces. Furthermore, bubbles can also be destabilized by increasing the particle hydrophobicity. This behavior is due to thinner liquid films between bubbles and an increase in film drainage rate. The fraction of particles detached from the bubble surface after film rupture was found to be very similar within the range of solution ionic strength, surface coverage, and particle hydrophobicity studied. This lack of dependence implies that the kinetic energy generated by the coalescing bubbles is larger than the attachment energy of the particles and dominates the detachment process. This study illuminates the stability behavior of individual particle-stabilized bubbles and has potential impact on processes which involve their interaction.

Protected by Design

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beck, Darren

2012-01-01

Since Pen Argyl High School in Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania was in the process of redeveloping its mascot, the Green Knight, the author decided to implement a studio project based on armor. In groups of three, students would research an assigned type of historical armor, replicate it in cardboard, and fit it to a group member. The lesson had heavy…

Advanced Ceramic Armor Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-11

materials, toughened alumina, fiber -reinforced glass matrix composites, and multilayer-gradient materials for ballistic testing. Fabrication and...material systems: Multilayer advanced armor materials consisting of a hard ceramic faceplate bonded to a graphite fiber -reinforced glass matrix...toughened alumina, and fiber - applied studies of advanced reinforced ceramic matrix glass and glass -ceramic composites for ballistic testing. technologies

Armor of cermet with metal therein increasing with depth

DOEpatents

Wilkins, M.L.; Holt, A.C.; Cline, C.F.; Foreschner, K.E.

1973-07-01

The system described consists of a ceramic matrix having a gradient of fine ductile metallic particles dispersed therein in an amount of from 0.0%, commencing at the front or impact surface of the armor, to about 2 to 15% by volume along the interface to the back of the system. (auth)

Improving the Success of Light Armored Vehicle Drivers: A Qualitative Descriptive Narrative Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Byrd, Dathan

2016-01-01

This qualitative descriptive narrative research was the first known study to collect participants' perceptions on the effectiveness of the Marine Corps' Light Armored Vehicle driver training. The general problem was the Marine Corps' vague guidance on curriculum development, instruction, and assessment for driver training of the Light armored…

48 CFR 225.7011-3 - Contract clause.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... granted, use the clause at 252.225-7030, Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate, in solicitations and contracts that' (a) Require the delivery to the Government of carbon, alloy... control of DoD to purchase carbon, alloy, or armor steel plate. [68 FR 15627, Mar. 31, 2003, as amended at...

48 CFR 225.7011-3 - Contract clause.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... granted, use the clause at 252.225-7030, Restriction on Acquisition of Carbon, Alloy, and Armor Steel Plate, in solicitations and contracts that' (a) Require the delivery to the Government of carbon, alloy... control of DoD to purchase carbon, alloy, or armor steel plate. [68 FR 15627, Mar. 31, 2003, as amended at...

7 CFR 1755.406 - Shield or armor ground resistance measurements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... or armor ground resistance measurements shall be made on completed lengths of copper cable and wire... measurement shall be made between the copper cable and wire shield and ground and between the fiber optic... instructions. (d) Applicable results. (1) For all new copper cable and wire facilities and all new fiber optic...

7 CFR 1755.406 - Shield or armor ground resistance measurements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... or armor ground resistance measurements shall be made on completed lengths of copper cable and wire... measurement shall be made between the copper cable and wire shield and ground and between the fiber optic... instructions. (d) Applicable results. (1) For all new copper cable and wire facilities and all new fiber optic...

7 CFR 1755.406 - Shield or armor ground resistance measurements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... or armor ground resistance measurements shall be made on completed lengths of copper cable and wire... measurement shall be made between the copper cable and wire shield and ground and between the fiber optic... instructions. (d) Applicable results. (1) For all new copper cable and wire facilities and all new fiber optic...

Depleted Uranium | RadTown USA | US EPA

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

2018-01-12

Depleted uranium is the material left after most of the highly radioactive uranium-235 is removed from uranium ore for nuclear power and weapons. DU is used for tank armor, armor-piercing bullets and as weights to help balance aircraft. DU is both a toxic chemical and radiation health hazard when inside the body.

Integration Environmental Control System Functionality into a Scheme of Thermal Management System Evaluation Metrics for Military Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-09

Environmental control systems are becoming an integral part of a vehicle thermal management system. This is particularly true for under - armor applications...in an under - armor vehicle to provide a zoned approach to cooling and packaging considerations and condensation effects may dictate the best

Legacy System Improvements for the Objective Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-08-14

Less Than 11 lbs • M249 Short Barrel/ Buttstock •Reduced size/length • Com Remotely Op Wpn Sys •Fire Under Armor w/o Turret • IAV Program Spt •Primary...concepts being evaluated Common Remotely Operated Weapons Station(CROWS) Benefits: • Permits under armor operation of crew served weapons for suppression of

Modeling for Military Operational Medicine Scientific and Technical Objectives

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-09-01

placed directly under armor ; and (3) new material that matches the human tissue better. 5 Figure 1. Schematic of the newer version of ATM 2.1.1 Laboratory...sensor units are placed directly under armor ; and (3) new material that matches the human tissue better. 2. We conducted a series of laboratory test

A Strategic Plan for the Crusader Howitzer

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-12-01

of the system was its “volume under armor ,” which describes the actual size of the vehicle and hence its weight (DoD, December 2000, pg. 13). By...reducing the Crusader’s volume under armor , the designers would be able to dramatically reduce the system’s overall weight. This became one of the

Army National Guard Air Defense Artillery Modernization: A Vision for the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-05-15

plan to replace Stinger Under Armor (SUA) for the ARNG, and no guarantee that the BSFV will be in the future ARNG force, divisional assets will remain...Ballistic Missile SUA Stinger Under Armor TAA Total Army Analysis TAAD Theater Area Air Defense TASM Tactical Air-to-Surface Missiles TBM Tactical

Geopolymer Porous Nanoceramics for Structural Smart and Thermal Shock Resistant Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-02

porous membranes and foams, ceramic armor composites , iron-based geopolymer analogues, geopolymer composites reinforced with chopped polypropylene... geopolymers and geopolymer composites , as fabricated and upon conversion to ceramics with heating. The microstucture consisted of nanoporous...ceramic armore composites , iron-based geopolymer analogues, geopolymer composites reinforced with chopped polypropylene or basalt fibers and

Armored RNA Technology for Production of Ribonuclease-Resistant Viral RNA Controls and Standards

PubMed Central

Pasloske, Brittan L.; Walkerpeach, Cindy R.; Obermoeller, R. Dawn; Winkler, Matthew; DuBois, Dwight B.

1998-01-01

The widespread use of sensitive assays for the detection of viral and cellular RNA sequences has created a need for stable, well-characterized controls and standards. We describe the development of a versatile, novel system for creating RNase-resistant RNA. “Armored RNA” is a complex of MS2 bacteriophage coat protein and RNA produced in Escherichia coli by the induction of an expression plasmid that encodes the coat protein and an RNA standard sequence. The RNA sequences are completely protected from RNase digestion within the bacteriophage-like complexes. As a prototype, a 172-base consensus sequence from a portion of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gag gene was synthesized and cloned into the packaging vector used to produce the bacteriophage-like particles. After production and purification, the resulting HIV-1 Armored RNA particles were shown to be resistant to degradation in human plasma and produced reproducible results in the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor assay for 180 days when stored at −20°C or for 60 days at 4°C. Additionally, Armored RNA preparations are homogeneous and noninfectious. PMID:9817878

Perforation of Thin Aluminum Alloy Plates by Blunt Projectiles - Experimental and Numerical Investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Gang; Zhang, Wei; Xiao, Xinke; Guo, Zitao

2011-06-01

Reducing the armor weight has become a research focus in terms of armored material with the increasing requirement of the mobility and flexibility of tanks and armored vehicles in modern local wars. Due to high strength-to-density ratio, aluminum alloy has become a potential light armored material. In this study, both lab-scale ballistic test and finite element simulation were adopted to examine the ballistic resistance of aluminum alloy targets. Blunt high strength steel projectiles with 12.7 mm diameter were launched by light gas gun against 3.3 mm thick aluminum alloy plates at velocity of 90 ~170 m/s. The ballistic limit velocity was obtained. Plugging failure and obvious structure deformation of targets were observed, and with the impact velocity increasing, the target structure deformation decrease gradually. Corresponding 2D finite element simulations were conducted by ABAQUS/EXPLICIT combined with material performance testing. Good agreement between the numerical simulations and the experimental results was found. Detailed computational results were provided to understand the deformation and failure mechanisms of the aluminum alloy plates.

THE EFFICACY OF AN EIGHT-WEEK CORE STABILIZATION PROGRAM ON CORE MUSCLE FUNCTION AND ENDURANCE: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL

PubMed Central

Sperier, Aubrey D.; Hopkins, Colleen F.; Griffiths, Bridgette D.; Principe, Molly F.; Schnall, Barri L.; Bell, Johanna C.; Koppenhaver, Shane L.

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Background Body armor is credited with increased survival rates in soldiers but the additional axial load may negatively impact the biomechanics of the spine resulting in low back pain. Multiple studies have found that lumbar stabilization programs are superior to generalized programs for patients with chronic low back pain. It is not known if such programs produce objective changes in trunk muscle function with wear of body armor. Hypothesis/Purpose An eight-week core stability exercise program would result in a larger improvement in physical endurance and abdominal muscle thickness than a control intervention. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an eight-week core stability exercise program on physical endurance and abdominal muscle thickness with and without wear of body armor. Study Design Randomized controlled trial Methods Participants (N = 33) were randomized into either the core strengthening exercise group or the control group. Testing included ultrasound imaging of abdominal muscle thickness in hook-lying and standing with and without body armor and timed measures of endurance. Results There were statistically significant group by time interactions for transversus abdominis muscle contraction thickness during standing, both with (p = 0.018) and without body armor (p = 0.038). The main effect for hold-time during the horizontal side-support (p = 0.016) indicated improvement over time regardless of group. There was a significant group by time interaction (p = 0.014) for horizontal side-support hold-time when compliance with the exercise protocol was set at 85%, indicating more improvement in the core stabilization group than in the control group. Conclusion Performing an eight-week core stabilization exercise program significantly improves transversus abdominis muscle activation in standing and standing with body armor. When compliant with the exercises, such a program may increase trunk strength and muscle endurance. Levels of Evidence Therapy, Level 2b PMID:27525175

Administration of an oxytocin receptor antagonist attenuates sexual motivation in male rats.

PubMed

Blitzer, D S; Wells, T E; Hawley, W R

2017-08-01

In male rats, oxytocin impacts both sexual arousal and certain types of consummatory sexual behaviors. However, the role of oxytocin in the motivational aspects of sexual behavior has received limited attention. Given the role that oxytocin signaling plays in consummatory sexual behaviors, it was hypothesized that pharmacological attenuation of oxytocin signaling would reduce sexual motivation in male rats. Sexually experienced Long-Evans male rats were administered either an oxytocin receptor antagonist (L368,899 hydrochloride; 1mg/kg) or vehicle control into the intraperitoneal cavity 40min prior to placement into the center chamber of a three-chambered arena designed to assess sexual motivation. During the 20-minute test, a sexually experienced stimulus male rat and a sexually receptive stimulus female rat were separately confined to smaller chambers that were attached to the larger end chambers of the arena. However, physical contact between test and stimulus rats was prevented by perforated dividers. Immediately following the sexual motivation test, test male rats were placed with a sexually receptive female to examine consummatory sexual behaviors. Although both drug and vehicle treated rats exhibited a preference for the female, treatment with an oxytocin receptor antagonist decreased the amount of time spent with the female. There were no differences between drug and vehicle treated rats in either general activity, exploratory behaviors, the amount of time spent near the stimulus male rat, or consummatory sexual behaviors. Extending previous findings, these results indicate that oxytocin receptors are involved in sexual motivation in male rats. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Emerging Applications of Ceramic and Metal Matrix Composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krishnamoorthy, Divya; Ramolina, Dheeyana; Sandou, Sherleena

2012-07-01

Almost 500 papers were presented during the 43 sessions of the 27th Annual Cocoa Beach Conference & Exposition on Advanced Ceramics & Composites, which was organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division of the American Ceramic Society and sponsored by several federal agencies: NASA Glenn Research Center, the Army Research Office, the Department of Energy, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Many of these papers focused on composites, both ceramic and metal matrix, and discussed mechanical behavior, design, fibers/interfaces, processing, and applications. Potential applications under development include components for armor, nuclear energy, and automobiles. A few of these applications have reached commercialization.

Viscoplastic analysis of an experimental cylindrical thrust chamber liner

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arya, Vinod K.; Arnold, Steven M.

1991-01-01

A viscoplastic stress-strain analysis of an experimental cylindrical thrust chamber is presented. A viscoelastic constitutive model incorporating a single internal state variable that represents kinematic hardening was employed to investigate whether such a viscoplastic model could predict the experimentally observed behavior of the thrust chamber. Two types of loading cycles were considered: a short cycle of 3.5 sec. duration that corresponded to the experiments, and an extended loading cycle of 485.1 sec. duration that is typical of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) operating cycle. The analysis qualitatively replicated the deformation behavior of the component as observed in experiments designed to simulate SSME operating conditions. The analysis also showed that the mode and location in the component may depend on the loading cycle. The results indicate that using viscoplastic models for structural analysis can lead to a more realistic life assessment of thrust chambers.

Dynamic response of polyurea subjected to nanosecond rise-time stress waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Youssef, George; Gupta, Vijay

2012-08-01

Shaped charges and explosively formed projectiles used in modern warfare can attain speeds as high as 30,000 ft/s. Impacts from these threats are expected to load the armor materials in the 10 to 100 ns timeframe. During this time, the material strains are quite limited but the strain rates are extremely high. To develop armors against such threats it is imperative to understand the dynamic constitutive behavior of materials in the tens of nanoseconds timeframe. Material behavior in this parameter space cannot be obtained by even the most sophisticated plate-impact and split-Hopkinson bar setups that exist within the high energy materials field today. This paper introduces an apparatus and a test method that are based on laser-generated stress waves to obtain such material behaviors. Although applicable to any material system, the test procedures are demonstrated on polyurea which shows unusual dynamic properties. Thin polyurea layers were deformed using laser-generated stress waves with 1-2 ns rise times and 16 ns total duration. The total strain in the samples was less than 3%. Because of the transient nature of the stress wave, the strain rate varied throughout the deformation history of the sample. A peak value of 1.1×105 s-1 was calculated. It was found that the stress-strain characteristics, determined from experimentally recorded incident and transmitted wave profiles, matched satisfactorily with those computed from a 2D wave mechanics simulation in which the polyurea was modeled as a linearly viscoelastic solid with constants derived from the quasi-static experiments. Thus, the test data conformed to the Time-Temperature Superposition (TTS) principle even at extremely high strain rates of our test. This then extends the previous observations of Zhao et al. (Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. 11:289-308, 2007) who showed the applicability of the TTS principle for polyurea in the linearly viscoelastic regime up to peak strain rates of 1200 s-1.

Testing environment shape differentially modulates baseline and nicotine-induced changes in behavior: Sex differences, hypoactivity, and behavioral sensitization.

PubMed

Illenberger, J M; Mactutus, C F; Booze, R M; Harrod, S B

2018-02-01

In those who use nicotine, the likelihood of dependence, negative health consequences, and failed treatment outcomes differ as a function of gender. Women may be more sensitive to learning processes driven by repeated nicotine exposure that influence conditioned approach and craving. Sex differences in nicotine's influence over overt behaviors (i.e. hypoactivity or behavioral sensitization) can be examined using passive drug administration models in male and female rats. Following repeated intravenous (IV) nicotine injections, behavioral sensitization is enhanced in female rats compared to males. Nonetheless, characteristics of the testing environment also mediate rodent behavior following drug administration. The current experiment used a within-subjects design to determine if nicotine-induced changes in horizontal activity, center entries, and rearing displayed by male and female rats is detected when behavior was recorded in round vs. square chambers. Behaviors were recorded from each group (males-round: n=19; males-square: n=18; females-square: n=19; and females-round: n=19) immediately following IV injection of saline, acute nicotine, and repeated nicotine (0.05mg/kg/injection). Prior to nicotine treatment, sex differences were apparent only in round chambers. Following nicotine administration, the order of magnitude for the chamber that provided enhanced detection of hypoactivity or sensitization was contingent upon both the dependent measure under examination and the animal's biological sex. As such, round and square testing chambers provide different, and sometimes contradictory, accounts of how male and female rats respond to nicotine treatment. It is possible that a central mechanism such as stress or cue sensitivity is impacted by both drug exposure and environment to drive the sex differences observed in the current experiment. Until these complex relations are better understood, experiments considering sex differences in drug responses should balance characteristics of the testing environment to provide a complete interpretation of drug-induced changes to behavior. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FY04 NDCEE Annual Technologies Publications

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-14

Crane Division, Indiana Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (IHDiv), Maryland Navy Ammunition Program Office New Jersey Institute of...full-scale field demonstrations • Coordinated literature reviews, data requests, and telephone interviews with Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane ...Armored Recon ABN Assault Vehicle, Bridge Launcher Armored Vehicle, Carrier Ammunition, Crane Shovel 20-ton, Hammer Pile Drivers, and Howitzers. Points of

FY04 NDCEE Annual Technologies Publication

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-14

Crane Division, Indiana Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (IHDiv), Maryland Navy Ammunition Program Office New Jersey Institute of...full-scale field demonstrations • Coordinated literature reviews, data requests, and telephone interviews with Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane ...Armored Recon ABN Assault Vehicle, Bridge Launcher Armored Vehicle, Carrier Ammunition, Crane Shovel 20-ton, Hammer Pile Drivers, and Howitzers. Points of

76 FR 16353 - International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Exemption for Temporary Export of Chemical Agent...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-23

... removing certain extraneous language that does not change the meaning of the exemption. DATES: The... need to wear body armor or chemical agent protective gear for personal safety. In August 2009, the ITAR was amended to provide an exemption for the temporary export of body armor covered by 22 CFR 121.1...

48 CFR 225.7011-1 - Restriction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... subsequent DoD appropriations acts, do not acquire any of the following types of carbon, alloy, or armor steel plate for use in a Government-owned facility or a facility under the control of (e.g., leased by) DoD, unless it is melted and rolled in the United States or Canada: (1) Carbon, alloy, or armor steel...

48 CFR 225.7011-1 - Restriction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... subsequent DoD appropriations acts, do not acquire any of the following types of carbon, alloy, or armor steel plate for use in a Government-owned facility or a facility under the control of (e.g., leased by) DoD, unless it is melted and rolled in the United States or Canada: (1) Carbon, alloy, or armor steel...

The Great Orange Hope: Ukraine, NATO, and the Dilemma of European Integration After the Orange Revolution

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

122 Philip Shishkin. “Weighty Business: A Cold-War Plane lifts Ukrainian in Cargo Market; Antonov’s Rulsans Transport Armor, oil Rigs, Giraffes ...Antonov’s Rulsans Transport Armor, oil Rigs, Giraffes ; Playing Soccer in the Hold; A Legal Snag Grounds Flights.” The Wall Street Journal. New York

Dynamic Deformation of a Ceramic/GRP Composite From KE Impact

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-01-01

to guarantee the protection of the crew of an armored vehicle or the electronic equipment behind the armor. Since there is only very little data...HALSTEAD SEVEN OAKS KENT TN14 7BP UNITED KINGDOM 1 BAlTELiE INGENIEURTECHNIK GMBH AlTN W FUCKE DUESSELDORFLER STR 9 D 65760 ESCHBORN GERMANY 1 5 1

An Assessment of Soviet Forces Facing NATO - The Central Region - and Suggested Nato Initiatives

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-09-30

the TOW under armor concept are needed. NATO artillery systems must plan to move fre- quently to increase their survivability greater range is needed...IMPROVED AREA MUNITIONS TARGET ACQUISITION *NUMBERS -AIR FIRE DIRECTION ’ UNDER ARMOR ’ARTI LLERY *RANGE "ALL" WEATHER PGMs *MUNITIONS MINES Figure 42. NATO

Engines/Fuels Workshop, 6-8 December 1982, San Antonio, Texas.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

occupies approximately 40% of cooled diesels of exclusive military design and the under - armor hull volume. Of that, only a use. The second is the range of...be placed largely,or better yet, exelusively under armor *: protection. Thus, the more fuel needed for a , • • ’ v’ v• i given range requirement, the

Critical Technology Events in the Development of the Abrams Tank: Project Hindsight Revisited

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

recognizes the problems posed by an external APU and while awaiting an under - armor APU has added batteries to the M1A2 SEP to run the vehicle’s electronics...as the externally mounted Far Infrared Thermal Indicator and the first under - armor thermal viewer device (named the Far Infrared Periscope), were

Geopolymer Porous Nanoceramics for Structural, for Smart and Thermal Shock Resistant Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-02

porous membranes and foams, ceramic armor composites , iron-based geopolymer analogues, geopolymer composites reinforced with chopped polypropylene...the microstructure of geopolymers and geopolymer composites , as fabricated and upon conversion to ceramics with heating. The microstructure consisted...porous membranes and foams, ceramic armor composites , iron-based geopolymer analogues, geopolymer composites reinforced with chopped polypropylene or

Correlation of scanning microwave interferometry and digital X-ray images for damage detection in ceramic composite armor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmidt, Karl F.; Goitia, Ryan M.; Ellingson, William A.; Green, William

2012-05-01

Application of non-contact, scanning, microwave interferometry for inspection of ceramic-based composite armor facilitates detection of defects which may occur in manufacturing or in service. Non-contact, one-side access permits inspection of panels while on the vehicle. The method was applied as a base line inspection and post-damage inspection of composite ceramic armor containing artificial defects, fiduciaries, and actual damage. Detection, sizing, and depth location capabilities were compared using microwave interferometry system and micro-focus digital x-ray imaging. The data demonstrates corroboration of microwave interference scanning detection of cracks and laminar features. The authors present details of the system operation, descriptions of the test samples used, and recent results obtained.

Preliminary design of Viking Armored Gun System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gogolewski, R.P.; Cunningham, B.J.

We have completed the preliminary design of our third lightweight armored fighting vehicle -- the Viking Armored Gun System (AGS). The AGS vehicle features a two-man crew, the Ares 75mm Universal Turret System, and the John Deere 4026R Rotary Engine. In the spirit of our earlier AFV designs, our primary concern is to provide the AGS with sufficient firepower and survivability while utilizing off-the-shelf'' sub-systems and components in order to reduce developmental time and acquisition cost. We still envision that prototypic vehicles could be built within a thirty (30) month developmental/demonstration program. We still believe that vehicles of this classmore » should be built and tested soon to assess their full tactical, operational, and strategic utilities.« less

Dark Matter Search Results from the PICO-60 CF$$_3$$I Bubble Chamber

DOE PAGES

Amole, C.; Ardid, M.; Asner, D. M.; ...

2016-03-01

We reported new data from the operation of the PICO-60 dark matter detector, a bubble chamber filled with 36.8 kg of CF 3I and located in the SNOLAB underground laboratory. PICO-60 is the largest bubble chamber to search for dark matter to date. With an analyzed exposure of 92.8 live-days, PICO-60 exhibits the same excellent background rejection observed in smaller bubble chambers. Alpha decays in PICO-60 exhibit frequency-dependent acoustic calorimetry, similar but not identical to that reported recently in a C 3F 8 bubble chamber. PICO-60 also observes a large population of unknown background events, exhibiting acoustic, spatial, and timingmore » behaviors inconsistent with those expected from a dark matter signal. We found these behaviors allow for analysis cuts to remove all background events while retaining 48.2%of the exposure. Stringent limits on WIMPs interacting via spin-dependent proton and spin-independent processes are set, and the interpretation of the DAMA/LIBRA modulation signal as dark matter interacting with iodine nuclei is ruled out.« less

Dark matter search results from the PICO-60 CF 3 I bubble chamber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amole, C.; Ardid, M.; Asner, D. M.

2016-03-01

New data are reported from the operation of the PICO-60 dark matter detector, a bubble chamber filled with 36.8 kg of CF3I and located in the SNOLAB underground laboratory. PICO-60 is the largest bubble chamber to search for dark matter to date. With an analyzed exposure of 92.8 livedays, PICO-60 exhibits the same excellent background rejection observed in smaller bubble chambers. Alpha decays in PICO-60 exhibit frequency-dependent acoustic calorimetry, similar but not identical to that reported recently in a C3F8 bubble chamber. PICO-60 also observes a large population of unknown background events, exhibiting acoustic, spatial, and timing behaviors inconsistent withmore » those expected from a dark matter signal. These behaviors allow for analysis cuts to remove all background events while retaining 48.2% of the exposure. Stringent limits on weakly interacting massive particles interacting via spin-dependent proton and spin-independent processes are set, and most interpretations of the DAMA/LIBRA modulation signal as dark matter interacting with iodine nuclei are ruled out.« less

Aircraft Armor an Empirical Approach to the Efficient Design of Armor for Aircraft

DTIC Science & Technology

1944-01-31

weighted) to projectile corn diameter (e]_/d) equals 0.6 or less, the use of duralumin will produce the maximum protection per unit weight employed, and...pr.’tection (as represented by the curves for different striking validities) may be obtained from a lower value ox («l/d COB 6), c:re efficient use

The effect of the armored scale, Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), on shoot growth of the invasive plant Arundo donax (Poaceae: Arundinoideae)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In this study, the effect of feeding by the armored scale, Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Leonardi, 1920) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on the growth of the plant Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) was evaluated under field conditions in its native range. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of R. donacis, a c...

Armored brain in a young girl with a syndromal hydrocephalus.

PubMed

Viozzi, Ilaria; van Baarsen, Kirsten; Grotenhuis, André

2017-01-01

The authors present a case of a young girl affected by a syndromal hydrocephalus who developed a bilateral ossified chronic subdural hematoma with the typical radiological appearance of "the armored brain". Bilateral calcified chronic subdural hematoma is a rare complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunt. There is controversy in the treatment, but most published literature discourages a surgical intervention to remove the calcifications.

3D Finite Element Modeling of Sliding Wear

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

the high strain rate compression of three armor materials: Maraging steel 300, high hardness armor (HHA), and aluminum alloy 5083. The University of...bearings, gears, brakes, gun barrels , slippers, locomotive wheels, or even rocket test tracks. The 3D wear model presented in this dissertation allows...43 Figure III-18 AISI-1080 Steel Distribution of Asperities..................................... 45 Figure III-19 Micrograph of Worn

Development of a Meso-Scale Material Model for Ballistic Fabric and Its Use in Flexible-Armor Protection Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-01

s mobility. Early materials used included leather , silk, metal chain mail, and metal plates. Replacement of metal with a nylon (poly-amide) fabric...tests of flexible-fabric armor, and as shown by Tan et al. (Ref 24) in a series of postimpact fabric-inspection studies, play an important role in

Department of the Army Justification of Estimates for Fiscal Year 1983 Submitted to Congress February 1982. Part 3 (Weapons & Tracked Combat Vehicles).

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-02-01

of 130 kits for the Fire Support Teem Vehicle, an integrated system platform which will provide under - armor protection for the ground laser locator...procureuent of 495 kits for the Fire Support Team Vehicles, an integrated system platform which will provide under - armor protection for the Ground Laser

Mitigation Systems for Confined Blast Loading - Crew Protection in Armored Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

Effects of Tungsten Alloy Property Variations on Penetrator Performance for Spaced Armors.” Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials...Table 8.1. Cylinder properties for confined field test. ............................................... 93 Table 8.2. FEM snapshot of the confined...persons or property . Blast mitigation should reduce the overpressure, impulse, fragments, projectile, thermal and toxic hazards that occur during an

A Preliminary Report on the Strength and Metallography of a Bimetallic Friction Stir Weld Joint Between AA6061 and MIL-DTL-46100E High Hardness Steel Armor

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-11-26

alloy and High Hardness steel armor (MIL- STD-46100) were successfully joined by the friction stir welding (FSW) process using a tungsten- rhenium ...tungsten- rhenium stir tool. Process parameter variation experiments, which included inductive pre-heating, tool design geometry, plunge and traverse

Developmental timing differences underlie armor loss across threespine stickleback populations.

PubMed

Currey, Mark C; Bassham, Susan; Perry, Stephen; Cresko, William A

2017-11-01

Comparing ontogenetic patterns within a well-described evolutionary context aids in inferring mechanisms of change, including heterochronies or deletion of developmental pathways. Because selection acts on phenotypes throughout ontogeny, any within-taxon developmental variation has implications for evolvability. We compare ontogenetic order and timing of locomotion and defensive traits in three populations of threespine stickleback that have evolutionarily divergent adult forms. This analysis adds to the growing understanding of developmental genetic mechanisms of adaptive change in this evolutionary model species by delineating when chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in two derived populations begin to deviate from the developmental pattern in their immediate ancestors. We found that differences in adult defensive morphologies arise through abolished or delayed initiation of these traits rather than via an overall heterochronic shift, that intra-population ontogenetic variation is increased for some derived traits, and that altered armor developmental timing differentiates the derived populations from each other despite parallels in adult lateral plate armor phenotypes. We found that changes in ossified elements of the pelvic armor are linked to delayed and incomplete development of an early-forming pelvic cartilage, and that this disruption likely presages the variable pelvic vestiges documented in many derived populations. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Single aggressive and non-aggressive social interactions elicit distinct behavioral patterns to the context in mice.

PubMed

Crestani, Ariela M; Cipriano, Ana C; Nunes-de-Souza, Ricardo L

2018-04-16

Aggressive interactions between conspecific animals have been used as a social stressor with ethological characteristics to study how social interactions can modulate animal's behavior. Here, a new protocol based on aggressive and non-aggressive interactions was developed to study how different social interactions can alter the behavioral profile of animals re-exposed to the context in which the interaction occurred. We used factor analysis to trace the behavioral profile of socially defeated and non-defeated mice when they were re-exposed to the apparatus [three interconnected chambers: home chamber, tunnel and surface area]; we also compared the behavior presented before (habituation) and 24 h after (re-exposure) the non-aggressive or aggressive interactions. A final factor analysis from defeated animals yielded 4 factors that represented 72.09% of total variance; whereas non-defeated animal's analysis was loaded with 5 factors that represented 85.46% of total variance. A 5-min non-aggressive interaction reduced the frequency of stretched attend behavior in the tunnel, whereas a single social defeat reduced time in the tunnel and increased time spent performing self-grooming in the home chamber without conditioning any other spatio-temporal and complementary measures. Together, these results suggest that different social interactions may modulate distinct behavioral profiles in animals when re-exposed to the context. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Methods of producing armor systems, and armor systems produced using such methods

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S; Lillo, Thomas M; McHugh, Kevin M

2013-02-19

An armor system and method involves providing a core material and a stream of atomized coating material that comprises a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. An initial layer is deposited on the core material by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is less than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis. An outer layer is then deposited on the initial layer by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is greater than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis.

A Method To Determine the Kinetics of Solute Mixing in Liquid/Liquid Formulation Dual-Chamber Syringes.

PubMed

Werk, Tobias; Mahler, Hanns-Christian; Ludwig, Imke Sonja; Luemkemann, Joerg; Huwyler, Joerg; Hafner, Mathias

Dual-chamber syringes were originally designed to separate a solid substance and its diluent. However, they can also be used to separate liquid formulations of two individual drug products, which cannot be co-formulated due to technical or regulatory issues. A liquid/liquid dual-chamber syringe can be designed to achieve homogenization and mixing of both solutions prior to administration, or it can be used to sequentially inject both solutions. While sequential injection can be easily achieved by a dual-chamber syringe with a bypass located at the needle end of the syringe barrel, mixing of the two fluids may provide more challenges. Within this study, the mixing behavior of surrogate solutions in different dual-chamber syringes is assessed. Furthermore, the influence of parameters such as injection angle, injection speed, agitation, and sample viscosity were studied. It was noted that mixing was poor for the commercial dual-chamber syringes (with a bypass designed as a longitudinal ridge) when the two liquids significantly differ in their physical properties (viscosity, density). However, an optimized dual-chamber syringe design with multiple bypass channels resulted in improved mixing of liquids. Dual-chamber syringes were originally designed to separate a solid substance and its diluent. However, they can also be used to separate liquid formulations of two individual drug products. A liquid/liquid dual-chamber syringe can be designed to achieve homogenization and mixing of both solutions prior to administration, or it can be used to sequentially inject both solutions. While sequential injection can be easily achieved by a dual-chamber syringe with a bypass located at the needle end of the syringe barrel, mixing of the two fluids may provide more challenges. Within this study, the mixing behavior of surrogate solutions in different dual-chamber syringes is assessed. Furthermore, the influence of parameters such as injection angle, injection speed, agitation, and sample viscosity were studied. It was noted that mixing was poor for the commercially available dual-chamber syringes when the two liquids significantly differ in viscosity and density. However, an optimized dual-chamber syringe design resulted in improved mixing of liquids. © PDA, Inc. 2017.

Boomeranging in structural defense

PubMed Central

Marler, Thomas E.

2012-01-01

Plant defensive behaviors that resist arthropod herbivory include trichome-mediated defenses, and variation in plant trichome morphology and abundance provides examples of the mechanistic complexities of insect-plant interactions. Trichomes were removed from Cycas revoluta cataphylls on the island of Guam to reveal Aulacaspis yasumatsui scale infestation, and predation of the newly exposed insects by pre-existing Rhyzobius lophanthae beetles commenced within one day. The quotient of predated/total scale insects was 0.5 by day 4 and stabilized at that found on adjacent glabrous leaves in about one week. The trichome phenotype covering the C. revoluta cataphyll complex offers the invasive A. yasumatsui armored scale effectual enemy-free space in this system. This pest and predator share no known evolutionary history with C. revoluta, therefore, the adaptive significance of this plant behavior in natural habitat is not yet known. PMID:22990448

Role of basal stress hormones and amygdala dimensions in stress coping strategies of male rhesus monkeys in response to a hazard-reward conflict.

PubMed

Tekieh, Elaheh; Riahi, Esmail; Kazemi, Masoomeh; Sahraei, Hedayat; Tavakoli, Hassan; Aliyary, Hamed; Hajinasrollah, Mostafa; Salehi, Maryam; Meftahi, Gholamhossein; Saberi, Mehdi

2017-08-01

In the present study the effect of stress on monkeys that had learned to retrieve food from a five-chamber receptacle, as well as the relationship between their behavior and the serum cortisol and epinephrine levels and relative size of the amygdala was evaluated. Six male rhesus monkeys were individually given access to the food reward orderly. They could easily retrieve the rewards from all chambers except for the chamber 4, which a brief, mild electric shock (3 V) was delivered to them upon touching the chamber's interior. The coping behaviors were video-recorded and analyzed offline. Baseline serum cortisol and epinephrine levels were measured before the experiments using monkey enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. One week after the behavioral experiment, the monkeys' brains were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging under general anesthesia. The cross-sectional area of the left amygdala in sagittal plane relative to the area of the whole brain in the same slice was evaluated by the planimetric method using ImageJ software. Exposure to the distressing condition caused different behavioral responses. Monkeys with higher baseline levels of serum cortisol and epinephrine and larger amygdala behaved more violently in the face of stress, indicating adopting emotion-focused stress-coping strategies. Conversely, those with low plasma epinephrine, moderate cortisol, and smaller amygdala showed perseverative behavior, indicating a problem-focused coping style. In dealing with the same stress, different responses might be observed from nonhuman primates according to their cortisol and epinephrine levels as well as their amygdala dimensions.

Fire toxicology program. JSC methodology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schneider, H.; Bafus, D.

1978-01-01

Toxicological testing of spacecraft materials was initiated in 1965. Toxicological evaluations of the pyrolysis/combustion products of candidate spacecraft materials were performed using a modified 142 liter Bethlehem Chamber equipped with a Linberg Model 55031 furnace external to the chamber. In all of the assessments, lethality was chosen as the endpoint. A new pyrolysis/combustion chamber was developed for toxicological testing and ranking of both spacecraft and aircraft materials. The pyrolysis/combustion chamber permits the use of both behavior and physiological measurements as indicators of incapacitation. Methods were developed which employ high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to generate chamber atmospheric profiles which indicate the reproductibility of pyrolysate concentrations. The atmospheric volatile profiles in combination with CO, CO2, and O2 analysis indicates that small chamber equipped with an internal furnace will give reproducible results.

Novel microbial fuel cell design to operate with different wastewaters simultaneously.

PubMed

Mathuriya, Abhilasha Singh

2016-04-01

A novel single cathode chamber and multiple anode chamber microbial fuel cell design (MAC-MFC) was developed by incorporating multiple anode chambers into a single unit and its performance was checked. During 60 days of operation, performance of MAC-MFC was assessed and compared with standard single anode/cathode chamber microbial fuel cell (SC-MFC). The tests showed that MAC-MFC generated stable and higher power outputs compared with SC-MFC and each anode chamber contributed efficiently. Further, MAC-MFCs were incorporated with different wastewaters in different anode chambers and their behavior in MFC performance was observed. MAC-MFC efficiently treated multiple wastewaters simultaneously at low cost and small space, which claims its candidature for future possible scale-up applications. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

The effect of olfactory exposure to non-insecticidal agrochemicals on bumblebee foraging behavior.

PubMed

Sprayberry, Jordanna D H; Ritter, Kaitlin A; Riffell, Jeffrey A

2013-01-01

Declines in bumblebee populations have led to investigations into potential causes - including agrochemical effects on bumblebee physiology. The indirect effects of agrochemicals (i.e. behavior modulation) have been postulated, but rarely directly tested. Olfactory information is critical in mediating bumblebee-floral interactions. As agrochemicals emit volatiles, they may indirectly modify foraging behavior. We tested the effects of olfactory contamination of floral odor by agrochemical scent on foraging activity of Bombus impatiens using two behavioral paradigms: localization of food within a maze and forced-choice preference. The presence of a fungicide decreased bumblebees' ability to locate food within a maze. Additionally, bumblebees preferred to forage in non-contaminated feeding chambers when offered a choice between control and either fertilizer- or fungicide-scented chambers.

Initial instability of round liquid jet at subcritical and supercritical environments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Muthukumaran, C. K.; Vaidyanathan, Aravind, E-mail: aravind7@iist.ac.in

2016-07-15

In the present experimental work, the behavior of laminar liquid jet in its own vapor as well as supercritical fluid environment is conducted. Also the study of liquid jet injection into nitrogen (N{sub 2}) environment is carried out at supercritical conditions. It is expected that the injected liquid jet would undergo thermodynamic transition to the chamber condition and this would alter the behavior of the injected jet. Moreover at such conditions there is a strong dependence between thermodynamic and fluid dynamic processes. Thus the thermodynamic transition has its effect on the initial instability as well as the breakup nature ofmore » the injected liquid jet. In the present study, the interfacial disturbance wavelength, breakup characteristics, and mixing behavior are analysed for the fluoroketone liquid jet that is injected into N{sub 2} environment as well as into its own vapor at subcritical to supercritical conditions. It is observed that at subcritical chamber conditions, the injected liquid jet exhibits classical liquid jet characteristics with Rayleigh breakup at lower Weber number and Taylor breakup at higher Weber number for both N{sub 2} and its own environment. At supercritical chamber conditions with its own environment, the injected liquid jet undergoes sudden thermodynamic transition to chamber conditions and single phase mixing characteristics is observed. However, the supercritical chamber conditions with N{sub 2} as ambient fluid does not have significant effect on the thermodynamic transition of the injected liquid jet.« less

Relevance of Armor in Counterinsurgency Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

to evacuate its wounded and break contact, a limitation was identified and reported higher. The report identified that U.S. units suffered a deficit ...frighten the secessionist forces into capitulating. This operation occurred in the wake of sporadic small arms contact during the movement of the...engine noise and the sounds of the battle. Relationships between dismounted infantry and armor who had trained together would have solved this issue

Hard Fighting: Israel in Lebanon and Gaza

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

mines . Hezbollah itself also proved an unexpectedly formidable adversary. During the years leading up to the Second Lebanon War, Hezbollah forces...hitting Hamas positions and detonating mines and IEDs. IDF engineers used armored D-9 bulldozers to clear paths through the remaining IEDs. Armored...discipline; cellular structure; small formations (squads) • Weapons: small arms; RPGs; mortars; short- range rockets; IEDs/ mines • Command and control

Penetration Resistance of Armor Ceramics: Dimensional Analysis and Property Correlations

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-01

been reported in experimental studies. Particular ceramics analyzed here are low- and high-purity alumina, aluminum nitride, boron carbide, silicon...analyzed here are low- and high-purity alumina, aluminum nitride, boron carbide, silicon carbide, and titanium diboride. Data for penetration depth...include high hardness, high elastic stiffness, high strengths (static/dynamic compressive, shear, and bending), and low density relative to armor steels

2005 22nd International Symposium on Ballistics. Volume 1 - Tuesday

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-11-18

Electric Power in Active Armour Applications, Martin van de Voorde, R. Boeschoten, TNO Defence, Security and Safety Prevention of Sympathetic Detonation...and Kevlar®/Steel Armor - Experimental Data and Hydrocode Modeling with Eulerian and Lagrangian Methods, Dale S. Preece, Vanessa S. Berg, and Loyd R...Applications, Martin van de Voorde, R. Boeschoten, TNO Defence, Security and Safety Prevention of Sympathetic Detonation Between Reactive Armor Sandwiches

The Impact of Armor on the Design, Utilization and Survivability of Ground Vehicles: The History of Armor Development and Use

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

control functions. Components that are included in this category include the steering column / linkages as well as brakes . D. FIREPOWER COMPONENTS...COMPONENTS: STEERING AND BRAKES ......................48 D. FIREPOWER COMPONENTS: TURRET AND ARMAMENT .............49 E. PROTECTION COMPONENTS: HULL AND...Key Functional Area Propulsion Powertrain (Engine / Transmission) Tracks / Wheels Control Steering Brakes / Suspension Firepower Turret Armament

Stress Wave and Damage Propagation in Transparent Laminates at Elevated Temperatures

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

materials like Starphire (a registered trademark of PPG Industries, Pittsburgh, PA) soda - lime glass , borosilicate glass , fused silica , and the...in transparent armor materials like Starphire soda - lime glass , borosilicate glass , fused silica , and the transparent ceramic AlON.1 Since...transparent ceramic AlON. Since transparent armor consists of glass laminates with polymer interlayer and backing, the influence of interlayer type and

Spaced Armor

DTIC Science & Technology

1950-11-20

the skirting plate of the minimum thickness capable of producing the desired effect upon the projectae . There is a sound reason for this approach...obliquity. As part of a program aimed at improving the performance of carbide cored projectiles, the Watertown Arsenal arranged, some years ago, trials of...the inter- action of kinetic energy projectiles and spaced armor combinations. The . details of the ballistic testing program were laid out jointly by

Army Training Study: Training Effectiveness Analysis (TEA) Summary. Volume 1. Armor.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-08-08

c. r tf(e rx =r) rfs it ,, 0’( r’( r , a S’ f "’ u nn Ir Irf I I. * 222 ARM’- NN :TuDY TWANINC EFFCIUENEZ-: ANALISIS TEA : MMARY ’JLUM~ I ARMOR U...marginally above 50%, however, probably is not. 22 TABLE 10 TANK CREW QUALIFICATION PERFORMANCE ON TASK STANDARDS S TANDARD SATI S FACTORY Day

Collaborative Point Paper on Active Protection Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-10-01

for the Hunter VHP CIED Program. Also, General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products (GDATP), Burlington, VT is contracted by the Marine Corps...the incoming threat at a relatively long distance. Specific details about the composition and mechanism of this explosive interceptor device are...relatively thin shell of ballistic steel and composite armor, also known as hybrid armor, designed to provide optimal protection from specific threats

Transparent Materials for Armor - A Cost Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-11

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Example: M1114 Recent History 2006 “Iraqi Pope Glass” 2004-2005 GPK (Gunner Protection Kit) Early OIF Curb Wt: 10,300lbs GVW...12,100lbs More Vehicles More Attacks More Glass UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Future Transparent Gun Shields Requirement: Upgrade GPKs with transparent...Objective AHI GS & GPK Baseline Field Modified GS & APK UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED •Average Total ($) for transparent armor increased by about 20% (each

Survey of Current US Army POL Doctrine, Procedures, Personnel, and Equipment for the Supply and Inland Distribution of Bulk POL

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-10-01

Refueling Under Armor ......................... 34 Page i ,t .J APPENDICES A. POL Unit Missions and Capabilities ....................... A-I B. Roster...refueling Open versus closed port refueling Requirement for Refueling Under Armor Robotic refueler V % Page 34 S.< ’p. ". APPgeDI A-"" • " ’ ’ POL " it

75 FR 55313 - Record of Decision (ROD) for Conversion of the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment (3rd ACR) to a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-10

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Department of the Army Record of Decision (ROD) for Conversion of the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment (3rd ACR) to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT) at Fort Hood, TX AGENCY: Department of the Army, DoD. ACTION: Notice of Availability (NOA). SUMMARY: The Department of the Army...

Composite treatment of ceramic tile armor

DOEpatents

Hansen, James G. R. [Oak Ridge, TN; Frame, Barbara J [Oak Ridge, TN

2010-12-14

An improved ceramic tile armor has a core of boron nitride and a polymer matrix composite (PMC) facing of carbon fibers fused directly to the impact face of the tile. A polyethylene fiber composite backing and spall cover are preferred. The carbon fiber layers are cured directly onto the tile, not adhered using a separate adhesive so that they are integral with the tile, not a separate layer.

Composite treatment of ceramic tile armor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hansen, James G. R.; Frame, Barbara J

An improved ceramic tile armor has a core of boron nitride and a polymer matrix composite (PMC) facing of carbon fibers fused directly to the impact face of the tile. A polyethylene fiber composite backing and spall cover are preferred. The carbon fiber layers are cured directly onto the tile, not adhered using a separate adhesive so that they are integral with the tile, not a separate layer.

Injuries to law enforcement officers: the backface signature injury.

PubMed

Wilhelm, Marianne; Bir, Cynthia

2008-01-15

In today's law enforcement community, one of the most vital tools an officer can possess is personal body armor. However, a recent Department of Justice investigation has raised important questions regarding the protection actually afforded officers through the use of personal body armor, and the current test methods used to assess the armor. Test results show that most Zylon-containing vests showed deformations in excess of the 0101.04 Standard's 44 mm backface signature limit. Such increased deformation can lead to serious injuries, including backface signature injuries, which have occurred in the field. Although the vest is successful in containing the round, it is not effectively dissipating the energy enough to prevent large amounts of vest deformation at the area of impact. Therefore, open, penetrating wounds occur even though the bullet did not penetrate the vest. The objective of the current study was to further define the backface signature injury through the use of case studies and laboratory experiments. Following the case study investigation, backface signature testing was conducted using a clay medium based on the NIJ 0101.04 Standard. The final component of this research involved the use of post-mortem human specimens (PMHS) for further investigation of the backface signature injury. Although the underlying cause of backface signature injuries is unknown, energy density is likely to play a role in the mechanism. Energy density (E/a) is defined as the energy per unit area and has been previously used in less lethal skin penetration research. Further research into the underlying causes of backface signature injuries is necessary. In addition to armor testing, the study of law enforcement personnel who have been shot while wearing soft body armor is also a valuable tool for determining the effectiveness of certification standards. Finally, it is important for medical personnel to recognize the backface signature injury and document this as a type of injury separate from blunt trauma or penetrating trauma behind armor injuries. Detailed knowledge of the injury, including the depth of the wound, would be beneficial to the scientific community.

Simulation of Layered Magma Chambers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cawthorn, Richard Grant

1991-01-01

The principles of magma addition and liquid layering in magma chambers can be demonstrated by dissolving colored crystals. The concepts of density stratification and apparent lack of mixing of miscible liquids is convincingly illustrated with hydrous solutions at room temperature. The behavior of interstitial liquids in "cumulus" piles…

Monitoring lingering oil from the Exxon Valdez spill on Gulf of Alaska armored beaches and mussel beds sixteen years post-spill

USGS Publications Warehouse

Irvine, G.V.; Mann, D.H.; Short, J.W.

2008-01-01

Final Rept. ; Prepared in Cooperation With Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Inst. of Arctic Biology. Sponsored By National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, Ak. AlaskaFisheries Science Center. ; Stranded Exxon Valdez Oil Has Persisted for 16 Years At Boulder-Armored Beach Sites Along National Park Coastlines Bordering the Gulf of Alaska. These Sites Are Up to 640 Km From the Spill Origin and Were Contaminated By Oil Mousse, a Viscous Water-in-Oil Emulsion. Although Surface Oil Has Continued to Decline, Subsurface Oiling Persists in Patches. Especially Striking Is the General Lack of Weathering of Stranded Oil on Armored Beaches Over the Last 16 Years. At Three of the Four Sites Where Oil Was Sampled in 2005, the Oil Was Compositionally Similar to 11-Day Old Exxon Valdez Oil, Even After 16 Years. The Formation of Mousse Allowed Less-Weathered Oil to Be Transported Long Distances. The Sequestration of the Oil Beneath a Boulder Armor, Coupled With the Stability of the Boulder Armoring (Investigated By Examining Movement of Marked Boulders), Had Contributed to the Lengthy Persistence of This Stranded Oil. Opportunistic Sampling of Several Previously Studied Oiled Mussel Beds Indicates Continued Contamination of At Least One of the Sites By Not Very Weathered Exxon Valdez Oil. Long-Term Persistence of Oil in These Habitats Should Cause Reconsideration of Response Activities After Spills, and May Influence the Environmental Sensitivity Indices Applied to These Habitats. 

Armored CAR T-cells: utilizing cytokines and pro-inflammatory ligands to enhance CAR T-cell anti-tumour efficacy.

PubMed

Yeku, Oladapo O; Brentjens, Renier J

2016-04-15

Chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are T-cells that have been genetically modified to express an artificial construct consisting of a synthetic T-cell receptor (TCR) targeted to a predetermined antigen expressed on a tumour. Coupling the T-cell receptor to a CD3ζ signalling domain paved the way for first generation CAR T-cells that were efficacious against cluster of differentiation (CD)19-expressing B-cell malignancies. Optimization with additional signalling domains such as CD28 or 4-1BB in addition to CD3ζ provided T-cell activation signal 2 and further improved the efficacy and persistence of these second generation CAR T-cells. Third generation CAR T-cells which utilize two tandem costimulatory domains have also been reported. In this review, we discuss a different approach to optimization of CAR T-cells. Through additional genetic modifications, these resultant armored CAR T-cells are typically modified second generation CAR T-cells that have been further optimized to inducibly or constitutively secrete active cytokines or express ligands that further armor CAR T-cells to improve efficacy and persistence. The choice of the 'armor' agent is based on knowledge of the tumour microenvironment and the roles of other elements of the innate and adaptive immune system. Although there are several variants of armored CAR T-cells under investigation, here we focus on three unique approaches using interleukin-12 (IL-12), CD40L and 4-1BBL. These agents have been shown to further enhance CAR T-cell efficacy and persistence in the face of a hostile tumour microenvironment via different mechanisms. © 2016 Authors; published by Portland Press Limited.

[A survey of mental health status in armored vehicle crew].

PubMed

Yang, Q L; Kao, X B; Wu, G B; Guo, S W; Chai, W L; Chen, Y N; Ji, L J; Wang, Y Q

2016-06-20

To investigate the mental health status in armored vehicle crew (commanders, gunners, and drivers) , to know the level of mental health in them, and to provide educational intervention. In April 2009, 120 male armored vehicle crew with >2 driving years were enrolled as battle group, and 70 male persons within the same age group who were not engaged in armored vehicle operation were enrolled as control group. The Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was used to evaluate the mental status of the 180 subjects. Compared with the control group, the battle group showed significantly higher scores on the subscales of obsessive-compulsive symptom, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation (t=2.323, 3.250, 3.158, 2.712, 2.391, and 2.137, all P<0.05) , as well as significantly higher total score, number of positive items, and average score of positive symptoms (t=4.128, 4.357, and 4.632, all P<0.05). In the battle group, the scores on the subscales of somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptom, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, and additional items, total score, number of positive items, and average score of positive symptoms were significantly lower than the military reference values (t=4.364, 5.127, 5.280, 3.783, 7.012, 5.361, 4.369, 6.167, 6.476, 3.558, 6.357, 4.379, and 6.763, all P<0.05). A survey should be performed on the mental health status of armored vehicle crew, including obsessive-compulsive symptom, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety. Mental health service for the crew should be enhanced to improve their psychological quality.

Armored RNA as Virus Surrogate in a Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay Proficiency Panel

PubMed Central

Hietala, S. K.; Crossley, B. M.

2006-01-01

In recent years testing responsibilities for high-consequence pathogens have been expanded from national reference laboratories into networks of local and regional laboratories in order to support enhanced disease surveillance and to test for surge capacity. This movement of testing of select agents and high-consequence pathogens beyond reference laboratories introduces a critical need for standardized, noninfectious surrogates of disease agents for use as training and proficiency test samples. In this study, reverse transcription-PCR assay RNA targets were developed and packaged as armored RNA for use as a noninfectious, quantifiable synthetic substitute for four high-consequence animal pathogens: classical swine fever virus; foot-and-mouth disease virus; vesicular stomatitis virus, New Jersey serogroup; and vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana serogroup. Armored RNA spiked into oral swab fluid specimens mimicked virus-positive clinical material through all stages of the reverse transcription-PCR testing process, including RNA recovery by four different commercial extraction procedures, reverse transcription, PCR amplification, and real-time detection at target concentrations consistent with the dynamic ranges of the existing real-time PCR assays. The armored RNA concentrations spiked into the oral swab fluid specimens were stable under storage conditions selected to approximate the extremes of time and temperature expected for shipping and handling of proficiency panel samples, including 24 h at 37°C and 2 weeks at temperatures ranging from ambient room temperature to −70°C. The analytic test performance, including the reproducibility over the dynamic range of the assays, indicates that armored RNA can provide a noninfectious, quantifiable, and stable virus surrogate for specific assay training and proficiency test purposes. PMID:16390950

Mechanisms of stability of armored bubbles: FY 1996 Final Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rossen, W.R.; Kam, S.I.

1996-11-01

Theoretical and experimental studies examine how a coating, or {open_quotes}armor,{close_quotes} of partially wetted solid particles can stabilize tiny bubbles against diffusion of gas into the surrounding liquid, in spite of the high capillary pressures normally associated with such bubbles. Experiments with polymethylmethacrylate (PNMA) beads and carbonated water demonstrate that armored bubbles can persist for weeks in liquid unsaturated with respect to the gas in the bubbles. This question is of concern regarding gas discharges from waste tanks at the Hanford reservation. The stresses on the solid-solid contacts between particles in such cases is large and could drive sintering of themore » particles into a rigid framework. Stability analysis suggests that a slightly shrunken bubble would not expel a solid particle from its armor to relieve stress and allow the bubble to shrink further. Expulsion of particles from more stressed bubbles at zero capillary pressure is energetically favored in some cases. It is not clear, however, whether this expulsion would proceed spontaneously from a small perturbation or require a large initial disturbance of the bubble. In some cases, it appears that a bubble would expel some particles and shrink, but the bubble would approach a final, stable size rather than disappear completely. This simplified analysis leaves out several factors. For instance, only one perturbation toward expelling a solid from the armor is considered; perhaps other perturbations would be more energetically favored than that tested. Other considerations (particle deformation, surface roughness, contact-angle hysteresis, and adhesion or physical bonding between adjacent particles) would make expelling solids more difficult than indicated by this theoretical study.« less

A one step real time PCR method for the quantification of hepatitis delta virus RNA using an external armored RNA standard and intrinsic internal control.

PubMed

Karataylı, Ersin; Altunoğlu, Yasemin Çelik; Karataylı, Senem Ceren; Alagöz, S Gökçe K; Cınar, Kubilay; Yalçın, Kendal; Idilman, Ramazan; Yurdaydın, Cihan; Bozdayı, A Mithat

2014-05-01

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA viral load measurement is critical in diagnosis and monitoring the response to antiviral treatment. Our aim is to design a real time PCR method for accurate quantitation of HDV RNA in clinical specimens using an armored RNA as external standard, and an intrinsic internal control. A plasmid bearing delta antigen region of genotype I HDV genome was used to develop an armored RNA. Serial dilutions of the armored HDV RNA standard with 10(12)copy/mL were used as standards for quantitation. A primer-probe set derived from HDAg region was used in one step EZ RT PCR kit chemistry which uses rTth enzyme allowing reverse transcription and polymerization in the same tube. The kit also uses the advantage of uracil-N-glycosylase (UNG) enzyme treatment to prevent PCR contamination. The established assay has a dynamic range of 10(2)-10(11)copy/mL with a PCR efficiency of 96.9%. Detection limit was 858±32copy/mL with 95% confidence interval. Intra- and inter-assay variabilities were low for high, medium and low levels of viremia. Incorporation of freely circulating GAPDH in serum into the assay as an intrinsic internal control prevented false negative results and failures in PCR amplifications due to inhibitors, inefficient extraction procedures or enzymatic reactions. In conclusion, this study defines a novel assay for sensitive and reliable quantification of HDV RNA using an armored HDV RNA as a standard and GAPDH in plasma or serum as an intrinsic internal control in a single tube. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ARMOR3D: A 3D multi-observations T,S,U,V product of the ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verbrugge, Nathalie; Mulet, Sandrine; Guinehut, Stéphanie; Buongiorno-Nardelli, Bruno

2017-04-01

To have a synoptic view of the 3D ocean to pursue oceanic studies, an observed gridded product can be often useful instead of using raw observations which can be irregularly distributed in space and time as the in situ profiles for instance or which offer only a surface view of the ocean as satellite data. The originality of the ARMOR3D observation based product is to take advantage of the strengths of these 2 types of data by combining satellite SLA, SST, SSS datasets with in situ T, S vertical profiles in order to build a global 3D weekly temperature, salinity and geostrophic velocities fields at a spatial 1/4° resolution. The mesoscale content of the satellite data and the vertical sampling of the in situ profiles are complementary in this statistical approach. ARMOR3D is part of the CMEMS project through the GLO-OBS component. A full reprocessing from 1993 to 2016 and near-real-time fields from 1/1/2014 to present are available through the CMEMS web portal. The range of applications of this product is wide: OSE studies have been already conducted to evaluate the ARGO network and in 2017, OSE and OSSE will be performed in the western Tropical Pacific as part of the TPOS2020 project (Tropical Pacific Observing System for 2020 Pacific). The product is useful also to study mesoscale eddies characteristics as well as links with the biogeochemical processes. For example, in 2015, ARMOR3D fields have been used as inputs of a micronekton model within the framework of the ESA OSMOSIS Project. Furthermore, ARMOR3D also contributes to the annual CMEMS Ocean State Report.

Effect of bank protection measures, Stehekin River, Chelan County, Washington

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nelson, L.M.

1986-01-01

An investigation of the lower Stehekin River was conducted to study the effects on flood elevations and velocities from four bank protection and flood prevention measures that are being contemplated as a means of reducing erosional losses of river bank property. These measures are: bank armoring, armored revetment levees, spur dikes, and redevelopment of old cutoff channels. The banks at seven study sites could be armored without adverse effect on the flood velocities and elevations. The largest increases due to armoring--up to 1.6 ft/sec in velocity and 1 ft in elevation--occurred in the vicinity of sites 5, 6, and 7 where the gradient of the river channel is about 50 ft/mi and the velocities are high to begin with (about 6 to 13 ft/sec). The use of a levee in conjunction with armoring on the northeast bank from sites 5 to 7 would increase the velocities as much as 2.8 ft/sec and increase the elevation as much as 1 ft, but it would also provide some flood protection to the east bank, which is frequently inundated. Spur dikes were considered a practical alternative only at site 3, where reduced bank erosion may occur without aggravating flood inundation or erosion elsewhere. The rerouting of flood flow through an old cutoff channel near site 1 increased the velocity by 3.2 ft/sec and the elevation by 1 ft for the 100-year flood; however, it would move floodwater away from residential property where bank erosion is a problem. The few other old channels that shortcut river bends where much erosion occurs are apparently already part of the channel during floods. (Author 's abstract)

Impact and damage of an armor composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Resnyansky, A. D.; Parry, S.; Bourne, N. K.; Townsend, D.; James, B. J.

2015-06-01

The use of carbon fiber composites under shock and impact loading in aerospace, defense and automotive applications is increasingly important. Therefore prediction of the composite behavior and damage in these conditions is critical. Influence of anisotropy, fiber orientation and the rate of loading during the impact is considered in the present study and validated by comparison with experiments. The experiments deal with the plane, ballistic and Taylor impacts accompanied by high-speed photography observations and tomography of recovered samples. The CTH hydrocode is employed as the modeling platform with an advanced rate sensitive material model used for description of the deformation and damage of the transversely isotropic composite material.

Alcohol exposure during development: analysis of effects on female sexual behavior.

PubMed

Gass, Justin T; Jenkins, William J; Marino, Melissa D; Lugo, Joaquin N; Kelly, Sandra J

2007-12-01

Alcohol exposure during development has been shown to alter a variety of social behaviors in both humans and rodents. Sexual behavior in rodents has been well characterized and lends itself to a detailed investigation of the manner in which ethanol impacts this particular social behavior. Rats were exposed to ethanol during both the prenatal and early postnatal period (ET). Control groups included rats exposed to the administration procedures alone (intubated-control) and nontreated controls (NC). Sexual behavior of intact naïve female rats in estrus was assessed in adulthood (approximately postnatal day 90) and activity was measured by the number of crossings between chambers in the 3-chamber test apparatus. A separate study examined the olfactory preferences for 4 odors by intact naïve female rats in all 3 groups. The 4 odors were the odors resulting from 1 hour of occupation of the test chamber by an intact male, 1 hour of occupation of the test chamber by a gonadectomized male, 0.5 ml of urine from an intact male, and 0.5 ml of urine from a gonadectomized male. ET female rats showed a reduced return latency after ejaculation compared to both control groups. There was a trend toward a reduction in percent exits after all forms of male behavior in the ET animals compared to the control groups. No significant differences across groups were seen in the lordosis quotient, activity, or the behavior of the nonexperimental male. ET female rats showed a reduced preference for the odor from the intact male compared to both control groups and a reduced preference for the odor from the gonadectomized male compared to NC females only. These data suggest that ethanol exposure during the prenatal and postnatal period in females alters sexual motivation and changes the processing of olfactory cues and possibly coital cues from male rats.

Highly deformable bones: unusual deformation mechanisms of seahorse armor.

PubMed

Porter, Michael M; Novitskaya, Ekaterina; Castro-Ceseña, Ana Bertha; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna

2013-06-01

Multifunctional materials and devices found in nature serve as inspiration for advanced synthetic materials, structures and robotics. Here, we elucidate the architecture and unusual deformation mechanisms of seahorse tails that provide prehension as well as protection against predators. The seahorse tail is composed of subdermal bony plates arranged in articulating ring-like segments that overlap for controlled ventral bending and twisting. The bony plates are highly deformable materials designed to slide past one another and buckle when compressed. This complex plate and segment motion, along with the unique hardness distribution and structural hierarchy of each plate, provide seahorses with joint flexibility while shielding them against impact and crushing. Mimicking seahorse armor may lead to novel bio-inspired technologies, such as flexible armor, fracture-resistant structures or prehensile robotics. Copyright © 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Constrained ceramic-filled polymer armor

DOEpatents

Sandstrom, Donald J.; Calkins, Noel C.; Gac, Frank D.

1990-01-01

An armor system in which a plurality of constraint cells are mounted on a surface of a substrate, which is metal armor plate or a similar tough material, such that the cells almost completely cover the surface of the substrate. Each constraint cell has a projectile-receiving wall parallel to the substrate surface and has sides which are perpendicular to and surround the perimeter of the receiving wall. The cells are mounted such that, in one embodiment, the substrate surface serves as a sixth side or closure for each cell. Each cell has inside of it a plate, termed the front plate, which is parallel to and in contact with substantially all of the inside surface of the receiving wall. The balance of each cell is completely filled with a projectile-abrading material, which is a ceramic material in particulate form dispersed in a polymeric matrix.

Development and Verification of Body Armor Target Geometry Created Using Computed Tomography Scans

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-07-13

designated by other authorized documents. Citation of manufacturer’s or trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of...modeling consisted of manual measurement of armor systems and translating those measurements to computer-aided design geometry, which can be tedious and...computer-aided design (CAD) human geometry model (referred to throughout as ORCA man) that is used in the Operational Requirement-based Casualty Assessment

US Army Armor Reference Data in Three Volumes. Volume I. The Army Division.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

dental treatment ASSIGNMENT Organic Armored Division, TOE 17 (d) Optometrc services CAPABILITIES a Provides the following combat service support to a...Support Command. Infantry Division (Mechaniied TOE 29-ft 1 Provides expedient dental treatment CAPABILITIES a Provides medical staff services, including g...administration, and supervision of and f Provides expedient dental treatment plan, mrt division level ol4 uii novel medicaf support rendered by

Ballistic Protection

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-14

ground vehicle Program Management (PM) needs. Base Armor • Small Arms/Frag Opaque B-kits • Medium Cal/Frag Opaque B-kits • Transparent Armor Appliqué...packaged/mounted on a vehicle -representative structure and after introducing relevant environments and relevant threat engagements. Yes 4 MIL-STD 810...Contamination by Fluids • Solar Radiation • Rain • Humidity • Salt Fog • Sand & Dust • Acidic Atmosphere • Vibration • Shock • Fire, Smoke & Toxicity ATPD

Demonstrating the Ecosystem Effects of Armored Suckermouth Catfishes (Loricariidae): A Feasibility Study Using Mesocosms

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-11-01

Figure 2. Native fish used in the mesocosm study: golden topminnow (Fundulus chrysotus). Photo by Mark Binkley, jonahsaquarium.com. Cover in each...Suckermouth Catfishes (Loricariidae): A Feasibility Study Using Mesocosms by Jan Jeffrey Hoover, Nicky M. Hahn, and Jay A. Collins PURPOSE: The...armored suckermouth catfishes, or simply suckermouth catfishes. The authors’ solution is to use mesocosms, medium-sized containers that replicate aquatic

Ballistic Testing of Australian Bisalloy Steel for Armor Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

CLASSIFICATION OF: 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Dwight D. Showalter a . REPORT UNCLASSIFIED b. ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED c . THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED 17...WASHINGTON PA 15301 A ND 2 SOUTHWEST RSCH INST C ANDERSON J WALKER 6220 CULEB SAN ANTONIO TX 7 DEPT OF APPL MECH & SVC R011 S NEMAT...Ballistic Testing of Australian Bisalloy Steel for Armor Applications by Dwight D. Showalter, William A . Gooch, Matt S. Burkins, Victoria

Comparison of V50 Shot Placement on Final Outcome

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-01

molecular- weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). In V50 testing of those types of materials, large delaminations may occur that influence the results. This...placement, a proper evaluation of materials may not be possible. 15. SUBJECT TERMS ballistics, V50 test, logistic regression , statistical inference...from an impact. While this may work with ceramics or metal armor, it is inappropriate for use on composite armors like ultra-high-molecular- weight

JPRS Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-28

Military Production [F. al-Shadhili; AL- AKHBAR 10 Dec] 21 Runway Bomb Being Developed; Armored Car Built [Y. Rizq; AL- AKHBAR 1 Dec] 21 INDIA...new Defense Minister Miroslav Vacek. Also participating in the discussion are (Dr Hana Marvanova) and ( Jan Chudomel), representatives of the...AL- AKHBAR in Arabic 10 Dec 89 p 6 [Report by Faruq al-Shadhili] [Text] Kuwait this week will receive the second batch of Fahd armored vehicles

Rapid molecular identification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Mexican 'Hass' avocado.

PubMed

Rugman-Jones, Paul F; Morse, Joseph G; Stouthamer, Richard

2009-10-01

'Hass' avocado, Persea americana Mill., fruit imported into California from Mexico are infested with high levels of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), constituting several species. The paucity and delicate nature of morphological characters traditionally used to diagnose armored scales often require careful preparation of slide-mounted specimens and expert knowledge of the group, for their accurate identification. Here, we present a simple, quick, and accurate means to identify armored scales on Mexican avocados, based on amplification of the internal transcribed spacer two of ribosomal DNA, by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This region seems to show a high level of intraspecific conformity among scale specimens originating from different localities. A suite of species-specific reverse PCR primers are combined in a single reaction, with a universal forward primer, and produce a PCR product of a unique size, that after standard gel electrophoresis, allows the direct diagnosis of six diaspidid species: Abgrallaspis aguacatae Evans, Watson & Miller; Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret); Hemiberlesia sp. near latania; Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock); Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell); and Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley). Two additional species, Diaspis miranda (Cockerell) and Diaspis sp. near miranda, also are separated from the others by using this method and are subsequently diagnosed by secondary digestion of the PCR product with the restriction endonuclease smaI.

The application of PA/CF in stab resistance body armor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, M. Q.; Liu, Y.; Gong, Z.; Qian, X. M.

2017-06-01

Stab resistance body armor (SRBA) is an essential defensive equipment to protect human body against injuries from stabbing. The conventional SRBAs shared low wearing frequency since they are heavy and poor in flexibility. This paper designed a structured stab-resistance plate using the model of crocodile armor and manufactured using 3D printing technology-laser sintering (LS). CF(Carbon fiber) was applied to enhance the stab resistance properties of SRBA. The effects of the material and structure were analysed through the stab resistance property tests based on the national standard GA68-2008. It is found that the stab resistance property of flat plates sintered by PA powder and PA/CF are both weaker than that of the structured plate. The penetrating depth of PA/CF structured plate is significantly 2-mm-less than the pure PA structured plate. The SEM observations confirmed the conclusion that addition of the CF largely improved the plate stab resistance property. Moreover, using PA/CF structured plate to produce the stab resistance body armor would result in a weight reduction by about 30-40% as compared to the existing SRBA that was made up of metal plates, which could largely reduce the wearer physical burden and improve the wearing frequency.

Puget Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of Armoring-Proceedings of a State of the Science Workshop, May 2009

USGS Publications Warehouse

Shipman, Hugh; Dethier, Megan N.; Gelfenbaum, Guy R.; Fresh, Kurt L.; Dinicola, Richard S.

2010-01-01

The widespread extent and continued construction of seawalls and bulkheads on Puget Sound's beaches has emerged as a significant issue in shoreline management and coastal restoration in the region. Concerns about the impacts of shoreline armoring and managing the potential risks to coastal property are in many ways similar to those in other places, but Puget Sound also poses unique challenges related to its sheltered setting, glacially formed geology, rich estuarine ecology, and historical development pattern. The effects of armoring on shorelines are complex, involving both physical and biological science and requiring consideration of the cumulative impacts of small-scale activities over large scales of space and time. In addition, the issue is controversial, as it often places strongly held private interests in protecting shoreline property against broad public mandates to preserve shorelines for public uses and to protect environmental resources. Communities making difficult decisions about regulating shoreline activities and prioritizing restoration projects need to be informed by the best science available. To address these issues, a scientific workshop was convened in May 2009, specifically to bring local and national experts together to review the state of the science regarding the physical and biological impacts of armoring on sheltered shorelines such as those of Puget Sound.

Testing conditions in shock-based contextual fear conditioning influence both the behavioral responses and the activation of circuits potentially involved in contextual avoidance.

PubMed

Viellard, Juliette; Baldo, Marcus Vinicius C; Canteras, Newton Sabino

2016-12-15

Previous studies from our group have shown that risk assessment behaviors are the primary contextual fear responses to predatory and social threats, whereas freezing is the main contextual fear response to physically harmful events. To test contextual fear responses to a predator or aggressive conspecific threat, we developed a model that involves placing the animal in an apparatus where it can avoid the threat-associated environment. Conversely, in studies that use shock-based fear conditioning, the animals are usually confined inside the conditioning chamber during the contextual fear test. In the present study, we tested shock-based contextual fear responses using two different behavioral testing conditions: confining the animal in the conditioning chamber or placing the animal in an apparatus with free access to the conditioning compartment. Our results showed that during the contextual fear test, the animals confined to the shock chamber exhibited significantly more freezing. In contrast, the animals that could avoid the conditioning compartment displayed almost no freezing and exhibited risk assessment responses (i.e., crouch-sniff and stretch postures) and burying behavior. In addition, the animals that were able to avoid the shock chamber had increased Fos expression in the juxtadorsomedial lateral hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial part of the dorsal premammillary nucleus and the lateral and dorsomedial parts of the periaqueductal gray, which are elements of a septo/hippocampal-hypothalamic-brainstem circuit that is putatively involved in mediating contextual avoidance. Overall, the present findings show that testing conditions significantly influence both behavioral responses and the activation of circuits involved in contextual avoidance. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Effect of Olfactory Exposure to Non-Insecticidal Agrochemicals on Bumblebee Foraging Behavior

PubMed Central

Sprayberry, Jordanna D. H.; Ritter, Kaitlin A.; Riffell, Jeffrey A.

2013-01-01

Declines in bumblebee populations have led to investigations into potential causes – including agrochemical effects on bumblebee physiology. The indirect effects of agrochemicals (i.e. behavior modulation) have been postulated, but rarely directly tested. Olfactory information is critical in mediating bumblebee-floral interactions. As agrochemicals emit volatiles, they may indirectly modify foraging behavior. We tested the effects of olfactory contamination of floral odor by agrochemical scent on foraging activity of Bombus impatiens using two behavioral paradigms: localization of food within a maze and forced-choice preference. The presence of a fungicide decreased bumblebees’ ability to locate food within a maze. Additionally, bumblebees preferred to forage in non-contaminated feeding chambers when offered a choice between control and either fertilizer- or fungicide-scented chambers. PMID:24204608

Skin and scales of teleost fish: Simple structure but high performance and multiple functions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vernerey, Franck J.; Barthelat, Francois

2014-08-01

Natural and man-made structural materials perform similar functions such as structural support or protection. Therefore they rely on the same types of properties: strength, robustness, lightweight. Nature can therefore provide a significant source of inspiration for new and alternative engineering designs. We report here some results regarding a very common, yet largely unknown, type of biological material: fish skin. Within a thin, flexible and lightweight layer, fish skins display a variety of strain stiffening and stabilizing mechanisms which promote multiple functions such as protection, robustness and swimming efficiency. We particularly discuss four important features pertaining to scaled skins: (a) a strongly elastic tensile behavior that is independent from the presence of rigid scales, (b) a compressive response that prevents buckling and wrinkling instabilities, which are usually predominant for thin membranes, (c) a bending response that displays nonlinear stiffening mechanisms arising from geometric constraints between neighboring scales and (d) a robust structure that preserves the above characteristics upon the loss or damage of structural elements. These important properties make fish skin an attractive model for the development of very thin and flexible armors and protective layers, especially when combined with the high penetration resistance of individual scales. Scaled structures inspired by fish skin could find applications in ultra-light and flexible armor systems, flexible electronics or the design of smart and adaptive morphing structures for aerospace vehicles.

Boomeranging in structural defense: phytophagous insect uses cycad trichomes to defend against entomophagy.

PubMed

Marler, Thomas E

2012-11-01

Plant defensive behaviors that resist arthropod herbivory include trichome-mediated defenses, and variation in plant trichome morphology and abundance provides examples of the mechanistic complexities of insect-plant interactions. Trichomes were removed from Cycas revoluta cataphylls on the island of Guam to reveal Aulacaspis yasumatsui scale infestation, and predation of the newly exposed insects by pre-existing Rhyzobius lophanthae beetles commenced within one day. The quotient of predated/total scale insects was 0.5 by day 4 and stabilized at that found on adjacent glabrous leaves in about one week. The trichome phenotype covering the C. revoluta cataphyll complex offers the invasive A. yasumatsui armored scale effectual enemy-free space in this system. This pest and predator share no known evolutionary history with C. revoluta, therefore, the adaptive significance of this plant behavior in natural habitat is not yet known.

Effects on Freshwater Organisms of Magnetic Fields Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cada, Glenn F; Bevelhimer, Mark S; Riemer, Kristina P

2011-07-01

Underwater cables will be used to transmit electricity between turbines in an array (interturbine cables), between the array and a submerged step-up transformer (if part of the design), and from the transformer or array to shore. All types of electrical transmitting cables (as well as the generator itself) will emit EMF into the surrounding water. The electric current will induce magnetic fields in the immediate vicinity, which may affect the behavior or viability of animals. Because direct electrical field emissions can be prevented by shielding and armoring, we focused our studies on the magnetic fields that are unavoidably induced bymore » electric current moving through a generator or transmission cable. These initial experiments were carried out to evaluate whether a static magnetic field, such as would be produced by a direct current (DC) transmitting cable, would affect the behavior of common freshwater fish and invertebrates.« less

Armor Plate Ballistic Testing

DTIC Science & Technology

1944-08-02

sistanoe to penotration characteristics. However, it is one of the most important factors involved, and when the type of steel , its soundness and its...this test and not to use it in comparing radically differdnt types of plates, such as steel and Dural. Such a comparison can be made only by examining...in many oases, For this reason it became necessary to develop an additional test for the oharaoteristio in rolled armor ( steel "soundness) and cast

Aircraft Survivability: UAVs and Manned Aircraft - Increasing Effectiveness and Survivability, Fall 2002

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

techniques that interface with the composite structure to attach opaque armor(s) to compos- ite aircraft structure. Over a period of four years...2002 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2002 to 00-00-2002 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Aircraft Survivability: UAVs and Manned Aircraft ...survivability concepts to UAV program offices and airframe manufacturers. 11 Aircraft Fire Protection Techniques—Application to UAVs by Ms. Ginger Bennett

The Combat Vehicle Command and Control System: Combat Performance of Armor Battalions Using Interactive Simulation

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-05-01

Command and Control display. Using Ml tank simulators in the Mounted Warfare Test Bed at Fort Knox, Kentucky, the researchers evaluated tank battalion... Warfare Test Bed (MWTB) at Fort Knox, Kentucky, eight MOS-qualified armor crews (battalion commander, battalion opera- tions officer, three company...concerned with identifying ways that the CVCC system might best benefit the battlefield commander, and potential modifications to mounted warfare TTPs

Soldier Performance Research Project: Armor Field and SIMNET Tests

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

Office of the D-uty Chief of Staff for Pxsonnel, and the U.S. Army Armor Center. Mie results are being used to support the UXADOC distribution of quality...experience with the simulators. During this phase, the instructors coached the crews through the course and encouraged the cr to ask questions. The...Fbrthernore, the overall magnitude of the errors, nearly one kilometer on average, suggests tankers have trouble determining accurate grid coordinates. Mie

Gone to Fiddler’s Green: Reconnaissance and Security for the Corps

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-01

based reconnaissance and security organization. A U.S. corps in major combat operations must contend with an enemy’s armored advance guard or...screen, guard, and cover. Andrew D. Goldin, “ Ruminations on Modular Cavalry,” Armor Magazine, (September-October 2006): 14. 22 Goldin, “ Ruminations ...on Modular Cavalry,” 15. 23 Goldin, “ Ruminations on Modular Cavalry,” 16. 10 capabilities compared to modular force brigade combat teams in support

Tanks Versus Infantry in a Smoke Environment (TISE)

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-08-01

maneuvering toward stationary armor vehicles in an attempt to detect and recognize them. Finally, Part IV trials were limited free - play , two-sided...long. Each armor vehicle lane (average 40 meters in width) was marked on the ground by white tape. These markings were removed for part IV free - play trials...recognize them. Data were collected from both sides. (4) Part IV was free - play , force-on-force engagement trials. Defensive positions were tactically

Lightweight armor system and process for producing the same

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S.; Bruck, H. Alan; Strempek, Gary C.; Varacalle, Jr., Dominic J.

2004-01-20

A lightweight armor system may comprise a substrate having a graded metal matrix composite layer formed thereon by thermal spray deposition. The graded metal matrix composite layer comprises an increasing volume fraction of ceramic particles imbedded in a decreasing volume fraction of a metal matrix as a function of a thickness of the graded metal matrix composite layer. A ceramic impact layer is affixed to the graded metal matrix composite layer.

The Combined Armor Regiment: The Future of USMC Armor?

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-13

dollars per vehicle?0 STRATEGIC SETTING: The CMC’s Vision Statement from the Marine Corps Vision and Strategy 2025 publication represents the construct... strategy of the United States Marine Corps.24 It is especially important for the Marine Corps to be able to adapt to these enduring requirements as...Secretary of Defense and later codified his vision for balancing the Marine Corps’ future capabilities in the Marine Corps Vision and Strategy 2025

Thermomechanical Processing and Texture Development in Ni-Cr-Mo and Mn-Mo-B Armor Steels

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-04-01

steel , has a fairly low hardenability with respect to the forma- tion of ferrite fcom austenite. However, both steels transformed isothermally to...plates of both armor steels . Because of the relatively low hardenabilities of these steels , particularly the Ni-Cr-Mo steel , ferrite formation could not be...Austenite at Selected Temperatures. To obtain some information on the kinetics of phase transformations in highly deformed austenite of the two

The effect of tempering treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure for armored lateritic steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herbirowo, Satrio; Adjiantoro, Bintang; Romijarso, Toni Bambang; Pramono, Andika Widya

2018-05-01

High demand of armor material impacts on the use of lateritic steel as alternative armored material, therefore an increase of its mechanical properties is necessary. Quenching and tempering process can be used to increase the mechanical properties of the lateritic steel. The variables that used in this research are variation in media quench (water, oil, and air) and variation in tempering temperatures (0, 100, and 200 °C). The results show that specimen with water quenchant tempered at 100 °C have the highest average on hardness (59.1 HRC) and tensile strength. Specimen with oil quenchant tempered at 100 °C has the highest impact toughness (52 J). Secondary hardening and tempered martensite embrittlement phenomenon is found in some specimens where its hardness increased and its impact toughness decreased after the tempering process. Microstructures which formed in this process are martensite and retained austenite phase with fracture types are brittle.

3D-printing and mechanics of bio-inspired articulated and multi-material structures.

PubMed

Porter, Michael M; Ravikumar, Nakul; Barthelat, Francois; Martini, Roberto

2017-09-01

3D-printing technologies allow researchers to build simplified physical models of complex biological systems to more easily investigate their mechanics. In recent years, a number of 3D-printed structures inspired by the dermal armors of various fishes have been developed to study their multiple mechanical functionalities, including flexible protection, improved hydrodynamics, body support, or tail prehensility. Natural fish armors are generally classified according to their shape, material and structural properties as elasmoid scales, ganoid scales, placoid scales, carapace scutes, or bony plates. Each type of dermal armor forms distinct articulation patterns that facilitate different functional advantages. In this paper, we highlight recent studies that developed 3D-printed structures not only to inform the design and application of some articulated and multi-material structures, but also to explain the mechanics of the natural biological systems they mimic. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Armored garment for protecting

DOEpatents

Purvis, James W [Albuquerque, NM; Jones, II, Jack F.; Whinery, Larry D [Albuquerque, NM; Brazfield, Richard [Albuquerque, NM; Lawrie, Catherine [Tijeras, NM; Lawrie, David [Tijeras, NM; Preece, Dale S [Watkins, CO

2009-08-11

A lightweight, armored protective garment for protecting an arm or leg from blast superheated gases, blast overpressure shock, shrapnel, and spall from a explosive device, such as a Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) or a roadside Improvised Explosive Device (IED). The garment has a ballistic sleeve made of a ballistic fabric, such as an aramid fiber (e.g., KEVLAR.RTM.) cloth, that prevents thermal burns from the blast superheated gases, while providing some protection from fragments. Additionally, the garment has two or more rigid armor inserts that cover the upper and lower arm and protect against high-velocity projectiles, shrapnel and spall. The rigid inserts can be made of multiple plies of a carbon/epoxy composite laminate. The combination of 6 layers of KEVLAR.RTM. fabric and 28 plies of carbon/epoxy laminate inserts (with the inserts being sandwiched in-between the KEVLAR.RTM. layers), can meet the level IIIA fragmentation minimum V.sub.50 requirements for the US Interceptor Outer Tactical Vest.

Weldability and Impact Energy Properties of High-Hardness Armor Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cabrilo, Aleksandar; Geric, Katarina; Jovanovic, Milos; Vukic, Lazic

2018-03-01

In this study, the weldability of high-hardness armor steel by the gas metal arc welding method has been investigated. The study was aimed at determining the weakness points of manual welding compared to automated welding through microhardness testing, the cooling rate, tensile characteristics and nondestructive analysis. Detailed studies were performed for automated welding on the impact energy and microhardness in the fusion line, as the most sensitive zone of the armor steel weld joint. It was demonstrated that the selection of the preheating and interpass temperature is important in terms of the cooling rate and quantity of diffusible and retained hydrogen in the weld joint. The tensile strength was higher than 800 MPa. The width of the heat-affected zone did not exceed 15.9 mm, measured from the weld centerline, while the impact energy results were 74 and 39 J at 20 and - 40 °C, respectively.

CD28z CARs and Armored CARs

PubMed Central

Pegram, Hollie J.; Park, Jae H.; Brentjens, Renier J.

2015-01-01

CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are currently being tested in the clinic with very promising outcomes. However, limitations to CAR T cell therapy exist. These include lack of efficacy against some tumors, specific targeting of tumor cells without affecting normal tissue and retaining activity within the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Whilst promising clinical trials are in progress, preclinical development is focused on optimizing CAR design, to generate “armored CAR T cells” which are protected from the inhibitory tumor microenvironment. Studies investigating the expression of cytokine transgenes, combination therapy with small molecule inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies are aimed at improving the anti-tumor efficacy of CAR T cell therapy. Other strategies aimed at improving CAR T cell therapy include utilizing dual CARs and chemokine receptors to more specifically target tumor cells. This review will describe the current clinical data and some novel “armored CAR T cell” approaches for improving anti-tumor efficacy therapy. PMID:24667958

CD28z CARs and armored CARs.

PubMed

Pegram, Hollie J; Park, Jae H; Brentjens, Renier J

2014-01-01

CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are currently being tested in the clinic with very promising outcomes. However, limitations to CAR T cell therapy exist. These include lack of efficacy against some tumors, specific targeting of tumor cells without affecting normal tissue and retaining activity within the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Whereas promising clinical trials are in progress, preclinical development is focused on optimizing CAR design, to generate "armored CAR T cells," which are protected from the inhibitory tumor microenvironment. Studies investigating the expression of cytokine transgenes, combination therapy with small molecule inhibitors, or monoclonal antibodies, are aimed at improving the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cell therapy. Other strategies aimed at improving CAR T cell therapy include using dual CARs and chemokine receptors to more specifically target tumor cells. This review will describe the current clinical data and some novel armored CAR T cell approaches for improving antitumor efficacy therapy.

Armored CAR T cells enhance antitumor efficacy and overcome the tumor microenvironment.

PubMed

Yeku, Oladapo O; Purdon, Terence J; Koneru, Mythili; Spriggs, David; Brentjens, Renier J

2017-09-05

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown limited efficacy for the management of solid tumor malignancies. In ovarian cancer, this is in part due to an immunosuppressive cytokine and cellular tumor microenvironment which suppresses adoptively transferred T cells. We engineered an armored CAR T cell capable of constitutive secretion of IL-12, and delineate the mechanisms via which these CAR T cells overcome a hostile tumor microenvironment. In this report, we demonstrate enhanced proliferation, decreased apoptosis and increased cytotoxicity in the presence of immunosuppressive ascites. In vivo, we show enhanced expansion and CAR T cell antitumor efficacy, culminating in improvement in survival in a syngeneic model of ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis. Armored CAR T cells mediated depletion of tumor associated macrophages and resisted endogenous PD-L1-induced inhibition. These findings highlight the role of the inhibitory microenvironment and how CAR T cells can be further engineered to maintain efficacy.

Development of an automated fuzing station for the future armored resupply vehicle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chesser, J.B.; Jansen, J.F.; Lloyd, P.D.

1995-03-01

The US Army is developing the Advanced Field Artillery System (SGSD), a next generation armored howitzer. The Future Armored Resupply Vehicle (FARV) will be its companion ammunition resupply vehicle. The FARV with automate the supply of ammunition and fuel to the AFAS which will increase capabilities over the current system. One of the functions being considered for automation is ammunition processing. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is developing equipment to demonstrate automated ammunition processing. One of the key operations to be automated is fuzing. The projectiles are initially unfuzed, and a fuze must be inserted and threaded into the projectile asmore » part of the processing. A constraint on the design solution is that the ammunition cannot be modified to simplify automation. The problem was analyzed to determine the alignment requirements. Using the results of the analysis, ORNL designed, built, and tested a test stand to verify the selected design solution.« less

Building Nanoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks "Armor" on Fibers for High-Performance Composite Materials.

PubMed

Yang, Xiaobin; Jiang, Xu; Huang, Yudong; Guo, Zhanhu; Shao, Lu

2017-02-15

The nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) "armor" is in situ intergrown onto the surfaces of carbon fibers (CFs) by nitric acid oxidization to supply nucleation sites and serves as a novel interfacial linker between the fiber and polymer matrix and a smart cushion to release interior and exterior applied forces. Simultaneous enhancements of the interfacial and interlaminar shear strength as well as the tensile strength of CFs were achieved. With the aid of an ultrasonic "cleaning" process, the optimized surface energy and tensile strength of CFs with a MOF "armor" are 83.79 mN m -1 and 5.09 GPa, for an increase of 102% and 11.6%, respectively. Our work finds that the template-induced nucleation of 3D MOF onto 1D fibers is a general and promising approach toward advanced composite materials for diverse applications to meet scientific and technical demands.

Constrained ceramic-filled polymer armor

DOEpatents

Sandstrom, D.J.; Calkins, N.C.; Gac, F.D.

1990-11-13

An armor system is disclosed in which a plurality of constraint cells are mounted on a surface of a substrate, which is metal armor plate or a similar tough material, such that the cells almost completely cover the surface of the substrate. Each constraint cell has a projectile-receiving wall parallel to the substrate surface and has sides which are perpendicular to and surround the perimeter of the receiving wall. The cells are mounted such that, in one embodiment, the substrate surface serves as a sixth side or closure for each cell. Each cell has inside of it a plate, termed the front plate, which is parallel to and in contact with substantially all of the inside surface of the receiving wall. The balance of each cell is completely filled with a projectile-abrading material, which is a ceramic material in particulate form dispersed in a polymeric matrix. 5 figs.

Protection mechanisms of the iron-plated armor of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gastropod

PubMed Central

Yao, Haimin; Dao, Ming; Imholt, Timothy; Huang, Jamie; Wheeler, Kevin; Bonilla, Alejandro; Suresh, Subra; Ortiz, Christine

2010-01-01

Biological exoskeletons, in particular those with unusually robust and multifunctional properties, hold enormous potential for the development of improved load-bearing and protective engineering materials. Here, we report new materials and mechanical design principles of the iron-plated multilayered structure of the natural armor of Crysomallon squamiferum, a recently discovered gastropod mollusc from the Kairei Indian hydrothermal vent field, which is unlike any other known natural or synthetic engineered armor. We have determined through nanoscale experiments and computational simulations of a predatory attack that the specific combination of different materials, microstructures, interfacial geometries, gradation, and layering are advantageous for penetration resistance, energy dissipation, mitigation of fracture and crack arrest, reduction of back deflections, and resistance to bending and tensile loads. The structure-property-performance relationships described are expected to be of technological interest for a variety of civilian and defense applications. PMID:20133823

Advanced Modeling Strategies for the Analysis of Tile-Reinforced Composite Armor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davila, Carlos G.; Chen, Tzi-Kang

1999-01-01

A detailed investigation of the deformation mechanisms in tile-reinforced armored components was conducted to develop the most efficient modeling strategies for the structural analysis of large components of the Composite Armored Vehicle. The limitations of conventional finite elements with respect to the analysis of tile-reinforced structures were examined, and two complementary optimal modeling strategies were developed. These strategies are element layering and the use of a tile-adhesive superelement. Element layering is a technique that uses stacks of shear deformable shell elements to obtain the proper transverse shear distributions through the thickness of the laminate. The tile-adhesive superelement consists of a statically condensed substructure model designed to take advantage of periodicity in tile placement patterns to eliminate numerical redundancies in the analysis. Both approaches can be used simultaneously to create unusually efficient models that accurately predict the global response by incorporating the correct local deformation mechanisms.

A PDMS Device Coupled with Culture Dish for In Vitro Cell Migration Assay.

PubMed

Lv, Xiaoqing; Geng, Zhaoxin; Fan, Zhiyuan; Wang, Shicai; Pei, WeiHua; Chen, Hongda

2018-04-30

Cell migration and invasion are important factors during tumor progression and metastasis. Wound-healing assay and the Boyden chamber assay are efficient tools to investigate tumor development because both of them could be applied to measure cell migration rate. Therefore, a simple and integrated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device was developed for cell migration assay, which could perform quantitative evaluation of cell migration behaviors, especially for the wound-healing assay. The integrated device was composed of three units, which included cell culture dish, PDMS chamber, and wound generation mold. The PDMS chamber was integrated with cell culture chamber and could perform six experiments under different conditions of stimuli simultaneously. To verify the function of this device, it was utilized to explore the tumor cell migration behaviors under different concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) at different time points. This device has the unique capability to create the "wound" area in parallel during cell migration assay and provides a simple and efficient platform for investigating cell migration assay in biomedical application.

Developing Cloud Chambers with High School Students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishizuka, Ryo; Tan, Nobuaki; Sato, Shoma; Zeze, Syoji

The result and outcome of the cloud chamber project, which aims to develop a cloud chamber useful for science education is reported in detail. A project includes both three high school students and a teacher as a part of Super Science High School (SSH) program in our school. We develop a dry-ice-free cloud chamber using salt and ice (or snow). Technical details of the chamber are described. We also argue how the project have affected student's cognition, motivation, academic skills and behavior. The research project has taken steps of professional researchers, i.e., in planning research, applying fund, writing a paper and giving a talk in conferences. From interviews with students, we have learnt that such style of scientific activity is very effective in promoting student's motivation for learning science.

Phylogenetic congruence of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and their primary endosymbionts from the phylum Bacteroidetes.

PubMed

Gruwell, Matthew E; Morse, Geoffrey E; Normark, Benjamin B

2007-07-01

Insects in the sap-sucking hemipteran suborder Sternorrhyncha typically harbor maternally transmitted bacteria housed in a specialized organ, the bacteriome. In three of the four superfamilies of Sternorrhyncha (Aphidoidea, Aleyrodoidea, Psylloidea), the bacteriome-associated (primary) bacterial lineage is from the class Gammaproteobacteria (phylum Proteobacteria). The fourth superfamily, Coccoidea (scale insects), has a diverse array of bacterial endosymbionts whose affinities are largely unexplored. We have amplified fragments of two bacterial ribosomal genes from each of 68 species of armored scale insects (Diaspididae). In spite of initially using primers designed for Gammaproteobacteria, we consistently amplified sequences from a different bacterial phylum: Bacteroidetes. We use these sequences (16S and 23S, 2105 total base pairs), along with previously published sequences from the armored scale hosts (elongation factor 1alpha and 28S rDNA) to investigate phylogenetic congruence between the two clades. The Bayesian tree for the bacteria is roughly congruent with that of the hosts, with 67% of nodes identical. Partition homogeneity tests found no significant difference between the host and bacterial data sets. Of thirteen Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests, comparing the original Bayesian bacterial tree to bacterial trees with incongruent clades forced to match the host tree, 12 found no significant difference. A significant difference in topology was found only when the entire host tree was compared with the entire bacterial tree. For the bacterial data set, the treelengths of the most parsimonious host trees are only 1.8-2.4% longer than that of the most parsimonious bacterial trees. The high level of congruence between the topologies indicates that these Bacteroidetes are the primary endosymbionts of armored scale insects. To investigate the phylogenetic affinities of these endosymbionts, we aligned some of their 16S rDNA sequences with other known Bacteroidetes endosymbionts and with other similar sequences identified by BLAST searches. Although the endosymbionts of armored scales are only distantly related to the endosymbionts of the other sternorrhynchan insects, they are closely related to bacteria associated with eriococcid and margarodid scale insects, to cockroach and auchenorrynchan endosymbionts (Blattabacterium and Sulcia), and to male-killing endosymbionts of ladybird beetles. We propose the name "Candidatus Uzinura diaspidicola" for the primary endosymbionts of armored scale insects.

Assessing behind armor blunt trauma in accordance with the National Institute of Justice Standard for Personal Body Armor Protection using finite element modeling.

PubMed

Roberts, Jack C; Ward, Emily E; Merkle, Andrew C; O'Connor, James V

2007-05-01

To assess the possibility of injury as a result of behind armor blunt trauma (BABT), a study was undertaken to determine the conditions necessary to produce the 44-mm clay deformation as set forth in the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standard 0101.04. These energy levels were then applied to a three-dimensional Human Torso Finite Element Model (HTFEM) with soft armor vest. An examination will be made of tissue stresses to determine the effects of the increased kinetic energy levels on the probability of injury. A clay finite element model (CFEM) was created with a material model that required nonlinear properties for clay. To determine these properties empirically, the results from the CFEM were matched with experimental drop tests. A soft armor vest was modeled over the clay to create a vest over clay block finite element model (VCFEM) and empirical methods were again used to obtain material properties for the vest from experimental ballistic testing. Once the properties for the vest and clay had been obtained, the kinetic energy required to produce a 44-mm deformation in the VCFEM was determined through ballistic testing. The resulting kinetic energy was then used in the HTFEM to evaluate the probability of BABT. The VCFEM, with determined clay and vest material properties, was exercised with the equivalent of a 9-mm (8-gm) projectile at various impact velocities. The 44-mm clay deformation was produced with a velocity of 785 m/s. This impact condition (9-mm projectile at 785 m/s) was used in ballistic exercises of the HTFEM, which was modeled with high-strain rate human tissue properties for the organs. The impact zones were over the sternum anterior to T6 and over the liver. The principal stresses in both soft and hard tissue at both locations exceeded the tissue tensile strength. This study indicates that although NIJ standard 0101.04 may be a good guide to soft armor failure, it may not be as good a guide in BABT, especially at large projectile kinetic energies. Further studies, both numerical and experimental, are needed to assist in predicting injury using the NIJ standard.

An integrated, self-contained microfluidic cassette for isolation, amplification, and detection of nucleic acids

PubMed Central

Chen, Dafeng; Mauk, Michael; Qiu, Xianbo; Liu, Changchun; Kim, Jitae; Ramprasad, Sudhir; Ongagna, Serge; Abrams, William R.; Malamud, Daniel; Corstjens, Paul L. A. M.

2010-01-01

A self-contained, integrated, disposable, sample-to-answer, polycarbonate microfluidic cassette for nucleic acid—based detection of pathogens at the point of care was designed, constructed, and tested. The cassette comprises on-chip sample lysis, nucleic acid isolation, enzymatic amplification (polymerase chain reaction and, when needed, reverse transcription), amplicon labeling, and detection. On-chip pouches and valves facilitate fluid flow control. All the liquids and dry reagents needed for the various reactions are pre-stored in the cassette. The liquid reagents are stored in flexible pouches formed on the chip surface. Dry (RT-)PCR reagents are pre-stored in the thermal cycling, reaction chamber. The process operations include sample introduction; lysis of cells and viruses; solid-phase extraction, concentration, and purification of nucleic acids from the lysate; elution of the nucleic acids into a thermal cycling chamber and mixing with pre-stored (RT-)PCR dry reagents; thermal cycling; and detection. The PCR amplicons are labeled with digoxigenin and biotin and transmitted onto a lateral flow strip, where the target analytes bind to a test line consisting of immobilized avidin-D. The immobilized nucleic acids are labeled with up-converting phosphor (UCP) reporter particles. The operation of the cassette is automatically controlled by an analyzer that provides pouch and valve actuation with electrical motors and heating for the thermal cycling. The functionality of the device is demonstrated by detecting the presence of bacterial B.Cereus, viral armored RNA HIV, and HIV I virus in saliva samples. The cassette and actuator described here can be used to detect other diseases as well as the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens in the water supply and other fluids. PMID:20401537

An integrated, self-contained microfluidic cassette for isolation, amplification, and detection of nucleic acids.

PubMed

Chen, Dafeng; Mauk, Michael; Qiu, Xianbo; Liu, Changchun; Kim, Jitae; Ramprasad, Sudhir; Ongagna, Serge; Abrams, William R; Malamud, Daniel; Corstjens, Paul L A M; Bau, Haim H

2010-08-01

A self-contained, integrated, disposable, sample-to-answer, polycarbonate microfluidic cassette for nucleic acid-based detection of pathogens at the point of care was designed, constructed, and tested. The cassette comprises on-chip sample lysis, nucleic acid isolation, enzymatic amplification (polymerase chain reaction and, when needed, reverse transcription), amplicon labeling, and detection. On-chip pouches and valves facilitate fluid flow control. All the liquids and dry reagents needed for the various reactions are pre-stored in the cassette. The liquid reagents are stored in flexible pouches formed on the chip surface. Dry (RT-)PCR reagents are pre-stored in the thermal cycling, reaction chamber. The process operations include sample introduction; lysis of cells and viruses; solid-phase extraction, concentration, and purification of nucleic acids from the lysate; elution of the nucleic acids into a thermal cycling chamber and mixing with pre-stored (RT-)PCR dry reagents; thermal cycling; and detection. The PCR amplicons are labeled with digoxigenin and biotin and transmitted onto a lateral flow strip, where the target analytes bind to a test line consisting of immobilized avidin-D. The immobilized nucleic acids are labeled with up-converting phosphor (UCP) reporter particles. The operation of the cassette is automatically controlled by an analyzer that provides pouch and valve actuation with electrical motors and heating for the thermal cycling. The functionality of the device is demonstrated by detecting the presence of bacterial B.Cereus, viral armored RNA HIV, and HIV I virus in saliva samples. The cassette and actuator described here can be used to detect other diseases as well as the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens in the water supply and other fluids.

The Army and Team Learning

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-01

reason, to enhance the discourse among individuals in a given field so that they may do their jobs more effectively and thereby advance the... Tonight We Ride,” Armor Vol. CIX, No. 2 (March-April 2000): 1. 33 practice.”50 It is in the interest of expanding upon the field’s contribution to...94 Dave Daigle, “Saddle Up… Tonight We Ride,” Armor Vol. CXI, No. 1 (January-February 2002): 1. 56 all branches. While the knowledge

Computer Modeling and Simulation of Bullet Impact to the Human Thorax

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-06-01

manufacturers into the design and assessment stag~e of their body armor systems. V50 36 testing as used by body armor manufacturers experimentally identifies a...was due to the use of numerical integration by the experimenters at AFIP to obtain the velocities and displacements. In order to set a standard for... numerical integration. As such, in the sternum velocity graph, the initial downward motion of the experimental results, dependent upon the initial negative

Structural Health Monitoring of M1114 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle Armor System

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

compressional waves or compression waves (Russell, 1999). Pulse Echo Pulse echo method uses the transducer to perform both the sending and the...monolithic system of pure steel will not be sufficient because it would become too heavy and compromise its maneuverability and nimbleness. In order to...produce a limited number of M1114’s with hardened steel armor with bullet-resistant glass for the passenger cabinet against small arms fire. Even with its

The Combined Arm Battalion and Airland Battle,

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-12-01

through Vossenach, across the Kall River, and on to Kommerscheidt and Schmidt. Although this trail was the major route for reinforcements and resupply...the division. The use of armor in support of the operation wa3 al-ii oo. Tanks were unable to traverse the narro)w and steeply ba:iked K .-il River...from the 53rd Armored Infantry Battalion opened up the bridgehead over the Moselle River in the initial movement towards ChateaU- 48 Salins . In this

An Investigation of Three Extremity Armor Systems: Determination of Physiological, Biomechanical, and Physical Performance Effects and Quantification of Body Area Coverage

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-19

THREE EXTREMITY ARMOR SYSTEMS: DETERMINATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOMECHANICAL, AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE EFFECTS AND QUANTIFICATION OF BODY AREA...PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE EFFECTS AND QUANTIFICATION OF BODY AREA COVERAGE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER MIPR #M9545006MPR6CC7 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT...WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER NATICK/TR-12/014 9

Demonstrating Nonhexavelent Chrome Steel Conversion Coatings on Stryker High Hard Armor Steel Hatches

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-01

29 Draft Joint Test Protocol – Validation of Pretreatments for Steel Armor 68 4.4.7 Rising Step Load (Stress Corrosion Cracking) 4.4.7.1...Cost Assessment 27 9. Schedule of Activities 29 10. Management and Staffing 29 11. References 30 Appendix A. Joint Test Protocol 33 Appendix B...in accordance with the tests delineated in the joint test protocol (JTP) provided in appendix A. The functional performance objectives are

Origin of the 44-mm Behind-Armor Blunt Trauma Standard

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

this work was completed, 9-mm and .357 impacts to both goats and clay (unpubl ished data), but was never fully completed or pub- 1 ished because of...frontrunner, were defined and tested on goats as an initial measure of serious injury and lethality. Armored, anesthetized goats were impacted with both the...38 Special and .22 caliber projectiles. Goldfarb et al 17 per- fanned follow-up studies using the same goat model and the same caliber projectiles

Characterization of a Polymer Composite Section of Foreign Armor

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-03-01

Core Sample 8 6. ESEM From Owens - Corning S-2 Glass Reference 10 7. ESEM From Owens-Coming E Glass Reference 11 8. ESEM From Known Russian S...light element energy dispersive spectrometer. Samples of domestic Owens - Corning E and S-2 glass fibers were first analyzed for reference purposes...for comparison to the unknown Russian armor fiber. The two domestic reference fibers were Owens - Corning E and S-2 glass. Their spectra are shown in

Prepare the Army for War. A Historical Overview of the Army Training and Doctrine Command, 1973 - 1993

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

liaison officers at the other’s equivalent major schools-armor, aviation, air defense, field artillery, engineer , infantry, signal, ordnance... Engineer Center and Fort Belvoir, the Infantry Center and Fort Benning, the Air Defense Center and Fort Bliss, the Transportation Center and Fort...administered by the commander of the Araor Center and Fort Knox. TRADOC had 16 Army branch schools. Eight schools--the Air Defense, Armor, Engineer , Field

Armor in Vietnam

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-05-01

battles a-Riuot the insurgent enemy, especially with armor. French contingents were present in Tndo Chinh P-w early as 1852, but it was not until 1884...committed to Vietnam were straight infantry. These troons er•A tran -norted in hn4±{ copters and usually airlifted to the battle zone; however, once...0STAINf0 FROM VKTNAM NATIONAL MAP SERVICE (NOS) PHU-YEN OCTOBER 19665 OARLAC ......... KKAN1+ HOA QLWA- DUC TUYEN- DUC PHUOC- NINH_ C;ry OF -10 T CAM RANK TAY

Optimization, Alternative Materials and Improvements in Body Armor Shields

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-10

performance structures such as protective clothing , bullet-proof vests and helmets due to their high-specific strength and stiffness. The ballistic...regard each layer of the woven composite as made of weft and warp yarns, and divide each yam into 3D solid elements. It is found that the frame...0.25 mm thick layers is modeled as an orthotropic material. Even though the woven composite armor is made of yams and each yarn is made of fibers

General Troy H. Middleton: Steadfast in Command

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-19

front, flanks and rear open…Bradley simply wants a bridgehead over the Selune River. What I want and intend to get is Brest and Angers.”77 Patton...during the Normandy breakout. He had ordered the 6th Armored Division to advance on Brest . However, Patton found Grow’s 6th Armored Division...approximately a hundred miles from Brest on August 3, 1944.78 Patton reviewed Middleton’s orders that assigned an intermediate objective of Dinan en route to St

Bone histology sheds light on the nature of the "dermal armor" of the enigmatic sauropod dinosaur Agustinia ligabuei Bonaparte, 1999

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bellardini, Flavio; Cerda, Ignacio A.

2017-02-01

Agustinia ligabuei is an Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from the northwest of Patagonia that is currently the topic of debate with respect to its phylogenetic position and atypical dermal armor. The presence of four morphotypes of laminar and transversely elongated putative osteoderms was used to consider Agustinia as an armored sauropod. Regarding the different hypotheses about the identity of the bony structures of Agustinia (e.g., osteoderms, cervical or dorsal ribs, hypertrophied elements), a comparative histological analysis has been carried out. Histological evidence is presented herein and reveals that none of the morphotypes of Agustinia shows a primary bone tissue formed by structural fiber bundles as in other sauropod dinosaur osteoderms. Furthermore, on the basis of their gross morphology and microstructure, the bony structures originally classified as types 1 + 4 and 3 are more comparable respectively with dorsal and cervical ribs than any other kind of dermal or bony element. Due to poor preservation, the nature of the type 2 cannot be assessed but is here tentatively assigned to a pelvic girdle element. Although a phylogenetic reassessment of Agustinia is not the purpose of this paper, our paleohistological analyses have broader implications: by not supporting the dermal armor hypothesis for Agustinia, its inclusion in Lithostrotia is not justified in the absence of other diagnostic features.

Medical Provider Ballistic Protection at Active Shooter Events.

PubMed

Stopyra, Jason P; Bozeman, William P; Callaway, David W; Winslow, James; McGinnis, Henderson D; Sempsrott, Justin; Evans-Taylor, Lisa; Alson, Roy L

2016-01-01

There is some controversy about whether ballistic protective equipment (body armor) is required for medical responders who may be called to respond to active shooter mass casualty incidents. In this article, we describe the ongoing evolution of recommendations to optimize medical care to injured victims at such an incident. We propose that body armor is not mandatory for medical responders participating in a rapid-response capacity, in keeping with the Hartford Consensus and Arlington Rescue Task Force models. However, we acknowledge that the development and implementation of these programs may benefit from the availability of such equipment as one component of risk mitigation. Many police agencies regularly retire body armor on a defined time schedule before the end of its effective service life. Coordination with law enforcement may allow such retired body armor to be available to other public safety agencies, such as fire and emergency medical services, providing some degree of ballistic protection to medical responders at little or no cost during the rare mass casualty incident. To provide visual demonstration of this concept, we tested three "retired" ballistic vests with ages ranging from 6 to 27 years. The vests were shot at close range using police-issue 9mm, .40 caliber, .45 caliber, and 12-gauge shotgun rounds. Photographs demonstrate that the vests maintained their ballistic protection and defeated all of these rounds. 2016.

Bone histology sheds light on the nature of the "dermal armor" of the enigmatic sauropod dinosaur Agustinia ligabuei Bonaparte, 1999.

PubMed

Bellardini, Flavio; Cerda, Ignacio A

2017-02-01

Agustinia ligabuei is an Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from the northwest of Patagonia that is currently the topic of debate with respect to its phylogenetic position and atypical dermal armor. The presence of four morphotypes of laminar and transversely elongated putative osteoderms was used to consider Agustinia as an armored sauropod. Regarding the different hypotheses about the identity of the bony structures of Agustinia (e.g., osteoderms, cervical or dorsal ribs, hypertrophied elements), a comparative histological analysis has been carried out. Histological evidence is presented herein and reveals that none of the morphotypes of Agustinia shows a primary bone tissue formed by structural fiber bundles as in other sauropod dinosaur osteoderms. Furthermore, on the basis of their gross morphology and microstructure, the bony structures originally classified as types 1 + 4 and 3 are more comparable respectively with dorsal and cervical ribs than any other kind of dermal or bony element. Due to poor preservation, the nature of the type 2 cannot be assessed but is here tentatively assigned to a pelvic girdle element. Although a phylogenetic reassessment of Agustinia is not the purpose of this paper, our paleohistological analyses have broader implications: by not supporting the dermal armor hypothesis for Agustinia, its inclusion in Lithostrotia is not justified in the absence of other diagnostic features.

Nondestructive ultrasonic characterization of armor grade silicon carbide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Portune, Andrew Richard

Ceramic materials have traditionally been chosen for armor applications for their superior mechanical properties and low densities. At high strain rates seen during ballistic events, the behavior of these materials relies upon the total volumetric flaw concentration more so than any single anomalous flaw. In this context flaws can be defined as any microstructural feature which detriments the performance of the material, potentially including secondary phases, pores, or unreacted sintering additives. Predicting the performance of armor grade ceramic materials depends on knowledge of the absolute and relative concentration and size distribution of bulk heterogeneities. Ultrasound was chosen as a nondestructive technique for characterizing the microstructure of dense silicon carbide ceramics. Acoustic waves interact elastically with grains and inclusions in large sample volumes, and were well suited to determine concentration and size distribution variations for solid inclusions. Methodology was developed for rapid acquisition and analysis of attenuation coefficient spectra. Measurements were conducted at individual points and over large sample areas using a novel technique entitled scanning acoustic spectroscopy. Loss spectra were split into absorption and scattering dominant frequency regimes to simplify analysis. The primary absorption mechanism in polycrystalline silicon carbide was identified as thermoelastic in nature. Correlations between microstructural conditions and parameters within the absorption equation were established through study of commercial and custom engineered SiC materials. Nonlinear least squares regression analysis was used to estimate the size distributions of boron carbide and carbon inclusions within commercial SiC materials. This technique was shown to additionally be capable of approximating grain size distributions in engineered SiC materials which did not contain solid inclusions. Comparisons to results from electron microscopy exhibited favorable agreement between predicted and observed distributions. Developed techniques were applied to large sample areas using scanning acoustic spectroscopy to map variations in the size distribution and concentration of grains and solid inclusions within the bulk microstructure. The experiments performed in this thesis form the foundation of a novel characterization technique capable of mapping variations in sample composition which could be extended to a wide range of dense polycrystalline heterogeneous materials.

High levels of exotic armored scales on imported avocados raise concerns regarding USDA-APHIS' phytosanitary risk assessment.

PubMed

Morse, J G; Rugman-Jones, P F; Watson, G W; Robinson, L J; Bi, J L; Stouthamer, R

2009-06-01

Between 1914 and 2007, a quarantine protected California avocado, Persea americana Mill., groves from pests that might be introduced into the state along with fresh, imported avocados. Soon after Mexican avocados were first allowed entry on 1 February 2007, live specimens of several species of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) not believed to be present in California were detected on 'Hass' avocados entering the state from Mexico. Initially, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) prevented avocados infested with these scales from entering the state or required that they be fumigated with an approved treatment such as methyl bromide. After a Science Advisory Panel meeting in May 2007, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) reaffirmed its position that armored scales on shipments of fruit for consumption (including avocados) pose a "low risk" for pest establishment. In compliance with APHIS protocols, as of 18 July 2007, CDFA altered its policy to allow shipments of scale-infested avocados into the state without treatment. Here, we report on sampling Mexican avocados over an 8-mo period, September 2007-April 2008. An estimated 67 million Mexican Hass avocados entered California over this period. Based on samples from 140 trucks containing approximately 15.6% of this volume of fruit, we estimate that approximately 47.6 million live, sessile armored scales and an additional 20.1 million live eggs and crawlers were imported. We found eight probable species of armored scales in the samples, seven of these are not believed to occur in California; 89.3% of the live scales were Abgrallaspis aguacatae Evans, Watson and Miller, a recently described species. In contrast to the USDA-APHIS opinion, we believe the volume of shipments and levels of live scales they contain present a significant risk to California's US$300 million avocado industry and to other crops that might become infested by one or more of these exotic species.

Design and Development of a Quantitative TaqMan Real-Time PCR Assay for Evaluation of HIV-1 (group M) Viral Load in Plasma Using Armored RNA Standard.

PubMed

Gholami, Mohammad; Baesi, Kazem; Rouzbahani, Negin H; Mohraz, Minoo

2018-06-01

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a viral infectious agent that gradually extinguishes the immune system, resulting in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The aim of this study was to develop a TaqMan based detection assay to evaluate HIV-1 plasma viral load and to construct a stable internal positive control (IPC) and external positive control (EPC) RNA based on Armored RNA (AR) technology. The MS2 maturase, coat protein gene and HIV-1 pol gene were cloned in pET-32a plasmid. The recently fabricated recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL2 (DE3) and protein expression and Armored RNA was fabricated in presence of isopropyl-L-thio-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG). The Armored RNA was precipitated and purified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sephacryl S-200 chromatography. The stability of Armored RNA was evaluated by treatment with DNase I and RNase A and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and gel agarose electrophoresis. The specificity, sensitivity, inter- and intra-day precision, and the dynamic range of the assay were experimentally determined. The AR was stable in presence of ribonuclease, and the assay had a dynamic detection range from 101 to 105 copies of AR. The coefficient of variation (CV) was 4.8% for intra-assay and 5.8% for inter-assay precision. Clinical specificity and sensitivity of the assay were assessed at 100% and 96.66%, respectively. The linear regression analysis confirmed a high correlation between the in-house and the commercial assay, Real Star HIV-1-qRTPCR, respectively (R2 = 0.888). The AR standard is non-infectious and highly resistant in the presence of ribonuclease. The TaqMan assay developed is able to quantify HIV viral load based on a novel conserved region of HIV-1 pol gene which has minimal sequence inconsistency.

United States Army Rangers in Somalia: an analysis of combat casualties on an urban battlefield.

PubMed

Mabry, R L; Holcomb, J B; Baker, A M; Cloonan, C C; Uhorchak, J M; Perkins, D E; Canfield, A J; Hagmann, J H

2000-09-01

This study was undertaken to determined the differences in injury patterns between soldiers equipped with modern body armor in an urban environment compared with the soldiers of the Vietnam War. From July 1998 to March 1999, data were collected for a retrospective analysis on all combat casualties sustained by United States military forces in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3 and 4, 1993. This was the largest and most recent urban battle involving United States ground forces since the Vietnam War. There were 125 combat casualties. Casualty distribution was similar to that of Vietnam; 11% died on the battlefield, 3% died after reaching a medical facility, 47% were evacuated, and 39% returned to duty. The incidence of bullet wounds in Somalia was higher than in Vietnam (55% vs. 30%), whereas there were fewer fragment injuries (31% vs. 48%). Blunt injury (12%) and burns (2%) caused the remaining injuries in Somalia. Fatal penetrating injuries in Somalia compared with Vietnam included wounds to the head and face (36% vs. 35%), neck (7% vs. 8%), thorax (14% vs. 39%), abdomen (14% vs. 7%), thoracoabdominal (7% vs. 2%), pelvis (14% vs. 2%), and extremities (7% vs. 7%). No missiles penetrated the solid armor plate protecting the combatants' anterior chests and upper abdomens. Most fatal penetrating injuries were caused by missiles entering through areas not protected by body armor, such as the face, neck, pelvis, and groin. Three patients with penetrating abdominal wounds died from exsanguination, and two of these three died after damage-control procedures. The incidence of fatal head wounds was similar to that in Vietnam in spite of modern Kevlar helmets. Body armor reduced the number of fatal penetrating chest injuries. Penetrating wounds to the unprotected face, groin, and pelvis caused significant mortality. These data may be used to design improved body armor.

Assessing behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) under NIJ standard-0101.04 conditions using human torso models.

PubMed

Merkle, Andrew C; Ward, Emily E; O'Connor, James V; Roberts, Jack C

2008-06-01

Although soft armor vests serve to prevent penetrating wounds and dissipate impact energy, the potential of nonpenetrating injury to the thorax, termed behind armor blunt trauma, does exist. Currently, the ballistic resistance of personal body armor is determined by impacting a soft armor vest over a clay backing and measuring the resulting clay deformation as specified in National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standard-0101.04. This research effort evaluated the efficacy of a physical Human Surrogate Torso Model (HSTM) as a device for determining thoracic response when exposed to impact conditions specified in the NIJ Standard. The HSTM was subjected to a series of ballistic impacts over the sternum and stomach. The pressure waves propagating through the torso were measured with sensors installed in the organs. A previously developed Human Torso Finite Element Model (HTFEM) was used to analyze the amount of tissue displacement during impact and compared with the amount of clay deformation predicted by a validated finite element model. All experiments and simulations were conducted at NIJ Standard test conditions. When normalized by the response at the lowest threat level (Level I), the clay deformations for the higher levels are relatively constant and range from 2.3 to 2.7 times that of the base threat level. However, the pressures in the HSTM increase with each test level and range from three to seven times greater than Level I depending on the organ. The results demonstrate the abilities of the HSTM to discriminate between threat levels, impact conditions, and impact locations. The HTFEM and HSTM are capable of realizing pressure and displacement differences because of the level of protection, surrounding tissue, and proximity to the impact point. The results of this research provide insight into the transfer of energy and pressure wave propagation during ballistic impacts using a physical surrogate and computational model of the human torso.

Numerical analysis of electromagnetic cascades in emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plyasheshnikov, A. V.; Vorobyev, K. V.

1985-01-01

A new calculational scheme of the Monte Carlo method assigned for the investigation of the development of high and extremely high energy electromagnetic cascades (EMC) in the matter was elaborated. The scheme was applied to the analysis of angular and radial distributions of EMC electrons in the atmosphere. By means of this scheme the EMC development in dense medium is investigated and some preliminary data are presented on the behavior of EMC in emulsion chambers. The results of more detailed theoretical analysis of the EMC development in emulsion chambers are discussed.

Analysis of Special Operations Forces in Decision Aids: Recommendations,

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-01-01

Soviet-made armored scout cars operated by Malaysian troops. By that time, the United States had lost 102 men-18 killed and 84 wounded. Somali leaders...designation of targets; attack by F-15E and F-16C using CBU-87, -89 Execution and GBU; attack by A-10 using Maverick and 30-mm cannon; attack by B-52 using...patrolling designated areas of the battlefield and attacking individual armored vehicles with precision-guided weapons such as Maverick . Discontinuity

Considerations for the Distribution of Antiarmor Weapons.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-20

German tank, used in mass formations, had been the decisive factor weapon.- The German Threat - "Blitzkrieg" The first German Tiger tank was not...also needed flank or rear shots to penetrate the armor of Panther and Tiger tanks at all but the closest ranges. A third self propelled antitank gun...Armored Threat In June 1944, the German Western Connand had 99 obsolete Pz III, 587 Pz IV, 290 Pz V (Panther) and only 63 Pz VI ( Tiger ) tanks available.20

Fiber-Level Modeling of Dynamic Strength of Kevlar (registered trademark) KM2 Ballistic Fabric

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-01

Ballistic-Performance Optimization of a Hybrid Carbon - Nanotube /E-glass Reinforced Poly-Vinyl-Ester-Epoxy-Matrix Com- posite Armor, J. Mater. Sci...2007, 42, p 5347–5359 4. M. Grujicic, W.C. Bell, L.L. Thompson, K.L. Koudela, and B.A. Cheeseman, Ballistic-Protection Performance of Carbon - Nanotube ...Armor via the Use of a Carbon - Nanotube Forest-Mat Strike Face, Mater. Des. Appl., 2008, 222, p 15–28 6. Y. Wang and X. Sun, Determining the Geometry

Armor-Rolled: Metallurgical Examination of British Homogenous and Face Hardened Armor

DTIC Science & Technology

1945-02-10

Brinell Mtgr. ,.nd of Thickness Hardness Type Composition Iom. T~ektesg Plate Inches MM. Face Core C Mn Ni "r Mo V "E.S.Co., 70mm. Homo. 2.74 69.6...the above analyses are used for projectile testing plate, but only the composition from which the Firth Brown 12O)mm. plate wrn frbricated is knuwn...satisfactory steel soundness in regard to freedom from pronounced laminat ions. Bevere segrega~tions of small ovJ. shaped nonmetvallic inclusions

Material Modeling and Ballistic-Resistance Analysis of Armor-Grade Composites Reinforced with High-Performance Fibers

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

CLASSIFICATION OF: A new ballistic material model for 0/90 cross-plied oriented ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene fiber-based armor...recently developed unit cell-based ballistic material model for the same class of composites (M. Grujicic, G. Arakere, T. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 4...ABSTRACT UU c. THIS PAGE UU 2. REPORT TYPE New Reprint 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f

Assessing a Suitable Contribution of the French Armor Branch to the Doctrinal Development of Violence: Mastering Operations in the Urban Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-06-06

France : New Defense for a New Millennium,” Parameters, winter 1996-87, 99-108. 17George A. Bloch, “ French Military Reform: Lessons for America’s Army...ASSESSING A SUITABLE CONTRIBUTION OF THE FRENCH ARMOR BRANCH TO THE DOCTRINAL DEVELOPMENT OF VIOLENCE: MASTERING OPERATIONS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT...MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE General Studies by Jean-Michel Millet, MAJ, FRENCH ARMY BTEMG, Paris, 2002 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2003 Approved for

The Armored and Mechanized Division Armored Cavalry Squadron

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-06-10

not. You might think some of the historians were speaking today. This review will also attempt to provide a base for further research. HISTORY It is... historians believe the Chinese first used horse mounted soldiers as early as 2b00 B,C, The fighting at the siege of Troy had warrior chiefs called...34 moto -mechanized" divisions, "mobile" divisions, the "Panzer Corps," etc. It seems to be the fashio- of the times to apply a mechanical name to

Physics and Technology of Transparent Ceramic Armor: Sintered Al2O3 vs Cubic Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-01

4,841,195, June 20, 1989. [20] N. Saito, Sh.-I. Matsuda, T . Ikegami , "Fabrication of transparent yttria ceramics at low temperature using...Hutzler, T .; Klimke, J. (2005) Physics and Technology of Transparent Ceramic Armor: Sintered Al2O3 vs Cubic Materials. In Nanomaterials Technology...a greater loss of transmission. Or vice versa: all components with a real in-line transmission T < Tth suffer a loss (Tth - T ), and this loss

Operational Resiliency Assessment of an Army Company Team

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

enemy with direct fire assets. For example, the Abrams tank employs a 120 millimeter main gun and a .50 caliber machine gun with which to engage...eight personnel each, complimented by two medium-caliber machine guns , an anti-armor section, and two dismounted anti-aircraft missile systems...Dismounted Infantry Squad 8 3 Anti-Aircraft Missile Team 1 2 Anti-Armor Section 1 2 PKM Med MG Machine Gun Team 1 2 2 12.7mm Heavy MG Tank Platoon 4 1

A Study of Simulation Effectiveness in Modeling Heavy Combined Arms Combat in Urban Environments

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

Printing Office, 1987), 51. 2The old FM 17-15 (Tank Platoon) described bypassing urban areas. The new manual, FM 3-20.15 (dtd. 22 February 2007...hardened positions and counter the German’s crew-served weapons and armored counter-attacks.15 In addition to the moderately successful M4 tanks...the successful urban operations since and during WWII, it involved the use of heavy armor and combined arms. When the NVA and Vietcong captured Hue

Light Armor Plate Development

DTIC Science & Technology

1923-07-28

to thie time ot shipment will be ini- eluded, 06otioIjAs -- HistoT. On Dec ember 2S# lt~. uVeity -four plates -*ere raaivad fro* Watertown Are nal, Th...only AT .Jwi-ace Vvrl/ac e 914yramof specl .mens elsed for h7eat- treatment 12aiomArmor- P/ate Anyepstyatio,, Vi -oorner o! ogoii uipe’Aven va...tempering temperatures applied. Only oarburized specimens were suboted to the double- quenching treatment (see table IV). The purpose of this Waq to

Volume-based characterization of postocclusion surge.

PubMed

Zacharias, Jaime; Zacharias, Sergio

2005-10-01

To propose an alternative method to characterize postocclusion surge using a collapsible artificial anterior chamber to replace the currently used rigid anterior chamber model. Fundación Oftamológica Los Andes, Santiago, Chile. The distal end of a phacoemulsification handpiece was placed inside a compliant artificial anterior chamber. Digital recordings of chamber pressure, chamber volume, inflow, and outflow were performed during occlusion break of the phacoemulsification tip. The occlusion break profile of 2 different consoles was compared. Occlusion break while using a rigid anterior chamber model produced a simultaneous increase of chamber inflow and outflow. In the rigid chamber model, pressure decreased sharply, reaching negative pressure values. Alternatively, with the collapsible chamber model, a delay was observed in the inflow that occurs to compensate the outflow surge. Also, the chamber pressure drop was smaller in magnitude, never undershooting below atmospheric pressure into negative values. Using 500 mm Hg as vacuum limit, the Infiniti System (Alcon) performed better that the Legacy (Alcon), showing an 18% reduction in peak volume variation. The collapsible anterior chamber model provides a more realistic representation of the postocclusion surge events that occur in the real eye during cataract surgery. Peak volume fluctuation (mL), half volume recovery time(s), and volume fluctuation integral value (mL x s) are proposed as realistic indicators to characterize the postocclusion surge performance. These indicators show that the Infiniti System has a better postocclusion surge behavior than the Legacy System.

Effects of polar solvents on the mechanical behavior of fish scales.

PubMed

Murcia, Sandra; Li, Guihua; Yahyazadehfar, Mobin; Sasser, Mikaela; Ossa, Alex; Arola, D

2016-04-01

Fish scales are unique structural materials that serve as a form of natural armor. In this investigation the mechanical behavior of scales from the Cyprinus carpio was evaluated after exposure to a polar solvent. Uniaxial tensile and tear tests were conducted on specimens prepared from the scales of multiple fish extracted from near the head, middle and tail regions, and after exposure to ethanol for periods from 0 to 24h. Submersion in ethanol caused instantaneous changes in the tensile properties regardless of anatomical site, with increases in the elastic modulus, strength and modulus of toughness exceeding 100%. The largest increase in properties overall occurred in the elastic modulus of scales from the tail region and exceeded 200%. Although ethanol treatment had significant effect on the tensile properties, it had limited influence on the tear resistance. The contribution of ethanol to the mechanical behavior appears to be derived from an increase in the degree of interpeptide hydrogen-bonding of the collagen molecules. Spatial variations in the effects of ethanol exposure on the mechanical behavior arise from the differences in degree of mineralization and lower mineral content in scales of the tail region. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dynamic Behavior of a Rare-Earth-Containing Mg Alloy, WE43B-T5, Plate with Comparison to Conventional Alloy, AM30-F

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Agnew, Sean; Whittington, Wilburn; Oppedal, Andrew; El Kadiri, Haitham; Shaeffer, Matthew; Ramesh, K. T.; Bhattacharyya, Jishnu; Delorme, Rick; Davis, Bruce

2014-01-01

The dynamic behavior of Mg alloys is an area of interest for applications such as crash-sensitive automotive components and armor. The rare-earth element-containing alloy WE43B-T5 has performed well in ballistic testing, so the quasi-static (~10-3 1/s) and dynamic (~600-5000 1/s) mechanical behaviors of two Mg alloys, rolled WE43B-T5 and extruded AM30-F, were investigated using servohydraulic and Kolsky bar testing in uniaxial tension and compression. The yield stress was surprisingly isotropic for WE43B-T5 relative to conventional Mg alloys (including extruded AM30-F). The WE43B plate was textured; however, it was not the typical basal texture of hot-rolled Mg-Al alloys. The effect of strain rate on the yield strength of WE43B-T5 is small and the strain-hardening behavior is only mildly rate sensitive (m = 0.008). The combination of high strength (~300 MPa), moderate ductility (0.07-0.20), and low density yield a material with good specific energy absorption capacity.

The Natural Armor of Fish: An Exploration of a Biological Composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murcia, Sandra C.

In the search for advanced structural materials, scientists are finding inspiration from materials in nature and biological composites. The need for lighter protective materials has directed attention to armored skins, which possess a combination of flexibility, puncture resistance and capacity for energy dissipation. This rare combination of properties is found in the armored skin of modern fish, and achieved by overlapping scales with exceptional specific strength and toughness. The main objectives of this research were to develop new understanding on the constituent layers and lamination patterns of elasmoid scales from teleost fish, and understand their importance to the mechanical properties relevant to armor performance. The investigation consists of five aims that address properties of the scales as a structural material, the spatial variations over the body of fish, the microstructure and properties of the individual layers, and the design and performance of the interface between these layers. An exploration of scales from Cyprinus carpio showed that the fracture resistance of elasmoid fish scales is largely dependent on the anatomical position and the corresponding microstructure. Elasmoid scales were found to consist of three principle layers, including the external highly mineralized limiting layer (LL), as well as the external (EE) and internal (IE) elasmodine, which consist of a number of lamina (or plies) of unidirectional type I collagen fibrils. While the fracture resistance increased with scale thickness, it was highly correlated with the number of plies in the elasmodine and ratio of mineralized plies in the EE. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure of the scales and the molecular level bonds were found to be of importance. Removal of the intra molecular water enabled inter-peptide bonding of the collagen fibrils, which increased the strength and elastic modulus. Furthermore, mineral crystals at the intra-fibrilar spaces impeded the formation of new inter-peptide bonds and reduced the degree of toughening achieved. Through an evaluation of the laminate structural characteristics, it was found that the ply stacking sequence and the distribution of mineralized plies play a key role on the mechanical response of fish scales. In light of that importance, this study was the first to fully characterize the lamination patterns of fish scales from different species, to distinguish differences in the LL thickness and the EE ratio between species and across anatomical locations, and connect those qualities to their unique needs for locomotion and protection. Results from this phase of the investigation detailed the differences in microstructure between selected fish species, the need to characterize the microstructure of the scales in characterizing the structural behavior and how spatial variations in structural behavior are achieved through modulation of the LL and EE. An analytical model was developed for the elastic properties of scales that describes the elastic behavior in terms of the relative contributions of the LL and the EE and IE. The mechanical properties of scales from the Megalops atlanticus (i.e. tarpon) were characterized in tension and compared with predictions from the model. The average error between the predictions and experimental properties was 7%. It was found that the mineralization gradient and aspect ratio of the apatite crystals in the LL played the most important roles on the elastic modulus of the scales. Furthermore, misalignment of the EE plies was shown to reduce the elastic modulus significantly and is one approach that appears to be employed by fish to modulate the scale flexibility for a specific mineral content that is required for protection. The detailed exploration of the limiting layer revealed a suture-like transition area between the LL and the EE in both carp and tarpon scales. This region was found to exhibit a geometry akin to the distribution of circuli that are formed by mineral protrusions on the surface of the scale. The effect of the LL profile and suture line geometry on the structural behavior of the scales and bioinspired analogues was studied using complementary experimental and numerical efforts. Results showed that the bending stiffness and work to fracture of the scales in flexure decrease with increasing amplitude and decreasing wavelength of the LL profile. Furthermore, the gradient in elastic modulus of the suture region was instrumental in the scale flexibility. The structural behavior of the scales can be effectively tuned by the suture line shape, its relative position in the LL and the LL profile. The results establish the potential for tailoring the mechanical response of flexible composite laminates by carefully adjusting the layer architectures and their interfaces. The suture line geometry appears to play a key role on the scale protecto-flexibility, and can help extend the possibilities for bioinspiration derived from scales well beyond applications for body protection. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).

The spatial distribution of behavior under varying frequencies of temporally scheduled water delivery.

PubMed Central

Ribes-Iñesta, E; Torres, C

2000-01-01

Two studies evaluated the effects of response-independent water deliveries on the location (on the floor of the experimental chamber) and position (height) of rats' behavior. In both experiments, fixed-time schedules delivered water in two dispensers that were located at opposite ends of the chamber. In Experiment 1, the two schedules provided complementary frequencies of water deliveries while the overall number of deliveries stayed constant. In Experiment 2, one of the schedules delivered water twice as frequently as the other; this proportion was kept constant while the overall density of water deliveries changed systematically. In both experiments, a single position (height) of behavior was dominant. Also, the percentage of time allocated to each dispenser was roughly proportional to the percentage of water deliveries associated with the dispensers. These data and additional considerations support the importance of examining the spatial properties and patterning of behavior. PMID:10784009

High-throughput separation of cells by dielectrophoresis enhanced with 3D gradient AC electric field.

PubMed

Tada, Shigeru; Hayashi, Masako; Eguchi, Masanori; Tsukamoto, Akira

2017-11-01

We propose a novel, high-performance dielectrophoretic (DEP) cell-separation flow chamber with a parallel-plate channel geometry. The flow chamber, consisting of a planar electrode on the top and an interdigitated-pair electrode array at the bottom, was developed to facilitate the separation of cells by creating a nonuniform AC electric field throughout the volume of the flow chamber. The operation and performance of the device were evaluated using live and dead human epithermal breast (MCF10A) cells. The separation dynamics of the cell suspension in the flow chamber was also investigated by numerically simulating the trajectories of individual cells. A theoretical model to describe the dynamic cell behavior under the action of DEP, including dipole-dipole interparticle, viscous, and gravitational forces, was developed. The results demonstrated that the live cells traveling through the flow chamber congregated into sites where the electric field gradient was minimal, in the middle of the flow stream slightly above the centerlines of the grounded electrodes at the bottom. Meanwhile, the dead cells were trapped on the edges of the high-voltage electrodes at the bottom. Cells were thus successfully separated with a remarkably high separation ratio (∼98%) at the appropriately tuned field frequency and applied voltage. The numerically predicted behavior and spatial distribution of the cells during separation also showed good agreement with those observed experimentally.

Finite Element Based Optimization of Material Parameters for Enhanced Ballistic Protection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramezani, Arash; Huber, Daniel; Rothe, Hendrik

2013-06-01

The threat imposed by terrorist attacks is a major hazard for military installations, vehicles and other items. The large amounts of firearms and projectiles that are available, pose serious threats to military forces and even civilian facilities. An important task for international research and development is to avert danger to life and limb. This work will evaluate the effect of modern armor with numerical simulations. It will also provide a brief overview of ballistic tests in order to offer some basic knowledge of the subject, serving as a basis for the comparison of simulation results. The objective of this work is to develop and improve the modern armor used in the security sector. Numerical simulations should replace the expensive ballistic tests and find vulnerabilities of items and structures. By progressively changing the material parameters, the armor is to be optimized. Using a sensitivity analysis, information regarding decisive variables is yielded and vulnerabilities are easily found and eliminated afterwards. To facilitate the simulation, advanced numerical techniques have been employed in the analyses.

Perforation of thin aluminum alloy plates by blunt projectiles: An experimental and numerical investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, G.; Zhang, W.

2014-04-01

Reducing the armor weight has become a research focus in terms of armored material. Due to high strength-to-density ratio, aluminum alloy has become a potential light armored material. In this study, both lab-scale ballistic test and finite element simulation were adopted to examine the ballistic resistance of aluminum alloy targets. Blunt high strength steel projectiles with 12.7 mm diameter were launched by light gas gun against 3.3 mm thickness 7A04 aluminum alloy plates at a velocity of 90~170 m/s. The ballistic limit velocity was obtained. Plugging failure and obvious structure deformation of targets were observed. Corresponding 2D finite element simulations were conducted by ABAQUS/EXPLICIT combined with material performance testing. The validity of numerical simulations was verified by comparing with the experimental results. Detailed analysis of the failure modes and characters of the targets were carried out to reveal the target damage mechanism combined with the numerical simulation.

Air-breathing behavior and physiological responses to hypoxia and air exposure in the air-breathing loricariid fish, Pterygoplichthys anisitsi.

PubMed

da Cruz, André Luis; da Silva, Hugo Ribeiro; Lundstedt, Lícia Maria; Schwantes, Arno Rudi; Moraes, Gilberto; Klein, Wilfried; Fernandes, Marisa Narciso

2013-04-01

Hypoxic water and episodic air exposure are potentially life-threatening conditions that fish in tropical regions can face during the dry season. This study investigated the air-breathing behavior, oxygen consumption, and respiratory responses of the air-breathing (AB) armored catfish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi. The hematological parameters and oxygen-binding characteristics of whole blood and stripped hemoglobin and the intermediate metabolism of selected tissue in normoxia, different hypoxic conditions, and after air exposure were also examined. In normoxia, this species exhibited high activity at night and AB behavior (2-5 AB h(-1)). The exposure to acute severe hypoxia elicited the AB behavior (4 AB h(-1)) during the day. Under progressive hypoxia without access to the water surface, the fish were oxyregulators with a critical O2 tension, calculated as the inspired water O2 pressure, as 47 ± 2 mmHg. At water O2 tensions lower than 40 mmHg, the fish exhibited continuous apnea behavior. The blood exhibited high capacity for transporting O2, having a cathodic hemoglobin component with a high Hb-O2 affinity. Under severe hypoxia, the fish used anaerobic metabolism to maintain metabolic rate. Air exposure revealed physiological and biochemical traits similar to those observed under normoxic conditions.

Antidepressants reduce extinction-induced withdrawal and biting behaviors: a model for depressive-like behavior.

PubMed

Huston, J P; van den Brink, J; Komorowski, M; Huq, Y; Topic, B

2012-05-17

The withholding of expected rewards results in extinction of behavior and, hypothetically, to depression-like symptoms. In a test of this hypothesis, we examined the effects of extinction of food-reinforced lever-pressing on collateral behaviors that might be indices of depression. Operant extinction is known to be aversive to the organism and results in avoidance behavior. We hypothesized that avoidance of, or withdrawal from, the former source of reward may serve as a marker for "despair." Adult male Wistar rats (n=6-7 animals per group) were exposed to a Skinner box attached to a second compartment of the same size, providing opportunity for the animals to leave the operant chamber and to enter the "withdrawal" compartment. The animals spent a portion of the time during the extinction trials in this second chamber. To assess the predictive validity of this behavior as a potential marker of "despair," we tested the effects of chronic administration of two common antidepressant drugs on this measure. The tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (20 mg/kg) as well as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram (20 mg/kg) reduced the number of entries and time spent in the withdrawal compartment. We propose that entries into and time spent in the withdrawal compartment may operationalize "avoidance," a core symptom of major depression. Rearing as well as biting behaviors during the extinction trials were also attenuated by the antidepressant treatment. These results lend support to the hypothesis that extinction of positively reinforced operants evokes behaviors that reflect elements of "despair/depression" because these behaviors are modulated by antidepressant treatment. The avoidance of the operant chamber as a consequence of extinction, together with rearing and biting behaviors, may serve as useful measures for the testing of antidepressant treatments. Copyright © 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Long-term exposure to intranasal oxytocin in a mouse autism model

PubMed Central

Bales, K L; Solomon, M; Jacob, S; Crawley, J N; Silverman, J L; Larke, R H; Sahagun, E; Puhger, K R; Pride, M C; Mendoza, S P

2014-01-01

Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide involved in mammalian social behavior. It is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies in healthy rodents (prairie voles and C57BL/6J mice) have shown that there may be detrimental effects of long-term intranasal administration, raising the questions about safety and efficacy. To investigate the effects of OT on the aspects of ASD phenotype, we conducted the first study of chronic intranasal OT in a well-validated mouse model of autism, the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J inbred strain (BTBR), which displays low sociability and high repetitive behaviors. BTBR and C57BL/6J (B6) mice (N=94) were administered 0.8  IU/kg of OT intranasally, daily for 30 days, starting on day 21. We ran a well-characterized set of behavioral tasks relevant to diagnostic and associated symptoms of autism, including juvenile reciprocal social interactions, three-chambered social approach, open-field exploratory activity, repetitive self-grooming and fear-conditioned learning and memory, some during and some post treatment. Intranasal OT did not improve autism-relevant behaviors in BTBR, except for female sniffing in the three-chambered social interaction test. Male saline-treated BTBR mice showed increased interest in a novel mouse, both in chamber time and sniffing time, whereas OT-treated male BTBR mice showed a preference for the novel mouse in sniffing time only. No deleterious effects of OT were detected in either B6 or BTBR mice, except possibly for the lack of a preference for the novel mouse's chamber in OT-treated male BTBR mice. These results highlight the complexity inherent in understanding the effects of OT on behavior. Future investigations of chronic intranasal OT should include a wider dose range and early developmental time points in both healthy rodents and ASD models to affirm the efficacy and safety of OT. PMID:25386957

The influence of ambipolarity on plasma confinement and on the performance of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources.

PubMed

Schachter, L; Dobrescu, S; Stiebing, K E; Thuillier, T; Lamy, T

2008-02-01

Charge diffusion in an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) discharge is usually characterized by nonambipolar behavior. While the ions are transported to the radial walls, electrons are lost axially from the magnetic trap. Global neutrality is maintained via compensating currents in the conducting walls of the vacuum chamber. It is assumed that this behavior reduces the ion breeding times compared to a truly ambipolar plasma. We have carried out a series of dedicated experiments in which the ambipolarity of the ECRIS plasma was influenced by inserting special metal-dielectric structures (MD layers) into the plasma chamber of the Frankfurt 14 GHz ECRIS. The measurements demonstrate the positive influence on the source performance when the ECR plasma is changed toward more ambipolar behavior.

Stability of hard plates on soft substrates and application to the design of bioinspired segmented armor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martini, R.; Barthelat, F.

2016-07-01

Flexible natural armors from fish, alligators or armadillo are attracting an increasing amount of attention from their unique and attractive combinations of hardness, flexibility and light weight. In particular, the extreme contrast of stiffness between hard plates and surrounding soft tissues give rise to unusual and attractive mechanisms, which now serve as model for the design of bio-inspired armors. Despite a growing interest in bio-inspired flexible protection, there is little guidelines as to the choice of materials, optimum thickness, size, shape and arrangement for the protective plates. In this work, we focus on a failure mode we recently observed on natural and bio-inspired scaled armors: the unstable tilting of individual scales subjected to off-centered point forces. We first present a series of experiments on this system, followed by a model based on contact mechanics and friction. We condense the result into a single stability diagram which capture the key parameters that govern the onset of plate tilting from a localized force. We found that the stability of individual plates is governed by the location of the point force on the plate, by the friction at the surface of the plate, by the size of the plate and by the stiffness of the substrate. We finally discuss how some of these parameters can be optimized at the design stage to produce bio-inspired protective systems with desired combination of surface hardness, stability and flexural compliance.

Place recognition and heading retrieval are mediated by dissociable cognitive systems in mice.

PubMed

Julian, Joshua B; Keinath, Alexander T; Muzzio, Isabel A; Epstein, Russell A

2015-05-19

A lost navigator must identify its current location and recover its facing direction to restore its bearings. We tested the idea that these two tasks--place recognition and heading retrieval--might be mediated by distinct cognitive systems in mice. Previous work has shown that numerous species, including young children and rodents, use the geometric shape of local space to regain their sense of direction after disorientation, often ignoring nongeometric cues even when they are informative. Notably, these experiments have almost always been performed in single-chamber environments in which there is no ambiguity about place identity. We examined the navigational behavior of mice in a two-chamber paradigm in which animals had to both recognize the chamber in which they were located (place recognition) and recover their facing direction within that chamber (heading retrieval). In two experiments, we found that mice used nongeometric features for place recognition, but simultaneously failed to use these same features for heading retrieval, instead relying exclusively on spatial geometry. These results suggest the existence of separate systems for place recognition and heading retrieval in mice that are differentially sensitive to geometric and nongeometric cues. We speculate that a similar cognitive architecture may underlie human navigational behavior.

Multiphysics Modeling and Simulations of Mil A46100 Armor-Grade Martensitic Steel Gas Metal Arc Welding Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grujicic, M.; Ramaswami, S.; Snipes, J. S.; Yen, C.-F.; Cheeseman, B. A.; Montgomery, J. S.

2013-10-01

A multiphysics computational model has been developed for the conventional Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) joining process and used to analyze butt-welding of MIL A46100, a prototypical high-hardness armor martensitic steel. The model consists of five distinct modules, each covering a specific aspect of the GMAW process, i.e., (a) dynamics of welding-gun behavior; (b) heat transfer from the electric arc and mass transfer from the electrode to the weld; (c) development of thermal and mechanical fields during the GMAW process; (d) the associated evolution and spatial distribution of the material microstructure throughout the weld region; and (e) the final spatial distribution of the as-welded material properties. To make the newly developed GMAW process model applicable to MIL A46100, the basic physical-metallurgy concepts and principles for this material have to be investigated and properly accounted for/modeled. The newly developed GMAW process model enables establishment of the relationship between the GMAW process parameters (e.g., open circuit voltage, welding current, electrode diameter, electrode-tip/weld distance, filler-metal feed speed, and gun travel speed), workpiece material chemistry, and the spatial distribution of as-welded material microstructure and properties. The predictions of the present GMAW model pertaining to the spatial distribution of the material microstructure and properties within the MIL A46100 weld region are found to be consistent with general expectations and prior observations.

Predation environment affects boldness temperament of neotropical livebearers.

PubMed

Rasmussen, Josh E; Belk, Mark C

2017-05-01

Behavioral traits of individuals are important phenotypes that potentially interact with many other traits, an understanding of which may illuminate the evolutionary forces affecting populations and species. Among the five axes of temperament is the propensity to behave boldly in the presence of a perceived risk. To determine the effect of different predatorial regimes on boldness and fearfulness, we assessed the behavior of individuals in a novel portable swim chamber (i.e., forced open-field test) by Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora ( n  = 633). We used an information theoretic framework to compare generalized (logistic) linear fixed-effects models of predatorial regime (predator-free [ n  = 6] and predator [ n  = 4] sites), sex, and standard length (SL). Fish from predator sites were much more fearful in the novel arena than fish from nonpredator sites. This varied by length, but not by sex. At 48 mm SL, fish from nonpredator sites were 4.9 times more likely to express bold behavior (ambulation) in the novel swim chamber as fish from predator sites. Probabilities of "ambulating" within the swim chamber increased with size for nonpredator sites and decreased with size for predator sites.

Prenatal low-dose bisphenol A enhances behavioral responses induced by a predator odor.

PubMed

Fujimoto, Tetsuya; Kubo, Kazuhiko; Nishikawa, Yasuo; Aou, Shuji

2015-01-01

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine disrupter (EED). Previous studies by our group showed that pre- and postnatal administration of low-level BPA induced depression-like behavior in rats. In this study, we evaluated the effects of prenatal BPA on behavioral responses to a predator odor by using a novel cross-form apparatus consisting of 4 plastic chambers. On the first day, nothing was placed into the chambers (Session 1). On the second day, a predator odor (fox odor) was located in separate chambers at 2 opposite corners of the apparatus (Session 2). Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to low-dose BPA (less than the reference dose) during the 7 days just before birth, and the offspring of the treated rats were evaluated as adults. The locomotor activity and avoidance response of each rat on both test days were compared. The control and BPA groups showed reduced locomotor activity in the presence of the predator odor, but the odor-avoidance response was significant only in the BPA rats. The BPA-exposed rats were obviously sensitive to the predator odor. These results suggest that prenatal BPA exposure has an amplifying effect on avoidance responses to predator odor stress.

Experimental Study of High-Pressure Rotating Detonation Combustion in Rocket Environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stechmann, David Paul

Rotating Detonation Engines (RDEs) represent a promising pressure-gain combustion technology for improving the performance of existing rocket engines. While ample theoretical evidence exists for these benefits in ideal scenarios, additional research is needed to characterize the operational behavior of these devices at high pressure and validate the expected performance gains in practice. To this end, Purdue University developed a high-pressure experimental staged-combustion RDE with a supersonic plug expansion nozzle and conducted four test campaigns using this engine. The first two campaigns employed gaseous hydrogen fuel in conjunction with a liquid oxygen pre-burner. The final two campaigns employed methane and natural gas fuels. Propellant mass flows ranged from 0.47 lbm/s (0.21 Kg/s) to 8.41 lbm/s (3.8 kg/s) while mean chamber pressures ranged from 61 psia (4.1 atm) to 381 psia (25.9 atm). Results from tests conducted with hydrogen were mixed. Detonation briefly appeared at shutdown in some configurations, but the combustor behavior was generally dominated by flame holding instead of detonation. Injector erosion and instrumentation damage were also persistent challenges. Results from tests conducted with natural gas and methane were much more successful. Overall, several different types of detonation wave behavior were observed depending on test configuration and operating conditions. In all configurations, the engine thrust, chamber pressure, wave speed, and wave behavior were characterized for differences in injector orifice area, injection location, chamber width, pre-burner operating temperature, equivalence ratio, mass flow, and throat configuration. General aspects of the plume structure, startup behavior, and dynamic oxidizer manifold response were also characterized. Two configurations were also tested with a transparent combustor to characterize wave height and profile. These observations and measurements provided insight into the effects that high-pressures and rocket propellants have on RDE operating behavior. One of the more intriguing results from the experimental campaigns described above was the simple fact that natural gas and methane behaved so differently from hydrogen despite similar operating pressures, flow rates, and injector geometry. Simplified analysis and modeling of the injector dynamic response, mixing processes, and chemical kinetics provided insight into these differences and the scalability of these processes with pressure. In particular, the chemical kinetic analysis suggests that heat release during the injection and mixing phase can dominate the chamber behavior and prevent stable limit cycle detonation from occurring with certain propellant combinations above certain pressures. These results support the observed differences in engine operating behavior, and they provide insight into potential operability limits of gas-phase RDEs. In addition to the contrast between natural gas and hydrogen, several other important observations were made during the experimental RDE evaluation process. In particular, the installation of a convergent throat appeared to suppress detonation behavior. The number of waves was also invariant with respect to the mass flow and chamber pressure, and a natural transition into limit-cycle detonation modes (i.e. self-excited instabilities) appeared despite using a torch igniter with no initial detonation. Significant manifold interaction and an overall destabilizing effect in the limit-cycle detonation cycle tended to occur at low injector pressure ratios. The relationship between pressure, wave speed, and thrust did not follow the expected correlation and instead displayed a more complex configuration-dependent relationship. While the delivered thrust did not exceed theoretical values for a constant pressure cycle, thrust performance greater than 90% was achieved in configurations with simple injector geometries, simple expansion nozzle geometries and a chamber L* of only 2.75 inches. This suggests that further improvements are possible when heat loss into the wall is considered and improved injector designs are implemented. While heat flux was not measured during any experimental test cases, post-test analysis of the chamber environment using available data suggests that heat flux may be moderately higher in RDEs than in constant pressure combustors operating at the same mean flow conditions. Nevertheless, the computed heat flux was based on limited data and may have been affected by localized conditions near the injector face, so uncertainty remains in this area. Since appreciable uncertainty exists in the theoretical performance benefits relative to the measured experimental values, a detonation engine performance model was developed using modifications to existing zero-dimensional rocket performance relations. This approach made it possible to rapidly characterize the effects of different engine operating parameters on expected performance gains including propellant choice, equivalence ratio, initial propellant temperature, chamber pressure, nozzle configuration, nozzle expansion area, and ambient pressure. While the model was relatively simple, it captured the expected "DC shift" in mean chamber pressure between constant pressure combustors and combustors with steep-fronted non-linear instabilities. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).

Army Logistician. Volume 38, Issue 1, January-February 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-02-01

BRENT D. CORYELL Legend: ABN = Airborne ACR = Armored Cavalry Regiment AD = Armor Division BCT = Brigade Combat Team CAV = Cavalry Division ID = Infantry...Division MTN = Mountain Division USAREUR = U.S. Army Europe 3d ID 2,039 pieces Complete 101st ABN 1,170 pieces Complete 1st AD , 3d BCT 326 pieces...Corps 138 pieces Complete 1st AD 155 pieces Complete 1st ID, 1st BCT 247 pieces Complete 25th ID 273 pieces 71% 1st CAV 760 pieces 66% 1st ID USAREUR

Magnesium Technology and Manufacturing for Ultra Lightweight Armored Ground Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-01

different metals and equal areal densities. Metal Plate Thickness, in Plate Stiffness, E6 lb/in RHA (Steel Armor) 0.245 0.08 Ti- 6Al - 4V 0.434 0.28...metal at a density of 1.74 g/cm3 that is approximately 1/5, 2/5, and 2/3 the weight of iron, titanium , and aluminum, respectively (Emley, 1966...al iz ed D en si ty Figure 1. Normalized densities comparison of magnesium alloys with 4340 steel and titanium alloy. Both Elektron WE43 and

History of the Army Ground Forces. Study Number 15. The Desert Training Center and C-AMA, (California - Arizona Area)

DTIC Science & Technology

1946-01-01

armored division* and one motorized division. General McNair spoke of armored and motorized units, but did not specify how many units or how long a...anything. They had to learn how to fight. He told officials of the Water Distgict that they would be given a week’s notice before water would be needed.. On...cover of darkness; desert navigation for all personnel; laying and removal of mine fields by all units; maintenance and evacuation of motor vehicles

Evaluation of US Air Force Survival/Armor Vest in US Army OH-58 Helicopters

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-02-01

Camera D. EVALUATION RESULTS: In releasing the cyclic friction, figures 3 £ 4, the left top *.Ige -f the armor insert and carrier hit the pilot’s chits ...ow4 -4 40 N) .44 .4 T- ek N . f. f0 r- 0 4 0 %nf𔃾 1035 -4 m) ko OD 4 m , ~ N0 4 4 -4 r4 -4 + 4 % 9 1 9 1 , 1 9 9 9 at ’ 4 . 4 0 a 0 0 ’I + 9 C a 94 9

Low Cost Shore Protection: A Guide for Engineers and Contractors.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-10-31

pieces; stones should be angular and blocky, not rounded. The toe of the revetment should be located one design wave height (but at least three feet...coefficient from Table 12. Table 12 Stability Coefficients for Stone Revetments Armor Unit KD Quarrystone Smooth rounded 2.1 Rough angular 3.5 Graded riprap...Armor Layers K______D __ K D cot 0 Quarrystone Smooth ztounded 2 2.1 1.7 1.5 to 3.0 Rough angular 2 3.5 12.9 1l.5 Graded riprap Not Recommended A major

A Combat Gaming Method for Tank Platoon Leader Training: TRAX 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

COVERED A COMBAT GAMING METHOD FOR TANK PLATOON LEADER October 1983-October 1984 TRAINING: TRAX I T PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTHOR(o) S. CONTRACT ...AirLand Battle. Armor, July-August, 5-6. Furlong, M.D. (1984). Fighting smart at the National Training Center. Armor, May-June, 26-32. Henricksen, K...13. Qross H+9 f57372 *1TP Task p 6-2 &coke drifts oer rute MIK . Cnical 1. 1emain in M)pp-4 Inst/Ctlr denies bypass. Cards Contaminated 2. qest bypass

Mobilization: Preparedness, Manpower, Industrial. A Selective Bibliography, 1918-1979

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-07-01

Affetting the Strengthening of the U.S. Army." Paul. H. Nitze. Armor 70: 9-11, November-December 1961 y "The ^l^l^^Ai^Delense." Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor ...Air De- - fense. 8: 61-69, Spring 1956 "The Facts Bear Out Taylor , Army Chief Says We’re Not Ready for Any War." John Wiant. Army Navy Air Force...Summer 1957 "Improving Our Capabilities for Limited War." Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor . Army Information Digest 14: 2-9, February 1959; Armor 68; 22-23

A checklist of Indian armored spiders (Araneae, Tetrablemmidae) with the description of a new species from the Western Ghats.

PubMed

Sankaran, Pradeep M; Sebastian, Pothalil A

2016-02-26

The Oriental armored spider genus Shearella Lehtinen, 1981 is recorded for the first time from India. Detailed description and illustrations of both sexes of Shearella alii sp. nov. are given. The geographic distribution of the genus is updated. Sinamma sanya (Lin & Li, 2010) is transferred back to Shearella, and Shearella browni (Shear, 1978) back to Monoblemma Gertsch, 1941. A checklist of all Indian tetrablemmid species currently known and a distribution map of all known Shearella spp. are presented.

Five new species of the armored scale genus Andaspis MacGillivray (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae) from New Caledonia.

PubMed

Hamilton, Fredericka B; Williams, Douglas J; Hardy, Nate B

2017-01-01

New Caledonia is home to many endemic species of plants and animals. Here, we improve our grasp on that biota by describing five new species of armored scale insects in the genus Andaspis : Andaspis brevicornuta sp. n , A. conica sp. n. , A. nothofagi sp. n. , A. novaecaledoniae sp. n. , and A. ornata sp. n. Each is known exclusively from collections on southern beeches ( Nothofagus spp.) in New Caledonia. A key to the species of Andaspis of New Caledonia is provided.

The weight optimization of an armored crashworthy crewseat through the use of advanced composites and design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lindsay, Howard A.; Motoyama, Stephen M.; Smith, Kent F.

1990-01-01

The development of composite-related technology applicable to armored crashworthy helicopter crewseats is discussed. The main objective was to achieve a significant weight reduction relative to the first-generation seats exemplified by the UH-60A and the AH-64A designs. This weight reduction was achieved while maintaining full compliance with the most recent version of the military crashworthy crewseat specification, MIL-S-58095A. The technology developed during this effort is intended to apply to the next generation of Army helicopters, such as LHX.

Five new species of the armored scale genus Andaspis MacGillivray (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae) from New Caledonia

PubMed Central

Hamilton, Fredericka B.; Williams, Douglas J.; Hardy, Nate B.

2017-01-01

Abstract New Caledonia is home to many endemic species of plants and animals. Here, we improve our grasp on that biota by describing five new species of armored scale insects in the genus Andaspis: Andaspis brevicornuta sp. n, A. conica sp. n., A. nothofagi sp. n., A. novaecaledoniae sp. n., and A. ornata sp. n. Each is known exclusively from collections on southern beeches (Nothofagus spp.) in New Caledonia. A key to the species of Andaspis of New Caledonia is provided. PMID:29133992

Some Mechanical and Ballistic Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys

DTIC Science & Technology

1950-03-07

treated alloy steel armor, Justifies high expectations that titanium alloys may make excellent armor meterials . The corrosion resistant properties of...Fur* Metal Beat Treated -7-4 - -I-re Tensile Strength in pot 13,000 5 0,oo 230,000 203400 speifict Gravity 2.71 7.87 4.54 2.9 7.9 4.6 Stroe4cth-Vleight...solution of HCI: 50 parts by volume ECl-specific gravity 1.19 (37.6%) 50 parts by volume H2 0 2. Concentrated RIP: Hl-specific gravity 1.15 (14%) 3. 5

Grab them by the Nose and Kick them in the Pants: Patton on Combined Arms Operational Maneuver

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-23

said, "we’re winning this war the wrong way, we ought to be going toward Paris .൤ The decision to take the Brittany peninsula and the city of Brest ...towards Brest and the 41h Armored Division south towards Rennes. To support the campaign he gave XIX T AC five different missions: 1. To protect the...4. To assist advancing columns with armored column cover (ACC). 5. To support ground units in the capture of the Brittany ports of Brest , Lorient

Evaluation of Titanium-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (Ti-5553) Alloy against Fragment and Armor-Piercing Projectiles

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

Alloy Ti-6Al-4V; ARL-MR- 486; U.S. Army Research Laboratory: Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 2000. Donachie, M. J., Jr. Titanium: A Technical...Tests of Armor Materials. TOP-2-2-710 (AD A137873), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 8 July 1993. Veeck, S.; Lee, D.; Boyer, R.; Briggs, R. The...195 BEAR HILL RD WALTHAM MA 02451 1 RMI TITANIUM CO W PALLANTE PO BOX 269 1000 WARREN AVE NILES OH 44446 2 SOUTHWEST RSRCH INST

Spacecraft ceramic protective shield

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larriva, Rene F. (Inventor); Nelson, Anne (M.); Czechanski, James G. (Inventor); Poff, Ray E. (Inventor)

1995-01-01

A low areal density protective shield apparatus, and method for making same, for protecting spacecraft structures from impact with hypervelocity objects, including a bumper member comprising a bumper ceramic layer, a bumper shock attenuator layer, and a bumper confining layer. The bumper ceramic layer can be SiC or B.sub.4 C; the bumper shock attenuator layer can be zirconia felt; and the bumper confining layer can be aluminum. A base armor member can be spaced from the bumper member and a ceramic fiber-based curtain can be positioned between the bumper and base armor members.

Lightening Body Armor: Arroyo Support to the Army Response to Section 125 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

nel from fragmenting munitions, and the addition of SAPI will successfully defend against AK-47 ball ammunition. The ESAPI and XSAPI plates were...d ) Frequency of incidents of firefights 7.62 x 39mm ball Fragmenting munitions Threat X Threat Y Threat E Threat F Threat A Threat C Threat D...the threat in Afghani- stan today is primarily fragmenting munitions, 7.62mm x 39 ball bullets, and 7.62mm x 54R ball bullets. Current body armor

Pilot of the Modern Army Record-Keeping System (MARKS) at 5th Battalion, 73rd Armored Regiment, 194th Armored Brigade, Fort Knox, Kentucky

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-08-01

statements. G. Monthly bank account reconciliations. h. Statements of operations and net worth. i. Reports of audit . j. Cash property and recon- ciliation...that a formal audit is unnecessary, the installation commander will insure that the records are destroyed on completion of the examination or...32 Clothing and Tex- (not normally used in 5/73) tile Materiel 34 Standardizaion (not normally used in 5/73) 36 Audit (not normally used in 5/73) 37

High Strength Glass Second Source Qualification to Composite Armor Specification MIL-L-46197(MR)

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-04-01

L-46197 (MR). The Owens Corning Fiberglass (OCF) S-2 glass woven roving product has set the standard for this application to structural armor. The...HIARTMAN. 1). R. liallistc Penetration of S 2 Glass L~aminates S-2 Glass I-iber Technical Paper. Owens Corning Fiberglass. I I 1ASKLI.. W E. Spall...Materials Marketing. Owens Corning F’iberglass- Toledo. O1l, 416𔄃 SR and RI1 Gla" Chemical Composition. Vetrotex Data Sheet. IM11 04-02-2 6

Research on influence factor about the dynamic characteristic of armored vehicle hydraulic-driven fan system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chao, Zhiqiang; Mao, Feiyue; Liu, Xiangbo; Li, Huaying; Han, Shousong

2017-01-01

In view of the large power of armored vehicle cooling system, the demand for high fan speed control and energy saving, this paper expounds the basic composition and principle of hydraulic-driven fan system and establishes the mathematical model of the system. Through the simulation analysis of different parameters, such as displacement of motor and working volume of fan system, the influences of performance parameters on the dynamic characteristic of hydraulic-driven fan system are obtained, which can provide theoretical guidance for system optimization design.

Protective ability of the standard U.S. Military Personal Armor System, Ground Troops (PASGT) fragmentation vest against common small arms projectiles.

PubMed

Roberts, G K; Bullian, M E

1993-08-01

This study analyzes the ballistic protection provided by the standard U.S. Military Personal Armor System, Ground Troops fragmentation vest against threats from handgun and shotgun projectiles. Damage assessment was conducted using 10% ordnance gelatin, a tissue simulant which has been proven to have a close correlation with living tissue. The standard fragmentation vest was shown to provide protection from commonly encountered handgun bullets and shotgun pellets, but not from shotgun slugs or center-fire rifle bullets.

Tactical Reconnaissance and Security for the Armor Battalion Commander: Is the Scout Platoon Combat Capable or Combat Ineffective?

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-27

reconnaissance force back to a heavy ele ,._.it capable of security missions and limited 10 reconnaissance. Vletnam continued the platoon’s emphasis on...College, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 30 November 1988 (CARL Ref. AOR215860). JouroaI ~ el Bacevich, LTC A. J. "Training Scouts." Armor, September 1987, pp. 37...Swanson, Major Steven G. " Bronco Nine Speaks His Mind." MIlitaryInteigence, April-June 1990, pp. 8- 10, 12. "The Bustle Rack." Armo,; March-April 1990

Test of the ``radical-like polymerization'' scheme in molecular dynamics on the behavior of polymers under shock loading

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lemarchand, Claire; Bousquet, David; Schnell, Benoît; Pineau, Nicolas

2017-06-01

The behavior of polymer melts under shock loading is a question attracting more and more attention because of applications such as polymer-bonded explosives, light-weight armor and civilian protective equipment, like sports and car equipment. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a very good tool to characterize the microscopic response of the polymer to a shock wave. To do so, the initial configuration of the polymer melt needs to be realistic. The ``radical-like polymerization'' scheme is a method to obtain near equilibrium configurations of a melt of long polymer chains. It consists in adding one neighboring monomer at a time to each growing chain. Between each polymerization step an MD run is performed to relax the new configuration. We test how details of our implementation of the ``radical-like polymerization'' scheme can impact or not Hugoniot curves and changes of chain configuration under shock. We compare our results to other simulation and experimental results on reference polymers.

Determination of relative ion chamber calibration coefficients from depth-ionization measurements in clinical electron beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muir, B. R.; McEwen, M. R.; Rogers, D. W. O.

2014-10-01

A method is presented to obtain ion chamber calibration coefficients relative to secondary standard reference chambers in electron beams using depth-ionization measurements. Results are obtained as a function of depth and average electron energy at depth in 4, 8, 12 and 18 MeV electron beams from the NRC Elekta Precise linac. The PTW Roos, Scanditronix NACP-02, PTW Advanced Markus and NE 2571 ion chambers are investigated. The challenges and limitations of the method are discussed. The proposed method produces useful data at shallow depths. At depths past the reference depth, small shifts in positioning or drifts in the incident beam energy affect the results, thereby providing a built-in test of incident electron energy drifts and/or chamber set-up. Polarity corrections for ion chambers as a function of average electron energy at depth agree with literature data. The proposed method produces results consistent with those obtained using the conventional calibration procedure while gaining much more information about the behavior of the ion chamber with similar data acquisition time. Measurement uncertainties in calibration coefficients obtained with this method are estimated to be less than 0.5%. These results open up the possibility of using depth-ionization measurements to yield chamber ratios which may be suitable for primary standards-level dissemination.

Pangolin armor: Overlapping, structure, and mechanical properties of the keratinous scales.

PubMed

Wang, Bin; Yang, Wen; Sherman, Vincent R; Meyers, Marc A

2016-09-01

The pangolin has a flexible dermal armor consisting of overlapping keratinous scales. Although they show potential for bioinspired flexible armor, the design principles of pangolin armor are barely known. Here we report on the overlapping organization, hierarchical structure (from the nano to the mesolevel), and mechanical response of scales from ground (Chinese) and arboreal (African tree) pangolins. Both scales exhibit the same overlapping organization, with each scale at the center of neighboring scales arranged in a hexagonal pattern. The scales have a cuticle of several layers of loosely attached flattened keratinized cells, while the interior structure exhibits three regions distinguished by the geometry and orientations of the keratinized cells, which form densely packed lamellae; each one corresponds to one layer of cells. Unlike most other keratinous materials, the scales show a crossed-lamellar structure (∼5μm) and crossed fibers (∼50μm). A nano-scale suture structure, observed for the first time, outlines cell membranes and leads to an interlocking interface between lamellae, thus enhancing the bonding and shear resistance. The tensile response of the scales shows an elastic limit followed by a short plateau prior to failure, with Young's modulus ∼1 GPa and tensile strength 60-100MPa. The mechanical response is transversely isotropic, a result of the cross lamellar structure. The strain rate sensitivity in the range of 10(-5)-10(-1)s(-1) region is found to be equal to 0.07-0.08, typical of other keratins and polymers. The mechanical response is highly dependent on the degree of hydration, a characteristic of keratins. Although many fish and reptiles have protective scales and carapaces, mammals are characteristically fast and light. The pangolin is one of the few mammal possessing a flexible dermal armor for protection from predators, such as lions. Here we study the arrangement of the scales as well as their hierarchical structure from the nano to the mesolevel and correlate it to the mechanical properties. The study reveals a unique structure consisting of crossed lamellae and interlocking sutures that provide exceptional performance and in-plane isotropy. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Blast shock wave mitigation using the hydraulic energy redirection and release technology.

PubMed

Chen, Yun; Huang, Wei; Constantini, Shlomi

2012-01-01

A hydraulic energy redirection and release technology has been developed for mitigating the effects of blast shock waves on protected objects. The technology employs a liquid-filled plastic tubing as a blast overpressure transformer to transfer kinetic energy of blast shock waves into hydraulic energy in the plastic tubings. The hydraulic energy is redirected through the plastic tubings to the openings at the lower ends, and then is quickly released with the liquid flowing out through the openings. The samples of the specifically designed body armor in which the liquid-filled plastic tubings were installed vertically as the outer layer of the body armor were tested. The blast test results demonstrated that blast overpressure behind the body armor samples was remarkably reduced by 97% in 0.2 msec after the liquid flowed out of its appropriate volume through the openings. The results also suggested that a volumetric liquid surge might be created when kinetic energy of blast shock wave was transferred into hydraulic energy to cause a rapid physical movement or displacement of the liquid. The volumetric liquid surge has a strong destructive power, and can cause a noncontact, remote injury in humans (such as blast-induced traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder) if it is created in cardiovascular system. The hydraulic energy redirection and release technology can successfully mitigate blast shock waves from the outer surface of the body armor. It should be further explored as an innovative approach to effectively protect against blast threats to civilian and military personnel.

Blast Shock Wave Mitigation Using the Hydraulic Energy Redirection and Release Technology

PubMed Central

Chen, Yun; Huang, Wei; Constantini, Shlomi

2012-01-01

A hydraulic energy redirection and release technology has been developed for mitigating the effects of blast shock waves on protected objects. The technology employs a liquid-filled plastic tubing as a blast overpressure transformer to transfer kinetic energy of blast shock waves into hydraulic energy in the plastic tubings. The hydraulic energy is redirected through the plastic tubings to the openings at the lower ends, and then is quickly released with the liquid flowing out through the openings. The samples of the specifically designed body armor in which the liquid-filled plastic tubings were installed vertically as the outer layer of the body armor were tested. The blast test results demonstrated that blast overpressure behind the body armor samples was remarkably reduced by 97% in 0.2 msec after the liquid flowed out of its appropriate volume through the openings. The results also suggested that a volumetric liquid surge might be created when kinetic energy of blast shock wave was transferred into hydraulic energy to cause a rapid physical movement or displacement of the liquid. The volumetric liquid surge has a strong destructive power, and can cause a noncontact, remote injury in humans (such as blast-induced traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder) if it is created in cardiovascular system. The hydraulic energy redirection and release technology can successfully mitigate blast shock waves from the outer surface of the body armor. It should be further explored as an innovative approach to effectively protect against blast threats to civilian and military personnel. PMID:22745740

External quality assessment for enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 detection by reverse transcription-PCR using armored RNA as a virus surrogate.

PubMed

Song, Liqiong; Sun, Shipeng; Li, Bo; Pan, Yang; Li, Wenli; Zhang, Kuo; Li, Jinming

2011-10-01

Three armored RNAs (virus-like particles [VLPs]) containing target sequences from enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and a pan-enterovirus (pan-EV) sequence were constructed and used in an external quality assessment (EQA) to determine the performance of laboratories in the detection of EV71 and CA16. The EQA panel, which consisted of 20 samples, including 14 positive samples with different concentrations of EV and either EV71 or CA16 armored RNAs, 2 samples with all 3 armored RNAs, and 4 negative-control samples (NaN(3)-preserved minimal essential medium [MEM] without VLPs), was distributed to 54 laboratories that perform molecular diagnosis of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) virus infections. A total of 41 data sets from 41 participants were returned; 5 (12.2%) were generated using conventional in-house reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays, and 36 (87.8%) were generated using commercial real-time RT-PCR assays. Performance assessments of laboratories differed; 12 (29.3%) showed a need for improvement. Surprisingly, 4 laboratories were unable to detect EV71 RNA in any samples, even those containing the highest concentration of 10(7) IU/ml. Furthermore, the detection sensitivity for EV71 among all laboratories (82.1%) was substantially lower than that for EV (97.4%) or CA16 (95.1%). Overall, the results of the present study indicate that EQA should be performed periodically to help laboratories monitor their ability to detect HFMD viruses and to improve the comparability of results from different laboratories.

Optimizing a basal bark spray of dinotefuran to manage armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Christmas tree plantations.

PubMed

Cowles, Richard S

2010-10-01

The armored scales Fiorinia externa Ferris and Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are increasingly damaging to Christmas tree plantings in southern New England. The systemic insecticide dinotefuran was investigated for selectively suppressing armored scale populations relative to their natural enemies in cooperating growers' fields in 2008 and 2009. Banded soil application of dinotefuran resulted in poor control. However, a dinotefuran spray applied to the basal 25 cm of trunk resulted in its absorption through the bark, translocation to the foliage, and good efficacy. The basal bark spray did not significantly impact the activity of predators Chilocorus stigma (Say) or Cybocephalus nipponicus Enrody-Younga and in 2009 showed a dosage-dependent improvement in the percentage of scales parasitized by Encarsia citrina Craw. A field dosage-response factorial experiment revealed that a 0.25% (vol:vol) addition of a surfactant with dinotefuran did not enhance insecticidal effect. Probit-transformed scale population reduction relative to the untreated check was subjected to linear regression analysis; reduction of scale populations was proportional to the log of insecticide dosage, whereas basal bark spray efficacy declined in proportion to the cube of tree height. The regression equation can be used to optimize dosage relative to tree height. Excellent efficacy resulted from basal bark spray application dates of 28 April (prebud break) to mid-June, but earlier spray timing within that treatment window had fewer crawlers discoloring new growth with their short-lived feeding. A basal bark spray of dinotefuran is well suited for integration with natural enemies to manage armored scales in Christmas tree plantations.

External Quality Assessment for Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 Detection by Reverse Transcription-PCR Using Armored RNA as a Virus Surrogate▿†

PubMed Central

Song, Liqiong; Sun, Shipeng; Li, Bo; Pan, Yang; Li, Wenli; Zhang, Kuo; Li, Jinming

2011-01-01

Three armored RNAs (virus-like particles [VLPs]) containing target sequences from enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and a pan-enterovirus (pan-EV) sequence were constructed and used in an external quality assessment (EQA) to determine the performance of laboratories in the detection of EV71 and CA16. The EQA panel, which consisted of 20 samples, including 14 positive samples with different concentrations of EV and either EV71 or CA16 armored RNAs, 2 samples with all 3 armored RNAs, and 4 negative-control samples (NaN3-preserved minimal essential medium [MEM] without VLPs), was distributed to 54 laboratories that perform molecular diagnosis of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) virus infections. A total of 41 data sets from 41 participants were returned; 5 (12.2%) were generated using conventional in-house reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays, and 36 (87.8%) were generated using commercial real-time RT-PCR assays. Performance assessments of laboratories differed; 12 (29.3%) showed a need for improvement. Surprisingly, 4 laboratories were unable to detect EV71 RNA in any samples, even those containing the highest concentration of 107 IU/ml. Furthermore, the detection sensitivity for EV71 among all laboratories (82.1%) was substantially lower than that for EV (97.4%) or CA16 (95.1%). Overall, the results of the present study indicate that EQA should be performed periodically to help laboratories monitor their ability to detect HFMD viruses and to improve the comparability of results from different laboratories. PMID:21865426

Microstructural optimization of solid-state sintered silicon carbide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vargas-Gonzalez, Lionel R.

Silicon carbide armor, manufactured through solid-state sintering, liquid-phase sintering, and hot-pressing, is being used by the United States Armed Forces for personal and vehicle protection. There is a lack of consensus, however, on which process results in the best-performing ballistic armor. Previous studies have shown that hot-pressed ceramics processed with secondary oxide and/or rare earth oxides, which exhibit high fracture toughness, perform well in handling and under ballistic impact. This high toughness is due to the intergranular nature of the fracture, creating a tortuous path for cracks and facilitating crack deflection and bridging. However, it has also been shown that higher-hardness sintered SiC materials might perform similarly or better to hot-pressed armor, in spite of the large fracture toughness deficit, if the microstructure (density, grain size, purity) of these materials are improved. In this work, the development of theoretically-dense, clean grain boundary, high hardness solid-state sintered silicon carbide (SiC) armor was pursued. Boron carbide and graphite (added as phenolic resin to ensure the carbon is finely dispersed throughout the microstructure) were used as the sintering aids. SiC batches between 0.25--4.00 wt.% carbon were mixed and spray dried. Cylindrical pellets were pressed at 13.7 MPa, cold-isostatically pressed (CIP) at 344 MPa, sintered under varying sintering soaking temperatures and heating rates, and varying post hot-isostatic pressing (HIP) parameters. Carbon additive amounts between 2.0--2.5 wt.% (based on the resin source), a 0.36 wt.% B4C addition, and a 2050°C sintering soak yielded parts with high sintering densities (˜95.5--96.5%) and a fine, equiaxed microstructure (d50 = 2.525 mum). A slow ramp rate (10°C/min) prevented any occurrence of abnormal grain growth. Post-HIPing at 1900°C removed the remaining closed porosity to yield a theoretically-dense part (3.175 g/cm3, according to rule of mixtures). These parts exhibited higher density and finer microstructure than a commercially-available sintered SiC from Saint-Gobain (Hexoloy Enhanced, 3.153 g/cm3 and d50 = 4.837 mum). Due to the optimized microstructure, Verco SiC parts exhibited the highest Vickers (2628.30 +/- 44.13 kg/mm 2) and Knoop (2098.50 +/- 24.8 kg/mm2) hardness values of any SiC ceramic, and values equal to those of the "gold standard" hot-pressed boron carbide (PAD-B4C). While the fracture toughness of hot-pressed SiC materials (˜4.5 MPa m ) are almost double that of Verco SiC (2.4 MPa m ), Verco SiC is a better performing ballistic product, implying that the higher hardness of the theoretically-dense, clean-grain boundary, fine-grained SiC is the defining mechanical property for optimization of ballistic behavior.

Animal behavior frozen in time: gregarious behavior of Early Jurassic lobsters within an ammonoid body chamber.

PubMed

Klompmaker, Adiël A; Fraaije, René H B

2012-01-01

Direct animal behavior can be inferred from the fossil record only in exceptional circumstances. The exceptional mode of preservation of ammonoid shells in the Posidonia Shale (Lower Jurassic, lower Toarcian) of Dotternhausen in southern Germany, with only the organic periostracum preserved, provides an excellent opportunity to observe the contents of the ammonoid body chamber because this periostracum is translucent. Here, we report upon three delicate lobsters preserved within a compressed ammonoid specimen of Harpoceras falciferum. We attempt to explain this gregarious behavior. The three lobsters were studied using standard microscopy under low angle light. The lobsters belong to the extinct family of the Eryonidae; further identification was not possible. The organic material of the three small lobsters is preserved more than halfway into the ammonoid body chamber. The lobsters are closely spaced and are positioned with their tails oriented toward each other. The specimens are interpreted to represent corpses rather than molts. The lobsters probably sought shelter in preparation for molting or against predators such as fish that were present in Dotternhausen. Alternatively, the soft tissue of the ammonoid may have been a source of food that attracted the lobsters, or it may have served as a long-term residency for the lobsters (inquilinism). The lobsters represent the oldest known example of gregariousness amongst lobsters and decapods in the fossil record. Gregarious behavior in lobsters, also known for extant lobsters, thus developed earlier in earth's history than previously known. Moreover, this is one of the oldest known examples of decapod crustaceans preserved within cephalopod shells.

Animal Behavior Frozen in Time: Gregarious Behavior of Early Jurassic Lobsters within an Ammonoid Body Chamber

PubMed Central

Klompmaker, Adiël A.; Fraaije, René H. B.

2012-01-01

Direct animal behavior can be inferred from the fossil record only in exceptional circumstances. The exceptional mode of preservation of ammonoid shells in the Posidonia Shale (Lower Jurassic, lower Toarcian) of Dotternhausen in southern Germany, with only the organic periostracum preserved, provides an excellent opportunity to observe the contents of the ammonoid body chamber because this periostracum is translucent. Here, we report upon three delicate lobsters preserved within a compressed ammonoid specimen of Harpoceras falciferum. We attempt to explain this gregarious behavior. The three lobsters were studied using standard microscopy under low angle light. The lobsters belong to the extinct family of the Eryonidae; further identification was not possible. The organic material of the three small lobsters is preserved more than halfway into the ammonoid body chamber. The lobsters are closely spaced and are positioned with their tails oriented toward each other. The specimens are interpreted to represent corpses rather than molts. The lobsters probably sought shelter in preparation for molting or against predators such as fish that were present in Dotternhausen. Alternatively, the soft tissue of the ammonoid may have been a source of food that attracted the lobsters, or it may have served as a long-term residency for the lobsters (inquilinism). The lobsters represent the oldest known example of gregariousness amongst lobsters and decapods in the fossil record. Gregarious behavior in lobsters, also known for extant lobsters, thus developed earlier in earth's history than previously known. Moreover, this is one of the oldest known examples of decapod crustaceans preserved within cephalopod shells. PMID:22412846

Evaluation of Heat Recuperation in a Concentric Hydrogen Reduction Reactor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Linne, Diane; Kleinhenz, Julie; Hegde, Uday

2012-01-01

Heat recuperation in an ISRU reactor system involves the recovery of heat from a reacted regolith batch by transferring this energy into a batch of fresh regolith. One concept for a hydrogen reduction reactor is a concentric chamber design where heat is transferred from the inner, reaction chamber into fresh regolith in the outer, recuperation chamber. This concept was tested and analyzed to define the overall benefit compared to a more traditional single chamber batch reactor. Data was gathered for heat-up and recuperation in the inner chamber alone, simulating a single chamber design, as well as recuperation into the outer chamber, simulating a dual chamber design. Experimental data was also used to improve two analytical models, with good agreement for temperature behavior during recuperation, calculated mass of the reactor concepts, and energy required during heat-up. The five tests, performed using JSC-1A regolith simulant, also explored the effectiveness of helium gas fluidization, hydrogen gas fluidization, and vibrational fluidization. Results indicate that higher hydrogen volumetric flow rates are required compared to helium for complete fluidization and mixing, and that vibrational fluidization may provide equivalent mixing while eliminating the need to flow large amounts of excess hydrogen. Analysis of the total energy required for heat-up and steady-state operations for a variety of conditions and assumptions shows that the dual-chamber concept requires the same or more energy than the single chamber concept. With no clear energy savings, the added mass and complexity of the dual-chamber makes it unlikely that this design concept will provide any added benefit to the overall ISRU oxygen production system.

Study on Protection Mechanism of 30CrMnMo-UHMWPE Composite Armor

PubMed Central

Zhou, Yu; Li, Guoju; Fan, Qunbo; Wang, Yangwei; Zheng, Haiyang; Tan, Lin; Xu, Xuan

2017-01-01

The penetration of a 30CrMnMo ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene armor by a high-speed fragment was investigated via experiments and simulations. Analysis of the projectile revealed that the nose (of the projectile) is in the non-equilibrium state at the initial stage of penetration, and the low-speed regions undergo plastic deformation. Subsequently, the nose-tail velocities of the projectile were virtually identical and fluctuated together. In addition, the effective combination of the steel plate and polyethylene (PE) laminate resulted in energy absorption by the PE just before the projectile nose impacts the laminate. This early absorption plays a positive role in the ballistic performance of the composite armor. Further analysis of the internal energy and mass loss revealed that the PE laminate absorbs energy via the continuous and stable failure of PE fibers during the initial stages of penetration, and absorbs energy via deformation until complete penetration occurs. The energy absorbed by the laminate accounts for 68% of the total energy absorption, indicating that the laminate plays a major role in energy absorption during the penetration process. PMID:28772764

Buckling in armored droplets.

PubMed

Sicard, François; Striolo, Alberto

2017-06-29

The buckling mechanism in droplets stabilized by solid particles (armored droplets) is tackled at a mesoscopic level using dissipative particle dynamics simulations. We consider one spherical water droplet in a decane solvent coated with nanoparticle monolayers of two different types: Janus (particles whose surface shows two regions with different wetting properties) and homogeneous. The chosen particles yield comparable initial three-phase contact angles, selected to maximize the adsorption energy at the interface. We study the interplay between the evolution of droplet shape, layering of the particles, and their distribution at the interface when the volume of the droplets is reduced. We show that Janus particles affect strongly the shape of the droplet with the formation of a crater-like depression. This evolution is actively controlled by a close-packed particle monolayer at the curved interface. In contrast, homogeneous particles follow passively the volume reduction of the droplet, whose shape does not deviate too much from spherical, even when a nanoparticle monolayer/bilayer transition is detected at the interface. We discuss how these buckled armored droplets might be of relevance in various applications including potential drug delivery systems and biomimetic design of functional surfaces.

Glass matrix armor

DOEpatents

Calkins, Noel C.

1991-01-01

An armor system which utilizes glass. A plurality of constraint cells are mounted on a surface of a substrate, which is metal armor plate or a similar tough material, such that the cells almost completely cover the surface of the substrate. Each constraint cell has a projectile-receiving wall parallel to the substrate surface and has sides which are perpendicular to and surround the perimeter of the receiving wall. The cells are mounted such that, in one embodiment, the substrate surface serves as a sixth side or closure for each cell. Each cell has inside of it a plate, termed the front plate, which is parallel to and in contact with substantially all of the inside surface of the receiving wall. The balance of each cell is completely filled with a projectile-abrading material consisting of glass and a ceramic material and, in certain embodiments, a polymeric material. The glass may be in monolithic form or particles of ceramic may be dispersed in a glass matrix. The ceramic material may be in monolithic form or may be in the form of particles dispersed in glass or dispersed in said polymer.

Combustion response to acoustic perturbation in liquid rocket engines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghafourian, Akbar

An experimental study of the effect of acoustic perturbations on combustion behavior of a model liquid propellant rocket engine has been carried out. A pair of compression drivers were used to excite transverse and longitudinal acoustic fields at strengths of up to 156.6 dB and 159.5 dB respectively in the combustion chamber of the experimental rocket engine. Propellant simulants were injected into the combustion chamber through a single element shear coaxial injector. Water and air were used in cold flow studies and ethanol and oxygen-enriched air were used as fuel and oxidizer in reacting hot flow studies. In cold flow studies an imposed transverse acoustic field had a more pronounced effect on the spray pattern than a longitudinal acoustic fields. A transverse acoustic field widened the spray by as much as 33 percent and the plane of impingement of the spray with chamber walls moved up closer to the injection plane. The behavior was strongly influenced by the gas phase velocity but was less sensitive to changes in the liquid phase velocity. In reacting hot flow studies the effects of changes in equivalence ratio, excitation amplitude, excitation frequency, liquid and gas phase velocity and chamber pressure on the response of the injector to imposed high frequency transverse acoustic excitation were measured. Reducing the equivalence ratio from 7.4 to 3.8 increased the chamber pressure response to the imposed excitation at 3000 Hz. Increasing the excitation amplitude from 147 dB to 155.6 dB at 3000 Hz increased the chamber pressure response to the excitation. In the frequency range of 1240 Hz to 3220 Hz, an excitation frequency of 3000 Hz resulted in the largest response of the chamber pressure indicating the importance of fluid dynamic coupling. Increasing the liquid phase velocity from 9.2 m/sec to 22.7 m/sec, did not change the amplitude of the chamber pressure response to excitation. This implied the importance of local equivalence ratio and not the overall equivalence ratio on chamber pressure response to excitation. Increasing the chamber pressure from 1.5 atm to 3.1 atm and gas phase velocity from 93.2 m/sec to 105.1 m/sec significantly increased the chamber pressure response to acoustic excitation. This emphasized the significance of the gas phase density and velocity. Measurements of the free radical C2 emission zone and Schlieren images indicated that transverse acoustic excitation moved the combustion zone closer to the injection plane and longitudinal acoustic excitation widened the combustion zone. The histogram of these images indicates that the area over which combustion takes place in the chamber increases under imposed acoustic excitation. This implied that more propellants combust prior to exiting from the exhaust nozzle under unsteady conditions.

Determination of influence factors and accident rates for the Armored Tractor/Safe Secure Trailer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Phillips, J.S.; Clauss, D.B.; Blower, D.F.

1994-04-01

Operating environments, such as road type, road location, and time of day, play an important role in the observed accident rates of heavy trucks used in general commerce. These same factors influence the accident rate of the Armored Tractor/Safe Secure Trailer (AT/SST) used by the Department of Energy to transport hazardous cargos within the continental United States. This report discusses the development of accident rate influence factors. These factors, based on heavy trucks used in general commerce, are used to modify the observed overall AT/SST accident rate to account for the different operating environments.

Metallurgical Examination of a 3-1/4 in. Thick Armor Plate from a German PzKw V (Panther) Tank

DTIC Science & Technology

1945-01-18

Panther) tank. SiU 1 -Y OF BJUSULTS The 3-1/4" thick plate was made from an aluminum-killed .50% carbon 2.ý chromium, .14% vanadium steel heat treated...to a hardness of 262-269 Brinell. Typical of most German armor which has been examined, it Was found to be very sound cross-rolled steel . However it...was conducted to evaluate the harden- ability of this steel . Austenitizing prior to the quench consisted of a soak at l7O00F. for 3 hours, There was

History of the Subcommittee on Welding of Armor Ferrous Metallurgical Advisory Board Ordnance Department U.S. Army

DTIC Science & Technology

1946-07-01

only control but handling facilities, welding equipment, and actual design . I wonder if we wouldni t get mra work done if we restricted it to a...is different; even in our own planes, we nre unable t o control it. Armor is F, her.vy item and n stop- chi ld as f,v R e nircraft design is...whether it is a deoelopment project, a design problem, or pure researoh. In the event of design , I do not believe that-our Group would like t o g e

Development of a Physical Employment Testing Battery for Armor Soldiers: 19D Cavalry Scout and 19K M1 Armor Crewman

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun on the Abrams Tank While wearing a task specific uniform weighing approximately 49 lb, Soldiers lifted the M2 .50...12 Engage Targets with a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun X 13 Lay a 120mm Mortar – Emplace Base Plate X 14 Lay a 120mm Mortar...17 Mount M2 .50 Cal Machine Gun Receiver on an Abrams Tank X 18 Stow Ammunition on an Abrams Tank (Load 120mm MPAT Round to the Ready Rack

Prediction of power requirements for a longwall armored face conveyor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Broadfoot, A.R.; Betz, R.E.

1995-12-31

Longwall armored face conveyors (AFC`s) have traditionally been designed using a combination of heuristics and simple models. However, as longwalls increase in length these design procedures are proving to be inadequate. The result has either been costly loss of production due to AFC stalling or component failure, or larger than necessary capital investment due to overdesign. In order to allow accurate estimation of the power requirements for an AFC this paper develops a comprehensive model of all the friction forces associated with the AFC. Power requirement predictions obtained from these models are then compared with measurements from two mine faces.