Sample records for classification rule discovery

  1. Knowledge discovery with classification rules in a cardiovascular dataset.

    PubMed

    Podgorelec, Vili; Kokol, Peter; Stiglic, Milojka Molan; Hericko, Marjan; Rozman, Ivan

    2005-12-01

    In this paper we study an evolutionary machine learning approach to data mining and knowledge discovery based on the induction of classification rules. A method for automatic rules induction called AREX using evolutionary induction of decision trees and automatic programming is introduced. The proposed algorithm is applied to a cardiovascular dataset consisting of different groups of attributes which should possibly reveal the presence of some specific cardiovascular problems in young patients. A case study is presented that shows the use of AREX for the classification of patients and for discovering possible new medical knowledge from the dataset. The defined knowledge discovery loop comprises a medical expert's assessment of induced rules to drive the evolution of rule sets towards more appropriate solutions. The final result is the discovery of a possible new medical knowledge in the field of pediatric cardiology.

  2. Revealing Significant Relations between Chemical/Biological Features and Activity: Associative Classification Mining for Drug Discovery

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Yu, Pulan

    2012-01-01

    Classification, clustering and association mining are major tasks of data mining and have been widely used for knowledge discovery. Associative classification mining, the combination of both association rule mining and classification, has emerged as an indispensable way to support decision making and scientific research. In particular, it offers a…

  3. Transfer Learning of Classification Rules for Biomarker Discovery and Verification from Molecular Profiling Studies

    PubMed Central

    Ganchev, Philip; Malehorn, David; Bigbee, William L.; Gopalakrishnan, Vanathi

    2013-01-01

    We present a novel framework for integrative biomarker discovery from related but separate data sets created in biomarker profiling studies. The framework takes prior knowledge in the form of interpretable, modular rules, and uses them during the learning of rules on a new data set. The framework consists of two methods of transfer of knowledge from source to target data: transfer of whole rules and transfer of rule structures. We evaluated the methods on three pairs of data sets: one genomic and two proteomic. We used standard measures of classification performance and three novel measures of amount of transfer. Preliminary evaluation shows that whole-rule transfer improves classification performance over using the target data alone, especially when there is more source data than target data. It also improves performance over using the union of the data sets. PMID:21571094

  4. A fuzzy hill-climbing algorithm for the development of a compact associative classifier

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mitra, Soumyaroop; Lam, Sarah S.

    2012-02-01

    Classification, a data mining technique, has widespread applications including medical diagnosis, targeted marketing, and others. Knowledge discovery from databases in the form of association rules is one of the important data mining tasks. An integrated approach, classification based on association rules, has drawn the attention of the data mining community over the last decade. While attention has been mainly focused on increasing classifier accuracies, not much efforts have been devoted towards building interpretable and less complex models. This paper discusses the development of a compact associative classification model using a hill-climbing approach and fuzzy sets. The proposed methodology builds the rule-base by selecting rules which contribute towards increasing training accuracy, thus balancing classification accuracy with the number of classification association rules. The results indicated that the proposed associative classification model can achieve competitive accuracies on benchmark datasets with continuous attributes and lend better interpretability, when compared with other rule-based systems.

  5. A fuzzy neural network for intelligent data processing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xie, Wei; Chu, Feng; Wang, Lipo; Lim, Eng Thiam

    2005-03-01

    In this paper, we describe an incrementally generated fuzzy neural network (FNN) for intelligent data processing. This FNN combines the features of initial fuzzy model self-generation, fast input selection, partition validation, parameter optimization and rule-base simplification. A small FNN is created from scratch -- there is no need to specify the initial network architecture, initial membership functions, or initial weights. Fuzzy IF-THEN rules are constantly combined and pruned to minimize the size of the network while maintaining accuracy; irrelevant inputs are detected and deleted, and membership functions and network weights are trained with a gradient descent algorithm, i.e., error backpropagation. Experimental studies on synthesized data sets demonstrate that the proposed Fuzzy Neural Network is able to achieve accuracy comparable to or higher than both a feedforward crisp neural network, i.e., NeuroRule, and a decision tree, i.e., C4.5, with more compact rule bases for most of the data sets used in our experiments. The FNN has achieved outstanding results for cancer classification based on microarray data. The excellent classification result for Small Round Blue Cell Tumors (SRBCTs) data set is shown. Compared with other published methods, we have used a much fewer number of genes for perfect classification, which will help researchers directly focus their attention on some specific genes and may lead to discovery of deep reasons of the development of cancers and discovery of drugs.

  6. Promoter Sequences Prediction Using Relational Association Rule Mining

    PubMed Central

    Czibula, Gabriela; Bocicor, Maria-Iuliana; Czibula, Istvan Gergely

    2012-01-01

    In this paper we are approaching, from a computational perspective, the problem of promoter sequences prediction, an important problem within the field of bioinformatics. As the conditions for a DNA sequence to function as a promoter are not known, machine learning based classification models are still developed to approach the problem of promoter identification in the DNA. We are proposing a classification model based on relational association rules mining. Relational association rules are a particular type of association rules and describe numerical orderings between attributes that commonly occur over a data set. Our classifier is based on the discovery of relational association rules for predicting if a DNA sequence contains or not a promoter region. An experimental evaluation of the proposed model and comparison with similar existing approaches is provided. The obtained results show that our classifier overperforms the existing techniques for identifying promoter sequences, confirming the potential of our proposal. PMID:22563233

  7. Evolving optimised decision rules for intrusion detection using particle swarm paradigm

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sivatha Sindhu, Siva S.; Geetha, S.; Kannan, A.

    2012-12-01

    The aim of this article is to construct a practical intrusion detection system (IDS) that properly analyses the statistics of network traffic pattern and classify them as normal or anomalous class. The objective of this article is to prove that the choice of effective network traffic features and a proficient machine-learning paradigm enhances the detection accuracy of IDS. In this article, a rule-based approach with a family of six decision tree classifiers, namely Decision Stump, C4.5, Naive Baye's Tree, Random Forest, Random Tree and Representative Tree model to perform the detection of anomalous network pattern is introduced. In particular, the proposed swarm optimisation-based approach selects instances that compose training set and optimised decision tree operate over this trained set producing classification rules with improved coverage, classification capability and generalisation ability. Experiment with the Knowledge Discovery and Data mining (KDD) data set which have information on traffic pattern, during normal and intrusive behaviour shows that the proposed algorithm produces optimised decision rules and outperforms other machine-learning algorithm.

  8. Unsupervised Biomedical Named Entity Recognition: Experiments with Clinical and Biological Texts

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Shaodian; Elhadad, Nóemie

    2013-01-01

    Named entity recognition is a crucial component of biomedical natural language processing, enabling information extraction and ultimately reasoning over and knowledge discovery from text. Much progress has been made in the design of rule-based and supervised tools, but they are often genre and task dependent. As such, adapting them to different genres of text or identifying new types of entities requires major effort in re-annotation or rule development. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised approach to extracting named entities from biomedical text. We describe a stepwise solution to tackle the challenges of entity boundary detection and entity type classification without relying on any handcrafted rules, heuristics, or annotated data. A noun phrase chunker followed by a filter based on inverse document frequency extracts candidate entities from free text. Classification of candidate entities into categories of interest is carried out by leveraging principles from distributional semantics. Experiments show that our system, especially the entity classification step, yields competitive results on two popular biomedical datasets of clinical notes and biological literature, and outperforms a baseline dictionary match approach. Detailed error analysis provides a road map for future work. PMID:23954592

  9. Structural classification of CDR-H3 revisited: a lesson in antibody modeling.

    PubMed

    Kuroda, Daisuke; Shirai, Hiroki; Kobori, Masato; Nakamura, Haruki

    2008-11-15

    Among the six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in the variable domains of an antibody, the third CDR of the heavy chain (CDR-H3), which lies in the center of the antigen-binding site, plays a particularly important role in antigen recognition. CDR-H3 shows significant variability in its length, sequence, and structure. Although difficult, model building of this segment is the most critical step in antibody modeling. Since our first proposal of the "H3-rules," which classify CDR-H3 structure based on amino acid sequence, the number of experimentally determined antibody structures has increased. Here, we revise these H3-rules and propose an improved classification scheme for CDR-H3 structure modeling. In addition, we determine the common features of CDR-H3 in antibody drugs as well as discuss the concept of "antibody druggability," which can be applied as an indicator of antibody evaluation during drug discovery.

  10. PRIM versus CART in subgroup discovery: when patience is harmful.

    PubMed

    Abu-Hanna, Ameen; Nannings, Barry; Dongelmans, Dave; Hasman, Arie

    2010-10-01

    We systematically compare the established algorithms CART (Classification and Regression Trees) and PRIM (Patient Rule Induction Method) in a subgroup discovery task on a large real-world high-dimensional clinical database. Contrary to current conjectures, PRIM's performance was generally inferior to CART's. PRIM often considered "peeling of" a large chunk of data at a value of a relevant discrete ordinal variable unattractive, ultimately missing an important subgroup. This finding has considerable significance in clinical medicine where ordinal scores are ubiquitous. PRIM's utility in clinical databases would increase when global information about (ordinal) variables is better put to use and when the search algorithm keeps track of alternative solutions.

  11. Panacea, a semantic-enabled drug recommendations discovery framework.

    PubMed

    Doulaverakis, Charalampos; Nikolaidis, George; Kleontas, Athanasios; Kompatsiaris, Ioannis

    2014-03-06

    Personalized drug prescription can be benefited from the use of intelligent information management and sharing. International standard classifications and terminologies have been developed in order to provide unique and unambiguous information representation. Such standards can be used as the basis of automated decision support systems for providing drug-drug and drug-disease interaction discovery. Additionally, Semantic Web technologies have been proposed in earlier works, in order to support such systems. The paper presents Panacea, a semantic framework capable of offering drug-drug and drug-diseases interaction discovery. For enabling this kind of service, medical information and terminology had to be translated to ontological terms and be appropriately coupled with medical knowledge of the field. International standard classifications and terminologies, provide the backbone of the common representation of medical data while the medical knowledge of drug interactions is represented by a rule base which makes use of the aforementioned standards. Representation is based on a lightweight ontology. A layered reasoning approach is implemented where at the first layer ontological inference is used in order to discover underlying knowledge, while at the second layer a two-step rule selection strategy is followed resulting in a computationally efficient reasoning approach. Details of the system architecture are presented while also giving an outline of the difficulties that had to be overcome. Panacea is evaluated both in terms of quality of recommendations against real clinical data and performance. The quality recommendation gave useful insights regarding requirements for real world deployment and revealed several parameters that affected the recommendation results. Performance-wise, Panacea is compared to a previous published work by the authors, a service for drug recommendations named GalenOWL, and presents their differences in modeling and approach to the problem, while also pinpointing the advantages of Panacea. Overall, the paper presents a framework for providing an efficient drug recommendations service where Semantic Web technologies are coupled with traditional business rule engines.

  12. Knowledge discovery for pancreatic cancer using inductive logic programming.

    PubMed

    Qiu, Yushan; Shimada, Kazuaki; Hiraoka, Nobuyoshi; Maeshiro, Kensei; Ching, Wai-Ki; Aoki-Kinoshita, Kiyoko F; Furuta, Koh

    2014-08-01

    Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease and predicting the status of the patients becomes an important and urgent issue. The authors explore the applicability of inductive logic programming (ILP) method in the disease and show that the accumulated clinical laboratory data can be used to predict disease characteristics, and this will contribute to the selection of therapeutic modalities of pancreatic cancer. The availability of a large amount of clinical laboratory data provides clues to aid in the knowledge discovery of diseases. In predicting the differentiation of tumour and the status of lymph node metastasis in pancreatic cancer, using the ILP model, three rules are developed that are consistent with descriptions in the literature. The rules that are identified are useful to detect the differentiation of tumour and the status of lymph node metastasis in pancreatic cancer and therefore contributed significantly to the decision of therapeutic strategies. In addition, the proposed method is compared with the other typical classification techniques and the results further confirm the superiority and merit of the proposed method.

  13. Discovery of characteristic chemical markers for classification of aconite herbs by chromatographic profile and probabilistic neural network.

    PubMed

    Yang, Hua; Gao, Wen; Liu, Lei; Liu, Ke; Liu, E-Hu; Qi, Lian-Wen; Li, Ping

    2015-11-10

    Most Aconitum species, also known as aconite, are extremely poisonous, so it must be identified carefully. Differentiation of Aconitum species is challenging because of their similar appearance and chemical components. In this study, a universal strategy to discover chemical markers was developed for effective authentication of three commonly used aconite roots. The major procedures include: (1) chemical profiling and structural assignment of herbs by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), (2) quantification of major components by LC-MS, (3) probabilistic neural network (PNN) model to calculate contributions of components toward species classification, (4) discovery of minimized number of chemical markers for quality control. The MS fragmentation pathways of diester-, monoester-, and alkyloyamine-diterpenoid alkaloids were compared. Using these rules, 42 aconite alkaloids were identified in aconite roots. Subsequently, 11 characteristic compounds were quantified. A component-species modeling by PNN was then established combining the 11 analytes and 26-batch samples from three aconite species. The contribution of each analyte to species classification was calculated. Selection of fuziline, benzoylhypaconine, and talatizamine, or a combination of more compounds based on a contribution order, can be used for successful categorization of the three aconite species. Collectively, the proposed strategy is beneficial to selection of rational chemical markers for the species classification and quality control of herbal medicines. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. The Effect of Rules and Discovery in the Retention and Retrieval of Braille Inkprint Letter Pairs.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nagengast, Daniel L.; And Others

    The effects of rule knowledge were investigated using Braille inkprint pairs. Both recognition and recall were studied in three groups of subjects: rule knowledge, rule discovery, and no rule. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) that the group exposed to the rule would score better than would a discovery group and a control group; and (2) that all…

  15. 48 CFR 6302.18 - Discovery-depositions (Rule 18).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Discovery-depositions... BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS RULES OF PROCEDURE 6302.18 Discovery-depositions (Rule 18). (a) General policy... connection with any deposition or other discovery procedure, the Board may make any order which justice...

  16. 48 CFR 6302.18 - Discovery-depositions (Rule 18).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Discovery-depositions... BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS RULES OF PROCEDURE 6302.18 Discovery-depositions (Rule 18). (a) General policy... connection with any deposition or other discovery procedure, the Board may make any order which justice...

  17. Multiple-rule bias in the comparison of classification rules

    PubMed Central

    Yousefi, Mohammadmahdi R.; Hua, Jianping; Dougherty, Edward R.

    2011-01-01

    Motivation: There is growing discussion in the bioinformatics community concerning overoptimism of reported results. Two approaches contributing to overoptimism in classification are (i) the reporting of results on datasets for which a proposed classification rule performs well and (ii) the comparison of multiple classification rules on a single dataset that purports to show the advantage of a certain rule. Results: This article provides a careful probabilistic analysis of the second issue and the ‘multiple-rule bias’, resulting from choosing a classification rule having minimum estimated error on the dataset. It quantifies this bias corresponding to estimating the expected true error of the classification rule possessing minimum estimated error and it characterizes the bias from estimating the true comparative advantage of the chosen classification rule relative to the others by the estimated comparative advantage on the dataset. The analysis is applied to both synthetic and real data using a number of classification rules and error estimators. Availability: We have implemented in C code the synthetic data distribution model, classification rules, feature selection routines and error estimation methods. The code for multiple-rule analysis is implemented in MATLAB. The source code is available at http://gsp.tamu.edu/Publications/supplementary/yousefi11a/. Supplementary simulation results are also included. Contact: edward@ece.tamu.edu Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. PMID:21546390

  18. A General Framework for Discovery and Classification in Astronomy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dick, Steven J.

    2012-09-01

    An analysis of the discovery of 82 classes of astronomical objects reveals an extended structure of discovery, consisting of detection, interpretation and understanding, each with its own nuances and a microstructure including conceptual, technological and social roles. This is true with a remarkable degree of consistency over the last 400 years of telescopic astronomy, ranging from Galileo's discovery of satellites, planetary rings and star clusters, to the discovery of quasars and pulsars. Telescopes have served as ``engines of discovery'' in several ways, ranging from telescope size and sensitivity (planetary nebulae and spiral nebulae), to specialized detectors (TNOs) and the opening of the electromagnetic spectrum for astronomy (pulsars, pulsar planets, and most active galaxies). A few classes (radiation belts, the solar wind and cosmic rays) were initially discovered without the telescope. Classification also plays an important role in discovery. While it might seem that classification marks the end of discovery, or a post-discovery phase, in fact it often marks the beginning, even a pre-discovery phase. Nowhere is this more clearly seen than in the classification of stellar spectra, long before dwarfs, giants and supergiants were known, or their evolutionary sequence recognized. Classification may also be part of a post-discovery phase, as in the MK system of stellar classification, constructed after the discovery of stellar luminosity classes. Some classes are declared rather than detected, as in the case of gas and ice giant planets, and, infamously, Pluto as a dwarf planet. Others are inferred rather than detected, including most classes of stars.

  19. 49 CFR 1245.1 - Rules governing classification of employees, service, and compensation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Rules governing classification of employees..., RECORDS AND REPORTS CLASSIFICATION OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES; REPORTS OF SERVICE AND COMPENSATION § 1245.1 Rules governing classification of employees, service, and compensation. The rules governing the...

  20. 49 CFR 1245.1 - Rules governing classification of employees, service, and compensation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Rules governing classification of employees..., RECORDS AND REPORTS CLASSIFICATION OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES; REPORTS OF SERVICE AND COMPENSATION § 1245.1 Rules governing classification of employees, service, and compensation. The rules governing the...

  1. 12 CFR 308.107 - Document discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Document discovery. 308.107 Section 308.107... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Rules of Procedure § 308.107 Document discovery. (a) Parties to proceedings set forth at § 308.01 of the Uniform Rules and as provided in the Local Rules may obtain discovery...

  2. 12 CFR 308.107 - Document discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Document discovery. 308.107 Section 308.107... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Rules of Procedure § 308.107 Document discovery. (a) Parties to proceedings set forth at § 308.01 of the Uniform Rules and as provided in the Local Rules may obtain discovery...

  3. 12 CFR 308.107 - Document discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Document discovery. 308.107 Section 308.107... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Rules of Procedure § 308.107 Document discovery. (a) Parties to proceedings set forth at § 308.01 of the Uniform Rules and as provided in the Local Rules may obtain discovery...

  4. 12 CFR 308.107 - Document discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Document discovery. 308.107 Section 308.107... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Rules of Procedure § 308.107 Document discovery. (a) Parties to proceedings set forth at § 308.01 of the Uniform Rules and as provided in the Local Rules may obtain discovery...

  5. 12 CFR 308.107 - Document discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Document discovery. 308.107 Section 308.107... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Rules of Procedure § 308.107 Document discovery. (a) Parties to proceedings set forth at § 308.01 of the Uniform Rules and as provided in the Local Rules may obtain discovery...

  6. 76 FR 13937 - Rules of Practice in Proceedings Relative to False Representation and Lottery Orders

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-15

    ... appropriate affidavit of service. The new rule clarifies that discovery does not need to be filed with the... participate in voluntary discovery without the intervention of the presiding officer and to clarify the discovery rules. Accordingly, the Postal Service invites public comment on the following proposed rules...

  7. 19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Specific rules by tariff classification. 102.20 Section 102.20 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified...

  8. 19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Specific rules by tariff classification. 102.20 Section 102.20 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified...

  9. 19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Specific rules by tariff classification. 102.20 Section 102.20 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified...

  10. 46 CFR 565.9 - Commission review, suspension and prohibition of rates, charges, classifications, rules or...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ..., charges, classifications, rules or regulations. 565.9 Section 565.9 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION... Commission review, suspension and prohibition of rates, charges, classifications, rules or regulations. (a)(1..., charges, classifications, rules or regulations) from the Commission, each controlled carrier shall file a...

  11. 46 CFR 565.9 - Commission review, suspension and prohibition of rates, charges, classifications, rules or...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., charges, classifications, rules or regulations. 565.9 Section 565.9 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION... Commission review, suspension and prohibition of rates, charges, classifications, rules or regulations. (a)(1..., charges, classifications, rules or regulations) from the Commission, each controlled carrier shall file a...

  12. Discovery and Classification in Astronomy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dick, Steven J.

    2012-01-01

    Three decades after Martin Harwit's pioneering Cosmic Discovery (1981), and following on the recent IAU Symposium "Accelerating the Rate of Astronomical Discovery,” we have revisited the problem of discovery in astronomy, emphasizing new classes of objects. 82 such classes have been identified and analyzed, including 22 in the realm of the planets, 36 in the realm of the stars, and 24 in the realm of the galaxies. We find an extended structure of discovery, consisting of detection, interpretation and understanding, each with its own nuances and a microstructure including conceptual, technological and social roles. This is true with a remarkable degree of consistency over the last 400 years of telescopic astronomy, ranging from Galileo's discovery of satellites, planetary rings and star clusters, to the discovery of quasars and pulsars. Telescopes have served as "engines of discovery” in several ways, ranging from telescope size and sensitivity (planetary nebulae and spiral galaxies), to specialized detectors (TNOs) and the opening of the electromagnetic spectrum for astronomy (pulsars, pulsar planets, and most active galaxies). A few classes (radiation belts, the solar wind and cosmic rays), were initially discovered without the telescope. Classification also plays an important role in discovery. While it might seem that classification marks the end of discovery, or a post-discovery phase, in fact it often marks the beginning, even a pre-discovery phase. Nowhere is this more clearly seen than in the classification of stellar spectra, long before dwarfs, giants and supergiants were known, or their evolutionary sequence recognized. Classification may also be part of a post-discovery phase, as in the MK system of stellar classification, constructed after the discovery of stellar luminosity classes. Some classes are declared rather than discovered, as in the case of gas and ice giant planets, and, infamously, Pluto as a dwarf planet.

  13. 18 CFR 385.410 - Objections to discovery, motions to quash or to compel, and protective orders (Rule 410).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Objections to discovery... RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery Procedures for Matters Set for Hearing Under Subpart E § 385.410 Objections to discovery, motions to quash or to compel, and protective orders (Rule 410). (a...

  14. 76 FR 56848 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-14

    ... Rule Change To Amend FINRA Rule 9251 to Explicitly Protect From Discovery Those Documents That Federal... explicitly protect from discovery those documents that federal law prohibits FINRA from disclosing. The... the discovery phase of a disciplinary proceeding. The rule also explicitly shields certain types of...

  15. 18 CFR 385.402 - Scope of discovery (Rule 402).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... Matters Set for Hearing Under Subpart E § 385.402 Scope of discovery (Rule 402). (a) General. Unless... Rule 410(c), participants may obtain discovery of any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the subject matter of the pending proceeding, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition...

  16. 18 CFR 385.402 - Scope of discovery (Rule 402).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... Matters Set for Hearing Under Subpart E § 385.402 Scope of discovery (Rule 402). (a) General. Unless... Rule 410(c), participants may obtain discovery of any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the subject matter of the pending proceeding, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition...

  17. 18 CFR 385.402 - Scope of discovery (Rule 402).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Matters Set for Hearing Under Subpart E § 385.402 Scope of discovery (Rule 402). (a) General. Unless... Rule 410(c), participants may obtain discovery of any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the subject matter of the pending proceeding, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition...

  18. 18 CFR 385.402 - Scope of discovery (Rule 402).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Matters Set for Hearing Under Subpart E § 385.402 Scope of discovery (Rule 402). (a) General. Unless... Rule 410(c), participants may obtain discovery of any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the subject matter of the pending proceeding, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition...

  19. 19 CFR 177.2 - Submission of ruling requests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... indicated, if known. Requests for tariff classification rulings should be addressed to the Director.... Customs and Border Protection, New York, New York, 10119, Attn: Classification Ruling Requests, New York... relevant customs and related laws. (ii) Tariff classification rulings. (A) If the transaction involves the...

  20. 19 CFR 177.2 - Submission of ruling requests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... indicated, if known. Requests for tariff classification rulings should be addressed to the Director.... Customs and Border Protection, New York, New York, 10119, Attn: Classification Ruling Requests, New York... relevant customs and related laws. (ii) Tariff classification rulings. (A) If the transaction involves the...

  1. Classification Based on Pruning and Double Covered Rule Sets for the Internet of Things Applications

    PubMed Central

    Zhou, Zhongmei; Wang, Weiping

    2014-01-01

    The Internet of things (IOT) is a hot issue in recent years. It accumulates large amounts of data by IOT users, which is a great challenge to mining useful knowledge from IOT. Classification is an effective strategy which can predict the need of users in IOT. However, many traditional rule-based classifiers cannot guarantee that all instances can be covered by at least two classification rules. Thus, these algorithms cannot achieve high accuracy in some datasets. In this paper, we propose a new rule-based classification, CDCR-P (Classification based on the Pruning and Double Covered Rule sets). CDCR-P can induce two different rule sets A and B. Every instance in training set can be covered by at least one rule not only in rule set A, but also in rule set B. In order to improve the quality of rule set B, we take measure to prune the length of rules in rule set B. Our experimental results indicate that, CDCR-P not only is feasible, but also it can achieve high accuracy. PMID:24511304

  2. Classification based on pruning and double covered rule sets for the internet of things applications.

    PubMed

    Li, Shasha; Zhou, Zhongmei; Wang, Weiping

    2014-01-01

    The Internet of things (IOT) is a hot issue in recent years. It accumulates large amounts of data by IOT users, which is a great challenge to mining useful knowledge from IOT. Classification is an effective strategy which can predict the need of users in IOT. However, many traditional rule-based classifiers cannot guarantee that all instances can be covered by at least two classification rules. Thus, these algorithms cannot achieve high accuracy in some datasets. In this paper, we propose a new rule-based classification, CDCR-P (Classification based on the Pruning and Double Covered Rule sets). CDCR-P can induce two different rule sets A and B. Every instance in training set can be covered by at least one rule not only in rule set A, but also in rule set B. In order to improve the quality of rule set B, we take measure to prune the length of rules in rule set B. Our experimental results indicate that, CDCR-P not only is feasible, but also it can achieve high accuracy.

  3. 76 FR 44645 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-26

    ... Change To Amend FINRA Rule 9251 to Explicitly Protect From Discovery Those Documents That Federal Law... to amend FINRA Rule 9251 to explicitly protect from discovery those documents that federal law... produce to respondents during the discovery phase of a disciplinary proceeding. The rule also explicitly...

  4. 12 CFR 19.170 - Discovery depositions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery depositions. 19.170 Section 19.170 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery Depositions and Subpoenas § 19.170 Discovery depositions. (a) General rule. In any...

  5. 49 CFR 821.55 - Complaint, answer to complaint, motions and discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... and upon just and reasonable terms. (d) Discovery. Discovery is authorized in proceedings governed by...) NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD RULES OF PRACTICE IN AIR SAFETY PROCEEDINGS Special Rules Applicable... to complaint, motions and discovery. (a) Complaint. In proceedings governed by this subpart, the...

  6. 19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified in § 102.11(a)(3) and other sections of this part. Where a rule under this section permits a change to a subheading from another subheading of the same heading...

  7. 46 CFR 201.109 - Discovery and production of documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 201.109 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery and Depositions (Rule 11) § 201.109 Discovery and production... any designated documents, papers, books, accounts, letters, photographs, objects, or tangible things...

  8. Hierarchy-associated semantic-rule inference framework for classifying indoor scenes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yu, Dan; Liu, Peng; Ye, Zhipeng; Tang, Xianglong; Zhao, Wei

    2016-03-01

    Typically, the initial task of classifying indoor scenes is challenging, because the spatial layout and decoration of a scene can vary considerably. Recent efforts at classifying object relationships commonly depend on the results of scene annotation and predefined rules, making classification inflexible. Furthermore, annotation results are easily affected by external factors. Inspired by human cognition, a scene-classification framework was proposed using the empirically based annotation (EBA) and a match-over rule-based (MRB) inference system. The semantic hierarchy of images is exploited by EBA to construct rules empirically for MRB classification. The problem of scene classification is divided into low-level annotation and high-level inference from a macro perspective. Low-level annotation involves detecting the semantic hierarchy and annotating the scene with a deformable-parts model and a bag-of-visual-words model. In high-level inference, hierarchical rules are extracted to train the decision tree for classification. The categories of testing samples are generated from the parts to the whole. Compared with traditional classification strategies, the proposed semantic hierarchy and corresponding rules reduce the effect of a variable background and improve the classification performance. The proposed framework was evaluated on a popular indoor scene dataset, and the experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness.

  9. 40 CFR 305.26 - Prehearing conference.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... LIABILITY ACT (CERCLA) ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING PROCEDURES FOR CLAIMS AGAINST THE SUPERFUND Prehearing... discovery. (1) Discovery shall include any of the methods described in rule 26(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (2) The parties may conduct any mutually agreed upon discovery without participation or...

  10. 46 CFR 31.01-3 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and...; telephone (202) 372-1372; or fax (202) 372-1925. Approved classification society rules and supplements are...

  11. 46 CFR 31.01-3 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and...; telephone (202) 372-1372; or fax (202) 372-1925. Approved classification society rules and supplements are...

  12. 19 CFR 177.8 - Issuance of rulings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    .... Any person engaging in a Customs transaction with respect to which a binding tariff classification ruling letter (including pre-entry classification decisions) has been issued under this part shall... tariff classification of merchandise shall set forth such classification in the documents or information...

  13. 19 CFR 177.8 - Issuance of rulings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    .... Any person engaging in a Customs transaction with respect to which a binding tariff classification ruling letter (including pre-entry classification decisions) has been issued under this part shall... tariff classification of merchandise shall set forth such classification in the documents or information...

  14. 19 CFR 177.8 - Issuance of rulings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    .... Any person engaging in a Customs transaction with respect to which a binding tariff classification ruling letter (including pre-entry classification decisions) has been issued under this part shall... tariff classification of merchandise shall set forth such classification in the documents or information...

  15. 19 CFR 177.8 - Issuance of rulings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    .... Any person engaging in a Customs transaction with respect to which a binding tariff classification ruling letter (including pre-entry classification decisions) has been issued under this part shall... tariff classification of merchandise shall set forth such classification in the documents or information...

  16. Knowledge-based approach to video content classification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Yu; Wong, Edward K.

    2001-01-01

    A framework for video content classification using a knowledge-based approach is herein proposed. This approach is motivated by the fact that videos are rich in semantic contents, which can best be interpreted and analyzed by human experts. We demonstrate the concept by implementing a prototype video classification system using the rule-based programming language CLIPS 6.05. Knowledge for video classification is encoded as a set of rules in the rule base. The left-hand-sides of rules contain high level and low level features, while the right-hand-sides of rules contain intermediate results or conclusions. Our current implementation includes features computed from motion, color, and text extracted from video frames. Our current rule set allows us to classify input video into one of five classes: news, weather, reporting, commercial, basketball and football. We use MYCIN's inexact reasoning method for combining evidences, and to handle the uncertainties in the features and in the classification results. We obtained good results in a preliminary experiment, and it demonstrated the validity of the proposed approach.

  17. Knowledge-based approach to video content classification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Yu; Wong, Edward K.

    2000-12-01

    A framework for video content classification using a knowledge-based approach is herein proposed. This approach is motivated by the fact that videos are rich in semantic contents, which can best be interpreted and analyzed by human experts. We demonstrate the concept by implementing a prototype video classification system using the rule-based programming language CLIPS 6.05. Knowledge for video classification is encoded as a set of rules in the rule base. The left-hand-sides of rules contain high level and low level features, while the right-hand-sides of rules contain intermediate results or conclusions. Our current implementation includes features computed from motion, color, and text extracted from video frames. Our current rule set allows us to classify input video into one of five classes: news, weather, reporting, commercial, basketball and football. We use MYCIN's inexact reasoning method for combining evidences, and to handle the uncertainties in the features and in the classification results. We obtained good results in a preliminary experiment, and it demonstrated the validity of the proposed approach.

  18. 29 CFR 18.14 - Scope of discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Secretary of Labor RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS BEFORE THE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES General § 18.14 Scope of discovery. (a) Unless otherwise limited by order of the administrative law judge in accordance with these rules, the parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter...

  19. 12 CFR 109.102 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Discovery. 109.102 Section 109.102 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ADJUDICATORY PROCEEDINGS Local Rules § 109.102 Discovery. (a) In general. A party may take the deposition of an...

  20. 12 CFR 509.102 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Discovery. 509.102 Section 509.102 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ADJUDICATORY PROCEEDINGS Local Rules § 509.102 Discovery. (a) In general. A party may take the deposition of an...

  1. 12 CFR 509.102 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Discovery. 509.102 Section 509.102 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ADJUDICATORY PROCEEDINGS Local Rules § 509.102 Discovery. (a) In general. A party may take the deposition of an...

  2. 12 CFR 509.102 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Discovery. 509.102 Section 509.102 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ADJUDICATORY PROCEEDINGS Local Rules § 509.102 Discovery. (a) In general. A party may take the deposition of an...

  3. 12 CFR 509.102 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery. 509.102 Section 509.102 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ADJUDICATORY PROCEEDINGS Local Rules § 509.102 Discovery. (a) In general. A party may take the deposition of an...

  4. 12 CFR 109.102 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Discovery. 109.102 Section 109.102 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ADJUDICATORY PROCEEDINGS Local Rules § 109.102 Discovery. (a) In general. A party may take the deposition of an...

  5. 12 CFR 109.102 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery. 109.102 Section 109.102 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ADJUDICATORY PROCEEDINGS Local Rules § 109.102 Discovery. (a) In general. A party may take the deposition of an...

  6. 12 CFR 509.102 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery. 509.102 Section 509.102 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE IN ADJUDICATORY PROCEEDINGS Local Rules § 509.102 Discovery. (a) In general. A party may take the deposition of an...

  7. 76 FR 69119 - Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Transitional Worker Classification: Correction

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-08

    ...] RIN 1615-AB76 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Transitional Worker Classification... Transitional Worker Classification. In that rule, we had sought to modify the title of a paragraph, but... the final rule Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Transitional Worker Classification...

  8. 18 CFR 385.401 - Applicability (Rule 401).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery Procedures for Matters Set... in paragraph (b) of this section, this subpart applies to discovery in proceedings set for hearing... under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552, governed by Part 388 of this chapter; or, (2...

  9. Novel high/low solubility classification methods for new molecular entities.

    PubMed

    Dave, Rutwij A; Morris, Marilyn E

    2016-09-10

    This research describes a rapid solubility classification approach that could be used in the discovery and development of new molecular entities. Compounds (N=635) were divided into two groups based on information available in the literature: high solubility (BDDCS/BCS 1/3) and low solubility (BDDCS/BCS 2/4). We established decision rules for determining solubility classes using measured log solubility in molar units (MLogSM) or measured solubility (MSol) in mg/ml units. ROC curve analysis was applied to determine statistically significant threshold values of MSol and MLogSM. Results indicated that NMEs with MLogSM>-3.05 or MSol>0.30mg/mL will have ≥85% probability of being highly soluble and new molecular entities with MLogSM≤-3.05 or MSol≤0.30mg/mL will have ≥85% probability of being poorly soluble. When comparing solubility classification using the threshold values of MLogSM or MSol with BDDCS, we were able to correctly classify 85% of compounds. We also evaluated solubility classification of an independent set of 108 orally administered drugs using MSol (0.3mg/mL) and our method correctly classified 81% and 95% of compounds into high and low solubility classes, respectively. The high/low solubility classification using MLogSM or MSol is novel and independent of traditionally used dose number criteria. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  10. Rule-guided human classification of Volunteered Geographic Information

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ali, Ahmed Loai; Falomir, Zoe; Schmid, Falko; Freksa, Christian

    2017-05-01

    During the last decade, web technologies and location sensing devices have evolved generating a form of crowdsourcing known as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). VGI acted as a platform of spatial data collection, in particular, when a group of public participants are involved in collaborative mapping activities: they work together to collect, share, and use information about geographic features. VGI exploits participants' local knowledge to produce rich data sources. However, the resulting data inherits problematic data classification. In VGI projects, the challenges of data classification are due to the following: (i) data is likely prone to subjective classification, (ii) remote contributions and flexible contribution mechanisms in most projects, and (iii) the uncertainty of spatial data and non-strict definitions of geographic features. These factors lead to various forms of problematic classification: inconsistent, incomplete, and imprecise data classification. This research addresses classification appropriateness. Whether the classification of an entity is appropriate or inappropriate is related to quantitative and/or qualitative observations. Small differences between observations may be not recognizable particularly for non-expert participants. Hence, in this paper, the problem is tackled by developing a rule-guided classification approach. This approach exploits data mining techniques of Association Classification (AC) to extract descriptive (qualitative) rules of specific geographic features. The rules are extracted based on the investigation of qualitative topological relations between target features and their context. Afterwards, the extracted rules are used to develop a recommendation system able to guide participants to the most appropriate classification. The approach proposes two scenarios to guide participants towards enhancing the quality of data classification. An empirical study is conducted to investigate the classification of grass-related features like forest, garden, park, and meadow. The findings of this study indicate the feasibility of the proposed approach.

  11. Universal Fragment Descriptors for Predicting Electronic and Mechanical Properties of Inorganic Crystals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oses, Corey; Isayev, Olexandr; Toher, Cormac; Curtarolo, Stefano; Tropsha, Alexander

    Historically, materials discovery is driven by a laborious trial-and-error process. The growth of materials databases and emerging informatics approaches finally offer the opportunity to transform this practice into data- and knowledge-driven rational design-accelerating discovery of novel materials exhibiting desired properties. By using data from the AFLOW repository for high-throughput, ab-initio calculations, we have generated Quantitative Materials Structure-Property Relationship (QMSPR) models to predict critical materials properties, including the metal/insulator classification, band gap energy, and bulk modulus. The prediction accuracy obtained with these QMSPR models approaches training data for virtually any stoichiometric inorganic crystalline material. We attribute the success and universality of these models to the construction of new materials descriptors-referred to as the universal Property-Labeled Material Fragments (PLMF). This representation affords straightforward model interpretation in terms of simple heuristic design rules that could guide rational materials design. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the power of materials informatics to dramatically accelerate the search for new materials.

  12. A Knowledge Discovery Approach to Diagnosing Intracranial Hematomas on Brain CT: Recognition, Measurement and Classification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liao, Chun-Chih; Xiao, Furen; Wong, Jau-Min; Chiang, I.-Jen

    Computed tomography (CT) of the brain is preferred study on neurological emergencies. Physicians use CT to diagnose various types of intracranial hematomas, including epidural, subdural and intracerebral hematomas according to their locations and shapes. We propose a novel method that can automatically diagnose intracranial hematomas by combining machine vision and knowledge discovery techniques. The skull on the CT slice is located and the depth of each intracranial pixel is labeled. After normalization of the pixel intensities by their depth, the hyperdense area of intracranial hematoma is segmented with multi-resolution thresholding and region-growing. We then apply C4.5 algorithm to construct a decision tree using the features of the segmented hematoma and the diagnoses made by physicians. The algorithm was evaluated on 48 pathological images treated in a single institute. The two discovered rules closely resemble those used by human experts, and are able to make correct diagnoses in all cases.

  13. 46 CFR 8.430 - U.S. Supplement to class rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... authorization to participate in the ACP, a recognized classification society must prepare, and receive Commandant (CG-521) approval of, a U.S. Supplement to the recognized classification society's class rules... of that classification society or applicable international regulations. ...

  14. 46 CFR 8.430 - U.S. Supplement to class rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... authorization to participate in the ACP, a recognized classification society must prepare, and receive Commandant (CG-521) approval of, a U.S. Supplement to the recognized classification society's class rules... of that classification society or applicable international regulations. ...

  15. 76 FR 27753 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Regulation Project

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-12

    ... collection requirements related to Simplification of Entity Classification Rules. DATES: Written comments....gov . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Simplification of Entity Classification Rules. OMB Number... partnerships for federal tax purposes. The election is made by filing Form 8832, Entity Classification Election...

  16. 46 CFR 126.235 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... purposes of this section, a list of authorized classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and supplements, is available from Commandant (CG-5212.... Approved classification society rules and supplements are incorporated by reference into 46 CFR 8.110(b...

  17. 46 CFR 126.235 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... purposes of this section, a list of authorized classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and supplements, is available from Commandant (CG-5212.... Approved classification society rules and supplements are incorporated by reference into 46 CFR 8.110(b...

  18. 46 CFR 91.15-5 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... this section, a list of authorized classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and supplements, is available from Commandant (CG-521), 2100.... Approved classification society rules and supplements are incorporated by reference into 46 CFR 8.110(b...

  19. 46 CFR 91.15-5 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... this section, a list of authorized classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and supplements, is available from Commandant (CG-521), 2100.... Approved classification society rules and supplements are incorporated by reference into 46 CFR 8.110(b...

  20. Verification, refinement, and applicability of long-term pavement performance vehicle classification rules.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-11-01

    The Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) project has developed and deployed a set of rules for converting axle spacing and weight data into estimates of a vehicles classification. These rules are being used at Transportation Pooled Fund Study (TP...

  1. Rule groupings in expert systems using nearest neighbour decision rules, and convex hulls

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Anastasiadis, Stergios

    1991-01-01

    Expert System shells are lacking in many areas of software engineering. Large rule based systems are not semantically comprehensible, difficult to debug, and impossible to modify or validate. Partitioning a set of rules found in CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) into groups of rules which reflect the underlying semantic subdomains of the problem, will address adequately the concerns stated above. Techniques are introduced to structure a CLIPS rule base into groups of rules that inherently have common semantic information. The concepts involved are imported from the field of A.I., Pattern Recognition, and Statistical Inference. Techniques focus on the areas of feature selection, classification, and a criteria of how 'good' the classification technique is, based on Bayesian Decision Theory. A variety of distance metrics are discussed for measuring the 'closeness' of CLIPS rules and various Nearest Neighbor classification algorithms are described based on the above metric.

  2. Rule-based land use/land cover classification in coastal areas using seasonal remote sensing imagery: a case study from Lianyungang City, China.

    PubMed

    Yang, Xiaoyan; Chen, Longgao; Li, Yingkui; Xi, Wenjia; Chen, Longqian

    2015-07-01

    Land use/land cover (LULC) inventory provides an important dataset in regional planning and environmental assessment. To efficiently obtain the LULC inventory, we compared the LULC classifications based on single satellite imagery with a rule-based classification based on multi-seasonal imagery in Lianyungang City, a coastal city in China, using CBERS-02 (the 2nd China-Brazil Environmental Resource Satellites) images. The overall accuracies of the classification based on single imagery are 78.9, 82.8, and 82.0% in winter, early summer, and autumn, respectively. The rule-based classification improves the accuracy to 87.9% (kappa 0.85), suggesting that combining multi-seasonal images can considerably improve the classification accuracy over any single image-based classification. This method could also be used to analyze seasonal changes of LULC types, especially for those associated with tidal changes in coastal areas. The distribution and inventory of LULC types with an overall accuracy of 87.9% and a spatial resolution of 19.5 m can assist regional planning and environmental assessment efficiently in Lianyungang City. This rule-based classification provides a guidance to improve accuracy for coastal areas with distinct LULC temporal spectral features.

  3. High Dimensional Classification Using Features Annealed Independence Rules.

    PubMed

    Fan, Jianqing; Fan, Yingying

    2008-01-01

    Classification using high-dimensional features arises frequently in many contemporary statistical studies such as tumor classification using microarray or other high-throughput data. The impact of dimensionality on classifications is largely poorly understood. In a seminal paper, Bickel and Levina (2004) show that the Fisher discriminant performs poorly due to diverging spectra and they propose to use the independence rule to overcome the problem. We first demonstrate that even for the independence classification rule, classification using all the features can be as bad as the random guessing due to noise accumulation in estimating population centroids in high-dimensional feature space. In fact, we demonstrate further that almost all linear discriminants can perform as bad as the random guessing. Thus, it is paramountly important to select a subset of important features for high-dimensional classification, resulting in Features Annealed Independence Rules (FAIR). The conditions under which all the important features can be selected by the two-sample t-statistic are established. The choice of the optimal number of features, or equivalently, the threshold value of the test statistics are proposed based on an upper bound of the classification error. Simulation studies and real data analysis support our theoretical results and demonstrate convincingly the advantage of our new classification procedure.

  4. 29 CFR 2580.412-19 - Term of the bond, discovery period, other bond clauses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... SECURITY ACT OF 1974 TEMPORARY BONDING RULES General Bond Rules § 2580.412-19 Term of the bond, discovery... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Term of the bond, discovery period, other bond clauses... new bond must be obtained each year. There is nothing in the Act that prohibits a bond for a term...

  5. Automated rule-base creation via CLIPS-Induce

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Murphy, Patrick M.

    1994-01-01

    Many CLIPS rule-bases contain one or more rule groups that perform classification. In this paper we describe CLIPS-Induce, an automated system for the creation of a CLIPS classification rule-base from a set of test cases. CLIPS-Induce consists of two components, a decision tree induction component and a CLIPS production extraction component. ID3, a popular decision tree induction algorithm, is used to induce a decision tree from the test cases. CLIPS production extraction is accomplished through a top-down traversal of the decision tree. Nodes of the tree are used to construct query rules, and branches of the tree are used to construct classification rules. The learned CLIPS productions may easily be incorporated into a large CLIPS system that perform tasks such as accessing a database or displaying information.

  6. 78 FR 66813 - Visas: Regulatory Exception to Permit Compliance With the United Nations Headquarters Agreement...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-06

    ... Visa Classifications; Final Rule #0;#0;Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 215 / Wednesday, November 6... Family'' for Certain Nonimmigrant Visa Classifications AGENCY: Department of State. ACTION: Final rule... classifications and also applies to foreign government officials who may be admitted in immediate and continuous...

  7. Can SLE classification rules be effectively applied to diagnose unclear SLE cases?

    PubMed Central

    Mesa, Annia; Fernandez, Mitch; Wu, Wensong; Narasimhan, Giri; Greidinger, Eric L.; Mills, DeEtta K.

    2016-01-01

    Summary Objective Develop a novel classification criteria to distinguish between unclear SLE and MCTD cases. Methods A total of 205 variables from 111 SLE and 55 MCTD patients were evaluated to uncover unique molecular and clinical markers for each disease. Binomial logistic regressions (BLR) were performed on currently used SLE and MCTD classification criteria sets to obtain six reduced models with power to discriminate between unclear SLE and MCTD patients which were confirmed by Receiving Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Decision trees were employed to delineate novel classification rules to discriminate between unclear SLE and MCTD patients. Results SLE and MCTD patients exhibited contrasting molecular markers and clinical manifestations. Furthermore, reduced models highlighted SLE patients exhibit prevalence of skin rashes and renal disease while MCTD cases show dominance of myositis and muscle weakness. Additionally decision trees analyses revealed a novel classification rule tailored to differentiate unclear SLE and MCTD patients (Lu-vs-M) with an overall accuracy of 88%. Conclusions Validation of our novel proposed classification rule (Lu-vs-M) includes novel contrasting characteristics (calcinosis, CPK elevated and anti-IgM reactivity for U1-70K, U1A and U1C) between SLE and MCTD patients and showed a 33% improvement in distinguishing these disorders when compare to currently used classification criteria sets. Pending additional validation, our novel classification rule is a promising method to distinguish between patients with unclear SLE and MCTD diagnosis. PMID:27353506

  8. CARSVM: a class association rule-based classification framework and its application to gene expression data.

    PubMed

    Kianmehr, Keivan; Alhajj, Reda

    2008-09-01

    In this study, we aim at building a classification framework, namely the CARSVM model, which integrates association rule mining and support vector machine (SVM). The goal is to benefit from advantages of both, the discriminative knowledge represented by class association rules and the classification power of the SVM algorithm, to construct an efficient and accurate classifier model that improves the interpretability problem of SVM as a traditional machine learning technique and overcomes the efficiency issues of associative classification algorithms. In our proposed framework: instead of using the original training set, a set of rule-based feature vectors, which are generated based on the discriminative ability of class association rules over the training samples, are presented to the learning component of the SVM algorithm. We show that rule-based feature vectors present a high-qualified source of discrimination knowledge that can impact substantially the prediction power of SVM and associative classification techniques. They provide users with more conveniences in terms of understandability and interpretability as well. We have used four datasets from UCI ML repository to evaluate the performance of the developed system in comparison with five well-known existing classification methods. Because of the importance and popularity of gene expression analysis as real world application of the classification model, we present an extension of CARSVM combined with feature selection to be applied to gene expression data. Then, we describe how this combination will provide biologists with an efficient and understandable classifier model. The reported test results and their biological interpretation demonstrate the applicability, efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed model. From the results, it can be concluded that a considerable increase in classification accuracy can be obtained when the rule-based feature vectors are integrated in the learning process of the SVM algorithm. In the context of applicability, according to the results obtained from gene expression analysis, we can conclude that the CARSVM system can be utilized in a variety of real world applications with some adjustments.

  9. Nearest Neighbor Classification of Stationary Time Series: An Application to Anesthesia Level Classification by EEG Analysis.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-12-05

    classification procedures that are common in speech processing. The anesthesia level classification by EEG time series population screening problem example is in...formance. The use of the KL number type metric in NN rule classification, in a delete-one subj ect ’s EE-at-a-time KL-NN and KL- kNN classification of the...17 individual labeled EEG sample population using KL-NN and KL- kNN rules. The results obtained are shown in Table 1. The entries in the table indicate

  10. Analyzing Student Inquiry Data Using Process Discovery and Sequence Classification

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Emond, Bruno; Buffett, Scott

    2015-01-01

    This paper reports on results of applying process discovery mining and sequence classification mining techniques to a data set of semi-structured learning activities. The main research objective is to advance educational data mining to model and support self-regulated learning in heterogeneous environments of learning content, activities, and…

  11. GalenOWL: Ontology-based drug recommendations discovery

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    Background Identification of drug-drug and drug-diseases interactions can pose a difficult problem to cope with, as the increasingly large number of available drugs coupled with the ongoing research activities in the pharmaceutical domain, make the task of discovering relevant information difficult. Although international standards, such as the ICD-10 classification and the UNII registration, have been developed in order to enable efficient knowledge sharing, medical staff needs to be constantly updated in order to effectively discover drug interactions before prescription. The use of Semantic Web technologies has been proposed in earlier works, in order to tackle this problem. Results This work presents a semantic-enabled online service, named GalenOWL, capable of offering real time drug-drug and drug-diseases interaction discovery. For enabling this kind of service, medical information and terminology had to be translated to ontological terms and be appropriately coupled with medical knowledge of the field. International standards such as the aforementioned ICD-10 and UNII, provide the backbone of the common representation of medical data, while the medical knowledge of drug interactions is represented by a rule base which makes use of the aforementioned standards. Details of the system architecture are presented while also giving an outline of the difficulties that had to be overcome. A comparison of the developed ontology-based system with a similar system developed using a traditional business logic rule engine is performed, giving insights on the advantages and drawbacks of both implementations. Conclusions The use of Semantic Web technologies has been found to be a good match for developing drug recommendation systems. Ontologies can effectively encapsulate medical knowledge and rule-based reasoning can capture and encode the drug interactions knowledge. PMID:23256945

  12. Negative and Positive Association Rules Mining from Text Using Frequent and Infrequent Itemsets

    PubMed Central

    Mahmood, Sajid; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Guergachi, Aziz

    2014-01-01

    Association rule mining research typically focuses on positive association rules (PARs), generated from frequently occurring itemsets. However, in recent years, there has been a significant research focused on finding interesting infrequent itemsets leading to the discovery of negative association rules (NARs). The discovery of infrequent itemsets is far more difficult than their counterparts, that is, frequent itemsets. These problems include infrequent itemsets discovery and generation of accurate NARs, and their huge number as compared with positive association rules. In medical science, for example, one is interested in factors which can either adjudicate the presence of a disease or write-off of its possibility. The vivid positive symptoms are often obvious; however, negative symptoms are subtler and more difficult to recognize and diagnose. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for discovering positive and negative association rules among frequent and infrequent itemsets. We identify associations among medications, symptoms, and laboratory results using state-of-the-art data mining technology. PMID:24955429

  13. Building a common pipeline for rule-based document classification.

    PubMed

    Patterson, Olga V; Ginter, Thomas; DuVall, Scott L

    2013-01-01

    Instance-based classification of clinical text is a widely used natural language processing task employed as a step for patient classification, document retrieval, or information extraction. Rule-based approaches rely on concept identification and context analysis in order to determine the appropriate class. We propose a five-step process that enables even small research teams to develop simple but powerful rule-based NLP systems by taking advantage of a common UIMA AS based pipeline for classification. Our proposed methodology coupled with the general-purpose solution provides researchers with access to the data locked in clinical text in cases of limited human resources and compact timelines.

  14. Knowledge discovery from patients' behavior via clustering-classification algorithms based on weighted eRFM and CLV model: An empirical study in public health care services.

    PubMed

    Zare Hosseini, Zeinab; Mohammadzadeh, Mahdi

    2016-01-01

    The rapid growing of information technology (IT) motivates and makes competitive advantages in health care industry. Nowadays, many hospitals try to build a successful customer relationship management (CRM) to recognize target and potential patients, increase patient loyalty and satisfaction and finally maximize their profitability. Many hospitals have large data warehouses containing customer demographic and transactions information. Data mining techniques can be used to analyze this data and discover hidden knowledge of customers. This research develops an extended RFM model, namely RFML (added parameter: Length) based on health care services for a public sector hospital in Iran with the idea that there is contrast between patient and customer loyalty, to estimate customer life time value (CLV) for each patient. We used Two-step and K-means algorithms as clustering methods and Decision tree (CHAID) as classification technique to segment the patients to find out target, potential and loyal customers in order to implement strengthen CRM. Two approaches are used for classification: first, the result of clustering is considered as Decision attribute in classification process and second, the result of segmentation based on CLV value of patients (estimated by RFML) is considered as Decision attribute. Finally the results of CHAID algorithm show the significant hidden rules and identify existing patterns of hospital consumers.

  15. Knowledge discovery from patients’ behavior via clustering-classification algorithms based on weighted eRFM and CLV model: An empirical study in public health care services

    PubMed Central

    Zare Hosseini, Zeinab; Mohammadzadeh, Mahdi

    2016-01-01

    The rapid growing of information technology (IT) motivates and makes competitive advantages in health care industry. Nowadays, many hospitals try to build a successful customer relationship management (CRM) to recognize target and potential patients, increase patient loyalty and satisfaction and finally maximize their profitability. Many hospitals have large data warehouses containing customer demographic and transactions information. Data mining techniques can be used to analyze this data and discover hidden knowledge of customers. This research develops an extended RFM model, namely RFML (added parameter: Length) based on health care services for a public sector hospital in Iran with the idea that there is contrast between patient and customer loyalty, to estimate customer life time value (CLV) for each patient. We used Two-step and K-means algorithms as clustering methods and Decision tree (CHAID) as classification technique to segment the patients to find out target, potential and loyal customers in order to implement strengthen CRM. Two approaches are used for classification: first, the result of clustering is considered as Decision attribute in classification process and second, the result of segmentation based on CLV value of patients (estimated by RFML) is considered as Decision attribute. Finally the results of CHAID algorithm show the significant hidden rules and identify existing patterns of hospital consumers. PMID:27610177

  16. Logical-rule models of classification response times: a synthesis of mental-architecture, random-walk, and decision-bound approaches.

    PubMed

    Fific, Mario; Little, Daniel R; Nosofsky, Robert M

    2010-04-01

    We formalize and provide tests of a set of logical-rule models for predicting perceptual classification response times (RTs) and choice probabilities. The models are developed by synthesizing mental-architecture, random-walk, and decision-bound approaches. According to the models, people make independent decisions about the locations of stimuli along a set of component dimensions. Those independent decisions are then combined via logical rules to determine the overall categorization response. The time course of the independent decisions is modeled via random-walk processes operating along individual dimensions. Alternative mental architectures are used as mechanisms for combining the independent decisions to implement the logical rules. We derive fundamental qualitative contrasts for distinguishing among the predictions of the rule models and major alternative models of classification RT. We also use the models to predict detailed RT-distribution data associated with individual stimuli in tasks of speeded perceptual classification. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved.

  17. 77 FR 73334 - Adding International Energy Efficiency (IEE) Certificate to List of Certificates a Recognized...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-10

    ... Classification Society May Issue AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The Coast Guard is...) Certificate to the list of certificates that a recognized classification society may issue on behalf of the... January 1, 2013. This rule will enable recognized classification societies to apply to the Coast Guard to...

  18. 12 CFR 308.24 - Scope of document discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Scope of document discovery. 308.24 Section 308.24 Banks and Banking FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION PROCEDURE AND RULES OF PRACTICE RULES OF... the Constitution, any applicable act of Congress, or the principles of common law provide. (d) Time...

  19. 18 CFR 385.402 - Scope of discovery (Rule 402).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Scope of discovery (Rule 402). 385.402 Section 385.402 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... persons having any knowledge of any discoverable matter. It is not ground for objection that the...

  20. Integrated approach using data mining-based decision tree and object-based image analysis for high-resolution urban mapping of WorldView-2 satellite sensor data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hamedianfar, Alireza; Shafri, Helmi Zulhaidi Mohd

    2016-04-01

    This paper integrates decision tree-based data mining (DM) and object-based image analysis (OBIA) to provide a transferable model for the detailed characterization of urban land-cover classes using WorldView-2 (WV-2) satellite images. Many articles have been published on OBIA in recent years based on DM for different applications. However, less attention has been paid to the generation of a transferable model for characterizing detailed urban land cover features. Three subsets of WV-2 images were used in this paper to generate transferable OBIA rule-sets. Many features were explored by using a DM algorithm, which created the classification rules as a decision tree (DT) structure from the first study area. The developed DT algorithm was applied to object-based classifications in the first study area. After this process, we validated the capability and transferability of the classification rules into second and third subsets. Detailed ground truth samples were collected to assess the classification results. The first, second, and third study areas achieved 88%, 85%, and 85% overall accuracies, respectively. Results from the investigation indicate that DM was an efficient method to provide the optimal and transferable classification rules for OBIA, which accelerates the rule-sets creation stage in the OBIA classification domain.

  1. 49 CFR 1503.633 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 9 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Discovery. 1503.633 Section 1503.633... Rules of Practice in TSA Civil Penalty Actions § 1503.633 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or approval of the ALJ, at...

  2. 49 CFR 1503.633 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 9 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Discovery. 1503.633 Section 1503.633... Rules of Practice in TSA Civil Penalty Actions § 1503.633 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or approval of the ALJ, at...

  3. 15 CFR 719.10 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Discovery. 719.10 Section 719.10... Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery regarding any matter... the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with this...

  4. 49 CFR 1503.633 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Discovery. 1503.633 Section 1503.633... Rules of Practice in TSA Civil Penalty Actions § 1503.633 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or approval of the ALJ, at...

  5. 49 CFR 1503.633 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Discovery. 1503.633 Section 1503.633... Rules of Practice in TSA Civil Penalty Actions § 1503.633 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or approval of the ALJ, at...

  6. 15 CFR 719.10 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery. 719.10 Section 719.10... Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery regarding any matter... the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with this...

  7. 15 CFR 719.10 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Discovery. 719.10 Section 719.10... Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery regarding any matter... the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with this...

  8. 49 CFR 1503.633 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Discovery. 1503.633 Section 1503.633... Rules of Practice in TSA Civil Penalty Actions § 1503.633 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or approval of the ALJ, at...

  9. 15 CFR 719.10 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery. 719.10 Section 719.10... Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery regarding any matter... the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with this...

  10. Accurate crop classification using hierarchical genetic fuzzy rule-based systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Topaloglou, Charalampos A.; Mylonas, Stelios K.; Stavrakoudis, Dimitris G.; Mastorocostas, Paris A.; Theocharis, John B.

    2014-10-01

    This paper investigates the effectiveness of an advanced classification system for accurate crop classification using very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery. Specifically, a recently proposed genetic fuzzy rule-based classification system (GFRBCS) is employed, namely, the Hierarchical Rule-based Linguistic Classifier (HiRLiC). HiRLiC's model comprises a small set of simple IF-THEN fuzzy rules, easily interpretable by humans. One of its most important attributes is that its learning algorithm requires minimum user interaction, since the most important learning parameters affecting the classification accuracy are determined by the learning algorithm automatically. HiRLiC is applied in a challenging crop classification task, using a SPOT5 satellite image over an intensively cultivated area in a lake-wetland ecosystem in northern Greece. A rich set of higher-order spectral and textural features is derived from the initial bands of the (pan-sharpened) image, resulting in an input space comprising 119 features. The experimental analysis proves that HiRLiC compares favorably to other interpretable classifiers of the literature, both in terms of structural complexity and classification accuracy. Its testing accuracy was very close to that obtained by complex state-of-the-art classification systems, such as the support vector machines (SVM) and random forest (RF) classifiers. Nevertheless, visual inspection of the derived classification maps shows that HiRLiC is characterized by higher generalization properties, providing more homogeneous classifications that the competitors. Moreover, the runtime requirements for producing the thematic map was orders of magnitude lower than the respective for the competitors.

  11. 18 CFR 385.403 - Methods of discovery; general provisions (Rule 403).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Methods of discovery; general provisions (Rule 403). 385.403 Section 385.403 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL... the response is true and accurate to the best of that person's knowledge, information, and belief...

  12. 43 CFR 4.1130 - Discovery methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Discovery methods. 4.1130 Section 4.1130... Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Discovery § 4.1130 Discovery methods. Parties may obtain discovery by one or more of the following methods— (a) Depositions upon oral...

  13. 43 CFR 4.1130 - Discovery methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Discovery methods. 4.1130 Section 4.1130... Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Discovery § 4.1130 Discovery methods. Parties may obtain discovery by one or more of the following methods— (a) Depositions upon oral...

  14. 43 CFR 4.1130 - Discovery methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Discovery methods. 4.1130 Section 4.1130... Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Discovery § 4.1130 Discovery methods. Parties may obtain discovery by one or more of the following methods— (a) Depositions upon oral...

  15. 43 CFR 4.1130 - Discovery methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Discovery methods. 4.1130 Section 4.1130... Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Discovery § 4.1130 Discovery methods. Parties may obtain discovery by one or more of the following methods— (a) Depositions upon oral...

  16. 10 CFR 2.705 - Discovery-additional methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery-additional methods. 2.705 Section 2.705 Energy... Rules for Formal Adjudications § 2.705 Discovery-additional methods. (a) Discovery methods. Parties may obtain discovery by one or more of the following methods: depositions upon oral examination or written...

  17. 43 CFR 4.1130 - Discovery methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Discovery methods. 4.1130 Section 4.1130... Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Discovery § 4.1130 Discovery methods. Parties may obtain discovery by one or more of the following methods— (a) Depositions upon oral...

  18. 42 CFR 426.432 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Discovery. 426.432 Section 426.432 Public Health... an LCD § 426.432 Discovery. (a) General rule. If the ALJ orders discovery, the ALJ must establish a reasonable timeframe for discovery. (b) Protective order—(1) Request for a protective order. Any party...

  19. 15 CFR 280.210 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Discovery. 280.210 Section 280.210... Enforcement § 280.210 Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery... provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with...

  20. 31 CFR 10.71 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Discovery. 10.71 Section 10.71 Money... SERVICE Rules Applicable to Disciplinary Proceedings § 10.71 Discovery. (a) In general. Discovery may be... relevance, materiality and reasonableness of the requested discovery and subject to the requirements of § 10...

  1. 49 CFR 1121.2 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Discovery. 1121.2 Section 1121.2 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE RAIL EXEMPTION PROCEDURES § 1121.2 Discovery. Discovery shall follow the procedures set forth at 49 CFR part 1114, subpart B. Discovery may begin upon the filing of the petition for...

  2. 15 CFR 280.210 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery. 280.210 Section 280.210... Enforcement § 280.210 Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery... provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with...

  3. 49 CFR 1121.2 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Discovery. 1121.2 Section 1121.2 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE RAIL EXEMPTION PROCEDURES § 1121.2 Discovery. Discovery shall follow the procedures set forth at 49 CFR part 1114, subpart B. Discovery may begin upon the filing of the petition for...

  4. 31 CFR 10.71 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Discovery. 10.71 Section 10.71 Money... SERVICE Rules Applicable to Disciplinary Proceedings § 10.71 Discovery. (a) In general. Discovery may be... relevance, materiality and reasonableness of the requested discovery and subject to the requirements of § 10...

  5. 15 CFR 766.9 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery. 766.9 Section 766.9... PROCEEDINGS § 766.9 Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery... provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with...

  6. 49 CFR 1121.2 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Discovery. 1121.2 Section 1121.2 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE RAIL EXEMPTION PROCEDURES § 1121.2 Discovery. Discovery shall follow the procedures set forth at 49 CFR part 1114, subpart B. Discovery may begin upon the filing of the petition for...

  7. 49 CFR 1121.2 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Discovery. 1121.2 Section 1121.2 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE RAIL EXEMPTION PROCEDURES § 1121.2 Discovery. Discovery shall follow the procedures set forth at 49 CFR part 1114, subpart B. Discovery may begin upon the filing of the petition for...

  8. 42 CFR 426.432 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Discovery. 426.432 Section 426.432 Public Health... an LCD § 426.432 Discovery. (a) General rule. If the ALJ orders discovery, the ALJ must establish a reasonable timeframe for discovery. (b) Protective order—(1) Request for a protective order. Any party...

  9. 15 CFR 766.9 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Discovery. 766.9 Section 766.9... PROCEEDINGS § 766.9 Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery... provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with...

  10. 14 CFR 13.220 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Discovery. 13.220 Section 13.220... INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Rules of Practice in FAA Civil Penalty Actions § 13.220 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or...

  11. 31 CFR 10.71 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Discovery. 10.71 Section 10.71 Money... SERVICE Rules Applicable to Disciplinary Proceedings § 10.71 Discovery. (a) In general. Discovery may be... relevance, materiality and reasonableness of the requested discovery and subject to the requirements of § 10...

  12. 15 CFR 280.210 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Discovery. 280.210 Section 280.210... Enforcement § 280.210 Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery... provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with...

  13. 15 CFR 766.9 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Discovery. 766.9 Section 766.9... PROCEEDINGS § 766.9 Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery... provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with...

  14. 14 CFR 13.220 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Discovery. 13.220 Section 13.220... INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Rules of Practice in FAA Civil Penalty Actions § 13.220 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or...

  15. 42 CFR 426.532 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Discovery. 426.532 Section 426.532 Public Health... an NCD § 426.532 Discovery. (a) General rule. If the Board orders discovery, the Board must establish a reasonable timeframe for discovery. (b) Protective order—(1) Request for a protective order. Any...

  16. 31 CFR 10.71 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Discovery. 10.71 Section 10.71 Money... SERVICE Rules Applicable to Disciplinary Proceedings § 10.71 Discovery. (a) In general. Discovery may be... relevance, materiality and reasonableness of the requested discovery and subject to the requirements of § 10...

  17. 14 CFR 13.220 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery. 13.220 Section 13.220... INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Rules of Practice in FAA Civil Penalty Actions § 13.220 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or...

  18. 15 CFR 280.210 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Discovery. 280.210 Section 280.210... Enforcement § 280.210 Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery... provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with...

  19. 14 CFR 13.220 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Discovery. 13.220 Section 13.220... INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Rules of Practice in FAA Civil Penalty Actions § 13.220 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or...

  20. 15 CFR 766.9 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Discovery. 766.9 Section 766.9... PROCEEDINGS § 766.9 Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery... provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with...

  1. 42 CFR 426.532 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Discovery. 426.532 Section 426.532 Public Health... an NCD § 426.532 Discovery. (a) General rule. If the Board orders discovery, the Board must establish a reasonable timeframe for discovery. (b) Protective order—(1) Request for a protective order. Any...

  2. 15 CFR 766.9 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery. 766.9 Section 766.9... PROCEEDINGS § 766.9 Discovery. (a) General. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery... provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to discovery apply to the extent consistent with...

  3. 42 CFR 426.432 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Discovery. 426.432 Section 426.432 Public Health... § 426.432 Discovery. (a) General rule. If the ALJ orders discovery, the ALJ must establish a reasonable timeframe for discovery. (b) Protective order—(1) Request for a protective order. Any party receiving a...

  4. 49 CFR 1121.2 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Discovery. 1121.2 Section 1121.2 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE RAIL EXEMPTION PROCEDURES § 1121.2 Discovery. Discovery shall follow the procedures set forth at 49 CFR part 1114, subpart B. Discovery may begin upon the filing of the petition for...

  5. 42 CFR 426.532 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Discovery. 426.532 Section 426.532 Public Health... § 426.532 Discovery. (a) General rule. If the Board orders discovery, the Board must establish a reasonable timeframe for discovery. (b) Protective order—(1) Request for a protective order. Any party...

  6. 14 CFR 13.220 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery. 13.220 Section 13.220... INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Rules of Practice in FAA Civil Penalty Actions § 13.220 Discovery. (a) Initiation of discovery. Any party may initiate discovery described in this section, without the consent or...

  7. 12 CFR 1081.210 - Expert discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Expert discovery. 1081.210 Section 1081.210... Initiation of Proceedings and Prehearing Rules § 1081.210 Expert discovery. (a) At a date set by the hearing... discovery in appropriate cases. ...

  8. A supervised learning rule for classification of spatiotemporal spike patterns.

    PubMed

    Lilin Guo; Zhenzhong Wang; Adjouadi, Malek

    2016-08-01

    This study introduces a novel supervised algorithm for spiking neurons that take into consideration synapse delays and axonal delays associated with weights. It can be utilized for both classification and association and uses several biologically influenced properties, such as axonal and synaptic delays. This algorithm also takes into consideration spike-timing-dependent plasticity as in Remote Supervised Method (ReSuMe). This paper focuses on the classification aspect alone. Spiked neurons trained according to this proposed learning rule are capable of classifying different categories by the associated sequences of precisely timed spikes. Simulation results have shown that the proposed learning method greatly improves classification accuracy when compared to the Spike Pattern Association Neuron (SPAN) and the Tempotron learning rule.

  9. Interestingness measures and strategies for mining multi-ontology multi-level association rules from gene ontology annotations for the discovery of new GO relationships.

    PubMed

    Manda, Prashanti; McCarthy, Fiona; Bridges, Susan M

    2013-10-01

    The Gene Ontology (GO), a set of three sub-ontologies, is one of the most popular bio-ontologies used for describing gene product characteristics. GO annotation data containing terms from multiple sub-ontologies and at different levels in the ontologies is an important source of implicit relationships between terms from the three sub-ontologies. Data mining techniques such as association rule mining that are tailored to mine from multiple ontologies at multiple levels of abstraction are required for effective knowledge discovery from GO annotation data. We present a data mining approach, Multi-ontology data mining at All Levels (MOAL) that uses the structure and relationships of the GO to mine multi-ontology multi-level association rules. We introduce two interestingness measures: Multi-ontology Support (MOSupport) and Multi-ontology Confidence (MOConfidence) customized to evaluate multi-ontology multi-level association rules. We also describe a variety of post-processing strategies for pruning uninteresting rules. We use publicly available GO annotation data to demonstrate our methods with respect to two applications (1) the discovery of co-annotation suggestions and (2) the discovery of new cross-ontology relationships. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  10. Discovery and Spectroscopic Classification of DLT18q/AT2018aoz as a young type Ia Supernova

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sand, D.; Valenti, S.; Wyatt, S.; Bostroem, K. A.; Reichart, D. E.; Haislip, J. B.; Kouprianov, V.

    2018-04-01

    We report the discovery and classification of DLT18q/AT 2018aoz. The supernova was found on 2018 April 02.1 (UT) at r 15.1 mag during the ongoing D < 40 Mpc (DLT40) supernova search, using data from the PROMPT5 0.41m telescope located at CTIO.

  11. 29 CFR 2200.208 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Discovery. 2200.208 Section 2200.208 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION RULES OF PROCEDURE Simplified Proceedings § 2200.208 Discovery. Discovery, including requests for admissions, will only be...

  12. 29 CFR 2200.208 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Discovery. 2200.208 Section 2200.208 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION RULES OF PROCEDURE Simplified Proceedings § 2200.208 Discovery. Discovery, including requests for admissions, will only be...

  13. 29 CFR 2200.208 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Discovery. 2200.208 Section 2200.208 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION RULES OF PROCEDURE Simplified Proceedings § 2200.208 Discovery. Discovery, including requests for admissions, will only be...

  14. 29 CFR 2200.208 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Discovery. 2200.208 Section 2200.208 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION RULES OF PROCEDURE Simplified Proceedings § 2200.208 Discovery. Discovery, including requests for admissions, will only be...

  15. 12 CFR 1081.210 - Expert discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Expert discovery. 1081.210 Section 1081.210... Initiation of Proceedings and Prehearing Rules § 1081.210 Expert discovery. (a) At a date set by the hearing... requirement of expert discovery in appropriate cases. ...

  16. 29 CFR 2200.208 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Discovery. 2200.208 Section 2200.208 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION RULES OF PROCEDURE Simplified Proceedings § 2200.208 Discovery. Discovery, including requests for admissions, will only be...

  17. Quantitative evaluation of variations in rule-based classifications of land cover in urban neighbourhoods using WorldView-2 imagery.

    PubMed

    Belgiu, Mariana; Dr Guţ, Lucian; Strobl, Josef

    2014-01-01

    The increasing availability of high resolution imagery has triggered the need for automated image analysis techniques, with reduced human intervention and reproducible analysis procedures. The knowledge gained in the past might be of use to achieving this goal, if systematically organized into libraries which would guide the image analysis procedure. In this study we aimed at evaluating the variability of digital classifications carried out by three experts who were all assigned the same interpretation task. Besides the three classifications performed by independent operators, we developed an additional rule-based classification that relied on the image classifications best practices found in the literature, and used it as a surrogate for libraries of object characteristics. The results showed statistically significant differences among all operators who classified the same reference imagery. The classifications carried out by the experts achieved satisfactory results when transferred to another area for extracting the same classes of interest, without modification of the developed rules.

  18. Quantitative evaluation of variations in rule-based classifications of land cover in urban neighbourhoods using WorldView-2 imagery

    PubMed Central

    Belgiu, Mariana; Drǎguţ, Lucian; Strobl, Josef

    2014-01-01

    The increasing availability of high resolution imagery has triggered the need for automated image analysis techniques, with reduced human intervention and reproducible analysis procedures. The knowledge gained in the past might be of use to achieving this goal, if systematically organized into libraries which would guide the image analysis procedure. In this study we aimed at evaluating the variability of digital classifications carried out by three experts who were all assigned the same interpretation task. Besides the three classifications performed by independent operators, we developed an additional rule-based classification that relied on the image classifications best practices found in the literature, and used it as a surrogate for libraries of object characteristics. The results showed statistically significant differences among all operators who classified the same reference imagery. The classifications carried out by the experts achieved satisfactory results when transferred to another area for extracting the same classes of interest, without modification of the developed rules. PMID:24623959

  19. Quantitative evaluation of variations in rule-based classifications of land cover in urban neighbourhoods using WorldView-2 imagery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Belgiu, Mariana; ǎguţ, Lucian, , Dr; Strobl, Josef

    2014-01-01

    The increasing availability of high resolution imagery has triggered the need for automated image analysis techniques, with reduced human intervention and reproducible analysis procedures. The knowledge gained in the past might be of use to achieving this goal, if systematically organized into libraries which would guide the image analysis procedure. In this study we aimed at evaluating the variability of digital classifications carried out by three experts who were all assigned the same interpretation task. Besides the three classifications performed by independent operators, we developed an additional rule-based classification that relied on the image classifications best practices found in the literature, and used it as a surrogate for libraries of object characteristics. The results showed statistically significant differences among all operators who classified the same reference imagery. The classifications carried out by the experts achieved satisfactory results when transferred to another area for extracting the same classes of interest, without modification of the developed rules.

  20. Universal fragment descriptors for predicting properties of inorganic crystals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Isayev, Olexandr; Oses, Corey; Toher, Cormac; Gossett, Eric; Curtarolo, Stefano; Tropsha, Alexander

    2017-06-01

    Although historically materials discovery has been driven by a laborious trial-and-error process, knowledge-driven materials design can now be enabled by the rational combination of Machine Learning methods and materials databases. Here, data from the AFLOW repository for ab initio calculations is combined with Quantitative Materials Structure-Property Relationship models to predict important properties: metal/insulator classification, band gap energy, bulk/shear moduli, Debye temperature and heat capacities. The prediction's accuracy compares well with the quality of the training data for virtually any stoichiometric inorganic crystalline material, reciprocating the available thermomechanical experimental data. The universality of the approach is attributed to the construction of the descriptors: Property-Labelled Materials Fragments. The representations require only minimal structural input allowing straightforward implementations of simple heuristic design rules.

  1. SUSTAIN: a network model of category learning.

    PubMed

    Love, Bradley C; Medin, Douglas L; Gureckis, Todd M

    2004-04-01

    SUSTAIN (Supervised and Unsupervised STratified Adaptive Incremental Network) is a model of how humans learn categories from examples. SUSTAIN initially assumes a simple category structure. If simple solutions prove inadequate and SUSTAIN is confronted with a surprising event (e.g., it is told that a bat is a mammal instead of a bird), SUSTAIN recruits an additional cluster to represent the surprising event. Newly recruited clusters are available to explain future events and can themselves evolve into prototypes-attractors-rules. SUSTAIN's discovery of category substructure is affected not only by the structure of the world but by the nature of the learning task and the learner's goals. SUSTAIN successfully extends category learning models to studies of inference learning, unsupervised learning, category construction, and contexts in which identification learning is faster than classification learning.

  2. Universal fragment descriptors for predicting properties of inorganic crystals.

    PubMed

    Isayev, Olexandr; Oses, Corey; Toher, Cormac; Gossett, Eric; Curtarolo, Stefano; Tropsha, Alexander

    2017-06-05

    Although historically materials discovery has been driven by a laborious trial-and-error process, knowledge-driven materials design can now be enabled by the rational combination of Machine Learning methods and materials databases. Here, data from the AFLOW repository for ab initio calculations is combined with Quantitative Materials Structure-Property Relationship models to predict important properties: metal/insulator classification, band gap energy, bulk/shear moduli, Debye temperature and heat capacities. The prediction's accuracy compares well with the quality of the training data for virtually any stoichiometric inorganic crystalline material, reciprocating the available thermomechanical experimental data. The universality of the approach is attributed to the construction of the descriptors: Property-Labelled Materials Fragments. The representations require only minimal structural input allowing straightforward implementations of simple heuristic design rules.

  3. A New Data Mining Scheme Using Artificial Neural Networks

    PubMed Central

    Kamruzzaman, S. M.; Jehad Sarkar, A. M.

    2011-01-01

    Classification is one of the data mining problems receiving enormous attention in the database community. Although artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been successfully applied in a wide range of machine learning applications, they are however often regarded as black boxes, i.e., their predictions cannot be explained. To enhance the explanation of ANNs, a novel algorithm to extract symbolic rules from ANNs has been proposed in this paper. ANN methods have not been effectively utilized for data mining tasks because how the classifications were made is not explicitly stated as symbolic rules that are suitable for verification or interpretation by human experts. With the proposed approach, concise symbolic rules with high accuracy, that are easily explainable, can be extracted from the trained ANNs. Extracted rules are comparable with other methods in terms of number of rules, average number of conditions for a rule, and the accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is clearly demonstrated by the experimental results on a set of benchmark data mining classification problems. PMID:22163866

  4. CAMUR: Knowledge extraction from RNA-seq cancer data through equivalent classification rules.

    PubMed

    Cestarelli, Valerio; Fiscon, Giulia; Felici, Giovanni; Bertolazzi, Paola; Weitschek, Emanuel

    2016-03-01

    Nowadays, knowledge extraction methods from Next Generation Sequencing data are highly requested. In this work, we focus on RNA-seq gene expression analysis and specifically on case-control studies with rule-based supervised classification algorithms that build a model able to discriminate cases from controls. State of the art algorithms compute a single classification model that contains few features (genes). On the contrary, our goal is to elicit a higher amount of knowledge by computing many classification models, and therefore to identify most of the genes related to the predicted class. We propose CAMUR, a new method that extracts multiple and equivalent classification models. CAMUR iteratively computes a rule-based classification model, calculates the power set of the genes present in the rules, iteratively eliminates those combinations from the data set, and performs again the classification procedure until a stopping criterion is verified. CAMUR includes an ad-hoc knowledge repository (database) and a querying tool.We analyze three different types of RNA-seq data sets (Breast, Head and Neck, and Stomach Cancer) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and we validate CAMUR and its models also on non-TCGA data. Our experimental results show the efficacy of CAMUR: we obtain several reliable equivalent classification models, from which the most frequent genes, their relationships, and the relation with a particular cancer are deduced. dmb.iasi.cnr.it/camur.php emanuel@iasi.cnr.it Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press.

  5. Applying Classification Trees to Hospital Administrative Data to Identify Patients with Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

    PubMed Central

    Siddique, Juned; Ruhnke, Gregory W.; Flores, Andrea; Prochaska, Micah T.; Paesch, Elizabeth; Meltzer, David O.; Whelan, Chad T.

    2015-01-01

    Background Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a common cause of acute hospitalization. Currently, there is no accepted standard for identifying patients with LGIB in hospital administrative data. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a set of classification algorithms that use hospital administrative data to identify LGIB. Methods Our sample consists of patients admitted between July 1, 2001 and June 30, 2003 (derivation cohort) and July 1, 2003 and June 30, 2005 (validation cohort) to the general medicine inpatient service of the University of Chicago Hospital, a large urban academic medical center. Confirmed cases of LGIB in both cohorts were determined by reviewing the charts of those patients who had at least 1 of 36 principal or secondary International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis codes associated with LGIB. Classification trees were used on the data of the derivation cohort to develop a set of decision rules for identifying patients with LGIB. These rules were then applied to the validation cohort to assess their performance. Results Three classification algorithms were identified and validated: a high specificity rule with 80.1% sensitivity and 95.8% specificity, a rule that balances sensitivity and specificity (87.8% sensitivity, 90.9% specificity), and a high sensitivity rule with 100% sensitivity and 91.0% specificity. Conclusion These classification algorithms can be used in future studies to evaluate resource utilization and assess outcomes associated with LGIB without the use of chart review. PMID:26406318

  6. 13 CFR 134.213 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Discovery. 134.213 Section 134.213... OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS Rules of Practice § 134.213 Discovery. (a) Motion. A party may obtain discovery only upon motion, and for good cause shown. (b) Forms. The forms of discovery which a Judge can...

  7. 13 CFR 134.213 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Discovery. 134.213 Section 134.213... OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS Rules of Practice § 134.213 Discovery. (a) Motion. A party may obtain discovery only upon motion, and for good cause shown. (b) Forms. The forms of discovery which a Judge can...

  8. 13 CFR 134.213 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Discovery. 134.213 Section 134.213... OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS Rules of Practice § 134.213 Discovery. (a) Motion. A party may obtain discovery only upon motion, and for good cause shown. (b) Forms. The forms of discovery which a Judge can...

  9. 13 CFR 134.213 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery. 134.213 Section 134.213... OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS Rules of Practice § 134.213 Discovery. (a) Motion. A party may obtain discovery only upon motion, and for good cause shown. (b) Forms. The forms of discovery which a Judge can...

  10. 13 CFR 134.213 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery. 134.213 Section 134.213... OFFICE OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS Rules of Practice for Most Cases § 134.213 Discovery. (a) Motion. A party may obtain discovery only upon motion, and for good cause shown. (b) Forms. The forms of discovery...

  11. 37 CFR 2.120 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Discovery. 2.120 Section 2... COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Procedure in Inter Partes Proceedings § 2.120 Discovery. (a... to disclosure and discovery shall apply in opposition, cancellation, interference and concurrent use...

  12. 37 CFR 2.120 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Discovery. 2.120 Section 2... COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Procedure in Inter Partes Proceedings § 2.120 Discovery. (a... to disclosure and discovery shall apply in opposition, cancellation, interference and concurrent use...

  13. 37 CFR 2.120 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Discovery. 2.120 Section 2... COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Procedure in Inter Partes Proceedings § 2.120 Discovery. (a... to disclosure and discovery shall apply in opposition, cancellation, interference and concurrent use...

  14. 37 CFR 2.120 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Discovery. 2.120 Section 2... COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Procedure in Inter Partes Proceedings § 2.120 Discovery. (a... to disclosure and discovery shall apply in opposition, cancellation, interference and concurrent use...

  15. 37 CFR 2.120 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Discovery. 2.120 Section 2... COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Procedure in Inter Partes Proceedings § 2.120 Discovery. (a... to disclosure and discovery shall apply in opposition, cancellation, interference and concurrent use...

  16. Dissociable roles of medial and lateral PFC in rule learning.

    PubMed

    Cao, Bihua; Li, Wei; Li, Fuhong; Li, Hong

    2016-11-01

    Although the neural basis of rule learning is of great interest to cognitive neuroscientists, the pattern of transient brain activation during rule discovery remains to be investigated. In this study, we measured event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during distinct phases of rule learning. Twenty-one healthy human volunteers were presented with a series of cards, each containing a clock-like display of 12 circles numbered sequentially. Participants were instructed that a fictitious animal would move from one circle to another either in a regular pattern (according to a rule hidden in consecutive trials) or randomly. Participants were then asked to judge whether a given step followed a rule. While the rule-search phase evoked more activation in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), the rule-following phase caused stronger activation in the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Importantly, the intermediate phase, the rule-discovery phase evoked more activations in MPFC and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) than rule search, and more activations in LPFC than rule following. Therefore, we can conclude that the medial and lateral PFC have dissociable contributions in rule learning.

  17. 7 CFR 1001.43 - General classification rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 9 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true General classification rules. 1001.43 Section 1001.43 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements and Orders; Milk), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MILK IN THE NORTHEAST MARKETING AREA Order Regulating...

  18. Comparison of rule induction, decision trees and formal concept analysis approaches for classification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kotelnikov, E. V.; Milov, V. R.

    2018-05-01

    Rule-based learning algorithms have higher transparency and easiness to interpret in comparison with neural networks and deep learning algorithms. These properties make it possible to effectively use such algorithms to solve descriptive tasks of data mining. The choice of an algorithm depends also on its ability to solve predictive tasks. The article compares the quality of the solution of the problems with binary and multiclass classification based on the experiments with six datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The authors investigate three algorithms: Ripper (rule induction), C4.5 (decision trees), In-Close (formal concept analysis). The results of the experiments show that In-Close demonstrates the best quality of classification in comparison with Ripper and C4.5, however the latter two generate more compact rule sets.

  19. AVNM: A Voting based Novel Mathematical Rule for Image Classification.

    PubMed

    Vidyarthi, Ankit; Mittal, Namita

    2016-12-01

    In machine learning, the accuracy of the system depends upon classification result. Classification accuracy plays an imperative role in various domains. Non-parametric classifier like K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) is the most widely used classifier for pattern analysis. Besides its easiness, simplicity and effectiveness characteristics, the main problem associated with KNN classifier is the selection of a number of nearest neighbors i.e. "k" for computation. At present, it is hard to find the optimal value of "k" using any statistical algorithm, which gives perfect accuracy in terms of low misclassification error rate. Motivated by the prescribed problem, a new sample space reduction weighted voting mathematical rule (AVNM) is proposed for classification in machine learning. The proposed AVNM rule is also non-parametric in nature like KNN. AVNM uses the weighted voting mechanism with sample space reduction to learn and examine the predicted class label for unidentified sample. AVNM is free from any initial selection of predefined variable and neighbor selection as found in KNN algorithm. The proposed classifier also reduces the effect of outliers. To verify the performance of the proposed AVNM classifier, experiments are made on 10 standard datasets taken from UCI database and one manually created dataset. The experimental result shows that the proposed AVNM rule outperforms the KNN classifier and its variants. Experimentation results based on confusion matrix accuracy parameter proves higher accuracy value with AVNM rule. The proposed AVNM rule is based on sample space reduction mechanism for identification of an optimal number of nearest neighbor selections. AVNM results in better classification accuracy and minimum error rate as compared with the state-of-art algorithm, KNN, and its variants. The proposed rule automates the selection of nearest neighbor selection and improves classification rate for UCI dataset and manually created dataset. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. 29 CFR 2700.107 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Discovery. 2700.107 Section 2700.107 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION PROCEDURAL RULES Simplified Proceedings § 2700.107 Discovery. Discovery is not permitted except as ordered by the Administrative Law Judge. ...

  1. 29 CFR 2700.107 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Discovery. 2700.107 Section 2700.107 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION PROCEDURAL RULES Simplified Proceedings § 2700.107 Discovery. Discovery is not permitted except as ordered by the Administrative Law Judge. ...

  2. 29 CFR 2700.107 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Discovery. 2700.107 Section 2700.107 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION PROCEDURAL RULES Simplified Proceedings § 2700.107 Discovery. Discovery is not permitted except as ordered by the Administrative Law Judge. ...

  3. 13 CFR 134.310 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Discovery. 134.310 Section 134.310 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RULES OF PROCEDURE GOVERNING CASES BEFORE THE... Designations § 134.310 Discovery. Discovery will not be permitted in appeals from size determinations or NAICS...

  4. 13 CFR 134.310 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery. 134.310 Section 134.310 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RULES OF PROCEDURE GOVERNING CASES BEFORE THE... Designations § 134.310 Discovery. Discovery will not be permitted in appeals from size determinations or NAICS...

  5. 29 CFR 2700.107 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Discovery. 2700.107 Section 2700.107 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION PROCEDURAL RULES Simplified Proceedings § 2700.107 Discovery. Discovery is not permitted except as ordered by the Administrative Law Judge. ...

  6. 13 CFR 134.310 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Discovery. 134.310 Section 134.310 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RULES OF PROCEDURE GOVERNING CASES BEFORE THE... Designations § 134.310 Discovery. Discovery will not be permitted in appeals from size determinations or NAICS...

  7. 13 CFR 134.310 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Discovery. 134.310 Section 134.310 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RULES OF PROCEDURE GOVERNING CASES BEFORE THE... Designations § 134.310 Discovery. Discovery will not be permitted in appeals from size determinations or NAICS...

  8. 13 CFR 134.310 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery. 134.310 Section 134.310 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RULES OF PROCEDURE GOVERNING CASES BEFORE THE... Designations § 134.310 Discovery. Discovery will not be permitted in appeals from size determinations or NAICS...

  9. 76 FR 66184 - Post Office Organization and Administration: Establishment, Classification, and Discontinuance

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-26

    ... Service published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (76 FR 17794) to improve the process for... POSTAL SERVICE 39 CFR Part 241 Post Office Organization and Administration: Establishment, Classification, and Discontinuance AGENCY: Postal Service. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The Postal Service is...

  10. 12 CFR 19.170 - Discovery depositions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery depositions. 19.170 Section 19.170... PROCEDURE Discovery Depositions and Subpoenas § 19.170 Discovery depositions. (a) General rule. In any... deposition of an expert, or of a person, including another party, who has direct knowledge of matters that...

  11. 12 CFR 19.170 - Discovery depositions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Discovery depositions. 19.170 Section 19.170... PROCEDURE Discovery Depositions and Subpoenas § 19.170 Discovery depositions. (a) General rule. In any... deposition of an expert, or of a person, including another party, who has direct knowledge of matters that...

  12. 42 CFR 405.1821 - Prehearing discovery and other proceedings prior to the intermediary hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Prehearing discovery and other proceedings prior to... AND DISABLED Provider Reimbursement Determinations and Appeals § 405.1821 Prehearing discovery and other proceedings prior to the intermediary hearing. (a) Discovery rule: Time limits. (1) Limited...

  13. 42 CFR 405.1037 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Discovery. 405.1037 Section 405.1037 Public Health... Appeals Under Original Medicare (Part A and Part B) Alj Hearings § 405.1037 Discovery. (a) General rules. (1) Discovery is permissible only when CMS or its contractor elects to participate in an ALJ hearing...

  14. 42 CFR 405.1037 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Discovery. 405.1037 Section 405.1037 Public Health... Appeals Under Original Medicare (Part A and Part B) Alj Hearings § 405.1037 Discovery. (a) General rules. (1) Discovery is permissible only when CMS or its contractor elects to participate in an ALJ hearing...

  15. 42 CFR 405.1037 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Discovery. 405.1037 Section 405.1037 Public Health... Appeals Under Original Medicare (Part A and Part B) Alj Hearings § 405.1037 Discovery. (a) General rules. (1) Discovery is permissible only when CMS or its contractor elects to participate in an ALJ hearing...

  16. 42 CFR 405.1037 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Discovery. 405.1037 Section 405.1037 Public Health... Appeals Under Original Medicare (Part A and Part B) Alj Hearings § 405.1037 Discovery. (a) General rules. (1) Discovery is permissible only when CMS or its contractor elects to participate in an ALJ hearing...

  17. 12 CFR 1780.26 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery. 1780.26 Section 1780.26 Banks and... OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Prehearing Proceedings § 1780.26 Discovery. (a) Limits on discovery. Subject to the limitations set out in paragraphs (b), (d), and (e) of this...

  18. 42 CFR 405.1037 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Discovery. 405.1037 Section 405.1037 Public Health... Appeals Under Original Medicare (Part A and Part B) Alj Hearings § 405.1037 Discovery. (a) General rules. (1) Discovery is permissible only when CMS or its contractor elects to participate in an ALJ hearing...

  19. Learning Parsimonious Classification Rules from Gene Expression Data Using Bayesian Networks with Local Structure.

    PubMed

    Lustgarten, Jonathan Lyle; Balasubramanian, Jeya Balaji; Visweswaran, Shyam; Gopalakrishnan, Vanathi

    2017-03-01

    The comprehensibility of good predictive models learned from high-dimensional gene expression data is attractive because it can lead to biomarker discovery. Several good classifiers provide comparable predictive performance but differ in their abilities to summarize the observed data. We extend a Bayesian Rule Learning (BRL-GSS) algorithm, previously shown to be a significantly better predictor than other classical approaches in this domain. It searches a space of Bayesian networks using a decision tree representation of its parameters with global constraints, and infers a set of IF-THEN rules. The number of parameters and therefore the number of rules are combinatorial to the number of predictor variables in the model. We relax these global constraints to a more generalizable local structure (BRL-LSS). BRL-LSS entails more parsimonious set of rules because it does not have to generate all combinatorial rules. The search space of local structures is much richer than the space of global structures. We design the BRL-LSS with the same worst-case time-complexity as BRL-GSS while exploring a richer and more complex model space. We measure predictive performance using Area Under the ROC curve (AUC) and Accuracy. We measure model parsimony performance by noting the average number of rules and variables needed to describe the observed data. We evaluate the predictive and parsimony performance of BRL-GSS, BRL-LSS and the state-of-the-art C4.5 decision tree algorithm, across 10-fold cross-validation using ten microarray gene-expression diagnostic datasets. In these experiments, we observe that BRL-LSS is similar to BRL-GSS in terms of predictive performance, while generating a much more parsimonious set of rules to explain the same observed data. BRL-LSS also needs fewer variables than C4.5 to explain the data with similar predictive performance. We also conduct a feasibility study to demonstrate the general applicability of our BRL methods on the newer RNA sequencing gene-expression data.

  20. Strength Analysis on Ship Ladder Using Finite Element Method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Budianto; Wahyudi, M. T.; Dinata, U.; Ruddianto; Eko P., M. M.

    2018-01-01

    In designing the ship’s structure, it should refer to the rules in accordance with applicable classification standards. In this case, designing Ladder (Staircase) on a Ferry Ship which is set up, it must be reviewed based on the loads during ship operations, either during sailing or at port operations. The classification rules in ship design refer to the calculation of the structure components described in Classification calculation method and can be analysed using the Finite Element Method. Classification Regulations used in the design of Ferry Ships used BKI (Bureau of Classification Indonesia). So the rules for the provision of material composition in the mechanical properties of the material should refer to the classification of the used vessel. The analysis in this structure used program structure packages based on Finite Element Method. By using structural analysis on Ladder (Ladder), it obtained strength and simulation structure that can withstand load 140 kg both in static condition, dynamic, and impact. Therefore, the result of the analysis included values of safety factors in the ship is to keep the structure safe but the strength of the structure is not excessive.

  1. 37 CFR 2.85 - Classification schedules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Classification schedules. 2..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Classification § 2.85 Classification schedules. (a) International classification system. Section 6.1 of this chapter sets forth the international...

  2. 37 CFR 2.85 - Classification schedules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Classification schedules. 2..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Classification § 2.85 Classification schedules. (a) International classification system. Section 6.1 of this chapter sets forth the international...

  3. 37 CFR 2.85 - Classification schedules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Classification schedules. 2..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Classification § 2.85 Classification schedules. (a) International classification system. Section 6.1 of this chapter sets forth the international...

  4. 37 CFR 2.85 - Classification schedules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Classification schedules. 2..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Classification § 2.85 Classification schedules. (a) International classification system. Section 6.1 of this chapter sets forth the international...

  5. 37 CFR 2.85 - Classification schedules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Classification schedules. 2..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Classification § 2.85 Classification schedules. (a) International classification system. Section 6.1 of this chapter sets forth the international...

  6. 18 CFR 3a.31 - Classification markings and special notations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... unit taking the action. When classification changes are made, the classification markings themselves... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Classification markings... REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification...

  7. Commercial Training Device Requirement (CTDR) for Initial Entry Rotary Wing (IERW) Aviation Training Helicopter

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-12-24

    training; 16 . PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF...to be leased is 205. One hundred aircraft will be VFR aircraft only. One hundred and five aircraft will be instrument flight rules ( IFR ) certified, 55...of which will be IFR equipped. The other IFR -certified aircraft will be visual flight rules equipped. c. The total lease cost is based on an assumed

  8. Differential impact of relevant and irrelevant dimension primes on rule-based and information-integration category learning.

    PubMed

    Grimm, Lisa R; Maddox, W Todd

    2013-11-01

    Research has identified multiple category-learning systems with each being "tuned" for learning categories with different task demands and each governed by different neurobiological systems. Rule-based (RB) classification involves testing verbalizable rules for category membership while information-integration (II) classification requires the implicit learning of stimulus-response mappings. In the first study to directly test rule priming with RB and II category learning, we investigated the influence of the availability of information presented at the beginning of the task. Participants viewed lines that varied in length, orientation, and position on the screen, and were primed to focus on stimulus dimensions that were relevant or irrelevant to the correct classification rule. In Experiment 1, we used an RB category structure, and in Experiment 2, we used an II category structure. Accuracy and model-based analyses suggested that a focus on relevant dimensions improves RB task performance later in learning while a focus on an irrelevant dimension improves II task performance early in learning. © 2013.

  9. Belief Function Based Decision Fusion for Decentralized Target Classification in Wireless Sensor Networks

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Wenyu; Zhang, Zhenjiang

    2015-01-01

    Decision fusion in sensor networks enables sensors to improve classification accuracy while reducing the energy consumption and bandwidth demand for data transmission. In this paper, we focus on the decentralized multi-class classification fusion problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and a new simple but effective decision fusion rule based on belief function theory is proposed. Unlike existing belief function based decision fusion schemes, the proposed approach is compatible with any type of classifier because the basic belief assignments (BBAs) of each sensor are constructed on the basis of the classifier’s training output confusion matrix and real-time observations. We also derive explicit global BBA in the fusion center under Dempster’s combinational rule, making the decision making operation in the fusion center greatly simplified. Also, sending the whole BBA structure to the fusion center is avoided. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed fusion rule has better performance in fusion accuracy compared with the naïve Bayes rule and weighted majority voting rule. PMID:26295399

  10. ConGEMs: Condensed Gene Co-Expression Module Discovery Through Rule-Based Clustering and Its Application to Carcinogenesis.

    PubMed

    Mallik, Saurav; Zhao, Zhongming

    2017-12-28

    For transcriptomic analysis, there are numerous microarray-based genomic data, especially those generated for cancer research. The typical analysis measures the difference between a cancer sample-group and a matched control group for each transcript or gene. Association rule mining is used to discover interesting item sets through rule-based methodology. Thus, it has advantages to find causal effect relationships between the transcripts. In this work, we introduce two new rule-based similarity measures-weighted rank-based Jaccard and Cosine measures-and then propose a novel computational framework to detect condensed gene co-expression modules ( C o n G E M s) through the association rule-based learning system and the weighted similarity scores. In practice, the list of evolved condensed markers that consists of both singular and complex markers in nature depends on the corresponding condensed gene sets in either antecedent or consequent of the rules of the resultant modules. In our evaluation, these markers could be supported by literature evidence, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway and Gene Ontology annotations. Specifically, we preliminarily identified differentially expressed genes using an empirical Bayes test. A recently developed algorithm-RANWAR-was then utilized to determine the association rules from these genes. Based on that, we computed the integrated similarity scores of these rule-based similarity measures between each rule-pair, and the resultant scores were used for clustering to identify the co-expressed rule-modules. We applied our method to a gene expression dataset for lung squamous cell carcinoma and a genome methylation dataset for uterine cervical carcinogenesis. Our proposed module discovery method produced better results than the traditional gene-module discovery measures. In summary, our proposed rule-based method is useful for exploring biomarker modules from transcriptomic data.

  11. 12 CFR 308.24 - Scope of document discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Scope of document discovery. 308.24 Section 308... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Uniform Rules of Practice and Procedure § 308.24 Scope of document discovery. (a) Limits on discovery. (1) Subject to the limitations set out in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this...

  12. 45 CFR 213.23a - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 2 2014-10-01 2012-10-01 true Discovery. 213.23a Section 213.23a Public Welfare... Discovery. The Department and any party named in the notice issued pursuant to § 213.11 shall have the right to conduct discovery (including depositions) against opposing parties. Rules 26-37 of the Federal...

  13. 45 CFR 213.23a - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Discovery. 213.23a Section 213.23a Public Welfare... Discovery. The Department and any party named in the notice issued pursuant to § 213.11 shall have the right to conduct discovery (including depositions) against opposing parties. Rules 26-37 of the Federal...

  14. 45 CFR 213.23a - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Discovery. 213.23a Section 213.23a Public Welfare... Discovery. The Department and any party named in the notice issued pursuant to § 213.11 shall have the right to conduct discovery (including depositions) against opposing parties. Rules 26-37 of the Federal...

  15. 45 CFR 213.23a - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 2 2013-10-01 2012-10-01 true Discovery. 213.23a Section 213.23a Public Welfare... Discovery. The Department and any party named in the notice issued pursuant to § 213.11 shall have the right to conduct discovery (including depositions) against opposing parties. Rules 26-37 of the Federal...

  16. 45 CFR 213.23a - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Discovery. 213.23a Section 213.23a Public Welfare... Discovery. The Department and any party named in the notice issued pursuant to § 213.11 shall have the right to conduct discovery (including depositions) against opposing parties. Rules 26-37 of the Federal...

  17. 19 CFR 102.18 - Rules of interpretation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.18 Rules of interpretation. (a) When General Rule of... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rules of interpretation. 102.18 Section 102.18... provision from which a change in tariff classification is not allowed under the § 102.20 specific rule or...

  18. Discoveries, Achievements, and Personalities of the Women Who Evolved the Harvard Classification of Stellar Spectra: Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury, and Annie Jump Cannon.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Welther, Barbara L.

    2010-01-01

    In 1915, the year in which Cannon (1863-1941) completed her work of classifying stars for The Henry Draper Catalogue, she published a popular article entitled, "Pioneering in the Classification of Stellar Spectra.” In it she gave a historical overview of the field in nineteenth-century Europe. She also detailed the context for the structured and routine work she and her colleagues had been engaged in for several years in America. The motivators that kept Cannon and the other women working diligently were the exciting prospect of making new discoveries, the reward of publicity, and their own personal pride. Usually, the discoveries consisted of finding a peculiar type of spectrum and identifying the star as a nova or variable. Such a discovery often resulted in a newspaper headline about the star and a story about the discoverer. This paper will outline the contributions each woman made to the classification system, her style of working, the papers she wrote and published, and the rewards she reaped for her dedication to the field.

  19. HAMAP in 2013, new developments in the protein family classification and annotation system

    PubMed Central

    Pedruzzi, Ivo; Rivoire, Catherine; Auchincloss, Andrea H.; Coudert, Elisabeth; Keller, Guillaume; de Castro, Edouard; Baratin, Delphine; Cuche, Béatrice A.; Bougueleret, Lydie; Poux, Sylvain; Redaschi, Nicole; Xenarios, Ioannis; Bridge, Alan

    2013-01-01

    HAMAP (High-quality Automated and Manual Annotation of Proteins—available at http://hamap.expasy.org/) is a system for the classification and annotation of protein sequences. It consists of a collection of manually curated family profiles for protein classification, and associated annotation rules that specify annotations that apply to family members. HAMAP was originally developed to support the manual curation of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot records describing microbial proteins. Here we describe new developments in HAMAP, including the extension of HAMAP to eukaryotic proteins, the use of HAMAP in the automated annotation of UniProtKB/TrEMBL, providing high-quality annotation for millions of protein sequences, and the future integration of HAMAP into a unified system for UniProtKB annotation, UniRule. HAMAP is continuously updated by expert curators with new family profiles and annotation rules as new protein families are characterized. The collection of HAMAP family classification profiles and annotation rules can be browsed and viewed on the HAMAP website, which also provides an interface to scan user sequences against HAMAP profiles. PMID:23193261

  20. Resolving task rule incongruence during task switching by competitor rule suppression.

    PubMed

    Meiran, Nachshon; Hsieh, Shulan; Dimov, Eduard

    2010-07-01

    Task switching requires maintaining readiness to execute any task of a given set of tasks. However, when tasks switch, the readiness to execute the now-irrelevant task generates interference, as seen in the task rule incongruence effect. Overcoming such interference requires fine-tuned inhibition that impairs task readiness only minimally. In an experiment involving 2 object classification tasks and 2 location classification tasks, the authors show that irrelevant task rules that generate response conflicts are inhibited. This competitor rule suppression (CRS) is seen in response slowing in subsequent trials, when the competing rules become relevant. CRS is shown to operate on specific rules without affecting similar rules. CRS and backward inhibition, which is another inhibitory phenomenon, produced additive effects on reaction time, suggesting their mutual independence. Implications for current formal theories of task switching as well as for conflict monitoring theories are discussed. (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved

  1. Knowledge Discovery from Databases: An Introductory Review.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Vickery, Brian

    1997-01-01

    Introduces new procedures being used to extract knowledge from databases and discusses rationales for developing knowledge discovery methods. Methods are described for such techniques as classification, clustering, and the detection of deviations from pre-established norms. Examines potential uses of knowledge discovery in the information field.…

  2. Temporal data mining for the quality assessment of hemodialysis services.

    PubMed

    Bellazzi, Riccardo; Larizza, Cristiana; Magni, Paolo; Bellazzi, Roberto

    2005-05-01

    This paper describes the temporal data mining aspects of a research project that deals with the definition of methods and tools for the assessment of the clinical performance of hemodialysis (HD) services, on the basis of the time series automatically collected during hemodialysis sessions. Intelligent data analysis and temporal data mining techniques are applied to gain insight and to discover knowledge on the causes of unsatisfactory clinical results. In particular, two new methods for association rule discovery and temporal rule discovery are applied to the time series. Such methods exploit several pre-processing techniques, comprising data reduction, multi-scale filtering and temporal abstractions. We have analyzed the data of more than 5800 dialysis sessions coming from 43 different patients monitored for 19 months. The qualitative rules associating the outcome parameters and the measured variables were examined by the domain experts, which were able to distinguish between rules confirming available background knowledge and unexpected but plausible rules. The new methods proposed in the paper are suitable tools for knowledge discovery in clinical time series. Their use in the context of an auditing system for dialysis management helped clinicians to improve their understanding of the patients' behavior.

  3. Analysis of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation in vitro using classification association rule mining.

    PubMed

    Wang, Weiqi; Wang, Yanbo Justin; Bañares-Alcántara, René; Coenen, Frans; Cui, Zhanfeng

    2009-12-01

    In this paper, data mining is used to analyze the data on the differentiation of mammalian Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), aiming at discovering known and hidden rules governing MSC differentiation, following the establishment of a web-based public database containing experimental data on the MSC proliferation and differentiation. To this effect, a web-based public interactive database comprising the key parameters which influence the fate and destiny of mammalian MSCs has been constructed and analyzed using Classification Association Rule Mining (CARM) as a data-mining technique. The results show that the proposed approach is technically feasible and performs well with respect to the accuracy of (classification) prediction. Key rules mined from the constructed MSC database are consistent with experimental observations, indicating the validity of the method developed and the first step in the application of data mining to the study of MSCs.

  4. Effective Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease by Means of Association Rules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chaves, R.; Ramírez, J.; Górriz, J. M.; López, M.; Salas-Gonzalez, D.; Illán, I.; Segovia, F.; Padilla, P.

    In this paper we present a novel classification method of SPECT images for the early diagnosis of the Alzheimer's disease (AD). The proposed method is based on Association Rules (ARs) aiming to discover interesting associations between attributes contained in the database. The system uses firstly voxel-as-features (VAF) and Activation Estimation (AE) to find tridimensional activated brain regions of interest (ROIs) for each patient. These ROIs act as inputs to secondly mining ARs between activated blocks for controls, with a specified minimum support and minimum confidence. ARs are mined in supervised mode, using information previously extracted from the most discriminant rules for centering interest in the relevant brain areas, reducing the computational requirement of the system. Finally classification process is performed depending on the number of previously mined rules verified by each subject, yielding an up to 95.87% classification accuracy, thus outperforming recent developed methods for AD diagnosis.

  5. Improved GART neural network model for pattern classification and rule extraction with application to power systems.

    PubMed

    Yap, Keem Siah; Lim, Chee Peng; Au, Mau Teng

    2011-12-01

    Generalized adaptive resonance theory (GART) is a neural network model that is capable of online learning and is effective in tackling pattern classification tasks. In this paper, we propose an improved GART model (IGART), and demonstrate its applicability to power systems. IGART enhances the dynamics of GART in several aspects, which include the use of the Laplacian likelihood function, a new vigilance function, a new match-tracking mechanism, an ordering algorithm for determining the sequence of training data, and a rule extraction capability to elicit if-then rules from the network. To assess the effectiveness of IGART and to compare its performances with those from other methods, three datasets that are related to power systems are employed. The experimental results demonstrate the usefulness of IGART with the rule extraction capability in undertaking classification problems in power systems engineering.

  6. On the Discriminant Analysis in the 2-Populations Case

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rublík, František

    2008-01-01

    The empirical Bayes Gaussian rule, which in the normal case yields good values of the probability of total error, may yield high values of the maximum probability error. From this point of view the presented modified version of the classification rule of Broffitt, Randles and Hogg appears to be superior. The modification included in this paper is termed as a WR method, and the choice of its weights is discussed. The mentioned methods are also compared with the K nearest neighbours classification rule.

  7. 12 CFR 19.24 - Scope of document discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Scope of document discovery. 19.24 Section 19... PROCEDURE Uniform Rules of Practice and Procedure § 19.24 Scope of document discovery. (a) Limits on discovery. (1) Subject to the limitations set out in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section, a party...

  8. Collected Notes on the Workshop for Pattern Discovery in Large Databases

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Buntine, Wray (Editor); Delalto, Martha (Editor)

    1991-01-01

    These collected notes are a record of material presented at the Workshop. The core data analysis is addressed that have traditionally required statistical or pattern recognition techniques. Some of the core tasks include classification, discrimination, clustering, supervised and unsupervised learning, discovery and diagnosis, i.e., general pattern discovery.

  9. Logical-Rule Models of Classification Response Times: A Synthesis of Mental-Architecture, Random-Walk, and Decision-Bound Approaches

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fific, Mario; Little, Daniel R.; Nosofsky, Robert M.

    2010-01-01

    We formalize and provide tests of a set of logical-rule models for predicting perceptual classification response times (RTs) and choice probabilities. The models are developed by synthesizing mental-architecture, random-walk, and decision-bound approaches. According to the models, people make independent decisions about the locations of stimuli…

  10. 19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... bonds are formed between the fragmented molecules and/or added elements so that one or more of the... between the fragmented molecules and/or added elements so that one or more of the original bonds no longer... requirements of these rules by reason of a change from one classification to another merely as the result of...

  11. Improving the Interpretability of Classification Rules Discovered by an Ant Colony Algorithm: Extended Results.

    PubMed

    Otero, Fernando E B; Freitas, Alex A

    2016-01-01

    Most ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms for inducing classification rules use a ACO-based procedure to create a rule in a one-at-a-time fashion. An improved search strategy has been proposed in the cAnt-Miner[Formula: see text] algorithm, where an ACO-based procedure is used to create a complete list of rules (ordered rules), i.e., the ACO search is guided by the quality of a list of rules instead of an individual rule. In this paper we propose an extension of the cAnt-Miner[Formula: see text] algorithm to discover a set of rules (unordered rules). The main motivations for this work are to improve the interpretation of individual rules by discovering a set of rules and to evaluate the impact on the predictive accuracy of the algorithm. We also propose a new measure to evaluate the interpretability of the discovered rules to mitigate the fact that the commonly used model size measure ignores how the rules are used to make a class prediction. Comparisons with state-of-the-art rule induction algorithms, support vector machines, and the cAnt-Miner[Formula: see text] producing ordered rules are also presented.

  12. 77 FR 47544 - Approval of Classification Societies

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-09

    ...-AB35 Approval of Classification Societies AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: Federal law requires that classification societies conducting certain work in the United States be... that classification societies must meet in order to obtain approval by the Coast Guard. Through this...

  13. 43 CFR 4.826 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Special Procedural Rules Applicable to Practice and Procedure for Hearings, Decisions, and Administrative... make any order which justice requires to limit or condition discovery in order to protect a party or...

  14. 43 CFR 4.826 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Special Procedural Rules Applicable to Practice and Procedure for Hearings, Decisions, and Administrative... make any order which justice requires to limit or condition discovery in order to protect a party or...

  15. 43 CFR 4.826 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Procedural Rules Applicable to Practice and Procedure for Hearings, Decisions, and Administrative Review... make any order which justice requires to limit or condition discovery in order to protect a party or...

  16. 43 CFR 4.826 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Special Procedural Rules Applicable to Practice and Procedure for Hearings, Decisions, and Administrative... make any order which justice requires to limit or condition discovery in order to protect a party or...

  17. 77 FR 60952 - Rules of General Application, Adjudication, and Enforcement

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-05

    ... have arisen about the scope of discovery in Commission proceedings under section 337 of the Tariff Act... reduce expensive, inefficient, unjustified, or unnecessary discovery practices in agency proceedings while preserving the opportunity for fair and efficient discovery for all parties. DATES: To be assured...

  18. 78 FR 35812 - Revisions to Procedural Rules

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-14

    ... generally id. at 5-11. Within this framework, the Postal Service offers alternatives for reforming discovery processes in N-Cases. Id. at 12- 20. These alternatives include Commission-led discovery, as opposed to participant-led discovery; limits on the number of interrogatories; and clearer and stricter boundaries for...

  19. Mechanisms of rule acquisition and rule following in inductive reasoning.

    PubMed

    Crescentini, Cristiano; Seyed-Allaei, Shima; De Pisapia, Nicola; Jovicich, Jorge; Amati, Daniele; Shallice, Tim

    2011-05-25

    Despite the recent interest in the neuroanatomy of inductive reasoning processes, the regional specificity within prefrontal cortex (PFC) for the different mechanisms involved in induction tasks remains to be determined. In this study, we used fMRI to investigate the contribution of PFC regions to rule acquisition (rule search and rule discovery) and rule following. Twenty-six healthy young adult participants were presented with a series of images of cards, each consisting of a set of circles numbered in sequence with one colored blue. Participants had to predict the position of the blue circle on the next card. The rules that had to be acquired pertained to the relationship among succeeding stimuli. Responses given by subjects were categorized in a series of phases either tapping rule acquisition (responses given up to and including rule discovery) or rule following (correct responses after rule acquisition). Mid-dorsolateral PFC (mid-DLPFC) was active during rule search and remained active until successful rule acquisition. By contrast, rule following was associated with activation in temporal, motor, and medial/anterior prefrontal cortex. Moreover, frontopolar cortex (FPC) was active throughout the rule acquisition and rule following phases before a rule became familiar. We attributed activation in mid-DLPFC to hypothesis generation and in FPC to integration of multiple separate inferences. The present study provides evidence that brain activation during inductive reasoning involves a complex network of frontal processes and that different subregions respond during rule acquisition and rule following phases.

  20. 78 FR 57916 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-20

    ... Relating to Amendments to the Discovery Guide Used in Customer Arbitration Proceedings, as Modified by... update the Discovery Guide (``Guide'') used in customer arbitration proceedings.\\1\\ According to FINRA, the Guide supplements the discovery rules contained in the FINRA Code of Arbitration Procedure for...

  1. A Swarm Optimization approach for clinical knowledge mining.

    PubMed

    Christopher, J Jabez; Nehemiah, H Khanna; Kannan, A

    2015-10-01

    Rule-based classification is a typical data mining task that is being used in several medical diagnosis and decision support systems. The rules stored in the rule base have an impact on classification efficiency. Rule sets that are extracted with data mining tools and techniques are optimized using heuristic or meta-heuristic approaches in order to improve the quality of the rule base. In this work, a meta-heuristic approach called Wind-driven Swarm Optimization (WSO) is used. The uniqueness of this work lies in the biological inspiration that underlies the algorithm. WSO uses Jval, a new metric, to evaluate the efficiency of a rule-based classifier. Rules are extracted from decision trees. WSO is used to obtain different permutations and combinations of rules whereby the optimal ruleset that satisfies the requirement of the developer is used for predicting the test data. The performance of various extensions of decision trees, namely, RIPPER, PART, FURIA and Decision Tables are analyzed. The efficiency of WSO is also compared with the traditional Particle Swarm Optimization. Experiments were carried out with six benchmark medical datasets. The traditional C4.5 algorithm yields 62.89% accuracy with 43 rules for liver disorders dataset where as WSO yields 64.60% with 19 rules. For Heart disease dataset, C4.5 is 68.64% accurate with 98 rules where as WSO is 77.8% accurate with 34 rules. The normalized standard deviation for accuracy of PSO and WSO are 0.5921 and 0.5846 respectively. WSO provides accurate and concise rulesets. PSO yields results similar to that of WSO but the novelty of WSO lies in its biological motivation and it is customization for rule base optimization. The trade-off between the prediction accuracy and the size of the rule base is optimized during the design and development of rule-based clinical decision support system. The efficiency of a decision support system relies on the content of the rule base and classification accuracy. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. 18 CFR 3a.11 - Classification of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... classification categories are defined as follows: (1) Top Secret. Top Secret refers to national security... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Classification of... REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification § 3a...

  3. An integrated method for cancer classification and rule extraction from microarray data

    PubMed Central

    Huang, Liang-Tsung

    2009-01-01

    Different microarray techniques recently have been successfully used to investigate useful information for cancer diagnosis at the gene expression level due to their ability to measure thousands of gene expression levels in a massively parallel way. One important issue is to improve classification performance of microarray data. However, it would be ideal that influential genes and even interpretable rules can be explored at the same time to offer biological insight. Introducing the concepts of system design in software engineering, this paper has presented an integrated and effective method (named X-AI) for accurate cancer classification and the acquisition of knowledge from DNA microarray data. This method included a feature selector to systematically extract the relative important genes so as to reduce the dimension and retain as much as possible of the class discriminatory information. Next, diagonal quadratic discriminant analysis (DQDA) was combined to classify tumors, and generalized rule induction (GRI) was integrated to establish association rules which can give an understanding of the relationships between cancer classes and related genes. Two non-redundant datasets of acute leukemia were used to validate the proposed X-AI, showing significantly high accuracy for discriminating different classes. On the other hand, I have presented the abilities of X-AI to extract relevant genes, as well as to develop interpretable rules. Further, a web server has been established for cancer classification and it is freely available at . PMID:19272192

  4. Conceptual-driven classification for coding advise in health insurance reimbursement.

    PubMed

    Li, Sheng-Tun; Chen, Chih-Chuan; Huang, Fernando

    2011-01-01

    With the non-stop increases in medical treatment fees, the economic survival of a hospital in Taiwan relies on the reimbursements received from the Bureau of National Health Insurance, which in turn depend on the accuracy and completeness of the content of the discharge summaries as well as the correctness of their International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. The purpose of this research is to enforce the entire disease classification framework by supporting disease classification specialists in the coding process. This study developed an ICD code advisory system (ICD-AS) that performed knowledge discovery from discharge summaries and suggested ICD codes. Natural language processing and information retrieval techniques based on Zipf's Law were applied to process the content of discharge summaries, and fuzzy formal concept analysis was used to analyze and represent the relationships between the medical terms identified by MeSH. In addition, a certainty factor used as reference during the coding process was calculated to account for uncertainty and strengthen the credibility of the outcome. Two sets of 360 and 2579 textual discharge summaries of patients suffering from cerebrovascular disease was processed to build up ICD-AS and to evaluate the prediction performance. A number of experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of system parameters on accuracy and compare the proposed model to traditional classification techniques including linear-kernel support vector machines. The comparison results showed that the proposed system achieves the better overall performance in terms of several measures. In addition, some useful implication rules were obtained, which improve comprehension of the field of cerebrovascular disease and give insights to the relationships between relevant medical terms. Our system contributes valuable guidance to disease classification specialists in the process of coding discharge summaries, which consequently brings benefits in aspects of patient, hospital, and healthcare system. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. An Analysis Pipeline with Statistical and Visualization-Guided Knowledge Discovery for Michigan-Style Learning Classifier Systems

    PubMed Central

    Urbanowicz, Ryan J.; Granizo-Mackenzie, Ambrose; Moore, Jason H.

    2014-01-01

    Michigan-style learning classifier systems (M-LCSs) represent an adaptive and powerful class of evolutionary algorithms which distribute the learned solution over a sizable population of rules. However their application to complex real world data mining problems, such as genetic association studies, has been limited. Traditional knowledge discovery strategies for M-LCS rule populations involve sorting and manual rule inspection. While this approach may be sufficient for simpler problems, the confounding influence of noise and the need to discriminate between predictive and non-predictive attributes calls for additional strategies. Additionally, tests of significance must be adapted to M-LCS analyses in order to make them a viable option within fields that require such analyses to assess confidence. In this work we introduce an M-LCS analysis pipeline that combines uniquely applied visualizations with objective statistical evaluation for the identification of predictive attributes, and reliable rule generalizations in noisy single-step data mining problems. This work considers an alternative paradigm for knowledge discovery in M-LCSs, shifting the focus from individual rules to a global, population-wide perspective. We demonstrate the efficacy of this pipeline applied to the identification of epistasis (i.e., attribute interaction) and heterogeneity in noisy simulated genetic association data. PMID:25431544

  6. 76 FR 59031 - Classification Challenge Regulations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-23

    ... CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 32 CFR Part 1907 Classification Challenge Regulations AGENCY: Central Intelligence Agency. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: Consistent with Executive Order 13526, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has undertaken and completed a review of its public Classification Challenge...

  7. Daily life activity routine discovery in hemiparetic rehabilitation patients using topic models.

    PubMed

    Seiter, J; Derungs, A; Schuster-Amft, C; Amft, O; Tröster, G

    2015-01-01

    Monitoring natural behavior and activity routines of hemiparetic rehabilitation patients across the day can provide valuable progress information for therapists and patients and contribute to an optimized rehabilitation process. In particular, continuous patient monitoring could add type, frequency and duration of daily life activity routines and hence complement standard clinical scores that are assessed for particular tasks only. Machine learning methods have been applied to infer activity routines from sensor data. However, supervised methods require activity annotations to build recognition models and thus require extensive patient supervision. Discovery methods, including topic models could provide patient routine information and deal with variability in activity and movement performance across patients. Topic models have been used to discover characteristic activity routine patterns of healthy individuals using activity primitives recognized from supervised sensor data. Yet, the applicability of topic models for hemiparetic rehabilitation patients and techniques to derive activity primitives without supervision needs to be addressed. We investigate, 1) whether a topic model-based activity routine discovery framework can infer activity routines of rehabilitation patients from wearable motion sensor data. 2) We compare the performance of our topic model-based activity routine discovery using rule-based and clustering-based activity vocabulary. We analyze the activity routine discovery in a dataset recorded with 11 hemiparetic rehabilitation patients during up to ten full recording days per individual in an ambulatory daycare rehabilitation center using wearable motion sensors attached to both wrists and the non-affected thigh. We introduce and compare rule-based and clustering-based activity vocabulary to process statistical and frequency acceleration features to activity words. Activity words were used for activity routine pattern discovery using topic models based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Discovered activity routine patterns were then mapped to six categorized activity routines. Using the rule-based approach, activity routines could be discovered with an average accuracy of 76% across all patients. The rule-based approach outperformed clustering by 10% and showed less confusions for predicted activity routines. Topic models are suitable to discover daily life activity routines in hemiparetic rehabilitation patients without trained classifiers and activity annotations. Activity routines show characteristic patterns regarding activity primitives including body and extremity postures and movement. A patient-independent rule set can be derived. Including expert knowledge supports successful activity routine discovery over completely data-driven clustering.

  8. Microcomputer-based classification of environmental data in municipal areas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Thiergärtner, H.

    1995-10-01

    Multivariate data-processing methods used in mineral resource identification can be used to classify urban regions. Using elements of expert systems, geographical information systems, as well as known classification and prognosis systems, it is possible to outline a single model that consists of resistant and of temporary parts of a knowledge base including graphical input and output treatment and of resistant and temporary elements of a bank of methods and algorithms. Whereas decision rules created by experts will be stored in expert systems directly, powerful classification rules in form of resistant but latent (implicit) decision algorithms may be implemented in the suggested model. The latent functions will be transformed into temporary explicit decision rules by learning processes depending on the actual task(s), parameter set(s), pixels selection(s), and expert control(s). This takes place both at supervised and nonsupervised classification of multivariately described pixel sets representing municipal subareas. The model is outlined briefly and illustrated by results obtained in a target area covering a part of the city of Berlin (Germany).

  9. Similarity-Dissimilarity Competition in Disjunctive Classification Tasks

    PubMed Central

    Mathy, Fabien; Haladjian, Harry H.; Laurent, Eric; Goldstone, Robert L.

    2013-01-01

    Typical disjunctive artificial classification tasks require participants to sort stimuli according to rules such as “x likes cars only when black and coupe OR white and SUV.” For categories like this, increasing the salience of the diagnostic dimensions has two simultaneous effects: increasing the distance between members of the same category and increasing the distance between members of opposite categories. Potentially, these two effects respectively hinder and facilitate classification learning, leading to competing predictions for learning. Increasing saliency may lead to members of the same category to be considered less similar, while the members of separate categories might be considered more dissimilar. This implies a similarity-dissimilarity competition between two basic classification processes. When focusing on sub-category similarity, one would expect more difficult classification when members of the same category become less similar (disregarding the increase of between-category dissimilarity); however, the between-category dissimilarity increase predicts a less difficult classification. Our categorization study suggests that participants rely more on using dissimilarities between opposite categories than finding similarities between sub-categories. We connect our results to rule- and exemplar-based classification models. The pattern of influences of within- and between-category similarities are challenging for simple single-process categorization systems based on rules or exemplars. Instead, our results suggest that either these processes should be integrated in a hybrid model, or that category learning operates by forming clusters within each category. PMID:23403979

  10. 78 FR 18252 - Prevailing Rate Systems; North American Industry Classification System Based Federal Wage System...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-26

    ...-AM78 Prevailing Rate Systems; North American Industry Classification System Based Federal Wage System... 2007 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes currently used in Federal Wage System... (OPM) issued a final rule (73 FR 45853) to update the 2002 North American Industry Classification...

  11. The Universal Decimal Classification: Some Factors Concerning Its Origins, Development, and Influence.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McIlwaine, I. C.

    1997-01-01

    Discusses the history and development of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC). Topics include the relationship with Dewey Decimal Classification; revision process; structure; facet analysis; lack of standard rules for application; application in automated systems; influence of UDC on classification development; links with thesauri; and use…

  12. A novel artificial immune clonal selection classification and rule mining with swarm learning model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Al-Sheshtawi, Khaled A.; Abdul-Kader, Hatem M.; Elsisi, Ashraf B.

    2013-06-01

    Metaheuristic optimisation algorithms have become popular choice for solving complex problems. By integrating Artificial Immune clonal selection algorithm (CSA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm, a novel hybrid Clonal Selection Classification and Rule Mining with Swarm Learning Algorithm (CS2) is proposed. The main goal of the approach is to exploit and explore the parallel computation merit of Clonal Selection and the speed and self-organisation merits of Particle Swarm by sharing information between clonal selection population and particle swarm. Hence, we employed the advantages of PSO to improve the mutation mechanism of the artificial immune CSA and to mine classification rules within datasets. Consequently, our proposed algorithm required less training time and memory cells in comparison to other AIS algorithms. In this paper, classification rule mining has been modelled as a miltiobjective optimisation problem with predictive accuracy. The multiobjective approach is intended to allow the PSO algorithm to return an approximation to the accuracy and comprehensibility border, containing solutions that are spread across the border. We compared our proposed algorithm classification accuracy CS2 with five commonly used CSAs, namely: AIRS1, AIRS2, AIRS-Parallel, CLONALG, and CSCA using eight benchmark datasets. We also compared our proposed algorithm classification accuracy CS2 with other five methods, namely: Naïve Bayes, SVM, MLP, CART, and RFB. The results show that the proposed algorithm is comparable to the 10 studied algorithms. As a result, the hybridisation, built of CSA and PSO, can develop respective merit, compensate opponent defect, and make search-optimal effect and speed better.

  13. Structural knowledge learning from maps for supervised land cover/use classification: Application to the monitoring of land cover/use maps in French Guiana

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bayoudh, Meriam; Roux, Emmanuel; Richard, Gilles; Nock, Richard

    2015-03-01

    The number of satellites and sensors devoted to Earth observation has become increasingly elevated, delivering extensive data, especially images. At the same time, the access to such data and the tools needed to process them has considerably improved. In the presence of such data flow, we need automatic image interpretation methods, especially when it comes to the monitoring and prediction of environmental and societal changes in highly dynamic socio-environmental contexts. This could be accomplished via artificial intelligence. The concept described here relies on the induction of classification rules that explicitly take into account structural knowledge, using Aleph, an Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) system, combined with a multi-class classification procedure. This methodology was used to monitor changes in land cover/use of the French Guiana coastline. One hundred and fifty-eight classification rules were induced from 3 diachronic land cover/use maps including 38 classes. These rules were expressed in first order logic language, which makes them easily understandable by non-experts. A 10-fold cross-validation gave significant average values of 84.62%, 99.57% and 77.22% for classification accuracy, specificity and sensitivity, respectively. Our methodology could be beneficial to automatically classify new objects and to facilitate object-based classification procedures.

  14. Hierarchical trie packet classification algorithm based on expectation-maximization clustering.

    PubMed

    Bi, Xia-An; Zhao, Junxia

    2017-01-01

    With the development of computer network bandwidth, packet classification algorithms which are able to deal with large-scale rule sets are in urgent need. Among the existing algorithms, researches on packet classification algorithms based on hierarchical trie have become an important packet classification research branch because of their widely practical use. Although hierarchical trie is beneficial to save large storage space, it has several shortcomings such as the existence of backtracking and empty nodes. This paper proposes a new packet classification algorithm, Hierarchical Trie Algorithm Based on Expectation-Maximization Clustering (HTEMC). Firstly, this paper uses the formalization method to deal with the packet classification problem by means of mapping the rules and data packets into a two-dimensional space. Secondly, this paper uses expectation-maximization algorithm to cluster the rules based on their aggregate characteristics, and thereby diversified clusters are formed. Thirdly, this paper proposes a hierarchical trie based on the results of expectation-maximization clustering. Finally, this paper respectively conducts simulation experiments and real-environment experiments to compare the performances of our algorithm with other typical algorithms, and analyzes the results of the experiments. The hierarchical trie structure in our algorithm not only adopts trie path compression to eliminate backtracking, but also solves the problem of low efficiency of trie updates, which greatly improves the performance of the algorithm.

  15. Novel Hypoxia-Directed Cancer Therapeutics

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-07-01

    as anti-cancer therapies. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Hypoxia-inducible factors, mass-spectrometry, drug discovery, kidney cancer 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION...programs required for driving solid tumor growth in cancers of kidney , pancreas, stomach, colon and skin. We seek the discovery of drug-like...drug discovery, kidney cancer. 5 What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? How were the

  16. Myths and legends in learning classification rules

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Buntine, Wray

    1990-01-01

    A discussion is presented of machine learning theory on empirically learning classification rules. Six myths are proposed in the machine learning community that address issues of bias, learning as search, computational learning theory, Occam's razor, universal learning algorithms, and interactive learning. Some of the problems raised are also addressed from a Bayesian perspective. Questions are suggested that machine learning researchers should be addressing both theoretically and experimentally.

  17. 12 CFR 263.25 - Request for document discovery from parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Request for document discovery from parties... Request for document discovery from parties. (a) General rule. Any party may serve on any other party a... a reasonable time, place, and manner for production and performing any related acts. In lieu of...

  18. 12 CFR 1780.27 - Request for document discovery from parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Request for document discovery from parties... Proceedings § 1780.27 Request for document discovery from parties. (a) General rule. Any party may serve on... specify a reasonable time, place and manner for production and performing any related acts. In lieu of...

  19. 12 CFR 908.47 - Request for document discovery from parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Request for document discovery from parties... § 908.47 Request for document discovery from parties. (a) General rule. Any party may serve on any other... time, place and manner for production and performing any related acts. In lieu of inspecting the...

  20. 12 CFR 19.25 - Request for document discovery from parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Request for document discovery from parties. 19... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Uniform Rules of Practice and Procedure § 19.25 Request for document discovery from... for production and performing any related acts. In lieu of inspecting the documents, the requesting...

  1. The Equilibrium Rule--A Personal Discovery

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hewitt, Paul G.

    2016-01-01

    Examples of equilibrium are evident everywhere and the equilibrium rule provides a reasoned way to view all things, whether in static (balancing rocks, steel beams in building construction) or dynamic (airplanes, bowling balls) equilibrium. Interestingly, the equilibrium rule applies not just to objects at rest but whenever any object or system of…

  2. Inference of combinatorial Boolean rules of synergistic gene sets from cancer microarray datasets.

    PubMed

    Park, Inho; Lee, Kwang H; Lee, Doheon

    2010-06-15

    Gene set analysis has become an important tool for the functional interpretation of high-throughput gene expression datasets. Moreover, pattern analyses based on inferred gene set activities of individual samples have shown the ability to identify more robust disease signatures than individual gene-based pattern analyses. Although a number of approaches have been proposed for gene set-based pattern analysis, the combinatorial influence of deregulated gene sets on disease phenotype classification has not been studied sufficiently. We propose a new approach for inferring combinatorial Boolean rules of gene sets for a better understanding of cancer transcriptome and cancer classification. To reduce the search space of the possible Boolean rules, we identify small groups of gene sets that synergistically contribute to the classification of samples into their corresponding phenotypic groups (such as normal and cancer). We then measure the significance of the candidate Boolean rules derived from each group of gene sets; the level of significance is based on the class entropy of the samples selected in accordance with the rules. By applying the present approach to publicly available prostate cancer datasets, we identified 72 significant Boolean rules. Finally, we discuss several identified Boolean rules, such as the rule of glutathione metabolism (down) and prostaglandin synthesis regulation (down), which are consistent with known prostate cancer biology. Scripts written in Python and R are available at http://biosoft.kaist.ac.kr/~ihpark/. The refined gene sets and the full list of the identified Boolean rules are provided in the Supplementary Material. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

  3. Local Subspace Classifier with Transform-Invariance for Image Classification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hotta, Seiji

    A family of linear subspace classifiers called local subspace classifier (LSC) outperforms the k-nearest neighbor rule (kNN) and conventional subspace classifiers in handwritten digit classification. However, LSC suffers very high sensitivity to image transformations because it uses projection and the Euclidean distances for classification. In this paper, I present a combination of a local subspace classifier (LSC) and a tangent distance (TD) for improving accuracy of handwritten digit recognition. In this classification rule, we can deal with transform-invariance easily because we are able to use tangent vectors for approximation of transformations. However, we cannot use tangent vectors in other type of images such as color images. Hence, kernel LSC (KLSC) is proposed for incorporating transform-invariance into LSC via kernel mapping. The performance of the proposed methods is verified with the experiments on handwritten digit and color image classification.

  4. Starmind: A Fuzzy Logic Knowledge-Based System for the Automated Classification of Stars in the MK System

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Manteiga, M.; Carricajo, I.; Rodríguez, A.; Dafonte, C.; Arcay, B.

    2009-02-01

    Astrophysics is evolving toward a more rational use of costly observational data by intelligently exploiting the large terrestrial and spatial astronomical databases. In this paper, we present a study showing the suitability of an expert system to perform the classification of stellar spectra in the Morgan and Keenan (MK) system. Using the formalism of artificial intelligence for the development of such a system, we propose a rules' base that contains classification criteria and confidence grades, all integrated in an inference engine that emulates human reasoning by means of a hierarchical decision rules tree that also considers the uncertainty factors associated with rules. Our main objective is to illustrate the formulation and development of such a system for an astrophysical classification problem. An extensive spectral database of MK standard spectra has been collected and used as a reference to determine the spectral indexes that are suitable for classification in the MK system. It is shown that by considering 30 spectral indexes and associating them with uncertainty factors, we can find an accurate diagnose in MK types of a particular spectrum. The system was evaluated against the NOAO-INDO-US spectral catalog.

  5. Object-based land-cover classification for metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, using aerial photography

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Xiaoxiao; Myint, Soe W.; Zhang, Yujia; Galletti, Chritopher; Zhang, Xiaoxiang; Turner, Billie L.

    2014-12-01

    Detailed land-cover mapping is essential for a range of research issues addressed by the sustainability and land system sciences and planning. This study uses an object-based approach to create a 1 m land-cover classification map of the expansive Phoenix metropolitan area through the use of high spatial resolution aerial photography from National Agricultural Imagery Program. It employs an expert knowledge decision rule set and incorporates the cadastral GIS vector layer as auxiliary data. The classification rule was established on a hierarchical image object network, and the properties of parcels in the vector layer were used to establish land cover types. Image segmentations were initially utilized to separate the aerial photos into parcel sized objects, and were further used for detailed land type identification within the parcels. Characteristics of image objects from contextual and geometrical aspects were used in the decision rule set to reduce the spectral limitation of the four-band aerial photography. Classification results include 12 land-cover classes and subclasses that may be assessed from the sub-parcel to the landscape scales, facilitating examination of scale dynamics. The proposed object-based classification method provides robust results, uses minimal and readily available ancillary data, and reduces computational time.

  6. Weighted Association Rule Mining for Item Groups with Different Properties and Risk Assessment for Networked Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Jungja; Ceong, Heetaek; Won, Yonggwan

    In market-basket analysis, weighted association rule (WAR) discovery can mine the rules that include more beneficial information by reflecting item importance for special products. In the point-of-sale database, each transaction is composed of items with similar properties, and item weights are pre-defined and fixed by a factor such as the profit. However, when items are divided into more than one group and the item importance must be measured independently for each group, traditional weighted association rule discovery cannot be used. To solve this problem, we propose a new weighted association rule mining methodology. The items should be first divided into subgroups according to their properties, and the item importance, i.e. item weight, is defined or calculated only with the items included in the subgroup. Then, transaction weight is measured by appropriately summing the item weights from each subgroup, and the weighted support is computed as the fraction of the transaction weights that contains the candidate items relative to the weight of all transactions. As an example, our proposed methodology is applied to assess the vulnerability to threats of computer systems that provide networked services. Our algorithm provides both quantitative risk-level values and qualitative risk rules for the security assessment of networked computer systems using WAR discovery. Also, it can be widely used for new applications with many data sets in which the data items are distinctly separated.

  7. 43 CFR 2091.7-1 - Segregative effect and opening: Classifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...: Classifications. 2091.7-1 Section 2091.7-1 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued... RULES Segregation and Opening of Lands § 2091.7-1 Segregative effect and opening: Classifications. (a)(1... authority of the Classification and Multiple Use Act (43 U.S.C. 1411-18) are segregated to the extent...

  8. Semi-automated surface mapping via unsupervised classification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    D'Amore, M.; Le Scaon, R.; Helbert, J.; Maturilli, A.

    2017-09-01

    Due to the increasing volume of the returned data from space mission, the human search for correlation and identification of interesting features becomes more and more unfeasible. Statistical extraction of features via machine learning methods will increase the scientific output of remote sensing missions and aid the discovery of yet unknown feature hidden in dataset. Those methods exploit algorithm trained on features from multiple instrument, returning classification maps that explore intra-dataset correlation, allowing for the discovery of unknown features. We present two applications, one for Mercury and one for Vesta.

  9. Intelligent Interoperable Agent Toolkit (I2AT)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2005-02-01

    Agents, Agent Infrastructure, Intelligent Agents 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT UNCLASSIFIED 18. SECURITY ...CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL NSN 7540-01...those that occur while the submarine is submerged. Using CoABS Grid/Jini service discovery events backed up with a small amount of internal bookkeeping

  10. Myths and legends in learning classification rules

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Buntine, Wray

    1990-01-01

    This paper is a discussion of machine learning theory on empirically learning classification rules. The paper proposes six myths in the machine learning community that address issues of bias, learning as search, computational learning theory, Occam's razor, 'universal' learning algorithms, and interactive learnings. Some of the problems raised are also addressed from a Bayesian perspective. The paper concludes by suggesting questions that machine learning researchers should be addressing both theoretically and experimentally.

  11. 76 FR 2808 - Procedures for the Handling of Retaliation Complaints Under the Employee Protection Provisions of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-18

    ... has broad authority to limit discovery. The preamble noted, for example, that an ALJ may limit the... also noted that an ALJ may exercise discretion to limit discovery unless the complainant agrees to...; and that if a complainant seeks excessive or burdensome discovery under the ALJ's rules and procedures...

  12. 17 CFR 12.35 - Consequences of a party's failure to comply with a discovery order.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Consequences of a party's failure to comply with a discovery order. 12.35 Section 12.35 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION RULES RELATING TO REPARATIONS Discovery § 12.35 Consequences of a party's...

  13. 10 CFR 2.709 - Discovery against NRC staff.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Discovery against NRC staff. 2.709 Section 2.709 Energy... Rules for Formal Adjudications § 2.709 Discovery against NRC staff. (a)(1) In a proceeding in which the NRC staff is a party, the NRC staff will make available one or more witnesses, designated by the...

  14. 10 CFR 2.709 - Discovery against NRC staff.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Discovery against NRC staff. 2.709 Section 2.709 Energy... Rules for Formal Adjudications § 2.709 Discovery against NRC staff. (a)(1) In a proceeding in which the NRC staff is a party, the NRC staff will make available one or more witnesses, designated by the...

  15. 10 CFR 2.709 - Discovery against NRC staff.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Discovery against NRC staff. 2.709 Section 2.709 Energy... Rules for Formal Adjudications § 2.709 Discovery against NRC staff. (a)(1) In a proceeding in which the NRC staff is a party, the NRC staff will make available one or more witnesses, designated by the...

  16. 29 CFR 18.21 - Motion to compel discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES General § 18.21 Motion to compel discovery. (a) If a deponent fails... to answer or respond. (d) In ruling on a motion made pursuant to this section, the administrative law... 29 Labor 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Motion to compel discovery. 18.21 Section 18.21 Labor...

  17. 29 CFR 18.21 - Motion to compel discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES General § 18.21 Motion to compel discovery. (a) If a deponent fails... to answer or respond. (d) In ruling on a motion made pursuant to this section, the administrative law... 29 Labor 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Motion to compel discovery. 18.21 Section 18.21 Labor...

  18. 29 CFR 18.21 - Motion to compel discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES General § 18.21 Motion to compel discovery. (a) If a deponent fails... to answer or respond. (d) In ruling on a motion made pursuant to this section, the administrative law... 29 Labor 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Motion to compel discovery. 18.21 Section 18.21 Labor...

  19. 29 CFR 18.21 - Motion to compel discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES General § 18.21 Motion to compel discovery. (a) If a deponent fails... to answer or respond. (d) In ruling on a motion made pursuant to this section, the administrative law... 29 Labor 1 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Motion to compel discovery. 18.21 Section 18.21 Labor Office...

  20. Comparative analysis of expert and machine-learning methods for classification of body cavity effusions in companion animals.

    PubMed

    Hotz, Christine S; Templeton, Steven J; Christopher, Mary M

    2005-03-01

    A rule-based expert system using CLIPS programming language was created to classify body cavity effusions as transudates, modified transudates, exudates, chylous, and hemorrhagic effusions. The diagnostic accuracy of the rule-based system was compared with that produced by 2 machine-learning methods: Rosetta, a rough sets algorithm and RIPPER, a rule-induction method. Results of 508 body cavity fluid analyses (canine, feline, equine) obtained from the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital computerized patient database were used to test CLIPS and to test and train RIPPER and Rosetta. The CLIPS system, using 17 rules, achieved an accuracy of 93.5% compared with pathologist consensus diagnoses. Rosetta accurately classified 91% of effusions by using 5,479 rules. RIPPER achieved the greatest accuracy (95.5%) using only 10 rules. When the original rules of the CLIPS application were replaced with those of RIPPER, the accuracy rates were identical. These results suggest that both rule-based expert systems and machine-learning methods hold promise for the preliminary classification of body fluids in the clinical laboratory.

  1. 46 CFR 8.100 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... § 8.100 Definitions. Authorized Classification Society means a recognized classification society that... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 8.100 Section 8.100 Shipping COAST GUARD... Coast Guard. Class Rules means the standards developed and published by a classification society...

  2. 76 FR 76896 - International Anti-Fouling System Certificate

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-09

    ...-fouling System (IAFS) Certificate to the list of certificates a recognized classification society may..., 2001. This final rule will enable recognized classification societies to apply to the Coast Guard for... the Coast Guard to authorize recognized classification societies to issue IAFS Certificates...

  3. 4 CFR 22.11 - Depositions [Rule 11].

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 4 Accounts 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Depositions [Rule 11]. 22.11 Section 22.11 Accounts... OFFICE CONTRACT APPEALS BOARD § 22.11 Depositions [Rule 11]. (a) When depositions may be taken. After an... of any person by deposition upon oral examination or written questions, for the purpose of discovery...

  4. 4 CFR 22.11 - Depositions [Rule 11].

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 4 Accounts 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Depositions [Rule 11]. 22.11 Section 22.11 Accounts... OFFICE CONTRACT APPEALS BOARD § 22.11 Depositions [Rule 11]. (a) When depositions may be taken. After an... of any person by deposition upon oral examination or written questions, for the purpose of discovery...

  5. 29 CFR 2200.101 - Failure to obey rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Failure to obey rules. 2200.101 Section 2200.101 Labor... Miscellaneous Provisions § 2200.101 Failure to obey rules. (a) Sanctions. When any party has failed to plead or...). (c) Discovery sanctions. This section does not apply to sanctions for failure to comply with orders...

  6. 29 CFR 2200.101 - Failure to obey rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Failure to obey rules. 2200.101 Section 2200.101 Labor... Miscellaneous Provisions § 2200.101 Failure to obey rules. (a) Sanctions. When any party has failed to plead or...). (c) Discovery sanctions. This section does not apply to sanctions for failure to comply with orders...

  7. 29 CFR 2200.101 - Failure to obey rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Failure to obey rules. 2200.101 Section 2200.101 Labor... Miscellaneous Provisions § 2200.101 Failure to obey rules. (a) Sanctions. When any party has failed to plead or...). (c) Discovery sanctions. This section does not apply to sanctions for failure to comply with orders...

  8. 29 CFR 2200.101 - Failure to obey rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Failure to obey rules. 2200.101 Section 2200.101 Labor... Miscellaneous Provisions § 2200.101 Failure to obey rules. (a) Sanctions. When any party has failed to plead or...). (c) Discovery sanctions. This section does not apply to sanctions for failure to comply with orders...

  9. 29 CFR 2200.101 - Failure to obey rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Failure to obey rules. 2200.101 Section 2200.101 Labor... Miscellaneous Provisions § 2200.101 Failure to obey rules. (a) Sanctions. When any party has failed to plead or...). (c) Discovery sanctions. This section does not apply to sanctions for failure to comply with orders...

  10. A robust platform based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography Quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry with a two-step data mining strategy in the investigation, classification, and identification of chlorogenic acids in Ainsliaea fragrans Champ.

    PubMed

    Ouyang, Hui; Li, Junmao; Wu, Bei; Zhang, Xiaoyong; Li, Yan; Yang, Shilin; He, Mingzhen; Feng, Yulin

    2017-06-16

    The chlorogenic acids are the major bioactive constituents of the whole plant of Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. (Xingxiang Tuerfeng). These compounds are usually present as isomeric forms in Xingxiang Tuerfeng. Therefore, an efficient approach should be developed for the rapid discovery and identification of chlorogenic acids isomers through the fragmentation pathway and rules. In this study, the collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS) fragmentation routes of chlorogenic acids were systematically investigated by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS in the negative ion mode using eight chlorogenic acids standards. As a result, diagnostic product ions for rapid discovery and classification of chlorogenic acids isomers were determined according to their MS/MS fragmentation patterns and intensity analysis. Based on these findings, a novel two-step data mining strategy was established. The first key step was to screen different kinds of substitution and the skeleton of the quinic acid using the characteristic product ions and neutral losses. The second key step was to screen and classify different types of chlorogenic acids using their diagnostic product ions. It was apply to the rapid investigation, classification, and identification of chlorogenic acids. And the same carbon skeletons from a complex extract of Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. were effectively identified. 88 constituents, including 14 chlorogenic acids types, were rapidly discovered and identified, and in particular, 12 types of chlorogenic acids, including p-CoQC, FQA, BQC, CQA-Glu, CFQA, p-Co-CQC, di-p-CoQC, BCQA, di-CQA-Glu, PCQA, tri-QCA, and P-di-CQA, were first discovered in Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. In conclusion, UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method together with a systematic two-step data mining strategy was established as a feasible, effective, and rational technique for analyzing chlorogenic acids. Additionally, this study laid a foundation for the study of the active substances and quality control of Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  11. Rule Changes Passed at the NCAA Convention.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chronicle of Higher Education, 1987

    1987-01-01

    Recent changes in National Collegiate Athletic Association rules concerning academics, recruiting, amateurism, membership and classification, championships, playing and practice seasons, general policies, and eligibility are summarized. (MSE)

  12. 42 CFR 412.10 - Changes in the DRG classification system.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Changes in the DRG classification system. 412.10... § 412.10 Changes in the DRG classification system. (a) General rule. CMS issues changes in the DRG classification system in a Federal Register notice at least annually. Except as specified in paragraphs (c) and...

  13. 42 CFR 412.10 - Changes in the DRG classification system.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Changes in the DRG classification system. 412.10... § 412.10 Changes in the DRG classification system. (a) General rule. CMS issues changes in the DRG classification system in a Federal Register notice at least annually. Except as specified in paragraphs (c) and...

  14. Hierarchical trie packet classification algorithm based on expectation-maximization clustering

    PubMed Central

    Bi, Xia-an; Zhao, Junxia

    2017-01-01

    With the development of computer network bandwidth, packet classification algorithms which are able to deal with large-scale rule sets are in urgent need. Among the existing algorithms, researches on packet classification algorithms based on hierarchical trie have become an important packet classification research branch because of their widely practical use. Although hierarchical trie is beneficial to save large storage space, it has several shortcomings such as the existence of backtracking and empty nodes. This paper proposes a new packet classification algorithm, Hierarchical Trie Algorithm Based on Expectation-Maximization Clustering (HTEMC). Firstly, this paper uses the formalization method to deal with the packet classification problem by means of mapping the rules and data packets into a two-dimensional space. Secondly, this paper uses expectation-maximization algorithm to cluster the rules based on their aggregate characteristics, and thereby diversified clusters are formed. Thirdly, this paper proposes a hierarchical trie based on the results of expectation-maximization clustering. Finally, this paper respectively conducts simulation experiments and real-environment experiments to compare the performances of our algorithm with other typical algorithms, and analyzes the results of the experiments. The hierarchical trie structure in our algorithm not only adopts trie path compression to eliminate backtracking, but also solves the problem of low efficiency of trie updates, which greatly improves the performance of the algorithm. PMID:28704476

  15. Emerging branches of the N-end rule pathways are revealing the sequence complexities of N-termini dependent protein degradation.

    PubMed

    Eldeeb, Mohamed A; Leitao, Luana C A; Fahlman, Richard P

    2018-06-01

    The N-end rule links the identity of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein to its in vivo half-life, as some N-terminal residues confer metabolic instability to a protein via their recognition by the cellular machinery that targets them for degradation. Since its discovery, the N-end rule has generally been defined as set of rules of whether an N-terminal residue is stabilizing or not. However, recent studies are revealing that the N-terminal code of amino acids conferring protein instability is more complex than previously appreciated, as recent investigations are revealing that the identity of adjoining downstream residues can also influence the metabolic stability of N-end rule substrate. This is exemplified by the recent discovery of a new branch of N-end rule pathways that target proteins bearing N-terminal proline. In addition, recent investigations are demonstrating that the molecular machinery in N-termini dependent protein degradation may also target proteins for lysosomal degradation, in addition to proteasome-dependent degradation. Herein, we describe some of the recent advances in N-end rule pathways and discuss some of the implications regarding the emerging additional sequence requirements.

  16. Using an improved association rules mining optimization algorithm in web-based mobile-learning system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Yin; Chen, Jianhua; Xiong, Shaojun

    2009-07-01

    Mobile-Learning (M-learning) makes many learners get the advantages of both traditional learning and E-learning. Currently, Web-based Mobile-Learning Systems have created many new ways and defined new relationships between educators and learners. Association rule mining is one of the most important fields in data mining and knowledge discovery in databases. Rules explosion is a serious problem which causes great concerns, as conventional mining algorithms often produce too many rules for decision makers to digest. Since Web-based Mobile-Learning System collects vast amounts of student profile data, data mining and knowledge discovery techniques can be applied to find interesting relationships between attributes of learners, assessments, the solution strategies adopted by learners and so on. Therefore ,this paper focus on a new data-mining algorithm, combined with the advantages of genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm , called ARGSA(Association rules based on an improved Genetic Simulated Annealing Algorithm), to mine the association rules. This paper first takes advantage of the Parallel Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Algorithm designed specifically for discovering association rules. Moreover, the analysis and experiment are also made to show the proposed method is superior to the Apriori algorithm in this Mobile-Learning system.

  17. 46 CFR 71.15-5 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... list of authorized classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and supplements, is available from Commandant (CG-521), 2100 2nd St. SW., Stop 7126, Washington, DC 20593-7126; telephone (202) 372-1372; or fax (202) 372-1925. Approved classification society...

  18. 46 CFR 71.15-5 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... list of authorized classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and supplements, is available from Commandant (CG-521), 2100 2nd St. SW., Stop 7126, Washington, DC 20593-7126; telephone (202) 372-1372; or fax (202) 372-1925. Approved classification society...

  19. 77 FR 30087 - Air Quality Designations for the 2008 Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-21

    ...This rule establishes initial air quality designations for most areas in the United States, including areas of Indian country, for the 2008 primary and secondary national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for ozone. The designations for several counties in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin that the EPA is considering for inclusion in the Chicago nonattainment area will be designated in a subsequent action, no later than May 31, 2012. Areas designated as nonattainment are also being classified by operation of law according to the severity of their air quality problems. The classification categories are Marginal, Moderate, Serious, Severe, and Extreme. The EPA is establishing the air quality thresholds that define the classifications in a separate rule that the EPA is signing and publishing in the Federal Register on the same schedule as these designations. In accordance with that separate rule, six nonattainment areas in California are being reclassified to a higher classification.

  20. A Cladist is a systematist who seeks a natural classification: some comments on Quinn (2017).

    PubMed

    Williams, David M; Ebach, Malte C

    2018-01-01

    In response to Quinn (Biol Philos, 2017. 10.1007/s10539-017-9577-z) we identify cladistics to be about natural classifications and their discovery and thereby propose to add an eighth cladistic definition to Quinn's list, namely the systematist who seeks to discover natural classifications, regardless of their affiliation, theoretical or methodological justifications.

  1. Modeling Mode Choice Behavior Incorporating Household and Individual Sociodemographics and Travel Attributes Based on Rough Sets Theory

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Xuewu; Wei, Ming; Wu, Jingxian; Hou, Xianyao

    2014-01-01

    Most traditional mode choice models are based on the principle of random utility maximization derived from econometric theory. Alternatively, mode choice modeling can be regarded as a pattern recognition problem reflected from the explanatory variables of determining the choices between alternatives. The paper applies the knowledge discovery technique of rough sets theory to model travel mode choices incorporating household and individual sociodemographics and travel information, and to identify the significance of each attribute. The study uses the detailed travel diary survey data of Changxing county which contains information on both household and individual travel behaviors for model estimation and evaluation. The knowledge is presented in the form of easily understood IF-THEN statements or rules which reveal how each attribute influences mode choice behavior. These rules are then used to predict travel mode choices from information held about previously unseen individuals and the classification performance is assessed. The rough sets model shows high robustness and good predictive ability. The most significant condition attributes identified to determine travel mode choices are gender, distance, household annual income, and occupation. Comparative evaluation with the MNL model also proves that the rough sets model gives superior prediction accuracy and coverage on travel mode choice modeling. PMID:25431585

  2. The discovery of the periodic table as a case of simultaneous discovery.

    PubMed

    Scerri, Eric

    2015-03-13

    The article examines the question of priority and simultaneous discovery in the context of the discovery of the periodic system. It is argued that rather than being anomalous, simultaneous discovery is the rule. Moreover, I argue that the discovery of the periodic system by at least six authors in over a period of 7 years represents one of the best examples of a multiple discovery. This notion is supported by a new view of the evolutionary development of science through a mechanism that is dubbed Sci-Gaia by analogy with Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

  3. The research of selection model based on LOD in multi-scale display of electronic map

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Jinming; You, Xiong; Liu, Yingzhen

    2008-10-01

    This paper proposes a selection model based on LOD to aid the display of electronic map. The ratio of display scale to map scale is regarded as a LOD operator. The categorization rule, classification rule, elementary rule and spatial geometry character rule of LOD operator setting are also concluded.

  4. 46 CFR 189.15-5 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., a list of authorized classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and supplements, is available from Commandant (CG-521), 2100 2nd St., SW., Stop 7126, Washington, DC 20593-7126; telephone (202) 372-1371; or fax (202) 372-1925. Approved classification society...

  5. 46 CFR 189.15-5 - Alternate compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ..., a list of authorized classification societies, including information for ordering copies of approved classification society rules and supplements, is available from Commandant (CG-521), 2100 2nd St., SW., Stop 7126, Washington, DC 20593-7126; telephone (202) 372-1371; or fax (202) 372-1925. Approved classification society...

  6. Scattering property based contextual PolSAR speckle filter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mullissa, Adugna G.; Tolpekin, Valentyn; Stein, Alfred

    2017-12-01

    Reliability of the scattering model based polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) speckle filter depends upon the accurate decomposition and classification of the scattering mechanisms. This paper presents an improved scattering property based contextual speckle filter based upon an iterative classification of the scattering mechanisms. It applies a Cloude-Pottier eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition and a fuzzy H/α classification to determine the scattering mechanisms on a pre-estimate of the coherency matrix. The H/α classification identifies pixels with homogeneous scattering properties. A coarse pixel selection rule groups pixels that are either single bounce, double bounce or volume scatterers. A fine pixel selection rule is applied to pixels within each canonical scattering mechanism. We filter the PolSAR data and depending on the type of image scene (urban or rural) use either the coarse or fine pixel selection rule. Iterative refinement of the Wishart H/α classification reduces the speckle in the PolSAR data. Effectiveness of this new filter is demonstrated by using both simulated and real PolSAR data. It is compared with the refined Lee filter, the scattering model based filter and the non-local means filter. The study concludes that the proposed filter compares favorably with other polarimetric speckle filters in preserving polarimetric information, point scatterers and subtle features in PolSAR data.

  7. Predicting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Clades Using Knowledge-Based Bayesian Networks

    PubMed Central

    Bennett, Kristin P.

    2014-01-01

    We develop a novel approach for incorporating expert rules into Bayesian networks for classification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) clades. The proposed knowledge-based Bayesian network (KBBN) treats sets of expert rules as prior distributions on the classes. Unlike prior knowledge-based support vector machine approaches which require rules expressed as polyhedral sets, KBBN directly incorporates the rules without any modification. KBBN uses data to refine rule-based classifiers when the rule set is incomplete or ambiguous. We develop a predictive KBBN model for 69 MTBC clades found in the SITVIT international collection. We validate the approach using two testbeds that model knowledge of the MTBC obtained from two different experts and large DNA fingerprint databases to predict MTBC genetic clades and sublineages. These models represent strains of MTBC using high-throughput biomarkers called spacer oligonucleotide types (spoligotypes), since these are routinely gathered from MTBC isolates of tuberculosis (TB) patients. Results show that incorporating rules into problems can drastically increase classification accuracy if data alone are insufficient. The SITVIT KBBN is publicly available for use on the World Wide Web. PMID:24864238

  8. A machine-learned computational functional genomics-based approach to drug classification.

    PubMed

    Lötsch, Jörn; Ultsch, Alfred

    2016-12-01

    The public accessibility of "big data" about the molecular targets of drugs and the biological functions of genes allows novel data science-based approaches to pharmacology that link drugs directly with their effects on pathophysiologic processes. This provides a phenotypic path to drug discovery and repurposing. This paper compares the performance of a functional genomics-based criterion to the traditional drug target-based classification. Knowledge discovery in the DrugBank and Gene Ontology databases allowed the construction of a "drug target versus biological process" matrix as a combination of "drug versus genes" and "genes versus biological processes" matrices. As a canonical example, such matrices were constructed for classical analgesic drugs. These matrices were projected onto a toroid grid of 50 × 82 artificial neurons using a self-organizing map (SOM). The distance, respectively, cluster structure of the high-dimensional feature space of the matrices was visualized on top of this SOM using a U-matrix. The cluster structure emerging on the U-matrix provided a correct classification of the analgesics into two main classes of opioid and non-opioid analgesics. The classification was flawless with both the functional genomics and the traditional target-based criterion. The functional genomics approach inherently included the drugs' modulatory effects on biological processes. The main pharmacological actions known from pharmacological science were captures, e.g., actions on lipid signaling for non-opioid analgesics that comprised many NSAIDs and actions on neuronal signal transmission for opioid analgesics. Using machine-learned techniques for computational drug classification in a comparative assessment, a functional genomics-based criterion was found to be similarly suitable for drug classification as the traditional target-based criterion. This supports a utility of functional genomics-based approaches to computational system pharmacology for drug discovery and repurposing.

  9. Supporting Solar Physics Research via Data Mining

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Angryk, Rafal; Banda, J.; Schuh, M.; Ganesan Pillai, K.; Tosun, H.; Martens, P.

    2012-05-01

    In this talk we will briefly introduce three pillars of data mining (i.e. frequent patterns discovery, classification, and clustering), and discuss some possible applications of known data mining techniques which can directly benefit solar physics research. In particular, we plan to demonstrate applicability of frequent patterns discovery methods for the verification of hypotheses about co-occurrence (in space and time) of filaments and sigmoids. We will also show how classification/machine learning algorithms can be utilized to verify human-created software modules to discover individual types of solar phenomena. Finally, we will discuss applicability of clustering techniques to image data processing.

  10. Semantic Classification of Diseases in Discharge Summaries Using a Context-aware Rule-based Classifier

    PubMed Central

    Solt, Illés; Tikk, Domonkos; Gál, Viktor; Kardkovács, Zsolt T.

    2009-01-01

    Objective Automated and disease-specific classification of textual clinical discharge summaries is of great importance in human life science, as it helps physicians to make medical studies by providing statistically relevant data for analysis. This can be further facilitated if, at the labeling of discharge summaries, semantic labels are also extracted from text, such as whether a given disease is present, absent, questionable in a patient, or is unmentioned in the document. The authors present a classification technique that successfully solves the semantic classification task. Design The authors introduce a context-aware rule-based semantic classification technique for use on clinical discharge summaries. The classification is performed in subsequent steps. First, some misleading parts are removed from the text; then the text is partitioned into positive, negative, and uncertain context segments, then a sequence of binary classifiers is applied to assign the appropriate semantic labels. Measurement For evaluation the authors used the documents of the i2b2 Obesity Challenge and adopted its evaluation measures: F1-macro and F1-micro for measurements. Results On the two subtasks of the Obesity Challenge (textual and intuitive classification) the system performed very well, and achieved a F1-macro = 0.80 for the textual and F1-macro = 0.67 for the intuitive tasks, and obtained second place at the textual and first place at the intuitive subtasks of the challenge. Conclusions The authors show in the paper that a simple rule-based classifier can tackle the semantic classification task more successfully than machine learning techniques, if the training data are limited and some semantic labels are very sparse. PMID:19390101

  11. 78 FR 59995 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-30

    ... Change To Clarify the Classification and Reporting of Certain Securities to FINRA September 24, 2013... interpretation to clarify the classification and the reporting of certain securities to FINRA. The proposed rule....'' FINRA recently has received inquiries regarding the appropriate classification of certain ``hybrid...

  12. 46 CFR 8.440 - Vessel enrollment in the Alternate Compliance Program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... classification society and accepted by the Coast Guard, the cognizant OCMI may decline to issue a certificate of... recognized classification society authorized by the Coast Guard to determine compliance with applicable international treaties and agreements, the classification society's class rules, and the U.S. supplement...

  13. 46 CFR 8.440 - Vessel enrollment in the Alternate Compliance Program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... classification society and accepted by the Coast Guard, the cognizant OCMI may decline to issue a certificate of... recognized classification society authorized by the Coast Guard to determine compliance with applicable international treaties and agreements, the classification society's class rules, and the U.S. Supplement...

  14. 46 CFR 8.440 - Vessel enrollment in the Alternate Compliance Program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... classification society and accepted by the Coast Guard, the cognizant OCMI may decline to issue a certificate of... recognized classification society authorized by the Coast Guard to determine compliance with applicable international treaties and agreements, the classification society's class rules, and the U.S. supplement...

  15. 46 CFR 8.440 - Vessel enrollment in the Alternate Compliance Program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... issuance or renewal of a COI may submit the vessel for classification, plan review and inspection by a recognized classification society authorized by the Coast Guard to determine compliance with applicable international treaties and agreements, the classification society's class rules, and the U.S. Supplement...

  16. 46 CFR 8.440 - Vessel enrollment in the Alternate Compliance Program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... issuance or renewal of a COI may submit the vessel for classification, plan review and inspection by a recognized classification society authorized by the Coast Guard to determine compliance with applicable international treaties and agreements, the classification society's class rules, and the U.S. Supplement...

  17. 18 CFR 3a.13 - Classification responsibility and procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Classification responsibility and procedure. 3a.13 Section 3a.13 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification § 3a...

  18. 18 CFR 3a.31 - Classification markings and special notations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Classification markings and special notations. 3a.31 Section 3a.31 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification...

  19. 18 CFR 3a.13 - Classification responsibility and procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Classification responsibility and procedure. 3a.13 Section 3a.13 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification § 3a...

  20. 18 CFR 3a.11 - Classification of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Classification of official information. 3a.11 Section 3a.11 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification § 3a...

  1. 18 CFR 3a.13 - Classification responsibility and procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Classification responsibility and procedure. 3a.13 Section 3a.13 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification § 3a...

  2. 18 CFR 3a.11 - Classification of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Classification of official information. 3a.11 Section 3a.11 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification § 3a...

  3. 18 CFR 3a.13 - Classification responsibility and procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Classification responsibility and procedure. 3a.13 Section 3a.13 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification § 3a...

  4. 18 CFR 3a.31 - Classification markings and special notations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Classification markings and special notations. 3a.31 Section 3a.31 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification...

  5. 18 CFR 3a.11 - Classification of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Classification of official information. 3a.11 Section 3a.11 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification § 3a...

  6. 18 CFR 3a.11 - Classification of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Classification of official information. 3a.11 Section 3a.11 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification § 3a...

  7. 18 CFR 3a.31 - Classification markings and special notations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Classification markings and special notations. 3a.31 Section 3a.31 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL RULES NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION Classification...

  8. 47 CFR 1.6008 - Determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) of the Communications Act: Procedures Governing Complaints Filed by Television Broadcast Stations... final ruling based on the written filings by the parties. (b) Discovery. The Commission may direct the... schedule as the Commission may approve, but only if the Commission first determines that such discovery is...

  9. Classification of lymphoid neoplasms: the microscope as a tool for disease discovery

    PubMed Central

    Harris, Nancy Lee; Stein, Harald; Isaacson, Peter G.

    2008-01-01

    In the past 50 years, we have witnessed explosive growth in the understanding of normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells. B-cell, T-cell, and natural killer (NK)–cell neoplasms in many respects recapitulate normal stages of lymphoid cell differentiation and function, so that they can be to some extent classified according to the corresponding normal stage. Likewise, the molecular mechanisms involved the pathogenesis of lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias are often based on the physiology of the lymphoid cells, capitalizing on deregulated normal physiology by harnessing the promoters of genes essential for lymphocyte function. The clinical manifestations of lymphomas likewise reflect the normal function of lymphoid cells in vivo. The multiparameter approach to classification adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification has been validated in international studies as being highly reproducible, and enhancing the interpretation of clinical and translational studies. In addition, accurate and precise classification of disease entities facilitates the discovery of the molecular basis of lymphoid neoplasms in the basic science laboratory. PMID:19029456

  10. Discovery and Classification of ZTF Transients

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lunnan, Ragnhild; Taddia, Francesco; Sollerman, Jesper; Barbarino, Cristina; Goobar, Ariel; Fremling, Christoffer; Kasliwal, Mansi; Cannella, Chris; Blagorodnova, Nadejda; Neill, J. Don; Walters, Richard; Ho, Anna; Yan, Lin; Burdge, Kevin; Schulze, Steve; Yaron, Ofer; Gal-Yam, Avishay; Yang, Yi; Graham, Melissa; Golkhou, V. Zach; Bellm, Eric; Parley, Daniel; Zwicky Transient Facility Collaboration

    2018-04-01

    We report spectroscopic classifications of 17 transients discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF; ATel #11266) during science validation. Additional classifications of older transients have been reported to and are publicly available on the TNS. Spectra were obtained with DBSP at the Palomar 200-in Hale Telescope, with DIS at the ARC 3.5m telescope at Apache Point Observatory, and with SPRAT at Liverpool Telescope.

  11. [Recent advances in metabonomics].

    PubMed

    Xu, Guo-Wang; Lu, Xin; Yang, Sheng-Li

    2007-12-01

    Metabonomics (or metabolomics) aims at the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the wide arrays of metabolites in biological samples. Metabonomics has been labeled as one of the new" -omics" joining genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics as a science employed toward the understanding of global systems biology. It has been widely applied in many research areas including drug toxicology, biomarker discovery, functional genomics, and molecular pathology etc. The comprehensive analysis of the metabonome is particularly challenging due to the diverse chemical natures of metabolites. Metabonomics investigations require special approaches for sample preparation, data-rich analytical chemical measurements, and information mining. The outputs from a metabonomics study allow sample classification, biomarker discovery, and interpretation of the reasons for classification information. This review focuses on the currently new advances in various technical platforms of metabonomics and its applications in drug discovery and development, disease biomarker identification, plant and microbe related fields.

  12. 78 FR 20371 - Small Business Size Standards; Waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-04

    ... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Small Business Size Standards; Waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule AGENCY: U.S. Small Business Administration. ACTION: On April 16, 2001, SBA granted a Class Waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule (NMR) for Aerospace Ball and Roller Bearings, North American Industry Classification System...

  13. 19 CFR 177.9 - Effect of ruling letters.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... classification of an article under the provisions of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States will be applied only with respect to transactions involving articles identical to the sample submitted with the ruling request or to articles whose description is identical to the description set forth in the ruling...

  14. 22 CFR 42.12 - Rules of chargeability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Rules of chargeability. 42.12 Section 42.12 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE VISAS VISAS: DOCUMENTATION OF IMMIGRANTS UNDER THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT, AS AMENDED Classification and Foreign State Chargeability § 42.12 Rules of chargeability. (a...

  15. 22 CFR 42.12 - Rules of chargeability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Rules of chargeability. 42.12 Section 42.12 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE VISAS VISAS: DOCUMENTATION OF IMMIGRANTS UNDER THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT, AS AMENDED Classification and Foreign State Chargeability § 42.12 Rules of chargeability. (a...

  16. 22 CFR 42.12 - Rules of chargeability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Rules of chargeability. 42.12 Section 42.12 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE VISAS VISAS: DOCUMENTATION OF IMMIGRANTS UNDER THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT, AS AMENDED Classification and Foreign State Chargeability § 42.12 Rules of chargeability. (a...

  17. 22 CFR 42.12 - Rules of chargeability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Rules of chargeability. 42.12 Section 42.12 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE VISAS VISAS: DOCUMENTATION OF IMMIGRANTS UNDER THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT, AS AMENDED Classification and Foreign State Chargeability § 42.12 Rules of chargeability. (a...

  18. Bug Distribution and Pattern Classification.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tatsuoka, Kikumi K.; Tatsuoka, Maurice M.

    The study examines the rule space model, a probabilistic model capable of measuring cognitive skill acquisition and of diagnosing erroneous rules of operation in a procedural domain. The model involves two important components: (1) determination of a set of bug distributions (bug density functions representing clusters around the rules); and (2)…

  19. Stratification of the severity of critically ill patients with classification trees

    PubMed Central

    2009-01-01

    Background Development of three classification trees (CT) based on the CART (Classification and Regression Trees), CHAID (Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection) and C4.5 methodologies for the calculation of probability of hospital mortality; the comparison of the results with the APACHE II, SAPS II and MPM II-24 scores, and with a model based on multiple logistic regression (LR). Methods Retrospective study of 2864 patients. Random partition (70:30) into a Development Set (DS) n = 1808 and Validation Set (VS) n = 808. Their properties of discrimination are compared with the ROC curve (AUC CI 95%), Percent of correct classification (PCC CI 95%); and the calibration with the Calibration Curve and the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR CI 95%). Results CTs are produced with a different selection of variables and decision rules: CART (5 variables and 8 decision rules), CHAID (7 variables and 15 rules) and C4.5 (6 variables and 10 rules). The common variables were: inotropic therapy, Glasgow, age, (A-a)O2 gradient and antecedent of chronic illness. In VS: all the models achieved acceptable discrimination with AUC above 0.7. CT: CART (0.75(0.71-0.81)), CHAID (0.76(0.72-0.79)) and C4.5 (0.76(0.73-0.80)). PCC: CART (72(69-75)), CHAID (72(69-75)) and C4.5 (76(73-79)). Calibration (SMR) better in the CT: CART (1.04(0.95-1.31)), CHAID (1.06(0.97-1.15) and C4.5 (1.08(0.98-1.16)). Conclusion With different methodologies of CTs, trees are generated with different selection of variables and decision rules. The CTs are easy to interpret, and they stratify the risk of hospital mortality. The CTs should be taken into account for the classification of the prognosis of critically ill patients. PMID:20003229

  20. 78 FR 35085 - Small Business Size Standards: Waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-11

    ... Classification System (NAICS) code 332991, Products and Services Code (PSC) 3110, made available for public... American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Industry Number as established by the Office of Management...

  1. W.W. Morgan and the Discovery of the Spiral Arm Structure of our Galaxy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sheehan, William

    2008-03-01

    William Wilson Morgan was one of the great astronomers of the twentieth century. He considered himself a morphologist, and was preoccupied throughout his career with matters of classification. Though, his early life was difficult, and his pursuit of astronomy as a career was opposed by his father, he took a position at Yerkes Observatory in 1926 and remained there for the rest of his working life. Thematically, his work was also a unified whole. Beginning with spectroscopic studies under Otto Struve at Yerkes Observatory, by the late 1930s he concentrated particularly on the young O and B stars. His work an stellar classification led to the Morgan-Keenan-Kellman [MKK] system of classification of stars, and later - as he grappled with the question of the intrinsic color and brightness of stars at great distances - to the Johnson-Morgan UBV system for measuring stellar colors. Eventually these concerns with classification and method led to his greatest single achievement - the recognition of the nearby spiral arms of our Galaxy by tracing the OB associations and HII regions that outline them. After years of intensive work on the problem of galactic structure, the discovery came in a blinding flash of Archimedean insight as he walked under the night sky between his office and his house in the autumn of 1951. His optical discovery of the spiral arms preceded the radio-mapping of the spiral arms by more than a year. Morgan suffered a nervous breakdown soon after he announced his discovery, however, and so was prevented from publishing a complete account of his work. As a result of that, and the announcement soon afterward of the first radio maps of the spiral arms, the uniqueness of his achievement was not fully appreciated at the time.

  2. Construction of a Calibrated Probabilistic Classification Catalog: Application to 50k Variable Sources in the All-Sky Automated Survey

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Richards, Joseph W.; Starr, Dan L.; Miller, Adam A.; Bloom, Joshua S.; Butler, Nathaniel R.; Brink, Henrik; Crellin-Quick, Arien

    2012-12-01

    With growing data volumes from synoptic surveys, astronomers necessarily must become more abstracted from the discovery and introspection processes. Given the scarcity of follow-up resources, there is a particularly sharp onus on the frameworks that replace these human roles to provide accurate and well-calibrated probabilistic classification catalogs. Such catalogs inform the subsequent follow-up, allowing consumers to optimize the selection of specific sources for further study and permitting rigorous treatment of classification purities and efficiencies for population studies. Here, we describe a process to produce a probabilistic classification catalog of variability with machine learning from a multi-epoch photometric survey. In addition to producing accurate classifications, we show how to estimate calibrated class probabilities and motivate the importance of probability calibration. We also introduce a methodology for feature-based anomaly detection, which allows discovery of objects in the survey that do not fit within the predefined class taxonomy. Finally, we apply these methods to sources observed by the All-Sky Automated Survey (ASAS), and release the Machine-learned ASAS Classification Catalog (MACC), a 28 class probabilistic classification catalog of 50,124 ASAS sources in the ASAS Catalog of Variable Stars. We estimate that MACC achieves a sub-20% classification error rate and demonstrate that the class posterior probabilities are reasonably calibrated. MACC classifications compare favorably to the classifications of several previous domain-specific ASAS papers and to the ASAS Catalog of Variable Stars, which had classified only 24% of those sources into one of 12 science classes.

  3. CONSTRUCTION OF A CALIBRATED PROBABILISTIC CLASSIFICATION CATALOG: APPLICATION TO 50k VARIABLE SOURCES IN THE ALL-SKY AUTOMATED SURVEY

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Richards, Joseph W.; Starr, Dan L.; Miller, Adam A.

    2012-12-15

    With growing data volumes from synoptic surveys, astronomers necessarily must become more abstracted from the discovery and introspection processes. Given the scarcity of follow-up resources, there is a particularly sharp onus on the frameworks that replace these human roles to provide accurate and well-calibrated probabilistic classification catalogs. Such catalogs inform the subsequent follow-up, allowing consumers to optimize the selection of specific sources for further study and permitting rigorous treatment of classification purities and efficiencies for population studies. Here, we describe a process to produce a probabilistic classification catalog of variability with machine learning from a multi-epoch photometric survey. In additionmore » to producing accurate classifications, we show how to estimate calibrated class probabilities and motivate the importance of probability calibration. We also introduce a methodology for feature-based anomaly detection, which allows discovery of objects in the survey that do not fit within the predefined class taxonomy. Finally, we apply these methods to sources observed by the All-Sky Automated Survey (ASAS), and release the Machine-learned ASAS Classification Catalog (MACC), a 28 class probabilistic classification catalog of 50,124 ASAS sources in the ASAS Catalog of Variable Stars. We estimate that MACC achieves a sub-20% classification error rate and demonstrate that the class posterior probabilities are reasonably calibrated. MACC classifications compare favorably to the classifications of several previous domain-specific ASAS papers and to the ASAS Catalog of Variable Stars, which had classified only 24% of those sources into one of 12 science classes.« less

  4. A study of some nine-element decision rules. [for multispectral recognition of remote sensing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Richardson, W.

    1974-01-01

    A nine-element rule is one that makes a classification decision for each pixel based on data from that pixel and its eight immediate neighbors. Three such rules, all fast and simple to use, are defined and tested. All performed substantially better on field interiors than the best one-point rule. Qualitative results indicate that fine detail and contradictory testimony tend to be overlooked by the rules.

  5. 26 CFR 601.102 - Classification of taxes collected by the Internal Revenue Service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Rules § 601.102 Classification of taxes collected by the Internal Revenue Service. (a) Principal... 26 Internal Revenue 20 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Classification of taxes collected by the Internal Revenue Service. 601.102 Section 601.102 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...

  6. A data-analytic strategy for protein biomarker discovery: profiling of high-dimensional proteomic data for cancer detection.

    PubMed

    Yasui, Yutaka; Pepe, Margaret; Thompson, Mary Lou; Adam, Bao-Ling; Wright, George L; Qu, Yinsheng; Potter, John D; Winget, Marcy; Thornquist, Mark; Feng, Ziding

    2003-07-01

    With recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques, it is now possible to investigate proteins over a wide range of molecular weights in small biological specimens. This advance has generated data-analytic challenges in proteomics, similar to those created by microarray technologies in genetics, namely, discovery of 'signature' protein profiles specific to each pathologic state (e.g. normal vs. cancer) or differential profiles between experimental conditions (e.g. treated by a drug of interest vs. untreated) from high-dimensional data. We propose a data-analytic strategy for discovering protein biomarkers based on such high-dimensional mass spectrometry data. A real biomarker-discovery project on prostate cancer is taken as a concrete example throughout the paper: the project aims to identify proteins in serum that distinguish cancer, benign hyperplasia, and normal states of prostate using the Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization (SELDI) technology, a recently developed mass spectrometry technique. Our data-analytic strategy takes properties of the SELDI mass spectrometer into account: the SELDI output of a specimen contains about 48,000 (x, y) points where x is the protein mass divided by the number of charges introduced by ionization and y is the protein intensity of the corresponding mass per charge value, x, in that specimen. Given high coefficients of variation and other characteristics of protein intensity measures (y values), we reduce the measures of protein intensities to a set of binary variables that indicate peaks in the y-axis direction in the nearest neighborhoods of each mass per charge point in the x-axis direction. We then account for a shifting (measurement error) problem of the x-axis in SELDI output. After this pre-analysis processing of data, we combine the binary predictors to generate classification rules for cancer, benign hyperplasia, and normal states of prostate. Our approach is to apply the boosting algorithm to select binary predictors and construct a summary classifier. We empirically evaluate sensitivity and specificity of the resulting summary classifiers with a test dataset that is independent from the training dataset used to construct the summary classifiers. The proposed method performed nearly perfectly in distinguishing cancer and benign hyperplasia from normal. In the classification of cancer vs. benign hyperplasia, however, an appreciable proportion of the benign specimens were classified incorrectly as cancer. We discuss practical issues associated with our proposed approach to the analysis of SELDI output and its application in cancer biomarker discovery.

  7. Cellular automata rule characterization and classification using texture descriptors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Machicao, Jeaneth; Ribas, Lucas C.; Scabini, Leonardo F. S.; Bruno, Odermir M.

    2018-05-01

    The cellular automata (CA) spatio-temporal patterns have attracted the attention from many researchers since it can provide emergent behavior resulting from the dynamics of each individual cell. In this manuscript, we propose an approach of texture image analysis to characterize and classify CA rules. The proposed method converts the CA spatio-temporal patterns into a gray-scale image. The gray-scale is obtained by creating a binary number based on the 8-connected neighborhood of each dot of the CA spatio-temporal pattern. We demonstrate that this technique enhances the CA rule characterization and allow to use different texture image analysis algorithms. Thus, various texture descriptors were evaluated in a supervised training approach aiming to characterize the CA's global evolution. Our results show the efficiency of the proposed method for the classification of the elementary CA (ECAs), reaching a maximum of 99.57% of accuracy rate according to the Li-Packard scheme (6 classes) and 94.36% for the classification of the 88 rules scheme. Moreover, within the image analysis context, we found a better performance of the method by means of a transformation of the binary states to a gray-scale.

  8. Fuzzy support vector machine: an efficient rule-based classification technique for microarrays.

    PubMed

    Hajiloo, Mohsen; Rabiee, Hamid R; Anooshahpour, Mahdi

    2013-01-01

    The abundance of gene expression microarray data has led to the development of machine learning algorithms applicable for tackling disease diagnosis, disease prognosis, and treatment selection problems. However, these algorithms often produce classifiers with weaknesses in terms of accuracy, robustness, and interpretability. This paper introduces fuzzy support vector machine which is a learning algorithm based on combination of fuzzy classifiers and kernel machines for microarray classification. Experimental results on public leukemia, prostate, and colon cancer datasets show that fuzzy support vector machine applied in combination with filter or wrapper feature selection methods develops a robust model with higher accuracy than the conventional microarray classification models such as support vector machine, artificial neural network, decision trees, k nearest neighbors, and diagonal linear discriminant analysis. Furthermore, the interpretable rule-base inferred from fuzzy support vector machine helps extracting biological knowledge from microarray data. Fuzzy support vector machine as a new classification model with high generalization power, robustness, and good interpretability seems to be a promising tool for gene expression microarray classification.

  9. 40 CFR 164.120 - Notification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS RULES OF PRACTICE... REGISTER, CANCELLATIONS OF REGISTRATIONS, CHANGES OF CLASSIFICATIONS, SUSPENSIONS OF REGISTRATIONS AND... imminent hazard during the time required for cancellation or change in classification proceedings, but that...

  10. 40 CFR 164.120 - Notification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS RULES OF PRACTICE... REGISTER, CANCELLATIONS OF REGISTRATIONS, CHANGES OF CLASSIFICATIONS, SUSPENSIONS OF REGISTRATIONS AND... imminent hazard during the time required for cancellation or change in classification proceedings, but that...

  11. Automatic Classification of Time-variable X-Ray Sources

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lo, Kitty K.; Farrell, Sean; Murphy, Tara; Gaensler, B. M.

    2014-05-01

    To maximize the discovery potential of future synoptic surveys, especially in the field of transient science, it will be necessary to use automatic classification to identify some of the astronomical sources. The data mining technique of supervised classification is suitable for this problem. Here, we present a supervised learning method to automatically classify variable X-ray sources in the Second XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalog (2XMMi-DR2). Random Forest is our classifier of choice since it is one of the most accurate learning algorithms available. Our training set consists of 873 variable sources and their features are derived from time series, spectra, and other multi-wavelength contextual information. The 10 fold cross validation accuracy of the training data is ~97% on a 7 class data set. We applied the trained classification model to 411 unknown variable 2XMM sources to produce a probabilistically classified catalog. Using the classification margin and the Random Forest derived outlier measure, we identified 12 anomalous sources, of which 2XMM J180658.7-500250 appears to be the most unusual source in the sample. Its X-ray spectra is suggestive of a ultraluminous X-ray source but its variability makes it highly unusual. Machine-learned classification and anomaly detection will facilitate scientific discoveries in the era of all-sky surveys.

  12. 49 CFR 1114.22 - Deposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Deposition. 1114.22 Section 1114.22 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE EVIDENCE; DISCOVERY Discovery § 1114.22 Deposition. (a) Purpose. The testimony of any person, including a party, may be taken by deposition upon oral examination. (b) Request. A...

  13. 49 CFR 1114.24 - Depositions; procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Depositions; procedures. 1114.24 Section 1114.24... OF TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE EVIDENCE; DISCOVERY Discovery § 1114.24 Depositions; procedures... objections made at the time of the examination to the qualifications of the officer taking the deposition, or...

  14. 49 CFR 1114.24 - Depositions; procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Depositions; procedures. 1114.24 Section 1114.24... OF TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE EVIDENCE; DISCOVERY Discovery § 1114.24 Depositions; procedures... objections made at the time of the examination to the qualifications of the officer taking the deposition, or...

  15. 49 CFR 1114.22 - Deposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Deposition. 1114.22 Section 1114.22 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE EVIDENCE; DISCOVERY Discovery § 1114.22 Deposition. (a) Purpose. The testimony of any person, including a party, may be taken by deposition upon oral examination. (b) Request. A...

  16. 40 CFR 164.51 - Other discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Other discovery. 164.51 Section 164.51... GOVERNING HEARINGS, UNDER THE FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT, ARISING FROM REFUSALS TO... OTHER HEARINGS CALLED PURSUANT TO SECTION 6 OF THE ACT General Rules of Practice Concerning Proceedings...

  17. 17 CFR 10.42 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Discovery. 10.42 Section 10.42 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION RULES OF PRACTICE Prehearing... legal theories upon which it will rely; (iii) The identity, and the city and state of residence, of each...

  18. 17 CFR 10.42 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Discovery. 10.42 Section 10.42 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION RULES OF PRACTICE Prehearing... legal theories upon which it will rely; (iii) The identity, and the city and state of residence, of each...

  19. 17 CFR 10.42 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Discovery. 10.42 Section 10.42 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION RULES OF PRACTICE Prehearing... legal theories upon which it will rely; (iii) The identity, and the city and state of residence, of each...

  20. 17 CFR 10.42 - Discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Discovery. 10.42 Section 10.42 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION RULES OF PRACTICE Prehearing... legal theories upon which it will rely; (iii) The identity, and the city and state of residence, of each...

  1. 29 CFR 18.14 - Scope of discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... administrative law judge in accordance with these rules, the parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the proceeding, including the... things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter. (b) It is...

  2. 49 CFR 386.38 - Scope of discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... accordance with these rules, the parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the proceeding, including the existence, description, nature... location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter. (b) It is not ground for objection that...

  3. 49 CFR 386.38 - Scope of discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... accordance with these rules, the parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the proceeding, including the existence, description, nature... location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter. (b) It is not ground for objection that...

  4. 29 CFR 18.14 - Scope of discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... administrative law judge in accordance with these rules, the parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the proceeding, including the... things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter. (b) It is...

  5. 49 CFR 386.38 - Scope of discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... accordance with these rules, the parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the proceeding, including the existence, description, nature... location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter. (b) It is not ground for objection that...

  6. 29 CFR 18.14 - Scope of discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... administrative law judge in accordance with these rules, the parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the proceeding, including the... things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter. (b) It is...

  7. 29 CFR 18.14 - Scope of discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... administrative law judge in accordance with these rules, the parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the proceeding, including the... things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter. (b) It is...

  8. 49 CFR 386.38 - Scope of discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... accordance with these rules, the parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the proceeding, including the existence, description, nature... location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter. (b) It is not ground for objection that...

  9. Designing boosting ensemble of relational fuzzy systems.

    PubMed

    Scherer, Rafał

    2010-10-01

    A method frequently used in classification systems for improving classification accuracy is to combine outputs of several classifiers. Among various types of classifiers, fuzzy ones are tempting because of using intelligible fuzzy if-then rules. In the paper we build an AdaBoost ensemble of relational neuro-fuzzy classifiers. Relational fuzzy systems bond input and output fuzzy linguistic values by a binary relation; thus, fuzzy rules have additional, comparing to traditional fuzzy systems, weights - elements of a fuzzy relation matrix. Thanks to this the system is better adjustable to data during learning. In the paper an ensemble of relational fuzzy systems is proposed. The problem is that such an ensemble contains separate rule bases which cannot be directly merged. As systems are separate, we cannot treat fuzzy rules coming from different systems as rules from the same (single) system. In the paper, the problem is addressed by a novel design of fuzzy systems constituting the ensemble, resulting in normalization of individual rule bases during learning. The method described in the paper is tested on several known benchmarks and compared with other machine learning solutions from the literature.

  10. Spectroscopic classification of supernova SN 2018Z by NUTS (NOT Un-biased Transient Survey)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kuncarayakti, H.; Mattila, S.; Kotak, R.; Harmanen, J.; Reynolds, T.; Pastorello, A.; Benetti, S.; Stritzinger, M.; Onori, F.; Somero, A.; Kangas, T.; Lundqvist, P.; Taddia, F.; Ergon, M.

    2018-01-01

    The NOT Unbiased Transient Survey (NUTS; ATel #8992) collaboration reports the spectroscopic classification of supernova SN 2018Z in host galaxy SDSS J231809.76+212553.5 The observations were performed with the 2.56 m Nordic Optical Telescope equipped with ALFOSC (range 350-950 nm; resolution 1.6 nm) on 2018-01-09.9 UT. Survey Name | IAU Name | Discovery (UT) | Discovery mag | Observation (UT) | Redshift | Type | Phase | Notes PS18ao | SN 2018Z | 2018-01-01.2 | 19.96 | 2018-01-09.9 | 0.102 | Ia | post-maximum? | (1) (1) Redshift was derived from the SN and host absorption features.

  11. Spectroscopic classification of SN 2017hro with NOT

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Babooram, C.; Jormanainen, J.; Wagner, S.; Wierda, F.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Fedorets, G.; Dyrbye, S.

    2017-11-01

    We report the spectroscopic classification of supernova SN 2017hro (ATLAS17mwv) in host galaxy 2MASX J22161573+4003267. The observations were performed with the 2.56 m Nordic Optical Telescope equipped with ALFOSC (range 350-950 nm; resolution 1.6 nm) on 2017-11-01.8 UT. Survey Name | IAU Name | Discovery (UT) | Discovery mag | Observation (UT) | Redshift | Type | Phase | Notes ATLAS17mwv | SN 2017hro | 2017-10-28.3 | 18.765 | 2017-11-01.8 | 0.015 | II | around maximum | (1) (1) SN redshift is obtained from host emission lines and consistent with that derived from the SN spectrum.

  12. Knowledge discovery about quality of life changes of spinal cord injury patients: clustering based on rules by states.

    PubMed

    Gibert, Karina; García-Rudolph, Alejandro; Curcoll, Lluïsa; Soler, Dolors; Pla, Laura; Tormos, José María

    2009-01-01

    In this paper, an integral Knowledge Discovery Methodology, named Clustering based on rules by States, which incorporates artificial intelligence (AI) and statistical methods as well as interpretation-oriented tools, is used for extracting knowledge patterns about the evolution over time of the Quality of Life (QoL) of patients with Spinal Cord Injury. The methodology incorporates the interaction with experts as a crucial element with the clustering methodology to guarantee usefulness of the results. Four typical patterns are discovered by taking into account prior expert knowledge. Several hypotheses are elaborated about the reasons for psychological distress or decreases in QoL of patients over time. The knowledge discovery from data (KDD) approach turns out, once again, to be a suitable formal framework for handling multidimensional complexity of the health domains.

  13. Detecting borderline infection in an automated monitoring system for healthcare-associated infection using fuzzy logic.

    PubMed

    de Bruin, Jeroen S; Adlassnig, Klaus-Peter; Blacky, Alexander; Koller, Walter

    2016-05-01

    Many electronic infection detection systems employ dichotomous classification methods, classifying patient data as pathological or normal with respect to one or several types of infection. An electronic monitoring and surveillance system for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) known as Moni-ICU is being operated at the intensive care units (ICUs) of the Vienna General Hospital (VGH) in Austria. Instead of classifying patient data as pathological or normal, Moni-ICU introduces a third borderline class. Patient data classified as borderline with respect to an infection-related clinical concept or HAI surveillance definition signify that the data nearly or partly fulfill the definition for the respective concept or HAI, and are therefore neither fully pathological nor fully normal. Using fuzzy sets and propositional fuzzy rules, we calculated how frequently patient data are classified as normal, borderline, or pathological with respect to infection-related clinical concepts and HAI definitions. In dichotomous classification methods, borderline classification results would be confounded by normal. Therefore, we also assessed whether the constructed fuzzy sets and rules employed by Moni-ICU classified patient data too often or too infrequently as borderline instead of normal. Electronic surveillance data were collected from adult patients (aged 18 years or older) at ten ICUs of the VGH. All adult patients admitted to these ICUs over a two-year period were reviewed. In all 5099 patient stays (4120 patients) comprising 49,394 patient days were evaluated. For classification, a part of Moni-ICU's knowledge base comprising fuzzy sets and rules for ten infection-related clinical concepts and four top-level HAI definitions was employed. Fuzzy sets were used for the classification of concepts directly related to patient data; fuzzy rules were employed for the classification of more abstract clinical concepts, and for top-level HAI surveillance definitions. Data for each clinical concept and HAI definition were classified as either normal, borderline, or pathological. For the assessment of fuzzy sets and rules, we compared how often a borderline value for a fuzzy set or rule would result in a borderline value versus a normal value for its associated HAI definition(s). The statistical significance of these comparisons was expressed in p-values calculated with Fisher's exact test. The results showed that, for clinical concepts represented by fuzzy sets, 1-17% of the data were classified as borderline. The number was substantially higher (20-81%) for fuzzy rules representing more abstract clinical concepts. A small body of data were found to be in the borderline range for the four top-level HAI definitions (0.02-2.35%). Seven of ten fuzzy sets and rules were associated significantly more often with borderline values than with normal values for their respective HAI definition(s) (p<0.001). The study showed that Moni-ICU was effective in classifying patient data as borderline for infection-related concepts and top-level HAI surveillance definitions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. Evaluating an ensemble classification approach for crop diversity verification in Danish greening subsidy control

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chellasamy, Menaka; Ferré, Ty Paul Andrew; Greve, Mogens Humlekrog

    2016-07-01

    Beginning in 2015, Danish farmers are obliged to meet specific crop diversification rules based on total land area and number of crops cultivated to be eligible for new greening subsidies. Hence, there is a need for the Danish government to extend their subsidy control system to verify farmers' declarations to warrant greening payments under the new crop diversification rules. Remote Sensing (RS) technology has been used since 1992 to control farmers' subsidies in Denmark. However, a proper RS-based approach is yet to be finalised to validate new crop diversity requirements designed for assessing compliance under the recent subsidy scheme (2014-2020); This study uses an ensemble classification approach (proposed by the authors in previous studies) for validating the crop diversity requirements of the new rules. The approach uses a neural network ensemble classification system with bi-temporal (spring and early summer) WorldView-2 imagery (WV2) and includes the following steps: (1) automatic computation of pixel-based prediction probabilities using multiple neural networks; (2) quantification of the classification uncertainty using Endorsement Theory (ET); (3) discrimination of crop pixels and validation of the crop diversification rules at farm level; and (4) identification of farmers who are violating the requirements for greening subsidies. The prediction probabilities are computed by a neural network ensemble supplied with training samples selected automatically using farmers declared parcels (field vectors containing crop information and the field boundary of each crop). Crop discrimination is performed by considering a set of conclusions derived from individual neural networks based on ET. Verification of the diversification rules is performed by incorporating pixel-based classification uncertainty or confidence intervals with the class labels at the farmer level. The proposed approach was tested with WV2 imagery acquired in 2011 for a study area in Vennebjerg, Denmark, containing 132 farmers, 1258 fields, and 18 crops. The classification results obtained show an overall accuracy of 90.2%. The RS-based results suggest that 36 farmers did not follow the crop diversification rules that would qualify for the greening subsidies. When compared to the farmers' reported crop mixes, irrespective of the rule, the RS results indicate that false crop declarations were made by 8 farmers, covering 15 fields. If the farmers' reports had been submitted for the new greening subsidies, 3 farmers would have made a false claim; while remaining 5 farmers obey the rules of required crop proportion even though they have submitted the false crop code due to their small holding size. The RS results would have supported 96 farmers for greening subsidy claims, with no instances of suggesting a greening subsidy for a holding that the farmer did not report as meeting the required conditions. These results suggest that the proposed RS based method shows great promise for validating the new greening subsidies in Denmark.

  15. Research on hotspot discovery in internet public opinions based on improved K-means.

    PubMed

    Wang, Gensheng

    2013-01-01

    How to discover hotspot in the Internet public opinions effectively is a hot research field for the researchers related which plays a key role for governments and corporations to find useful information from mass data in the Internet. An improved K-means algorithm for hotspot discovery in internet public opinions is presented based on the analysis of existing defects and calculation principle of original K-means algorithm. First, some new methods are designed to preprocess website texts, select and express the characteristics of website texts, and define the similarity between two website texts, respectively. Second, clustering principle and the method of initial classification centers selection are analyzed and improved in order to overcome the limitations of original K-means algorithm. Finally, the experimental results verify that the improved algorithm can improve the clustering stability and classification accuracy of hotspot discovery in internet public opinions when used in practice.

  16. Research on Hotspot Discovery in Internet Public Opinions Based on Improved K-Means

    PubMed Central

    2013-01-01

    How to discover hotspot in the Internet public opinions effectively is a hot research field for the researchers related which plays a key role for governments and corporations to find useful information from mass data in the Internet. An improved K-means algorithm for hotspot discovery in internet public opinions is presented based on the analysis of existing defects and calculation principle of original K-means algorithm. First, some new methods are designed to preprocess website texts, select and express the characteristics of website texts, and define the similarity between two website texts, respectively. Second, clustering principle and the method of initial classification centers selection are analyzed and improved in order to overcome the limitations of original K-means algorithm. Finally, the experimental results verify that the improved algorithm can improve the clustering stability and classification accuracy of hotspot discovery in internet public opinions when used in practice. PMID:24106496

  17. Suitability of the isolated chicken eye test for classification of extreme pH detergents and cleaning products.

    PubMed

    Cazelle, Elodie; Eskes, Chantra; Hermann, Martina; Jones, Penny; McNamee, Pauline; Prinsen, Menk; Taylor, Hannah; Wijnands, Marcel V W

    2015-04-01

    A.I.S.E. investigated the suitability of the regulatory adopted ICE in vitro test method (OECD TG 438) with or without histopathology to identify detergent and cleaning formulations having extreme pH that require classification as EU CLP/UN GHS Category 1. To this aim, 18 extreme pH detergent and cleaning formulations were tested covering both alkaline and acidic extreme pHs. The ICE standard test method following OECD Test Guideline 438 showed good concordance with in vivo classification (83%) and good and balanced specificity and sensitivity values (83%) which are in line with the performances of currently adopted in vitro test guidelines, confirming its suitability to identify Category 1 extreme pH detergent and cleaning products. In contrast to previous findings obtained with non-extreme pH formulations, the use of histopathology did not improve the sensitivity of the assay whilst it strongly decreased its specificity for the extreme pH formulations. Furthermore, use of non-testing prediction rules for classification showed poor concordance values (33% for the extreme pH rule and 61% for the EU CLP additivity approach) with high rates of over-prediction (100% for the extreme pH rule and 50% for the additivity approach), indicating that these non-testing prediction rules are not suitable to predict Category 1 hazards of extreme pH detergent and cleaning formulations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Symbolic rule-based classification of lung cancer stages from free-text pathology reports.

    PubMed

    Nguyen, Anthony N; Lawley, Michael J; Hansen, David P; Bowman, Rayleen V; Clarke, Belinda E; Duhig, Edwina E; Colquist, Shoni

    2010-01-01

    To classify automatically lung tumor-node-metastases (TNM) cancer stages from free-text pathology reports using symbolic rule-based classification. By exploiting report substructure and the symbolic manipulation of systematized nomenclature of medicine-clinical terms (SNOMED CT) concepts in reports, statements in free text can be evaluated for relevance against factors relating to the staging guidelines. Post-coordinated SNOMED CT expressions based on templates were defined and populated by concepts in reports, and tested for subsumption by staging factors. The subsumption results were used to build logic according to the staging guidelines to calculate the TNM stage. The accuracy measure and confusion matrices were used to evaluate the TNM stages classified by the symbolic rule-based system. The system was evaluated against a database of multidisciplinary team staging decisions and a machine learning-based text classification system using support vector machines. Overall accuracy on a corpus of pathology reports for 718 lung cancer patients against a database of pathological TNM staging decisions were 72%, 78%, and 94% for T, N, and M staging, respectively. The system's performance was also comparable to support vector machine classification approaches. A system to classify lung TNM stages from free-text pathology reports was developed, and it was verified that the symbolic rule-based approach using SNOMED CT can be used for the extraction of key lung cancer characteristics from free-text reports. Future work will investigate the applicability of using the proposed methodology for extracting other cancer characteristics and types.

  19. From Classification to Epilepsy Ontology and Informatics

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Sahoo, Satya S; Lhatoo, Samden D

    2012-01-01

    Summary The 2010 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification and terminology commission report proposed a much needed departure from previous classifications to incorporate advances in molecular biology, neuroimaging, and genetics. It proposed an interim classification and defined two key requirements that need to be satisfied. The first is the ability to classify epilepsy in dimensions according to a variety of purposes including clinical research, patient care, and drug discovery. The second is the ability of the classification system to evolve with new discoveries. Multi-dimensionality and flexibility are crucial to the success of any future classification. In addition, a successful classification system must play a central role in the rapidly growing field of epilepsy informatics. An epilepsy ontology, based on classification, will allow information systems to facilitate data-intensive studies and provide a proven route to meeting the two foregoing key requirements. Epilepsy ontology will be a structured terminology system that accommodates proposed and evolving ILAE classifications, the NIH/NINDS Common Data Elements, the ICD systems and explicitly specifies all known relationships between epilepsy concepts in a proper framework. This will aid evidence based epilepsy diagnosis, investigation, treatment and research for a diverse community of clinicians and researchers. Benefits range from systematization of electronic patient records to multi-modal data repositories for research and training manuals for those involved in epilepsy care. Given the complexity, heterogeneity and pace of research advances in the epilepsy domain, such an ontology must be collaboratively developed by key stakeholders in the epilepsy community and experts in knowledge engineering and computer science. PMID:22765502

  20. Combining High Spatial Resolution Optical and LIDAR Data for Object-Based Image Classification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, R.; Zhang, T.; Geng, R.; Wang, L.

    2018-04-01

    In order to classify high spatial resolution images more accurately, in this research, a hierarchical rule-based object-based classification framework was developed based on a high-resolution image with airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. The eCognition software is employed to conduct the whole process. In detail, firstly, the FBSP optimizer (Fuzzy-based Segmentation Parameter) is used to obtain the optimal scale parameters for different land cover types. Then, using the segmented regions as basic units, the classification rules for various land cover types are established according to the spectral, morphological and texture features extracted from the optical images, and the height feature from LiDAR respectively. Thirdly, the object classification results are evaluated by using the confusion matrix, overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients. As a result, a method using the combination of an aerial image and the airborne Lidar data shows higher accuracy.

  1. Decision Tree Repository and Rule Set Based Mingjiang River Estuarine Wetlands Classifaction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, W.; Li, X.; Xiao, W.

    2018-05-01

    The increasing urbanization and industrialization have led to wetland losses in estuarine area of Mingjiang River over past three decades. There has been increasing attention given to produce wetland inventories using remote sensing and GIS technology. Due to inconsistency training site and training sample, traditionally pixel-based image classification methods can't achieve a comparable result within different organizations. Meanwhile, object-oriented image classification technique shows grate potential to solve this problem and Landsat moderate resolution remote sensing images are widely used to fulfill this requirement. Firstly, the standardized atmospheric correct, spectrally high fidelity texture feature enhancement was conducted before implementing the object-oriented wetland classification method in eCognition. Secondly, we performed the multi-scale segmentation procedure, taking the scale, hue, shape, compactness and smoothness of the image into account to get the appropriate parameters, using the top and down region merge algorithm from single pixel level, the optimal texture segmentation scale for different types of features is confirmed. Then, the segmented object is used as the classification unit to calculate the spectral information such as Mean value, Maximum value, Minimum value, Brightness value and the Normalized value. The Area, length, Tightness and the Shape rule of the image object Spatial features and texture features such as Mean, Variance and Entropy of image objects are used as classification features of training samples. Based on the reference images and the sampling points of on-the-spot investigation, typical training samples are selected uniformly and randomly for each type of ground objects. The spectral, texture and spatial characteristics of each type of feature in each feature layer corresponding to the range of values are used to create the decision tree repository. Finally, with the help of high resolution reference images, the random sampling method is used to conduct the field investigation, achieve an overall accuracy of 90.31 %, and the Kappa coefficient is 0.88. The classification method based on decision tree threshold values and rule set developed by the repository, outperforms the results obtained from the traditional methodology. Our decision tree repository and rule set based object-oriented classification technique was an effective method for producing comparable and consistency wetlands data set.

  2. 13 CFR 134.407 - Evidence beyond the record and discovery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Evidence beyond the record and discovery. 134.407 Section 134.407 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RULES OF..., the Administrative Law Judge may not admit evidence beyond the written administrative record nor...

  3. 76 FR 64803 - Rules of Adjudication and Enforcement

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-19

    ...) is also amended to clarify the limits on discovery when the Commission orders the ALJ to consider the... that the complainant identify, to the best of its knowledge, the ``like or directly competitive... the taking of discovery by the parties shall be at the discretion of the presiding ALJ. The ITCTLA...

  4. Automated Discovery of Speech Act Categories in Educational Games

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rus, Vasile; Moldovan, Cristian; Niraula, Nobal; Graesser, Arthur C.

    2012-01-01

    In this paper we address the important task of automated discovery of speech act categories in dialogue-based, multi-party educational games. Speech acts are important in dialogue-based educational systems because they help infer the student speaker's intentions (the task of speech act classification) which in turn is crucial to providing adequate…

  5. 29 CFR 2530.200b-3 - Determination of service to be credited to employees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... hours of other employees in the same job classification based on these records. A plan may use any of... general rule set forth in § 2530.200b-2(a), for different classifications of employees covered under the plan or for different purposes, provided that such classifications are reasonable and are consistently...

  6. 29 CFR 2530.200b-3 - Determination of service to be credited to employees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... hours of other employees in the same job classification based on these records. A plan may use any of... general rule set forth in § 2530.200b-2(a), for different classifications of employees covered under the plan or for different purposes, provided that such classifications are reasonable and are consistently...

  7. 29 CFR 2530.200b-3 - Determination of service to be credited to employees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... hours of other employees in the same job classification based on these records. A plan may use any of... general rule set forth in § 2530.200b-2(a), for different classifications of employees covered under the plan or for different purposes, provided that such classifications are reasonable and are consistently...

  8. 26 CFR 301.7701(i)-3 - Effective dates and duration of taxable mortgage pool classification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... mortgage pool classification. 301.7701(i)-3 Section 301.7701(i)-3 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE... § 301.7701(i)-3 Effective dates and duration of taxable mortgage pool classification. (a) Effective...(c) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. (2) Special rule for certain transfers. A transfer made to an...

  9. Classification capacity of a modular neural network implementing neurally inspired architecture and training rules.

    PubMed

    Poirazi, Panayiota; Neocleous, Costas; Pattichis, Costantinos S; Schizas, Christos N

    2004-05-01

    A three-layer neural network (NN) with novel adaptive architecture has been developed. The hidden layer of the network consists of slabs of single neuron models, where neurons within a slab--but not between slabs--have the same type of activation function. The network activation functions in all three layers have adaptable parameters. The network was trained using a biologically inspired, guided-annealing learning rule on a variety of medical data. Good training/testing classification performance was obtained on all data sets tested. The performance achieved was comparable to that of SVM classifiers. It was shown that the adaptive network architecture, inspired from the modular organization often encountered in the mammalian cerebral cortex, can benefit classification performance.

  10. 14 CFR 406.141 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... section when filing a motion for consideration by the administrative law judge or the FAA decisionmaker on... determined by the administrative law judge. (e) Rulings on motions. The administrative law judge must rule on all motions as follows: (1) Discovery motions. The administrative law judge must resolve all pending...

  11. 14 CFR 406.141 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... section when filing a motion for consideration by the administrative law judge or the FAA decisionmaker on... determined by the administrative law judge. (e) Rulings on motions. The administrative law judge must rule on all motions as follows: (1) Discovery motions. The administrative law judge must resolve all pending...

  12. 14 CFR 406.141 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... section when filing a motion for consideration by the administrative law judge or the FAA decisionmaker on... determined by the administrative law judge. (e) Rulings on motions. The administrative law judge must rule on all motions as follows: (1) Discovery motions. The administrative law judge must resolve all pending...

  13. 14 CFR 406.141 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... section when filing a motion for consideration by the administrative law judge or the FAA decisionmaker on... determined by the administrative law judge. (e) Rulings on motions. The administrative law judge must rule on all motions as follows: (1) Discovery motions. The administrative law judge must resolve all pending...

  14. 46 CFR 169.107 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... now or hereafter amended. Recognized Classification Society means the American Bureau of Shipping or other classification society recognized by the Commandant. Rules of the Road means the statutory and... operation and the sea, including seamanship, navigation, oceanography, other nautical and marine sciences...

  15. 46 CFR 169.107 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... now or hereafter amended. Recognized Classification Society means the American Bureau of Shipping or other classification society recognized by the Commandant. Rules of the Road means the statutory and... operation and the sea, including seamanship, navigation, oceanography, other nautical and marine sciences...

  16. 46 CFR 169.107 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... now or hereafter amended. Recognized Classification Society means the American Bureau of Shipping or other classification society recognized by the Commandant. Rules of the Road means the statutory and... operation and the sea, including seamanship, navigation, oceanography, other nautical and marine sciences...

  17. 46 CFR 169.107 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... now or hereafter amended. Recognized Classification Society means the American Bureau of Shipping or other classification society recognized by the Commandant. Rules of the Road means the statutory and... operation and the sea, including seamanship, navigation, oceanography, other nautical and marine sciences...

  18. Molecular Diagnosis and Biomarker Identification on SELDI proteomics data by ADTBoost method.

    PubMed

    Wang, Lu-Yong; Chakraborty, Amit; Comaniciu, Dorin

    2005-01-01

    Clinical proteomics is an emerging field that will have great impact on molecular diagnosis, identification of disease biomarkers, drug discovery and clinical trials in the post-genomic era. Protein profiling in tissues and fluids in disease and pathological control and other proteomics techniques will play an important role in molecular diagnosis with therapeutics and personalized healthcare. We introduced a new robust diagnostic method based on ADTboost algorithm, a novel algorithm in proteomics data analysis to improve classification accuracy. It generates classification rules, which are often smaller and easier to interpret. This method often gives most discriminative features, which can be utilized as biomarkers for diagnostic purpose. Also, it has a nice feature of providing a measure of prediction confidence. We carried out this method in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease data acquired by surface enhanced laser-desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) experiments. Our method is shown to have outstanding prediction capacity through the cross-validation, ROC analysis results and comparative study. Our molecular diagnosis method provides an efficient way to distinguish ALS disease from neurological controls. The results are expressed in a simple and straightforward alternating decision tree format or conditional format. We identified most discriminative peaks in proteomic data, which can be utilized as biomarkers for diagnosis. It will have broad application in molecular diagnosis through proteomics data analysis and personalized medicine in this post-genomic era.

  19. Discovery of User-Oriented Class Associations for Enriching Library Classification Schemes.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pu, Hsiao-Tieh

    2002-01-01

    Presents a user-based approach to exploring the possibility of adding user-oriented class associations to hierarchical library classification schemes. Classes not grouped in the same subject hierarchies yet relevant to users' knowledge are obtained by analyzing a log book of a university library's circulation records, using collaborative filtering…

  20. Learning classification trees

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Buntine, Wray

    1991-01-01

    Algorithms for learning classification trees have had successes in artificial intelligence and statistics over many years. How a tree learning algorithm can be derived from Bayesian decision theory is outlined. This introduces Bayesian techniques for splitting, smoothing, and tree averaging. The splitting rule turns out to be similar to Quinlan's information gain splitting rule, while smoothing and averaging replace pruning. Comparative experiments with reimplementations of a minimum encoding approach, Quinlan's C4 and Breiman et al. Cart show the full Bayesian algorithm is consistently as good, or more accurate than these other approaches though at a computational price.

  1. Contrast class cues and performance facilitation in a hypothesis-testing task: evidence for an iterative counterfactual model.

    PubMed

    Gale, Maggie; Ball, Linden J

    2012-04-01

    Hypothesis-testing performance on Wason's (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12:129-140, 1960) 2-4-6 task is typically poor, with only around 20% of participants announcing the to-be-discovered "ascending numbers" rule on their first attempt. Enhanced solution rates can, however, readily be observed with dual-goal (DG) task variants requiring the discovery of two complementary rules, one labeled "DAX" (the standard "ascending numbers" rule) and the other labeled "MED" ("any other number triples"). Two DG experiments are reported in which we manipulated the usefulness of a presented MED exemplar, where usefulness denotes cues that can establish a helpful "contrast class" that can stand in opposition to the presented 2-4-6 DAX exemplar. The usefulness of MED exemplars had a striking facilitatory effect on DAX rule discovery, which supports the importance of contrast-class information in hypothesis testing. A third experiment ruled out the possibility that the useful MED triple seeded the correct rule from the outset and obviated any need for hypothesis testing. We propose that an extension of Oaksford and Chater's (European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 6:149-169, 1994) iterative counterfactual model can neatly capture the mechanisms by which DG facilitation arises.

  2. 46 CFR 201.117 - Inclusion in record.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Inclusion in record. 201.117 Section 201.117 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery and Depositions (Rule 11) § 201.117 Inclusion in record. No deposition or part thereof...

  3. 46 CFR 201.117 - Inclusion in record.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Inclusion in record. 201.117 Section 201.117 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery and Depositions (Rule 11) § 201.117 Inclusion in record. No deposition or part thereof...

  4. 46 CFR 201.117 - Inclusion in record.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Inclusion in record. 201.117 Section 201.117 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery and Depositions (Rule 11) § 201.117 Inclusion in record. No deposition or part thereof...

  5. 46 CFR 201.117 - Inclusion in record.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Inclusion in record. 201.117 Section 201.117 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery and Depositions (Rule 11) § 201.117 Inclusion in record. No deposition or part thereof...

  6. 46 CFR 201.117 - Inclusion in record.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Inclusion in record. 201.117 Section 201.117 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery and Depositions (Rule 11) § 201.117 Inclusion in record. No deposition or part thereof...

  7. 14 CFR 13.218 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... administrative law judge. A party shall serve a copy of each motion on each party. (b) Form and contents. A party..., within a reasonable time determined by the administrative law judge. (e) Rulings on motions. The administrative law judge shall rule on all motions as follows: (1) Discovery motions. The administrative law...

  8. 14 CFR 13.218 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... administrative law judge. A party shall serve a copy of each motion on each party. (b) Form and contents. A party..., within a reasonable time determined by the administrative law judge. (e) Rulings on motions. The administrative law judge shall rule on all motions as follows: (1) Discovery motions. The administrative law...

  9. 14 CFR 13.218 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... administrative law judge. A party shall serve a copy of each motion on each party. (b) Form and contents. A party..., within a reasonable time determined by the administrative law judge. (e) Rulings on motions. The administrative law judge shall rule on all motions as follows: (1) Discovery motions. The administrative law...

  10. Simulation-Based Rule Generation Considering Readability

    PubMed Central

    Yahagi, H.; Shimizu, S.; Ogata, T.; Hara, T.; Ota, J.

    2015-01-01

    Rule generation method is proposed for an aircraft control problem in an airport. Designing appropriate rules for motion coordination of taxiing aircraft in the airport is important, which is conducted by ground control. However, previous studies did not consider readability of rules, which is important because it should be operated and maintained by humans. Therefore, in this study, using the indicator of readability, we propose a method of rule generation based on parallel algorithm discovery and orchestration (PADO). By applying our proposed method to the aircraft control problem, the proposed algorithm can generate more readable and more robust rules and is found to be superior to previous methods. PMID:27347501

  11. 39 CFR 962.12 - Depositions; interrogatories; admission of facts; production and inspection of documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... PROCEDURES RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS RELATIVE TO THE PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT § 962.12... and protective orders. The parties are encouraged to engage in voluntary discovery procedures. In connection with any discovery procedure permitted under this part, the Presiding Officer may issue any order...

  12. Don't Hit that "Delete" Button!

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    O'Hanlon, Charlene

    2009-01-01

    On Dec. 1, 2006, the once ambiguous role of e-mails in court cases became much more clear. On that day, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), which govern federal civil litigation, were amended to establish standards for the discovery of electronically stored information, now known as e-discovery. Many corporations began moving quickly to…

  13. A Novel Feature Level Fusion for Heart Rate Variability Classification Using Correntropy and Cauchy-Schwarz Divergence.

    PubMed

    Goshvarpour, Ateke; Goshvarpour, Atefeh

    2018-04-30

    Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis has become a widely used tool for monitoring pathological and psychological states in medical applications. In a typical classification problem, information fusion is a process whereby the effective combination of the data can achieve a more accurate system. The purpose of this article was to provide an accurate algorithm for classifying HRV signals in various psychological states. Therefore, a novel feature level fusion approach was proposed. First, using the theory of information, two similarity indicators of the signal were extracted, including correntropy and Cauchy-Schwarz divergence. Applying probabilistic neural network (PNN) and k-nearest neighbor (kNN), the performance of each index in the classification of meditators and non-meditators HRV signals was appraised. Then, three fusion rules, including division, product, and weighted sum rules were used to combine the information of both similarity measures. For the first time, we propose an algorithm to define the weights of each feature based on the statistical p-values. The performance of HRV classification using combined features was compared with the non-combined features. Totally, the accuracy of 100% was obtained for discriminating all states. The results showed the strong ability and proficiency of division and weighted sum rules in the improvement of the classifier accuracies.

  14. Comparing Methodologies for Developing an Early Warning System: Classification and Regression Tree Model versus Logistic Regression. REL 2015-077

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Koon, Sharon; Petscher, Yaacov

    2015-01-01

    The purpose of this report was to explicate the use of logistic regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis in the development of early warning systems. It was motivated by state education leaders' interest in maintaining high classification accuracy while simultaneously improving practitioner understanding of the rules by…

  15. A fuzzy decision tree for fault classification.

    PubMed

    Zio, Enrico; Baraldi, Piero; Popescu, Irina C

    2008-02-01

    In plant accident management, the control room operators are required to identify the causes of the accident, based on the different patterns of evolution of the monitored process variables thereby developing. This task is often quite challenging, given the large number of process parameters monitored and the intense emotional states under which it is performed. To aid the operators, various techniques of fault classification have been engineered. An important requirement for their practical application is the physical interpretability of the relationships among the process variables underpinning the fault classification. In this view, the present work propounds a fuzzy approach to fault classification, which relies on fuzzy if-then rules inferred from the clustering of available preclassified signal data, which are then organized in a logical and transparent decision tree structure. The advantages offered by the proposed approach are precisely that a transparent fault classification model is mined out of the signal data and that the underlying physical relationships among the process variables are easily interpretable as linguistic if-then rules that can be explicitly visualized in the decision tree structure. The approach is applied to a case study regarding the classification of simulated faults in the feedwater system of a boiling water reactor.

  16. Automatic classification of time-variable X-ray sources

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lo, Kitty K.; Farrell, Sean; Murphy, Tara

    2014-05-01

    To maximize the discovery potential of future synoptic surveys, especially in the field of transient science, it will be necessary to use automatic classification to identify some of the astronomical sources. The data mining technique of supervised classification is suitable for this problem. Here, we present a supervised learning method to automatically classify variable X-ray sources in the Second XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalog (2XMMi-DR2). Random Forest is our classifier of choice since it is one of the most accurate learning algorithms available. Our training set consists of 873 variable sources and their features are derived from time series, spectra, andmore » other multi-wavelength contextual information. The 10 fold cross validation accuracy of the training data is ∼97% on a 7 class data set. We applied the trained classification model to 411 unknown variable 2XMM sources to produce a probabilistically classified catalog. Using the classification margin and the Random Forest derived outlier measure, we identified 12 anomalous sources, of which 2XMM J180658.7–500250 appears to be the most unusual source in the sample. Its X-ray spectra is suggestive of a ultraluminous X-ray source but its variability makes it highly unusual. Machine-learned classification and anomaly detection will facilitate scientific discoveries in the era of all-sky surveys.« less

  17. Integrating in Silico and in Vitro Approaches To Predict Drug Accessibility to the Central Nervous System.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Yan-Yan; Liu, Houfu; Summerfield, Scott G; Luscombe, Christopher N; Sahi, Jasminder

    2016-05-02

    Estimation of uptake across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is key to designing central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics. In silico approaches ranging from physicochemical rules to quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models are utilized to predict potential for CNS penetration of new chemical entities. However, there are still gaps in our knowledge of (1) the relationship between marketed human drug derived CNS-accessible chemical space and preclinical neuropharmacokinetic (neuroPK) data, (2) interpretability of the selected physicochemical descriptors, and (3) correlation of the in vitro human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux ratio (ER) and in vivo rodent unbound brain-to-blood ratio (Kp,uu), as these are assays routinely used to predict clinical CNS exposure, during drug discovery. To close these gaps, we explored the CNS druglike property boundaries of 920 market oral drugs (315 CNS and 605 non-CNS) and 846 compounds (54 CNS drugs and 792 proprietary GlaxoSmithKline compounds) with available rat Kp,uu data. The exact permeability coefficient (Pexact) and P-gp ER were determined for 176 compounds from the rat Kp,uu data set. Receiver operating characteristic curves were performed to evaluate the predictive power of human P-gp ER for rat Kp,uu. Our data demonstrates that simple physicochemical rules (most acidic pKa ≥ 9.5 and TPSA < 100) in combination with P-gp ER < 1.5 provide mechanistic insights for filtering BBB permeable compounds. For comparison, six classification modeling methods were investigated using multiple sets of in silico molecular descriptors. We present a random forest model with excellent predictive power (∼0.75 overall accuracy) using the rat neuroPK data set. We also observed good concordance between the structural interpretation results and physicochemical descriptor importance from the Kp,uu classification QSAR model. In summary, we propose a novel, hybrid in silico/in vitro approach and an in silico screening model for the effective development of chemical series with the potential to achieve optimal CNS exposure.

  18. The use of decision tree induction and artificial neural networks for recognizing the geochemical distribution patterns of LREE in the Choghart deposit, Central Iran

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zaremotlagh, S.; Hezarkhani, A.

    2017-04-01

    Some evidences of rare earth elements (REE) concentrations are found in iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits which are located in Central Iranian microcontinent. There are many unsolved problems about the origin and metallogenesis of IOA deposits in this district. Although it is considered that felsic magmatism and mineralization were simultaneous in the district, interaction of multi-stage hydrothermal-magmatic processes within the Early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary sequence probably caused some epigenetic mineralizations. Secondary geological processes (e.g., multi-stage mineralization, alteration, and weathering) have affected on variations of major elements and possible redistribution of REE in IOA deposits. Hence, the geochemical behaviors and distribution patterns of REE are expected to be complicated in different zones of these deposits. The aim of this paper is recognizing LREE distribution patterns based on whole-rock chemical compositions and automatic discovery of their geochemical rules. For this purpose, the pattern recognition techniques including decision tree and neural network were applied on a high-dimensional geochemical dataset from Choghart IOA deposit. Because some data features were irrelevant or redundant in recognizing the distribution patterns of each LREE, a greedy attribute subset selection technique was employed to select the best subset of predictors used in classification tasks. The decision trees (CART algorithm) were pruned optimally to more accurately categorize independent test data than unpruned ones. The most effective classification rules were extracted from the pruned tree to describe the meaningful relationships between the predictors and different concentrations of LREE. A feed-forward artificial neural network was also applied to reliably predict the influence of various rock compositions on the spatial distribution patterns of LREE with a better performance than the decision tree induction. The findings of this study could be effectively used to visualize the LREE distribution patterns as geochemical maps.

  19. A Cross-Correlated Delay Shift Supervised Learning Method for Spiking Neurons with Application to Interictal Spike Detection in Epilepsy.

    PubMed

    Guo, Lilin; Wang, Zhenzhong; Cabrerizo, Mercedes; Adjouadi, Malek

    2017-05-01

    This study introduces a novel learning algorithm for spiking neurons, called CCDS, which is able to learn and reproduce arbitrary spike patterns in a supervised fashion allowing the processing of spatiotemporal information encoded in the precise timing of spikes. Unlike the Remote Supervised Method (ReSuMe), synapse delays and axonal delays in CCDS are variants which are modulated together with weights during learning. The CCDS rule is both biologically plausible and computationally efficient. The properties of this learning rule are investigated extensively through experimental evaluations in terms of reliability, adaptive learning performance, generality to different neuron models, learning in the presence of noise, effects of its learning parameters and classification performance. Results presented show that the CCDS learning method achieves learning accuracy and learning speed comparable with ReSuMe, but improves classification accuracy when compared to both the Spike Pattern Association Neuron (SPAN) learning rule and the Tempotron learning rule. The merit of CCDS rule is further validated on a practical example involving the automated detection of interictal spikes in EEG records of patients with epilepsy. Results again show that with proper encoding, the CCDS rule achieves good recognition performance.

  20. 46 CFR 169.107 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... under section 501(a) of such Code, as now or hereafter amended. Recognized Classification Society means the American Bureau of Shipping or other classification society recognized by the Commandant. Rules of..., oceanography, other nautical and marine sciences, and maritime history and literature. In conjunction with any...

  1. System Complexity Reduction via Feature Selection

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Deng, Houtao

    2011-01-01

    This dissertation transforms a set of system complexity reduction problems to feature selection problems. Three systems are considered: classification based on association rules, network structure learning, and time series classification. Furthermore, two variable importance measures are proposed to reduce the feature selection bias in tree…

  2. Prediction of cancer class with majority voting genetic programming classifier using gene expression data.

    PubMed

    Paul, Topon Kumar; Iba, Hitoshi

    2009-01-01

    In order to get a better understanding of different types of cancers and to find the possible biomarkers for diseases, recently, many researchers are analyzing the gene expression data using various machine learning techniques. However, due to a very small number of training samples compared to the huge number of genes and class imbalance, most of these methods suffer from overfitting. In this paper, we present a majority voting genetic programming classifier (MVGPC) for the classification of microarray data. Instead of a single rule or a single set of rules, we evolve multiple rules with genetic programming (GP) and then apply those rules to test samples to determine their labels with majority voting technique. By performing experiments on four different public cancer data sets, including multiclass data sets, we have found that the test accuracies of MVGPC are better than those of other methods, including AdaBoost with GP. Moreover, some of the more frequently occurring genes in the classification rules are known to be associated with the types of cancers being studied in this paper.

  3. Lung tumor diagnosis and subtype discovery by gene expression profiling.

    PubMed

    Wang, Lu-yong; Tu, Zhuowen

    2006-01-01

    The optimal treatment of patients with complex diseases, such as cancers, depends on the accurate diagnosis by using a combination of clinical and histopathological data. In many scenarios, it becomes tremendously difficult because of the limitations in clinical presentation and histopathology. To accurate diagnose complex diseases, the molecular classification based on gene or protein expression profiles are indispensable for modern medicine. Moreover, many heterogeneous diseases consist of various potential subtypes in molecular basis and differ remarkably in their response to therapies. It is critical to accurate predict subgroup on disease gene expression profiles. More fundamental knowledge of the molecular basis and classification of disease could aid in the prediction of patient outcome, the informed selection of therapies, and identification of novel molecular targets for therapy. In this paper, we propose a new disease diagnostic method, probabilistic boosting tree (PB tree) method, on gene expression profiles of lung tumors. It enables accurate disease classification and subtype discovery in disease. It automatically constructs a tree in which each node combines a number of weak classifiers into a strong classifier. Also, subtype discovery is naturally embedded in the learning process. Our algorithm achieves excellent diagnostic performance, and meanwhile it is capable of detecting the disease subtype based on gene expression profile.

  4. 46 CFR 201.111 - Contents of order.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Contents of order. 201.111 Section 201.111 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Discovery and Depositions (Rule 11) § 201.111 Contents of order. The order issued authorizing the taking of a deposition will state the...

  5. 21 CFR 17.19 - Authority of the presiding officer.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... investigation; (6) Rule on motions and other procedural matters; (7) Regulate the scope and timing of discovery... witnesses; (10) Upon motion of a party for good cause shown, the presiding officer may allow a witness to be recalled for additional testimony; (11) Receive, rule on, exclude, or limit evidence; (12) Upon motion of a...

  6. 77 FR 75459 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of a Proposed Rule Change To...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-20

    ... both sides would participate in an Exchange Auction, this proposed change would aid in price discovery... auction price. This proposed change would aid in price discovery and help to reduce the likelihood of... Sell Shares and, therefore, a User would never have complete knowledge of liquidity available on both...

  7. 10 CFR 2.335 - Consideration of Commission rules and regulations in adjudicatory proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... byproduct material, is subject to attack by way of discovery, proof, argument, or other means in any... thereof, of the type described in paragraph (a) of this section, be waived or an exception made for the... that matter and no discovery, cross-examination or argument directed to the matter will be permitted...

  8. Emilio Segrè and Spontaneous Fission

    Science.gov Websites

    fissioned instead. The discovery of fission led in turn to the discovery of the chain reaction that, if material apart before it had a chance to undergo an efficient chain reaction. The possibility of chain reaction. If a similar rate was found in plutonium, it might rule out the use of that element as

  9. 76 FR 36320 - Rules of Practice in Proceedings Relative to False Representation and Lottery Orders

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-22

    ... officers. 952.18 Evidence. 952.19 Subpoenas. 952.20 Witness fees. 952.21 Discovery. 952.22 Transcript. 952..., motions, proposed orders, and other documents for the record. Discovery need not be filed except as may be... witnesses, that the statement correctly states the witness's opinion or knowledge concerning the matters in...

  10. Power System Transient Stability Based on Data Mining Theory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cui, Zhen; Shi, Jia; Wu, Runsheng; Lu, Dan; Cui, Mingde

    2018-01-01

    In order to study the stability of power system, a power system transient stability based on data mining theory is designed. By introducing association rules analysis in data mining theory, an association classification method for transient stability assessment is presented. A mathematical model of transient stability assessment based on data mining technology is established. Meanwhile, combining rule reasoning with classification prediction, the method of association classification is proposed to perform transient stability assessment. The transient stability index is used to identify the samples that cannot be correctly classified in association classification. Then, according to the critical stability of each sample, the time domain simulation method is used to determine the state, so as to ensure the accuracy of the final results. The results show that this stability assessment system can improve the speed of operation under the premise that the analysis result is completely correct, and the improved algorithm can find out the inherent relation between the change of power system operation mode and the change of transient stability degree.

  11. Association algorithm to mine the rules that govern enzyme definition and to classify protein sequences.

    PubMed

    Chiu, Shih-Hau; Chen, Chien-Chi; Yuan, Gwo-Fang; Lin, Thy-Hou

    2006-06-15

    The number of sequences compiled in many genome projects is growing exponentially, but most of them have not been characterized experimentally. An automatic annotation scheme must be in an urgent need to reduce the gap between the amount of new sequences produced and reliable functional annotation. This work proposes rules for automatically classifying the fungus genes. The approach involves elucidating the enzyme classifying rule that is hidden in UniProt protein knowledgebase and then applying it for classification. The association algorithm, Apriori, is utilized to mine the relationship between the enzyme class and significant InterPro entries. The candidate rules are evaluated for their classificatory capacity. There were five datasets collected from the Swiss-Prot for establishing the annotation rules. These were treated as the training sets. The TrEMBL entries were treated as the testing set. A correct enzyme classification rate of 70% was obtained for the prokaryote datasets and a similar rate of about 80% was obtained for the eukaryote datasets. The fungus training dataset which lacks an enzyme class description was also used to evaluate the fungus candidate rules. A total of 88 out of 5085 test entries were matched with the fungus rule set. These were otherwise poorly annotated using their functional descriptions. The feasibility of using the method presented here to classify enzyme classes based on the enzyme domain rules is evident. The rules may be also employed by the protein annotators in manual annotation or implemented in an automatic annotation flowchart.

  12. Granular support vector machines with association rules mining for protein homology prediction.

    PubMed

    Tang, Yuchun; Jin, Bo; Zhang, Yan-Qing

    2005-01-01

    Protein homology prediction between protein sequences is one of critical problems in computational biology. Such a complex classification problem is common in medical or biological information processing applications. How to build a model with superior generalization capability from training samples is an essential issue for mining knowledge to accurately predict/classify unseen new samples and to effectively support human experts to make correct decisions. A new learning model called granular support vector machines (GSVM) is proposed based on our previous work. GSVM systematically and formally combines the principles from statistical learning theory and granular computing theory and thus provides an interesting new mechanism to address complex classification problems. It works by building a sequence of information granules and then building support vector machines (SVM) in some of these information granules on demand. A good granulation method to find suitable granules is crucial for modeling a GSVM with good performance. In this paper, we also propose an association rules-based granulation method. For the granules induced by association rules with high enough confidence and significant support, we leave them as they are because of their high "purity" and significant effect on simplifying the classification task. For every other granule, a SVM is modeled to discriminate the corresponding data. In this way, a complex classification problem is divided into multiple smaller problems so that the learning task is simplified. The proposed algorithm, here named GSVM-AR, is compared with SVM by KDDCUP04 protein homology prediction data. The experimental results show that finding the splitting hyperplane is not a trivial task (we should be careful to select the association rules to avoid overfitting) and GSVM-AR does show significant improvement compared to building one single SVM in the whole feature space. Another advantage is that the utility of GSVM-AR is very good because it is easy to be implemented. More importantly and more interestingly, GSVM provides a new mechanism to address complex classification problems.

  13. Metric learning for automatic sleep stage classification.

    PubMed

    Phan, Huy; Do, Quan; Do, The-Luan; Vu, Duc-Lung

    2013-01-01

    We introduce in this paper a metric learning approach for automatic sleep stage classification based on single-channel EEG data. We show that learning a global metric from training data instead of using the default Euclidean metric, the k-nearest neighbor classification rule outperforms state-of-the-art methods on Sleep-EDF dataset with various classification settings. The overall accuracy for Awake/Sleep and 4-class classification setting are 98.32% and 94.49% respectively. Furthermore, the superior accuracy is achieved by performing classification on a low-dimensional feature space derived from time and frequency domains and without the need for artifact removal as a preprocessing step.

  14. Content-Based Discovery for Web Map Service using Support Vector Machine and User Relevance Feedback

    PubMed Central

    Cheng, Xiaoqiang; Qi, Kunlun; Zheng, Jie; You, Lan; Wu, Huayi

    2016-01-01

    Many discovery methods for geographic information services have been proposed. There are approaches for finding and matching geographic information services, methods for constructing geographic information service classification schemes, and automatic geographic information discovery. Overall, the efficiency of the geographic information discovery keeps improving., There are however, still two problems in Web Map Service (WMS) discovery that must be solved. Mismatches between the graphic contents of a WMS and the semantic descriptions in the metadata make discovery difficult for human users. End-users and computers comprehend WMSs differently creating semantic gaps in human-computer interactions. To address these problems, we propose an improved query process for WMSs based on the graphic contents of WMS layers, combining Support Vector Machine (SVM) and user relevance feedback. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the accuracy and efficiency of WMS discovery. PMID:27861505

  15. Content-Based Discovery for Web Map Service using Support Vector Machine and User Relevance Feedback.

    PubMed

    Hu, Kai; Gui, Zhipeng; Cheng, Xiaoqiang; Qi, Kunlun; Zheng, Jie; You, Lan; Wu, Huayi

    2016-01-01

    Many discovery methods for geographic information services have been proposed. There are approaches for finding and matching geographic information services, methods for constructing geographic information service classification schemes, and automatic geographic information discovery. Overall, the efficiency of the geographic information discovery keeps improving., There are however, still two problems in Web Map Service (WMS) discovery that must be solved. Mismatches between the graphic contents of a WMS and the semantic descriptions in the metadata make discovery difficult for human users. End-users and computers comprehend WMSs differently creating semantic gaps in human-computer interactions. To address these problems, we propose an improved query process for WMSs based on the graphic contents of WMS layers, combining Support Vector Machine (SVM) and user relevance feedback. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the accuracy and efficiency of WMS discovery.

  16. Automatic discovery of optimal classes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cheeseman, Peter; Stutz, John; Freeman, Don; Self, Matthew

    1986-01-01

    A criterion, based on Bayes' theorem, is described that defines the optimal set of classes (a classification) for a given set of examples. This criterion is transformed into an equivalent minimum message length criterion with an intuitive information interpretation. This criterion does not require that the number of classes be specified in advance, this is determined by the data. The minimum message length criterion includes the message length required to describe the classes, so there is a built in bias against adding new classes unless they lead to a reduction in the message length required to describe the data. Unfortunately, the search space of possible classifications is too large to search exhaustively, so heuristic search methods, such as simulated annealing, are applied. Tutored learning and probabilistic prediction in particular cases are an important indirect result of optimal class discovery. Extensions to the basic class induction program include the ability to combine category and real value data, hierarchical classes, independent classifications and deciding for each class which attributes are relevant.

  17. Perspectives on current tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging of cancers of the colon and rectum.

    PubMed

    Hu, Huankai; Krasinskas, Alyssa; Willis, Joseph

    2011-08-01

    Improvements in classifications of cancers based on discovery and validation of important histopathological parameters and new molecular markers continue unabated. Though still not perfect, recent updates of classification schemes in gastrointestinal oncology by the American Joint Commission on Cancer (tumor-node-metastasis [TNM] staging) and the World Health Organization further stratify patients and guide optimization of treatment strategies and better predict patient outcomes. These updates recognize the heterogeneity of patient populations with significant subgrouping of each tumor stage and use of tumor deposits to significantly "up-stage" some cancers; change staging parameters for subsets of IIIB and IIIC cancers; and introduce of several new subtypes of colon carcinomas. By the nature of the process, recent discoveries that are important to improving even routine standards of patient care, especially new advances in molecular medicine, are not incorporated into these systems. Nonetheless, these classifications significantly advance clinical standards and are welcome enhancements to our current methods of cancer reporting. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  18. 76 FR 54419 - International Anti-Fouling System Certificate

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-01

    ... society may issue on behalf of the Coast Guard. This action is being taken in response to recently enacted..., 2001. This proposed rule would enable recognized classification societies to apply to the Coast Guard... classification societies to issue international certificates to vessels. The United States currently recognizes...

  19. The SED Machine: A Robotic Spectrograph for Fast Transient Classification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Blagorodnova, Nadejda; Neill, James D.; Walters, Richard; Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.; Fremling, Christoffer; Ben-Ami, Sagi; Dekany, Richard G.; Fucik, Jason R.; Konidaris, Nick; Nash, Reston; Ngeow, Chow-Choong; Ofek, Eran O.; O’ Sullivan, Donal; Quimby, Robert; Ritter, Andreas; Vyhmeister, Karl E.

    2018-03-01

    Current time domain facilities are finding several hundreds of transient astronomical events a year. The discovery rate is expected to increase in the future as soon as new surveys such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and the Large Synoptic Sky Survey (LSST) come online. Presently, the rate at which transients are classified is approximately one order or magnitude lower than the discovery rate, leading to an increasing “follow-up drought”. Existing telescopes with moderate aperture can help address this deficit when equipped with spectrographs optimized for spectral classification. Here, we provide an overview of the design, operations and first results of the Spectral Energy Distribution Machine (SEDM), operating on the Palomar 60-inch telescope (P60). The instrument is optimized for classification and high observing efficiency. It combines a low-resolution (R ∼ 100) integral field unit (IFU) spectrograph with “Rainbow Camera” (RC), a multi-band field acquisition camera which also serves as multi-band (ugri) photometer. The SEDM was commissioned during the operation of the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) and has already lived up to its promise. The success of the SEDM demonstrates the value of spectrographs optimized for spectral classification.

  20. Do Americans Have a Preference for Rule-Based Classification?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Murphy, Gregory L.; Bosch, David A.; Kim, ShinWoo

    2017-01-01

    Six experiments investigated variables predicted to influence subjects' tendency to classify items by a single property ("rule-based" responding) instead of overall similarity, following the paradigm of Norenzayan et al. (2002, "Cognitive Science"), who found that European Americans tended to give more "logical"…

  1. 17 CFR 242.402 - General provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... with Regulation T and the margin rules of the self-regulatory authorities of which the security futures... security future and related positions in accordance with the margin rules of the self-regulatory... same regulatory classification or account type and are owned by the same customer to be a single...

  2. 46 CFR 532.3 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... defined time frame. (c) “Rules tariff” means a tariff or the portion of a tariff, as defined by 46 CFR 520.2, containing the terms and conditions governing the charges, classifications, rules, regulations..., a shippers' association, or an ocean transportation intermediary, as defined in section 3(17)(B) of...

  3. 75 FR 42173 - Small Business Size Standards: Waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-20

    ... Configured Tape Library Storage Equipment. SUMMARY: The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) is granting a class waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule for Configured Tape Library Storage Equipment, Product... Support Equipment, and PSC 7045 ADP Supplies, under the North American Industry Classification System...

  4. 46 CFR 116.300 - Structural design.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Structure § 116.300 Structural design. Except as otherwise allowed by this subpart, a vessel must comply... the vessel. (a) Steel hull vessels: (1) Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Yachts and Small Craft, Lloyd's Register of Shipping (Lloyd's); or (2) Rules for Building and Classing Steel...

  5. 46 CFR 116.300 - Structural design.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Structure § 116.300 Structural design. Except as otherwise allowed by this subpart, a vessel must comply... the vessel. (a) Steel hull vessels: (1) Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Yachts and Small Craft, Lloyd's Register of Shipping (Lloyd's); or (2) Rules for Building and Classing Steel...

  6. 46 CFR 116.300 - Structural design.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Structure § 116.300 Structural design. Except as otherwise allowed by this subpart, a vessel must comply... the vessel. (a) Steel hull vessels: (1) Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Yachts and Small Craft, Lloyd's Register of Shipping (Lloyd's); or (2) Rules for Building and Classing Steel...

  7. 46 CFR 116.300 - Structural design.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Structure § 116.300 Structural design. Except as otherwise allowed by this subpart, a vessel must comply... the vessel. (a) Steel hull vessels: (1) Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Yachts and Small Craft, Lloyd's Register of Shipping (Lloyd's); or (2) Rules for Building and Classing Steel...

  8. 46 CFR 116.300 - Structural design.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Structure § 116.300 Structural design. Except as otherwise allowed by this subpart, a vessel must comply... the vessel. (a) Steel hull vessels: (1) Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Yachts and Small Craft, Lloyd's Register of Shipping (Lloyd's); or (2) Rules for Building and Classing Steel...

  9. Distinguishing between the Permeability Relationships with Absorption and Metabolism To Improve BCS and BDDCS Predictions in Early Drug Discovery

    PubMed Central

    2015-01-01

    The biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and biopharmaceutics drug distribution classification system (BDDCS) are complementary classification systems that can improve, simplify, and accelerate drug discovery, development, and regulatory processes. Drug permeability has been widely accepted as a screening tool for determining intestinal absorption via the BCS during the drug development and regulatory approval processes. Currently, predicting clinically significant drug interactions during drug development is a known challenge for industry and regulatory agencies. The BDDCS, a modification of BCS that utilizes drug metabolism instead of intestinal permeability, predicts drug disposition and potential drug–drug interactions in the intestine, the liver, and most recently the brain. Although correlations between BCS and BDDCS have been observed with drug permeability rates, discrepancies have been noted in drug classifications between the two systems utilizing different permeability models, which are accepted as surrogate models for demonstrating human intestinal permeability by the FDA. Here, we recommend the most applicable permeability models for improving the prediction of BCS and BDDCS classifications. We demonstrate that the passive transcellular permeability rate, characterized by means of permeability models that are deficient in transporter expression and paracellular junctions (e.g., PAMPA and Caco-2), will most accurately predict BDDCS metabolism. These systems will inaccurately predict BCS classifications for drugs that particularly are substrates of highly expressed intestinal transporters. Moreover, in this latter case, a system more representative of complete human intestinal permeability is needed to accurately predict BCS absorption. PMID:24628254

  10. Distinguishing between the permeability relationships with absorption and metabolism to improve BCS and BDDCS predictions in early drug discovery.

    PubMed

    Larregieu, Caroline A; Benet, Leslie Z

    2014-04-07

    The biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and biopharmaceutics drug distribution classification system (BDDCS) are complementary classification systems that can improve, simplify, and accelerate drug discovery, development, and regulatory processes. Drug permeability has been widely accepted as a screening tool for determining intestinal absorption via the BCS during the drug development and regulatory approval processes. Currently, predicting clinically significant drug interactions during drug development is a known challenge for industry and regulatory agencies. The BDDCS, a modification of BCS that utilizes drug metabolism instead of intestinal permeability, predicts drug disposition and potential drug-drug interactions in the intestine, the liver, and most recently the brain. Although correlations between BCS and BDDCS have been observed with drug permeability rates, discrepancies have been noted in drug classifications between the two systems utilizing different permeability models, which are accepted as surrogate models for demonstrating human intestinal permeability by the FDA. Here, we recommend the most applicable permeability models for improving the prediction of BCS and BDDCS classifications. We demonstrate that the passive transcellular permeability rate, characterized by means of permeability models that are deficient in transporter expression and paracellular junctions (e.g., PAMPA and Caco-2), will most accurately predict BDDCS metabolism. These systems will inaccurately predict BCS classifications for drugs that particularly are substrates of highly expressed intestinal transporters. Moreover, in this latter case, a system more representative of complete human intestinal permeability is needed to accurately predict BCS absorption.

  11. Optimal two-phase sampling design for comparing accuracies of two binary classification rules.

    PubMed

    Xu, Huiping; Hui, Siu L; Grannis, Shaun

    2014-02-10

    In this paper, we consider the design for comparing the performance of two binary classification rules, for example, two record linkage algorithms or two screening tests. Statistical methods are well developed for comparing these accuracy measures when the gold standard is available for every unit in the sample, or in a two-phase study when the gold standard is ascertained only in the second phase in a subsample using a fixed sampling scheme. However, these methods do not attempt to optimize the sampling scheme to minimize the variance of the estimators of interest. In comparing the performance of two classification rules, the parameters of primary interest are the difference in sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values. We derived the analytic variance formulas for these parameter estimates and used them to obtain the optimal sampling design. The efficiency of the optimal sampling design is evaluated through an empirical investigation that compares the optimal sampling with simple random sampling and with proportional allocation. Results of the empirical study show that the optimal sampling design is similar for estimating the difference in sensitivities and in specificities, and both achieve a substantial amount of variance reduction with an over-sample of subjects with discordant results and under-sample of subjects with concordant results. A heuristic rule is recommended when there is no prior knowledge of individual sensitivities and specificities, or the prevalence of the true positive findings in the study population. The optimal sampling is applied to a real-world example in record linkage to evaluate the difference in classification accuracy of two matching algorithms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  12. Mapping of High Value Crops Through AN Object-Based Svm Model Using LIDAR Data and Orthophoto in Agusan del Norte Philippines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Candare, Rudolph Joshua; Japitana, Michelle; Cubillas, James Earl; Ramirez, Cherry Bryan

    2016-06-01

    This research describes the methods involved in the mapping of different high value crops in Agusan del Norte Philippines using LiDAR. This project is part of the Phil-LiDAR 2 Program which aims to conduct a nationwide resource assessment using LiDAR. Because of the high resolution data involved, the methodology described here utilizes object-based image analysis and the use of optimal features from LiDAR data and Orthophoto. Object-based classification was primarily done by developing rule-sets in eCognition. Several features from the LiDAR data and Orthophotos were used in the development of rule-sets for classification. Generally, classes of objects can't be separated by simple thresholds from different features making it difficult to develop a rule-set. To resolve this problem, the image-objects were subjected to Support Vector Machine learning. SVMs have gained popularity because of their ability to generalize well given a limited number of training samples. However, SVMs also suffer from parameter assignment issues that can significantly affect the classification results. More specifically, the regularization parameter C in linear SVM has to be optimized through cross validation to increase the overall accuracy. After performing the segmentation in eCognition, the optimization procedure as well as the extraction of the equations of the hyper-planes was done in Matlab. The learned hyper-planes separating one class from another in the multi-dimensional feature-space can be thought of as super-features which were then used in developing the classifier rule set in eCognition. In this study, we report an overall classification accuracy of greater than 90% in different areas.

  13. New Myositis Classification Criteria-What We Have Learned Since Bohan and Peter.

    PubMed

    Leclair, Valérie; Lundberg, Ingrid E

    2018-03-17

    Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) classification criteria have been a subject of debate for many decades. Despite several limitations, the Bohan and Peter criteria are still widely used. The aim of this review is to discuss the evolution of IIM classification criteria. New IIM classification criteria are periodically proposed. The discovery of myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies led to the development of clinico-serological criteria, while in-depth description of IIM morphological features improved histopathology-based criteria. The long-awaited European League Against Rheumatism and American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) IIM classification criteria were recently published. The Bohan and Peter criteria are outdated and validated classification criteria are necessary to improve research in IIM. The new EULAR/ACR IIM classification criteria are thus a definite improvement and an important step forward in the field.

  14. Using Simplified Sudoku to Promote and Improve Pattern Discovery Skills among School Children

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tengah, Khairul A.

    2011-01-01

    As part of promoting and improving pattern discovery skills among school children, a Sudoku puzzle can be used as example of a problem solving task. A simplified version of the puzzle will be used first to explain the aim and reinforce the rules of solving the puzzle. Three strategies--"Strategy of Obvious Missing Number, Strategy of…

  15. 78 FR 68239 - Final Rules Under the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-13

    ... requirement or quantitative treatment limitation on mental health and substance use disorder benefits in any classification that is more restrictive than the predominant financial requirement or quantitative treatment... or quantitative treatment limitation in the relevant classification. Using these numerical standards...

  16. Identification of Nonattainment Classification and Deadlines for Submission of State Implementation Plan (SIP) Provisions for the 1997 & 2006 Fine Particle National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Fact Sheet

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This page contains the fact sheet for the Final Nonattainment Classification and Deadlines for Submission of State Implementation Plan (SIP) Provisions for the 1997 and 2006 Particulate Matter (PM) rule.

  17. 76 FR 28689 - Microbiology Devices; Classification of In Vitro Diagnostic Device for Bacillus Species Detection

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-18

    .... FDA-2011-N-0103] Microbiology Devices; Classification of In Vitro Diagnostic Device for Bacillus... of the Microbiology Devices Advisory Panel (the Panel). In addition, the proposed rule would... in the Federal Register. 1. Transcript of the FDA Microbiology Devices Panel meeting, March 7, 2002...

  18. Decision-Tree, Rule-Based, and Random Forest Classification of High-Resolution Multispectral Imagery for Wetland Mapping and Inventory

    EPA Science Inventory

    Efforts are increasingly being made to classify the world’s wetland resources, an important ecosystem and habitat that is diminishing in abundance. There are multiple remote sensing classification methods, including a suite of nonparametric classifiers such as decision-tree...

  19. Cataloging Guide for Instructional Materials Used in Livonia Public Schools Instructional Materials Centers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Livonia Public Schools, MI.

    This working guide for Livonia's Public Schools provides detailed instructions in preparing and handling catalog cards, a supplemental cataloging and classification guide, and typing rules for technical processing. Standard abbreviations are given for making classification entries, and separate cataloging instructions are given for charts,…

  20. Application of decision rules for empowering of Indonesian telematics services SMEs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tosida, E. T.; Hairlangga, O.; Amirudin, F.; Ridwanah, M.

    2018-03-01

    The independence of the field of telematics became one of Indonesia's vision in 2024. One effort to achieve it can be done by empowering SMEs in the field of telematics. Empowerment carried out need a practical mechanism by utilizing data centered, including through the National Economic Census database (Susenas). Based on the Susenas can be formulated the decision rules of determining the provision of assistance for SMEs in the field of telematics. The way it did by generating the rule base through the classification technique. The CART algorithm-based decision rule model performs better than C45 and ID3 models. The high level of performance model is also in line with the regulations applied by the government. This becomes one of the strengths of research, because the resulting model is consistent with the existing conditions in Indonesia. The rules base generated from the three classification techniques show different rules. The CART technique has pattern matching with the realization of activities in The Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs. So far, the government has difficulty in referring data related to the empowerment of SMEs telematics services. Therefore, the findings resulting from this research can be used as an alternative decision support system related to the program of empowerment of SMEs in telematics.

  1. Integration of Chinese medicine with Western medicine could lead to future medicine: molecular module medicine.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Chi; Zhang, Ge; Chen, Ke-ji; Lu, Ai-ping

    2016-04-01

    The development of an effective classification method for human health conditions is essential for precise diagnosis and delivery of tailored therapy to individuals. Contemporary classification of disease systems has properties that limit its information content and usability. Chinese medicine pattern classification has been incorporated with disease classification, and this integrated classification method became more precise because of the increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms. However, we are still facing the complexity of diseases and patterns in the classification of health conditions. With continuing advances in omics methodologies and instrumentation, we are proposing a new classification approach: molecular module classification, which is applying molecular modules to classifying human health status. The initiative would be precisely defining the health status, providing accurate diagnoses, optimizing the therapeutics and improving new drug discovery strategy. Therefore, there would be no current disease diagnosis, no disease pattern classification, and in the future, a new medicine based on this classification, molecular module medicine, could redefine health statuses and reshape the clinical practice.

  2. 75 FR 68394 - Small Business Size Standards: Waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-05

    ... Woven and Knit impregnated with Flat Dipped Rubber/Plastic Gloves. SUMMARY: The U. S. Small Business... Flat Dipped Rubber/Plastic Gloves, under North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code... Rule for Woven and Knit impregnated with Flat Dipped Rubber/Plastic Gloves under PSC 9999...

  3. Association algorithm to mine the rules that govern enzyme definition and to classify protein sequences

    PubMed Central

    Chiu, Shih-Hau; Chen, Chien-Chi; Yuan, Gwo-Fang; Lin, Thy-Hou

    2006-01-01

    Background The number of sequences compiled in many genome projects is growing exponentially, but most of them have not been characterized experimentally. An automatic annotation scheme must be in an urgent need to reduce the gap between the amount of new sequences produced and reliable functional annotation. This work proposes rules for automatically classifying the fungus genes. The approach involves elucidating the enzyme classifying rule that is hidden in UniProt protein knowledgebase and then applying it for classification. The association algorithm, Apriori, is utilized to mine the relationship between the enzyme class and significant InterPro entries. The candidate rules are evaluated for their classificatory capacity. Results There were five datasets collected from the Swiss-Prot for establishing the annotation rules. These were treated as the training sets. The TrEMBL entries were treated as the testing set. A correct enzyme classification rate of 70% was obtained for the prokaryote datasets and a similar rate of about 80% was obtained for the eukaryote datasets. The fungus training dataset which lacks an enzyme class description was also used to evaluate the fungus candidate rules. A total of 88 out of 5085 test entries were matched with the fungus rule set. These were otherwise poorly annotated using their functional descriptions. Conclusion The feasibility of using the method presented here to classify enzyme classes based on the enzyme domain rules is evident. The rules may be also employed by the protein annotators in manual annotation or implemented in an automatic annotation flowchart. PMID:16776838

  4. pH-Dependent solubility and permeability criteria for provisional biopharmaceutics classification (BCS and BDDCS) in early drug discovery.

    PubMed

    Varma, Manthena V; Gardner, Iain; Steyn, Stefanus J; Nkansah, Paul; Rotter, Charles J; Whitney-Pickett, Carrie; Zhang, Hui; Di, Li; Cram, Michael; Fenner, Katherine S; El-Kattan, Ayman F

    2012-05-07

    The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is a scientific framework that provides a basis for predicting the oral absorption of drugs. These concepts have been extended in the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) to explain the potential mechanism of drug clearance and understand the effects of uptake and efflux transporters on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The objective of present work is to establish criteria for provisional biopharmaceutics classification using pH-dependent passive permeability and aqueous solubility data generated from high throughput screening methodologies in drug discovery settings. The apparent permeability across monolayers of clonal cell line of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, selected for low endogenous efflux transporter expression, was measured for a set of 105 drugs, with known BCS and BDDCS class. The permeability at apical pH 6.5 for acidic drugs and at pH 7.4 for nonacidic drugs showed a good correlation with the fraction absorbed in human (Fa). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to define the permeability class boundary. At permeability ≥ 5 × 10(-6) cm/s, the accuracy of predicting Fa of ≥ 0.90 was 87%. Also, this cutoff showed more than 80% sensitivity and specificity in predicting the literature permeability classes (BCS), and the metabolism classes (BDDCS). The equilibrium solubility of a subset of 49 drugs was measured in pH 1.2 medium, pH 6.5 phosphate buffer, and in FaSSIF medium (pH 6.5). Although dose was not considered, good concordance of the measured solubility with BCS and BDDCS solubility class was achieved, when solubility at pH 1.2 was used for acidic compounds and FaSSIF solubility was used for basic, neutral, and zwitterionic compounds. Using a cutoff of 200 μg/mL, the data set suggested a 93% sensitivity and 86% specificity in predicting both the BCS and BDDCS solubility classes. In conclusion, this study identified pH-dependent permeability and solubility criteria that can be used to assign provisional biopharmaceutics class at early stage of the drug discovery process. Additionally, such a classification system will enable discovery scientists to assess the potential limiting factors to oral absorption, as well as help predict the drug disposition mechanisms and potential drug-drug interactions.

  5. Primate immunodeficiency virus classification and nomenclature: Review

    DOE PAGES

    Foley, Brian T.; Leitner, Thomas; Paraskevis, Dimitrios; ...

    2016-10-24

    The International Committee for the Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Viruses does not rule on virus classifications below the species level. The definition of species for viruses cannot be clearly defined for all types of viruses. The complex and interesting epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses demands a detailed and informative nomenclature system, while at the same time it presents challenges such that many of the rules need to be flexibly applied or modified over time. As a result, this review outlines the nomenclature system for primate lentiviruses and provides an update on new findings since the last review was written inmore » 2000.« less

  6. Computer-Aided Breast Cancer Diagnosis with Optimal Feature Sets: Reduction Rules and Optimization Techniques.

    PubMed

    Mathieson, Luke; Mendes, Alexandre; Marsden, John; Pond, Jeffrey; Moscato, Pablo

    2017-01-01

    This chapter introduces a new method for knowledge extraction from databases for the purpose of finding a discriminative set of features that is also a robust set for within-class classification. Our method is generic and we introduce it here in the field of breast cancer diagnosis from digital mammography data. The mathematical formalism is based on a generalization of the k-Feature Set problem called (α, β)-k-Feature Set problem, introduced by Cotta and Moscato (J Comput Syst Sci 67(4):686-690, 2003). This method proceeds in two steps: first, an optimal (α, β)-k-feature set of minimum cardinality is identified and then, a set of classification rules using these features is obtained. We obtain the (α, β)-k-feature set in two phases; first a series of extremely powerful reduction techniques, which do not lose the optimal solution, are employed; and second, a metaheuristic search to identify the remaining features to be considered or disregarded. Two algorithms were tested with a public domain digital mammography dataset composed of 71 malignant and 75 benign cases. Based on the results provided by the algorithms, we obtain classification rules that employ only a subset of these features.

  7. Characterization of hidden rules linking symptoms and selection of acupoint using an artificial neural network model.

    PubMed

    Jung, Won-Mo; Park, In-Soo; Lee, Ye-Seul; Kim, Chang-Eop; Lee, Hyangsook; Hahm, Dae-Hyun; Park, Hi-Joon; Jang, Bo-Hyoung; Chae, Younbyoung

    2018-04-12

    Comprehension of the medical diagnoses of doctors and treatment of diseases is important to understand the underlying principle in selecting appropriate acupoints. The pattern recognition process that pertains to symptoms and diseases and informs acupuncture treatment in a clinical setting was explored. A total of 232 clinical records were collected using a Charting Language program. The relationship between symptom information and selected acupoints was trained using an artificial neural network (ANN). A total of 11 hidden nodes with the highest average precision score were selected through a tenfold cross-validation. Our ANN model could predict the selected acupoints based on symptom and disease information with an average precision score of 0.865 (precision, 0.911; recall, 0.811). This model is a useful tool for diagnostic classification or pattern recognition and for the prediction and modeling of acupuncture treatment based on clinical data obtained in a real-world setting. The relationship between symptoms and selected acupoints could be systematically characterized through knowledge discovery processes, such as pattern identification.

  8. Why open drug discovery needs four simple rules for licensing data and models.

    PubMed

    Williams, Antony J; Wilbanks, John; Ekins, Sean

    2012-01-01

    When we look at the rapid growth of scientific databases on the Internet in the past decade, we tend to take the accessibility and provenance of the data for granted. As we see a future of increased database integration, the licensing of the data may be a hurdle that hampers progress and usability. We have formulated four rules for licensing data for open drug discovery, which we propose as a starting point for consideration by databases and for their ultimate adoption. This work could also be extended to the computational models derived from such data. We suggest that scientists in the future will need to consider data licensing before they embark upon re-using such content in databases they construct themselves.

  9. Animal models for acute radiation syndrome drug discovery.

    PubMed

    Singh, Vijay K; Newman, Victoria L; Berg, Allison N; MacVittie, Thomas J

    2015-05-01

    Although significant scientific advances have been made over the past six decades in developing safe, nontoxic and effective radiation/medical countermeasures (MCMs) for acute radiation syndrome (ARS), no drug has been approved by the US FDA. The availability of adequate animal models is a prime requisite under the criteria established by the FDA 'animal rule' for the development of novel MCMs for ARS and the discovery of biomarkers for radiation exposure. This article reviews the developments of MCMs to combat ARS, with particular reference to the various animal models (rodents: mouse and rat; canine: beagle; minipigs and nonhuman primates [NHPs]) utilized for the in-depth evaluation. The objective, pathways and challenges of the FDA Animal Efficacy Rule are also discussed. There are a number of well-defined animal models, the mouse, canine and NHP, that are being used for the development of MCMs. Additional animal models, such as the minipig, are under development to further assist in the identification, efficacy testing and approval of MCMs under the FDA Animal Efficacy Rule.

  10. SkyDiscovery: Humans and Machines Working Together

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Donalek, Ciro; Fang, K.; Drake, A. J.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Graham, M. J.; Mahabal, A.; Williams, R.

    2011-01-01

    Synoptic sky surveys are now discovering tens to hundreds of transient events every clear night, and that data rate is expected to increase dramatically as we move towards the LSST. A key problem is classification of transients, which determines their scientific interest and possible follow-up. Some of the relevant information is contextual, and easily recognizable by humans looking at images, but it is very hard to encode in the data pipelines. Crowdsourcing (aka Citizen Science) provides one possible way to gather such information. SkyDiscovery.org is a website that allows experts and citizen science enthusiasts to work together and share information in a collaborative scientific discovery environment. Currently there are two projects running on the website. In the Event Classification project users help finding candidate transients through a series of questions related to the images shown. Event classification depends very much form the contextual information and humans are remarkably effective at recognizing noise in incomplete heterogeneous data and figuring out which contextual information is important. In the SNHunt project users are requested to look for new objects appearing on images of galaxies taken by the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey, in order to find all the supernovae occurring in nearby bright galaxies. Images are served alongside with other tools that can help the discovery. A multi level approach allows the complexity of the interface to be tailored to the expertise level of the user. An entry level user can just review images and validate events as being real, while a more advanced user would be able to interact with the data associated to an event. The data gathered will not be only analyzed and used directly for some specific science project, but also to train well-defined algorithms to be used in automating such data analysis in the future.

  11. 75 FR 39076 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change by NYSE Arca, Inc...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-07

    ... index? If there are trading pauses in an ETF but not in the stocks that underlie that ETF, what... price discovery for the ETF, the underlying stocks and other products? Are there other market-based...'') to the pilot rule. For purposes of this filing, ETPs include Exchange Traded Funds (``ETF''),\\4...

  12. 75 FR 39065 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-07

    ... ETF but not in the stocks that underlie that ETF, what consequences might that have for the underlying stocks or other products? What are the potential effects on price discovery for the ETF, the underlying... Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Amend the List of...

  13. 22 CFR 172.8 - Considerations in determining whether the Department will comply with a demand or request.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... in determining whether the Department will comply with a demand or request. (a) In deciding whether... applicable rules of discovery or the rules of procedure governing the case or matter in which the demand... for the conduct of official business; (5) The need to avoid spending the time and money of the United...

  14. Designing seasonal initial attack resource deployment and dispatch rules using a two-stage stochastic programming procedure

    Treesearch

    Yu Wei; Michael Bevers; Erin J. Belval

    2015-01-01

    Initial attack dispatch rules can help shorten fire suppression response times by providing easy-to-follow recommendations based on fire weather, discovery time, location, and other factors that may influence fire behavior and the appropriate response. A new procedure is combined with a stochastic programming model and tested in this study for designing initial attack...

  15. Generative rules of Drosophila locomotor behavior as a candidate homology across phyla.

    PubMed

    Gomez-Marin, Alex; Oron, Efrat; Gakamsky, Anna; Dan Valente; Benjamini, Yoav; Golani, Ilan

    2016-06-08

    The discovery of shared behavioral processes across phyla is a significant step in the establishment of a comparative study of behavior. We use immobility as an origin and reference for the measurement of fly locomotor behavior; speed, walking direction and trunk orientation as the degrees of freedom shaping this behavior; and cocaine as the parameter inducing progressive transitions in and out of immobility. We characterize and quantify the generative rules that shape Drosophila locomotor behavior, bringing about a gradual buildup of kinematic degrees of freedom during the transition from immobility to normal behavior, and the opposite narrowing down into immobility. Transitions into immobility unfold via sequential enhancement and then elimination of translation, curvature and finally rotation. Transitions out of immobility unfold by progressive addition of these degrees of freedom in the opposite order. The same generative rules have been found in vertebrate locomotor behavior in several contexts (pharmacological manipulations, ontogeny, social interactions) involving transitions in-and-out of immobility. Recent claims for deep homology between arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia provide an opportunity to examine whether the rules we report also share common descent. Our approach prompts the discovery of behavioral homologies, contributing to the elusive problem of behavioral evolution.

  16. Textural features for image classification

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Haralick, R. M.; Dinstein, I.; Shanmugam, K.

    1973-01-01

    Description of some easily computable textural features based on gray-tone spatial dependances, and illustration of their application in category-identification tasks of three different kinds of image data - namely, photomicrographs of five kinds of sandstones, 1:20,000 panchromatic aerial photographs of eight land-use categories, and ERTS multispectral imagery containing several land-use categories. Two kinds of decision rules are used - one for which the decision regions are convex polyhedra (a piecewise-linear decision rule), and one for which the decision regions are rectangular parallelpipeds (a min-max decision rule). In each experiment the data set was divided into two parts, a training set and a test set. Test set identification accuracy is 89% for the photomicrographs, 82% for the aerial photographic imagery, and 83% for the satellite imagery. These results indicate that the easily computable textural features probably have a general applicability for a wide variety of image-classification applications.

  17. Rule Based System for Medicine Inventory Control Using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nugraha, Joanna Ardhyanti Mita; Suryono; Suseno, dan Jatmiko Endro

    2018-02-01

    Rule based system is very efficient to ensure stock of drug to remain available by utilizing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as input means automatically. This method can ensure the stock of drugs to remain available by analyzing the needs of drug users. The research data was the amount of drug usage in hospital for 1 year. The data was processed by using ABC classification to determine the drug with fast, medium and slow movement. In each classification result, rule based algorithm was given for determination of safety stock and Reorder Point (ROP). This research yielded safety stock and ROP values that vary depending on the class of each drug. Validation is done by comparing the calculation of safety stock and reorder point both manually and by system, then, it was found that the mean deviation value at safety stock was 0,03 and and ROP was 0,08.

  18. Variations of Human DNA Polymerase Genes as Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer Progression

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-07-01

    discovery , cancer genetics 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON USAMRMC...variations identified (including all single and double mutant combinations of the Triple mutant), and some POLK mutants • Discovery of a novel...Athens, Greece, 07/10 Makridakis N. Error-prone polymerase mutations and prostate cancer progression, COBRE /Cancer Genetics group seminar, Tulane

  19. Session Initiation Protocol Network Encryption Device Plain Text Domain Discovery Service

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-12-07

    MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: a...such as the TACLANE, have developed unique discovery methods to establish Plain Text Domain (PTD) Security Associations (SA). All of these techniques...can include network and host Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, Information System Security Office (ISSO) point of contact information and PTD status

  20. FAF-Drugs2: free ADME/tox filtering tool to assist drug discovery and chemical biology projects.

    PubMed

    Lagorce, David; Sperandio, Olivier; Galons, Hervé; Miteva, Maria A; Villoutreix, Bruno O

    2008-09-24

    Drug discovery and chemical biology are exceedingly complex and demanding enterprises. In recent years there are been increasing awareness about the importance of predicting/optimizing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) properties of small chemical compounds along the search process rather than at the final stages. Fast methods for evaluating ADMET properties of small molecules often involve applying a set of simple empirical rules (educated guesses) and as such, compound collections' property profiling can be performed in silico. Clearly, these rules cannot assess the full complexity of the human body but can provide valuable information and assist decision-making. This paper presents FAF-Drugs2, a free adaptable tool for ADMET filtering of electronic compound collections. FAF-Drugs2 is a command line utility program (e.g., written in Python) based on the open source chemistry toolkit OpenBabel, which performs various physicochemical calculations, identifies key functional groups, some toxic and unstable molecules/functional groups. In addition to filtered collections, FAF-Drugs2 can provide, via Gnuplot, several distribution diagrams of major physicochemical properties of the screened compound libraries. We have developed FAF-Drugs2 to facilitate compound collection preparation, prior to (or after) experimental screening or virtual screening computations. Users can select to apply various filtering thresholds and add rules as needed for a given project. As it stands, FAF-Drugs2 implements numerous filtering rules (23 physicochemical rules and 204 substructure searching rules) that can be easily tuned.

  1. On Classification of Modular Categories by Rank: Table A.1

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bruillard, Paul; Ng, Siu-Hung; Rowell, Eric C.

    2016-04-10

    The feasibility of a classification-by-rank program for modular categories follows from the Rank-Finiteness Theorem. We develop arithmetic, representation theoretic and algebraic methods for classifying modular categories by rank. As an application, we determine all possible fusion rules for all rank=5 modular categories and describe the corresponding monoidal equivalence classes.

  2. Event-Related fMRI of Category Learning: Differences in Classification and Feedback Networks

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Little, Deborah M.; Shin, Silvia S.; Sisco, Shannon M.; Thulborn, Keith R.

    2006-01-01

    Eighteen healthy young adults underwent event-related (ER) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain while performing a visual category learning task. The specific category learning task required subjects to extract the rules that guide classification of quasi-random patterns of dots into categories. Following each classification…

  3. A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF A COMBINED SPECTRAL AND GIS RULE-BASED LAND-COVER CLASSIFICATION IN THE NEUSE RIVER BASIN OF NORTH CAROLINA

    EPA Science Inventory

    The 14,582 km2 Neuse River Basin in North Carolina was characterized based on a user defined land-cover (LC) classification system developed specifically to support spatially explicit, non-point source nitrogen allocation modeling studies. Data processing incorporated both spect...

  4. 40 CFR 164.21 - Contents of a denial of registration, notice of intent to cancel a registration, or notice of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., notice of intent to cancel a registration, or notice of intent to change a classification. 164.21 Section 164.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS RULES..., ARISING FROM REFUSALS TO REGISTER, CANCELLATIONS OF REGISTRATIONS, CHANGES OF CLASSIFICATIONS, SUSPENSIONS...

  5. 42 CFR 412.22 - Excluded hospitals and hospital units: General rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... provisions. The following classifications of hospitals are paid under special provisions and therefore are... criteria for one or more of the excluded classifications described in § 412.23. For purposes of this... following criteria in order to be excluded from the prospective payment systems specified in § 412.1(a)(1...

  6. Method and system for analyzing and classifying electronic information

    DOEpatents

    McGaffey, Robert W.; Bell, Michael Allen; Kortman, Peter J.; Wilson, Charles H.

    2003-04-29

    A data analysis and classification system that reads the electronic information, analyzes the electronic information according to a user-defined set of logical rules, and returns a classification result. The data analysis and classification system may accept any form of computer-readable electronic information. The system creates a hash table wherein each entry of the hash table contains a concept corresponding to a word or phrase which the system has previously encountered. The system creates an object model based on the user-defined logical associations, used for reviewing each concept contained in the electronic information in order to determine whether the electronic information is classified. The data analysis and classification system extracts each concept in turn from the electronic information, locates it in the hash table, and propagates it through the object model. In the event that the system can not find the electronic information token in the hash table, that token is added to a missing terms list. If any rule is satisfied during propagation of the concept through the object model, the electronic information is classified.

  7. An automated approach to the design of decision tree classifiers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Argentiero, P.; Chin, P.; Beaudet, P.

    1980-01-01

    The classification of large dimensional data sets arising from the merging of remote sensing data with more traditional forms of ancillary data is considered. Decision tree classification, a popular approach to the problem, is characterized by the property that samples are subjected to a sequence of decision rules before they are assigned to a unique class. An automated technique for effective decision tree design which relies only on apriori statistics is presented. This procedure utilizes a set of two dimensional canonical transforms and Bayes table look-up decision rules. An optimal design at each node is derived based on the associated decision table. A procedure for computing the global probability of correct classfication is also provided. An example is given in which class statistics obtained from an actual LANDSAT scene are used as input to the program. The resulting decision tree design has an associated probability of correct classification of .76 compared to the theoretically optimum .79 probability of correct classification associated with a full dimensional Bayes classifier. Recommendations for future research are included.

  8. New Minerals and Science.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Birch, William D.

    1997-01-01

    Defines geodiversity, compares it to biodiversity, and discusses the mineral classification system. Charts the discovery of new minerals in Australia over time and focuses on uses of these minerals in technological advances. (DDR)

  9. Estimating Classification Accuracy for Complex Decision Rules Based on Multiple Scores

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Douglas, Karen M.; Mislevy, Robert J.

    2010-01-01

    Important decisions about students are made by combining multiple measures using complex decision rules. Although methods for characterizing the accuracy of decisions based on a single measure have been suggested by numerous researchers, such methods are not useful for estimating the accuracy of decisions based on multiple measures. This study…

  10. Rule extraction from minimal neural networks for credit card screening.

    PubMed

    Setiono, Rudy; Baesens, Bart; Mues, Christophe

    2011-08-01

    While feedforward neural networks have been widely accepted as effective tools for solving classification problems, the issue of finding the best network architecture remains unresolved, particularly so in real-world problem settings. We address this issue in the context of credit card screening, where it is important to not only find a neural network with good predictive performance but also one that facilitates a clear explanation of how it produces its predictions. We show that minimal neural networks with as few as one hidden unit provide good predictive accuracy, while having the added advantage of making it easier to generate concise and comprehensible classification rules for the user. To further reduce model size, a novel approach is suggested in which network connections from the input units to this hidden unit are removed by a very straightaway pruning procedure. In terms of predictive accuracy, both the minimized neural networks and the rule sets generated from them are shown to compare favorably with other neural network based classifiers. The rules generated from the minimized neural networks are concise and thus easier to validate in a real-life setting.

  11. R package PRIMsrc: Bump Hunting by Patient Rule Induction Method for Survival, Regression and Classification

    PubMed Central

    Dazard, Jean-Eudes; Choe, Michael; LeBlanc, Michael; Rao, J. Sunil

    2015-01-01

    PRIMsrc is a novel implementation of a non-parametric bump hunting procedure, based on the Patient Rule Induction Method (PRIM), offering a unified treatment of outcome variables, including censored time-to-event (Survival), continuous (Regression) and discrete (Classification) responses. To fit the model, it uses a recursive peeling procedure with specific peeling criteria and stopping rules depending on the response. To validate the model, it provides an objective function based on prediction-error or other specific statistic, as well as two alternative cross-validation techniques, adapted to the task of decision-rule making and estimation in the three types of settings. PRIMsrc comes as an open source R package, including at this point: (i) a main function for fitting a Survival Bump Hunting model with various options allowing cross-validated model selection to control model size (#covariates) and model complexity (#peeling steps) and generation of cross-validated end-point estimates; (ii) parallel computing; (iii) various S3-generic and specific plotting functions for data visualization, diagnostic, prediction, summary and display of results. It is available on CRAN and GitHub. PMID:26798326

  12. Occupational injury and illness recording and reporting requirements--NAICS update and reporting revisions. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2014-09-18

    OSHA is issuing a final rule to update the appendix to its Injury and Illness Recording and Reporting regulation. The appendix contains a list of industries that are partially exempt from requirements to keep records of work-related injuries and illnesses due to relatively low occupational injury and illness rates. The updated appendix is based on more recent injury and illness data and lists industry groups classified by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The current appendix lists industries classified by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). The final rule also revises the requirements for reporting work-related fatality, injury, and illness information to OSHA. The current regulation requires employers to report work-related fatalities and in-patient hospitalizations of three or more employees within eight hours of the event. The final rule retains the requirement for employers to report work-related fatalities to OSHA within eight hours of the event but amends the regulation to require employers to report all work-related in-patient hospitalizations, as well as amputations and losses of an eye, to OSHA within 24 hours of the event.

  13. Analysis of Traffic Signals on a Software-Defined Network for Detection and Classification of a Man-in-the-Middle Attack

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-09-01

    unique characteristics of reported anomalies in the collected traffic signals to build a classification framework. Other cyber events, such as a...Furthermore, we identify unique characteristics of reported anomalies in the collected traffic signals to build a classification framework. Other cyber...2]. The applications build flow rules using network topology information provided by the control plane [1]. Since the control plane is able to

  14. Multi-class computational evolution: development, benchmark evaluation and application to RNA-Seq biomarker discovery.

    PubMed

    Crabtree, Nathaniel M; Moore, Jason H; Bowyer, John F; George, Nysia I

    2017-01-01

    A computational evolution system (CES) is a knowledge discovery engine that can identify subtle, synergistic relationships in large datasets. Pareto optimization allows CESs to balance accuracy with model complexity when evolving classifiers. Using Pareto optimization, a CES is able to identify a very small number of features while maintaining high classification accuracy. A CES can be designed for various types of data, and the user can exploit expert knowledge about the classification problem in order to improve discrimination between classes. These characteristics give CES an advantage over other classification and feature selection algorithms, particularly when the goal is to identify a small number of highly relevant, non-redundant biomarkers. Previously, CESs have been developed only for binary class datasets. In this study, we developed a multi-class CES. The multi-class CES was compared to three common feature selection and classification algorithms: support vector machine (SVM), random k-nearest neighbor (RKNN), and random forest (RF). The algorithms were evaluated on three distinct multi-class RNA sequencing datasets. The comparison criteria were run-time, classification accuracy, number of selected features, and stability of selected feature set (as measured by the Tanimoto distance). The performance of each algorithm was data-dependent. CES performed best on the dataset with the smallest sample size, indicating that CES has a unique advantage since the accuracy of most classification methods suffer when sample size is small. The multi-class extension of CES increases the appeal of its application to complex, multi-class datasets in order to identify important biomarkers and features.

  15. MLViS: A Web Tool for Machine Learning-Based Virtual Screening in Early-Phase of Drug Discovery and Development

    PubMed Central

    Korkmaz, Selcuk; Zararsiz, Gokmen; Goksuluk, Dincer

    2015-01-01

    Virtual screening is an important step in early-phase of drug discovery process. Since there are thousands of compounds, this step should be both fast and effective in order to distinguish drug-like and nondrug-like molecules. Statistical machine learning methods are widely used in drug discovery studies for classification purpose. Here, we aim to develop a new tool, which can classify molecules as drug-like and nondrug-like based on various machine learning methods, including discriminant, tree-based, kernel-based, ensemble and other algorithms. To construct this tool, first, performances of twenty-three different machine learning algorithms are compared by ten different measures, then, ten best performing algorithms have been selected based on principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis results. Besides classification, this application has also ability to create heat map and dendrogram for visual inspection of the molecules through hierarchical cluster analysis. Moreover, users can connect the PubChem database to download molecular information and to create two-dimensional structures of compounds. This application is freely available through www.biosoft.hacettepe.edu.tr/MLViS/. PMID:25928885

  16. Application of a hybrid association rules/decision tree model for drought monitoring

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nourani, Vahid; Molajou, Amir

    2017-12-01

    The previous researches have shown that the incorporation of the oceanic-atmospheric climate phenomena such as Sea Surface Temperature (SST) into hydro-climatic models could provide important predictive information about hydro-climatic variability. In this paper, the hybrid application of two data mining techniques (decision tree and association rules) was offered to discover affiliation between drought of Tabriz and Kermanshah synoptic stations (located in Iran) and de-trend SSTs of the Black, Mediterranean and Red Seas. Two major steps of the proposed model were the classification of de-trend SST data and selecting the most effective groups and extracting hidden information involved in the data. The techniques of decision tree which can identify the good traits from a data set for the classification purpose were used for classification and selecting the most effective groups and association rules were employed to extract the hidden predictive information from the large observed data. To examine the accuracy of the rules, confidence and Heidke Skill Score (HSS) measures were calculated and compared for different considering lag times. The computed measures confirm reliable performance of the proposed hybrid data mining method to forecast drought and the results show a relative correlation between the Mediterranean, Black and Red Sea de-trend SSTs and drought of Tabriz and Kermanshah synoptic stations so that the confidence between the monthly Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values and the de-trend SST of seas is higher than 70 and 80% respectively for Tabriz and Kermanshah synoptic stations.

  17. On the failure to notice that White people are White: Generating and testing hypotheses in the celebrity guessing game.

    PubMed

    Hegarty, Peter

    2017-01-01

    Drawing together social psychologists' concerns with equality and cognitive psychologists' concerns with scientific inference, 6 studies (N = 841) showed how implicit category norms make the generation and test of hypothesis about race highly asymmetric. Having shown that Whiteness is the default race of celebrity actors (Study 1), Study 2 used a variant of Wason's (1960) rule discovery task to demonstrate greater difficulty in discovering rules that require specifying that race is shared by White celebrity actors than by Black celebrity actors. Clues to the Whiteness of White actors from analogous problems had little effect on hypothesis formation or rule discovery (Studies 3 and 4). Rather, across Studies 2 and 4 feedback about negative cases-non-White celebrities-facilitated the discovery that White actors shared a race, whether participants or experimenters generated the negative cases. These category norms were little affected by making White actors' Whiteness more informative (Study 5). Although participants understood that discovering that White actors are White would be harder than discovering that Black actors are Black, they showed limited insight into the information contained in negative cases (Study 6). Category norms render some identities as implicit defaults, making hypothesis formation and generalization about real social groups asymmetric in ways that have implications for scientific reasoning and social equality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

  18. Early detection surveillance for an emerging plant pathogen: a rule of thumb to predict prevalence at first discovery.

    PubMed

    Parnell, S; Gottwald, T R; Cunniffe, N J; Alonso Chavez, V; van den Bosch, F

    2015-09-07

    Emerging plant pathogens are a significant problem for conservation and food security. Surveillance is often instigated in an attempt to detect an invading epidemic before it gets out of control. Yet in practice many epidemics are not discovered until already at a high prevalence, partly due to a lack of quantitative understanding of how surveillance effort and the dynamics of an invading epidemic relate. We test a simple rule of thumb to determine, for a surveillance programme taking a fixed number of samples at regular intervals, the distribution of the prevalence an epidemic will have reached on first discovery (discovery-prevalence) and its expectation E(q*). We show that E(q*) = r/(N/Δ), i.e. simply the rate of epidemic growth divided by the rate of sampling; where r is the epidemic growth rate, N is the sample size and Δ is the time between sampling rounds. We demonstrate the robustness of this rule of thumb using spatio-temporal epidemic models as well as data from real epidemics. Our work supports the view that, for the purposes of early detection surveillance, simple models can provide useful insights in apparently complex systems. The insight can inform decisions on surveillance resource allocation in plant health and has potential applicability to invasive species generally. © 2015 The Author(s).

  19. Early detection surveillance for an emerging plant pathogen: a rule of thumb to predict prevalence at first discovery

    PubMed Central

    Parnell, S.; Gottwald, T. R.; Cunniffe, N. J.; Alonso Chavez, V.; van den Bosch, F.

    2015-01-01

    Emerging plant pathogens are a significant problem for conservation and food security. Surveillance is often instigated in an attempt to detect an invading epidemic before it gets out of control. Yet in practice many epidemics are not discovered until already at a high prevalence, partly due to a lack of quantitative understanding of how surveillance effort and the dynamics of an invading epidemic relate. We test a simple rule of thumb to determine, for a surveillance programme taking a fixed number of samples at regular intervals, the distribution of the prevalence an epidemic will have reached on first discovery (discovery-prevalence) and its expectation E(q*). We show that E(q*) = r/(N/Δ), i.e. simply the rate of epidemic growth divided by the rate of sampling; where r is the epidemic growth rate, N is the sample size and Δ is the time between sampling rounds. We demonstrate the robustness of this rule of thumb using spatio-temporal epidemic models as well as data from real epidemics. Our work supports the view that, for the purposes of early detection surveillance, simple models can provide useful insights in apparently complex systems. The insight can inform decisions on surveillance resource allocation in plant health and has potential applicability to invasive species generally. PMID:26336177

  20. Evolving rule-based systems in two medical domains using genetic programming.

    PubMed

    Tsakonas, Athanasios; Dounias, Georgios; Jantzen, Jan; Axer, Hubertus; Bjerregaard, Beth; von Keyserlingk, Diedrich Graf

    2004-11-01

    To demonstrate and compare the application of different genetic programming (GP) based intelligent methodologies for the construction of rule-based systems in two medical domains: the diagnosis of aphasia's subtypes and the classification of pap-smear examinations. Past data representing (a) successful diagnosis of aphasia's subtypes from collaborating medical experts through a free interview per patient, and (b) correctly classified smears (images of cells) by cyto-technologists, previously stained using the Papanicolaou method. Initially a hybrid approach is proposed, which combines standard genetic programming and heuristic hierarchical crisp rule-base construction. Then, genetic programming for the production of crisp rule based systems is attempted. Finally, another hybrid intelligent model is composed by a grammar driven genetic programming system for the generation of fuzzy rule-based systems. Results denote the effectiveness of the proposed systems, while they are also compared for their efficiency, accuracy and comprehensibility, to those of an inductive machine learning approach as well as to those of a standard genetic programming symbolic expression approach. The proposed GP-based intelligent methodologies are able to produce accurate and comprehensible results for medical experts performing competitive to other intelligent approaches. The aim of the authors was the production of accurate but also sensible decision rules that could potentially help medical doctors to extract conclusions, even at the expense of a higher classification score achievement.

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