Sample records for cloverleaf interchanges

  1. Traffic Analysis For Highway-To-Highway Interchanges On Automated Highway Systems, Congestion In Absence Of Dedicated Ramps

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1997-01-01

    SPECIAL CONNECTOR RAMPS LINKING THE AUTOMATED LANES AT AUTOMATED HIGHWAY-TO-AUTOMATED HIGHWAY INTERCHANGES MAY BE NEEDED TO ENABLE CONTINUOUS AUTOMATED DRIVING BETWEEN TWO CROSSING HIGHWAYS. ALTHOUGH A TYPICAL CLOVERLEAF CONFIGURATION HAS ONLY TWO LE...

  2. Statistical Characteristics of Wrong-Way Driving Crashes on Illinois Freeways.

    PubMed

    Zhou, Huaguo; Zhao, Jiguang; Pour-Rouholamin, Mahdi; Tobias, Priscilla A

    2015-01-01

    Driving the wrong way on freeways, namely wrong-way driving (WWD), has been found to be a major concern for more than 6 decades. The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of this type of crash as well as to rank the locations/interchanges according to their vulnerability to WWD entries. The WWD crash data on Illinois freeways were statistically analyzed for a 6-year time period (2004 to 2009) from 3 aspects: crash, vehicle, and person. The temporal distributions, geographical distributions, roadway characteristics, and crash locations were analyzed for WWD crashes. The driver demographic information, physical condition, and injury severity were analyzed for wrong-way drivers. The vehicle characteristics, vehicle operation, and collision results were analyzed for WWD vehicles. A method was brought about to identify wrong-way entry points that was then used to develop a relative-importance technique and rank different interchange types in terms of potential WWD incidents. The findings revealed that a large proportion of WWD crashes occurred during the weekend from midnight to 5 a.m. Approximately 80% of WWD crashes were located in urban areas and nearly 70% of wrong-way vehicles were passenger cars. Approximately 58% of wrong-way drivers were driving under the influence (DUI). Of those, nearly 50% were confirmed to be impaired by alcohol, about 4% were impaired by drugs, and more than 3% had been drinking. The analysis of interchange ranking found that compressed diamond interchanges, single point diamond interchanges (SPDIs), partial cloverleaf interchanges, and freeway feeders had the highest wrong-way crash rates (wrong-way crashes per 100 interchanges per year). The findings of this study call for more attention to WWD crashes from different aspects such as driver age group, time of day, day of week, and DUI drivers. Based on the analysis results of WWD distance, the study explained why a 5-mile radius of WWD crash location should be studied for WWD fatal crashes with unknown entry points.

  3. Effects of macroscopic inhomogeneities on resistive and Hall measurements on crosses, cloverleafs, and bars

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Koon, D. W.; Knickerbocker, C. J.

    1996-12-01

    The effect of macroscopic inhomogeneities on resistivity and Hall angle measurements is studied by calculating weighting functions (the relative effect of perturbations in a local transport property on the measured global average for the object) for cross, cloverleaf, and bar-shaped geometries. The ``sweet spot,'' the region in the center of the object that the measurement effectively samples, is smaller for crosses and cloverleafs than for the circles and squares already studied, and smaller for the cloverleaf than for the corresponding cross. Resistivity measurements for crosses and cloverleafs suffer from singularities and negative weighting, which can be eliminated by averaging two independent resistance measurements, as done in the van der Pauw technique. Resistivity and Hall measurements made on sufficiently narrow bars are shown to effectively sample only the region directly between the voltage probes.

  4. Dysmorphic choroid plexuses and hydrocephalus associated with increased nuchal translucency: early ultrasound markers of de novo thanatophoric dysplasia type II with cloverleaf skull (Kleeblattschaedel).

    PubMed

    Tonni, Gabriele; Palmisano, Marcella; Ginocchi, Vladimiro; Ventura, Alessandro; Baldi, Maurizia; Baffico, Ave Maria

    2014-11-01

    Prenatal diagnosis of thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) type II presenting in the first trimester with increased nuchal translucency (NT) and cloverleaf skull (Kleeblattschaedel) have been scantly reported in the medical record. Abnormal choroid plexus has been seen in association with fetal anomalies. Here we described a case of increased NT associated with indented choroid plexuses, early onset hydrocephalus and cloverleaf skull in a fetus subsequently diagnosed at early second trimester to carry a de novo mutation encoding for TD type II. The findings of dysmorphic choroid plexus, early onset hydrocephalus and cloverleaf skull at first trimester scan may be early, useful ultrasound markers of TD type II. Molecular analysis to control for possible overlapping syndromes were performed and resulted negative. Postmortem X-ray and 3D-CT scan confirmed the cloverleaf skull, narrow thorax, straight femur with rhizomelic shortening of the limbs and the presence of a communicating hydrocephalus. © 2014 Japanese Teratology Society.

  5. Cloverleaf skull and thanatophoric dwarfism

    PubMed Central

    Partington, M. W.; Gonzales-Crussi, F.; Khakee, S. G.; Wollin, D. G.

    1971-01-01

    Four cases of the cloverleaf skull syndrome are reported, 3 from Britain and 1 from Canada in a family of German/Irish descent. All cases had generalized chondrodysplastic changes and died at or just after birth. It is suggested that a cloverleaf skull is a previously unrecognized feature of thanatophoric dwarfism. Two affected girls from the same sibship are reported for the first time, suggesting an autosomal recessive type of inheritance. A review of the published material indicates that there may be three distinct syndromes in patients with the cloverleaf skull deformity. (1) The cloverleaf skull is associated with thanatophoric dwarfism and death in the perinatal period. (2) There are localized bony lesions of the skeleton outside the skull. (3) The skeleton outside the skull is normal. In the last two syndromes death may occur at birth, but survival into later childhood is the rule. ImagesFIG. 1FIG. 2FIG. 3FIG. 4FIG. 5FIG. 6FIG. 7FIG. 8 PMID:5315768

  6. [Cloverleaf skull and bilateral facial clefts].

    PubMed

    Alvarez-Manassero, Denisse; Manassero-Morales, Gioconda

    2015-01-01

    Cloverleaf skull syndrome, or Kleeblattschädel syndrome, is a rare malformation in which the skull has a cloverleaf appearance. It is caused by the premature closure of several sutures, being evident before birth. To present our experience in a case of cloverleaf skull syndrome, and update the information from the literature. A female infant of 5 months of age, diagnosed at birth with cleft lip and palate and hydrocephaly. A peritoneal ventricle valve was implanted at 30 days of life, and an ocular enucleation was performed due to an infectious process. The patient was followed-up in Genetics, where it confirmed a macrocephaly and craniosynostosis type cloverleaf skull. The 46XX cytogenetic study and echocardiography were normal. The brain CT scan showed multiple anomalies associated with hydrocephaly and non-specific malformations. Cloverleaf skull may be present in isolated form or associated with other congenital abnormalities, leading to various craniosynostosis syndromes, such as Crouzon, Pfeiffer or Carpenter. It may also be a component of the amniotic rupture sequence or to different dysplasias, such as campomelic dysplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia type 2, or the asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy of Jeune. The case presented does not fulfil all the characteristics needed to be included within a specific syndrome, and on not having a family history that suggests a hereditary pattern or chromosome abnormalities, it is concluded that it is a case of a congenital anomaly of sporadic presentation. Copyright © 2015 Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

  7. Measuring the Hall weighting function for square and cloverleaf geometries

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Scherschligt, Julia K.; Koon, Daniel W.

    2000-02-01

    We have directly measured the Hall weighting function—the sensitivity of a four-wire Hall measurement to the position of macroscopic inhomogeneities in Hall angle—for both a square shaped and a cloverleaf specimen. Comparison with the measured resistivity weighting function for a square geometry [D. W. Koon and W. K. Chan, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 12 (1998)] proves that the two measurements sample the same specimen differently. For Hall measurements on both a square and a cloverleaf, the function is nonnegative with its maximum in the center and its minimum of zero at the edges of the square. Converting a square into a cloverleaf is shown to dramatically focus the measurement process onto a much smaller portion of the specimen. While our results agree qualitatively with theory, details are washed out, owing to the finite size of the magnetic probe used.

  8. Electrical conductance sensitivity functions for square and circular cloverleaf van der Pauw geometries

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Koon, Daniel W.; Heřmanová, Martina; Náhlík, Josef

    2015-11-01

    We have undertaken the first systematic computational and experimental study of the sensitivity of charge transport measurement to local physical defects for van der Pauw circular and square cloverleafs with rounded internal corners and unclovered geometries, using copper-foil specimens. Cloverleafs with rounded internal corners are in common use and reduce sampling of the material near their boundaries, an advantage over sharp corners. We have defined two parameters for these cloverleafs, one of which, the ‘admittance’, is the best predictor of the sensitivity at the center of these specimens, with this sensitivity depending only weakly on the central ‘core’ size when its diameter is less than about 60% of the specimen’s lateral size. Resistive measurement errors in all four geometries are linear in areas for errors up to about 50% in sheet resistance, and superlinear above. An ASTM-based ‘standard’ cloverleaf geometry, in which the central core diameter of the specimen is 1/5 the overall length and the slit widths are 1/10 the overall length, narrows the effective area sampled by the resistive measurement by a factor of about 16  ×  in the small-hole limit and over 40  ×  for larger holes, relative to unclovered goemetries, whether square or circular, with a smooth transition in these numbers for geometries intermediate between the standard cloverleaf and unclovered specimens. We believe that this work will allow materials scientists to better estimate the impact of factors such as the uniformity of film thickness and of material purity on their measurements, and allow sensor designers to better choose an optimal specimen geometry.

  9. Astronomers Discover Most Distant Galaxy Showing Key Evidence For Furious Star Formation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    2003-12-01

    Astronomers have discovered a key signpost of rapid star formation in a galaxy 11 billion light-years from Earth, seen as it was when the Universe was only 20 percent of its current age. Using the National Science Foundation's Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope, the scientists found a huge quantity of dense interstellar gas -- the environment required for active star formation -- at the greatest distance yet detected. A furious spawning of the equivalent of 1,000 Suns per year in a distant galaxy dubbed the Cloverleaf may be typical of galaxies in the early Universe, the scientists say. Cloverleaf galaxy VLA image (green) of radio emission from HCN gas, superimposed on Hubble Space Telescope image of the Cloverleaf galaxy. The four images of the Cloverleaf are the result of gravitational lensing. CREDIT: NRAO/AUI/NSF, STScI (Click on Image for Larger Version) "This is a rate of star formation more than 300 times greater than that in our own Milky Way and similar spiral galaxies, and our discovery may provide important information about the formation and evolution of galaxies throughout the Universe," said Philip Solomon, of Stony Brook University in New York. While the raw material for star formation has been found in galaxies at even greater distances, the Cloverleaf is by far the most distant galaxy showing this essential signature of star formation. That essential signature comes in the form of a specific frequency of radio waves emitted by molecules of the gas hydrogen cyanide (HCN). "If you see HCN, you are seeing gas with the high density required to form stars," said Paul Vanden Bout of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). Solomon and Vanden Bout worked with Chris Carilli of NRAO and Michel Guelin of the Institute for Millimeter Astronomy in France. They reported their results in the December 11 issue of the scientific journal Nature. In galaxies like the Milky Way, dense gas traced by HCN but composed mainly of hydrogen molecules is always associated with regions of active star formation. What is different about the Cloverleaf is the huge quantity of dense gas along with very powerful infrared radiation from the star formation. Ten billion times the mass of the Sun is contained in dense, star-forming gas clouds. "At the rate this galaxy is seen to be forming stars, that dense gas will be used up in only about 10 million years," Solomon said. In addition to giving astronomers a fascinating glimpse of a huge burst of star formation in the early Universe, the new information about the Cloverleaf helps answer a longstanding question about bright galaxies of that era. Many distant galaxies have supermassive black holes at their cores, and those black holes power "central engines" that produce bright emission. Astronomers have wondered specifically about those distant galaxies that emit large amounts of infrared light, galaxies like the Cloverleaf which has a black hole and central engine. "Is this bright infrared light caused by the black-hole-powered core of the galaxy or by a huge burst of star formation? That has been the question. Now we know that, in at least one case, much of the infrared light is produced by intense star formation," Carilli said. The rapid star formation, called a starburst, and the black hole are both generating the bright infrared light in the Cloverleaf. The starburst is a major event in the formation and evolution of this galaxy. "This detection of HCN gives us a unique new window through which we can study star formation in the early Universe," Carilli said. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

  10. Chandra Looks Over a Cosmic Four-Leaf Clover

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    2004-07-01

    A careful analysis of observations by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory of a rare quadruple quasar has uncovered evidence that possibly a single star in a foreground galaxy magnified X-rays coming from the quasar. This discovery gives astronomers a new and extremely precise probe of the gas flow around the supermassive black hole that powers the quasar. "If our interpretation is correct, then we are seeing details around this black hole that are 50,000 times smaller than either the Hubble Space Telescope or Chandra could see under ordinary circumstances," said George Chartas of Penn State University in University Park, and lead author of a recent article on the Cloverleaf quasar in The Astrophysical Journal. The Cloverleaf quasar is a single object about 11 billion light years from Earth that appears as four images produced by a process known as gravitational lensing. If one or more galaxies lie along the line of sight to a more distant quasar, the gravitational field of the intervening galaxies can bend and magnify the light from the quasar and produce multiple images of it. The four images of the Cloverleaf quasar have been produced by one or more intervening galaxies. Cloverleaf Quasar Chandra X-ray Image of the Cloverleaf quasar One of the images (A), in the Cloverleaf is brighter than the others in both optical and X-ray light. Chartas and his colleagues found the relative brightness of this image was greater in X-ray than in optical light. The X-rays from iron atoms were also enhanced relative to X-rays at lower energies. Since the amount of brightening due to gravitational lensing does not vary with the wavelength, this means that an additional object has magnified the X-rays. The increased magnification of the X-ray light can be explained by gravitational microlensing, an effect which has been used to search for compact stars and planets in our galaxy. Microlensing occurs when a star or a multiple star system passes in front of light from a background object. Cloverleaf Quasar Hubble Optical Image of the Cloverleaf quasar If a single star or a multiple star system in one of the foreground galaxies passed in front of the light path for the brightest image, then that image would be selectively magnified. The X-rays would be magnified much more than the visible light, if they came from a smaller region around the black hole than the visible light. The enhancement of the X-rays from iron ions would be due to this same effect. The analysis indicates that the X-rays are coming from a very small region, about the size of the solar system, around the supermassive black hole. The visible light is coming from a region ten or more times larger. The angular size of these regions at a distance of 11 billion light years is tens of thousands times smaller than the smallest region that can be resolved by the Hubble Space Telescope. Illustration of Wind from Accretion Disk Around a Black Hole Illustration of Wind from Accretion Disk Around a Black Hole "The significance of the detection of microlensed X-rays from the Cloverleaf quasar lies in the extremely small region that is enhanced by the microlens," said Chartas. "This gives us the ability to make strong tests of models for the flow of gas around a supermassive black hole." Other team members include Michael Eracleous (Penn State), Eric Agol (University of Washington), and Sarah Gallagher (UCLA). NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington. Northrop Grumman of Redondo Beach, Calif., formerly TRW, Inc., was the prime development contractor for the observatory. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory controls science and flight operations from the Chandra X-ray Center in Cambridge, Mass. Additional information and images are available at: http://chandra.harvard.edu and http://chandra.nasa.gov

  11. Visual Field Map Clusters in High-Order Visual Processing: Organization of V3A/V3B and a New Cloverleaf Cluster in the Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus

    PubMed Central

    Barton, Brian; Brewer, Alyssa A.

    2017-01-01

    The cortical hierarchy of the human visual system has been shown to be organized around retinal spatial coordinates throughout much of low- and mid-level visual processing. These regions contain visual field maps (VFMs) that each follows the organization of the retina, with neighboring aspects of the visual field processed in neighboring cortical locations. On a larger, macrostructural scale, groups of such sensory cortical field maps (CFMs) in both the visual and auditory systems are organized into roughly circular cloverleaf clusters. CFMs within clusters tend to share properties such as receptive field distribution, cortical magnification, and processing specialization. Here we use fMRI and population receptive field (pRF) modeling to investigate the extent of VFM and cluster organization with an examination of higher-level visual processing in temporal cortex and compare these measurements to mid-level visual processing in dorsal occipital cortex. In human temporal cortex, the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) has been implicated in various neuroimaging studies as subserving higher-order vision, including face processing, biological motion perception, and multimodal audiovisual integration. In human dorsal occipital cortex, the transverse occipital sulcus (TOS) contains the V3A/B cluster, which comprises two VFMs subserving mid-level motion perception and visuospatial attention. For the first time, we present the organization of VFMs in pSTS in a cloverleaf cluster. This pSTS cluster contains four VFMs bilaterally: pSTS-1:4. We characterize these pSTS VFMs as relatively small at ∼125 mm2 with relatively large pRF sizes of ∼2–8° of visual angle across the central 10° of the visual field. V3A and V3B are ∼230 mm2 in surface area, with pRF sizes here similarly ∼1–8° of visual angle across the same region. In addition, cortical magnification measurements show that a larger extent of the pSTS VFM surface areas are devoted to the peripheral visual field than those in the V3A/B cluster. Reliability measurements of VFMs in pSTS and V3A/B reveal that these cloverleaf clusters are remarkably consistent and functionally differentiable. Our findings add to the growing number of measurements of widespread sensory CFMs organized into cloverleaf clusters, indicating that CFMs and cloverleaf clusters may both be fundamental organizing principles in cortical sensory processing. PMID:28293182

  12. Treatment of the femoral shaft fracture with a curved heat-treated COP clover-leaf nail.

    PubMed

    Onoue, Y; Sunami, Y; Fujiwara, H; Sadakane, T; Yasuda, S

    1979-01-01

    The commonly used straight intramedullary nail has certain limitations and disadvantages. Following radiographic and metallurgical studies we have developed a curved heat-treated clover-leaf nail using a newly developed precipitation hardening stainless steel (COP). The nail is bent with a slot on the convex side and the radius of curvature is 115 cm which corresponds to the anatomical antero-lateral convexity of the human femur. The nail has been satisfactory in clinical use since 1971 and has provided not only more stable internal fixation but also allowed fixation of fractures beyond the middle third of the shaft.

  13. The shape of Au8: gold leaf or gold nugget?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Serapian, Stefano A.; Bearpark, Michael J.; Bresme, Fernando

    2013-06-01

    The size at which nonplanar isomers of neutral, pristine gold nanoclusters become energetically favored over planar ones is still debated amongst theoreticians and experimentalists. Spectroscopy confirms planarity is preferred at sizes up to Au7, however, starting with Au8, the uncertainty remains for larger nanoclusters. Au8 computational studies have had different outcomes: the planar D4h ``cloverleaf'' isomer competes with the nonplanar Td, C2v and D2d ``nugget'' isomers for greatest energetic stability. We here examine the 2D vs. 3D preference in Au8 by presenting our own B2PLYP, MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations on these isomers: these methods afford a better treatment of long-range correlation, which is at the root of gold's characteristic aurophilicity. We then use findings from these high-accuracy computations to evaluate two less expensive DFT approaches, applicable to much larger nanoclusters: alongside the standard functional PBE, we consider M06-L (highly parametrized to incorporate long-range dispersive interactions). We find that increasing basis set size within the B2PLYP framework has a greater destabilizing effect on the nuggets than it has on the Au8 cloverleaf. Our CCSD(T) and B2PLYP predictions, replicated by DFT-PBE, all identify the cloverleaf as the most stable isomer; MP2 and DFT-M06-L show overestimation of aurophilicity, and favor, respectively, the nonplanar D2d and Td nuggets in its stead. We conclude that PBE, which more closely reproduces CCSD(T) findings, may be a better candidate density functional for the simulation of gold nanoclusters in this context.The size at which nonplanar isomers of neutral, pristine gold nanoclusters become energetically favored over planar ones is still debated amongst theoreticians and experimentalists. Spectroscopy confirms planarity is preferred at sizes up to Au7, however, starting with Au8, the uncertainty remains for larger nanoclusters. Au8 computational studies have had different outcomes: the planar D4h ``cloverleaf'' isomer competes with the nonplanar Td, C2v and D2d ``nugget'' isomers for greatest energetic stability. We here examine the 2D vs. 3D preference in Au8 by presenting our own B2PLYP, MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations on these isomers: these methods afford a better treatment of long-range correlation, which is at the root of gold's characteristic aurophilicity. We then use findings from these high-accuracy computations to evaluate two less expensive DFT approaches, applicable to much larger nanoclusters: alongside the standard functional PBE, we consider M06-L (highly parametrized to incorporate long-range dispersive interactions). We find that increasing basis set size within the B2PLYP framework has a greater destabilizing effect on the nuggets than it has on the Au8 cloverleaf. Our CCSD(T) and B2PLYP predictions, replicated by DFT-PBE, all identify the cloverleaf as the most stable isomer; MP2 and DFT-M06-L show overestimation of aurophilicity, and favor, respectively, the nonplanar D2d and Td nuggets in its stead. We conclude that PBE, which more closely reproduces CCSD(T) findings, may be a better candidate density functional for the simulation of gold nanoclusters in this context. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01500a

  14. ESO & NOT photometric monitoring of the Cloverleaf quasar

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ostensen, R.; Remy, M.; Lindblad, P. O.; Refsdal, S.; Stabell, R.; Surdej, J.; Barthel, P. D.; Emanuelsen, P. I.; Festin, L.; Gosset, E.; Hainaut, O.; Hakala, P.; Hjelm, M.; Hjorth, J.; Hutsemekers, D.; Jablonski, M.; Kaas, A. A.; Kristen, H.; Larsson, S.; Magain, P.; Pettersson, B.; Pospieszalska-Surdej, A.; Smette, A.; Teuber, J.; Thomsen, B.; van Drom, E.

    1997-12-01

    The Cloverleaf quasar, H1413+117, has been photometrically monitored at ESO (La Silla, Chile) and with the NOT (La Palma, Spain) during the period 1987--1994. All good quality CCD frames have been successfully analysed using two independent methods (i.e. an automatic image decomposition technique and an interactive CLEAN algorithm). The photometric results from the two methods are found to be very similar, and they show that the four lensed QSO images vary significantly in brightness (by up to 0.45 mag), nearly in parallel. The lightcurve of the $D$ component presents some slight departures from the general trend which are very likely caused by micro-lensing effects. Upper limits, at the 99% confidence level, of 150 days on the absolute value for the time delays between the photometric lightcurves of this quadruply imaged variable QSO, are derived. This is unfortunately too large to constrain the lens model but there is little doubt that a better sampling of the lightcurves should allow to accurately derive these time delays. Pending a direct detection of the lensing galaxy (position and redshift), this system thus constitutes another good candidate for a direct and independent determination of the Hubble parameter. Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory (La Silla, Chile) and with the Nordic Optical Telescope (La Palma, Spain). Table 1. Logbook for the ESO and NOT observations together with photometric results for the Cloverleaf quasar. This long table can be accessed on the WWW at the URL address: http://vela.astro.ulg.ac.be/grav_lens/glp_homepage.html}

  15. First Detections of the [NII] 122 Micrometer Line at High Redshift: Demonstrating the Utility of the Line for Studying Galaxies in the Early Universe

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ferkinhoff, Carl; Brisbin, Drew; Nikola, Thomas; Parshley, Stephen C.; Stacey, Gordon J.; Phillips, Thomas G.; Falgarone, Edith; Benford, Dominic J.; Staguhn, Johannes G.; Tucker, Carol E.

    2011-01-01

    We report the first detections of the [NIl] 122 {\\mu} m line from a high redshift galaxy. The line was strongly (> 6{\\sigma}) detected from SMMJ02399-0136, and HI413+ 117 (the Cloverleaf QSO) using the Redshift(z) and Early Universe Spectrometer (ZEUS) on the CSO. The lines from both sources are quite bright with line-to-FIR continuum luminosity ratios that are approx.7.0x10(exp -4) (Cloverleaf) and 2.1x10(exp -3) (SMMJ02399). With ratios 2-10 times larger than the average value for nearby galaxies, neither source exhibits the line-to-continuum deficits seen in nearby sources. The line strengths also indicate large ionized gas fractions, approx.8 to 17% of the molecular gas mass. The [OIII]/[NII] line ratio is very sensitive to the effective temperature of ionizing stars and the ionization parameter for emission arising in the narrow-line region (NLR) of an AGN. Using our previous detection of the [01II] 88 {\\mu}m line, the [OIII]/ [NIl] line ratio for SMMJ02399-0136 indicates the dominant source of the line emission is either stellar HII regions ionized by 09.5 stars, or the NLR of the AGN with ionization parameter 10g(U) = -3.3 to -4.0. A composite system, where 30 to 50% of the FIR lines arise in the NLR also matches the data. The Cloverleaf is best modeled by a superposition of approx.200 M82like starbursts accounting for all of the FIR emission and 43% of the [NIl] line. The remainder may come from the NLR. This work demonstrates the utility of the [NIl] and [OIII] lines in constraining properties of the ionized medium.

  16. Alignment of RNA molecules: Binding energy and statistical properties of random sequences

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Valba, O. V., E-mail: valbaolga@gmail.com; Nechaev, S. K., E-mail: sergei.nechaev@gmail.com; Tamm, M. V., E-mail: thumm.m@gmail.com

    2012-02-15

    A new statistical approach to the problem of pairwise alignment of RNA sequences is proposed. The problem is analyzed for a pair of interacting polymers forming an RNA-like hierarchical cloverleaf structures. An alignment is characterized by the numbers of matches, mismatches, and gaps. A weight function is assigned to each alignment; this function is interpreted as a free energy taking into account both direct monomer-monomer interactions and a combinatorial contribution due to formation of various cloverleaf secondary structures. The binding free energy is determined for a pair of RNA molecules. Statistical properties are discussed, including fluctuations of the binding energymore » between a pair of RNA molecules and loop length distribution in a complex. Based on an analysis of the free energy per nucleotide pair complexes of random RNAs as a function of the number of nucleotide types c, a hypothesis is put forward about the exclusivity of the alphabet c = 4 used by nature.« less

  17. 78 FR 27238 - Ocean Transportation Intermediary License Applicants

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-09

    ... President (QI), Charles H. Fischer III, President, Application Type: QI Change. CNC Worldwide, Inc. (NVO), 5343 W. Imperial Highway, Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA 90045, Officers: Eric Cheon, Secretary (QI), Henry...), 446 Cloverleaf Drive, Baldwin Park, CA 91706, Officers: Alexander C. Sahagun, President (QI), Julian L...

  18. Shaping tRNA

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Priano, Christine

    2013-01-01

    This model-building activity provides a quick, visual, hands-on tool that allows students to examine more carefully the cloverleaf structure of a typical tRNA molecule. When used as a supplement to lessons that involve gene expression, this exercise reinforces several concepts in molecular genetics, including nucleotide base-pairing rules, the…

  19. 77 FR 70162 - Ocean Transportation Intermediary License Applicants

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-23

    ...), 900 Center Park Drive, Suite F, Charlotte, NC 28217, Officers: Paul L. Carter, Vice President (QI), James D. McClaskey, President, Application Type: Name Change to Midrex Global Logistics, Inc. dba...'Us (NVO), 470 Cloverleaf Drive, Suites A&B, Baldwin Park, CA 91706, Officers: Urdelia C. Linayao...

  20. 75 FR 12748 - Ocean Transportation Intermediary License Applicants

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-17

    ... Line (LA), Inc., 470 Cloverleaf Drive, Unit A&B, Baldwin Park, CA 91706, Officers: Wai (aka Winson) M... Shipping & Logistics, LLC, 10651 SW. 108 Avenue, 3A, Miami, FL 33176, Officers: Lorenzo A. Macias... Individual), Zhenfen Wu, Chairman. Qingfeng Wang dba Global Intertrans Logistics, 200 East Norwood Place, San...

  1. Resolution and Kinematics of Molecular Gas Surrounding the Cloverleaf Quasar at Z = 2.6 Using the Gravitational Lens

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yun, M. S.; Scoville, N. Z.; Carrasco, J. J.; Blandford, R. D.

    1997-04-01

    Gravitational lenses have long been advertised as primitive telescopes, capable of magnifying cosmologically distant sources. In this Letter we present new, 0.9" resolution CO (7-6) observations of the z = 2.56 Cloverleaf quasar (H1413+117) and spatially resolved images. By modeling the gravitational lens, we infer a size scale of 0.3" (~1 kpc) for the molecular gas structure surrounding the quasar, and the gas has a kinematic structure roughly consistent with a rotating disk. The observed properties of the CO-emitting gas are similar to the nuclear starburst complexes found in the infrared luminous galaxies in the local universe, and metal enrichment by vigorous star formation within this massive nuclear gas complex can explain the abundance of carbon and oxygen in the interstellar medium of this system observed when the universe was only a few billion years old. Obtaining corresponding details in an unlensed object at similar distances would be well beyond the reach of current instruments, and this study highlights the less exploited yet powerful use of a gravitational lens as a natural telescope.

  2. Resistive sensitivity functions for van der Pauw astroid and rounded crosses and cloverleafs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Koon, Daniel; Hansen, Ole

    2014-03-01

    We have calculated the sensitivity of van der Pauw resistances to local resistive variations for circular, square and astroid discs of infinitesimal thickness, as well as for the families of rounded crosses and cloverleafs, as a function of specimen parameters, using the direct formulas of our recent paper (Koon et al. 2013 J. Appl. Phys.114 163710) applied to ``reciprocally dual geometries'' (swapped Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions) described by Mareš et al.(2012 Meas. Sci. Technol. 23 045004). These results show that (a) the product of any such sensitivity function times differential area, and thus (b) the ratio of any two sensitivities, is invariant under conformal mapping, allowing for the pointwise determination of the conformal mapping function. The family of rounded crosses, which is bounded in parameter space by the square, the astroid and an ``infinitesimally thin'' cross, seems to represent the best geometry for focusing transport measurements on the center of the specimen while minimizing errors due to edge- or contact-effects. Made possible by an SLU Faculty research grant.

  3. A case of fetal osteogenesis imperfecta type 2A: longitudinal observation of natural course in utero and pitfalls for prenatal ultrasound diagnosis.

    PubMed

    Kimura, Ibuki; Araki, Ryota; Yoshizato, Toshiyuki; Miyamoto, Shingo

    2015-10-01

    We present a case of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type 2A in which a natural course in utero was observed from 23 weeks' gestation to term. At 23 weeks' gestation, a sonographic examination showed a cloverleaf skull-like head, a narrow thorax, and marked shortening of the long bones with bowing of the femurs and humeri. Follow-up examinations showed that the cloverleaf skull-like head was not evident at 28 weeks' gestation. Discontinuity of the ribs and femurs was observed at 26 and 30 weeks' gestation, respectively. This finding suggested bone fractures, which were confirmed by three-dimensional computed tomography at 32 weeks' gestation. Ultrasonographic findings of bones, including the long bones and calvarium, changed with advancing gestation during the second trimester. Characteristic features of OI type 2A were evident during the late second to early third trimesters. Repeated ultrasonographic examinations together with three-dimensional computed tomography are necessary for the definitive diagnosis of OI type 2A in the second trimester.

  4. First Detections of the [N II] 122 micron Line at High Redshift: Demonstrating the Utility of the Line for Studying Galaxies in the Early Universe

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ferkinhoff, Carl; Brisbin, Drew; Nikola, Thomas; Parshley, Stephen C.; Stacey, Gordon J.; Phillips, Thomas G.; Falgarone, Edith; Benford, Dominic J.; Staguhn, Johannes G.; Tucker, Carol E.

    2011-01-01

    We report the first detections of the [N II] 122 micron line from a high-redshift galaxy. The line was strongly (>6(sigma)) detected from SMMJ02399-0136, and H1413 + 117 (the Cloverleaf QSO) using the Redshift (zeta) and Early Universe Spectrometer on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. The lines from both sources are quite bright with line to far-infrared (FIR) continuum luminosity ratios that are approx.7.0 x 10(exp -4) (Cloverleaf) and 2.1 x 10(exo -3) (SMMJ02399). With ratios 2-10 times larger than the average value for nearby galaxies, neither source exhibits the line to continuum deficits seen in nearby sources. The line strengths also indicate large ionized gas fractions, approx.8%-17% of the molecUlar gas mass. The [O III]/[N II] line ratio is very sensitive to the effective temperature of ionizing stars and the ionization parameter for emission arising in the narrow-line region (NLR) of an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Using Our previous detection of the [O III] 88 micron line, the [O III]/[N II]line ratio for SMMJ02399-0136 indicates that the dominant source of the line emission is either stellar H II regions ionized by O9.5 stars, or the NLR of the AGN with ionization parameter log(U) = -3.3 to -4.0. A composite system, where 30%-50% of the FIR lines arise in the NLR also matches the data. The Cloverleaf is best modeled by a superposition of approx.200 M82-like starbursts accounting for all of the FIR emission and 43% of the [N II]line. The remainder may come from the NLR. This war!< demonstrates the utility of the [N II] and [O III] lines in constraining properties of the ionized medium.

  5. Guidelines for preliminary selection of the optimum interchange type for a specific location

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1999-01-01

    In Virginia, when new construction or major reconstruction is planned, the current practice is for a location and design engineer to select the interchange type (diamond interchange, single-point urban interchange, trumpet interchange, full cloverlea...

  6. Performance of alternative diamond interchange forms : Volume II--guidelines for selecting alternative diamond interchanges.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-01-01

    Service interchanges connect freeways to arterial roads and are the backbone of the U.S. road network. Improving the operations of service interchanges is possible by applying one of several new solutions: diverging diamond, single point interchanges...

  7. Automatic detection of ECG cable interchange by analyzing both morphology and interlead relations.

    PubMed

    Han, Chengzong; Gregg, Richard E; Feild, Dirk Q; Babaeizadeh, Saeed

    2014-01-01

    ECG cable interchange can generate erroneous diagnoses. For algorithms detecting ECG cable interchange, high specificity is required to maintain a low total false positive rate because the prevalence of interchange is low. In this study, we propose and evaluate an improved algorithm for automatic detection and classification of ECG cable interchange. The algorithm was developed by using both ECG morphology information and redundancy information. ECG morphology features included QRS-T and P-wave amplitude, frontal axis and clockwise vector loop rotation. The redundancy features were derived based on the EASI™ lead system transformation. The classification was implemented using linear support vector machine. The development database came from multiple sources including both normal subjects and cardiac patients. An independent database was used to test the algorithm performance. Common cable interchanges were simulated by swapping either limb cables or precordial cables. For the whole validation database, the overall sensitivity and specificity for detecting precordial cable interchange were 56.5% and 99.9%, and the sensitivity and specificity for detecting limb cable interchange (excluding left arm-left leg interchange) were 93.8% and 99.9%. Defining precordial cable interchange or limb cable interchange as a single positive event, the total false positive rate was 0.7%. When the algorithm was designed for higher sensitivity, the sensitivity for detecting precordial cable interchange increased to 74.6% and the total false positive rate increased to 2.7%, while the sensitivity for detecting limb cable interchange was maintained at 93.8%. The low total false positive rate was maintained at 0.6% for the more abnormal subset of the validation database including only hypertrophy and infarction patients. The proposed algorithm can detect and classify ECG cable interchanges with high specificity and low total false positive rate, at the cost of decreased sensitivity for certain precordial cable interchanges. The algorithm could also be configured for higher sensitivity for different applications where a lower specificity can be tolerated. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  8. Pseudoscorpion mitochondria show rearranged genes and genome-wide reductions of RNA gene sizes and inferred structures, yet typical nucleotide composition bias

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    Background Pseudoscorpions are chelicerates and have historically been viewed as being most closely related to solifuges, harvestmen, and scorpions. No mitochondrial genomes of pseudoscorpions have been published, but the mitochondrial genomes of some lineages of Chelicerata possess unusual features, including short rRNA genes and tRNA genes that lack sequence to encode arms of the canonical cloverleaf-shaped tRNA. Additionally, some chelicerates possess an atypical guanine-thymine nucleotide bias on the major coding strand of their mitochondrial genomes. Results We sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two divergent taxa from the chelicerate order Pseudoscorpiones. We find that these genomes possess unusually short tRNA genes that do not encode cloverleaf-shaped tRNA structures. Indeed, in one genome, all 22 tRNA genes lack sequence to encode canonical cloverleaf structures. We also find that the large ribosomal RNA genes are substantially shorter than those of most arthropods. We inferred secondary structures of the LSU rRNAs from both pseudoscorpions, and find that they have lost multiple helices. Based on comparisons with the crystal structure of the bacterial ribosome, two of these helices were likely contact points with tRNA T-arms or D-arms as they pass through the ribosome during protein synthesis. The mitochondrial gene arrangements of both pseudoscorpions differ from the ancestral chelicerate gene arrangement. One genome is rearranged with respect to the location of protein-coding genes, the small rRNA gene, and at least 8 tRNA genes. The other genome contains 6 tRNA genes in novel locations. Most chelicerates with rearranged mitochondrial genes show a genome-wide reversal of the CA nucleotide bias typical for arthropods on their major coding strand, and instead possess a GT bias. Yet despite their extensive rearrangement, these pseudoscorpion mitochondrial genomes possess a CA bias on the major coding strand. Phylogenetic analyses of all 13 mitochondrial protein-coding gene sequences consistently yield trees that place pseudoscorpions as sister to acariform mites. Conclusion The well-supported phylogenetic placement of pseudoscorpions as sister to Acariformes differs from some previous analyses based on morphology. However, these two lineages share multiple molecular evolutionary traits, including substantial mitochondrial genome rearrangements, extensive nucleotide substitution, and loss of helices in their inferred tRNA and rRNA structures. PMID:22409411

  9. Safety analysis of the new synchronized and milwaukee B interchanges in comparison to existing designs.

    PubMed

    Molan, Amirarsalan Mehrara; Hummer, Joseph E

    2017-12-01

    Interchanges have high crash rates and large impacts on traffic operations. The main objective of this research is to analyze the safety performance of two new interchanges, the synchronized interchange and the Milwaukee B interchange. The primary method of study was microscopic simulation modeling using the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) program to estimate the quantity and type of conflicting interactions in each interchange. A comprehensive series of simulation scenarios were considered to include different conditions of traffic volumes, traffic turning ratios, traffic distribution, and heavy vehicles percentages. Afterward, outcomes were analyzed with two-way Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) to compare the mean values of conflicts. Based on the results, the diverging diamond interchange (DDI) and Milwaukee B were the safest designs regarding observed conflicting interactions in the simulation models; however, the DDI did not seem as reliable from the viewpoint of wrong way movements. The new synchronized interchange, the parclo B, and the Milwaukee A (an existing interchange in Milwaukee, WI) showed the same rate of conflicts. The synchronized interchange may be advantageous because it was estimated to reduce the severity of crashes due to fewer crossing conflicts, a lower speed of conflicts, and a higher time to collision. The conventional diamond was the most dangerous design based on our measures. The DDI and the synchronized interchange look like plausible substitutes for reconstructing an unsafe diamond interchange due to the similarities in their required space. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Tertiary network in mammalian mitochondrial tRNAAsp revealed by solution probing and phylogeny

    PubMed Central

    Messmer, Marie; Pütz, Joern; Suzuki, Takeo; Suzuki, Tsutomu; Sauter, Claude; Sissler, Marie; Catherine, Florentz

    2009-01-01

    Primary and secondary structures of mammalian mitochondrial (mt) tRNAs are divergent from canonical tRNA structures due to highly skewed nucleotide content and large size variability of D- and T-loops. The nonconservation of nucleotides involved in the expected network of tertiary interactions calls into question the rules governing a functional L-shaped three-dimensional (3D) structure. Here, we report the solution structure of human mt-tRNAAsp in its native post-transcriptionally modified form and as an in vitro transcript. Probing performed with nuclease S1, ribonuclease V1, dimethylsulfate, diethylpyrocarbonate and lead, revealed several secondary structures for the in vitro transcribed mt-tRNAAsp including predominantly the cloverleaf. On the contrary, the native tRNAAsp folds into a single cloverleaf structure, highlighting the contribution of the four newly identified post-transcriptional modifications to correct folding. Reactivities of nucleotides and phosphodiester bonds in the native tRNA favor existence of a full set of six classical tertiary interactions between the D-domain and the variable region, forming the core of the 3D structure. Reactivities of D- and T-loop nucleotides support an absence of interactions between these domains. According to multiple sequence alignments and search for conservation of Leontis–Westhof interactions, the tertiary network core building rules apply to all tRNAAsp from mammalian mitochondria. PMID:19767615

  11. Performance of alternative diamond interchange forms : volume I -- research report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-01-01

    Service interchanges connect freeways to arterial roads and are the backbone of the U.S. road network. Improving the operations of service interchanges is possible by applying one of several new solutions: diverging diamond, single point interchanges...

  12. New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2005-09-08

    JSC2005-E-37991 (8 September 2005) --- NASA Michoud Test Facility is located at right center of this image acquired from the International Space Station on September 8, 2005. While the facility itself is largely dry, the adjacent neighborhoods are extensively flooded (dark greenish brown regions to the left and right of I-510, left of image center); portions of the highway cloverleaf are also inundated. Image is cropped from the parent frame, ISS011-E-12527 and is oriented with north to the top.

  13. Osteocraniostenosis.

    PubMed Central

    Verloes, A; Narcy, F; Grattagliano, B; Delezoide, A L; Guibaud, P; Schaaps, J P; Le Merrer, M; Maroteaux, P

    1994-01-01

    We report a multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) syndrome in three unrelated fetuses consisting of extremely thin, dense, fishbone-like diaphyses, flared metaphyses, mild micromelic dwarfism, brachydactyly, facial dysmorphism, ocular malformations (microphthalmia, aniridia), cloverleaf skull deformity, and splenic hypoplasia. Histopathological investigations showed abnormalities of the metaphyseal cartilage and adjacent diaphyseal ossification, excessive modelling of the metaphyses, and, in one case, dysplasia of the epiphyseal cartilage. We review three previously reported cases. We suggest the name osteocraniostenosis to describe this radiological and clinical disorder, pinpointing its major clinical and radiological features. Images PMID:7837254

  14. Interstate Highway Interchanges Reshape Rural Communities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moon, Henry E., Jr.

    1987-01-01

    Highway interchanges offer rural counties practically ready-made sites for development, but some interchanges offer better development opportunities than others. A study of a Kentucky interchange identified seven factors that make a difference in development, including traffic volume, distance to an urban area, ruggedness of terrain, and sale of…

  15. 77 FR 9266 - Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research and Production Act of 1993-Interchangeable...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-16

    ... Production Act of 1993--Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. Notice is hereby given that, on..., 15 U.S.C. 4301 et seq. (``the Act''), Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. has filed... Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. intends to file additional written notifications disclosing...

  16. The Discourse of Making Amends: A Grammar of Remedial Interchanges.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Walton, Marsha D.

    Narrative observations were made of remedial interchanges occurring among school children (K-4) in open classrooms. Transcripts of interchanges were typed move by move and coded according to a hierarchical coding scheme (remedy, defiance, no response, relief, ending, and ambiguous). The interchanges of the kindergarteners and first graders were…

  17. "Fiberoptic variable message signs" : Swift Interchange - Delta Park Interchange Section, Pacific Highway (Interstate 5) : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1995-02-01

    The SYLVIA fiberoptic variable message signs (VMS) were installed on the Pacific Highway (I-5) as a part of the "Swift Interchange - Delta Park Interchange" project at milepost 298.47 and at milepost 305.66 in January 1991. Initially, during project ...

  18. Analysis of genome rearrangement by block-interchanges.

    PubMed

    Lu, Chin Lung; Lin, Ying Chih; Huang, Yen Lin; Tang, Chuan Yi

    2007-01-01

    Block-interchanges are a new kind of genome rearrangements that affect the gene order in a chromosome by swapping two nonintersecting blocks of genes of any length. More recently, the study of such rearrangements is becoming increasingly important because of its applications in molecular evolution. Usually, this kind of study requires to solve a combinatorial problem, called the block-interchange distance problem, which is to find a minimum number of block-interchanges between two given gene orders of linear/circular chromosomes to transform one gene order into another. In this chapter, we shall introduce the basics of block-interchange rearrangements and permutation groups in algebra that are useful in analyses of genome rearrangements. In addition, we shall present a simple algorithm on the basis of permutation groups to efficiently solve the block-interchange distance problem, as well as ROBIN, a web server for the online analyses of block-interchange rearrangements.

  19. 76 FR 80405 - Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research and Production Act of 1993-Interchangeable...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-23

    ... Production Act of 1993--Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. Notice is hereby given that, on..., 15 U.S.C. 4301 et seq. (``the Act''), Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. has filed... in this group research project remains open, and Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc...

  20. 78 FR 117 - Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research and Production Act of 1993-Interchangeable...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-02

    ... Production Act of 1993--Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. Notice is hereby given that, on..., 15 U.S.C. 4301 et seq. (``the Act''), Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. has filed... research project. Membership in this group research project remains open, and Interchangeable Virtual...

  1. 76 FR 29267 - Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research and Production Act of 1993-Interchangeable...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-20

    ... Production Act of 1993--Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. Notice is hereby given that, on..., 15 U.S.C. 4301 et seq. (``the Act''), Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. has filed... in this group research project remains open, and Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc...

  2. 75 FR 28294 - Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research and Production Act of 1993-Interchangeable...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-20

    ... Production Act of 1993--Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. Notice is hereby given that, on..., 15 U.S.C. 4301 et seq. (``the Act''), Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. has filed... remains open, and Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. intends to file additional written...

  3. 76 FR 16820 - Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research and Production Act of 1993-Interchangeable...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-25

    ... Production Act of 1993--Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. Notice is hereby given that, on..., 15 U.S.C. 4301 et seq. (``the Act''), Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. has filed... research project. Membership in this group research project remains open, and Interchangeable Virtual...

  4. 75 FR 54652 - Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research and Production Act of 1993-Interchangeable...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-08

    ... Production Act of 1993--Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. Notice is hereby given that, on..., 15 U.S.C. 4301 et seq. (``the Act''), Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. has filed... group research project remains open, and Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. intends to...

  5. 32 CFR 644.409 - Procedures for Interchange of National Forest Lands.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Procedures for Interchange of National Forest... Interests § 644.409 Procedures for Interchange of National Forest Lands. (a) General. The interchange of national forest lands is accomplished in three steps: first, agreement must be reached between the two...

  6. Effect of therapeutic interchange on medication reconciliation during hospitalization and upon discharge in a geriatric population

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Jessica S.; Fogerty, Robert L.

    2017-01-01

    Background Therapeutic interchange of a same class medication for an outpatient medication is a widespread practice during hospitalization in response to limited hospital formularies. However, therapeutic interchange may increase risk of medication errors. The objective was to characterize the prevalence and safety of therapeutic interchange. Methods and findings Secondary analysis of a transitions of care study. We included patients over age 64 admitted to a tertiary care hospital between 2009–2010 with heart failure, pneumonia, or acute coronary syndrome who were taking a medication in any of six commonly-interchanged classes on admission: proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2 blockers), hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). There was limited electronic medication reconciliation support available. Main measures were presence and accuracy of therapeutic interchange during hospitalization, and rate of medication reconciliation errors on discharge. We examined charts of 303 patients taking 555 medications at time of admission in the six medication classes of interest. A total of 244 (44.0%) of medications were therapeutically interchanged to an approved formulary drug at admission, affecting 64% of the study patients. Among the therapeutically interchanged drugs, we identified 78 (32.0%) suspected medication conversion errors. The discharge medication reconciliation error rate was 11.5% among the 244 therapeutically interchanged medications, compared with 4.2% among the 311 unchanged medications (relative risk [RR] 2.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45–5.19). Conclusions Therapeutic interchange was prevalent among hospitalized patients in this study and elevates the risk for potential medication errors during and after hospitalization. Improved electronic systems for managing therapeutic interchange and medication reconciliation may be valuable. PMID:29049325

  7. Assessment of interchangeability rate between 2 methods of measurements: An example with a cardiac output comparison study.

    PubMed

    Lorne, Emmanuel; Diouf, Momar; de Wilde, Robert B P; Fischer, Marc-Olivier

    2018-02-01

    The Bland-Altman (BA) and percentage error (PE) methods have been previously described to assess the agreement between 2 methods of medical or laboratory measurements. This type of approach raises several problems: the BA methodology constitutes a subjective approach to interchangeability, whereas the PE approach does not take into account the distribution of values over a range. We describe a new methodology that defines an interchangeability rate between 2 methods of measurement and cutoff values that determine the range of interchangeable values. We used a simulated data and a previously published data set to demonstrate the concept of the method. The interchangeability rate of 5 different cardiac output (CO) pulse contour techniques (Wesseling method, LiDCO, PiCCO, Hemac method, and Modelflow) was calculated, in comparison with the reference pulmonary artery thermodilution CO using our new method. In our example, Modelflow with a good interchangeability rate of 93% and a cutoff value of 4.8 L min, was found to be interchangeable with the thermodilution method for >95% of measurements. Modelflow had a higher interchangeability rate compared to Hemac (93% vs 86%; P = .022) or other monitors (Wesseling cZ = 76%, LiDCO = 73%, and PiCCO = 62%; P < .0001). Simulated data and reanalysis of a data set comparing 5 CO monitors against thermodilution CO showed that, depending on the repeatability of the reference method, the interchangeability rate combined with a cutoff value could be used to define the range of values over which interchangeability remains acceptable.

  8. 75 FR 62919 - Notice of Final Federal Agency Actions on the Route 250 Bypass Interchange at McIntire Road...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-13

    ... on the Route 250 Bypass Interchange at McIntire Road Project in Virginia AGENCY: Federal Highway.... 139(l)(1). The actions relate to the Route 250 Bypass Interchange at McIntire Road project in the City... Virginia: Route 250 Bypass Interchange at McIntire Road. The project would involve construction of a grade...

  9. [Prenatal diagnosis of thanatophoric dwarfism with a cloverleaf skull--ultrasonographic findings, humane genetic aspects].

    PubMed

    Weiss, H; Rosseck, U; Zerres, K; Wisskirchen, I; Paulussen, F

    1984-08-01

    The ultrasonographic criteria for the prenatal diagnosis of thanatophore dwarfism with clover leaf skull are described. Facultative morbid anatomical peculiarities are described. Because of the prenatal findings the pregnancy was terminated by Caesarean Section at 30 weeks gestation in our case. Following the death of the infant the diagnosis was confirmed by radiological investigations and by autopsy. The ultrasonographic differential diagnosis from other types of dwarfism is discussed. The human genetic aspects are discussed with emphasis on the counselling regarding further pregnancies.

  10. Optical joint transform correlation on the DMD. [deformable mirror device

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Knopp, Jerome; Juday, Richard D.

    1989-01-01

    Initial experimental investigation of the deformable mirror device (DMD) in a joint optical transform correlation is reported. The inverted cloverleaf version of the DMD, in which form the DMD is phase-mostly but of limited phase range, is used. Binarized joint Fourier transforms were calculated for similar and dissimilar objects and written onto the DMD. Inverse Fourier transform was done in a diffraction order for which the DMD shows phase-mostly modulation. Matched test objects produced sharp correlation, distinct objects did not. Further studies are warranted and they are outlined.

  11. Financing mechanisms for capital improvements : interchanges : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2010-03-01

    This report examines the use of alternative local financing mechanisms for interchange and interchange area infrastructure improvements. The financing mechanisms covered include transportation impact fees, tax increment financing, value capture finan...

  12. Effects of geometric characteristics of interchanges on truck safety

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1999-01-18

    Relationships between truck accidents and selected geometric characteristics of interchanges are examined. Datasets containing information on truck accident at interchanges, traffic exposure and selected geometric characteristics are analyzed with an...

  13. Safety analysis of interchanges

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2007-06-01

    The objectives of this research are to synthesize the current state of knowledge concerning the safety assessment of new or modified interchanges; develop a spreadsheet-based computational tool for performing safety assessments of interchanges; and i...

  14. Financing mechanisms for capital improvements : interchanges, final report, March 2010.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2010-03-01

    This report examines the use of alternative local financing mechanisms for interchange and interchange area infrastructure improvements. The financing mechanisms covered include transportation impact fees, tax increment financing, value capture finan...

  15. Diverging diamond interchange performance evaluation (I-44 and Route 13)

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-02-01

    Performance evaluation was conducted on the first diverging diamond interchange (DDI) or double : crossover interchange (DCD) constructed in the United States. This evaluation assessed traffic operations, safety and : public perceptions t...

  16. Driver Expectations When Navigating Complex Interchanges

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2013-10-01

    The purpose of this project was to develop a method for determining driver expectations at interchanges and to use that method to determine how these expectations affect driver behavior at interchanges that vary in level of complexity, including prov...

  17. Uncertainty-based Estimation of the Secure Range for ISO New England Dynamic Interchange Adjustment

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Etingov, Pavel V.; Makarov, Yuri V.; Wu, Di

    2014-04-14

    The paper proposes an approach to estimate the secure range for dynamic interchange adjustment, which assists system operators in scheduling the interchange with neighboring control areas. Uncertainties associated with various sources are incorporated. The proposed method is implemented in the dynamic interchange adjustment (DINA) tool developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for ISO New England. Simulation results are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

  18. Issues in formulary management: therapeutic interchange. The value, cost, and quality of therapeutic interchange.

    PubMed

    Mahoney, C D

    1992-10-01

    Therapeutic interchange is a process of substituting a prescribed medication with one that offers therapeutic and cost benefits. The practice not only provides short-term savings but also is associated with decreases in lengths of stay in hospitals and total hospital drug expenses. There may be medicolegal implications when FDA-approved indications differ for interchanged drugs. The potential for liability is decreased when a standard of care is met, but since standards can change, guidelines should be reviewed regularly. High-tech, high-cost drugs are sometimes appropriate for therapeutic interchange. Pharmacy and therapeutics committees should assure best value by considering indirect expenses, quality, and therapeutic outcome, as well as product cost. Therapeutic interchange programs enable pharmacy managers to neutralize or at least slow the rate of drug cost increases, ensuring appropriate utilization of resources and more favorable patient outcomes.

  19. Development of performance matrices for evaluating innovative intersections and interchanges.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2015-09-01

    Innovative intersections and interchanges, primarily Continuous Flow Intersection (CFI) and Diverging Diamond : Interchange (DDI), have seen an increase in numbers in the State of Utah over the past several years, making Utah a : leader in the countr...

  20. Interchange mode excited by trapped energetic ions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Nishimura, Seiya, E-mail: n-seiya@kobe-kosen.ac.jp

    2015-07-15

    The kinetic energy principle describing the interaction between ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes with trapped energetic ions is revised. A model is proposed on the basis of the reduced ideal MHD equations for background plasmas and the bounce-averaged drift-kinetic equation for trapped energetic ions. The model is applicable to large-aspect-ratio toroidal devices. Specifically, the effect of trapped energetic ions on the interchange mode in helical systems is analyzed. Results show that the interchange mode is excited by trapped energetic ions, even if the equilibrium states are stable to the ideal interchange mode. The energetic-ion-induced branch of the interchange mode might bemore » associated with the fishbone mode in helical systems.« less

  1. An evolutionary ‘intermediate state’ of mitochondrial translation systems found in Trichinella species of parasitic nematodes: co-evolution of tRNA and EF-Tu

    PubMed Central

    Arita, Masashi; Suematsu, Takuma; Osanai, Arihiro; Inaba, Takashi; Kamiya, Haruo; Kita, Kiyoshi; Sisido, Masahiko; Watanabe, Yoh-ichi; Ohtsuki, Takashi

    2006-01-01

    EF-Tu delivers aminoacyl-tRNAs to ribosomes in the translation system. However, unusual truncations found in some animal mitochondrial tRNAs seem to prevent recognition by a canonical EF-Tu. We showed previously that the chromadorean nematode has two distinct EF-Tus, one of which (EF-Tu1) binds only to T-armless aminoacyl-tRNAs and the other (EF-Tu2) binds to D-armless Ser-tRNAs. Neither of the EF-Tus can bind to canonical cloverleaf tRNAs. In this study, by analyzing the translation system of enoplean nematode Trichinella species, we address how EF-Tus and tRNAs have evolved from the canonical structures toward those of the chromadorean translation system. Trichinella mitochondria possess three types of tRNAs: cloverleaf tRNAs, which do not exist in chromadorean nematode mitochondria; T-armless tRNAs; and D-armless tRNAs. We found two mitochondrial EF-Tu species, EF-Tu1 and EF-Tu2, in Trichinella britovi. T.britovi EF-Tu2 could bind to only D-armless Ser-tRNA, as Caenorhabditis elegans EF-Tu2 does. In contrast to the case of C.elegans EF-Tu1, however, T.britovi EF-Tu1 bound to all three types of tRNA present in Trichinella mitochondria. These results suggest that Trichinella mitochondrial translation system, and particularly the tRNA-binding specificity of EF-Tu1, could be an intermediate state between the canonical system and the chromadorean nematode mitochondrial system. PMID:17012285

  2. 78 FR 17431 - Antitrust Division

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-21

    ... Production Act of 1993--Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. Notice is hereby given that, on..., 15 U.S.C. 4301 et seq. (``the Act''), Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc. has filed... in this group research project remains open, and Interchangeable Virtual Instruments Foundation, Inc...

  3. 48 CFR 227.676 - Foreign patent interchange agreements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Foreign patent interchange... SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS PATENTS, DATA, AND COPYRIGHTS Foreign License and Technical Assistance Agreements 227.676 Foreign patent interchange agreements. (a) Patent...

  4. 48 CFR 227.676 - Foreign patent interchange agreements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Foreign patent interchange... SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS PATENTS, DATA, AND COPYRIGHTS Foreign License and Technical Assistance Agreements 227.676 Foreign patent interchange agreements. (a) Patent...

  5. 48 CFR 227.676 - Foreign patent interchange agreements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Foreign patent interchange... SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS PATENTS, DATA, AND COPYRIGHTS Foreign License and Technical Assistance Agreements 227.676 Foreign patent interchange agreements. (a) Patent...

  6. 48 CFR 227.676 - Foreign patent interchange agreements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Foreign patent interchange... SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS PATENTS, DATA, AND COPYRIGHTS Foreign License and Technical Assistance Agreements 227.676 Foreign patent interchange agreements. (a) Patent...

  7. 48 CFR 227.676 - Foreign patent interchange agreements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Foreign patent interchange... SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS PATENTS, DATA, AND COPYRIGHTS Foreign License and Technical Assistance Agreements 227.676 Foreign patent interchange agreements. (a) Patent...

  8. 2. AERIAL VIEW OF INTERCHANGE OF ARROYO SECO PARKWAY AND ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    2. AERIAL VIEW OF INTERCHANGE OF ARROYO SECO PARKWAY AND INTERSTATE I-5 INTERCHANGE. NOTE ARROYO SECO DRAINAGE INTO LOS ANGELES RIVER AT BOTTOM CENTER. - Arroyo Seco Parkway, Figueroa Street Viaduct, Spanning Los Angeles River, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

  9. Missouri's experience with a diverging diamond interchange : lessons learned.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2010-05-01

    The first DDI in the nation opened to traffic on June 21, 2009, in Springfield, Missouri. The interchange in : Springfield where the Kansas Expressway (MO-13) passes over I-44 is a huge success. A diverging diamond : interchange (DDI), sometimes refe...

  10. Statistical Analysis of Interchange Injection Events from Over a Decade of Cassini Data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Azari, A.; Jia, X.; Liemohn, M. W.; Sergis, N.; Thomsen, M. F.; Mitchell, D. G.; Rymer, A. M.; Paranicas, C.; Provan, G.; Ye, S.; Cowley, S. W. H.; Hospodarsky, G. B.; Vandegriff, J. D.; Kurth, W. S.

    2017-12-01

    The Cassini spacecraft has routinely observed interchange injection events with multiple instruments since arriving at Saturn in 2004. Interchange injection events are thought to initiate from a Rayleigh-Taylor like plasma instability sourced from Saturn's rapid rotation (period 10.8 hours) and dense plasma population outgassing primarily from Enceladus, and are the primary source of mass transport in the inner/middle magnetosphere. This dense plasma must be transported outward, and to conserve magnetic flux, inward moving flux tubes of low density, energetic (> keV) plasma from the outer reaches of the Saturnian system also occur. These inward-bound flux tubes are referred to as interchange injections. We will present a statistical evaluation of the occurrence rates of interchange injections at Saturn demonstrating seasonal dependence of interchange over the entirety of the Cassini mission's equatorial orbits between 2005 and 2016. We identify interchange events from CHarge Energy Mass Spectrometer (CHEMS) H+ data using a trained and tested automated algorithm. Our event identification compares well with manual identification and previous surveys of injections by L-shell and local time (Chen and Hill, 2008, Lai et al., 2016, Kennelly et al., 2013). We find that peak rates of interchange events occur between 7 - 9 Saturn radii, in agreement with previous surveys. We also evaluate interchange by preferred local time sector and season, splitting our events into pre-equinox, equinox, and post - equinox time periods. We determine that over all seasons, nightside occurrence dominated as compared to dayside, but the preferred dayside sector shifts from pre-noon during equinox, to post-noon during post-equinox. We will further investigate seasonal dependence by presenting occurrence organized by the phase systems derived based on Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) and magnetic field perturbations (PPO).

  11. Evaluation of alternative intersections and interchanges: volume 2 -- diverging diamond interchange signal timing.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2015-12-01

    This report presents findings from field studies of operations at diverging diamond interchanges (DDIs) in Salt Lake City, Utah and Fort : Wayne, Indiana. These discuss optimization of signal offsets both within the DDI, and with the DDI integrated a...

  12. Comparison of the operational and safety characteristics of the single point urban and diamond interchanges.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1996-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the safety and operational characteristics of the single point urban interchange (SPUI) and the diamond interchange (DI) and develop guidelines that identify traffic and/or geometric conditions th...

  13. What Kind of International Interchange Is Beneficial? Experiences of Taiwanese Indigenes

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chen, Shan-Hua

    2014-01-01

    Because of globalization, international interchanges among indigenes in every country have become more frequent. Influenced by international multicultural trends, Taiwan's government not only supports indigenous populations to revive their traditional cultures, but also encourages the promotion of the international interchange activities among…

  14. The effect of diagrammatic signing at head speed interchanges; final report, by Frank D. Shepard.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1974-01-01

    Improvements in highway guide signing at interchange areas are needed to reduce driver confusion and the accidents that result from it. One possible means of improving traffic operations within interchange areas is through the use of diagrammatic sig...

  15. 5 CFR 214.204 - Interchange agreements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Interchange agreements. 214.204 Section... EXECUTIVE SERVICE General Provisions § 214.204 Interchange agreements. (a) In accordance with 5 CFR 6.7, OPM... Service (SES) may, pursuant to legislative and regulatory authorities, enter into an agreement providing...

  16. 5 CFR 214.204 - Interchange agreements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Interchange agreements. 214.204 Section... EXECUTIVE SERVICE General Provisions § 214.204 Interchange agreements. (a) In accordance with 5 CFR 6.7, OPM... Service (SES) may, pursuant to legislative and regulatory authorities, enter into an agreement providing...

  17. Large atom number Bose-Einstein condensate machines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Streed, Erik W.; Chikkatur, Ananth P.; Gustavson, Todd L.

    2006-02-15

    We describe experimental setups for producing large Bose-Einstein condensates of {sup 23}Na and {sup 87}Rb. In both, a high-flux thermal atomic beam is decelerated by a Zeeman slower and is then captured and cooled in a magneto-optical trap. The atoms are then transferred into a cloverleaf-style Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic trap and cooled to quantum degeneracy with radio-frequency-induced forced evaporation. Typical condensates contain 20x10{sup 6} atoms. We discuss the similarities and differences between the techniques used for producing large {sup 87}Rb and {sup 23}Na condensates in the context of nearly identical setups.

  18. Thanatophoric Dwarfism

    PubMed Central

    Shah, K.; Astley, R.; Cameron, A. H.

    1973-01-01

    A review of the radiographs of children previously classified as achondroplasiacs revealed six thanatophoric dwarfs. The main radiological differentiating features were the greater degree of shortening of the long bones, including the fibula, the curvature of the femora, the very small size of the thorax and, particularly, the very narrow ossified elements of the vertebral bodies. Perhaps the most important aspect of differential diagnosis lies in recognition in utero. The reported association with clover-leaf deformity of the skull in sibs provides the strongest evidence for genetic differentiation from classical achondroplasia. More evidence might be obtained by a widespread search through hospital radiological museums. Images PMID:4204337

  19. 77 FR 66165 - Information Required in Notices and Petitions Containing Interchange Commitments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-02

    ... information. Furthermore, parties objecting to a petition for exemption or those filing a petition to revoke... future interchange with a third-party connecting carrier, whether by outright prohibition, per-car... involves a provision or agreement that may limit future interchange with a third-party connecting carrier...

  20. Interchangeability of gas detection tubes and hand pumps.

    PubMed

    Haag, W R

    2001-01-01

    Users of gas detection tubes occasionally seek the convenience of using a single hand pump with different brands of tubes, to avoid the need to carry more than one pump. Several professional organizations recommend against such interchange. However, these recommendations appear to be based on a single study of pump designs that mostly are no longer in use. The present study was undertaken to determine if current hand pumps are interchangeable. Both piston-type and bellows-type hand pumps were evaluated by comparing pump flow profiles and test gas measurements with a variety of tubes. The results demonstrate that three piston hand pumps in common use (Sensidyne/Gastec GV/100, RAE Systems LP-1200, and Matheson-Kitagawa 8104-400A) are fully interchangeable. Two bellows pumps (Draeger Accuro and MSA Kwik-Draw) also are interchangeable with each other. Mixing of bellows and piston systems is often possible, but there are enough exceptions to conclude that such practice should be discouraged because it can give inaccurate readings. It is recommended that technical standards be adopted, such as total volume and an initial pump vacuum or a pump flow curve, to assess hand pump interchangeability. When two manufacturers' pumps meet the same standard and routine leak tests are conducted, interchangeability is scientifically valid and poses no risk to the end user while offering greater convenience.

  1. An efficient algorithm for sorting by block-interchanges and its application to the evolution of vibrio species.

    PubMed

    Lin, Ying Chih; Lu, Chin Lung; Chang, Hwan-You; Tang, Chuan Yi

    2005-01-01

    In the study of genome rearrangement, the block-interchanges have been proposed recently as a new kind of global rearrangement events affecting a genome by swapping two nonintersecting segments of any length. The so-called block-interchange distance problem, which is equivalent to the sorting-by-block-interchange problem, is to find a minimum series of block-interchanges for transforming one chromosome into another. In this paper, we study this problem by considering the circular chromosomes and propose a Omicron(deltan) time algorithm for solving it by making use of permutation groups in algebra, where n is the length of the circular chromosome and delta is the minimum number of block-interchanges required for the transformation, which can be calculated in Omicron(n) time in advance. Moreover, we obtain analogous results by extending our algorithm to linear chromosomes. Finally, we have implemented our algorithm and applied it to the circular genomic sequences of three human vibrio pathogens for predicting their evolutionary relationships. Consequently, our experimental results coincide with the previous ones obtained by others using a different comparative genomics approach, which implies that the block-interchange events seem to play a significant role in the evolution of vibrio species.

  2. Focus on Health and Safety in Child Care: MCH Program Interchange.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, Washington, DC.

    The Maternal Child Health Program Interchange series is intended to promote the cooperative exchange of information about program ideas, activities, and materials. This issue of the Interchange provides information about selected materials and publications related to the health and safety of infants and young children in child care settings. The…

  3. Magnetic curvature effects on plasma interchange turbulence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Li, B., E-mail: bli@pku.edu.cn; Liao, X.; Sun, C. K.

    2016-06-15

    The magnetic curvature effects on plasma interchange turbulence and transport in the Z-pinch and dipole-like systems are explored with two-fluid global simulations. By comparing the transport levels in the systems with a different magnetic curvature, we show that the interchange-mode driven transport strongly depends on the magnetic geometry. For the system with large magnetic curvature, the pressure and density profiles are strongly peaked in a marginally stable state and the nonlinear evolution of interchange modes produces the global convective cells in the azimuthal direction, which lead to the low level of turbulent convective transport.

  4. Clinical and Microbiological Aspects of β-Lactam Resistance in Staphylococcus lugdunensis

    PubMed Central

    McHardy, Ian H.; Veltman, Jennifer; Hindler, Janet; Bruxvoort, Katia; Carvalho, Marissa M.

    2016-01-01

    ABSTRACT Antimicrobial susceptibility results from broth microdilution MIC testing of 993 Staphylococcus lugdunensis isolates recovered from patients at a tertiary care medical center from 2008 to 2015 were reviewed. Ninety-two oxacillin-susceptible isolates were selected to assess the accuracy of penicillin MIC testing, the penicillin disk diffusion test, and three β-lactamase tests, including the cefoxitin-induced nitrocefin test, penicillin cloverleaf assay, and penicillin disk zone edge test. The results of all phenotypic tests were compared to the results of blaZ PCR. The medical records of 62 patients from whom S. lugdunensis was isolated, including 31 penicillin-susceptible and 31 penicillin-resistant strains, were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the clinical significance of S. lugdunensis isolation, the antimicrobial agents prescribed, if any, and the clinical outcome. MIC testing revealed that 517/993 (52.1%) isolates were susceptible to penicillin and 946/993 (95.3%) were susceptible to oxacillin. The induced nitrocefin test was 100% sensitive and specific for the detection of β-lactamase compared to the blaZ PCR results, whereas the penicillin disk zone edge and cloverleaf tests showed sensitivities of 100% but specificities of only 9.1% and 89.1%, respectively. The penicillin MIC test had 100% categorical agreement with blaZ PCR, while penicillin disk diffusion yielded one major error. Only 3/31 patients with penicillin-susceptible isolates were treated with a penicillin family antimicrobial. The majority of cases were treated with other β-lactams, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or vancomycin. These data indicate that nearly all isolates of S. lugdunensis are susceptible to narrow-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Clinical laboratories in areas with resistance levels similar to those described here can help promote the use of these agents versus vancomycin by effectively designing their antimicrobial susceptibility reports to convey this message. PMID:27927926

  5. Clinical and Microbiological Aspects of β-Lactam Resistance in Staphylococcus lugdunensis.

    PubMed

    McHardy, Ian H; Veltman, Jennifer; Hindler, Janet; Bruxvoort, Katia; Carvalho, Marissa M; Humphries, Romney M

    2017-02-01

    Antimicrobial susceptibility results from broth microdilution MIC testing of 993 Staphylococcus lugdunensis isolates recovered from patients at a tertiary care medical center from 2008 to 2015 were reviewed. Ninety-two oxacillin-susceptible isolates were selected to assess the accuracy of penicillin MIC testing, the penicillin disk diffusion test, and three β-lactamase tests, including the cefoxitin-induced nitrocefin test, penicillin cloverleaf assay, and penicillin disk zone edge test. The results of all phenotypic tests were compared to the results of blaZ PCR. The medical records of 62 patients from whom S. lugdunensis was isolated, including 31 penicillin-susceptible and 31 penicillin-resistant strains, were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the clinical significance of S. lugdunensis isolation, the antimicrobial agents prescribed, if any, and the clinical outcome. MIC testing revealed that 517/993 (52.1%) isolates were susceptible to penicillin and 946/993 (95.3%) were susceptible to oxacillin. The induced nitrocefin test was 100% sensitive and specific for the detection of β-lactamase compared to the blaZ PCR results, whereas the penicillin disk zone edge and cloverleaf tests showed sensitivities of 100% but specificities of only 9.1% and 89.1%, respectively. The penicillin MIC test had 100% categorical agreement with blaZ PCR, while penicillin disk diffusion yielded one major error. Only 3/31 patients with penicillin-susceptible isolates were treated with a penicillin family antimicrobial. The majority of cases were treated with other β-lactams, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or vancomycin. These data indicate that nearly all isolates of S. lugdunensis are susceptible to narrow-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Clinical laboratories in areas with resistance levels similar to those described here can help promote the use of these agents versus vancomycin by effectively designing their antimicrobial susceptibility reports to convey this message. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

  6. The Place of Community-Based Learning in Higher Education: A Case Study of Interchange

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hardwick, Louise

    2013-01-01

    This article focuses on one strand of community engagement: community-based learning for students. It considers in particular Interchange as a case study. Interchange is a registered charity based in, but independent of, a department in a Higher Education Institution. It brokers between undergraduate research/work projects and Voluntary Community…

  7. 45 CFR 162.1802 - Standards for coordination of benefits information transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ....) (ii) The ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim... X12 Standards for Electronic Date Interchange Technical Report Type 3, October 2007, ASC X12N... Interchange Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim: Professional (837), May 2006, ASC X12N/005010X222...

  8. 45 CFR 162.1802 - Standards for coordination of benefits information transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ....) (ii) The ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim... X12 Standards for Electronic Date Interchange Technical Report Type 3, October 2007, ASC X12N... Interchange Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim: Professional (837), May 2006, ASC X12N/005010X222...

  9. 45 CFR 162.1102 - Standards for health care claims or equivalent encounter information transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ....) (ii) Dental health care claims. The ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report... Care Claim: Dental (837) ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Date Interchange Technical Report Type 3... care claims. The ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3—Health Care...

  10. 75 FR 27384 - Notice of Final Federal Agency Actions on Proposed Highway in California

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-14

    ... State Route 99 from the existing four-lane facility to six lanes from the Austin Road interchange in the... California. The State Route 99 Manteca Widening Project would provide congestion relief along a stretch of State Route 99 from the Austin Road interchange to the Arch Road interchange, improve future traffic...

  11. Experimental demonstration of 1535-1555-nm simultaneous optical wavelength interchange with a nonlinear photonic crystal.

    PubMed

    Chowdhury, A; Staus, C; Boland, B F; Kuech, T F; McCaughan, L

    2001-09-01

    We present results of what is to our knowledge the first experimental demonstration of simultaneous optical wavelength interchange by use of a two-dimensional second-order nonlinear photonic crystal. Fabrication and performance parameters of a 1535-1555-nm wavelength interchange nonlinear photonic crystal fabricated in lithium niobate are discussed.

  12. Switching between phenytoin generics in patients with epilepsy may lead to increased risk of breakthrough seizure: chart analysis and practice recommendations.

    PubMed

    Shin, Jung-Won; Chu, Kon; Jung, Keun-Hwa; Lee, Soon-Tae; Moon, Jangsup; Lee, Sang Kun

    2014-12-01

    The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only requires bioequivalence testing of generic substitutions in order for them to be deemed equivalen to the original product. There may be a large difference of bioavailability among the generic drugs that especially have a narrow therapeutic index, and this may affect clinical outcomes. We aimed to determine whether switching from generic-to-generic equivalent anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with epilepsy is associated with clinical outcomes. We performed a retrospective study using the electronic medical records of a tertiary hospital. Adults with a history of epilepsy who used a generic phenytoin and whose therapy was switched to another generic phenytoin between January 2012 and June 2013 were included (n = 80). We compared the drug concentration of phenytoin and seizure events before and after the switch. After switching their generic phenytoin, 33 out of 80 patients (41%) suffered from increasing seizure events (pre-interchange period, 0.44 ± 0.97; post-interchange period, 1.24 ± 2.05; p < 0.0001). The number of medical visits for acute seizure significantly increased in the post-interchange period. The phenytoin serum concentration of all the patients was lesser in the post-interchange period than in the pre-interchange period. (pre-interchange period, 12.79 μg/mL; post-interchange period, 6.36 μg/mL; p < 0.0001). Among the patients with drug resistant epilepsy (DRE), 17 patients (84.2%) had increasing seizure events in the post-interchange period. We confirmed that there was a significant difference in bioavailability between generic phenytoin. Therefore, when using or switching generic anti-epileptic drugs, therapeutic drug monitoring must be done, and the patients' condition must be considered.

  13. [The equivalence and interchangeability of medical articles].

    PubMed

    Antonov, V S

    2013-11-01

    The information concerning the interchangeability of medical articles is highly valuable because it makes it possible to correlate most precisely medical articles with medical technologies and medical care standards and to optimize budget costs under public purchasing. The proposed procedure of determination of interchangeability is based on criteria of equivalence of prescriptions, functional technical and technological characteristics and effectiveness of functioning of medical articles.

  14. 32 CFR 644.408 - Interchange of national forest and military and civil works lands.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Interchange of national forest and military and... Property and Easement Interests § 644.408 Interchange of national forest and military and civil works lands. 16 U.S.C. 505a, 505b authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to national forest lands...

  15. Modernization of Defense Logistics Standard Systems. Establishing the Functional Baseline. Volume 2. Appendix H

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-09-01

    and "DD" is the numeric value of the day (01-31). [61 Time ( TM ). The time type is symbolized by the representation " TM ." Format for this type is...VERSION ID M DT 06/06 M TM 04/04 M ID 01/01 M ID 05/05 ISA13 112 ISA14 113 ISA15 114 ISA16 115INTERCHANGE *ACKNOWLEDG. * S1TEST 14 * SUBELEMENT N CTRL...Max - 6 Date of the interchange. DLMS Usage: As above. 109 Interchange Time Type - TM Min - 4 Max - 4 Time of the interchange. DLMS Usage: As above

  16. ePrescribing: Reducing Costs through In-Class Therapeutic Interchange.

    PubMed

    Stenner, Shane P; Chakravarthy, Rohini; Johnson, Kevin B; Miller, William L; Olson, Julie; Wickizer, Marleen; Johnson, Nate N; Ohmer, Rick; Uskavitch, David R; Bernard, Gordon R; Neal, Erin B; Lehmann, Christoph U

    2016-12-14

    Spending on pharmaceuticals in the US reached $373.9 billion in 2014. Therapeutic interchange offers potential medication cost savings by replacing a prescribed drug for an equally efficacious therapeutic alternative. Hard-stop therapeutic interchange recommendation alerts were developed for four medication classes (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, serotonin receptor agonists, intranasal steroid sprays, and proton-pump inhibitors) in an electronic prescription-writing tool for outpatient prescriptions. Using prescription data from January 2012 to June 2015, the Compliance Ratio (CR) was calculated by dividing the number of prescriptions with recommended therapeutic interchange medications by the number of prescriptions with non-recommended medications to measure effectiveness. To explore potential cost savings, prescription data and medication costs were analyzed for the 45,000 Vanderbilt Employee Health Plan members. For all medication classes, significant improvements were demonstrated - the CR improved (proton-pump inhibitors 2.8 to 5.32, nasal steroids 2.44 to 8.16, statins 2.06 to 5.51, and serotonin receptor agonists 0.8 to 1.52). Quarterly savings through the four therapeutic interchange interventions combined exceeded $200,000 with an estimated annual savings for the health plan of $800,000, or more than $17 per member. A therapeutic interchange clinical decision support tool at the point of prescribing resulted in increased compliance with recommendations for outpatient prescriptions while producing substantial cost savings to the Vanderbilt Employee Health Plan - $17.77 per member per year. Therapeutic interchange rules require rational targeting, appropriate governance, and vigilant content updates.

  17. A Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling of the Interchange Cycle for Oblique Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Watanabe, Masakazu; Fujita, Shigeru; Tanaka, Takashi; Kubota, Yasubumi; Shinagawa, Hiroyuki; Murata, Ken T.

    2018-01-01

    We perform numerical modeling of the interchange cycle in the magnetosphere-ionosphere convection system for oblique northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The interchange cycle results from the coupling of IMF-to-lobe reconnection and lobe-to-closed reconnection. Using a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation code, for an IMF clock angle of 20° (measured from due north), we successfully reproduced the following features of the interchange cycle. (1) In the ionosphere, for each hemisphere, there appears a reverse cell circulating exclusively in the closed field line region (the reciprocal cell). (2) The topology transition of the magnetic field along a streamline near the equatorial plane precisely represents the magnetic flux reciprocation during the interchange cycle. (3) Field-aligned electric fields on the interplanetary-open separatrix and on the open-closed separatrix are those that are consistent with IMF-to-lobe reconnection and lobe-to-closed reconnection, respectively. These three features prove the existence of the interchange cycle in the simulated magnetosphere-ionosphere system. We conclude that the interchange cycle does exist in the real solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system. In addition, the simulation revealed that the reciprocal cell described above is not a direct projection of the diffusion region as predicted by the "vacuum" model in which diffusion is added a priori to the vacuum magnetic topology. Instead, the reciprocal cell is a consequence of the plasma convection system coupled to the so-called NBZ ("northward Bz") field-aligned current system.

  18. Mitochondrial genome of the African lion Panthera leo leo.

    PubMed

    Ma, Yue-ping; Wang, Shuo

    2015-01-01

    In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the African lion P. leo leo was reported. The total length of the mitogenome was 17,054 bp. It contained the typical mitochondrial structure, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 1 control region; 21 of the tRNA genes folded into typical cloverleaf secondary structure except for tRNASe. The overall composition of the mitogenome was A (32.0%), G (14.5%), C (26.5%) and T (27.0%). The new sequence will provide molecular genetic information for conservation genetics study of this important large carnivore.

  19. The ``cinquefoil" resistive/Hall measurement geometry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Koon, Daniel W.

    2000-03-01

    This talk begins by analyzing the charge transport weighting functions -- the sensitivity of resistive and Hall measurements to local macroscopic inhomogeneities -- of bridge-shaped transport specimens. As expected, such measurements sample only that region of the specimen between the central voltage electrodes, in the limit of narrow current channels connected by even narrower arms to the voltage electrodes. The bridge geometry has a few advantages over the van der Pauw cloverleaf geometry -- including ease in zeroing out the null-field Hall voltage -- but also some disadvantages. The talk concludes with an analysis of a hybrid geometry, the “cinquefoil” or five-leafed clover, which combines the best features of both.

  20. 75 FR 10015 - Notice of Final Federal Agency Actions on the Interchange of State Loop 1604 and United States...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-04

    ... on the Interchange of State Loop 1604 and United States Highway 281 in Texas AGENCY: Federal Highway... agencies that are final within the meaning of 23 U.S.C. 139(l)(1). The actions relate to a proposed highway project, the interchange of Texas State Loop 1604 (LP 1604) with United States Highway 281 (US 281...

  1. Attention Interchanges at Story-Time: A Case Study from a Deaf and Hearing Twin Pair Acquiring Swedish Sign Language in Their Deaf Family

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cramer-Wolrath, Emelie

    2012-01-01

    This case study longitudinally analyzes and describes the changes of attentional expressions in interchanges between a pair of fraternal twins, 1 deaf and 1 hearing, from the age of 10-40 months, and their Deaf family members. The video-observed attentional expressions of initiating and reestablishing interchange were grouped in 5 functional…

  2. Formation and evolution of quasi-interchange convection cell on the HL-2A tokamak

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shi, P. W.; Chen, W.; Shi, Z. B.; Duan, X. R.; Zhong, W. L.; Jiang, M.; Yang, Z. C.; Yu, L. M.; Wen, J.; Liang, A. S.; Yu, D. L.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Q. W.

    2018-06-01

    Formation and evolution of quasi-interchange convection cell have been observed for the first time by an electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) system on the HL-2A tokamak. The instability with mode numbers of m/n = -1/-1 and a frequency of 2-4 kHz propagates in the electron diamagnetic drift direction. The mode downgrades the inner stored energy WE and enhances the divertor Hα signal, which indicates a degradation of plasma confinement. The ECEI reveals that the colder core temperature fluctuation distorts to a crescent shape, while a bubble originates from hot fluctuation gradually and draws into the concave side of the crescent. A finger-like structure can be observed during the convection process, and it presents a typical feature of the quasi-interchange model. The radial structure of the interchange mode obtained from electron cyclotron emission is quite narrow at the high field side but relatively wider at the low field side. Further analysis suggests that the discharge parameters are favorable for the excitation of interchange mode, and the stability criterion is violated in the core region. Moreover, the experimental frequency agrees with that given by the linear dispersion relation of interchange instability. The large grow rate suggests that the mode grows on a very short time scale.

  3. Positional interchanges influence the physical and technical match performance variables of elite soccer players.

    PubMed

    Schuth, G; Carr, G; Barnes, C; Carling, C; Bradley, P S

    2016-01-01

    Positional variation in match performance is well established in elite soccer but no information exists on players switching positions. This study investigated the influence of elite players interchanging from one position to another on physical and technical match performance. Data were collected from multiple English Premier League (EPL) seasons using a computerised tracking system. After adhering to stringent inclusion criteria, players were examined across several interchanges: central-defender to fullback (CD-FB, n = 11, 312 observations), central-midfielder to wide-midfielder (CM-WM, n = 7, 171 observations), wide-midfielder to central-midfielder (WM-CM, n = 7, 197 observations) and attacker to wide-midfielder (AT-WM, n = 4, 81 observations). Players interchanging from CD-FB covered markedly more high-intensity running and sprinting distance (effect size [ES]: -1.56 and -1.26), lost more possessions but made more final third entries (ES: -1.23 and -1.55). Interchanging from CM-WM and WM-CM resulted in trivial to moderate differences in both physical (ES: -0.14-0.59 and -0.21-0.39) and technical performances (ES: -0.48-0.64 and -0.36-0.54). Players interchanging from AT-WM demonstrated a moderate difference in high-intensity running without possession (ES: -0.98) and moderate-to-large differences in the number of clearances, tackles and possessions won (ES: -0.77, -1.16 and -1.41). The data demonstrate that the physical and technical demands vary greatly from one interchange to another but utility players seem able to adapt to these positional switches.

  4. ePrescribing: Reducing Costs Through In-Class Therapeutic Interchange

    PubMed Central

    Stenner, Shane P.; Chakravarthy, Rohini; Johnson, Kevin B.; Miller, William L.; Olson, Julie; Wickizer, Marleen; Johnson, Nate N.; Ohmer, Rick; Uskavitch, David R.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Neal, Erin B.

    2016-01-01

    Summary Introduction Spending on pharmaceuticals in the US reached $373.9 billion in 2014. Therapeutic interchange offers potential medication cost savings by replacing a prescribed drug for an equally efficacious therapeutic alternative. Methods Hard-stop therapeutic interchange recommendation alerts were developed for four medication classes (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, serotonin receptor agonists, intranasal steroid sprays, and proton-pump inhibitors) in an electronic prescription-writing tool for outpatient prescriptions. Using prescription data from January 2012 to June 2015, the Compliance Ratio (CR) was calculated by dividing the number of prescriptions with recommended therapeutic interchange medications by the number of prescriptions with non-recommended medications to measure effectiveness. To explore potential cost savings, prescription data and medication costs were analyzed for the 45,000 Vanderbilt Employee Health Plan members. Results For all medication classes, significant improvements were demonstrated – the CR improved (proton-pump inhibitors 2.8 to 5.32, nasal steroids 2.44 to 8.16, statins 2.06 to 5.51, and serotonin receptor agonists 0.8 to 1.52). Quarterly savings through the four therapeutic interchange interventions combined exceeded $200,000 with an estimated annual savings for the health plan of $800,000, or more than $17 per member. Conclusion A therapeutic interchange clinical decision support tool at the point of prescribing resulted in increased compliance with recommendations for outpatient prescriptions while producing substantial cost savings to the Vanderbilt Employee Health Plan – $17.77 per member per year. Therapeutic interchange rules require rational targeting, appropriate governance, and vigilant content updates. PMID:27966005

  5. Security architecture for HL/7 message interchange.

    PubMed

    Chen, T S; Liao, B S; Lin, M G; Gough, T G

    2001-01-01

    The promotion of quality medical treatment is very important to the healthcare providers as well as to patients. It requires that the medical resources of different hospitals be combined to ensure that medical information is shared and that resources are not wasted. A computer-based patient record is one of the best methods to accomplish the interchange of the patient's clinical data. In our system, the Health Level/Seven (HL/7) format is used for the interchange of the clinical data, as it has been supported by many healthcare providers and become a â standard'. The security of the interchange of clinical data is a serious issue for people using the Internet for data communication. Several international well-developed security algorithms, models and secure policies are adopted in the design of a security handler for an HL/7 architecture. The goal of our system is to combine our security system with the end-to-end communication systems constructed from the HL/7 format to establish a safe delivery channel. A suitable security interchange environment is implemented to address some shortcomings in clinical data interchange. located at the application layer of the ISO/OSI reference model. The medical message components, sub-components, and related types of message event are the primary goals of the HL/7 protocols. The patient management system, the doctor's system for recording his advice, examination and diagnosis as well as any financial management system are all covered by the HL/7 protocols. Healthcare providers and hospitals in Taiwan are very interested in developing the HL/7 protocols as a common standard for clinical data interchange.

  6. 75 FR 38606 - Temporary Closure of I-70 (I-70/I-465 West Leg Interchange to the I-70/I-65 South Split...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-02

    ... interchange to the I-70/I-65 south split interchange) on October 7, 2010, for a 12-hour period from 6 a.m. to... Mr. Robert Tally, FHWA Division Administrator-Indiana, (317) 226-7476. Office hours for FHWA are from...Rulemaking portal at: http://www.regulations.gov . The Web site is available 24 hours each day, 365 days each...

  7. Communication growth in minimally verbal children with ASD: The importance of interaction.

    PubMed

    DiStefano, Charlotte; Shih, Wendy; Kaiser, Ann; Landa, Rebecca; Kasari, Connie

    2016-10-01

    Little is known about language development in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) who remain minimally verbal past age 5. While there is evidence that children can develop language after age 5, we lack detailed information. Studies of this population generally focus on discrete language skills without addressing broader social-communication abilities. As communication and social deficits are both inherent to ASD, an examination of not only what language skills are acquired, but how those skills are used in interactions is relevant. Research in typical development has examined how communication interchanges (unbroken back-and-forth exchanges around a unified purpose) develop, which can be used as a framework for studying minimally verbal children. This study examined the interchange use by 55 children with ASD over the course of a 6-month play and engagement-based communication intervention. Half of the children received intervention sessions that also incorporated a speech-generating device (SGD). Interchanges were coded by: frequency, length, function, and initiator (child or adult). Results indicated that children initiated a large proportion of interchanges and this proportion increased over time. The average length and number of interchanges increased over time, with children in the SGD group showing even greater growth. Finally, children's total number of interchanges at baseline was positively associated with their spoken language gains over the course of intervention. This study supports the crucial relationship between social engagement and expressive language development, and highlights the need to include sustained communication interchanges as a target for intervention with this population. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1093-1102. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  8. Automatic 3D high-fidelity traffic interchange modeling using 2D road GIS data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Jie; Shen, Yuzhong

    2011-03-01

    3D road models are widely used in many computer applications such as racing games and driving simulations. However, almost all high-fidelity 3D road models were generated manually by professional artists at the expense of intensive labor. There are very few existing methods for automatically generating 3D high-fidelity road networks, especially for those existing in the real world. Real road network contains various elements such as road segments, road intersections and traffic interchanges. Among them, traffic interchanges present the most challenges to model due to their complexity and the lack of height information (vertical position) of traffic interchanges in existing road GIS data. This paper proposes a novel approach that can automatically produce 3D high-fidelity road network models, including traffic interchange models, from real 2D road GIS data that mainly contain road centerline information. The proposed method consists of several steps. The raw road GIS data are first preprocessed to extract road network topology, merge redundant links, and classify road types. Then overlapped points in the interchanges are detected and their elevations are determined based on a set of level estimation rules. Parametric representations of the road centerlines are then generated through link segmentation and fitting, and they have the advantages of arbitrary levels of detail with reduced memory usage. Finally a set of civil engineering rules for road design (e.g., cross slope, superelevation) are selected and used to generate realistic road surfaces. In addition to traffic interchange modeling, the proposed method also applies to other more general road elements. Preliminary results show that the proposed method is highly effective and useful in many applications.

  9. Successful implementation of a P&T-approved therapeutic interchange program of angiotensin II receptor blockers in a medical center in Taiwan.

    PubMed

    Lee, Yen-Ying; Hsiao, Paul; Lin, You-Meei; Yen, Yu-Hsuan; Chen, Hsiang-Yin

    2012-01-01

    Therapeutic interchange is not a common practice in the medical society in Asia. We used clinic blood pressure readings, patients' tolerance, and cost saving as measures to evaluate the impact of a therapeutic interchange program implemented at a medical center in Taiwan. Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital initiated a therapeutic interchange program involving angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Data were retrospectively collected for 444 outpatients who were converted from other ARBs to candesartan. Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, adverse effects associated with therapy, and drug costs was conducted before and after the program implementation. Patients whose treatment was converted to candesartan experienced no statistically significant differences in blood pressure, and the average number of antihypertensive agents used per patient remained unchanged. A direct cost savings of US$62,237 was estimated for the 444 patients studied. Only 3.15% of the patients developed adverse drug reactions potentially related to candesartan, and none required hospitalization. Based on the results of this retrospective chart review, the present ARB therapeutic interchange program was successfully developed and implemented. This is the first study to establish the positive impact of a well-run ARB therapeutic interchange program in Taiwan. Copyright © 2012 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  10. Laboratory arc furnace features interchangeable hearths

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Armstrong, J. L.; Kruger, O. L.

    1967-01-01

    Laboratory arc furnace using rapidly interchangeable hearths gains considerable versatility in casting so that buttons or special shaped castings can be produced. It features a sight glass for observation.

  11. Bicoherence Analysis of Electrostatic Interchange Mode Coupling in a Turbulent Laboratory Magnetosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abler, M. C.; Saperstein, A.; Yan, J. R.; Mauel, M. E.

    2017-10-01

    Plasmas confined by a strong dipole field exhibit interchange and entropy mode turbulence, which previous experiments have shown respond locally to active feedback. On the Collisionless Terrella Experiment (CTX), this turbulence is characterized by low frequency, low order, quasi-coherent modes with complex spectral dynamics. We apply bicoherence analysis to study nonlinear phase coupling in a variety of scenarios. First, we study the self-interaction of the naturally occurring interchange turbulence; this analysis is then expanded to include the effects of driven modes in the frequency range of the background turbulent oscillations. Initial measurements of coupling coefficients are presented in both cases. Driven low frequency interchange modes are observed to generate multiple harmonics which persist throughout the plasma, becoming weaker as they propagate away from the actuator in the direction of the electron magnetic drift. Future work is also discussed, including application of wavelet bicoherence analysis, excitation of interchange modes at multiple frequencies, and applications to planetary magnetospheres. Supported by NSF-DOE Partnership for Plasma Science Grants DOE-DE-FG02-00ER54585.

  12. Ground-motion variability resulting from the January 17, 1994, M = 6.6 Northridge earthquake at the interchange between highways 14 and I-5 in the northern San Fernando Valley

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hutchings, L.; Jarpe, S.; Kasameyer, P.

    1994-02-04

    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory responded to the 17 January 1994, Northridge earthquake by sending an information gathering team to observe and study the collapse of the interchange between highways 14 and I-5 in the northern San Fernando Valley. This field team examined the structural failure at the interchange and the surface soil conditions, and they installed high-grain RefTek seismic recorders to record aftershocks. We recorded aftershocks for two weeks. Analyses of aftershock recordings in this report illustrate the degree of differential support motion for this site, and the higher than expected ground motion from an earthquake of this size andmore » distance. We used the aftershock recordings of small earthquakes as empirical Green`s functions and synthesized strong ground motion at three sites in the interchange area. Results presented here are based on an assumption that the geology of the interchange area remained linear in its response to the main event.« less

  13. Interchangeability of biosimilar and biological reference product: updated regulatory positions and pre- and post-marketing evidence.

    PubMed

    Trifirò, Gianluca; Marcianò, Ilaria; Ingrasciotta, Ylenia

    2018-03-01

    Since 2006, biosimilars have been available in several countries worldwide, thus allowing for potential savings in pharmaceutical expenditure. However, there have been numerous debates about the interchangeability of biosimilars and reference products based on concerns of immunogenicity by switching between biological products, which may cause lack of effect and toxicity. Areas covered: The authors provide the reader with an overview of the different positions of regulatory authorities on the interchangeability and automatic substitution of biosimilars and reference products. Presently, the FDA allows automatic substitution without prescriber intervention if the biosimilar is interchangeable with reference products, while the European Medicines Agency delegate to each single EU member state. Expert opinion: Different approaches in defining interchangeability and automatic substitution call for harmonization to increase confidence of healthcare professionals and patients about the clinical impact of switching. Networks of electronic healthcare records and administrative databases, potentially linkable to clinical charts and registries may rapidly assess frequency and benefit-risk profile of different switching patterns in routine care at different levels, thus integrating and strengthening pre-marketing evidence.

  14. ISO/IEC's image interchange facility

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Blum, Christof; Hofmann, Georg R.

    1992-04-01

    This paper gives a technical description of the Image Interchange Facility (IIF), which comprises both a formate definition and a functional gateway specification. IIF is a part of the first International Image Processing and Interchange Standard (IPI), which is under elaboration by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC24. This paper reflects the related committee work performed up until January 1992. Considering the deficiencies and drawbacks of existing formats and current practices in exchanging digital images, the need for a new and more general approach to image interchange can be seen. This paper describes the requirements and design principles of the IIF data format and the IIF gateway. Furthermore, it explains the relation to the reference model for open communication (OSI) as well as the relation to the other parts of the IPI standard.

  15. CLOVERLEAF CYCLOTRON

    DOEpatents

    McMillan, E.M.; Judd, D.L.

    1959-02-01

    A cyclotron is presented embodying a unique magnetic field configuration, which configuration increases in intensity with radius and therefore compensates for the reltivistic mass effect, the field having further convolutions productive of axial stability in the particle beam. By reconciling the seemingly opposed requirements of mass increase compensation on one hand and anial stability on the other, the production of extremely high current particle beams in the relativistie energy range is made feasible. Certain further advantages inhere in the invention, notably an increase in the usable magnet gap, simplified and more efficient extraction of the beam from the accelerator, and ready adaptation to the use of multiply phased excitation as contrasted with the single phased systems herstofore utilized. General

  16. The electromagnetic interchange mode in a partially ionized collisional plasma. [spread F region

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hudson, M. K.; Kennel, C. F.

    1974-01-01

    A collisional electromagnetic dispersion relation is derived from two-fluid theory for the interchange mode coupled to the Alfven, acoustic, drift and entropy modes in a partially ionized plasma. The fundamental electromagnetic nature of the interchange model is noted; coupling to the intermediate Alfven mode is strongly stabilizing for finite k sub z. Both ion viscous and ion-neutral stabilization are included, and it was found that collisions destroy the ion finite Larmor radius cutoff at short perpendicular wavelengths.

  17. Clinical outcomes associated with brand-to-generic phenytoin interchange.

    PubMed

    Kinikar, Shilpa A; Delate, Thomas; Menaker-Wiener, C Mindy; Bentley, William H

    2012-05-01

    Concerns that antiepileptic brand-to-generic interchange results in disruption of seizure control are widespread. However, little within-patient evidence exists examining such interchanges. To compare within-patient seizure control before and after the interchange of a branded to a single-source generic phenytoin among patients with seizures in a managed care organization. This was a pre-post, self-controlled, retrospective study. Adults with a history of seizure who used Dilantin Kapseals 100 mg extended phenytoin sodium, USP, capsules and whose therapy was interchanged to Taro Pharmaceuticals' AB-rated generic extended phenytoin sodium capsules, USP, 100 mg between July 2007 and May 2008 were included. Study outcomes included the comparisons of the proportions of patients with at least emergency department (ED) visit/inpatient hospitalization and medical office visit/nonoffice consultation for acute seizure in the 6 months before and after interchange. Outcomes were confirmed with manual chart reviews and adjusted for potential confounding medication use. A total of 222 patients were included in the study. Patients were primarily middle-aged (mean 56 years), equally mixed by sex (47% female); most had nonintractable seizures. The majority of patients (~70%) were on phenytoin as monotherapy and had equivalent rates of purchases for potentially confounding medications in both pre- and postinterchange time periods (all p > 0.05). Low serum concentrations were detected more often in the postinterchange study period (adjusted p < 0.001). Despite this, there were low proportions of patients with confirmed seizure events that resulted in an ED visit/inpatient hospitalization in both pre- and postinterchange periods (both 6.3%, adjusted p = 0.937). The proportion of patients with confirmed seizure events diagnosed at a medical office visit was not significantly different between the preinterchange and postinterchange periods (12.2% vs 11.3%, adjusted p = 0.545). No increased proportion of seizures was observed within patients when branded phenytoin was interchanged to an AB-rated, single-source, generic equivalent. More rigorous studies should be conducted to more thoroughly evaluate patient tolerability and drug efficacy when antiepileptic drugs are interchanged from brand to generic formulations.

  18. Limit Interchange and L'Hopital's Rule

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ecker, Michael W.

    2011-01-01

    Conventional application of these two calculus staples is stretched here, somewhat recreationally, but also to raise solid questions about the role of limit interchange in analysis--without, however, delving any deeper than first-year Calculus.

  19. Design and operation of diamond interchanges.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1961-08-01

    This report is a presentation of results obtained from research studies on : diamond interchanges conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute in cooperation with the Texas Highway Department. These studies were conducted : in connection with Rese...

  20. Cone penetrometer comparison testing.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-01-01

    A total of 61 cone penetration tests were performed at 14 sites in the state of Wisconsin. Data : reinforced conclusions from practice in Minnesota and previously performed test programs : related to the Marquette Interchange and Mitchell interchange...

  1. Band-9 ALMA Observations of the [N II] 122 μm Line and FIR Continuum in Two High-z galaxies.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ferkinhoff, Carl; Brisbin, Drew; Nikola, Thomas; Stacey, Gordon J.; Sheth, Kartik; Hailey-Dunsheath, Steve; Falgarone, Edith

    2015-06-01

    We present Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations of two high-redshift systems (SMMJ02399-0136 at z 1 ˜ 2.8 and the Cloverleaf QSO at z 1 ˜ 2.5) in their rest-frame 122 μm continuum (ν sky ˜ 650 GHz, λ sky ˜ 450 μm) and [N ii] 122 μm line emission. The continuum observations with a synthesized beam of ˜0.″ 25 resolve both sources and recover the expected flux. The Cloverleaf is resolved into a partial Einstein ring, while SMMJ02399-0136 is unambiguously separated into two components: a point source associated with an active galactic nucleus and an extended region at the location of a previously identified dusty starburst. We detect the [N ii] line in both systems, though significantly weaker than our previous detections made with the first generation z (Redshift) and Early Universe Spectrometer. We show that this discrepancy is mostly explained if the line flux is resolved out due to significantly more extended emission and longer ALMA baselines than expected. Based on the ALMA observations we determine that ≥75% of the total [N ii] line flux in each source is produced via star formation. We use the [N ii] line flux that is recovered by ALMA to constrain the N/H abundance, ionized gas mass, hydrogen- ionizing photon rate, and star formation rate. In SMMJ02399-0136 we discover it contains a significant amount (˜1000 M ⊙ yr-1) of unobscured star formation in addition to its dusty starburst and argue that SMMJ02399-0136 may be similar to the Antennae Galaxies (Arp 244) locally. In total these observations provide a new look at two well-studied systems while demonstrating the power and challenges of Band-9 ALMA observations of high-z systems.

  2. Duplication of Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial EF-Tu: pre-adaptation to T-arm truncation and exclusion of bulky aminoacyl residues.

    PubMed

    Sato, Aya; Suematsu, Takuma; Aihara, Koh-Ki; Kita, Kiyoshi; Suzuki, Tsutomu; Watanabe, Kimitsuna; Ohtsuki, Takashi; Watanabe, Yoh-Ichi

    2017-03-07

    Translation elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) delivers aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to ribosomes in protein synthesis. EF-Tu generally recognizes aminoacyl moieties and acceptor- and T-stems of aa-tRNAs. However, nematode mitochondrial (mt) tRNAs frequently lack all or part of the T-arm that is recognized by canonical EF-Tu. We previously reported that two distinct EF-Tu species, EF-Tu1 and EF-Tu2, respectively, recognize mt tRNAs lacking T-arms and D-arms in the mitochondria of the chromadorean nematode Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans EF-Tu2 specifically recognizes the seryl moiety of serylated D-armless tRNAs. Mitochondria of the enoplean nematode Trichinella possess three structural types of tRNAs: T-armless tRNAs, D-armless tRNAs, and cloverleaf tRNAs with a short T-arm. Trichinella mt EF-Tu1 binds to all three types and EF-Tu2 binds only to D-armless Ser-tRNAs, showing an evolutionary intermediate state from canonical EF-Tu to chromadorean nematode (e.g. C. elegans ) EF-Tu species. We report here that two EF-Tu species also participate in Drosophila melanogaster mitochondria. Both D. melanogaster EF-Tu1 and EF-Tu2 bound to cloverleaf and D-armless tRNAs. D. melanogaster EF-Tu1 has the ability to recognize T-armless tRNAs that do not evidently exist in D. melanogaster mitochondria, but do exist in related arthropod species. In addition, D. melanogaster EF-Tu2 preferentially bound to aa-tRNAs carrying small amino acids, but not to aa-tRNAs carrying bulky amino acids. These results suggest that the Drosophila mt translation system could be another intermediate state between the canonical and nematode mitochondria-type translation systems. © 2017 The Author(s); published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society.

  3. Arctic warming will promote Atlantic-Pacific fish interchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wisz, M. S.; Broennimann, O.; Grønkjær, P.; Møller, P. R.; Olsen, S. M.; Swingedouw, D.; Hedeholm, R. B.; Nielsen, E. E.; Guisan, A.; Pellissier, L.

    2015-03-01

    Throughout much of the Quaternary Period, inhospitable environmental conditions above the Arctic Circle have been a formidable barrier separating most marine organisms in the North Atlantic from those in the North Pacific. Rapid warming has begun to lift this barrier, potentially facilitating the interchange of marine biota between the two seas. Here, we forecast the potential northward progression of 515 fish species following climate change, and report the rate of potential species interchange between the Atlantic and the Pacific via the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage. For this, we projected niche-based models under climate change scenarios and simulated the spread of species through the passages when climatic conditions became suitable. Results reveal a complex range of responses during this century, and accelerated interchange after 2050. By 2100 up to 41 species could enter the Pacific and 44 species could enter the Atlantic, via one or both passages. Consistent with historical and recent biodiversity interchanges, this exchange of fish species may trigger changes for biodiversity and food webs in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, with ecological and economic consequences to ecosystems that at present contribute 39% to global marine fish landings.

  4. Highway Safety Manual applied in Missouri - freeway/software : research summary.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2016-03-01

    AASHTOs Highway Safety Manual (HSM) : includes models for freeway segments, speedchange : lanes (transitional area between mainline : and ramps), ramps, and interchange terminals. : These predictive models for freeway : interchanges need to be cal...

  5. 133. AERIAL VIEW OF CLARA BARTON PARKWAY AND I495 INTERCHANGE ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    133. AERIAL VIEW OF CLARA BARTON PARKWAY AND I-495 INTERCHANGE LOOKING EAST. - George Washington Memorial Parkway, Along Potomac River from McLean to Mount Vernon, VA, Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, VA

  6. Roundabouts : an Arizona case study and design guidelines

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2003-07-01

    The roundabouts controlling traffic at the I-17/Happy Valley Road interchange represent Arizona's first application of modern roundabout traffic control in this manner. The construction of roundabouts at this interchange location served to alleviate ...

  7. Crash location correction for freeway interchange modeling : research summary.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2016-06-01

    The project found that 69% of : all reviewed crashes were : landed incorrectly within the : interchange. The error rates by : facility type were 90% for : ramps, 79% for terminals, and : 53% for speed-change lanes.

  8. Diverging diamond interchange : informational guide.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-08-01

    This document provides information and guidance on the Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI). To the extent possible, the guide : addresses a variety of conditions found in the United States, to achieve designs suitable for a wide array of potential us...

  9. Interchange Safety Analysis Tool (ISAT) : user manual

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2007-06-01

    This User Manual describes the usage and operation of the spreadsheet-based Interchange Safety Analysis Tool (ISAT). ISAT provides design and safety engineers with an automated tool for assessing the safety effects of geometric design and traffic con...

  10. Alternate-1 and Alternate-2 Orientations in Interchange (Reciprocal Translocation) Quadrivalents

    PubMed Central

    Rickards, Geoffrey K.

    1983-01-01

    The dynamic properties of the spindle, and published numerical data, argue that the differentiation of alternate-1 and alternate-2 orientations of an interchange quadrivalent is real and meaningful, contra Boussy (1982). PMID:17246129

  11. A comprehensive safety assessment methodology for innovative geometric designs.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-05-01

    As the population grows and travel demands increase, alternative interchange designs have become increasingly popular. The diverging diamond interchange is an alternative design that has been implemented in the United States. This design can accommod...

  12. Stress absorbing membrane innerlayer : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1985-04-01

    The westbound lanes of the South Baker Interchange-Encina Interchange Section of I-84 were overlayed in 1977. A stress absorbing membrane innerlayer (SAMI), was included in this overlay as an experimental feature. This report is the final evaluation ...

  13. The formation of blobs from a pure interchange process

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhu, P., E-mail: pzhu@ustc.edu.cn; Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; Sovinec, C. R.

    2015-02-15

    In this work, we focus on examining a pure interchange process in a shear-less slab configuration as a prototype mechanism for blob formation. We employ full magnetohydrodynamic simulations to demonstrate that the blob-like structures can emerge through the nonlinear development of a pure interchange instability originating from a pedestal-like transition region. In the early nonlinear stage, filamentary structures develop and extend in the direction of the effective gravity. The blob-like structures appear when the radially extending filaments break off and disconnect from the core plasma. The morphology and the dynamics of these filaments and blobs vary dramatically with a sensitivemore » dependence on the dissipation mechanisms in the system and the initial perturbation. Despite the complexity in morphology and dynamics, the nature of the entire blob formation process in the shear-less slab configuration remains strictly interchange without involving any change in magnetic topology.« less

  14. A Cross-Classified CFA-MTMM Model for Structurally Different and Nonindependent Interchangeable Methods.

    PubMed

    Koch, Tobias; Schultze, Martin; Jeon, Minjeong; Nussbeck, Fridtjof W; Praetorius, Anna-Katharina; Eid, Michael

    2016-01-01

    Multirater (multimethod, multisource) studies are increasingly applied in psychology. Eid and colleagues (2008) proposed a multilevel confirmatory factor model for multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data combining structurally different and multiple independent interchangeable methods (raters). In many studies, however, different interchangeable raters (e.g., peers, subordinates) are asked to rate different targets (students, supervisors), leading to violations of the independence assumption and to cross-classified data structures. In the present work, we extend the ML-CFA-MTMM model by Eid and colleagues (2008) to cross-classified multirater designs. The new C4 model (Cross-Classified CTC[M-1] Combination of Methods) accounts for nonindependent interchangeable raters and enables researchers to explicitly model the interaction between targets and raters as a latent variable. Using a real data application, it is shown how credibility intervals of model parameters and different variance components can be obtained using Bayesian estimation techniques.

  15. Safety performance functions for ramp terminals at diamond interchanges.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-07-01

    This report documents two efforts to support CDOT in the area of Safety Performance Function (SPF) : development. The first involved the data collection and development of SPFs for five categories of ramp : terminals at diamond interchanges. For each...

  16. Freeway operations analysis of I-80 to I-29 interchange.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1974-01-01

    At the request of the Iowa State Highway Commission, the Engineering Research Institute observed the traffic operations at the Interstate 29 (1-29) and Interstate 80 (1-80) interchange in the southwest part of Council Bluffs.

  17. Concurrent flow lanes - phase III.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-01-01

    This report describes efforts taken to develop and calibrate VISSIM models of existing : concurrent flow lane designs of north- and southbound lanes of I-270 from the interchange at : I-70 to interchanges on I-495 at Connecticut Avenue in Maryland an...

  18. Safety evaluation of diverging diamond interchanges in Missouri.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2015-01-01

    The Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI) has gained in popularity in the United States during the last decade. The : operational benefits and lower costs of retrofitting a conventional diamond with a DDI have contributed to its increased use. : Existi...

  19. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 564 - Information to be Submitted for Replaceable Light Sources

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ..., and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the bulb holder. B. Diameter..., diameters, key/keyway sizes, and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the...

  20. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 564 - Information to be Submitted for Replaceable Light Sources

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ..., and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the bulb holder. B. Diameter..., diameters, key/keyway sizes, and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the...

  1. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 564 - Information To Be Submitted for Replaceable Light Sources

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ..., and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the bulb holder. B. Diameter..., diameters, key/keyway sizes, and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the...

  2. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 564 - Information To Be Submitted for Replaceable Light Sources

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the bulb holder. B. Diameter..., diameters, key/keyway sizes, and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the...

  3. 49 CFR Appendix A to Part 564 - Information To Be Submitted for Replaceable Light Sources

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ..., and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the bulb holder. B. Diameter..., diameters, key/keyway sizes, and any other interchangeability dimensions for indexing the bulb base in the...

  4. UDOT diverging diamond interchange (DDI) observations and experience.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2012-04-01

    This report presents the results of a functionality evaluation, by the I-15 Utah County Corridor Expansion (CORE) traffic team, of the first Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI) in Utah, located at the intersection of American Fork Main Street (Pionee...

  5. Ethnoecology of the interchange of wild and weedy plants and mushrooms in Phurépecha markets of Mexico: economic motives of biotic resources management.

    PubMed

    Farfán-Heredia, Berenice; Casas, Alejandro; Moreno-Calles, Ana I; García-Frapolli, Eduardo; Castilleja, Aída

    2018-01-15

    Interactions between societies and nature are regulated by complex systems of beliefs, symbolism, customs, and worldviews (kosmos), ecological knowledge (corpus), and management strategies and practices (praxis), which are constructed as product of experiences and communication of people throughout time. These aspects influence social relations, life strategies, and cultural identity, and all of them in turn influence and are influenced by local and regional patterns of interchange. In this study, we analyze the interchange of wild and weedy plants and mushrooms in traditional markets of the Phurépecha region of Mexico. Particularly, the social relations constructed around the interchange of these products; how knowledge, cultural values, and ecological factors influence and are influenced by interchange; and how all these factors influence the type and intensity of biotic resources management. We studied three main traditional markets of the Phurépecha region of Michoacán, Mexico, through 140 visits to markets and 60 semi-structured interviews to sellers of wild and weedy plants and mushrooms. In nearly 2 years, we carried out 80 visits and 30 interviews in the "Barter Market", 20 visits and 15 interviews in the "Phurépecha Tiánguis", and 40 visits and 15 interviews to the "Municipal Market". We documented information about the spaces of interchange that form the markets, the types of interchange occurring there, the cultural and economic values of the resources studied, the environmental units that are sources of such resources, the activities associated to resources harvesting and, particularly, the management techniques practiced to ensure or increase their availability. We analyzed the relations between the amounts of products interchanged, considered as pressures on the resources; the perception of their abundance or scarcity, considered as the magnitude of risk in relation to the pressures referred to; and the management types as response to pressures and risk. We recorded 38 species of wild and weedy plants and 15 mushroom species interchanged in the markets. We characterized the spaces of interchange, the interchange types, and social relations among numerous Phurépecha communities which maintain the main features of pre-Columbian markets. The products analyzed are differentially valued according to their role in people's life, particularly food, medicine, rituals, and ornamental purposes. The highest cultural values were identified in multi-purpose plant and mushroom resources and, outstandingly, in ornamental and ritual plants. In markets, women are the main actors and connectors of the regional households' activities of use and management of local resources and ecosystems. The interrelationships between worldviews, knowledge, and practices are visible through the interchange of the products analyzed, including the types of environments comprised in communitarian territories, agricultural calendars, and feasts. Those plants and mushrooms are highly valued but relatively scarce according to the demand on them receiving special attention and management practices directed to ensure or increase their availability. With the exception of most mushrooms and ornamental and ritual plants, which have high economic and cultural values, there are those that are relatively scarce and under high risk, but are obtained through simple gathering from the wild. Traditional markets are crucial part of the subsistence strategy of Phurépecha people based on the multiple use of resources and ecosystems at the local and regional levels. The markets influence social relations, cultural identity, and preservation of traditional knowledge and biodiversity. In general, the demand of products in markets enhances innovation and practices for ensuring or increasing their availability, particularly those that are naturally scarce. However, it was notorious that, althoug mushrooms and ritual plants have high demand and value in markets, most of them are obtained by simple gathering.

  6. Comprehensive plan amendment impacts on interchanges in Oregon : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2005-09-01

    This report examines the effects of amendments to local comprehensive plans on interchange performance on the Oregon highway system. Plan amendments over a 15-year period in Oregon, resulting in changes to industrial or commercial land use, were revi...

  7. Crash location correction for freeway interchange modeling : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2016-06-01

    AASHTO released a supplement to the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) in 2014 that includes models for freeway : interchanges composed of segments, speed-change lanes and terminals. A necessary component to the use of HSM is : having the appropriate safety...

  8. Research notes : linking land use to traffic impacts at interchanges.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2006-08-01

    The objective of the research was to examine the effects of comprehensive plan amendments on interchange performance on the Oregon highway system. The focus of the study was on comprehensive plan amendments for new commercial and industrial land uses...

  9. Collecting and Analyzing Stakeholder Feedback for Signing at Complex Interchanges

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-10-01

    The purpose of this project was to identify design constraints related to signing, markings, and geometry for complex interchanges, and then to identify useful topics for future research that will yield findings that can address those design issues. ...

  10. 77 FR 14464 - Notice of Final Federal Agency Actions on Proposed Highway Project in Wisconsin

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-09

    ... a proposed highway project, Interstate I-94, I-894, and U.S. Highway 45 (Zoo Interchange) in... project: Interstate I-94, I-894, and U.S. Highway 45 (Zoo Interchange) in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin...

  11. Lane assignment traffic control devices on frontage roads and conventional roads at interchanges : technical report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-11-01

    The intersection and mandatory movement lane control signs placed on intersection approaches are critical to : safe and efficient intersection operations. Ramp, frontage road, and cross-street approaches to interchanges : often widen at intersections...

  12. Interchange Instability and Transport in Matter-Antimatter Plasmas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kendl, Alexander; Danler, Gregor; Wiesenberger, Matthias; Held, Markus

    2017-06-01

    Symmetric electron-positron plasmas in inhomogeneous magnetic fields are intrinsically subject to interchange instability and transport. Scaling relations for the propagation velocity of density perturbations relevant to transport in isothermal magnetically confined electron-positron plasmas are deduced, including damping effects when Debye lengths are large compared to Larmor radii. The relations are verified by nonlinear full-F gyrofluid computations. Results are analyzed with respect to planned magnetically confined electron-positron plasma experiments. The model is generalized to other matter-antimatter plasmas. Magnetized electron-positron-proton-antiproton plasmas are susceptible to interchange-driven local matter-antimatter separation, which can impede sustained laboratory magnetic confinement.

  13. Local regulation of interchange turbulence in a dipole-confined plasma torus using current-collection feedback

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Roberts, T. M., E-mail: tmr2122@columbia.edu; Mauel, M. E., E-mail: mauel@columbia.edu; Worstell, M. W.

    2015-05-15

    Turbulence in plasma confined by a magnetic dipole is dominated by interchange fluctuations with complex dynamics and short spatial coherence. We report the first use of local current-collection feedback to modify, amplify, and suppress these fluctuations. The spatial extent of turbulence regulation is limited to a correlation length near the collector. Changing the gain and phase of collection results in power either extracted from or injected into the turbulence. The measured plasma response shows some agreement with calculations of the linear response of global interchange-like MHD and entropy modes to current-collection feedback.

  14. Interchange Instability and Transport in Matter-Antimatter Plasmas.

    PubMed

    Kendl, Alexander; Danler, Gregor; Wiesenberger, Matthias; Held, Markus

    2017-06-09

    Symmetric electron-positron plasmas in inhomogeneous magnetic fields are intrinsically subject to interchange instability and transport. Scaling relations for the propagation velocity of density perturbations relevant to transport in isothermal magnetically confined electron-positron plasmas are deduced, including damping effects when Debye lengths are large compared to Larmor radii. The relations are verified by nonlinear full-F gyrofluid computations. Results are analyzed with respect to planned magnetically confined electron-positron plasma experiments. The model is generalized to other matter-antimatter plasmas. Magnetized electron-positron-proton-antiproton plasmas are susceptible to interchange-driven local matter-antimatter separation, which can impede sustained laboratory magnetic confinement.

  15. A new cryogenic diode thermometer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Courts, S. S.; Swinehart, P. R.; Yeager, C. J.

    2002-05-01

    While the introduction of yet another cryogenic diode thermometer is not earth shattering, a new diode thermometer, the DT-600 series, recently introduced by Lake Shore Cryotronics, possesses three features that make it unique among commercial diode thermometers. First, these diodes have been probed at the chip level, allowing for the availability of a bare chip thermometer matching a standard curve-an important feature in situations where real estate is at a premium (IR detectors), or where in-situ calibration is difficult. Second, the thermometry industry has assumed that interchangeability should be best at low temperatures. Thus, good interchangeability at room temperatures implies a very good interchangeability at cryogenic temperature, resulting in a premium priced sensor. The DT-600 series diode thermometer is available in an interchangeability band comparable to platinum RTDs with the added advantage of interchangeability to 2 K. Third, and most important, the DT-600 series diode does not exhibit an instability in the I-V characteristic in the 8 K to 20 K temperature range that is observed in other commercial diode thermometer devices [1]. This paper presents performance characteristics for the DT-600 series diode thermometer along with a comparison of I-V curves for this device and other commercial diode thermometers exhibiting an I-V instability.

  16. Dynamics of Coronal Hole Boundaries

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Higginson, A. K.; Antiochos, S. K.; DeVore, C. R.; Wyper, Peter F.; Zurbuchen, T. H.

    2017-01-01

    Remote and in situ observations strongly imply that the slow solar wind consists of plasma from the hot, closed-field corona that is released onto open magnetic field lines. The Separatrix Web theory for the slow wind proposesthat photospheric motions at the scale of supergranules are responsible for generating dynamics at coronal-holeboundaries, which result in the closed plasma release. We use three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamicsimulations to determine the effect of photospheric flows on the open and closed magnetic flux of a model coronawith a dipole magnetic field and an isothermal solar wind. A rotational surface motion is used to approximatephotospheric supergranular driving and is applied at the boundary between the coronal hole and helmet streamer.The resulting dynamics consist primarily of prolific and efficient interchange reconnection between open andclosed flux. The magnetic flux near the coronal-hole boundary experiences multiple interchange events, with someflux interchanging over 50 times in one day. Additionally, we find that the interchange reconnection occurs allalong the coronal-hole boundary and even produces a lasting change in magnetic-field connectivity in regions thatwere not driven by the applied motions. Our results show that these dynamics should be ubiquitous in the Sun andheliosphere. We discuss the implications of our simulations for understanding the observed properties of the slowsolar wind, with particular focus on the global-scale consequences of interchange reconnection.

  17. An O([Formula: see text]) algorithm for sorting signed genomes by reversals, transpositions, transreversals and block-interchanges.

    PubMed

    Yu, Shuzhi; Hao, Fanchang; Leong, Hon Wai

    2016-02-01

    We consider the problem of sorting signed permutations by reversals, transpositions, transreversals, and block-interchanges. The problem arises in the study of species evolution via large-scale genome rearrangement operations. Recently, Hao et al. gave a 2-approximation scheme called genome sorting by bridges (GSB) for solving this problem. Their result extended and unified the results of (i) He and Chen - a 2-approximation algorithm allowing reversals, transpositions, and block-interchanges (by also allowing transversals) and (ii) Hartman and Sharan - a 1.5-approximation algorithm allowing reversals, transpositions, and transversals (by also allowing block-interchanges). The GSB result is based on introduction of three bridge structures in the breakpoint graph, the L-bridge, T-bridge, and X-bridge that models goodreversal, transposition/transreversal, and block-interchange, respectively. However, the paper by Hao et al. focused on proving the 2-approximation GSB scheme and only mention a straightforward [Formula: see text] algorithm. In this paper, we give an [Formula: see text] algorithm for implementing the GSB scheme. The key idea behind our faster GSB algorithm is to represent cycles in the breakpoint graph by their canonical sequences, which greatly simplifies the search for these bridge structures. We also give some comparison results (running time and computed distances) against the original GSB implementation.

  18. Measures for preventing wrong-way entries on highways.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1973-01-01

    An evaluation of the results of a two-year survey of incidents of wrong-way driving on Virginia highways revealed that the majority of them originated at diamond type interchanges. On-site investigations of a number of the interchanges at which insta...

  19. Implementation and transition of data interchange for geotechnical and geoenvironmental specialists (DIGGS v2.0).

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-01-01

    Data Interchange for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (DIGGS) is an XML-based system : developed under a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) State Pooled Funding Study led by the : Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) from 2005 to ...

  20. 77 FR 26604 - Progressive Rail, Incorporated-Lease and Operation Exemption-Rail Line of Union Pacific Railroad...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-04

    ... contains an interchange commitment with substantial economic rewards for PGR if it interchanges with UP. One has to wonder why such an economic incentive is necessary if there is little chance that PGR would...

  1. 78 FR 62352 - Proposed Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-18

    ... or summary information concerning the costs incurred, and interchange transaction fees charged or... basis) aggregate or summary information concerning the costs incurred, and interchange transaction fees... costs and fixed costs, and to instruct respondents to exclude transactions monitoring from the...

  2. Computer Analysis of Air Pollution from Highways, Streets, and Complex Interchanges

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1974-03-01

    A detailed computer analysis of air quality for a complex highway interchange was prepared, using an in-house version of the Environmental Protection Agency's Gaussian Highway Line Source Model. This analysis showed that the levels of air pollution n...

  3. Complete intersections : a guide to reconstructing intersections and interchanges for bicyclists and pedestrians.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2010-01-01

    Intersections and interchanges are major points of conflict for road users and are the frequent site of injuries and fatalities. In California, nearly 20 percent of pedestrian fatalities, and nearly a quarter of bicyclist fatalities occur at intersec...

  4. Relationship between interchange usage and risk of hamstring injuries in the Australian Football League.

    PubMed

    Orchard, John W; Driscoll, Tim; Seward, Hugh; Orchard, Jessica J

    2012-05-01

    To study risk factors for hamstring injury in the Australian Football League (AFL), in particular the effect of recent changes in match participation (increased use of the interchange bench) on hamstring injury. Analysis of hamstring match injury statistics extracted from an injury database combined with match participation statistics extracted from a player statistics database. 56,320 player matches in the AFL over the period 2003-2010 were analyzed, in which 416 hamstring injuries occurred. In a Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) analysis accounting for clustering of different teams, significant predictors of hamstring injuries were recent hamstring injury (RR 4.16, 95% CI 3.19-5.43), past history of ACL reconstruction (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09-2.60), past history of calf injury (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.37-1.82), opposition team making 60 or more interchanges during the game (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.12-1.68) and player having made 7 or more interchanges off the field in the last 3 weeks (protective RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.93). These findings suggest that regular interchanges protect individual players against hamstring injuries, but increase the risk of hamstring injury for opposition players. These findings can be explained by a model in which both fatigue and average match running speed are risk factors for hamstring injury. A player who returns to the ground after a rest on the interchange bench may himself have some short-term protection against hamstring injury because of the reduced fatigue, but his rested state may contribute to increased average running speed for his direct opponent, increasing the risk of injury for players on the opposition team. Copyright © 2011 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. 78 FR 12322 - Agency Information Collection Activities: OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-22

    ... Interchange (EDI) Registration and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Enrollment Form; Use: The purpose of this... identification of Medicare providers/suppliers and authorization of requested Electronic Data Interface (EDI) functions. The EDI Enrollment and the Medicare Registration Forms are completed by Medicare providers...

  6. FDA Guidance on Biosimilar Interchangeability Elicits Diverse Views: Current and Potential Marketers Complain About Too-High Hurdles.

    PubMed

    Barlas, Stephen

    2017-08-01

    Pharmaceutical industry sectors are at odds as the Food and Drug Administration seeks to define "interchangeability" for biosimilars. The battle lines vary by topic, but biosimilar marketers, health plans, and drugstores are generally urging lower hurdles.

  7. 19 CFR 122.50 - General order merchandise.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. Failure to provide such notification may...-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify Customs of the unentered... merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as qualified to receive general...

  8. 19 CFR 4.37 - General order.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. Failure to provide... appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify Customs of the... and unentered merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as qualified...

  9. 19 CFR 122.50 - General order merchandise.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. Failure to provide such notification may...-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify Customs of the unentered... merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as qualified to receive general...

  10. 19 CFR 4.37 - General order.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. Failure to provide... appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify Customs of the... and unentered merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as qualified...

  11. 19 CFR 123.10 - General order merchandise.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... shall be provided in writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system... any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify... unreleased and unentered merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as...

  12. 19 CFR 123.10 - General order merchandise.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... shall be provided in writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system... any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify... unreleased and unentered merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as...

  13. Interchanging lexical information for a multilingual dictionary.

    PubMed

    Baud, R H; Nyström, M; Borin, L; Evans, R; Schulz, S; Zweigenbaum, P

    2005-01-01

    To facilitate the interchange of lexical information for multiple languages in the medical domain. To pave the way for the emergence of a generally available truly multilingual electronic dictionary in the medical domain. An interchange format has to be neutral relative to the target languages. It has to be consistent with current needs of lexicon authors, present and future. An active interaction between six potential authors aimed to determine a common denominator striking the right balance between richness of content and ease of use for lexicon providers. A simple list of relevant attributes has been established and published. The format has the potential for collecting relevant parts of a future multilingual dictionary. An XML version is available. This effort makes feasible the exchange of lexical information between research groups. Interchange files are made available in a public repository. This procedure opens the door to a true multilingual dictionary, in the awareness that the exchange of lexical information is (only) a necessary first step, before structuring the corresponding entries in different languages.

  14. 76 FR 43477 - Debit Card Interchange Fees and Routing

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-20

    ...The Board is adopting an interim final rule and requesting comment on provisions in Regulation II (Debit Card Interchange Fees and Routing) adopted in accordance with Section 920(a)(5) of the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, which governs adjustments to debit interchange transaction fees for fraud-prevention costs. The provisions allow an issuer to receive an adjustment of 1 cent to its interchange transaction fee if the issuer develops, implements, and updates policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify and prevent fraudulent electronic debit transactions; monitor the incidence of, reimbursements received for, and losses incurred from fraudulent electronic debit transactions; respond appropriately to suspicious electronic debit transactions so as to limit the fraud losses that may occur and prevent the occurrence of future fraudulent electronic debit transactions; and secure debit card and cardholder data. If an issuer meets these standards and wishes to receive the adjustment, it must certify its eligibility to receive the fraud-prevention adjustment to the payment card networks in which the issuer participates.

  15. Efficient decentralized consensus protocols

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lakshman, T. V.; Agrawala, A. K.

    1986-01-01

    Decentralized consensus protocols are characterized by successive rounds of message interchanges. Protocols which achieve a consensus in one round of message interchange require O(N-squared) messages, where N is the number of participants. In this paper, a communication scheme, based on finite projective planes, which requires only O(N sq rt N) messages for each round is presented. Using this communication scheme, decentralized consensus protocols which achieve a consensus within two rounds of message interchange are developed. The protocols are symmetric, and the communication scheme does not impose any hierarchical structure. The scheme is illustrated using blocking and nonblocking commit protocols, decentralized extrema finding, and computation of the sum function.

  16. Analysis of ISO NE Balancing Requirements: Uncertainty-based Secure Ranges for ISO New England Dynamic Inerchange Adjustments

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Etingov, Pavel V.; Makarov, Yuri V.; Wu, Di

    The document describes detailed uncertainty quantification (UQ) methodology developed by PNNL to estimate secure ranges of potential dynamic intra-hour interchange adjustments in the ISO-NE system and provides description of the dynamic interchange adjustment (DINA) tool developed under the same contract. The overall system ramping up and down capability, spinning reserve requirements, interchange schedules, load variations and uncertainties from various sources that are relevant to the ISO-NE system are incorporated into the methodology and the tool. The DINA tool has been tested by PNNL and ISO-NE staff engineers using ISO-NE data.

  17. Members of the S&T Partnership Forum Meet for an In-Space Assembly Technical Interchange Meeting on September 6th, 2017

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-09-06

    WASHINGTON, D.C.---S&T Partnership Forum In-Space Assembly Technical Interchange Meeting-On September 6th 2017, many of the United States government experts on In-Space Assembly met at the U.S. Naval Research Lab to discuss both technology development and in-space applications that would advance national capabilities in this area. Expertise from NASA, USAF, NRO, DARPA and NRL met in this meeting which was coordinated by the NASA Headquarters, Office of the Chief Technologist. This technical interchange meeting was the second meeting of the members of this Science and Technology Partnership Forum.

  18. Learning Across Cultures: Intercultural Communication and International Educational Exchange.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Althen, Gary, Ed.; And Others

    Aspects of intercultural educational activity, research on learning, and implications for educational interchange, and case studies of the application of ideas from the intercultural communication field to work in international educational interchange are addressed in nine papers. Contents include: "Dynamics of Cross-cultural Adjustment: from…

  19. Electronic Data Interchange: Using Technology to Exchange Transcripts.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stewart, John T.

    1994-01-01

    Describes the Florida Automated System for Transferring Educational Records (FASTER) project, which permits the electronic exchange of student transcripts; uses of similar electronic data interchange (EDI) programs in other states; and the national SPEEDE/ExPRESS project, which uses a standard format for transferring electronic transcripts.…

  20. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) for Libraries and Publishers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Santosuosso, Joe

    1992-01-01

    Defines electronic data interchange (EDI) as the exchange of data between computer systems without human intervention or interpretation. Standards are discussed; and the implementation of EDI in libraries and the serials publishing community in the areas of orders and acquisitions, claims, and invoice processing is described. (LRW)

  1. Electronic Data Interchange: Selected Issues and Trends.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wigand, Rolf T.; And Others

    1993-01-01

    Describes electronic data interchange (EDI) as the application-to-application exchange of business documents in a computer-readable format. Topics discussed include EDI in various industries, EDI in finance and banking, organizational impacts of EDI, future EDI markets and organizations, and implications for information resources management.…

  2. Costs and benefits of strategic acquisition of limited access right-of-way at freeway interchange areas

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2004-11-01

    The purpose of this research is to assess the cost effectiveness of purchasing additional limited access right-of-way at the time of construction in lieu of retrofitting interchange areas after functional failure. The findings indicate that the long ...

  3. 2014 Trans-Atlantic Research and Development Interchange on Sustainability (Tardis 2014): Summary of Discussions

    EPA Science Inventory

    The Trans-Atlantic Research and Development Interchange on Sustainability (TARDIS) has been bringing together a select group of scientists and engineers for in-depth discussions on sustainability on a bi-annual basis since 2004. TARDIS 2014 included twenty eight individuals from ...

  4. Focus on Nutrition. MCH Program Interchange.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, Washington, DC.

    This issue of the "MCH Program Interchange" describes selected materials and publications in maternal and child health (MCH) nutrition services and programs. The materials were developed by or are available from federal agencies, state and local public health agencies, and voluntary and professional organizations. The information is intended to…

  5. Dynamics of Coronal Hole Boundaries

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Higginson, A. K.; Zurbuchen, T. H.; Antiochos, S. K.

    Remote and in situ observations strongly imply that the slow solar wind consists of plasma from the hot, closed-field corona that is released onto open magnetic field lines. The Separatrix Web theory for the slow wind proposes that photospheric motions at the scale of supergranules are responsible for generating dynamics at coronal-hole boundaries, which result in the closed plasma release. We use three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations to determine the effect of photospheric flows on the open and closed magnetic flux of a model corona with a dipole magnetic field and an isothermal solar wind. A rotational surface motion is used tomore » approximate photospheric supergranular driving and is applied at the boundary between the coronal hole and helmet streamer. The resulting dynamics consist primarily of prolific and efficient interchange reconnection between open and closed flux. The magnetic flux near the coronal-hole boundary experiences multiple interchange events, with some flux interchanging over 50 times in one day. Additionally, we find that the interchange reconnection occurs all along the coronal-hole boundary and even produces a lasting change in magnetic-field connectivity in regions that were not driven by the applied motions. Our results show that these dynamics should be ubiquitous in the Sun and heliosphere. We discuss the implications of our simulations for understanding the observed properties of the slow solar wind, with particular focus on the global-scale consequences of interchange reconnection.« less

  6. Observations of a Small Interplanetary Magnetic Flux Rope Opening by Interchange Reconnection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, J. M.; Feng, H. Q.; Zhao, G. Q.

    2018-01-01

    Interchange reconnection, specifically magnetic reconnection between open magnetic fields and closed magnetic flux ropes, plays a major role in the heliospheric magnetic flux budget. It is generally accepted that closed magnetic field lines of interplanetary magnetic flux ropes (IMFRs) can gradually open through reconnection between one of its legs and other open field lines until no closed field lines are left to contribute flux to the heliosphere. In this paper, we report an IMFR associated with a magnetic reconnection exhaust, whereby its closed field lines were opening by a magnetic reconnection event near 1 au. The reconnection exhaust and the following IMFR were observed on 2002 February 2 by both the Wind and ACE spacecraft. Observations on counterstreaming suprathermal electrons revealed that most magnetic field lines of the IMFR were closed, especially those after the front boundary of the IMFR, with both ends connected to the Sun. The unidirectional suprathermal electron strahls before the exhaust manifested the magnetic field lines observed before the exhaust was open. These observations provide direct evidence that closed field lines of IMFRs can be opened by interchange reconnection in interplanetary space. This is the first report of the closed field lines of IMFRs being opened by interchange reconnection in interplanetary space. This type of interplanetary interchange reconnection may pose important implications for balancing the heliospheric flux budget.

  7. 78 FR 54589 - Information Required in Notices and Petitions Containing Interchange Commitments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-05

    ... Chairman Begeman, dissenting: I did not object to the Board's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking when it was... a third-party connecting carrier, whether by outright prohibition, per-car penalty, adjustment in... future interchange with a third-party connecting carrier, whether by outright prohibition, per-car...

  8. A New Voice on Interchange: Is It Talking or Writing? Implications for the Teaching of Literature.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McGrath, Carolyn

    1998-01-01

    Based on analysis of discussions of fiction using Dedalus Interchange in literary analysis classes, it was found that synchronous electronic conferencing exposed students to more viewpoints, deemphasized traditional authority, increased metalinguistic awareness, decreased inhibition and gender barriers, and facilitated increased social…

  9. The Design of the CCCII and Its Application Considerations in Library Automation.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Huang, Jack Kai-tung; And Others

    This paper presents the major characteristics of the Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange (CCCII) and indicates its intended application for the interchange of Chinese information among computer systems and communication facilities, especially in library networks. It is considered sufficient for present day library applications,…

  10. A numerical investigation into the performance of the soil nail wall and pile foundation at the Swift Delta I-5 Interchange.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1993-12-01

    Finite Difference Methods (FDM) and Finite Element Methods (FEM) studies are reported studying the soil nail wall construction at the Swift Delta I-5 Interchange bridge reconstruction in North Portland, Oregon. Five layers of soil nails were installe...

  11. MCH Program Interchange. Focus on Adolescent Substance Abuse.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, Washington, DC.

    This issue of the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Program Interchange provides information about selected materials and publications related to adolescent substance abuse. Its intent is to facilitate the exchange of information between those concerned with substance abuse at the federal, state, and local levels, within both the public and private…

  12. Interchange. November 1972-July 1983.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brandhorst, Ted, Ed.

    The Interchange newsletter is prepared irregularly (approximately semiannually) by the staff of the ERIC Processing and Reference Facility in order to communicate matters of interest to users of the ERIC database and of other ERIC products and services. Initially, the focus was on computer-oriented users who were receiving the ERIC magnetic tapes…

  13. ERIC Users' Interchange, February 1988-March 1993.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    ERIC User's Interchange, 1993

    1993-01-01

    The Interchange newsletter is prepared semiannually by the staff of Access ERIC in order to communicate matters of interest to users of the ERIC database and of other ERIC products and services. The newsletter disseminates a broad spectrum of information pertaining to ERIC, including: price changes, microfiche products, ERIC Clearinghouse news,…

  14. Coalition Network Defence Common Operational Picture

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-11-01

    27000 .org/ iso -27005.htm [26] ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats - Information interchange - Representation of dates and times, http://ww.iso.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601 ...Regular_expression [25] ISO /IEC 27005:2008, Information technology -- Security techniques -- Information security risk management, http://ww.iso.org,; http://www

  15. 49 CFR Appendix C to Part 564 - Information Applicable to Standardized Sealed Beam Headlamp Units

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Standardized Sealed Beam Unit. A. Dimensions marked “I”, indicating interchangeability, for which conformance is mandatory. B. All other dimensions which are for design purposes. II. Dimensional Information... Sealed Beam Unit A. Dimensions marked “I”, indicating interchangeability, for which conformance is...

  16. 42 CFR 84.80 - Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited. 84.80 Section 84.80 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...

  17. 42 CFR 84.80 - Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited. 84.80 Section 84.80 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...

  18. 42 CFR 84.80 - Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited. 84.80 Section 84.80 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...

  19. 42 CFR 84.80 - Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited. 84.80 Section 84.80 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...

  20. 42 CFR 84.80 - Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Interchangeability of oxygen and air prohibited. 84.80 Section 84.80 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...

  1. Air Quality Analysis of a Multilevel Complex Interchange : Case Study Using the Improved TSC/EPA Model

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1976-12-01

    This report describes a case study of an air quality analysis prepared by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Transportation Systems Center (TSC). The site analyzed was the proposed I-83/I-95 interchange in Baltimore, Maryland. This intercha...

  2. Complete mitochondrial genome of Chocolate Pansy, Junonia iphita (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae).

    PubMed

    Vanlalruati, Catherine; Mandal, Surajit De; Gurusubramanian, Guruswami; Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu

    2016-07-01

    The complete mitochondrial genome of Junonia iphita was determined to be 15,433 bp in length, including 37 typical mitochondrial genes and an AT-rich region. All the protein coding genes (PCGs) are initiated by typical ATN codons, except cox1 gene that is by CGA codon. Eight genes use complete termination codon (TAA), whereas the cox1, cox2 and nad5 genes end with single T; nad4 and nad1 ends with stop codon TA. All the tRNA show secondary cloverleaf structures except trnS1 (AGN). The A + T rich region is 546 bp in length containing ATAGA motif followed by a 18 bp poly-T stretch, two microsatellite-like (TA)9 elements and 8 bp poly-A stretch immediately upstream of trnM gene.

  3. Connector interchangeability

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Berilla, T.

    1972-01-01

    The application is discussed of the general rules of ANSI Y14.5 in designing connectors for interchangeability, and lowering costs. The general rules are applied to actural connector designs, and existing specifications are identified that (1) reject better quality products than those accepted, (2) accept products which should be rejected, and (3) impose unnecessary, nonfunctional costly requirements.

  4. Fluency Effects in Recognition Memory: Are Perceptual Fluency and Conceptual Fluency Interchangeable?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lanska, Meredith; Olds, Justin M.; Westerman, Deanne L.

    2014-01-01

    On a recognition memory test, both perceptual and conceptual fluency can engender a sense of familiarity and elicit recognition memory illusions. To date, perceptual and conceptual fluency have been studied separately but are they interchangeable in terms of their influence on recognition judgments? Five experiments compared the effect of…

  5. 45 CFR 162.1402 - Standards for health care claim status transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3, April 2008, ASC X12N/005010X212E1. (Incorporated by.... 162.1402 Section 162.1402 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES ADMINISTRATIVE DATA... paragraph (a) of this section; and (2) The ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical...

  6. 76 FR 42721 - Automated Commercial Environment (ACE): Announcement of a New Start Date for the National Customs...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-19

    ... the e-mail any past electronic data interchange (EDI) history with CBP. Written comments concerning... be transmitted in advance of arrival through a CBP-approved electronic data interchange (EDI).The..., 2008).\\1\\ Currently, the Automated Commercial System (ACS) is the CBP-approved EDI through which this...

  7. 49 CFR Appendix B to Part 564 - Information To Be Submitted for Long Life Replaceable Light Sources of Limited Definition

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    .... A. Angular locations, diameters, key/keyway sizes, and any other interchangeability dimensions for... base in the bulb holder such as tabs, keys, keyways, surface, etc. III. Bulb Holder Interchangeability Dimensions and Tolerances. A. Mating angular locations, diameters, key/keyway sizes, any other...

  8. 49 CFR Appendix B to Part 564 - Information To Be Submitted for Long Life Replaceable Light Sources of Limited Definition

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    .... A. Angular locations, diameters, key/keyway sizes, and any other interchangeability dimensions for... base in the bulb holder such as tabs, keys, keyways, surface, etc. III. Bulb Holder Interchangeability Dimensions and Tolerances. A. Mating angular locations, diameters, key/keyway sizes, any other...

  9. 5. SITE OVERVIEW. DETAIL VIEW OF INTERCHANGE OF ARROYO SECO ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    5. SITE OVERVIEW. DETAIL VIEW OF INTERCHANGE OF ARROYO SECO PARKWAY AT RIGHT, INTERSTATE 1-5 AT CENTER, AND FIGUEROA STREET AT LEFT. NOTE ARROYO SECO CHANNEL PARALLEL TO PARKWAY. NOTE AVENUE 26 BRIDGE AT CENTER. LOOKING 30° NNE. - Arroyo Seco Parkway, Los Angeles to Pasadena, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

  10. 49 CFR 238.9 - Responsibility for compliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... appliance and power brake provisions of this part, if the railroad has actual knowledge of the facts giving..., (i) That has one or more conditions not in compliance with a safety appliance or power brake... power brake provision of this part; or (2) Use, haul, offer in interchange, or accept in interchange any...

  11. NASA/DOD Flight Experiments Technical Interchange Meeting Proceedings

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1992-01-01

    This document contains the proceedings of the Flight Experiments Technical Interchange Meeting held in Monterey California, October 5-9, 1992. Technical sessions 4 through 8 addressing space structures, propulsion, space power systems, space environments and effects, and space operations are covered. Many of the papers are presented in outline and viewgraph form.

  12. An unusual case of electrode misplacement: left arm and V(2) electrode reversal.

    PubMed

    García-Niebla, Javier; García, Pablo Llontop

    2008-01-01

    Accidental interchange between precordial and limb leads, although unusual, can be possible given that some of them share the same color. We present the case where interchange of V(2) and left arm cables produced significant electrocardiographic abnormalities, which created many doubts and discussion within the clinical team.

  13. 32 CFR 644.409 - Procedures for Interchange of National Forest Lands.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate, by letter, of the... published in the Federal Register an order transferring the respective lands of each department to the other... Chief of Engineers that an order of interchange has been published, the DE will coordinate with local...

  14. International emergency medicine fellowships.

    PubMed

    Anderson, Philip D; Aschkenasy, Miriam; Lis, Julian

    2005-02-01

    The active interchange of intellectual ideas in the quest to improve healthcare globally will likely be best served by active interchange among physicians around the world. Subspecialty fellowship training programs for United States and foreign graduates will provide a focused path to development of a global network of physicians dedicated to the delivery of high-quality emergency health services.

  15. 78 FR 41993 - Ann Arbor Railroad, Inc.-Lease Exemption-Norfolk Southern Railway Company

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-12

    ... number of carloads interchanged with NSR in a given year.\\1\\ AARR states that the interchange commitment..., Canadian National Railway Company (CN), CSX Transportation, Inc., and Wheeling & Lake Erie Railway in Toledo; the Indiana and Ohio Railway and CN in Diann, Mich.; NSR in Milan, Mich.; and Great Lakes Central...

  16. Evaluation of Use of Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) Animations in Mathematics Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Altintas, Esra; Iigun, Sukru; Kucuk, Soner

    2017-01-01

    This study investigates opinions of Grade 12 students about the use of Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) animations in mathematics lessons. It explores the ways of making mathematics easier and more understandable for students by demonstrating whether or not GIF animations that emerged from the integration of technology into mathematics education…

  17. 78 FR 71992 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-02

    ...) with a metallic MFLI with the top stop retained by a `trapped wire', or with a composite MFLI. Since...'' column of the table in paragraph 1.L., ``Interchangeability/Mixability,'' of Airbus Service Bulletin A320... a P/N identified in the ``old P/N'' column of the table in paragraph 1.L., ``Interchangeability...

  18. On assessing bioequivalence and interchangeability between generics based on indirect comparisons.

    PubMed

    Zheng, Jiayin; Chow, Shein-Chung; Yuan, Mengdie

    2017-08-30

    As more and more generics become available in the market place, the safety/efficacy concerns may arise as the result of interchangeably use of approved generics. However, bioequivalence assessment for regulatory approval among generics of the innovative drug product is not required. In practice, approved generics are often used interchangeably without any mechanism of safety monitoring. In this article, based on indirect comparisons, we proposed several methods to assessing bioequivalence and interchangeability between generics. The applicability of the methods and the similarity assumptions were discussed, as well as the inappropriateness of directly adopting adjusted indirect comparison to the field of generics' comparison. Besides, some extensions were given to take into consideration the important topics in clinical trials for bioequivalence assessments, for example, multiple comparisons and simultaneously testing bioequivalence among three generics. Extensive simulation studies were conducted to investigate the performances of the proposed methods. The studies of malaria generics and HIV/AIDS generics prequalified by the WHO were used as real examples to demonstrate the use of the methods. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  19. Interchanging Lexical Information for a Multilingual Dictionary

    PubMed Central

    Baud, RH; Nyström, M; Borin, L; Evans, R; Schulz, S; Zweigenbaum, P

    2005-01-01

    Objective To facilitate the interchange of lexical information for multiple languages in the medical domain. To pave the way for the emergence of a generally available truly multilingual electronic dictionary in the medical domain. Methods An interchange format has to be neutral relative to the target languages. It has to be consistent with current needs of lexicon authors, present and future. An active interaction between six potential authors aimed to determine a common denominator striking the right balance between richness of content and ease of use for lexicon providers. Results A simple list of relevant attributes has been established and published. The format has the potential for collecting relevant parts of a future multilingual dictionary. An XML version is available. Conclusion This effort makes feasible the exchange of lexical information between research groups. Interchange files are made available in a public repository. This procedure opens the door to a true multilingual dictionary, in the awareness that the exchange of lexical information is (only) a necessary first step, before structuring the corresponding entries in different languages. PMID:16778996

  20. Factors That Influence Running Intensity in Interchange Players in Professional Rugby League.

    PubMed

    Delaney, Jace A; Thornton, Heidi R; Duthie, Grant M; Dascombe, Ben J

    2016-11-01

    Rugby league coaches adopt replacement strategies for their interchange players to maximize running intensity; however, it is important to understand the factors that may influence match performance. To assess the independent factors affecting running intensity sustained by interchange players during professional rugby league. Global positioning system (GPS) data were collected from all interchanged players (starters and nonstarters) in a professional rugby league squad across 24 matches of a National Rugby League season. A multilevel mixed-model approach was employed to establish the effect of various technical (attacking and defensive involvements), temporal (bout duration, time in possession, etc), and situational (season phase, recovery cycle, etc) factors on the relative distance covered and average metabolic power (P met ) during competition. Significant effects were standardized using correlation coefficients, and the likelihood of the effect was described using magnitude-based inferences. Superior intermittent running ability resulted in very likely large increases in both relative distance and P met . As the length of a bout increased, both measures of running intensity exhibited a small decrease. There were at least likely small increases in running intensity for matches played after short recovery cycles and against strong opposition. During a bout, the number of collision-based involvements increased running intensity, whereas time in possession and ball time out of play decreased demands. These data demonstrate a complex interaction of individual- and match-based factors that require consideration when developing interchange strategies, and the manipulation of training loads during shorter recovery periods and against stronger opponents may be beneficial.

  1. Knowledge Representation Standards and Interchange Formats for Causal Graphs

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Throop, David R.; Malin, Jane T.; Fleming, Land

    2005-01-01

    In many domains, automated reasoning tools must represent graphs of causally linked events. These include fault-tree analysis, probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), planning, procedures, medical reasoning about disease progression, and functional architectures. Each of these fields has its own requirements for the representation of causation, events, actors and conditions. The representations include ontologies of function and cause, data dictionaries for causal dependency, failure and hazard, and interchange formats between some existing tools. In none of the domains has a generally accepted interchange format emerged. The paper makes progress towards interoperability across the wide range of causal analysis methodologies. We survey existing practice and emerging interchange formats in each of these fields. Setting forth a set of terms and concepts that are broadly shared across the domains, we examine the several ways in which current practice represents them. Some phenomena are difficult to represent or to analyze in several domains. These include mode transitions, reachability analysis, positive and negative feedback loops, conditions correlated but not causally linked and bimodal probability distributions. We work through examples and contrast the differing methods for addressing them. We detail recent work in knowledge interchange formats for causal trees in aerospace analysis applications in early design, safety and reliability. Several examples are discussed, with a particular focus on reachability analysis and mode transitions. We generalize the aerospace analysis work across the several other domains. We also recommend features and capabilities for the next generation of causal knowledge representation standards.

  2. Effects of fast ions on interchange modes in the Large Helical Device plasmas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pinon, Jonhathan; Todo, Yasushi; Wang, Hao

    2018-07-01

    Effects of fast ions on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in a Large Helical Device (LHD) plasma with the central beta value (=pressure normalized by the magnetic pressure) 4% have been investigated with hybrid simulations for energetic particles interacting with an MHD fluid. When fast ions are neglected, it is found that the dominant instability is an ideal interchange mode with the dominant harmonic m/n = 2/1, where m, n are respectively the poloidal and toroidal numbers. The spatial peak location of the m/n = 2/1 harmonic is close to the ι = 1/2 magnetic surface located at r/a = 0.29, where ι is the rotational transform and r/a is the normalized radius. The second unstable mode is a resistive interchange mode with m/n =3/2 that peaks at r/a = 0.65 nearby the ι = 2/3 surface, which grows more slowly than the m/n = 2/1 mode. The nonlinear coupling of the m/n = 3/2 and 2/1 mode results in the growth of the m/n = 5/3 mode and other modes leading to the global reduction and flattening of the pressure profile. When fast ions are considered with the central beta value 0.2% and the total pressure profile is kept the same, the ideal interchange mode with m/n = 2/1 located close to the plasma center is stabilized while the resistive interchange mode with m/n = 3/2 located far from the plasma center is less affected. The stabilization is attributed to the reduction of bulk pressure gradient, which is the dilution of the free energy source, because the energy transfer between the fast ions and the interchange modes is found to be negligible. For higher fast-ion pressure, Alfvén eigenmodes are destabilized by fast ions.

  3. Effect of Misalignment between Hospital and Provincial Formularies on Medication Discrepancies at Discharge: PPITS (Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapeutic Substitution) Study

    PubMed Central

    Chua, Doson; Chu, Eric; Lo, Angela; Lo, Melissa; Pataky, Fruzina; Tang, Linda; Bains, Ajay

    2012-01-01

    Background Medication discrepancies may occur on admission, transfer, or discharge from hospital. Therapeutic interchange within a drug class is a common practice in hospitals, and orders for specific proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often substituted with the hospital’s formulary PPI through therapeutic interchange protocols. Rabeprazole is the PPI on the formulary of the British Columbia PharmaCare program. However, different PPIs may appear on the formularies of the province’s hospitals. This misalignment and use of therapeutic interchange may lead to increased rates of medication discrepancies at the time of discharge. Objective To evaluate the effect of formulary misalignment for PPIs between St Paul’s Hospital in Vancouver and the British Columbia PharmaCare program and use of therapeutic interchange on the occurrence of medication discrepancies at discharge. Methods A cohort chart review was performed to compare discharge discrepancy rates for PPI orders between 2 periods: June 2006 to June 2008, when the same PPI appeared on the hospital and provincial formularies, and July 2008 to July 2010, when the designated PPIs differed between the hospital and provincial formularies. Data for the first study period were used to establish the baseline discharge discrepancy rate, and data for the later period represented the discharge discrepancy rate in the presence of misalignment between the hospital and PharmaCare formularies. Results The discharge discrepancy rate for PPIs was 27.3% (24/88) when the 2 formularies were aligned and 49.1% (81/165) when the formularies were misaligned. This represents an absolute increase of 21.8 percentage points in the risk of discharge discrepancies (95% confidence interval 9.8–33.9 percentage points; p < 0.001) when the hospital and provincial formularies were misaligned and the hospital’s therapeutic interchange protocol was used. Conclusions Misalignment between the PPIs specified in the hospital and provincial formularies, combined with use of therapeutic interchange, was associated with a significant increase in medication discrepancies at discharge. PMID:22529401

  4. Futures Information Interchange Newsletter; Volume 3, Number 2 and 3, December 1974 and April 1975.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Massachusetts Univ., Amherst. School of Education.

    The Futures Information Interchange Newsletters (No. 2 and 3) include a collection of practical teaching methods and learning activities for introducing future studies in the elementary and secondary classroom. Two lead articles offer new insights into future studies. In "Dilemmas of a Futurist" Fran Koster discusses some of the stresses unique to…

  5. 78 FR 6845 - Notice of Final Federal Agency Actions on Proposed Interchange Project in Massachusetts

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-31

    ..., Cambridge, MA 02142, Monday through Friday 8:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m., 617-494-2419, [email protected]dot.gov . For the Massachusetts Department of Transportation Highway Division (MassDOT): Ms. Mary Hynes, Project Manager... on Proposed Interchange Project in Massachusetts AGENCY: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), DOT...

  6. Boiling eXperiment Facility (BXF) Fluid Toxicity Technical Interchange Meeting (TIM) with the Payload Safety Review Panel (PSRP)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sheredy, William A.

    2012-01-01

    A Technical Interchange meeting was held between the payload developers for the Boiling eXperiment Facility (BXF) and the NASA Safety Review Panel concerning operational anomaly that resulted in overheating one of the fluid heaters, shorted a 24VDC power supply and generated Perfluoroisobutylene (PFiB) from Perfluorohexane.

  7. The Use of Electronic Data Interchange under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rhinehart, Paul T.

    1996-01-01

    When used in managing college student records, electronic data interchange allows electronic student records to be fed directly into a receiving institution's database instead of being sent by mail. Although the process offers many clear advantages, one important question that must be addressed is how students' privacy will be protected under a…

  8. 45 CFR 162.1602 - Standards for health care electronic funds transfers (EFT) and remittance advice transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim Payment/Advice (835), April 2006, ASC X12N/005010X221... for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3, “Health Care Claim Payment/Advice (835... same transmission, the ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3...

  9. 45 CFR 162.1602 - Standards for health care electronic funds transfers (EFT) and remittance advice transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim Payment/Advice (835), April 2006, ASC X12N/005010X221... for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3, “Health Care Claim Payment/Advice (835... same transmission, the ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3...

  10. 45 CFR 162.1602 - Standards for health care electronic funds transfers (EFT) and remittance advice transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim Payment/Advice (835), April 2006, ASC X12N/005010X221... for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3, “Health Care Claim Payment/Advice (835... same transmission, the ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3...

  11. Using Data-Dependent Priors to Mitigate Small Sample Bias in Latent Growth Models: A Discussion and Illustration Using M"plus"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McNeish, Daniel M.

    2016-01-01

    Mixed-effects models (MEMs) and latent growth models (LGMs) are often considered interchangeable save the discipline-specific nomenclature. Software implementations of these models, however, are not interchangeable, particularly with small sample sizes. Restricted maximum likelihood estimation that mitigates small sample bias in MEMs has not been…

  12. Bioboxes: standardised containers for interchangeable bioinformatics software.

    PubMed

    Belmann, Peter; Dröge, Johannes; Bremges, Andreas; McHardy, Alice C; Sczyrba, Alexander; Barton, Michael D

    2015-01-01

    Software is now both central and essential to modern biology, yet lack of availability, difficult installations, and complex user interfaces make software hard to obtain and use. Containerisation, as exemplified by the Docker platform, has the potential to solve the problems associated with sharing software. We propose bioboxes: containers with standardised interfaces to make bioinformatics software interchangeable.

  13. Teacher Mobility and Transnational, "British World" Space: The League of the Empire's "Interchange of Home and Dominion Teachers", 1907-1931

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Crutchley, Jody

    2015-01-01

    This article explores the experiences of teachers who participated in the League of the Empire's "Interchange of Home and Dominion Teachers" scheme through a tripartite approach to "British World" space. First, it identifies the mechanisms through which exchanges were established. It analyses the patterns of teacher mobility…

  14. Glen Henshaw Briefs NASA Chief and Deputy Chief Technologists at the In-Space Assembly Technical Interchange Meeting on September 6, 2017

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-09-06

    WASHINGTON, D.C.---S&T Partnership Forum In-Space Assembly Technical Interchange Meeting-On September 6th 2017, many of the United States government experts on In-Space Assembly met at the U.S. Naval Research Lab to discuss both technology development and in-space applications that would advance national capabilities in this area. Expertise from NASA, USAF, NRO, DARPA and NRL met in this meeting which was coordinated by the NASA Headquarters, Office of the Chief Technologist. This technical interchange meeting was the second meeting of the members of this Science and Technology Partnership Forum. Glen Henshaw of Code 8231 talks to the group in the Space Robotics Lab.

  15. Cryogenic mechanisms for scanning and interchange of the Fabry-Perot interferometers in the ISO long wavelength spectrometer

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Davis, G. R.; Furniss, I.; Patrick, T. J.; Sidey, R. C.; Towlson, W. A.

    1991-01-01

    The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is an ESA cornerstone mission for infrared astronomy. Schedules for launch in 1993, its four scientific instruments will provide unprecedented sensitivity and spectral resolution at wavelengths which are inaccessible using ground-based techniques. One of these, the Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS), will operate in the 45 to 180 micron region (Emery et. al., 1985) and features two Fabry-Perot interferometers mounted on an interchange mechanism. The entire payload module of the spacecraft, comprising the 60 cm telescope and the four focal plane instruments, is maintained at 2 to 4 K by an onboard supply of liquid helium. The mechanical design and testing of the cryogenic interferometer and interchange mechanisms are described.

  16. Babinet's principle in double-refraction systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ropars, Guy; Le Floch, Albert

    2014-06-01

    Babinet's principle applied to systems with double refraction is shown to involve spatial interchanges between the ordinary and extraordinary patterns observed through two complementary screens. As in the case of metamaterials, the extraordinary beam does not follow the Snell-Descartes refraction law, the superposition principle has to be applied simultaneously at two points. Surprisingly, by contrast to the intuitive impression, in the presence of the screen with an opaque region, we observe that the emerging extraordinary photon pattern, which however has undergone a deviation, remains fixed when a natural birefringent crystal is rotated while the ordinary one rotates with the crystal. The twofold application of Babinet's principle implies intensity and polarization interchanges but also spatial and dynamic interchanges which should occur in birefringent metamaterials.

  17. Interfering RNA with multi-targets for efficient gene suppression in HCC cells.

    PubMed

    Li, Tiejun; Zhu, York Yuanyuan; Ji, Yi; Zhou, Songfeng

    2018-06-01

    RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been widely used in therapeutics development, especially multiple targeted RNAi strategy, which is a better method for multiple gene suppression. In the study, interfering RNAs (iRNAs) were designed for carrying two or three different siRNA sequences in different secondary structure formats (loop or cloverleaf). By using these types of iRNAs, co-inhibition of survivin and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and we obtained promising gene silencing effects without showing undesirable interferon response. Furthermore, suppression effects on proliferation, invasion, and induced apoptosis in HCC cells were validated. The results suggest that long iRNAs with secondary structure may be a preferred strategy for multigenic disease therapy, especially for cancer and viral gene therapy and their iRNA drug development.

  18. The complete mitochondrial genome of Gryllotalpa unispina Saussure, 1874 (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpoidea: Gryllotalpidae).

    PubMed

    Zhang, Yulong; Shao, Dandan; Cai, Miao; Yin, Hong; Zhang, Daochuan

    2016-01-01

    The complete mitochondrial genome of Gryllotalpa unispina was 15,513 bp in length and contained 70.9% AT. All G. unispina protein-coding sequences except for the nad2 started with a typical ATN codon. The usual termination codons (TAA) and incomplete stop codons (T) were found from 13 protein-coding genes. All tRNA genes were folded into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except trnS(AGN) lacking the dihydrouridine arm. The sizes of the large and small ribosomal RNA genes were 1245 and 725 bp, respectively. The A + T-rich region was 917 bp in length with 76.8%. The orientation and gene order of the G. unispina mitogenome were identical to the G. orientalis and G. pluvialis, there was no phenomenon of "DK rearrangement" which has been widely reported in Caelifera.

  19. Novel geometry for simultaneous resistive, Hall and optical measurement of MgHx thin films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Koon, D. W.; Griffin, C. C. W.; Ares, J. R.; Leardini, F.; Sanchez, C.

    2009-03-01

    We describe a novel specimen geometry we have used to simultaneously probe optical transmission, sheet resistance and sheet Hall resistance in 100nm Mg films during hydrogen absorption. A Mg-film cloverleaf overlaps four rectangular Pd pads at the corners of a glass slide, a variation on a two-pad geometry used by Ingason and Olafsson for resistive studies of Pd-capped MgHx films [J. Alloys and Compounds 404- 406 (2005), 469-72.]. Hydrogen diffuses laterally through the Pd pads before entering the magnesium layer from below. The sample holder also includes an LED-photodiode pair for measuring [monochromatic] optical transmission. We show that the simultaneous measurement of these three quantities during the metal-to-insulator transition in a hydriding MgHx film allows for a more complete understanding of the hydriding process in these films.

  20. In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU 3) Technical Interchange Meeting: Abstracts

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1999-01-01

    This volume contains abstracts that have been accepted for presentation at the In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU III) Technical Interchange Meeting, February 11-12, 1999, hosted by the Lockheed Martin Astronautics Waterton Facility, Denver, Colorado. Administration and publication support for this meeting were provided by the staff of the Publications and Program Services Department at the Lunar and Planetary Institute.

  1. The Implicit Curriculum in Social Work Education: The Culture of Human Interchange

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bogo, Marion; Wayne, Julianne

    2013-01-01

    This article focuses on the culture of human interchange, which is included as a component of the implicit curriculum in the current EPAS. It presents the use of the implicit curriculum concept in teacher and medical education as a context for its application to social work education. The authors argue that professional behaviors taught in the…

  2. Mother-Child Interaction, Comprehension of Emotion, and Sharing Behavior in Toddlers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Levitt, Mary J.; And Others

    To determine whether toddlers who experienced mutually responsive patterns of interchange with their mothers would be more likely to respond to the need of a peer than those who did not experience such interchange, 20 children with a mean age of 32 months were observed in pairs, with their mothers present, in structured and unstructured settings.…

  3. Tether Technology Interchange Meeting

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Harrison, James K. (Compiler)

    1998-01-01

    This is a compilation of 25 papers presented at a tether technical interchange meeting in Huntsville, AL, on September 9-10, 1997. After each presentation, a technical discussion was held to clarify and expand the salient points. A wide range of subjects was covered including tether dynamics, electrodynamics, space power generation, plasma physics, ionospheric physics, towing tethers, tethered reentry schemes, and future tether missions.

  4. 45 CFR 162.1402 - Standards for health care claim status transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3, April 2008, ASC X12N/005010X212E1. (Incorporated by... paragraph (a) of this section; and (2) The ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim Status Request and Response (276/277), August 2006, ASC X12N/005010X212...

  5. 45 CFR 162.1402 - Standards for health care claim status transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3, April 2008, ASC X12N/005010X212E1. (Incorporated by... paragraph (a) of this section; and (2) The ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim Status Request and Response (276/277), August 2006, ASC X12N/005010X212...

  6. 45 CFR 162.1402 - Standards for health care claim status transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3, April 2008, ASC X12N/005010X212E1. (Incorporated by... paragraph (a) of this section; and (2) The ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim Status Request and Response (276/277), August 2006, ASC X12N/005010X212...

  7. 45 CFR 162.1402 - Standards for health care claim status transaction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3, April 2008, ASC X12N/005010X212E1. (Incorporated by... paragraph (a) of this section; and (2) The ASC X12 Standards for Electronic Data Interchange Technical Report Type 3—Health Care Claim Status Request and Response (276/277), August 2006, ASC X12N/005010X212...

  8. Third SEI Technical Interchange: Proceedings

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1992-01-01

    Given here are the proceedings of the 3rd Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) Technical Interchange. Topics covered include the First Lunar Outpost (FLO), the Lunar Resource Mapper, lunar rovers, lunar habitat concepts, lunar shelter construction analysis, thermoelectric nuclear power systems for SEI, cryogenic storage, a space network for lunar communications, the moon as a solar power satellite, and off-the-shelf avionics for future SEI missions.

  9. 29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Compliance Assistance Guidelines for Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... interchangeably in fire science literature. Section 1915.11(b)Definition of “Upper explosive limit.” The terms upper flammable limit (UFL) and upper explosive limit (UEL) are used interchangeably in fire science... life and is adequate for entry. However, any oxygen level greater than 20.8 percent by volume should...

  10. 76 FR 79755 - Notice of Final Federal Agency Actions on the Interstate 95 High Occupancy Toll Lanes Project in...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-22

    ..., Stafford, Prince William, and Fairfax Counties and City of Fredericksburg, Virginia, and those actions... interchange in Fairfax County (in the vicinity of the I-395/Edsall Road interchange) to the Prince William Parkway in Prince William County (Exit 158) and convert them to HOT Lanes. The existing two HOV lanes will...

  11. 29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Compliance Assistance Guidelines for Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... interchangeably in fire science literature. Section 1915.11(b)Definition of “Upper explosive limit.” The terms upper flammable limit (UFL) and upper explosive limit (UEL) are used interchangeably in fire science... life and is adequate for entry. However, any oxygen level greater than 20.8 percent by volume should...

  12. 78 FR 24803 - Hilco SP Rail, LLC-Acquisition and Operation Exemption-RG Steel Railroad Holding, LLC

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-26

    ... Point, Baltimore County, Md. (the Line). Hilco states that the operator of the Line will be MCM Rail Services LLC (MCM),\\1\\ and that MCM will interchange traffic with CSX Transportation, Inc. (CSXT), and... commitments in the agreement between MCM and Hilco, and that there will be no interchange agreements in the...

  13. Specification for Teaching Machines and Programmes (Interchangeability of Programmes). Part 1, Linear Machines and Programmes.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    British Standards Institution, London (England).

    To promote interchangeability of teaching machines and programs, so that the user is not so limited in his choice of programs, the British Standards Institute has offered a standard. Part I of the standard deals with linear teaching machines and programs that make use of the roll or sheet methods of presentation. Requirements cover: spools,…

  14. Bicoherence Analysis of Electrostatic Interchange Mode Coupling in a Turbulent Laboratory Magnetosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abler, M. C.; Mauel, M. E.; Saperstein, A.

    2017-12-01

    Plasmas confined by a strong dipole field exhibit interchange and entropy mode turbulence, which previous experiments have shown respond locally to active feedback [1]. On the Collisionless Terrella Experiment (CTX), this turbulence is characterized by low frequency, low order, quasi-coherent modes with complex spectral dynamics. We apply bicoherence analysis [2] to study nonlinear phase coupling in a variety of scenarios. First, we study the self-interaction of the naturally occurring interchange turbulence; this analysis is then expanded to include the effects of single or multiple driven modes in the frequency range of the background turbulent oscillations. Initial measurements of coupling coefficients are presented in both cases. Driven low frequency interchange modes are observed to generate multiple harmonics which persist throughout the plasma, becoming weaker as they propagate away from the actuator in the direction of the electron magnetic drift. Future work is also discussed, including application of wavelet bicoherence analysis and applications to planetary magnetospheres. [1] Roberts, Mauel, and Worstell, Phys Plasmas (2015). [2] Grierson, Worstell, and Mauel, Phys Plasmas (2009). Supported by NSF-DOE Partnership for Plasma Science Grants DOE-DE-FG02-00ER54585 and NSF-PHY-1201896.

  15. Towards a European food composition data interchange platform.

    PubMed

    Bell, Simone; Pakkala, Heikki; Finglas, Michael Paul

    2012-06-01

    Food composition data (FCD) comprises the description and identification of foods, as well as their nutrient content, other constituents, and food properties. FCD are required for a range of purposes including food labeling, supporting health claims, nutritional and clinical management, consumer information, and research. There have been differences within and beyond Europe in the way FCD are expressed with respect to food description, definition of nutrients and other food properties, and the methods used to generate data. One of the major goals of the EuroFIR NoE project (2005 - 10) was to provide tools to overcome existing differences among member states and parties with respect to documentation and interchange of FCD. The establishment of the CEN’s (European Committee for Standardisation) TC 387 project committee on Food Composition Data, led by the Swedish Standards Institute, and the preparation of the draft Food Data Standard, has addressed these deficiencies by enabling unambiguous identification and description of FCD and their quality, for dissemination and data interchange. Another major achievement of the EuroFIR NoE project was the development and dissemination of a single, authoritative source of FCD in Europe enabling the interchange and update of data between countries, and also giving access to users of FCD.

  16. Parameter-Space Survey of Linear G-mode and Interchange in Extended Magnetohydrodynamics

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Howell, E. C.; Sovinec, C. R.

    The extended magnetohydrodynamic stability of interchange modes is studied in two configurations. In slab geometry, a local dispersion relation for the gravitational interchange mode (g-mode) with three different extensions of the MHD model [P. Zhu, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 085005 (2008)] is analyzed. Our results delineate where drifts stablize the g-mode with gyroviscosity alone and with a two-fluid Ohm’s law alone. Including the two-fluid Ohm’s law produces an ion drift wave that interacts with the g-mode. This interaction then gives rise to a second instability at finite k y. A second instability is also observed in numerical extended MHD computations of linear interchange in cylindrical screw-pinch equilibria, the second configuration. Particularly with incomplete models, this mode limits the regions of stability for physically realistic conditions. But, applying a consistent two-temperature extended MHD model that includes the diamagnetic heat flux density (more » $$\\vec{q}$$ *) makes the onset of the second mode occur at larger Hall parameter. For conditions relevant to the SSPX experiment [E.B. Hooper, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54, 113001 (2012)], significant stabilization is observed for Suydam parameters as large as unity (D s≲1).« less

  17. Parameter-Space Survey of Linear G-mode and Interchange in Extended Magnetohydrodynamics

    DOE PAGES

    Howell, E. C.; Sovinec, C. R.

    2017-09-11

    The extended magnetohydrodynamic stability of interchange modes is studied in two configurations. In slab geometry, a local dispersion relation for the gravitational interchange mode (g-mode) with three different extensions of the MHD model [P. Zhu, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 085005 (2008)] is analyzed. Our results delineate where drifts stablize the g-mode with gyroviscosity alone and with a two-fluid Ohm’s law alone. Including the two-fluid Ohm’s law produces an ion drift wave that interacts with the g-mode. This interaction then gives rise to a second instability at finite k y. A second instability is also observed in numerical extended MHD computations of linear interchange in cylindrical screw-pinch equilibria, the second configuration. Particularly with incomplete models, this mode limits the regions of stability for physically realistic conditions. But, applying a consistent two-temperature extended MHD model that includes the diamagnetic heat flux density (more » $$\\vec{q}$$ *) makes the onset of the second mode occur at larger Hall parameter. For conditions relevant to the SSPX experiment [E.B. Hooper, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54, 113001 (2012)], significant stabilization is observed for Suydam parameters as large as unity (D s≲1).« less

  18. Properties of Artificial Gaseous Mixtures for their Safe Use and Support the Natural Gas Supply Networks / Własności Sztucznych Mieszanin Gazowych do Bezpiecznego ich Użytkowania i Wspomagania Zasilania Sieci Gazu Ziemnego

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Łaciak, Mariusz

    2012-11-01

    The increase in natural gas consumption by the general public and industry development, in particular the petrochemical and chemical industries, has made increasing the world interest in using gas replacement for natural gas, both as mixtures of flammable gases and gas mixtures as LPG with air (SNG - Synthetic Natural Gas). Economic analysis in many cases prove that to ensure interchangeability of gas would cost less than the increase in pipeline capacity to deliver the same quantity of natural gas. In addition, SNG systems and installations, could be considered as investments to improve security and flexibility of gas supply. Known existing methods for determining the interchangeability of gases in gas gear based on Wobbe index, which determines the heat input and the burning rate tide, which in turn is related to flame stability. Exceeding the Wobbe index of a value increases the amount of carbon monoxide in the exhaust than the permissible concentration. Methods of determining the interchangeability of gases is characterized by a gas in relation to the above-described phenomena by means of quantitative indicators, or using diagrams interchangeability, where the gas is characterized by the position of a point in a coordinate system. The best known method for determining the interchangeability of gases is Delbourg method, in which the gas is characterized by the revised (expanded) Wobbe Index (Wr), the combustion potential, rate of soot formation (Ic) and the ratio of the formation of yellow ends (I). Universal way to determine the interchangeability of gas is also Weaver accounting method. It does not require determination of the reference gas. It is designed for utensils for household gas and gas pressure p = 1.25 kPa. The criteria and definition of gas interchangeability volatility in practice to the combustion in a gas gear. In the case of gas exchange in industrial furnaces, interchangeability criteria are usually not very useful because of other conditions of combustion and heat exchange. In industrial reheating furnace gas is combusted in a sealed combustion chambers. Air supply is regulated. The exhaust gases are discharged into canals and the chimney to the atmosphere. The temperature difference between load (fuel gas) and the flame is much less than in the case of gas household appliances. In the furnace heat exchange takes place mainly by radiation in 85% to 95%. The value of heat flux flowing from the gas to a heated charge is not proportional to the heat load burners. Interchangeability of gas is linked by adding to natural gas, a certain amount of gas that is a substitute for natural gas in meeting the criteria for substitution in order to ensure certainty of supply of natural gas to customers. Gases that can be used in the processes of blending and used as replacement gases are mainly a mixture of propane and propane - butane (LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas), landfill gas or biogas (LFG - Landfill Gas) and dimethyl ether (DME). One of the more well-known gas mixtures used in many countries around the world to compensate for peak demands is a mixture containing about 75% of natural gas and approximately 25% propane / air (LPG / air). Also in Poland is prepared to amend the provisions in this regard (at this moment - oxygen in the gas network can not exceed 0.2%). In this paper, the calculations of interchangeability of gas mixtures LFG - LPG and LPG - air (SNG) for natural gas was made. It was determined whether the analyzed mixtures have similar stable flame zones regardless of the quality of LFG fuel and whether they may in whole or in part replace CH4, without any modification of equipment suction air for combustion. The obtained results will determine whether the fuel can be used as a replacement for natural gas used in such household appliances and, possibly, industrial burners. In connection with the possibility of changes in the quality of LFG, depending on such factors as storage time, as pre-treatment, will be determined the degree of interchangeability of LFG as a fuel mixed with regard to its quality.

  19. Modulation of thermal conductivity in kinked silicon nanowires: phonon interchanging and pinching effects.

    PubMed

    Jiang, Jin-Wu; Yang, Nuo; Wang, Bing-Shen; Rabczuk, Timon

    2013-04-10

    We perform molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the reduction of the thermal conductivity by kinks in silicon nanowires. The reduction percentage can be as high as 70% at room temperature. The temperature dependence of the reduction is also calculated. By calculating phonon polarization vectors, two mechanisms are found to be responsible for the reduced thermal conductivity: (1) the interchanging effect between the longitudinal and transverse phonon modes and (2) the pinching effect, that is, a new type of localization, for the twisting and transverse phonon modes in the kinked silicon nanowires. Our work demonstrates that the phonon interchanging and pinching effects, induced by kinking, are brand-new and effective ways in modulating heat transfer in nanowires, which enables the kinked silicon nanowires to be a promising candidate for thermoelectric materials.

  20. 29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Compliance Assistance Guidelines for Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... explosive limit (LEL) are used interchangeably in fire science literature. Section 1915.11(b)Definition of... interchangeably in fire science literature. Section 1915.12(a)(3). After a tank has been properly washed and... oxygen content of 19.5 percent can support life and is adequate for entry. However, any oxygen level...

  1. 29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Compliance Assistance Guidelines for Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... explosive limit (LEL) are used interchangeably in fire science literature. Section 1915.11(b)Definition of... interchangeably in fire science literature. Section 1915.12(a)(3). After a tank has been properly washed and... oxygen content of 19.5 percent can support life and is adequate for entry. However, any oxygen level...

  2. 29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Compliance Assistance Guidelines for Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... explosive limit (LEL) are used interchangeably in fire science literature. Section 1915.11(b)Definition of... interchangeably in fire science literature. Section 1915.12(a)(3). After a tank has been properly washed and... oxygen content of 19.5 percent can support life and is adequate for entry. However, any oxygen level...

  3. Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) Baseline Test and Evaluation.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-04-01

    Organization ReportNo 7. ~/ - 9. PorTorming Organisation Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRALS) Federal Aviation Administration National Aviation...version of the Common International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Data Interchange Network (CIDIN) protocol used in the DABS engineering model. 8. All...grouped into two subsets, one for surveillance data communications and one for Common International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Data Interchange

  4. Effects of the chromatic defocus caused by interchange of two monochromatic lights on refraction and ocular dimension in guinea pigs.

    PubMed

    Qian, Yi-Feng; Dai, Jin-Hui; Liu, Rui; Chen, Min-Jie; Zhou, Xing-Tao; Chu, Ren-Yuan

    2013-01-01

    To investigate refractive and axial responses to the shift of focal plane resulting from the interchange of two monochromatic lights separately corresponding to the peak wavelengths of the cones absorption spectrum in retina, fifty 2-week-old pigmented guinea pigs were randomly assigned to five groups based on the mode of illumination: short-wavelength light (SL), middle-wavelength light (ML) and broad-band white light (BL) for 20 weeks, SL for 10 weeks followed by ML for 10 weeks (STM), as well as ML for 10 weeks followed by SL for 10 weeks (MTS). Biometric and refractive measurements were then performed every 2 weeks. After 10 weeks, SL and STM groups became more hyperopic and had less vitreous elongation than BL group. However, ML and MTS groups became more myopic and had more vitreous elongation. After interchange of the monochromatic light, the refractive error decreased rapidly by about 1.93D and the vitreous length increased by 0.14 mm in STM group from 10 to 12 weeks. After that, there were no significant intergroup differences between STM and BL groups. The interchange from ML to SL quickly increased the refractive error by about 1.53D and decreased the vitreous length by about 0.13 mm in MTS group after two weeks. At this time, there were also no significant intergroup differences between MTS and BL groups. The guinea pig eye can accurately detect the shift in focal plane caused by interchange of two monochromatic lights and rapidly generate refractive and axial responses. However, an excessive compensation was induced. Some properties of photoreceptors or retina may be changed by the monochromatic light to influence the following refractive development.

  5. Diagnostic consistency and interchangeability of schizophrenic disorders and bipolar disorders: A 7-year follow-up study.

    PubMed

    Hung, Yen-Ni; Yang, Shu-Yu; Kuo, Chian-Jue; Lin, Shih-Ku

    2018-03-01

    The change in psychiatric diagnoses in clinical practice is not an unusual phenomenon. The interchange between the diagnoses of schizophrenic disorders and bipolar disorders is a major clinical issue because of the differences in treatment regimens and long-term prognoses. In this study, we used a nationwide population-based sample to compare the diagnostic consistency and interchange rate between schizophrenic disorders and bipolar disorders. In total, 25 711 and 11 261 patients newly diagnosed as having schizophrenic disorder and bipolar disorder, respectively, were retrospectively enrolled from the Psychiatric Inpatient Medical Claims database between 2001 and 2005. We followed these two cohorts for 7 years to determine whether their diagnoses were consistent throughout subsequent hospitalizations. The interchange between the two diagnoses was analyzed. In the schizophrenic disorder cohort, the overall diagnostic consistency rate was 87.3% and the rate of change to bipolar disorder was 3.0% during the 7-year follow-up. Additional analyses of subtypes revealed that the change rate from schizoaffective disorder to bipolar disorder was 12.0%. In the bipolar disorder cohort, the overall diagnostic consistency rate was 71.9% and the rate of change to schizophrenic disorder was 8.3%. Changes in the diagnosis of a major psychosis are not uncommon. The interchange between the diagnoses of schizophrenic disorders and bipolar disorders might be attributed to the evolution of clinical symptoms and the observation of preserved social functions that contradict the original diagnosis. While making a psychotic diagnosis, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of the change in diagnosis in the future. © 2017 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2017 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.

  6. XAFS Data Interchange: A single spectrum XAFS data file format.

    PubMed

    Ravel, B; Newville, M

    We propose a standard data format for the interchange of XAFS data. The XAFS Data Interchange (XDI) standard is meant to encapsulate a single spectrum of XAFS along with relevant metadata. XDI is a text-based format with a simple syntax which clearly delineates metadata from the data table in a way that is easily interpreted both by a computer and by a human. The metadata header is inspired by the format of an electronic mail header, representing metadata names and values as an associative array. The data table is represented as columns of numbers. This format can be imported as is into most existing XAFS data analysis, spreadsheet, or data visualization programs. Along with a specification and a dictionary of metadata types, we provide an application-programming interface written in C and bindings for programming dynamic languages.

  7. XAFS Data Interchange: A single spectrum XAFS data file format

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ravel, B.; Newville, M.

    2016-05-01

    We propose a standard data format for the interchange of XAFS data. The XAFS Data Interchange (XDI) standard is meant to encapsulate a single spectrum of XAFS along with relevant metadata. XDI is a text-based format with a simple syntax which clearly delineates metadata from the data table in a way that is easily interpreted both by a computer and by a human. The metadata header is inspired by the format of an electronic mail header, representing metadata names and values as an associative array. The data table is represented as columns of numbers. This format can be imported as is into most existing XAFS data analysis, spreadsheet, or data visualization programs. Along with a specification and a dictionary of metadata types, we provide an application-programming interface written in C and bindings for programming dynamic languages.

  8. Fluctuation-induced shear flow and energy transfer in plasma interchange turbulence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Li, B.; Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Sun, C. K.

    2015-11-15

    Fluctuation-induced E × B shear flow and energy transfer for plasma interchange turbulence are examined in a flux-driven system with both closed and open magnetic field lines. The nonlinear evolution of interchange turbulence shows the presence of two confinement regimes characterized by low and high E × B flow shear. In the first regime, the large-scale turbulent convection is dominant and the mean E × B shear flow is at a relatively low level. By increasing the heat flux above a certain threshold, the increased turbulent intensity gives rise to the transfer of energy from fluctuations to mean E ×more » B flows. As a result, a transition to the second regime occurs, in which a strong mean E × B shear flow is generated.« less

  9. Racism, the Left and Twenty-First-Century Socialism: Some Observations on the Gur-Ze'ev/McLaren Interchange

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cole, Mike

    2013-01-01

    The Gur-Ze'ev/McLaren interchange covered a wide range of issues that are important for twenty-first century socialists. In this article, the author concentrates on two of them: first, Gur-Ze'ev's charge that critical pedagogy is part of the "new anti-Semitism"; second, his critique of McLaren's support for Hugo Chavez and the Bolivarian…

  10. In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU II) Technical Interchange Meeting

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kaplan, David (Compiler); Saunders, Stephen R. (Compiler)

    1997-01-01

    This volume contains extended abstracts that have been accepted for presentation at the In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU II) Technical Interchange Meeting, November 18-19, 1997, at the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas. Included are topics which include: Extraterrestrial resources, in situ propellant production, sampling of planetary surfaces, oxygen production, water vapor extraction from the Martian atmosphere, gas generation, cryogenic refrigeration, and propellant transport and storage.

  11. Maritime Data Transfer Protocol (MDTP): A Proposal for a Data Transmission Protocol in Resource-Constrained Underwater Environments Involving Cyber-Physical Systems.

    PubMed

    Rodríguez-Molina, Jesús; Martínez, Belén; Bilbao, Sonia; Martín-Wanton, Tamara

    2017-06-08

    The utilization of autonomous maritime vehicles is becoming widespread in operations that are deemed too hazardous for humans to be directly involved in them. One of the ways to increase the productivity of the tools used during missions is the deployment of several vehicles with the same objective regarding data collection and transfer, both for the benefit of human staff and policy makers. However, the interchange of data in such an environment poses major challenges, such as a low bandwidth and the unreliability of the environment where transmissions take place. Furthermore, the relevant information that must be sent, as well as the exact size that will allow understanding it, is usually not clearly established, as standardization works are scarce in this domain. Under these conditions, establishing a way to interchange information at the data level among autonomous maritime vehicles becomes of critical importance since the needed information, along with the size of the transferred data, will have to be defined. This manuscript puts forward the Maritime Data Transfer Protocol, (MDTP) a way to interchange standardized pieces of information at the data level for maritime autonomous maritime vehicles, as well as the procedures that are required for information interchange.

  12. A format for the interchange of scheduling models

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jaap, John P.; Davis, Elizabeth K.

    1994-01-01

    In recent years a variety of space-activity schedulers have been developed within the aerospace community. Space-activity schedulers are characterized by their need to handle large numbers of activities which are time-window constrained and make high demands on many scarce resources, but are minimally constrained by predecessor/successor requirements or critical paths. Two needs to exchange data between these schedulers have materialized. First, there is significant interest in comparing and evaluating the different scheduling engines to ensure that the best technology is applied to each scheduling endeavor. Second, there is a developing requirement to divide a single scheduling task among different sites, each using a different scheduler. In fact, the scheduling task for International Space Station Alpha (ISSA) will be distributed among NASA centers and among the international partners. The format used to interchange scheduling data for ISSA will likely use a growth version of the format discussed in this paper. The model interchange format (or MIF, pronounced as one syllable) discussed in this paper is a robust solution to the need to interchange scheduling requirements for space activities. It is highly extensible, human-readable, and can be generated or edited with common text editors. It also serves well the need to support a 'benchmark' data case which can be delivered on any computer platform.

  13. Maritime Data Transfer Protocol (MDTP): A Proposal for a Data Transmission Protocol in Resource-Constrained Underwater Environments Involving Cyber-Physical Systems

    PubMed Central

    Rodríguez-Molina, Jesús; Martínez, Belén; Bilbao, Sonia; Martín-Wanton, Tamara

    2017-01-01

    The utilization of autonomous maritime vehicles is becoming widespread in operations that are deemed too hazardous for humans to be directly involved in them. One of the ways to increase the productivity of the tools used during missions is the deployment of several vehicles with the same objective regarding data collection and transfer, both for the benefit of human staff and policy makers. However, the interchange of data in such an environment poses major challenges, such as a low bandwidth and the unreliability of the environment where transmissions take place. Furthermore, the relevant information that must be sent, as well as the exact size that will allow understanding it, is usually not clearly established, as standardization works are scarce in this domain. Under these conditions, establishing a way to interchange information at the data level among autonomous maritime vehicles becomes of critical importance since the needed information, along with the size of the transferred data, will have to be defined. This manuscript puts forward the Maritime Data Transfer Protocol, (MDTP) a way to interchange standardized pieces of information at the data level for maritime autonomous maritime vehicles, as well as the procedures that are required for information interchange. PMID:28594393

  14. Dynamic Instability Leading to Increased Interchange Reconnection Rates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Edmondson, J. K.; Antiochos, S. K.; Zurbuchen, T. H.

    2008-12-01

    Interchange reconnection is widely believed to play an important role in coronal magnetic field dynamics. In this investigation we investigate the 3D dynamics of interchange reconnection by extending the concept of a magnetic null-point to a null-volume, the so-called "acute-cusp field" configuration. The acute-cusp field geometry is characterized by high-beta plasma confined with favorable curvature, surrounded by a low-beta environment. First, we construct an initial translationally-symmetric potential field configuration. This configuration contains the required topological characteristics of four separate flux systems in the perpendicular plane. We then drive the system by a slow, incompressible, uniform flow at the boundary. The resulting evolution is calculated by solving numerically the MHD equations in full 3D Cartesian coordinates using the Adaptively Refined MHD Solver developed at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Field shearing along the topological boundaries changes the shape of the acute-cusp field surface separating the high and low plasma beta regions. An extended, 2D current sheet is generated by the photospheric driving. We discuss the effect of 3D perturbations on the current sheet dynamics and on the rate of the resulting interchange reconnection. Finally, we discuss the implications of our simulations for coronal observations. This work has been supported, in part, by the NASA HTP and SR&T programs.

  15. Atypical archaeal tRNA pyrrolysine transcript behaves towards EF-Tu as a typical elongator tRNA

    PubMed Central

    Théobald-Dietrich, Anne; Frugier, Magali; Giegé, Richard; Rudinger-Thirion, Joëlle

    2004-01-01

    The newly discovered tRNAPyl is involved in specific incorporation of pyrrolysine in the active site of methylamine methyltransferases in the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri. In solution probing experiments, a transcript derived from tRNAPyl displays a secondary fold slightly different from the canonical cloverleaf and interestingly similar to that of bovine mitochondrial tRNASer(uga). Aminoacylation of tRNAPyl transcript by a typical class II synthetase, LysRS from yeast, was possible when its amber anticodon CUA was mutated into a lysine UUU anticodon. Hydrolysis protection assays show that lysylated tRNAPyl can be recognized by bacterial elongation factor. This indicates that no antideterminant sequence is present in the body of the tRNAPyl transcript to prevent it from interacting with EF-Tu, in contrast with the otherwise functionally similar tRNASec that mediates selenocysteine incorporation. PMID:14872064

  16. FORCEnet Net Centric Architecture - A Standards View

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-06-01

    SHARED SERVICES NETWORKING/COMMUNICATIONS STORAGE COMPUTING PLATFORM DATA INTERCHANGE/INTEGRATION DATA MANAGEMENT APPLICATION...R V I C E P L A T F O R M S E R V I C E F R A M E W O R K USER-FACING SERVICES SHARED SERVICES NETWORKING/COMMUNICATIONS STORAGE COMPUTING PLATFORM...E F R A M E W O R K USER-FACING SERVICES SHARED SERVICES NETWORKING/COMMUNICATIONS STORAGE COMPUTING PLATFORM DATA INTERCHANGE/INTEGRATION

  17. Implementing Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) with Small Business Suppliers in the Pre-Award Acquisition Process

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-06-01

    initiative " Electronic Commerce through EDI." Consistent with the DoD initiative to implement EDI with industry, participation of small businesses in the pre...paperwork associated with the pre-award acquisition process, electronic commerce is being integrated with EDI through electronic bulletin boards...This thesis will explore the issues surrounding DoD’s successfully implementing the use of Electronic Commerce / Electronic Data Interchange (EC/EDI

  18. XML-Based SHINE Knowledge Base Interchange Language

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    James, Mark; Mackey, Ryan; Tikidjian, Raffi

    2008-01-01

    The SHINE Knowledge Base Interchange Language software has been designed to more efficiently send new knowledge bases to spacecraft that have been embedded with the Spacecraft Health Inference Engine (SHINE) tool. The intention of the behavioral model is to capture most of the information generally associated with a spacecraft functional model, while specifically addressing the needs of execution within SHINE and Livingstone. As such, it has some constructs that are based on one or the other.

  19. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Diakov, Victor; Brinkman, Gregory; Denholm, Paul

    Using production-cost model (PLEXOS), we simulate the Western Interchange (WECC) at several levels of the yearly renewable energy (RE) generation, between 13% and 40% of the total load for the year. We look at the overall energy exchange between a region and the rest of the system (net interchange, NI), and find it useful to examine separately (i) (time-)variable and (ii) year-average components of the NI. Both contribute to inter-regional energy exchange, and are affected by wind and PV generation in the system. We find that net load variability (in relatively large portions of WECC) is the leading factor affectingmore » the variable component of inter-regional energy exchange, and the effect is quantifiable: higher regional net load correlation with the rest of the WECC lowers net interchange variability. Further, as the power mix significantly varies between WECC regions, effects of ‘flexibility import’ (regions ‘borrow’ ramping capability) are also observed.« less

  20. A budget impact model for biosimilar infliximab in Crohn's disease in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia.

    PubMed

    Brodszky, Valentin; Rencz, Fanni; Péntek, Márta; Baji, Petra; Lakatos, Péter L; Gulácsi, László

    2016-01-01

    To estimate the budget impact of the introduction of biosimilar infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. A 3-year, prevalence-based budget impact analysis for biosimilar infliximab to treat CD was developed from third-party payers' perspective. The model included various scenarios depending on whether interchanging originator infliximab with biosimilar infliximab was allowed or not. Total cost savings achieved in biosimilar scenario 1 (interchanging not allowed) and BSc2 (interchanging allowed in 80% of the patients) were estimated to €8.0 million and €16.9 million in the six countries. Budget savings may cover the biosimilar infliximab therapy for 722-1530 additional CD patients. Introduction of biosimilar infliximab to treat CD may offset the inequity in access to biological therapy for CD between Central and Eastern European countries.

  1. Vorticity scaling and intermittency in drift-interchange plasma turbulence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dura, P. D.; Hnat, B.; Robinson, J.

    2012-09-15

    The effects of spatially varying magnetic field strength on the scaling properties of plasma turbulence, modelled by an extended form of Hasegawa-Wakatani model, are investigated. We study changes in the intermittency of the velocity, density, and vorticity fields, as functions of the magnetic field inhomogeneity C=-{partial_derivative} ln B/{partial_derivative}x. While the velocity fluctuations are always self-similar and their scaling is unaffected by the value of C, the intermittency levels in density and vorticity change with parameter C, reflecting morphological changes in the coherent structures due to the interchange mechanism. Given the centrality of vorticity in conditioning plasma transport, this result ismore » of interest in scaling the results of transport measurements and simulations in tokamak edge plasmas, where drift-interchange turbulence in the presence of a magnetic field gradient is likely to occur.« less

  2. DoD Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Convention: ASC X12 Transaction Set 832 Price Sales Catalog (Version 003030)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-12-01

    DATA DES . ELEMENT NAME ATlNPUTES Conditional TD401 152 Special Handling Code C ID 2/3 Code specifying special transportation handling instructions. HAN...Executhre Age"t for Eketronic Conmnerce/Electmnlc Dots lnterchange/Protection of Logistica Undaasslfled/Serssltlve Systerr Executive Agent for EC/EDI...PRICEISALES CATALOG ANSI ASC X12 VERSIONIRELEASE 003030DOD_ 7 Communications Transport Protocol ISA /_Interchange Control Header GS/ Functional Group Header

  3. New superfield extension of Boussinesq and its (x,t) interchanged equation from odd Poisson bracket

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Palit, S.; Chowdhury, A. Roy

    1995-08-01

    A new superfield extension of the Boussinesq equation and its corresponding (x,t) interchanged variant are deduced from the odd Poisson-bracket-formalism, which is similar to the antibracket of Batalin and Vilkovisky. In the former case we obtain the equation deduced by Figueroa-O'Farrill et al from a different approach. In each case we have deduced the bi-Hamiltonian structure and some basic symmetries associated with them.

  4. Architectural Guidelines for Multimedia and Hypermedia Data Interchange: Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support/Concurrent Engineering (CALS/ CE) and Electronic Commerce/Electronic Data Interchange (EC/EDI)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-09-01

    other networks . 69 For example, E-mail can be sent to an SNA network through a Softswitch gateway, but at a very slow rate. As discussed in Chapter III...10 6. Communication Protocols ..................... 10 D. NEW INFRASTRUCTURES ....................... 11 1. CALS Test Network (CTN...11 2. Industrial Networks ......................... 12 3. FTS-2000 and ISDN ........................ 12 4. CALS Operational Resource

  5. 75 FR 50038 - Temporary Closure of I-70 (I-70/I-465 West Leg Interchange to the I-70/I-65 South Split...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-16

    ... interchange) on October 7, 2010, for a 12-hour period from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. The closure will accommodate a...-Indiana, (317) 226-7476. Office hours for FHWA are from 7:45 a.m. to 4:15 p.m., e.t., Monday through... available 24 hours each day, 365 days each year. Electronic submission and retrieval help and guidelines are...

  6. In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Technical Interchange Meeting

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1997-01-01

    This volume contains abstracts that have been accepted for presentation at the In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Technical Interchange Meeting, February 4-5, 1997, at the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas. Abstracts are arranged in order of presentation at the meetings, with corresponding page numbers shown in the enclosed agenda. Logistics, administration, and publication support for this meeting were provided by the staff of the Publications and Program Services Department at the Lunar and Planetary Institute.

  7. A standardized SOA for clinical data interchange in a cardiac telemonitoring environment.

    PubMed

    Gazzarata, Roberta; Vergari, Fabio; Cinotti, Tullio Salmon; Giacomini, Mauro

    2014-11-01

    Care of chronic cardiac patients requires information interchange between patients' homes, clinical environments, and the electronic health record. Standards are emerging to support clinical information collection, exchange and management and to overcome information fragmentation and actors delocalization. Heterogeneity of information sources at patients' homes calls for open solutions to collect and accommodate multidomain information, including environmental data. Based on the experience gained in a European Research Program, this paper presents an integrated and open approach for clinical data interchange in cardiac telemonitoring applications. This interchange is supported by the use of standards following the indications provided by the national authorities of the countries involved. Taking into account the requirements provided by the medical staff involved in the project, the authors designed and implemented a prototypal middleware, based on a service-oriented architecture approach, to give a structured and robust tool to congestive heart failure patients for their personalized telemonitoring. The middleware is represented by a health record management service, whose interface is compliant to the healthcare services specification project Retrieve, Locate and Update Service standard (Level 0), which allows communication between the agents involved through the exchange of Clinical Document Architecture Release 2 documents. Three performance tests were carried out and showed that the prototype completely fulfilled all requirements indicated by the medical staff; however, certain aspects, such as authentication, security and scalability, should be deeply analyzed within a future engineering phase.

  8. Random parameter models of interstate crash frequencies by severity, number of vehicles involved, collision and location type.

    PubMed

    Venkataraman, Narayan; Ulfarsson, Gudmundur F; Shankar, Venky N

    2013-10-01

    A nine-year (1999-2007) continuous panel of crash histories on interstates in Washington State, USA, was used to estimate random parameter negative binomial (RPNB) models for various aggregations of crashes. A total of 21 different models were assessed in terms of four ways to aggregate crashes, by: (a) severity, (b) number of vehicles involved, (c) crash type, and by (d) location characteristics. The models within these aggregations include specifications for all severities (property damage only, possible injury, evident injury, disabling injury, and fatality), number of vehicles involved (one-vehicle to five-or-more-vehicle), crash type (sideswipe, same direction, overturn, head-on, fixed object, rear-end, and other), and location types (urban interchange, rural interchange, urban non-interchange, rural non-interchange). A total of 1153 directional road segments comprising of the seven Washington State interstates were analyzed, yielding statistical models of crash frequency based on 10,377 observations. These results suggest that in general there was a significant improvement in log-likelihood when using RPNB compared to a fixed parameter negative binomial baseline model. Heterogeneity effects are most noticeable for lighting type, road curvature, and traffic volume (ADT). Median lighting or right-side lighting are linked to increased crash frequencies in many models for more than half of the road segments compared to both-sides lighting. Both-sides lighting thereby appears to generally lead to a safety improvement. Traffic volume has a random parameter but the effect is always toward increasing crash frequencies as expected. However that the effect is random shows that the effect of traffic volume on crash frequency is complex and varies by road segment. The number of lanes has a random parameter effect only in the interchange type models. The results show that road segment-specific insights into crash frequency occurrence can lead to improved design policy and project prioritization. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Trading Places: Can Interchange Energy Solve the Torus Energy Crisis?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ramer, K. M.; Kivelson, M.; Khurana, K. K.

    2016-12-01

    The plasma temperature in the plasma tori around both Jupiter and Saturn increases with distance in the middle magnetosphere, rather than cooling adiabatically as the flux tube volume increases. The energy source that leads to heating is not understood. In situ observations show that the temperature increase with distance cannot be accounted for by ion pickup alone. In this work we hypothesize that injection events carrying energetic ions inward introduce sufficient energy to heat the thermal plasma as observed. Injection events at Jupiter and Saturn appear to be of two types: one in which newly reconnected flux tubes are flung planetward at high radial speeds from far downtail, and a more localized form in which flux tubes loaded with low-density, high-energy plasma "bubble" planetward due to a radially imbalanced mass distribution in the rapidly rotating system. We first show that some injection events observed at Saturn inside of 10 Saturn radii are of the latter type by using the radial variation of energetic ion flux to identify a relatively local source of a subset of injected flux tubes. We identify such injections as interchange events. We show that a typical inbound interchanging flux tube contains more energy than is present in an equivalent outgoing warm flux tube beyond 6.5 RJ at Jupiter and 8 RS at Saturn. In order to understand how much interchange events can plausibly contribute to heating the plasma, we assume the size of an inbound flux tube to be 1000 km in diameter [Thorne et al., 1997] and use the injection rate found by Lai et al. [2016] to calculate the energy input to the region between 8 and 10 RS by interchange. Initial results find that the energy is orders of magnitude lower than required to explain the heating. Flux tubes come in a variety of shapes and sizes and we will consider whether contributions from a spectrum of flux tube sizes can account for the observed temperatures.

  10. Directory interchange format manual, version 3.0

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1990-01-01

    The Directory Interchange Format (DIF) is a data structure used to exchange directory level information about data sets among information systems. The format consists of a number of fields that describe the attributes of a directory entry and text blocks that contain a descriptive summary of and references for the directory entry. All fields and the summary are preceded by labels identifying their contents. All values are ASCII character strings. The structure is intended to be flexible, allowing for future changes in the contents of directory entries.

  11. Engineering Effects of Advanced Composite Materials on Avionics.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-07-01

    facilities. 77 zz~J 319 Electromagnetic-Interference Control EDWARD F. VANCE, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE Abstract-Tbe use of shield topology concepts to design ...34 and "inside" are interchanged in Fig. 8 and A typical interference- control design for controlling both "Zone 1" and "Zone 2" are interchanged in Fig...P1 ’"EMP engineering and design principles." Bell Telephone Lab A systematic approach to interference control has as its NJ. 1975. foundation

  12. Report of Hero Board: Proceedings of the Board of Officers Convened by the Following Order, General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, Office, Chief of Artillery

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-01-01

    brigade to battery inclusive. Interchangeability of all dry cells for all F. A. equipment. Kinds of projectiles fuzes and charges in use at...Battery, inclusive. Interchangeability of all dry cells used for all Field Artillery equipment. Kinds of projectiles and fuzes in use at present...obtaining horses of sufficient stamins and in sufficient numbers to properly handle the ammunition supply during combat, together with the serious

  13. Women’s fashions in transition: Ottoman borderlands and the Anglo-Ottoman exchange of costumes.

    PubMed

    Inal, Onur

    2011-01-01

    Following the considerable increase in the interactions between Ottomans and Europeans, Ottoman port cities, referred to here as “borderlands,” became meeting places of distinct worlds. Ottoman and British people met, clashed, and grappled with each other in the borderlands of the Ottoman Empire. There was unbalanced, disparate, and disproportionate, but also mutual and constant interchange between the two societies. This article discusses one facet of this interchange: the Anglo-Ottoman exchange of women’s costumes.

  14. Calculation of Turbulent Expansion Processes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tollmien, Walter

    1945-01-01

    On the basis of certain formulas recently established by L. Prandtl for the turbulent interchange of momentum in stationary flows, various cases of "free turbulence" - that is, of flows without boundary walls - are treated in the present report. Prandtl puts the apparent shearing stress introduced by the turbulent momentum interchange. This present report deals first with the mixing of an air stream of uniform velocity with the adjacent still air, than with the expansion or diffusion of an air jet in the surrounding air space.

  15. DoD Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Convention: ASC X12 Transaction Set 836 Contract Award (Version 003010)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-01-01

    upon designation of DoD Activity Address Code (DoDAAC) or other code coordinated with the value-added network (VAN). Mandatory ISA06 106 Interc.ange...coordinated with the value-added network (VAN). Non-DoD activities use identification code qualified by ISA05 and coordinated with the VAN. Mandatory...designation of DoD Activity Address Code (DoDAAC) or other code coordinated with the value-added network (VAN). Mandatory ISA08 107 Interchange Receiver

  16. Population viability and connectivity of the Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus)

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Laufenberg, Jared S.; Clark, Joseph D.

    2014-01-01

    From April 2010 to April 2012, global positioning system (GPS) radio collars were placed on 8 female and 23 male bears ranging from 1 to 11 years of age to develop a step-selection function model to predict routes and rates of interchange. For both males and females, the probability of a step being selected increased as the distance to natural land cover and agriculture at the end of the step decreased and as distance from roads at the end of a step increased. Of 4,000 correlated random walks, the least potential interchange was between TRB and TRC and between UARB and LARB, but the relative potential for natural interchange between UARB and TRC was high. The step-selection model predicted that dispersals between the LARB and UARB populations were infrequent but possible for males and nearly nonexistent for females. No evidence of natural female dispersal between subpopulations has been documented thus far, which is also consistent with model predictions.

  17. Interchange reaction of disulfides and denaturation of oxytocin by copper(II)/ascorbic acid/O2 system.

    PubMed

    Inoue, H; Hirobe, M

    1987-05-29

    The interchange reaction of disulfides was caused by the copper(II)/ascorbic acid/O2 system. The incubation of two symmetric disulfides, L-cystinyl-bis-L-phenylalanine (PP) and L-cystinyl-bis-L-tyrosine (TT), with L-ascorbic acid and CuSO4 in potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2, 50 mM) resulted in the formation of an asymmetric disulfide, L-cystinyl-L-phenylalanine-L-tyrosine (PT), and the final ratio of PP:PT:TT was 1:2:1. As the reaction was inhibited by catalase and DMSO only at the initial time, hydroxyl radical generated by the copper(II)/ascorbic acid/O2 system seemed to be responsible for the initiation of the reaction. Oxytocin and insulin were denatured by this system, and catalase and DMSO similarly inhibited these denaturations. As the composition of amino acids was unchanged after the reaction, hydroxyl radical was thought to cause the cleavage and/or interchange reaction of disulfides to denature the peptides.

  18. Outcome of a ceftriaxone/cefotaxime interchange programme in a major teaching hospital.

    PubMed

    Gutensohn, A; Bunz, D; Frighetto, L; Jewesson, P

    1991-01-01

    A two-stage intervention programme was performed to enable the effective substitution of ceftriaxone for cefotaxime in a teaching hospital with large numbers of transient prescribers. One hundred and sixteen patients with a variety of bacterial infections were randomized to an open, historical control comparative study to determine if ceftriaxone was an acceptable replacement for cefotaxime. For 6 months prior to the intervention, both cephalosporins were available on formulary. Following an initial informational stage, a therapeutic interchange programme was implemented to convert prescriptions for cefotaxime to ceftriaxone. Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime were equivalent in terms of microbiological and clinical efficacy and patient tolerance in 77 evaluable patients. No changes in prescriber service occurred after the changeover. Post-intervention treatment courses required a ceftriaxone/cefotaxime interchange in 28% of the cases. Ceftriaxone appeared to be a suitable and cost-effective alternative to cefotaxime in this hospital. The intervention programme successfully invoked the formulary change with minimal expense and prescriber opposition.

  19. Computerized tomography calibrator

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Engel, Herbert P. (Inventor)

    1991-01-01

    A set of interchangeable pieces comprising a computerized tomography calibrator, and a method of use thereof, permits focusing of a computerized tomographic (CT) system. The interchangeable pieces include a plurality of nestable, generally planar mother rings, adapted for the receipt of planar inserts of predetermined sizes, and of predetermined material densities. The inserts further define openings therein for receipt of plural sub-inserts. All pieces are of known sizes and densities, permitting the assembling of different configurations of materials of known sizes and combinations of densities, for calibration (i.e., focusing) of a computerized tomographic system through variation of operating variables thereof. Rather than serving as a phanton, which is intended to be representative of a particular workpiece to be tested, the set of interchangeable pieces permits simple and easy standardized calibration of a CT system. The calibrator and its related method of use further includes use of air or of particular fluids for filling various openings, as part of a selected configuration of the set of pieces.

  20. Random Walk on a Perturbation of the Infinitely-Fast Mixing Interchange Process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Salvi, Michele; Simenhaus, François

    2018-05-01

    We consider a random walk in dimension d≥ 1 in a dynamic random environment evolving as an interchange process with rate γ >0. We prove that, if we choose γ large enough, almost surely the empirical velocity of the walker X_t/t eventually lies in an arbitrary small ball around the annealed drift. This statement is thus a perturbation of the case γ =+∞ where the environment is refreshed between each step of the walker. We extend three-way part of the results of Huveneers and Simenhaus (Electron J Probab 20(105):42, 2015), where the environment was given by the 1-dimensional exclusion process: (i) We deal with any dimension d≥1; (ii) We treat the much more general interchange process, where each particle carries a transition vector chosen according to an arbitrary law μ ; (iii) We show that X_t/t is not only in the same direction of the annealed drift, but that it is also close to it.

  1. Differential drift of plasma clouds in the magnetosphere: an update

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lemaire, J. F.

    2001-07-01

    First, Brice's (Journal of Geophysical Research 72 (1967) 5193) original theory for the formation of the plasmapause is recalled. Next, the motivation for writing a modification to this early theory is pointed out. The key aspects of Brice's manuscript are outlined and discussed. The mechanism of interchange driven by gravitational forces, centrifugal effects and kinetic pressure is considered in the cases when the integrated Pedersen conductivity is (i) negligibly small (as in Chandrasekhar's, Plasma Physics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1960, 217 pp. and Longmire's, Elementary Plasma Physics, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1963, 296 pp., textbooks), (ii) infinitely large (as in many magnetospheric convection models), or (iii) has a finite value of the order of 0.2 mho, as in the Earth's ionosphere. Updates of this theory of interchange resulting from the existence of weak double layers, from quasi-interchange, or from the effects of an additional population of energetic ring-current particles forming the extended tail of the velocity distribution function, have also been reexamined.

  2. A reference model for scientific information interchange

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Reich, Lou; Sawyer, Don; Davis, Randy

    1993-01-01

    This paper presents an overview of an Information Interchange Reference Model (IIRM) currently being developed by individuals participating in the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Panel 2, the Planetary Data Systems (PDS), and the Committee on Earth Observing Satellites (CEOS). This is an ongoing research activity and is not an official position by these bodies. This reference model provides a framework for describing and assessing current and proposed methodologies for information interchange within and among the space agencies. It is hoped that this model will improve interoperability between the various methodologies. As such, this model attempts to address key information interchange issues as seen by the producers and users of space-related data and to put them into a coherent framework. Information is understood as the knowledge (e.g., the scientific content) represented by data. Therefore, concern is not primarily on mechanisms for transferring data from user to user (e.g., compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), wide-area networks, optical tape, and so forth) but on how information is encoded as data and how the information content is maintained with minimal loss or distortion during transmittal. The model assumes open systems, which means that the protocols or methods used should be fully described and the descriptions publicly available. Ideally these protocols are promoted by recognized standards organizations using processes that permit involvement by those most likely to be affected, thereby enhancing the protocol's stability and the likelihood of wide support.

  3. Darbepoetin alfa therapeutic interchange protocol for anemia in dialysis.

    PubMed

    Brophy, Donald F; Ripley, Elizabeth Bd; Kockler, Denise R; Lee, Seina; Proeschel, Lori A

    2005-11-01

    Erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins, such as erythropoietin alfa and darbepoetin alfa, have positively impacted anemia management. These medications improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Their costs, however, remain a major barrier for health systems. To evaluate the development, implementation, and cost-effectiveness of an inpatient therapeutic interchange protocol for erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins at a large, tertiary care, university-affiliated health system. Virginia Commonwealth University Health System (VCUHS) developed and implemented a therapeutic interchange program to convert therapy for all inpatients undergoing dialysis from erythropoietin alfa to darbepoetin alfa for treatment of chronic kidney disease-related anemia. An evaluation of the economic impact of this program on drug expenditures over a fiscal quarter (2003) was conducted using historical comparator data (2002). Preliminary evaluation of the program demonstrated cost-savings and reduced drug utilization of erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins in hospitalized dialysis patients. For the first quarter of 2003 compared with the first quarter of 2002, VCUHS realized a cost-savings of nearly 10,000 US dollars, which was related to the program's aggressive screening procedure. When these data were normalized for equal numbers of patients in each group receiving one of the drugs, the actual cost-savings was over 2000 US dollars. These cost-savings are largely due to reduced utilization of these expensive biotechnology products with implementation of a dosing protocol. VCUHS has successfully developed and implemented a darbepoetin alfa therapeutic interchange protocol for hospitalized dialysis patients. This has translated into reduced use of erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins, resulting in cost-savings for the health system.

  4. Hydrogen and methanol exchange processes for (TMP)Rh-OCH3(CH3OH) in binary solutions of methanol and benzene.

    PubMed

    Sarkar, Sounak; Li, Shan; Wayland, Bradford B

    2011-04-18

    Tetramesityl porphinato rhodium(III) methoxide ((TMP)Rh-OCH(3)) binds with methanol in benzene to form a 1:1 methanol complex ((TMP)Rh-OCH(3)(CH(3)OH)) (1). Dynamic processes are observed to occur for the rhodium(III) methoxide methanol complex (1) that involve both hydrogen and methanol exchange. Hydrogen exchange between coordinated methanol and methoxide through methanol in solution results in an interchange of the environments for the non-equivalent porphyrin faces that contain methoxide and methanol ligands. Interchange of the environments of the coordinated methanol and methoxide sites in 1 produces interchange of the inequivalent mesityl o-CH(3) groups, but methanol ligand exchange occurs on one face of the porphyrin and the mesityl o-CH(3) groups remain inequivalent. Rate constants for dynamic processes are evaluated by full line shape analysis for the (1)H NMR of the mesityl o-CH(3) and high field methyl resonances of coordinated methanol and methoxide groups in 1. The rate constant for interchange of the inequivalent porphyrin faces is associated with hydrogen exchange between 1 and methanol in solution and is observed to increase regularly with the increase in the mole fraction of methanol. The rate constant for methanol ligand exchange between 1 and the solution varies with the solution composition and fluctuates in a manner that parallels the change in the activation energy for methanol diffusion which is a consequence of solution non-ideality from hydrogen bonded clusters.

  5. The Evolution of Open Magnetic Flux Driven by Photospheric Dynamics

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Linker, Jon A.; Lionello, Roberto; Mikic, Zoran; Titov, Viacheslav S.; Antiochos, Spiro K.

    2010-01-01

    The coronal magnetic field is of paramount importance in solar and heliospheric physics. Two profoundly different views of the coronal magnetic field have emerged. In quasi-steady models, the predominant source of open magnetic field is in coronal holes. In contrast, in the interchange model, the open magnetic flux is conserved, and the coronal magnetic field can only respond to the photospheric evolution via interchange reconnection. In this view the open magnetic flux diffuses through the closed, streamer belt fields, and substantial open flux is present in the streamer belt during solar minimum. However, Antiochos and co-workers, in the form of a conjecture, argued that truly isolated open flux cannot exist in a configuration with one heliospheric current sheet (HCS) - it will connect via narrow corridors to the polar coronal hole of the same polarity. This contradicts the requirements of the interchange model. We have performed an MHD simulation of the solar corona up to 20R solar to test both the interchange model and the Antiochos conjecture. We use a synoptic map for Carrington Rotation 1913 as the boundary condition for the model, with two small bipoles introduced into the region where a positive polarity extended coronal hole forms. We introduce flows at the photospheric boundary surface to see if open flux associated with the bipoles can be moved into the closed-field region. Interchange reconnection does occur in response to these motions. However, we find that the open magnetic flux cannot be simply injected into closed-field regions - the flux eventually closes down and disconnected flux is created. Flux either opens or closes, as required, to maintain topologically distinct open and closed field regions, with no indiscriminate mixing of the two. The early evolution conforms to the Antiochos conjecture in that a narrow corridor of open flux connects the portion of the coronal hole that is nearly detached by one of the bipoles. In the later evolution, a detached coronal hole forms, in apparent violation of the Antiochos conjecture. Further investigation reveals that this detached coronal hole is actually linked to the extended coronal hole by a separatrix footprint on the photosphere of zero width. Therefore, the essential idea of the conjecture is preserved, if we modify it to state that coronal holes in the same polarity region are always linked, either by finite width corridors or separatrix footprints. The implications of these results for interchange reconnection and the sources of the slow solar wind are briefly discussed.

  6. The Evolution of Open Magnetic Flux Driven by Photospheric Dynamics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Linker, Jon A.; Lionello, Roberto; Mikić, Zoran; Titov, Viacheslav S.; Antiochos, Spiro K.

    2011-04-01

    The coronal magnetic field is of paramount importance in solar and heliospheric physics. Two profoundly different views of the coronal magnetic field have emerged. In quasi-steady models, the predominant source of open magnetic field is in coronal holes. In contrast, in the interchange model, the open magnetic flux is conserved, and the coronal magnetic field can only respond to the photospheric evolution via interchange reconnection. In this view, the open magnetic flux diffuses through the closed, streamer belt fields, and substantial open flux is present in the streamer belt during solar minimum. However, Antiochos and coworkers, in the form of a conjecture, argued that truly isolated open flux cannot exist in a configuration with one heliospheric current sheet—it will connect via narrow corridors to the polar coronal hole of the same polarity. This contradicts the requirements of the interchange model. We have performed an MHD simulation of the solar corona up to 20 R sun to test both the interchange model and the Antiochos conjecture. We use a synoptic map for Carrington rotation 1913 as the boundary condition for the model, with two small bipoles introduced into the region where a positive polarity extended coronal hole forms. We introduce flows at the photospheric boundary surface to see if open flux associated with the bipoles can be moved into the closed-field region. Interchange reconnection does occur in response to these motions. However, we find that the open magnetic flux cannot be simply injected into closed-field regions—the flux eventually closes down and disconnected flux is created. Flux either opens or closes, as required, to maintain topologically distinct open- and closed-field regions, with no indiscriminate mixing of the two. The early evolution conforms to the Antiochos conjecture in that a narrow corridor of open flux connects the portion of the coronal hole that is nearly detached by one of the bipoles. In the later evolution, a detached coronal hole forms, in apparent violation of the Antiochos conjecture. Further investigation reveals that this detached coronal hole is actually linked to the extended coronal hole by a separatrix footprint on the photosphere of zero width. Therefore, the essential idea of the conjecture is preserved, if we modify it to state that coronal holes in the same polarity region are always linked, either by finite width corridors or separatrix footprints. The implications of these results for interchange reconnection and the sources of the slow solar wind are briefly discussed.

  7. Ideal magnetohydrodynamic theory for localized interchange modes in toroidal anisotropic plasmas

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shi, Tonghui, E-mail: thshi@ipp.ac.cn; Wan, B. N.; Sun, Y.

    2016-08-15

    Ideal magnetohydrodynamic theory for localized interchange modes is developed for toroidal plasmas with anisotropic pressure. The work extends the existing theories of Johnson and Hastie [Phys. Fluids 31, 1609 (1988)], etc., to the low n mode case, where n is the toroidal mode number. Also, the plasma compressibility is included, so that the coupling of the parallel motion to perpendicular one, i.e., the so-called apparent mass effect, is investigated in the anisotropic pressure case. The singular layer equation is obtained, and the generalized Mercier's criterion is derived.

  8. Nuclear Propulsion Technical Interchange Meeting, volume 1

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1993-01-01

    The Nuclear Propulsion Technical Interchange Meeting (NP-TIM-92) was sponsored and hosted by the Nuclear Propulsion Office at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The purpose of the meeting was to review the work performed in fiscal year 1992 in the areas of nuclear thermal and nuclear electric propulsion technology development. These proceedings are a compilation of the presentations given at the meeting (many of the papers are presented in outline or viewgraph form). Volume 1 covers the introductory presentations and the system concepts and technology developments related to nuclear thermal propulsion.

  9. DoD Electronic Commerce (EC)/Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) in Contracting Report

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-12-20

    Electronic Commerce (EC)/Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to support Department of Defense (DoD) procurement processes has been under consideration for some time. A 1988 Deputy Secretary of Defense memo calls for maximum use of EDI, based on 10 years of DoD EDI investigation and experiments. In 1990, Defense Management Review Decision 941 stated, ’The strategic goal of DoD’s current efforts is to provide the department with the capability to initiate, conduct, and maintain its external business related transactions and internal logistics, contracting, and

  10. Complete mitochondrial genome of Skylark, Alauda arvensis (Aves: Passeriformes): the first representative of the family Alaudidae with two extensive heteroplasmic control regions.

    PubMed

    Qian, Chaoju; Wang, Yuanxiu; Guo, Zhichun; Yang, Jianke; Kan, Xianzhao

    2013-06-01

    The circular mitochondrial genome of Alauda arvensis is 17,018 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 2 extensive heteroplasmic control regions. All of the genes encoded on the H-strand, with the exceptions of one PCG (nad6) and eight tRNA genes (tRNA(Gln), tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Asn), tRNA(Cys), tRNA(Tyr), tRNA(Ser(UCN)), tRNA(Pro), and tRNA(Glu)), as found in other birds' mitochondrial genomes. All of these PCGs are initiated with ATG, while stopped by six types of stop codons. All tRNA genes have the potential to fold into typical clover-leaf structure. Two extensive heteroplasmic control regions were found, and more interestingly, a minisatellite of 37 nucleotides (5'-TCAATCCCATTGATTTCATTATATTAGTATAAAGAAA-3') with 6 tandem repeats was detected at the end of CR2.

  11. Complete mitochondrial genome of the mottled skate: Raja pulchra (Rajiformes, Rajidae).

    PubMed

    Jeong, Dageum; Kim, Sung; Kim, Choong-Gon; Myoung, Jung-Goo; Lee, Youn-Ho

    2016-05-01

    The complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of a mottled skate, Raja pulchra was sequenced as being circular molecules of 16,907 bp including 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and an AT-rich control region. The organization of the PCGs is the same as those found in other Rajidae species. The nucleotide of L-strand is composed of 29.8% A, 28.0% C, 27.9% T, and 14.3% G with a bias toward A + T slightly. Twelve of 13 PCGs are initiated by the ATG codon while COX1 starts with GTG. Only ND4 harbors the incomplete termination codon, TA. All tRNA genes have a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA with the exception of [Formula: see text] which has a reduced DHU arm. This mitogenome will provide essential information for better phylogenetic resolution and precision of the family Rajidae and the genus Raja as well as for establishment of a fish stock recovery plan of the species.

  12. Complete mitochondrial genome of yellow meal worm(Tenebrio molitor)

    PubMed Central

    LIU, Li-Na; WANG, Cheng-Ye

    2014-01-01

    The yellow meal worm(Tenebrio molitor L.) is an important resource insect typically used as animal feed additive. It is also widely used for biological research. The first complete mitochondrial genome of T. molitor was determined for the first time by long PCR and conserved primer walking approaches. The results showed that the entire mitogenome of T. molitor was 15 785 bp long, with 72.35% A+T content [deposited in GenBank with accession number KF418153]. The gene order and orientation were the same as the most common type suggested as ancestral for insects. Two protein-coding genes used atypical start codons(CTA in ND2 and AAT in COX1), and the remaining 11 protein-coding genes started with a typical insect initiation codon ATN. All tRNAs showed standard clover-leaf structure, except for tRNASer(AGN), which lacked a dihydrouridine(DHU) arm. The newly added T. molitor mitogenome could provide information for future studies on yellow meal worm. PMID:25465087

  13. Complete mitochondrial genome of yellow meal worm (Tenebrio molitor).

    PubMed

    Liu, Li-Na; Wang, Cheng-Ye

    2014-11-18

    The yellow meal worm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is an important resource insect typically used as animal feed additive. It is also widely used for biological research. The first complete mitochondrial genome of T. molitor was determined for the first time by long PCR and conserved primer walking approaches. The results showed that the entire mitogenome of T. molitor was 15 785 bp long, with 72.35% A+T content [deposited in GenBank with accession number KF418153]. The gene order and orientation were the same as the most common type suggested as ancestral for insects. Two protein-coding genes used atypical start codons (CTA in ND2 and AAT in COX1), and the remaining 11 protein-coding genes started with a typical insect initiation codon ATN. All tRNAs showed standard clover-leaf structure, except for tRNA(Ser) (AGN), which lacked a dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The newly added T. molitor mitogenome could provide information for future studies on yellow meal worm.

  14. Nodule Classification on Low-Dose Unenhanced CT and Standard-Dose Enhanced CT: Inter-Protocol Agreement and Analysis of Interchangeability.

    PubMed

    Lee, Kyung Hee; Lee, Kyung Won; Park, Ji Hoon; Han, Kyunghwa; Kim, Jihang; Lee, Sang Min; Park, Chang Min

    2018-01-01

    To measure inter-protocol agreement and analyze interchangeability on nodule classification between low-dose unenhanced CT and standard-dose enhanced CT. From nodule libraries containing both low-dose unenhanced and standard-dose enhanced CT, 80 solid and 80 subsolid (40 part-solid, 40 non-solid) nodules of 135 patients were selected. Five thoracic radiologists categorized each nodule into solid, part-solid or non-solid. Inter-protocol agreement between low-dose unenhanced and standard-dose enhanced images was measured by pooling κ values for classification into two (solid, subsolid) and three (solid, part-solid, non-solid) categories. Interchangeability between low-dose unenhanced and standard-dose enhanced CT for the classification into two categories was assessed using a pre-defined equivalence limit of 8 percent. Inter-protocol agreement for the classification into two categories {κ, 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-0.98)} and that into three categories (κ, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.85-0.92]) was considerably high. The probability of agreement between readers with standard-dose enhanced CT was 95.6% (95% CI, 94.5-96.6%), and that between low-dose unenhanced and standard-dose enhanced CT was 95.4% (95% CI, 94.7-96.0%). The difference between the two proportions was 0.25% (95% CI, -0.85-1.5%), wherein the upper bound CI was markedly below 8 percent. Inter-protocol agreement for nodule classification was considerably high. Low-dose unenhanced CT can be used interchangeably with standard-dose enhanced CT for nodule classification.

  15. Anterior segment biometry with 2 imaging technologies: very-high-frequency ultrasound scanning versus optical coherence tomography.

    PubMed

    Piñero, David P; Plaza, Ana Belén; Alió, Jorge L

    2008-01-01

    To determine the interchangeability of 2 anterior segment imaging systems: a very-high-frequency (VHF) ultrasound scanning system (Artemis 2, Ultralink LLC) and an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system (Visante, Zeiss). Vissum Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante, Alicante, Spain. This study comprised 20 eyes without pathology or previous surgery. The anterior chamber depth (ACD), central corneal thickness (CCT), angle-to-angle distance (ATA), and the iridocorneal angle size (IAS) at the 0-degree and 180-degree positions were measured with 2 imaging techniques: VHF ultrasound scanning and OCT. Analysis of agreement and interchangeability was performed by the Bland and Altman method. In addition, each measurement was performed 3 times consecutively to determine intrasession repeatability by means of the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). No statistically significant differences were found between imaging techniques in ACD, CCT, or ATA (P>.40). The ranges of agreement were 0.20 mm, 16.11 mum, and 0.80 mm for ACD, CCT, and ATA, respectively. Regarding IAS, no statistically significant differences were found in the nasal (P = .78) or temporal (P = .63) measurements between devices. However, the range of agreement for nasal (14.3 degrees) and temporal (14.90 degrees) values was relevant, indicating the 2 techniques cannot be used interchangeably for IAS measurement. Excellent intrasession repeatability scores were obtained (CV and ICC). The Artemis 2 and the Visante OCT systems provide equivalent and repeatable measurements of the ACD, CCT, and ATA and can be used interchangeably for these purposes.

  16. Interchangeability of Procalcitonin Measurements Using the Point of Care Testing i-CHROMATM Reader and the Automated Liaison XL.

    PubMed

    Stenner, Elisabetta; Barbati, Giulia; West, Nicole; Ben, Fabia Del; Martin, Francesca; Ruscio, Maurizio

    2018-06-01

    Our aim was to verify if procalcitonin (PCT) measurements using the new point-of-care testing i-CHROMATM are interchangeable with those of Liaison XL. One hundred seventeen serum samples were processed sequentially on a Liaison XL and i-CHROMATM. Statistical analysis was done using the Passing-Bablok regression, Bland-Altman test, and Cohen's Kappa statistic. Proportional and constant differences were observed between i-CHROMATM and Liaison XL. The 95% CI of the mean bias% was very large, exceeding the maximum allowable TE% and the clinical reference change value. However, the concordance between methods at the clinical relevant cutoffs was strong, with the exception of the 0.25 ng/mL cutoff which was moderate. Our data suggest that i-CHROMATM is not interchangeable with Liaison XL. However, while the strong concordance at the clinical relevant cutoffs allows us to consider i-CHROMATM a suitable option to Liaison XL to support clinicians' decision-making; nevertheless, the moderate agreement at the 0.25 ng/mL cutoff recommends caution in interpreting the data around this cutoff.

  17. Differentiation and interchange of harlequin duck populations within the North Pacific. Restoration project 97161: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration project -- Final report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Goatcher, B.; Zwiefelhofer, D.; Lanctot, R.

    Concerns about constraints to harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) population recovery following the Exxon Valdez oil spill led biologists to ask whether birds in different molting and wintering areas belong to genetically distinct and, thus, demographically independent population segments. Genetic markers, which differed in mode of inheritance (two sex-linked Z-specific microsatellite loci, four biparentally inherited microsatellite loci and maternally inherited mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid sequences), were used to evaluate the degree of genetic differentiation among wintering areas within Prince William Sound, Alaska Peninsula (Katmai National Park) and Kodiak Archipelago (Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge). The authors also used colored leg bands to detectmore » population interchange within and among these regions. The authors` genetic results show that differences in genotype frequencies among wintering locations within Alaska were low and non-significant for all three classes of markers. An analysis of genetic samples collected throughout the West Coast of North America revealed significant structuring at larger geographic scales. No interchange of banded birds was observed among regions and movements within regions were uncommon.« less

  18. NASA Technical Interchange Meeting (TIM): Advanced Technology Lifecycle Analysis System (ATLAS) Technology Tool Box

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    ONeil, D. A.; Craig, D. A.; Christensen, C. B.; Gresham, E. C.

    2005-01-01

    The objective of this Technical Interchange Meeting was to increase the quantity and quality of technical, cost, and programmatic data used to model the impact of investing in different technologies. The focus of this meeting was the Technology Tool Box (TTB), a database of performance, operations, and programmatic parameters provided by technologists and used by systems engineers. The TTB is the data repository used by a system of models known as the Advanced Technology Lifecycle Analysis System (ATLAS). This report describes the result of the November meeting, and also provides background information on ATLAS and the TTB.

  19. Simulation and evaluation of the Sh-2F helicopter in a shipboard environment using the interchangeable cab system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Paulk, C. H., Jr.; Astill, D. L.; Donley, S. T.

    1983-01-01

    The operation of the SH-2F helicopter from the decks of small ships in adverse weather was simulated using a large amplitude vertical motion simulator, a wide angle computer generated imagery visual system, and an interchangeable cab (ICAB). The simulation facility, the mathematical programs, and the validation method used to ensure simulation fidelity are described. The results show the simulator to be a useful tool in simulating the ship-landing problem. Characteristics of the ICAB system and ways in which the simulation can be improved are presented.

  20. Are the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test levels 1 and 2 both useful? Reliability, responsiveness and interchangeability in young soccer players.

    PubMed

    Fanchini, Maurizio; Castagna, Carlo; Coutts, Aaron J; Schena, Federico; McCall, Alan; Impellizzeri, Franco M

    2014-12-01

    Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the reliability, internal responsiveness and interchangeability of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YY1), level 2 (YY2) and submaximal YY1 (YY1-sub). Twenty-four young soccer players (age 17 ± 1 years; height 177 ± 7 cm; body mass 68 ± 6 kg) completed each test five times within pre- and in-season; distances covered and heart rates (HRs) were measured. Reliability was expressed as typical error of measurement (TEM) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal responsiveness was determined as effect size (ES) and signal-to-noise ratio (ES TEM ). Interchangeability was determined with correlation between training-induced changes. The TEM and ICC for distances in the YY1 and YY2 and for HR in YY1-sub were 7.3% and 0.78, 7.1% and 0.93 and 2.2% and 0.78, respectively. The ESs and ES TEMs were 0.9 and 1.9 for YY1, 0.4 and 1.2 for YY2 and -0.3 and -0.3 for YY1-sub. Correlations between YY1 vs. YY2 and YY1-sub were 0.56 to 0.84 and -0.36 to -0.81, respectively. Correlations between change scores in YY1 vs. YY2 were 0.29 and -0.21 vs. YY1-sub. Peak HR was higher in YY1 vs. YY2. The YY1 and YY2 showed similar reliability; however, they were not interchangeable. The YY1 was more responsive to training compared to YY2 and YY1-sub.

  1. Recommendations regarding technical standards for follow-on biologics: comparability, similarity, interchangeability.

    PubMed

    Davis, Gregory C; Beals, John M; Johnson, Craig; Mayer, Mark H; Meiklejohn, Bruce I; Mitlak, Bruce H; Roth, Jody L; Towns, John K; Veenhuizen, Melissa

    2009-07-01

    Policy makers around the world are currently considering the creation of a regulatory pathway for follow-on biologics (FOB), which will have to account for the substantial technical challenges associated with FOB development. These challenges will likely involve more complexity than comparability assessments of process changes made by the same manufacturer. The history of industry-regulator comparability discussions helps explain why the same degree of testing and flexibility now applied to change-control within a manufacturer's own process, at this time, cannot be extrapolated to the observed and possibly unknown differences between two manufacturing processes that are independently developed by different (non-collaborating) parties. This commentary provides recommendations on the technical aspects that should be considered in the creation of an approval pathway for FOB products. In the authors' view, analytical methodology in its current state cannot alone provide full assurance that the FOB is sufficiently similar to the innovator product. Moreover, the FOB manufacturer will not have access to the extensive knowledge accumulated by the innovator manufacturer from early development through marketing. Thus, extensive clinical evaluation will likely be necessary to provide assurance that the FOB is safe and efficacious. If such testing demonstrates the FOB is safe and efficacious per existing regulatory standards, the product should receive marketing approval as a 'similar' product. Since 'similarity' is a fundamentally different determination than establishing interchangeability between the two products, an interchangeability determination must be based on additional testing and market experience to ensure patient safety. Post-marketing surveillance of the FOB should be conducted to ensure that the approved molecule has similar clinical safety and efficacy as the innovator product, prior to any consideration of interchangeability.

  2. Interchangeability, Safety and Efficacy of Modified-Release Drug Formulations in the USA: The Case of Opioid and Other Nervous System Drugs.

    PubMed

    Seoane-Vazquez, Enrique; Rodriguez-Monguio, Rosa; Hansen, Richard

    2016-04-01

    Modified-release drugs may provide clinical advantages compared to immediate-release forms and improve convenience to the patient and health outcomes. Concerns have been raised regarding interchangeability, efficacy, and safety of modified-release formulations. This study analyses all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved modified-release formulations and market trends, and illustrates how bioequivalence and safety of generic modified-release products compare to their respective brand name drugs and other generic drugs with different formulation design characteristics. This study also examines major concerns related to modified-release formulations: safety of opioids and bioequivalence of generic bupropion and methylphenidate. Study data were derived from the FDA electronic versions of the FDA's Orange Book (OB) and the FDA safety communications web page. Medicare Part D utilization and expenditures data were extracted from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. In May 2015, 276 (11.9 %) of the 2325 active ingredients and fixed-dose combinations listed in the FDA's Orange Book had at least one modified-release form approved by the FDA. The number of approvals increased over time; 52.5 % of modified releases were approved in the period 2000-May 2015. The FDA required a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) to ensure that the benefits of extended-release opioids outweighed its risks of overdose and abuse. The REMS involved 16 new drug applications and 25 abbreviated new drug applications. The FDA addressed interchangeability problems with generic modified-release alternatives of bupropion and methylphenidate including lack of bioequivalence, reduced efficacy, and increased incidence of adverse events. Systematic post-marketing surveillance studies are needed to assess differences in safety, interchangeability, and efficacy of drugs with modified- and immediate-release formulations.

  3. Interchange Reconnection and Coronal Hole Dynamics

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Edmondson, J. K.; Antiochos, S. K.; DeVore, C. R.; Lynch, B. J.; Zurbuchen, T. H.

    2011-01-01

    We investigate the effect of magnetic reconnection between open and closed field, (often referred to as "interchange" reconnection), on the dynamics and topology of coronal hole boundaries. The most important and most prevalent 3D topology of the interchange process is that of a small-scale bipolar magnetic field interacting with a large-scale background field. We determine the evolution of such a magnetic topology by numerical solution of the fully 3D MHD equations in spherical coordinates. First, we calculate the evolution of a small-scale bipole that initially is completely inside an open field region and then is driven across a coronal hole boundary by photospheric motions. Next the reverse situation is calculated in which the bipole is initially inside the closed region and driven toward the coronal hole boundary. In both cases we find that the stress imparted by the photospheric motions results in deformation of the separatrix surface between the closed field of the bipole and the background field, leading to rapid current sheet formation and to efficient reconnection. When the bipole is inside the open field region, the reconnection is of the interchange type in that it exchanges open and closed field. We examine, in detail, the topology of the field as the bipole moves across the coronal hole boundary, and find that the field remains well-connected throughout this process. Our results imply that open flux cannot penetrate deeply into the closed field region below a helmet streamer and, hence, support the quasi-steady models in which open and closed flux remain topologically distinct. Our results also support the uniqueness hypothesis for open field regions as postulated by Antiochos et al. We discuss the implications of this work for coronal observations. Subject Headings: Sun: corona Sun: magnetic fields Sun: reconnection Sun: coronal hole

  4. Reconnection and interchange instability in the near magnetotail

    DOE PAGES

    Birn, Joachim; Liu, Yi -Hsin; Daughton, William; ...

    2015-07-16

    This paper provides insights into the possible coupling between reconnection and interchange/ballooning in the magnetotail related to substorms and flow bursts. The results presented are largely based on recent simulations of magnetotail dynamics, exploring onset and progression of reconnection. 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations with different tail deformation demonstrate a clear boundary between stable and unstable cases depending on the amount of deformation, explored up to the real proton/electron mass ratio. The evolution prior to onset, as well as the evolution of stable cases, are governed by the conservation of integral flux tube entropy S as imposed in ideal MHD, maintainingmore » a monotonic increase with distance downtail. This suggests that ballooning instability in the tail should not be expected prior to the onset of tearing and reconnection. 3-D MHD simulations confirm this conclusion, showing no indication of ballooning prior to reconnection, if the initial state is ballooning stable. The simulation also shows that, after imposing resistivity necessary to initiate reconnection, the reconnection rate and energy release initially remain slow. However, when S becomes reduced from plasmoid ejection and lobe reconnection, forming a negative slope in S as a function of distance from Earth, the reconnection rate and energy release increase drastically. The latter condition has been shown to be necessary for ballooning/interchange instability, and the cross-tail structures that develop subsequently in the MHD simulation are consistent with such modes. The simulations support a concept in which tail activity is initiated by tearing instability but significantly enhanced by the interaction with ballooning/interchange enabled by plasmoid loss and lobe reconnection.« less

  5. The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens

    PubMed Central

    2010-01-01

    The biotic and geologic dynamics of the Great American Biotic Interchange are reviewed and revised. Information on the Marine Isotope Stage chronology, sea level changes as well as Pliocene and Pleistocene vegetation changes in Central and northern South America add to a discussion of the role of climate in facilitating trans-isthmian exchanges. Trans-isthmian land mammal exchanges during the Pleistocene glacial intervals appear to have been promoted by the development of diverse non-tropical ecologies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. PMID:21125025

  6. Second NASA Technical Interchange Meeting (TIM): Advanced Technology Lifecycle Analysis System (ATLAS) Technology Tool Box (TTB)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    ONeil, D. A.; Mankins, J. C.; Christensen, C. B.; Gresham, E. C.

    2005-01-01

    The Advanced Technology Lifecycle Analysis System (ATLAS), a spreadsheet analysis tool suite, applies parametric equations for sizing and lifecycle cost estimation. Performance, operation, and programmatic data used by the equations come from a Technology Tool Box (TTB) database. In this second TTB Technical Interchange Meeting (TIM), technologists, system model developers, and architecture analysts discussed methods for modeling technology decisions in spreadsheet models, identified specific technology parameters, and defined detailed development requirements. This Conference Publication captures the consensus of the discussions and provides narrative explanations of the tool suite, the database, and applications of ATLAS within NASA s changing environment.

  7. System comprising interchangeable electronic controllers and corresponding methods

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Steele, Glen F. (Inventor); Salazar, George A. (Inventor)

    2009-01-01

    A system comprising an interchangeable electronic controller is provided with programming that allows the controller to adapt a behavior that is dependent upon the particular type of function performed by a system or subsystem component. The system reconfigures the controller when the controller is moved from one group of subsystem components to another. A plurality of application programs are provided by a server from which the application program for a particular electronic controller is selected. The selection is based on criteria such as a subsystem component group identifier that identifies the particular type of function associated with the system or subsystem group of components.

  8. Application of a hybrid generation/utility assessment heuristic to a class of scheduling problems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Heyward, Ann O.

    1989-01-01

    A two-stage heuristic solution approach for a class of multiobjective, n-job, 1-machine scheduling problems is described. Minimization of job-to-job interference for n jobs is sought. The first stage generates alternative schedule sequences by interchanging pairs of schedule elements. The set of alternative sequences can represent nodes of a decision tree; each node is reached via decision to interchange job elements. The second stage selects the parent node for the next generation of alternative sequences through automated paired comparison of objective performance for all current nodes. An application of the heuristic approach to communications satellite systems planning is presented.

  9. Virtual Airspace Modeling and Simulation (VAMS) Project First Technical Interchange Meeting

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Beard, Robert; Kille, Robert; Kirsten, Richard; Rigterink, Paul; Sielski, Henry; Gratteau, Melinda F. (Editor)

    2002-01-01

    A three-day NASA Virtual Airspace and Modeling Project (VAMS) Technical Interchange Meeting (TIM) was held at the NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. on May 21 through May 23,2002. The purpose of this meeting was to share initial concept information sponsored by the VAMS Project. An overall goal of the VAMS Project is to develop validated, blended, robust and transition-able air transportation system concepts over the next five years that will achieve NASA's long-term Enterprise Aviation Capacity goals. This document describes the presentations at the TIM, their related questions and answers, and presents the TIM recommendations.

  10. Directory interchange format manual, version 4.0

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1991-01-01

    The Directory Interchange Format (DIF) is a data structure used to exchange directory-level information about data sets among information systems. In general the format consists of a number of fields that describe the attributes of a directory entry and text blocks that contain a descriptive summary of and references for the directory entry. All fields and the summary are preceded by labels identifying their contents. All values are ASCII character strings. The structure is intended to be flexible, allowing for future changes in the contents of directory entries. The manual is structured as follows: section 1 is a general description of what constitutes a directory entry; section 2 describes the content of the individual fields within the data structure, together with some examples. Also included in the six appendices is a description of the syntax used within the examples; samples of the directory interchange format applied to different data sets; the allowable discipline keywords; a current list of valid location keywords; a list of allowable parameter keywords; a list of acronyns and a glossary of terms used; and a description of the Standard Formatted Data Unit header, which may be added to the front of a DIF file to identify the file as a registered standard format.

  11. The Great American Biotic Interchange in birds

    PubMed Central

    Weir, Jason T.; Bermingham, Eldredge; Schluter, Dolph

    2009-01-01

    The sudden exchange of mammals over the land bridge between the previously isolated continents of North and South America is among the most celebrated events in the faunal history of the New World. This exchange resulted in the rapid merging of continental mammalian faunas that had evolved in almost complete isolation from each other for tens of millions of years. Yet, the wider importance of land bridge-mediated interchange to faunal mixing in other groups is poorly known because of the incompleteness of the fossil record. In particular, the ability of birds to fly may have rendered a land bridge unnecessary for faunal merging. Using molecular dating of the unique bird faunas of the two continents, we show that rates of interchange increased dramatically after land bridge completion in tropical forest-specializing groups, which rarely colonize oceanic islands and have poor dispersal abilities across water barriers, but not in groups comprised of habitat generalists. These results support the role of the land bridge in the merging of the tropical forest faunas of North and South America. In contrast to mammals, the direction of traffic across the land bridge in birds was primarily south to north. The event transformed the tropical avifauna of the New World. PMID:19996168

  12. [The requirements of standard and conditions of interchangeability of medical articles].

    PubMed

    Men'shikov, V V; Lukicheva, T I

    2013-11-01

    The article deals with possibility to apply specific approaches under evaluation of interchangeability of medical articles for laboratory analysis. The development of standardized analytical technologies of laboratory medicine and formulation of requirements of standards addressed to manufacturers of medical articles the clinically validated requirements are to be followed. These requirements include sensitivity and specificity of techniques, accuracy and precision of research results, stability of reagents' quality in particular conditions of their transportation and storage. The validity of requirements formulated in standards and addressed to manufacturers of medical articles can be proved using reference system, which includes master forms and standard samples, reference techniques and reference laboratories. This approach is supported by data of evaluation of testing systems for measurement of level of thyrotrophic hormone, thyroid hormones and glycated hemoglobin HB A1c. The versions of testing systems can be considered as interchangeable only in case of results corresponding to the results of reference technique and comparable with them. In case of absence of functioning reference system the possibilities of the Joined committee of traceability in laboratory medicine make it possible for manufacturers of reagent sets to apply the certified reference materials under development of manufacturing of sets for large listing of analytes.

  13. A longitudinal multilevel CFA-MTMM model for interchangeable and structurally different methods

    PubMed Central

    Koch, Tobias; Schultze, Martin; Eid, Michael; Geiser, Christian

    2014-01-01

    One of the key interests in the social sciences is the investigation of change and stability of a given attribute. Although numerous models have been proposed in the past for analyzing longitudinal data including multilevel and/or latent variable modeling approaches, only few modeling approaches have been developed for studying the construct validity in longitudinal multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) measurement designs. The aim of the present study was to extend the spectrum of current longitudinal modeling approaches for MTMM analysis. Specifically, a new longitudinal multilevel CFA-MTMM model for measurement designs with structurally different and interchangeable methods (called Latent-State-Combination-Of-Methods model, LS-COM) is presented. Interchangeable methods are methods that are randomly sampled from a set of equivalent methods (e.g., multiple student ratings for teaching quality), whereas structurally different methods are methods that cannot be easily replaced by one another (e.g., teacher, self-ratings, principle ratings). Results of a simulation study indicate that the parameters and standard errors in the LS-COM model are well recovered even in conditions with only five observations per estimated model parameter. The advantages and limitations of the LS-COM model relative to other longitudinal MTMM modeling approaches are discussed. PMID:24860515

  14. Concordance and interchangeability of biometric measurements of ocular axial length in patients awaiting cataract surgery.

    PubMed

    Martín-Serrano, María José; Roman-Ortiz, Carmen; Villa-Sáez, M Luz; Labrador-Castellanos, M Purificación; Blanco-Carrasco, Rosario; Lozano-Ballesteros, Felicidad; Pedraza-Martín, Carmen; José-Herrero, M Teresa San; López-Ropero, Ana M; Tenías Burillo, José María

    2014-01-01

    To estimate in patients awaiting cataract surgery the concordance and interchangeability of axial eye length measurements performed with the aid of various biometric methods (optical or ultrasonic) by different operators (nurses) at different times during the period prior to surgery. We selected 182 consecutive eyes from 91 patients.Ocular axial length was measured with the aid of 2 methods (IOLMaster® and Ocuscan®) by 9 randomly allocated technicians at 2 different times during the waiting period. The concordance between measurements was evaluated by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC); the interchangeability of the results was assessed with Bland Altman plots and Passing and Bablok regression. The measurements were consistent between biometric methods (ICC 0.975, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.968 to 0.980) and measurement dates (ICC 0.996, 95% CI 0.995 to 0.997). Interobserver agreement was more heterogeneous (ICC range 0.844 to 0.998). No systematic errors were observed among the various biometric methods and measurement dates. Because measurement of axial length in phakic patients may be technician-dependent, the technician's experience should be noted in the protocols of ophthalmology services.

  15. Gregory Bateson and the mathematicians: from interdisciplinary interaction to societal functions.

    PubMed

    Heims, S P

    1977-04-01

    An instance of fruitful cross-disciplinary contacts is examined in detail. The ideas involved include (1) the double-blind hypothesis for schizophrenia, (2) the critique of game theory from the viewpoint of anthropology and psychiatry, and (3) the application of concepts of communication theory and theory of logical types to an interpretation of psychoanalytic practice. The protagonists of the interchange are Gregory Bateson and the two mathematicians Norbert Wiener and John von Neumann; the date, March 1946. This interchange and its sequels are described. While the interchanges between Bateson and Wiener were fruitful, those between Bateson and von Neumann were much less so. The latter two held conflicting premises concerning what is significant in science; Bateson's and Wiener's were compatible. In 1946, Wiener suggested that information and communication might be appropriate central concepts for psychoanalytic theory--a vague general idea which Bateson (with Ruesch) related to contemporary clinical practice. For Bateson, Wiener, and von Neumann, the cross-disciplinary interactions foreshadowed a shift in activities and new roles in society, to which the post World War II period was conducive. Von Neumann became a high-level government advisor; Wiener, an interpreter of science and technology for the general public; and Bateson a counter-culture figure.

  16. Approximate strip exchanging.

    PubMed

    Roy, Swapnoneel; Thakur, Ashok Kumar

    2008-01-01

    Genome rearrangements have been modelled by a variety of primitives such as reversals, transpositions, block moves and block interchanges. We consider such a genome rearrangement primitive Strip Exchanges. Given a permutation, the challenge is to sort it by using minimum number of strip exchanges. A strip exchanging move interchanges the positions of two chosen strips so that they merge with other strips. The strip exchange problem is to sort a permutation using minimum number of strip exchanges. We present here the first non-trivial 2-approximation algorithm to this problem. We also observe that sorting by strip-exchanges is fixed-parameter-tractable. Lastly we discuss the application of strip exchanges in a different area Optical Character Recognition (OCR) with an example.

  17. Fiber Optic Sensor System Using Birefringent Filters For Spectral Encoding

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dorsch, Friedhelm; Ulrich, Reinhard

    1989-02-01

    A system of multimode fiber optic sensors is described for the remote measurement of position, angle, force, pressure and other measurands that can be converted into a rotation of polarization. A birefringent filter encodes the polarization angle into the power ratio of two interleaved comb spectra or, in a modified implementation, into the absolute spectral position of a comb spectrum. By using identical filters in all transducers and in the evaluation unit, transducers for the same or different measurands become interchange-able. All sensors are of the incremental type, with accuracies reaching 0.5 % of one period of the measurand, independent of variations in the attenuation of the fiber link of up to 20dB.

  18. Observation of instability-induced current redistribution in a spherical-torus plasma.

    PubMed

    Menard, J E; Bell, R E; Gates, D A; Kaye, S M; LeBlanc, B P; Levinton, F M; Medley, S S; Sabbagh, S A; Stutman, D; Tritz, K; Yuh, H

    2006-09-01

    A motional Stark effect diagnostic has been utilized to reconstruct the parallel current density profile in a spherical-torus plasma for the first time. The measured current profile compares favorably with neoclassical theory when no large-scale magnetohydrodynamic instabilities are present in the plasma. However, a current profile anomaly is observed during saturated interchange-type instability activity. This apparent anomaly can be explained by redistribution of neutral beam injection current drive and represents the first observation of interchange-type instabilities causing such redistribution. The associated current profile modifications contribute to sustaining the central safety factor above unity for over five resistive diffusion times, and similar processes may contribute to improved operational scenarios proposed for ITER.

  19. Primary Intravenous Set Consumption Across 3 Branded Infusion Pumps

    PubMed Central

    Hedlund, Nancy; Sarangpur, Shishir; Kayler, Shannon; O'Brien, Kathy

    2017-01-01

    This retrospective study of 6426 hip replacement, coronary artery bypass graft, and colectomy surgeries across 23 US hospitals found that intravenous (IV) set designs that can be interchanged for use both in gravity-fed and automated pump delivery systems are replaced less frequently than IV sets designed for use primarily by one delivery method. Semistructured interviews with nurses highlighted the impact of set design on nursing workflow when moving between gravity-fed and pump-based administration. Use of interchangeable, single-design IV sets across gravity and automated infusions minimizes disruptions to closed systems, may reduce nurses being distracted from patients' clinical needs when replacing sets, and may yield supply cost savings. PMID:28682999

  20. Technical Report Interchange Through Synchronized OAI Caches

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Liu, Xiaming; Maly, Kurt; Zubair, Mohammad; Tang, Rong; Padshah, Mohammad Imran; Roncaglia, George; Rocker, JoAnne; Nelson, Michael; vonOfenheim, William; Luce, Richard

    2002-01-01

    The Technical Report Interchange project is a cooperative experimental effort between NASA Langley Research Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Air Force Research Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory and Old Dominion University to allow for the integration of technical reports. This is accomplished using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) and having each site cache the metadata from the other participating sites. Each site also implements additional software to ingest the OAI-PMH harvested metadata into their native digital library (DL). This allows the users at each site to see an increased technical report collection through the familiar DL interfaces and tale advantage of whatever valued added are provided by the native DL.

  1. SHEET PLASMA DEVICE

    DOEpatents

    Henderson, O.A.

    1962-07-17

    An ion-electron plasma heating apparatus of the pinch tube class was developed wherein a plasma is formed by an intense arc discharge through a gas and is radially constricted by the magnetic field of the discharge. To avoid kink and interchange instabilities which can disrupt a conventional arc shortiy after it is formed, the apparatus is a pinch tube with a flat configuration for forming a sheet of plasma between two conductive plates disposed parallel and adjacent to the plasma sheet. Kink instabilities are suppressed by image currents induced in the conductive plates while the interchange instabilities are neutrally stable because of the flat plasma configuration wherein such instabilities may occur but do not dynamically increase in amplitude. (AEC)

  2. SCHIP: Statistics for Chromosome Interphase Positioning Based on Interchange Data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vives, Sergi; Loucas, Bradford; Vazquez, Mariel; Brenner, David J.; Sachs, Rainer K.; Hlatky, Lynn; Cornforth, Michael; Arsuaga, Javier

    2005-01-01

    he position of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus is believed to be associated with a number of biological processes. Here, we present a web-based application that helps analyze the relative position of chromosomes during interphase in human cells, based on observed radiogenic chromosome aberrations. The inputs of the program are a table of yields of pairwise chromosome interchanges and a proposed chromosome geometric cluster. Each can either be uploaded or selected from provided datasets. The main outputs are P-values for the proposed chromosome clusters. SCHIP is designed to be used by a number of scientific communities interested in nuclear architecture, including cancer and cell biologists, radiation biologists and mathematical/computational biologists.

  3. Bifurcation phenomena in cylindrical convection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tuckerman, Laurette; Boronska, K.; Bordja, L.; Martin-Witkowski, L.; Navarro, M. C.

    2008-11-01

    We present two bifurcation scenarios occurring in Rayleigh-Benard convection in a small-aspect-ratio cylinder. In water (Pr=6.7) with R/H=2, Hof et al. (1999) observed five convective patterns at Ra=14200. We have computed 14 stable and unstable steady branches, as well as novel time-dependent branches. The resulting complicated bifurcation diagram, can be partitioned according to azimuthal symmetry. For example, three-roll and dipole states arise from an m=1 bifurcation, four-roll and ``pizza'' branches from m=2, and the ``mercedes'' state from an m=3 bifurcation after successive saddle-node bifurcations via ``marigold'', ``mitsubishi'' and ``cloverleaf'' states. The diagram represents a compromise between the physical tendency towards parallel rolls and the mathematical requirement that primary bifurcations be towards trigonometric states. Our second investigation explores the effect of exact counter-rotation of the upper and lower bounding disks on axisymmetric flows with Pr=1 and R/H=1. The convection threshold increases and, for sufficiently high rotation, the instability becomes oscillatory. Limit cycles originating at the Hopf bifurcation are annihilated when their period becomes infinite at saddle-node-on-periodic-orbit (SNOPER) bifurcations.

  4. Cloverleaf microgyroscope with electrostatic alignment and tuning

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Challoner, A. Dorian (Inventor); Gutierrez, Roman C. (Inventor); Tang, Tony K. (Inventor)

    2007-01-01

    A micro-gyroscope (10) having closed loop output operation by a control voltage (V.sub.ty), that is demodulated by a drive axis (x-axis) signal V.sub.thx of the sense electrodes (S1, S2), providing Coriolis torque rebalance to prevent displacement of the micro-gyroscope (10) on the output axis (y-axis) V.sub.thy.about.0. Closed loop drive axis torque, V.sub.tx maintains a constant drive axis amplitude signal, V.sub.thx. The present invention provides independent alignment and tuning of the micro-gyroscope by using separate electrodes and electrostatic bias voltages to adjust alignment and tuning. A quadrature amplitude signal, or cross-axis transfer function peak amplitude is used to detect misalignment that is corrected to zero by an electrostatic bias voltage adjustment. The cross-axis transfer function is either V.sub.thy/V.sub.ty or V.sub.tnx/V.sub.tx. A quadrature signal noise level, or difference in natural frequencies estimated from measurements of the transfer functions is used to detect residual mistuning, that is corrected to zero by a second electrostatic bias voltage adjustment.

  5. Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the treehopper Leptobelus gazella (Membracoidea: Hemiptera).

    PubMed

    Zhao, Xing; Liang, Ai-Ping

    2016-09-01

    The first complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Leptobelus gazelle (Membracoidea: Hemiptera) is determined in this study. The circular molecule is 16,007 bp in its full length, which encodes a set of 37 genes, including 13 proteins, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and contains an A + T-rich region (CR). The gene numbers, content, and organization of L. gazelle are similar to other typical metazoan mitogenomes. Twelve of the 13 PCGs are initiated with ATR methionine or ATT isoleucine codons, except the atp8 gene that uses the ATC isoleucine as start signal. Ten of the 13 PCGs have complete termination codons, either TAA (nine genes) or TAG (cytb). The remaining 3 PCGs (cox1, cox2 and nad5) have incomplete termination codons T (AA). All of the 22 tRNAs can be folded in the form of a typical clover-leaf structure. The complete mitogenome sequence data of L. gazelle is useful for the phylogenetic and biogeographic studies of the Membracoidea and Hemiptera.

  6. Complete mitochondrial genome of the stonefly Cryptoperla stilifera Sivec (Plecoptera: Peltoperlidae) and the phylogeny of Polyneopteran insects.

    PubMed

    Wu, Hai-Yan; Ji, Xiao-Yu; Yu, Wei-Wei; Du, Yu-Zhou

    2014-03-10

    We present the complete mitogenome of a stonefly, Cryptoperla stilifera Sivec (Plecoptera; Peltoperlidae). The mitogenome was a circular molecule consisting of 15,633 nucleotides, 37 genes and a A+T-rich region. C. stilifera mitogenome was similar to Pteronarcys princeps mitogenome (Plecoptera; Pteronarcyidae). All transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) had typical cloverleaf secondary structures except for trnSer (AGN), where the stem-loop structure of the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm was missing. The A+T-rich region of C. stilifera had two stem-loops and each had two interlink. Three conserved sequence blocks (CSBs) were present in the A+T-rich regions of C. stilifera, Peltoperla tarteri and Peltoperla arcuata. Moreover, many polynucleotide stretches (Poly N, N=A, T and C) in the A+T-rich region of C. stilifera Phylogenetic relationships of Polyneopteran species were constructed based on the nucleotide sequences of 13 protein coding genes (PCGs). Both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses supported Grylloblattodea as the sister group to Plecoptera+Dermaptera and Embiidina and Phasmatodea as sister groups. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. Far-Infrared Line Emission from High Redshift Quasars

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Benford, D. J.; Cox, P.; Hunter, T. R.; Malhotra, S.; Phillips, T. G.; Yun, M. S.

    2002-01-01

    Recent millimeter and submillimeter detections of line emission in high redshift objects have yielded new information and constraints on star formation at early epochs. Only CO transitions and atomic carbon transitions have been detected from these objects, yet bright far-infrared lines such as C+ at 158 microns and N+ at 205 microns should be fairly readily detectable when redshifted into a submillimeter atmospheric window. We have obtained upper limits for C+ emission &om two high redshift quasars, BR1202-0725 at z=4.69 and BRI1335-0415 at z=4.41. These limits show that the ratio of the C+ line luminosity to the total far-infrared luminosity is less than 0.0l%, ten times smaller than has been observed locally. Additionally, we have searched for emission in the N+ 205 micron line from the Cloverleaf quasar, H1413+117, and detected emission in CO J=7-6. The N+ emission is found to be below the amount predicted based on comparison to the only previous detection of this line, in the starburst galaxy M82.

  8. The complete mitochondrial genome of Rondotia menciana (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

    PubMed Central

    Kong, Weiqing; Yang, Jinhong

    2015-01-01

    The mulberry white caterpillar, Rondotia menciana Moore (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is a species with closest relationship with Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina, and the genetic information of R. menciana is important for understanding the diversity of the Bombycidae. In this study, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of R. menciana was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The mitogenome of R. menciana was determined to be 15,301 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and an AT-rich region. The A+T content (78.87%) was lower than that observed for other Bombycidae insects. All PCGs were initiated by ATN codons and terminated with the canonical stop codons, except for coxII, which was terminated by a single T. All the tRNA genes displayed a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA. The length of AT-rich region (360 bp) of R. menciana mitogenome is shorter than that of other Bombycidae species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the R. menciana was clustered on one branch with B. mori and B. mandarina from Bombycidae. PMID:25888706

  9. Complete mitochondrial genome of the Kwangtung skate: Dipturus kwangtungensis (Rajiformes, Rajidae).

    PubMed

    Jeong, Dageum; Kim, Sung; Kim, Choong-Gon; Lee, Youn-Ho

    2015-01-01

    The complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of a Kwangtung skate, Dipturus kwangtungensis, was determined as being circular molecules of 16,912 bp including 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA, 13 protein coding genes (PCGs) and a control region. The arrangement of the PCGs is the same as that found in other Rajidae species. The nucleotide of L-strand which encodes most of the proteins is composed of 30.2% A, 27.4% C, 28.2% T and 14.2% G with a bias toward A+T slightly. Twelve of 13 PCGs are initiated by the ATG codon while COX1 starts with GTG. Only ND4 harbors the incomplete termination codon, TA. All tRNA genes have a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA with the exception of tRNA(Ser)AGY, which has a reduced DHU arm. This mitogenome is the first report for a species of the genus Dipturus, which will become an important source of information on the phylogenetic relationship and the evolution of the genus Dipturus within the family Rajidae.

  10. Botulinum toxin type A products are not interchangeable: a review of the evidence

    PubMed Central

    Brin, Mitchell F; James, Charmaine; Maltman, John

    2014-01-01

    Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) products are injectable biologic medications derived from Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Several different BoNTA products are marketed in various countries, and they are not interchangeable. Differences between products include manufacturing processes, formulations, and the assay methods used to determine units of biological activity. These differences result in a specific set of interactions between each BoNTA product and the tissue injected. Consequently, the products show differences in their in vivo profiles, including preclinical dose response curves and clinical dosing, efficacy, duration, and safety/adverse events. Most, but not all, published studies document these differences, suggesting that individual BoNTA products act differently depending on experimental and clinical conditions, and these differences may not always be predictable. Differentiation through regulatory approvals provides a measure of confidence in safety and efficacy at the specified doses for each approved indication. Moreover, the products differ in the amount of study to which they have been subjected, as evidenced by the number of publications in the peer-reviewed literature and the quantity and quality of clinical studies. Given that BoNTAs are potent biological products that meet important clinical needs, it is critical to recognize that their dosing and product performance are not interchangeable and each product should be used according to manufacturer guidelines. PMID:25336912

  11. Incorrect electrode cable connection during electrocardiographic recording.

    PubMed

    Batchvarov, Velislav N; Malik, Marek; Camm, A John

    2007-11-01

    Incorrect electrode cable connections during electrocardiographic (ECG) recording can simulate rhythm or conduction disturbance, myocardial ischaemia and infarction, as well as other clinically important abnormalities. When only precordial or only limb cables, excluding the neutral cable, have been interchanged the waveforms in the different leads are re-arranged, inverted, or unchanged, whereas the duration of intervals is not changed. The mistake can be recognized by the presence of unusual P-QRS patterns (e.g. negative P-QRS in lead I or II, positive in lead AVR, P-QRS complexes of opposite direction in leads I and V6, etc.), change in the P-QRS axis, or abnormal precordial QRS-T wave progression. Interchange of limb cables with the neutral cable distorts Wilson's terminal and the morphology of all precordial and unipolar limb leads. The telltale sign of the mistake is the presence of (almost) a flat line in lead I, II or III. Interchange of even one of the limb cables, except for the neutral cable, with a precordial cable distorts the morphology of most leads and leaves not more than one lead (I, II, or III) unchanged. Computerized algorithms for detection of lead misplacement, such as those based on artificial neural networks, or on correlation between original and reconstructed leads, have been developed.

  12. Globalization of Craniofacial Plastic Surgery: Foreign Mission Programs for Cleft Lip and Palate

    PubMed Central

    Laub, Donald R.

    2015-01-01

    Abstract International Humanitarian Interchanges are a bona fide component of surgery and medicine. Additionally, these programs also provide substantial benefit both to the doers and the recipients. The foreign mission program is potentially a weapon of foreign policy which is underutilized and underestimated. Physician job dissatisfaction is increasing. However, the happiness and satisfaction of the participants in the short-term multidisciplinary trips, repeated, well-organized and respectful, with rather complete integration of the surgical system of the sister countries (“Plan B”), approaches 100%. The theory of the International Humanitarian Interchanges is based on substance, on medical theory. These trips are particularly successful in interchanges with medium-resourced countries. Furthermore, the academic visiting professor (“Plan A”: hi-resource place to hi-resource place), the One Man Can Save the World model (“Plan C”: to the low-resource place), and the intriguing Horton Peace Plan have possibilities for long-term benefit to the doer, recipient, the field of surgery, and the body of knowledge. In all of these, our country and the family of nations advance. The theoretical basis is not always religious nor the grand strategy plan; both have either proselytizing or political dominance as primary motives, and are mentioned as historically helpful. PMID:26080114

  13. MAGNETIC FLUX TUBE INTERCHANGE AT THE HELIOPAUSE

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Florinski, V., E-mail: vaf0001@uah.edu

    2015-11-01

    The magnetic field measured by Voyager 1 prior to its heliocliff encounter on 2012.65 showed an unexpectedly complex transition from the primarily azimuthal inner-heliosheath field to the draped interstellar field tilted by some 20° to the nominal azimuthal direction. Most prominent were two regions of enhanced magnetic field strength depleted in energetic charged particles of heliospheric origin. These regions were interpreted as magnetic flux tubes connected to the outer heliosheath that provided a path for the particles to escape. Despite large increases in strength, the field’s direction did not change appreciably at the boundaries of these flux tubes. Rather, themore » field’s direction changed gradually over several months prior to the heliocliff crossing. It is shown theoretically that the heliopause, as a pressure equilibrium layer, can become unstable to interchange of magnetic fields between the inner and the outer heliosheaths. The curvature of magnetic field lines and the anti-sunward gradient in plasma kinetic pressure provide conditions favorable for an interchange. Magnetic shear between the heliosheath and the interstellar fields reduces the growth rates, but does not fully stabilize the heliopause against perturbations propagating in the latitudinal direction. The instability could create a transition layer permeated by magnetic flux tubes, oriented parallel to each other and alternately connected to the heliosheath or the interstellar regions.« less

  14. 2014 Trans-Atlantic Research and Development Interchange ...

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Trans-Atlantic Research and Development Interchange on Sustainability (TARDIS) has been bringing together a select group of scientists and engineers for in-depth discussions on sustainability on a bi-annual basis since 2004. TARDIS 2014 included twenty eight individuals from across the globe discussing issues related to progress towards sustainability. The discussion included policies, technologies, societal structure and norms, business practices and culture, and time-frames. As discussed later, the focus was on four questions: (1) what progress has been accomplished in sustainability? (2) why has there not been more progress in moving societies towards sustainability? (3) what are the road-blocks to progress towards sustainability? (4) what are the policies, technologies, and other changes that are needed to make further progress towards sustainability? One salient conclusion from TARDIS 2014 is that while sustainability has entered mainstream thinking, significant social, economic, technological, and business barriers remain to further progress towards a sustainable path as discussed throughout this report. The Trans-Atlantic Research and Development Interchange on Sustainability is a bi-annual workshop alternatively held in the United States and Austria. The purpose is to bring the best thinkers from across the globe to discuss, explore, and clarify major issues related to sustainability. A report summarizing teh finding and discussions is prepared and d

  15. The impact of reference pricing of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the use and costs of analgesic drugs.

    PubMed

    Grootendorst, Paul V; Marshall, John K; Holbrook, Anne M; Dolovich, Lisa R; O'Brien, Bernie J; Levy, Adrian R

    2005-10-01

    To estimate the effect of reference pricing (RP) of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on drug subsidy program and beneficiary expenditures on analgesic drugs. Monthly claims data from Pharmacare, the public drug subsidy program for seniors in British Columbia, Canada, over the period of February 1993 to June 2001. RP limits drug plan reimbursement of interchangeable medicines to a reference price, which is typically equal to the price of the lowest cost interchangeable drug; any cost above that is borne by the patient. Pharmacare introduced two different forms of RP to the NSAIDs, Type 1 in April 1994 and Type 2 in November 1995. Under Type 1 RP, generic and brand versions of the same NSAID are considered interchangeable, whereas under Type 2 RP different NSAIDs are considered interchangeable. We extrapolated average reimbursement per day of NSAID therapy over the months before RP to estimate what expenditures would have been without the policies. These counterfactual predictions were compared with actual values to estimate the impact of the policies; the estimated impacts on reimbursement rates were multiplied by the postpolicy volume of NSAIDS dispensed, which appeared unaffected by the policies, to estimate expenditure changes. After Type 2 RP, program expenditures declined by $22.7 million (CAN), or $4 million (CAN), annually cutting expenditure by about half. Most savings accrued from the substitution of low-cost NSAIDs for more costly alternatives. About 20 percent of savings represented expenditures by seniors who elected to pay for partially reimbursed drugs. Type 1 RP produced one-quarter the savings of type 2 RP. Type 2 RP of NSAIDs achieved its goal of reducing drug expenditures and was more effective than Type 1 RP. The effects of RP on patient health and associated health care costs remain to be investigated.

  16. Distribution, persistence and interchange of Epstein-Barr virus strains among PBMC, plasma and saliva of primary infection subjects.

    PubMed

    Kwok, Hin; Chan, Koon Wing; Chan, Kwok Hung; Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing

    2015-01-01

    Our study aimed at investigating the distribution, persistence and interchange of viral strains among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), plasma and saliva of primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection subjects. Twelve infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients and eight asymptomatic individuals (AS) with primary EBV infection were followed longitudinally at several time points for one year from the time of diagnosis, when blood and saliva samples were collected and separated into PBMC, plasma and saliva, representing circulating B cell, plasma and epithelial cell compartments, respectively. To survey the viral strains, genotyping assays for the natural polymorphisms in two latent EBV genes, EBNA2 and LMP1, were performed and consisted of real-time PCR on EBNA2 to distinguish type 1 and 2 viruses, fluorescent-based 30-bp typing assay on LMP1 to distinguish deletion and wild type LMP1, and fluorescent-based heteroduplex tracking assays on both EBNA2 and LMP1 to distinguish defined polymorphic variants. No discernible differences were observed between IM patients and AS. Multiple viral strains were acquired early at the start of infection. Stable persistence of dominant EBV strains in the same tissue compartment was observed throughout the longitudinal samples. LMP1-defined strains, China 1, China 2 and Mediterranean+, were the most common strains observed. EBNA2-defined groups 1 and 3e predominated the PBMC and saliva compartments. Concordance of EBNA2 and LMP1 strains between PBMC and saliva suggested ready interchange of viruses between circulating B cell and epithelial cell pools, whilst discordance of viral strains observed between plasma and PBMC/saliva indicated presence of viral pools in other undetermined tissue compartments. Taken together, the results indicated that the distribution, persistence and interchange of viral strains among the tissue compartments are more complex than those proposed by the current model of EBV life cycle.

  17. Dynamics of the Transition Corona

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Masson, Sophie; McCauley, Patrick; Golub, Leon; Reeves, Katharine K.; DeLuca, Edward E.

    2014-01-01

    Magnetic reconnection between the open and closed magnetic fields in the corona is believed to play a crucial role in the corona/heliosphere coupling. At large scale, the exchange of open/closed connectivity is expected to occur in pseudo-streamer (PS) structures. However, there is neither clear observational evidence of how such coupling occurs in PSs, nor evidence for how the magnetic reconnection evolves. Using a newly developed technique, we enhance the off-limb magnetic fine structures observed with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and identify a PS-like feature located close to the northern coronal hole. We first identify that the magnetic topology associated with the observation is a PS, null-point (NP) related topology bounded by the open field. By comparing the magnetic field configuration with the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission regions, we determined that most of the magnetic flux associated with plasma emission are small loops below the PS basic NP and open field bounding the PS topology. In order to interpret the evolution of the PS, we referred to a three-dimensional MHD interchange reconnection modeling the exchange of connectivity between small closed loops and the open field. The observed PS fine structures follow the dynamics of the magnetic field before and after reconnecting at the NP obtained by the interchange model. Moreover, the pattern of the EUV plasma emission is the same as the shape of the expected plasma emission location derived from the simulation. These morphological and dynamical similarities between the PS observations and the results from the simulation strongly suggest that the evolution of the PS, and in particular the opening/closing of the field, occurs via interchange/slipping reconnection at the basic NP of the PS. Besides identifying the mechanism at work in the large-scale coupling between the open and closed fields, our results highlight that interchange reconnection in PSs is a gradual physical process that differs from the impulsive reconnection of the solar-jet model.

  18. A comprehensive study of electrostatic turbulence and transport in the laboratory basic plasma device TORPEX

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Furno, I.; Fasoli, A.; Avino, F.; Bovet, A.; Gustafson, K.; Iraji, D.; Labit, B.; Loizu, J.; Ricci, P.; Theiler, C.

    2012-04-01

    TORPEX is a toroidal device located at the CRPP-EPFL in Lausanne. In TORPEX, a vertical magnetic field superposed on a toroidal field creates helicoidal field lines with both ends terminating on the torus vessel. The turbulence driven by magnetic curvature and plasma gradients causes plasma transport in the radial direction while at the same time plasma is progressively lost along the field lines. The relatively simple magnetic geometry and diagnostic access of the TORPEX configuration facilitate the experimental study of low frequency instabilities and related turbulent transport, and make an accurate comparison between simulations and experiments possible. We first present a detailed investigation of electrostatic interchange turbulence, associated structures and their effect on plasma using high-resolution diagnostics of plasma parameters and wave fields throughout the whole device cross-section, fluid models and numerical simulations. Interchange modes nonlinearly develop blobs, radially propagating filaments of enhanced plasma pressure. Blob velocities and sizes are obtained from probe measurements using pattern recognition and are described by an analytical expression that includes ion polarization currents, parallel sheath currents and ion-neutral collisions. Then, we describe recent advances of a non-perturbative Li 6+ miniaturized ion source and a detector for the investigation of the interaction between supra thermal ions and interchange-driven turbulence. We present first measurements of the spatial and energy space distribution of the fast ion beam in different plasma scenarios, in which the plasma turbulence is fully characterized. The experiments are interpreted using two-dimensional fluid simulations describing the low-frequency interchange turbulence, taking into account the plasma source and plasma losses at the torus vessel. By treating fast ions as test particles, we integrate their equations of motion in the simulated electromagnetic fields, and we compare their time-averaged and statistical properties with experimental data. Finally, we discuss future developments including the possibility of closing the magnetic field lines and of performing magnetic reconnection experiments.

  19. Distribution, Persistence and Interchange of Epstein-Barr Virus Strains among PBMC, Plasma and Saliva of Primary Infection Subjects

    PubMed Central

    Kwok, Hin; Chan, Koon Wing; Chan, Kwok Hung; Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing

    2015-01-01

    Our study aimed at investigating the distribution, persistence and interchange of viral strains among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), plasma and saliva of primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection subjects. Twelve infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients and eight asymptomatic individuals (AS) with primary EBV infection were followed longitudinally at several time points for one year from the time of diagnosis, when blood and saliva samples were collected and separated into PBMC, plasma and saliva, representing circulating B cell, plasma and epithelial cell compartments, respectively. To survey the viral strains, genotyping assays for the natural polymorphisms in two latent EBV genes, EBNA2 and LMP1, were performed and consisted of real-time PCR on EBNA2 to distinguish type 1 and 2 viruses, fluorescent-based 30-bp typing assay on LMP1 to distinguish deletion and wild type LMP1, and fluorescent-based heteroduplex tracking assays on both EBNA2 and LMP1 to distinguish defined polymorphic variants. No discernible differences were observed between IM patients and AS. Multiple viral strains were acquired early at the start of infection. Stable persistence of dominant EBV strains in the same tissue compartment was observed throughout the longitudinal samples. LMP1-defined strains, China 1, China 2 and Mediterranean+, were the most common strains observed. EBNA2-defined groups 1 and 3e predominated the PBMC and saliva compartments. Concordance of EBNA2 and LMP1 strains between PBMC and saliva suggested ready interchange of viruses between circulating B cell and epithelial cell pools, whilst discordance of viral strains observed between plasma and PBMC/saliva indicated presence of viral pools in other undetermined tissue compartments. Taken together, the results indicated that the distribution, persistence and interchange of viral strains among the tissue compartments are more complex than those proposed by the current model of EBV life cycle. PMID:25807555

  20. A Moveable Feast: Insects Moving at the Forest-Crop Interface Are Affected by Crop Phenology and the Amount of Forest in the Landscape.

    PubMed

    González, Ezequiel; Salvo, Adriana; Defagó, María Teresa; Valladares, Graciela

    2016-01-01

    Edges have become prevailing habitats, mainly as a result of habitat fragmentation and agricultural expansion. The interchange of functionally relevant organisms like insects occurs through these edges and can influence ecosystem functioning in both crop and non-crop habitats. However, very few studies have focused on the directionality of insect movement through edges, and the role of crop and non-crop amount has been ignored. Using bi-directional flight interception traps we investigated interchange of herbivore, natural enemy, pollinator and detritivore insects between native forest fragments and soybean crops, simultaneously considering movement direction, forest cover in the landscape and crop phenology. In total, 52,173 specimens and 877 morphospecies were collected. We found that, within most functional and taxonomic groups, movement intensity was similar (richness and/or abundance) between directions, whereas a predominantly forest-to-crop movement characterized natural enemies. Insect movement was extensively affected by crop phenology, decreasing during crop senescence, and was enhanced by forest cover particularly at senescence. Mainly the same herbivore species moved to and from the forest, but different natural enemy species predominated in each direction. Finally, our analyses revealed greater forest contribution to natural enemy than to herbivore communities in the crop, fading with distance to the forest in both groups. By showing that larger amounts of forest lead to richer insect interchange, in both directions and in four functional groups, our study suggests that allocation to natural and cultivated habitats at landscape level could influence functioning of both systems. Moreover, natural enemies seemed to benefit more than pests from natural vegetation, with natural enemy spillover from forests likely contributing to pest control in soybean fields. Thus consequences of insect interchange seem to be mostly positive for the agroecosystem, although consequences for the natural system deserve further study.

  1. [Alveolar arterial O2 gradient in patients with cardiopulmonary pathology. Its study at rest with respiration of environmental air].

    PubMed

    Martínez Guerra, M L; Fernández Bonett, P; Lupi Herrera, E

    1979-01-01

    The arterial oxygen pressure (PAO2) and the arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PACO2) are the mirror of the whole stage in alveolar ventilation, because there is a numerical correlation between them, in the alveolar air equation. In our material no difference was found when the respiratory cocient is used to calculate the equation modifying the PACO2 value. On the other hand, the PaO depends on a great amount of variables, i.e., the rationship V/Q. Qs/Qt and the arteriovenous oxygen difference in volume percentage, which reflect the functional stage of the gaseous interchange; other variables depend essentially of technical factors as the methodology used in the obtention and management of the samples and the measurement of the PAO2 at the laboratory. Thus, the alveolo-arterial oxigen Difference delta (A-a)O2 is considered as a mirror of the fluctuations in gaseous interchange, only if the alveolar ventilation the cardiac output, the systemic arterial-vein oxygen difference and in minor importance the respiratory cocient (RP remain constant. The delta (A-a)O2 is not always correlated with other parameters far from the gaseous interchange at lung level in the critically ill patient, for this, it has not a pronostic mecaning by itself. Nevertheless, we believe that delta (A-a)O2 continues being a useful measurement to evaluate the gaseous interchange if at the same time all the factors which may have influence in it are analysed. We consider, for trying to be simple in the management of the acute respiratory failure at the bedside that the (A-a)O2 must not be linked to only one parameter of the respiratory function, i.e. the intrapulmonar veno-arterial shunt, without considering the cardiac output and the systemic arterial-vein oxygen difference.

  2. Reactions of fac-[Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+ with nucleoside diphosphates and thiamine diphosphate in aqueous solution investigated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Adams, Kristie M; Marzilli, Patricia A; Marzilli, Luigi G

    2007-10-29

    Products formed between monoester diphosphates (MDPs) and fac-[Re(CO)3(H2O)3]OTf at pH 3.6 were examined. Such adducts of the fac-[Re(CO)3]+ moiety have an uncommon combination of properties for an "inert" metal center in that sharp NMR signals can be observed, yet the products are equilibrating at rates allowing NMR EXSY cross-peaks to be observed. Thiamine diphosphate (TDP) and uridine 5'-diphosphate (5'-UDP) form 1:1 bidentate {Palpha,Pbeta} chelates, in which the MDP binds Re(I) via Palpha and Pbeta phosphate groups. Asymmetric centers are created at Re(I) (RRe/SRe) and Palpha (Delta/Lambda), leading to four diastereomers. The two mirror pairs of diastereomers (RReDelta/SReLambda) and (RReLambda/SReDelta) for TDP (no ribose) and for all four diastereomers (RReDelta, RReLambda, SReDelta, SReLambda) for 5'-UDP (asymmetric ribose) gave two and four sets of NMR signals for the bound MDP, respectively. 31Palpha-31Palpha EXSY cross-peaks indicate that the fac-[Re(CO)3(H2O)({Palpha,Pbeta}MDP)]- isomers interchange slowly on the NMR time scale, with an average k approximately equal to 0.8 s(-1) at 32 degrees C; the EXSY cross-peaks could arise from chirality changes at only Re(I) or at only Palpha. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (5'-GDP), with a ribose moiety and a Re(I)-binding base, formed both possible diastereomers (RRe and SRe) of the fac-[Re(CO)3(H2O)({N7,Pbeta}GDP)]- macrochelate, with one slightly more abundant diastereomer suggested to be RRe by Mn2+ ion 1H NMR signal line-broadening combined with distances from molecular models. Interchange of the diastereomers requires that the coordination site of either N7 or Pbeta move to the H2O site. 31Palpha-31Palpha EXSY cross-peaks indicate a k approximately equal to 0.5 s(-1) at 32 degrees C for RRe-to-SRe interchange. The similarity of the rate constants for interchange of fac-[Re(CO)3(H2O)({Palpha,Pbeta}MDP)]- and fac-[Re(CO)3(H2O)({N7,Pbeta}GDP)]- adducts suggest strongly that interchange of Pbeta and H2O coordination positions accounts for the EXSY cross-peaks present in the spectra of all adducts.

  3. 7 CFR 735.3 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., optical, or similar means, including, but not limited to, electronic data interchange, advanced... lawfully engaged in the business of storing or handling agricultural products. Warehousing activities and...

  4. 7 CFR 735.3 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., optical, or similar means, including, but not limited to, electronic data interchange, advanced... lawfully engaged in the business of storing or handling agricultural products. Warehousing activities and...

  5. Members of the Science and Technology Partnership Forum Listen to a Presentation about In-Space Assembly and Satellite Servicing

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-09-06

    WASHINGTON, D.C.---S&T Partnership Forum In-Space Assembly Technical Interchange Meeting-On September 6th 2017, many of the United States government experts on In-Space Assembly met at the U.S. Naval Research Lab to discuss both technology development and in-space applications that would advance national capabilities in this area. Expertise from NASA, USAF, NRO, DARPA and NRL met in this meeting which was coordinated by the NASA Headquarters, Office of the Chief Technologist. This technical interchange meeting was the second meeting of the members of this Science and Technology Partnership Forum. Glen Henshaw of Code 8231 talks to the group in the Space Robotics Lab.

  6. Representation and Integration of Scientific Information

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1998-01-01

    The objective of this Joint Research Interchange with NASA-Ames was to investigate how the Tsimmis technology could be used to represent and integrate scientific information. The main goal of the Tsimmis project is to allow a decision maker to find information of interest from such sources, fuse it, and process it (e.g., summarize it, visualize it, discover trends). Another important goal is the easy incorporation of new sources, as well the ability to deal with sources whose structure or services evolve. During the Interchange we had research meetings approximately every month or two. The funds provided by NASA supported work that lead to the following two papers: Fusion Queries over Internet Databases; Efficient Query Subscription Processing in a Multicast Environment.

  7. Interchangeable end effector tools utilized on the protoflight manipulator arm

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1987-01-01

    A subset of teleoperator and effector tools was designed, fabricated, delivered and successfully demonstrated on the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) protoflight manipulator arm (PFMA). The tools delivered included a rotary power tool with interchangeable collets and two fluid coupling mate/demate tools; one for a Fairchild coupling and the other for a Purolator coupling. An electrical interface connector was also provided for the rotary power tool. A tool set, from which the subset was selected, for performing on-orbit satellite maintenance was identified and conceptionally designed. Maintenance requirements were synthesized, evaluated and prioritized to develop design requirements for a set of end effector tools representative of those needed to provide on-orbit maintenance of satellites to be flown in the 1986 to 2000 timeframe.

  8. The use of multisensor data for robotic applications

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Abidi, M. A.; Gonzalez, R. C.

    1990-01-01

    The feasibility of realistic autonomous space manipulation tasks using multisensory information is shown through two experiments involving a fluid interchange system and a module interchange system. In both cases, autonomous location of the mating element, autonomous location of the guiding light target, mating, and demating of the system were performed. Specifically, vision-driven techniques were implemented to determine the arbitrary two-dimensional position and orientation of the mating elements as well as the arbitrary three-dimensional position and orientation of the light targets. The robotic system was also equipped with a force/torque sensor that continuously monitored the six components of force and torque exerted on the end effector. Using vision, force, torque, proximity, and touch sensors, the two experiments were completed successfully and autonomously.

  9. Filament velocity scaling laws for warm ions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Manz, P.; Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Assoziation, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching; Carralero, D.

    2013-10-15

    The dynamics of filaments or blobs in the scrape-off layer of magnetic fusion devices are studied by magnitude estimates of a comprehensive drift-interchange-Alfvén fluid model. The standard blob models are reproduced in the cold ion case. Even though usually neglected, in the scrape-off layer, the ion temperature can exceed the electron temperature by an order of magnitude. The ion pressure affects the dynamics of filaments amongst others by adding up to the interchange drive and the polarisation current. It is shown how both effects modify the scaling laws for filament velocity in dependence of its size. Simplifications for experimentally relevantmore » limit regimes are given. These are the sheath dissipation, collisional, and electromagnetic regime.« less

  10. Interchange of electronic design through VHDL and EIS

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wallace, Richard M.

    1987-01-01

    The need for both robust and unambiguous electronic designs is a direct requirement of the astonishing growth in design and manufacturing capability during recent years. In order to manage the plethora of designs, and have the design data both interchangeable and interoperable, the Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program is developing two major standards for the electronic design community. The VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) is designed to be the lingua franca for transmission of design data between designers and their environments. The Engineering Information System (EIS) is designed to ease the integration of data betweeen diverse design automation systems. This paper describes the rationale for the necessity for these two standards and how they provide a synergistic expressive capability across the macrocosm of design environments.

  11. Complementary Speckle Patterns: Deterministic Interchange of Intrinsic Vortices and Maxima through Scattering Media.

    PubMed

    Gateau, Jérôme; Rigneault, Hervé; Guillon, Marc

    2017-01-27

    Intensity maxima and zeros of speckle patterns obtained behind a diffuser are experimentally interchanged by applying a spiral phase delay of charge ±1 to the impinging coherent beam. This transform arises from the expectation that tightly focused beams, which have a planar wave front around the focus, are so changed into vortex beams and vice versa. The statistics of extrema locations and the intensity distribution of the so-generated "complementary" patterns are characterized by numerical simulations. It is demonstrated experimentally that the incoherent superposition of the three "complementary speckle patterns" yield a synthetic speckle grain size enlarged by a factor of sqrt[3]. A cyclic permutation of optical vortices and intensity maxima is unexpectedly observed and discussed.

  12. Nontraditional Intersections/Interchanges: Informational Report

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2007-06-18

    Comprehensive Coverage -Geometric design considerations. -Traffic analysis and comparison with similar conventional design. -Signal settings. -Signing and marking. -Material or cost comparison. -Selection Process in a spread sheet.

  13. Analysis of Mid-Latitude Plasma Density Irregularities in the Presence of Finite Larmor Radius Effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sotnikov, V. I.; Kim, T. C.; Mishin, E. V.; Kil, H.; Kwak, Y. S.; Paraschiv, I.

    2017-12-01

    Ionospheric irregularities cause scintillations of electromagnetic signals that can severely affect navigation and transionospheric communication, in particular during space storms. At mid-latitudes the source of F-region Field Aligned Irregularities (FAI) is yet to be determined. They can be created in enhanced subauroral flow channels (SAI/SUBS), where strong gradients of electric field, density and plasma temperature are present. Another important source of FAI is connected with Medium-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). Related shear flows and plasma density troughs point to interchange and Kelvin-Helmholtz type instabilities as a possible source of plasma irregularities. A model of nonlinear development of these instabilities based on the two-fluid hydrodynamic description with inclusion of finite Larmor radius effects will be presented. This approach allows to resolve density irregularities on the meter scale. A numerical code in C language to solve the derived nonlinear equations for analysis of interchange and flow velocity shear instabilities in the ionosphere was developed. This code will be used to analyze competition between interchange and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the mid-latitude region. The high-resolution simulations with continuous density and velocity profiles will be driven by the ambient conditions corresponding to the in situ data obtained during the 2016 Daejeon (Korea) and MU (Japan) radar campaign and data collected simultaneously by the Swarm satellites passed over Korea and Japan. PA approved #: 88ABW-2017-3641

  14. The importance of applicator design for intraluminal brachytherapy of rectal cancer.

    PubMed

    Hansen, Johnny Witterseh; Jakobsen, Anders

    2006-09-01

    An important aspect of designing an applicator for radiation treatment of rectal cancer is the ability to minimize dose to the mucosa and noninvolved parts of the rectum wall. For this reason we investigated a construction of a flexible multichannel applicator with several channels placed along the periphery of a cylinder and a construction of a rigid cylinder with a central channel and interchangeable shields. Calculations of the dose gradient, dose homogeneity in the tumor, and shielding ability were performed for the two applicators in question. Furthermore, the influence on dose distribution around a flexible multichannel applicator from an unintended off-axis positioning of the source inside a bent channel was investigated by film measurements on a single bent catheter. Calculations showed that a single-channel applicator with interchangeable shields yields a higher degree of shielding and has a better dose homogeneity in the tumor volume than that of a multi-channel applicator. A single-channel applicator with interchangeable shields was manufactured, and the influence of different size of shield angle on dose rate in front of and behind the shields was measured. While dose rate in front of the shield and shielding ability are closely independent of the size of the shield angle when measured 1 cm from the applicator surface, dose rate in more distant volumes will to some extent be influenced by shield angle due to volume scatter conditions.

  15. The importance of applicator design for intraluminal brachytherapy of rectal cancer

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hansen, Johnny Witterseh; Jakobsen, Anders; Department of Oncology, Hospital of Vejle, DK-7100 Vejle

    2006-09-15

    An important aspect of designing an applicator for radiation treatment of rectal cancer is the ability to minimize dose to the mucosa and noninvolved parts of the rectum wall. For this reason we investigated a construction of a flexible multichannel applicator with several channels placed along the periphery of a cylinder and a construction of a rigid cylinder with a central channel and interchangeable shields. Calculations of the dose gradient, dose homogeneity in the tumor, and shielding ability were performed for the two applicators in question. Furthermore, the influence on dose distribution around a flexible multichannel applicator from an unintendedmore » off-axis positioning of the source inside a bent channel was investigated by film measurements on a single bent catheter. Calculations showed that a single-channel applicator with interchangeable shields yields a higher degree of shielding and has a better dose homogeneity in the tumor volume than that of a multichannel applicator. A single-channel applicator with interchangeable shields was manufactured, and the influence of different size of shield angle on dose rate in front of and behind the shields was measured. While dose rate in front of the shield and shielding ability are closely independent of the size of the shield angle when measured 1 cm from the applicator surface, dose rate in more distant volumes will to some extent be influenced by shield angle due to volume scatter conditions.« less

  16. Chromosome translocations in turtles: a biomarker in a sentinel animal for ecological dosimetry.

    PubMed

    Ulsh, B A; Mühlmann-Díaz, M C; Whicker, F W; Hinton, T G; Congdon, J D; Bedford, J S

    2000-06-01

    Nonhuman organisms are being exposed to ionizing radiations at radionuclide-contaminated sites around the world. Direct methods are seldom available for measuring biologically relevant doses received by these organisms. Here we extend biological dosimetry techniques, which are much better developed for humans and a few other mammalian species, to a nonmammalian species. Turtles were chosen because a long-lived animal would best serve the need for low-level, chronic exposure conditions. We chose the yellow-bellied slider turtle (Trachemys scripta), which is known to have a maximum life span of at least 22 years. As reported elsewhere, we first isolated an embryonic fibroblast cell line and constructed whole-chromosome-specific DNA libraries for chromosome 1 by microdissection and PCR. A FISH painting probe was prepared and used to establish a dose-response curve for ionizing radiation-induced chromosome interchange aberrations in turtle fibroblasts. This was compared to the dose response for human fibroblasts treated under similar conditions in our laboratory. With respect to induction of chromosome interchange aberrations, human fibroblasts were approximately 1.7 times more sensitive than the T. scripta fibroblasts. To the extent that symmetrical interchanges are persistent over long periods, this approach could eventually provide a measure of the integrated lifetime dose these organisms receive from radionuclides in their environment and give a measure of the extent of relevant genetic damage over that time.

  17. Normalization Of Thermal-Radiation Form-Factor Matrix

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tsuyuki, Glenn T.

    1994-01-01

    Report describes algorithm that adjusts form-factor matrix in TRASYS computer program, which calculates intraspacecraft radiative interchange among various surfaces and environmental heat loading from sources such as sun.

  18. Anderson Localization from the Berry-Curvature Interchange in Quantum Anomalous Hall Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qiao, Zhenhua; Han, Yulei; Zhang, Lei; Wang, Ke; Deng, Xinzhou; Jiang, Hua; Yang, Shengyuan A.; Wang, Jian; Niu, Qian

    2016-07-01

    We theoretically investigate the localization mechanism of the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) in the presence of spin-flip disorders. We show that the QAHE stays quantized at weak disorders, then enters a Berry-curvature mediated metallic phase at moderate disorders, and finally goes into the Anderson insulating phase at strong disorders. From the phase diagram, we find that at the charge neutrality point although the QAHE is most robust against disorders, the corresponding metallic phase is much easier to be localized into the Anderson insulating phase due to the interchange of Berry curvatures carried, respectively, by the conduction and valence bands. In the end, we provide a phenomenological picture related to the topological charges to better understand the underlying physical origin of the QAHE Anderson localization.

  19. Anderson Localization from the Berry-Curvature Interchange in Quantum Anomalous Hall Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Han, Yulei; Qiao, Zhenhua

    In this talk, we theoretically investigate the localization mechanism of the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) in the presence of spin-flip disorders. We show that the QAHE stays quantized at weak disorders, then enters a Berry-curvature mediated metallic phase at moderate disorders, and finally goes into the Anderson insulating phase at strong disorders. From the phase diagram, we find that at the charge neutrality point although the QAHE is most robust against disorders, the corresponding metallic phase is much easier to be localized into the Anderson insulating phase due to the interchange of Berry curvatures carried, respectively, by the conduction and valence bands. In the end, we provide a phenomenological picture related to the topological charges to better understand the underlying physical origin of the QAHE Anderson localization.

  20. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Smith, K.L.

    This document has been developed to provide guidance in the interchange of electronic CAD data with Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., Oak Ridge, Tennessee. It is not meant to be as comprehensive as the existing standards and specifications, but to provide a minimum set of practices that will enhance the success of the CAD data exchange. It is now a Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Field Office requirement that Architect-Engineering (A-E) firms prepare all new drawings using a Computer Aided Design (CAD) system that is compatible with the Facility Manager`s (FM) CAD system. For Oak Ridge facilities, the CADmore » system used for facility design by the FM, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., is Intregraph. The format for interchange of CAD data for Oak Ridge facilities will be the Intergraph MicroStation/IGDS format.« less

  1. Image quality comparisons of X-Omat RP, L and B films.

    PubMed

    Van Dis, M L; Beck, F M

    1991-08-01

    The Eastman Kodak Company has recently developed a new film, X-Omat B (XB), designed to be interchangeable with X-Omat RP (XRP) film. The manufacturer claims the new film can be manually developed in half the time of other X-Omat films while automatic processing is unchanged. Three X-Omat film types were processed manually or automatically and the image qualities were evaluated. The XRP film had greater contrast than the XB and X-Omat L (XL) films when manually processed, and the XL film showed less contrast than the XB and XRP films when processed automatically. There was no difference in the subjective evaluation of the various film types and processing methods, and the XB film could be interchanged with XRP film in a simulated clinical situation.

  2. 3. Historic American Buildings Survey William C. Everhart, Photographer October ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    3. Historic American Buildings Survey William C. Everhart, Photographer October 1958 FRONT and EAST SIDE ELEVATIONS - Sacred Heart Mission, Interstate 90 & Interchange 39, Cataldo, Shoshone County, ID

  3. 6. Historic American Buildings Survey William C. Everhart, Photographer October ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    6. Historic American Buildings Survey William C. Everhart, Photographer October 1958 FRONT and WEST SIDE ELEVATIONS - Sacred Heart Mission, Interstate 90 & Interchange 39, Cataldo, Shoshone County, ID

  4. 43. Photographer unknown September 1967 VISITOR INFORMATION KIOSK, LOCATED NEAR ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    43. Photographer unknown September 1967 VISITOR INFORMATION KIOSK, LOCATED NEAR THE POWDER MILL ROAD INTERCHANGE. (NPS/NCR (cn) 9995-C) - Baltimore-Washington Parkway, Greenbelt, Prince George's County, MD

  5. The NTCIP guide : updated version 3

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2002-10-01

    The transportation community has long needed transportation systems that could be built using devices and components that were interchangeable and interoperable. The National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP) family of standards ...

  6. Department of Defense Travel Reengineering Pilot Report to Congress

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1997-06-01

    Electronic Commerce /Electronic Data Interchange (EC/EDI) capabilities to integrate functions. automate edit checks for internal controls, and create user-friendly management tools at all levels of the process.

  7. Access management for Kentucky.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2004-02-01

    The Access Management Manual published by the Transportation Research Board in 2003 defines access management as the "systematic control of the location, spacing, design, and operation of driveways, median openings, interchanges, and street connectio...

  8. 5. Historic American Buildings Survey Paul J. F. Schumacher, Photographer ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    5. Historic American Buildings Survey Paul J. F. Schumacher, Photographer September 1957 FRONT and WEST SIDE ELEVATIONS - Sacred Heart Mission, Interstate 90 & Interchange 39, Cataldo, Shoshone County, ID

  9. SU-F-T-524: Investigation of the Dosimertric Benefits of Interchangeable Source Size of a Novel Rotating Gamma System

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Eldib, A; Chibani, O; Chen, L

    Purpose: Tremendous technological developments were made for conformal therapy techniques with linear accelerators, while less attention was paid to cobalt-60 units. The aim of the current study is to explore the dosimetric benefits of a novel rotating gamma ray system enhanced with interchangeable source sizes and multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Material and Methods: CybeRT is a novel rotating gamma ray machine with a ring gantry that ensures an iso-center accuracy of less than 0.3 mm. The new machine has a 70cm source axial distance allowing for improved penumbra compared to conventional machines. MCBEAM was used to simulate Cobalt-60 beams from themore » CybeRT head, while the MCPLAN code was used for modeling the MLC and for phantom/patient dose calculation. The CybeRT collimation will incorporate a system allowing for interchanging source sizes. In this work we have created phase space files for 1cm and 2cm source sizes. Evaluation of the system was done by comparing CybeRT beams with the 6MV beams in a water phantom and in patient geometry. Treatment plans were compared based on isodose distributions and dose volume histograms. Results: Profiles for the 1cm source were comparable to that from 6MV in the order of 6mm for 10×10 cm{sup 2} field size at the depth of maximum dose. This could ascribe to Cobalt-60 beams producing lowerenergy secondary electrons. Although, the 2cm source have a larger penumbra however it could be still used for large targets with proportionally increased dose rate. For large lung targets, the difference between cobalt and 6MV plans is clinically insignificant. Our preliminary results showed that interchanging source sizes will allow cobalt beams for volumetric arc therapy of both small lesions and large tumors. Conclusion: The CybeRT system will be a cost effective machine capable of performing advanced radiation therapy treatments of both small tumors and large target volumes.« less

  10. Warning Signs of Heart Failure

    MedlinePlus

    ... the two terms are used interchangeably. View an animation of heart failure . If you have been diagnosed ... resources here Popular Articles 1 Understanding Blood Pressure Readings 2 Sodium and Salt 3 Heart Attack Symptoms ...

  11. Aviation Careers: The Sky's the Limit

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1996-07-29

    AMASCOT demonstrated and evaluated the feasibility of automating the collection of mileage-by-jurisdiction data and electronic data interchange for International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA) and International Registration Plan (IRP) reporting. The test ...

  12. 8. Historic American Buildings Survey John N. DeHaas, Jr., Photographer ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    8. Historic American Buildings Survey John N. DeHaas, Jr., Photographer August 1963 EAST ELEVATION (Looking Northward) - Sacred Heart Mission, Interstate 90 & Interchange 39, Cataldo, Shoshone County, ID

  13. The complete mitochondrial genome of the gall-forming fly, Fergusonina taylori Nelson and Yeates (Diptera: Fergusoninidae).

    PubMed

    Nelson, Leigh A; Cameron, Stephen L; Yeates, David K

    2011-10-01

    The monogeneric family Fergusoninidae consists of gall-forming flies that, together with Fergusobia (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) nematodes, form the only known mutualistic association between insects and nematodes. In this study, the entire 16,000 bp mitochondrial genome of Fergusonina taylori Nelson and Yeates was sequenced. The circular genome contains one encoding region including 27 genes and one non-coding A+T-rich region. The arrangement of the protein-coding, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) genes was the same as that found in the ancestral insect. Nucleotide composition is highly A+T biased. All of the protein initiation codons are ATN, except for nad1 which begins with TTT. All 22 tRNA anticodons of F. taylori match those observed in Drosophila yakuba, and all form the typical cloverleaf structure except for tRNA-Ser((AGN)) which lacks a dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. Secondary structural features of the rRNA genes of Fergusonina are similar to those proposed for other insects, with minor modifications. The mitochondrial genome of Fergusonina presented here may prove valuable for resolving the sister group to the Fergusoninidae, and expands the available mtDNA data sources for acalyptrates overall.

  14. Effect of traffic and driving characteristics on morphology of atmospheric soot particles at freeway on-ramps.

    PubMed

    China, Swarup; Salvadori, Neila; Mazzoleni, Claudio

    2014-03-18

    Vehicles represent a major source of soot in urban environments. Knowledge of the morphology and mixing of soot particles is fundamental to understand their potential health and climatic impacts. We investigate 5738 single particles collected at six different cloverleaf freeway on-ramps in Southern Michigan, using 2D images from scanning electron microscopy. Of those, 3364 particles are soot. We present an analysis of the morphological and mixing properties of those soot particles. The relative abundance of soot particles shows a positive association with traffic density (number of vehicles per minute). A classification of the mixing state of freshly emitted soot particles shows that most of them are bare (or thinly coated) (72%) and some are partly coated (22%). We find that the fractal dimension of soot particles (one of the most relevant morphological descriptors) varies from site to site, and increases with increasing vehicle specific power that represents the driving/engine load conditions, and with increasing percentage of vehicles older than 15 years. Our results suggest that driving conditions, and vehicle age and type have significant influence on the morphology of soot particles.

  15. Reconfigurable superconducting vortex pinning potential for magnetic disks in hybrid structures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marchiori, Estefani; Curran, Peter J.; Kim, Jangyong; Satchell, Nathan; Burnell, Gavin; Bending, Simon J.

    2017-03-01

    High resolution scanning Hall probe microscopy has been used to directly visualise the superconducting vortex behavior in hybrid structures consisting of a square array of micrometer-sized Py ferromagnetic disks covered by a superconducting Nb thin film. At remanence the disks exist in almost fully flux-closed magnetic vortex states, but the observed cloverleaf-like stray fields indicate the presence of weak in-plane anisotropy. Micromagnetic simulations suggest that the most likely origin is an unintentional shape anisotropy. We have studied the pinning of added free superconducting vortices as a function of the magnetisation state of the disks, and identified a range of different phenomena arising from competing energy contributions. We have also observed clear differences in the pinning landscape when the superconductor and the ferromagnet are electron ically coupled or insulated by a thin dielectric layer, with an indication of non-trivial vortex-vortex interactions. We demonstrate a complete reconfiguration of the vortex pinning potential when the magnetisation of the disks evolves from the vortex-like state to an onion-like one under an in-plane magnetic field. Our results are in good qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions and could form the basis of novel superconducting devices based on reconfigurable vortex pinning sites.

  16. Reconfigurable superconducting vortex pinning potential for magnetic disks in hybrid structures.

    PubMed

    Marchiori, Estefani; Curran, Peter J; Kim, Jangyong; Satchell, Nathan; Burnell, Gavin; Bending, Simon J

    2017-03-24

    High resolution scanning Hall probe microscopy has been used to directly visualise the superconducting vortex behavior in hybrid structures consisting of a square array of micrometer-sized Py ferromagnetic disks covered by a superconducting Nb thin film. At remanence the disks exist in almost fully flux-closed magnetic vortex states, but the observed cloverleaf-like stray fields indicate the presence of weak in-plane anisotropy. Micromagnetic simulations suggest that the most likely origin is an unintentional shape anisotropy. We have studied the pinning of added free superconducting vortices as a function of the magnetisation state of the disks, and identified a range of different phenomena arising from competing energy contributions. We have also observed clear differences in the pinning landscape when the superconductor and the ferromagnet are electron ically coupled or insulated by a thin dielectric layer, with an indication of non-trivial vortex-vortex interactions. We demonstrate a complete reconfiguration of the vortex pinning potential when the magnetisation of the disks evolves from the vortex-like state to an onion-like one under an in-plane magnetic field. Our results are in good qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions and could form the basis of novel superconducting devices based on reconfigurable vortex pinning sites.

  17. Chemical and Conformational Diversity of Modified Nucleosides Affects tRNA Structure and Function.

    PubMed

    Väre, Ville Y P; Eruysal, Emily R; Narendran, Amithi; Sarachan, Kathryn L; Agris, Paul F

    2017-03-16

    RNAs are central to all gene expression through the control of protein synthesis. Four major nucleosides, adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and uridine, compose RNAs and provide sequence variation, but are limited in contributions to structural variation as well as distinct chemical properties. The ability of RNAs to play multiple roles in cellular metabolism is made possible by extensive variation in length, conformational dynamics, and the over 100 post-transcriptional modifications. There are several reviews of the biochemical pathways leading to RNA modification, but the physicochemical nature of modified nucleosides and how they facilitate RNA function is of keen interest, particularly with regard to the contributions of modified nucleosides. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the most extensively modified RNAs. The diversity of modifications provide versatility to the chemical and structural environments. The added chemistry, conformation and dynamics of modified nucleosides occurring at the termini of stems in tRNA's cloverleaf secondary structure affect the global three-dimensional conformation, produce unique recognition determinants for macromolecules to recognize tRNAs, and affect the accurate and efficient decoding ability of tRNAs. This review will discuss the impact of specific chemical moieties on the structure, stability, electrochemical properties, and function of tRNAs.

  18. Favorable effects of turbulent plasma mixing on the performance of innovative tokamak divertors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ryutov, D. D.; Cohen, R. H.; Rognlien, T. D.; Umansky, M. V.

    2013-10-01

    The problem of reducing the heat load on plasma-facing components is one of the most demanding issues for MFE devices. The general approach to the solution of this problem is the use of a specially configured poloidal magnetic field, so called magnetic divertors. In recent years, novel divertors possessing the 2-nd and 3-rd order nulls of the poloidal field (PF) have been proposed. They are called a ``snowflake'' (SF) and a ``cloverleaf'' (CL) divertor, respectively, due to characteristic shape of the magnetic separatrix. Among several beneficial features of such divertors is an effect of strong turbulent plasma mixing that is intrinsic to the zone of weak PF near the null-point. The turbulence spreads the heat flux between multiple divertor exhaust channels and increases the heat flux width within each channel. Among physical processes affecting the onset of convection the curvature-driven mode of axisymmetric rolls is most prominent. The effect is quite significant for the SF and is even stronger for the CL divertor. Projections to future ITER-scale facilities are discussed. Work performed for U.S. DoE by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.

  19. 40 CFR 93.127 - Projects exempt from regional emissions analyses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    .... Interchange reconfiguration projects. Changes in vertical and horizontal alignment. Truck size and weight inspection stations. Bus terminals and transfer points. [58 FR 62235, Nov. 24, 1993, as amended at 71 FR...

  20. 40 CFR 93.127 - Projects exempt from regional emissions analyses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    .... Interchange reconfiguration projects. Changes in vertical and horizontal alignment. Truck size and weight inspection stations. Bus terminals and transfer points. [58 FR 62235, Nov. 24, 1993, as amended at 71 FR...

  1. 40 CFR 93.127 - Projects exempt from regional emissions analyses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    .... Interchange reconfiguration projects. Changes in vertical and horizontal alignment. Truck size and weight inspection stations. Bus terminals and transfer points. [58 FR 62235, Nov. 24, 1993, as amended at 71 FR...

  2. 40 CFR 93.127 - Projects exempt from regional emissions analyses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    .... Interchange reconfiguration projects. Changes in vertical and horizontal alignment. Truck size and weight inspection stations. Bus terminals and transfer points. [58 FR 62235, Nov. 24, 1993, as amended at 71 FR...

  3. 48 CFR 14.203-1 - Transmittal to prospective bidders.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES SEALED BIDDING Solicitation of Bids 14.203-1 Transmittal to prospective... outside the United States shall be sent by electronic data interchange or air mail if security...

  4. NREL: SMARTS - About SMARTS

    Science.gov Websites

    its references list. To use SMARTS, users construct text files of 20-30 lines of simple text and ' output consists of spreadsheet-compatible American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) text

  5. Precise Restraightening of Bent Studs

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Boardman, R. E.

    1982-01-01

    Special tool quickly bends studs back into shape accurately and safely by force applied by hydraulic ram, with deflection being measured by dial indicator. Ram and indicator can be interchanged for straightening in reverse direction.

  6. Debit Interchange Fee Study Act of 2011

    THOMAS, 112th Congress

    Sen. Tester, Jon [D-MT

    2011-03-15

    Senate - 03/15/2011 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  7. Improved orthopedic arm joint

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dane, D. H.

    1971-01-01

    Joint permits smooth and easy movement of disabled arm and is smaller, lighter and less expensive than previous models. Device is interchangeable and may be used on either arm at the shoulder or at the elbow.

  8. Drivers' evaluation of the diverging diamond interchange

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2007-01-01

    In recent years, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has been advocating novel intersection designs as a way to promote intersection safety while meeting the often conflicting demands for increasing capacity, decreasing congestion, and minimizi...

  9. 2. Historic American Buildings Survey William C. Everhart, Photographer October ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    2. Historic American Buildings Survey William C. Everhart, Photographer October 1958 VIEW FROM THE NORTHEAST (Residence of Caretaker at Left) - Sacred Heart Mission, Interstate 90 & Interchange 39, Cataldo, Shoshone County, ID

  10. 9. Historic American Buildings Survey John N. DeHaas, Jr., Photographer ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    9. Historic American Buildings Survey John N. DeHaas, Jr., Photographer August 1963 VIEW OF HAND CARVED CEILING PANEL - Sacred Heart Mission, Interstate 90 & Interchange 39, Cataldo, Shoshone County, ID

  11. 10. Historic American Buildings Survey John N. DeHaas, Jr., Photographer ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    10. Historic American Buildings Survey John N. DeHaas, Jr., Photographer August 1963 VIEW OF HAND CARVED CEILING PANEL - Sacred Heart Mission, Interstate 90 & Interchange 39, Cataldo, Shoshone County, ID

  12. Federal Environmental Monitoring: Will the Bubble Burst?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Miller, Stan

    1978-01-01

    A quality assurance program for environmental monitoring is identified as necesary for the collection of reliable, interchangeable, and legally defensible data. The article defines quality assurance and describes the EPA quality assurance program. (MA)

  13. Effect of fast electrons on the stability of resistive interchange modes in the TJ-II stellarator

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    García, L.; Ochando, M. A.; Hidalgo, C.

    2016-06-15

    In this paper, we report on electromagnetic phenomena in low-β plasmas at the TJ-II stellarator, controlled by external heating. To understand the observations qualitatively, we introduce a simple modification of the standard resistive MHD equations, to include the potential impact of fast electrons on instabilities. The dominant instabilities of the modeling regime are resistive interchange modes, and calculations are performed in a configuration with similar characteristics as the TJ-II stellarator. The main effect of the trapping of fast electrons by magnetic islands induced by MHD instabilities is to increase the magnetic component of the fluctuations, changing the character of themore » instability to tearing-like and modifying the frequency of the modes. These effects seem to be consistent with some of the experimental observations.« less

  14. KSC-08pd2083

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2008-07-18

    CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the high bay of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, the Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier for the Hubble Space Telescope is unwrapped and ready for final processing for launch. The Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier, or SLIC, is one of four carriers supporting hardware for space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission to service the telescope. The Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier, or ORUC, and the Flight Support System, or FSS, have also arrived at Kennedy. The Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment carrier will be delivered in late July. The carriers will be prepared for the integration of telescope science instruments, both internal and external replacement components, as well as the flight support equipment to be used by the astronauts during the Hubble servicing mission, targeted for launch Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

  15. KSC-08pd2082

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2008-07-18

    CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the high bay of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center cuts away the protective wrapping from the Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier for the Hubble Space Telescope. The Super Lightweight Interchangeable Carrier, or SLIC, is one of four carriers supporting hardware for space shuttle Atlantis' STS-125 mission to service the telescope. The Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier, or ORUC, and the Flight Support System, or FSS, have also arrived at Kennedy. The Multi-Use Lightweight Equipment carrier will be delivered in late July. The carriers will be prepared for the integration of telescope science instruments, both internal and external replacement components, as well as the flight support equipment to be used by the astronauts during the Hubble servicing mission, targeted for launch Oct. 8. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

  16. Static stability and control effectiveness of models 12-0 and 34-0 of the vehicle 3 configuration, volume 3. [tabulated source data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Allen, E. C.; Tuttle, T.

    1973-01-01

    Static stability and control effectiveness characteristics of two 0.004 scale models of the vehicle 3 configuration are reported. The components investigated consisted of a single aft body, vertical/rudder, OMS pods with two interchangeable wings, four interchangeable forward bodies, four trimmers, and a spoiler. The test was conducted in 14 x 14 inch trisonic wind tunnel over a Mach number range from 0.6 to 4.96. Angles of attack from 0 to 60 degrees and angles of sideslip from -10 to 10 degrees at 0, 10, 20,30, and 40 degrees angle of attack were tested. Elevon, body flap, and speed brake deflection composed the parametric considerations. No grit was placed on the models during the test. The tabulated source data and incremental data figures are presented.

  17. An XXX male resulting from paternal X-Y interchange and maternal X-X nondisjunction.

    PubMed Central

    Annerén, G; Andersson, M; Page, D C; Brown, L G; Berg, M; Läckgren, G; Gustavson, K H; de la Chapelle, A

    1987-01-01

    A 2-year-old boy was found to have a 47,XXX karyotype. Restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism analysis showed that, of his three X chromosomes, one is of paternal and two are of maternal origin. The results of Y-DNA hybridization were reminiscent of those in XX males in two respects. First, hybridization to Southern transfers revealed the presence in this XXX male of sequences derived from the Y-chromosomal short arm. Second, in situ hybridization showed that this Y DNA was located on the tip of the X-chromosomal short arm. We conclude that this XXX male resulted from the coincidence of X-X nondisjunction during maternal meiosis and aberrant X-Y interchange either during or prior to paternal meiosis. Images Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 PMID:2889356

  18. Security aspects of electronic data interchange between a state health department and a hospital emergency department.

    PubMed

    Magnuson, J A; Klockner, Rocke; Ladd-Wilson, Stephen; Zechnich, Andrew; Bangs, Christopher; Kohn, Melvin A

    2004-01-01

    Electronic emergency department reporting provides the potential for enhancing local and state surveillance capabilities for a wide variety of syndromes and reportable conditions. The task of protecting data confidentiality and integrity while developing electronic data interchange between a hospital emergency department and a state public health department proved more complex than expected. This case study reports on the significant challenges that had to be resolved to accomplish this goal; these included application restrictions and incompatibilities, technical malfunctions, changing standards, and insufficient dedicated resources. One of the key administrative challenges was that of coordinating project security with enterprise security. The original project has evolved into an ongoing pilot, with the health department currently receiving secure data from the emergency department at four-hour intervals. Currently, planning is underway to add more emergency departments to the project.

  19. Plasma transport in the Io torus - The importance of microscopic diffusion

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mei, YI; Thorne, Richard M.

    1991-01-01

    This paper considers the question of whether the distribution of mass in the Io plasma torus is consistent with the concept of interchange eddy transport. Specifically, the flux tube content exhibits a gradual decrease with increasing radial distance from the source near Io without any evidence for substantial density irregularity associated with the plasma source or loss. Using a simple one-dimensional numerical model to simulate macroscopic interchange eddy transport, it is demonstrated that this smooth equilibrium distribution of mass can occur but only with the inclusion of a minimal level of small scale microscopic mixing at a rate approaching Bohm diffusion. Otherwise, the system exhibits a chaotic appearance which never approaches an equilibrium distribution. Various physical mechanisms for the microscopic diffusion process which is required to provide a sufficiently rapid mixing of material between the macroscopic eddies are discussed.

  20. Conceptual design and programmatics studies of space station accommodations for Life Sciences Research Facilities (LSRF)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1985-01-01

    Conceptual designs and programmatics of the space station accommodations for the Life Sciences Research Facilities (LSRF) are presented. The animal ECLSS system for the LSRF provides temperature-humidity control, air circulation, and life support functions for experimental subjects. Three ECLSS were studied. All configurations presented satisfy the science requirements for: animal holding facilities with bioisolation; facilities interchangeable to hold rodents, small primates, and plants; metabolic cages interchangeable with standard holding cages; holding facilities adaptable to restrained large primates and rodent breeding/nesting cages; volume for the specified instruments; enclosed ferm-free workbench for manipulation of animals and chemical procedures; freezers for specimen storage until return; and centrifuge to maintain animals and plants at fractional g to 1 g or more, with potential for accommodating humans for short time intervals.

  1. Assessment of basic laparoscopic skills on virtual reality simulator or box trainer.

    PubMed

    Brinkman, Willem M; Tjiam, Irene M; Buzink, Sonja N

    2013-10-01

    We investigated whether the peg transfer task is interchangeable between a VR simulator and a box trainer. Our research questions: (1) Are scores of the box trainer interchangeable with the virtual equivalent of the exercise; (2) does training on the box affect performance on the VR simulator and vice versa; and (3) which system is preferred? Experienced laparoscopists and medical interns were randomly assigned to one of two groups (V or B). They performed eight repetitions of the peg transfer task (4 on each simulator system) following a crossover study design. Group B started on the box trainer and group V started on the VR simulator. Opinion of participants was evaluated by a questionnaire. A significant correlation was found between time to complete the task on the box and the VR simulator. The comparison of the performances per system showed that group B (N = 14) performed the peg transfer task on the VR simulator in significantly less time than group V (N = 14; p = 0.014). Overall, the box was preferred over the VR simulator. Although performances on the box trainer and VR simulator were correlated, they were not interchangeable. The results also imply that assessment on the VR simulator after pretraining on the box is acceptable, whereas VR simulator training alone might not suffice to pass an assessment on a box trainer. More research is needed to validate the use of the VR simulator as a FLS and PLUS assessment instrument.

  2. Archive of Digital Chirp Subbottom Profile Data Collected During USGS Cruise 14BIM05 Offshore of Breton Island, Louisiana, August 2014

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Forde, Arnell S.; Flocks, James G.; Wiese, Dana S.; Fredericks, Jake J.

    2016-03-29

    The archived trace data are in standard SEG Y rev. 0 format (Barry and others, 1975); the first 3,200 bytes of the card image header are in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format instead of Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) format. The SEG Y files are available on the DVD version of this report or online, downloadable via the USGS Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov). The data are also available for viewing using GeoMapApp (http://www.geomapapp.org) and Virtual Ocean (http://www.virtualocean.org) multi-platform open source software. The Web version of this archive does not contain the SEG Y trace files. To obtain the complete DVD archive, contact USGS Information Services at 1-888-ASK-USGS or infoservices@usgs.gov. The SEG Y files may be downloaded and processed with commercial or public domain software such as Seismic Unix (SU) (Cohen and Stockwell, 2010). See the How To Download SEG Y Data page for download instructions. The printable profiles are provided as Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) images processed and gained using SU software and can be viewed from theProfiles page or by using the links located on the trackline maps; refer to the Software page for links to example SU processing scripts.

  3. Parasites of freshwater fishes and the Great American Biotic Interchange: a bridge too far?

    PubMed

    Choudhury, A; García-Varela, M; Pérez-Ponce de León, G

    2017-03-01

    We examine the extent to which adult helminths of freshwater fishes have been part of the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), by integrating information in published studies and new data from Panama with fish biogeography and Earth history of Middle America. The review illustrates the following: (1) the helminth fauna south of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and especially south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, shows strong Neotropical affinities; (2) host-parasite associations follow principles of the 'biogeographic core fauna' in which host-lineage specificity is pronounced; (3) phylogenetic analysis of the widespread freshwater trematode family Allocreadiidae reveals a complex history of host-shifting and co-diversification involving mainly cyprinodontiforms and characids; (4) allocreadiids, monogeneans and spiruridan nematodes of Middle American cyprinodontiforms may provide clues to the evolutionary history of their hosts; and (5) phylogenetic analyses of cryptogonimid trematodes may reveal whether or how cichlids interacted with marine or brackish-water environments during their colonization history. The review shows that 'interchange' is limited and asymmetrical, but simple narratives of northward isthmian dispersal will likely prove inadequate to explain the historical biogeography of many host-parasite associations in tropical Middle America, particularly those involving poeciliids. Finally, our study highlights the urgent need for targeted survey work across Middle America, focused sampling in river drainages of Colombia and Venezuela, and deeper strategic sampling in other parts of South America, in order to develop and test robust hypotheses about fish-parasite associations in Middle America.

  4. Testing for measurement invariance and latent mean differences across methods: interesting incremental information from multitrait-multimethod studies

    PubMed Central

    Geiser, Christian; Burns, G. Leonard; Servera, Mateu

    2014-01-01

    Models of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are frequently applied to examine the convergent validity of scores obtained from multiple raters or methods in so-called multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) investigations. We show that interesting incremental information about method effects can be gained from including mean structures and tests of MI across methods in MTMM models. We present a modeling framework for testing MI in the first step of a CFA-MTMM analysis. We also discuss the relevance of MI in the context of four more complex CFA-MTMM models with method factors. We focus on three recently developed multiple-indicator CFA-MTMM models for structurally different methods [the correlated traits-correlated (methods – 1), latent difference, and latent means models; Geiser et al., 2014a; Pohl and Steyer, 2010; Pohl et al., 2008] and one model for interchangeable methods (Eid et al., 2008). We demonstrate that some of these models require or imply MI by definition for a proper interpretation of trait or method factors, whereas others do not, and explain why MI may or may not be required in each model. We show that in the model for interchangeable methods, testing for MI is critical for determining whether methods can truly be seen as interchangeable. We illustrate the theoretical issues in an empirical application to an MTMM study of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with mother, father, and teacher ratings as methods. PMID:25400603

  5. 75 FR 54420 - Notice of Final Federal Agency Actions on US 290/Hempstead Corridor

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-07

    ... INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Gregory Punske, P.E., District Engineer, District B (South), Federal Highway... ramps at intersecting roadways, and elevated directional interchanges at IH 610 and Sam Houston Tollway...

  6. 1. FIGUEROA STREET AND LOS ANGELES RIVER VIADUCTS AND INTERSTATE ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    1. FIGUEROA STREET AND LOS ANGELES RIVER VIADUCTS AND INTERSTATE 1-5 INTERCHANGE. LOOKING 356°N. - Arroyo Seco Parkway, Figueroa Street Viaduct, Spanning Los Angeles River, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA

  7. Guidelines for spacing between freeway ramps.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2009-11-01

    Existing geometric design guidance related to interchange ramp spacing in the Texas Roadway Design : Manual and the AASHTOs A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book) is not : speed-dependent even though intuition indicates ...

  8. System Concept Study for a Cargo Data Interchange System (CARDIS)

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1975-04-01

    The report presents the analysis of functional and operational requirements of CARDIS. From these requirements, system sizing estimates are derived. Three potential CARDIS concepts are introduced for consideration in subsequent analysis. Their charac...

  9. A Note on "Accuracy" and "Precision"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stallings, William M.; Gillmore, Gerald M.

    1971-01-01

    Advocates the use of precision" rather than accuracy" in defining reliability. These terms are consistently differentiated in certain sciences. Review of psychological and measurement literature reveals, however, interchangeable usage of the terms in defining reliability. (Author/GS)

  10. 19 CFR 10.763 - Filing of claim for preferential tariff treatment upon importation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... RATE, ETC. United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement Import Requirements § 10.763 Filing of claim for... the method specified for equivalent reporting via an authorized electronic data interchange system. ...

  11. 19 CFR 10.803 - Filing of claim for preferential tariff treatment upon importation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... RATE, ETC. United States-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement Import Requirements § 10.803 Filing of claim for... the method specified for equivalent reporting via an authorized electronic data interchange system. ...

  12. Highway Safety Manual applied in Missouri - freeway/software.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2016-06-01

    AASHTOs Highway Safety Manual (HSM) facilitates the quantitative safety analysis of highway facilities. In a 2014 : supplement, freeway facilities were added to the original HSM manual which allows the modeling of highway : interchanges. This repo...

  13. 10. VIEW OF YAKIMA VALLEY TRANSPORTATION COMPANY AND UNION PACIFIC ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    10. VIEW OF YAKIMA VALLEY TRANSPORTATION COMPANY AND UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD INTERCHANGE TRACKS AT YAKIMA - Yakima Valley Transportation Company Interurban Railroad, Connecting towns of Yakima, Selah & Wiley City, Yakima, Yakima County, WA

  14. Evaluation of post-interchange guide signs

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2002-12-01

    There are four basic types of guide signs related to tourist and recreational facilities, each with its own requirements and purpose. These include limited supplemental guide signs, cultural and recreational supplemental guide signs, fifth legend log...

  15. 76 FR 43393 - Debit Card Interchange Fees and Routing

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-20

    ... have increased at a faster pace. \\20\\ Card-not-present transactions occur when the card is not...; \\32\\ faster availability of funds; faster check-out at the point-of-sale; increased sales value and...

  16. 45 CFR 51.3 - Who is eligible to apply?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... purposes of this regulation, the term “program” relates to a graduate medical education program having an... and skills, and the interchange of developments in the field of education, the arts and sciences, and...

  17. TARDIS 2012 Timeframes for Sustainability Summary Brief

    EPA Science Inventory

    Summary of the 2012 Trans-Atlantic Research and Development Interchange on Sustainability (TARDIS 2012) held at Schloss Seggau in Leibnitz, Austria on April 22nd-25th, 2012. Workshop topic was time and timeframes for sustainability.

  18. 13. Historic American Buildings Survey John N. DeHaas, Jr., Photographer ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    13. Historic American Buildings Survey John N. DeHaas, Jr., Photographer August 1963 COLUMN DETAILS AT APSE AND SIDE ALTAR - Sacred Heart Mission, Interstate 90 & Interchange 39, Cataldo, Shoshone County, ID

  19. Platform-independent method for computer aided schematic drawings

    DOEpatents

    Vell, Jeffrey L [Slingerlands, NY; Siganporia, Darius M [Clifton Park, NY; Levy, Arthur J [Fort Lauderdale, FL

    2012-02-14

    A CAD/CAM method is disclosed for a computer system to capture and interchange schematic drawing and associated design information. The schematic drawing and design information are stored in an extensible, platform-independent format.

  20. Signal replacement with an interchange.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2007-08-24

    The purpose of this research effort is to evaluate unique intersection designs for their suitability for use in lieu : of an existing or proposed traffic signal. Traffic signals can cause unnecessary delay and capacity restrictions : due to the opera...

  1. CAREERS IN ECOLOGY

    EPA Science Inventory

    Many non-scientists treat "ecology" and "environmentalism" as roughly interchangeable words, thus the word "ecologist" commonly has come to signify a particular part of the political spectrum. As used in the scientific community and in this presentation, however, ecology is loos...

  2. Design and scope of impact of auxiliary lanes : technical report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-06-01

    For decades, Texas Department of Transportation districts have constructed auxiliary lanes to support interchange : ramp operations and to resolve congestion proximate to freeway entrance and exit ramps. While auxiliary lanes are : built throughout T...

  3. Truck facility access design guidelines statewide.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2011-06-01

    The overall purpose of this project is to develop design guidelines for truck access to truck stop facilities adjoining interstate highways and accessed by interchanges in Louisiana. The specific objectives of the research are to: 1. Identify existin...

  4. An autonomous structural health monitoring system for Waiau interchange.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2013-03-01

    Bridge infrastructure is a critical element of the transportation system which makes maintaining its safety and : performance vital to a healthy society. However, the civil infrastructure systems in the United States are decaying : at an accelerated ...

  5. Best Practices from WisDOT Mega- and ARRA Projects : Brief

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2012-03-01

    With the inception of the Marquette Interchange Project in 2004 Wisconsins first ever highway megaproject (over $500 million) WisDOT developed a number of new techniques, methods, processes and procedures for project management. The depart...

  6. 45 CFR 1150.1 - What definitions apply to the regulations in this part?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., a Sunday, or a Federal legal holiday. (f) Debt and claim are deemed synonymous and interchangeable... Samoa, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marina Islands, or the...

  7. 25 CFR 513.1 - What definitions apply to the regulations in this part?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., Sunday, or Federal legal holiday. (g) Debt and claim are synonymous and interchangeable. They refer to.... Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. (h...

  8. Vasculitis Terms A to Z

    MedlinePlus

    ... interleukins, and vaccines. Also called biologic agent and biological agent. Capillaries: The smallest blood vessel in the body. Capillaries connect arterioles (small arteries) with venules (small veins). Capillaries form an intricate network throughout the body for the interchange of various ...

  9. Survey of Freight Car Roller Bearing Requirements and Failure Modes

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1973-07-01

    AAR roller bearing requirements and interchange rules are presented and reviewed; also included and reviewed are rules covering adapters and grease for freight car bearings. Bearing fatigue theory, methods of fatigue life calculations, and characteri...

  10. Hand-held instrument should relieve hematoma pressure

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Raggio, L. J.; Robertson, T. L.

    1967-01-01

    Portable instrument relieves hematomas beneath fingernails and toenails without surgery. This device simplifies the operative procedure with an instant variable heating tip, adjustable depth settings and interchangeable tip sizes for cauterizing small areas and relieving pressurized clots.

  11. Torch kit for welding in difficult areas

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stein, J. A.

    1971-01-01

    Miniature tungsten inert gas welding torch, used with variously formed interchangeable soft copper tubing extensions, provides inexpensive, accurate welding capability for inaccessible joints. Kit effectively welds stainless steel tubing 0.089 cm thick. Other applications are cited.

  12. Development of geotechnical data schema in transportation : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2012-12-01

    The objective of "Development of Geotechnical Data Schema in Transportation" is to develop an : international standard interchange format for geotechnical data. This standard will include a data : dictionary and XML schema which are GML compliant. Th...

  13. Introduction To ITS/CVO Participant Manual, Course 1

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1999-08-01

    WEIGH-IN-MOTION OR WIM, COMMERCIAL VEHICLE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORK OR CVISN, AUTOMATIC VEHICLE INDENTIFICATION OR AVI, AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION OR AVL, ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE OR EDI, GLOCAL POSITIONING SYSTEM OR GPS, INTERNET OR WORD W...

  14. 16 CFR 6.103 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... and any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment that is used in the creation..., display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. For example, HVAC... following body systems: Neurological; musculoskeletal; special sense organs; respiratory, including speech...

  15. 16 CFR 6.103 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... and any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment that is used in the creation..., display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. For example, HVAC... following body systems: Neurological; musculoskeletal; special sense organs; respiratory, including speech...

  16. 16 CFR 6.103 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... and any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment that is used in the creation..., display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. For example, HVAC... following body systems: Neurological; musculoskeletal; special sense organs; respiratory, including speech...

  17. Development of NTCIP-based portable traffic signal evaluation system.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-10-01

    The objective of this project was to develop a custom toolbox for monitoring and troubleshooting operational : issues and faults at signalized intersections and diamond interchanges, and for providing a mechanism to : facilitate signal timing optimiz...

  18. 30 CFR 1210.104 - Must I submit these production reports electronically?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... (EDI)—The direct computer-to-computer interchange of data using standards set forth by the X12 American... be generated from a reporter's system application. (c) Refer to our electronic reporting guidelines...

  19. Collaborative funding to facilitate airport ground access [research brief].

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2012-06-01

    Airports are major interchange nodes in the passenger and freight transportation system. Here, local and regional transportation systems interface with those for national and international air travel and air freight. However, funding projects to impr...

  20. NASA's Single-Pilot Operations Technical Interchange Meeting: Proceedings and Findings

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Comerford, Doreen; Brandt, Summer L.; Lachter, Joel B.; Wu, Shu-Chieh; Mogford, Richard H.; Battiste, Vernol; Johnson, Walter W.

    2013-01-01

    Researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center and Langley Research Center are jointly investigating issues associated with potential concepts, or configurations, in which a single pilot might operate under conditions that are currently reserved for a minimum of two pilots. As part of early efforts, NASA Ames Research Center hosted a technical interchange meeting in order to gain insight from members of the aviation community regarding single-pilot operations (SPO). The meeting was held on April 10-12, 2012 at NASA Ames Research Center. Professionals in the aviation domain were invited because their areas of expertise were deemed to be directly related to an exploration of SPO. NASA, in selecting prospective participants, attempted to represent various relevant sectors within the aviation domain. Approximately 70 people representing government, academia, and industry attended. A primary focus of this gathering was to consider how tasks and responsibilities might be re-allocated to allow for SPO.

  1. Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Inchasi: a Pliocene mammal-bearing locality from the Bolivian Andes deposited just before the Great American Interchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    MacFadden, Bruce J.; Anaya, Federico; Argollo, Jaime

    1993-01-01

    The newly discovered section at Inchasi, located about 50 km southeast of Potosi, Bolivia, in the eastern Cordillera, consists of about 120 m of undeformed terrestrial sediments containing fossil mammals. Paleomagnetic analysis of 54 sites indicates a polarity pattern with an estimated duration of about 0.64 Ma. The rich Inchasi local fauna indicates a Montehermosan and/or Chapadmalalan land mammal age (Pliocene). Given these constraints, Inchasi correlates from the interval between the late Gilbert (within the Cochiti subchron) to the early Gauss (within the Mammoth subchron) chrons; that is, between about 4.0 and 3.3 Ma. The distinct lack of North American mammals in the Inchasi local fauna provides some of the first well-calibrated evidence that the Great American Interchange occurred after about 3.0 Ma, as has been previously stated based on other calibrations of the earliest immigrant (Uquian) faunas.

  2. Understanding Turbulence using Active and Passive Multipoint Measurements in Laboratory Magnetospheres

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mauel, M. E.; Abler, M. C.; Qian, T. M.; Saperstein, A.; Yan, J. R.

    2017-10-01

    In a laboratory magnetosphere, plasma is confined by a strong dipole magnet, and interchange and entropy mode turbulence can be studied and controlled in near steady-state conditions. Turbulence is dominated by long wavelength modes exhibiting chaotic dynamics, intermitency, and an inverse spectral cascade. Here, we summarize recent results: (i) high-resolution measurement of the frequency-wavenumber power spectrum using Capon's ``maximum likelihood method'', and (ii) direct measurement of the nonlinear coupling of interchange/entropy modes in a turbulent plasma through driven current injection at multiple locations and frequencies. These observations well-characterize plasma turbulence over a broad band of wavelengths and frequencies. Finally, we also discuss the application of these techniques to space-based experiments and observations aimed to reveal the nature of heliospheric and magnetospheric plasma turbulence. Supported by NSF-DOE Partnership in Plasma Science Grant DE-FG02-00ER54585.

  3. WEB Services Networks and Technological Hybrids — The Integration Challenges of WAN Distributed Computing for ASP Providers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mroczkiewicz, Pawel

    A necessity of integration of both information systems and office software existing in organizations has had a long history. The beginning of this kind of solutions reaches back to the old generation of network protocols called EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and EDIFACT standard, which was initiated in 1988 and has dynamically evolved ever since (S. Michalski, M. Suskiewicz, 1995). The mentioned protocol was usually used for converting documents into natural formats processed by applications. It caused problems with binary files and, furthermore, the communication mechanisms had to be modified each time new documents or applications were added. When we compare EDI with the previously used communication mechanisms, EDI was a great step forward as it was the first, big scale attempt to define standards of data interchange between the applications in business transactions (V. Leyland, 1995, p. 47).

  4. Internet-based data interchange with XML

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fuerst, Karl; Schmidt, Thomas

    2000-12-01

    In this paper, a complete concept for Internet Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - a well-known buzzword in the area of logistics and supply chain management to enable the automation of the interactions between companies and their partners - using XML (eXtensible Markup Language) will be proposed. This approach is based on Internet and XML, because the implementation of traditional EDI (e.g. EDIFACT, ANSI X.12) is mostly too costly for small and medium sized enterprises, which want to integrate their suppliers and customers in a supply chain. The paper will also present the results of the implementation of a prototype for such a system, which has been developed for an industrial partner to improve the current situation of parts delivery. The main functions of this system are an early warning system to detect problems during the parts delivery process as early as possible, and a transport following system to pursue the transportation.

  5. Multisensor robotic system for autonomous space maintenance and repair

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Abidi, M. A.; Green, W. L.; Chandra, T.; Spears, J.

    1988-01-01

    The feasibility of realistic autonomous space manipulation tasks using multisensory information is demonstrated. The system is capable of acquiring, integrating, and interpreting multisensory data to locate, mate, and demate a Fluid Interchange System (FIS) and a Module Interchange System (MIS). In both cases, autonomous location of a guiding light target, mating, and demating of the system are performed. Implemented visio-driven techniques are used to determine the arbitrary two-dimensional position and orientation of the mating elements as well as the arbitrary three-dimensional position and orientation of the light targets. A force/torque sensor continuously monitors the six components of force and torque exerted on the end-effector. Both FIS and MIS experiments were successfully accomplished on mock-ups built for this purpose. The method is immune to variations in the ambient light, in particular because of the 90-minute day-night shift in space.

  6. Concerns about the safety of obesity agents from a manufacturing perspective.

    PubMed

    Kanfer, Isadore

    2008-07-01

    Salt derivatives of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), such as hydrochloride and mesylate salts, are frequently used during drug product development. Compared with the underivatized API, salt derivatives are often associated with beneficial properties, including improved solubility and better absorption. Although the obesity agent sibutramine was initially approved as the hydrochloride salt, it has also been formulated as a mesylate salt (sibutramine mesylate). In order to qualify as interchangeable, generic products generally must be both pharmaceutically equivalent and bioequivalent to an approved reference product. Because generic versions of hydrochloride salt formulations that have been reformulated as mesylate salts are not pharmaceutically equivalent to the approved reference products, they would not be interchangeable, even if bioequivalent. The safety of APIs and drug products manufactured outside the United States in non-Food and Drug Administration-regulated facilities are of concern, particularly agents that may contain harmful impurities, such as obesity products formulated as mesylate salts.

  7. Random Interchange of Magnetic Connectivity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matthaeus, W. H.; Ruffolo, D. J.; Servidio, S.; Wan, M.; Rappazzo, A. F.

    2015-12-01

    Magnetic connectivity, the connection between two points along a magnetic field line, has a stochastic character associated with field lines random walking in space due to magnetic fluctuations, but connectivity can also change in time due to dynamical activity [1]. For fluctuations transverse to a strong mean field, this connectivity change be caused by stochastic interchange due to component reconnection. The process may be understood approximately by formulating a diffusion-like Fokker-Planck coefficient [2] that is asymptotically related to standard field line random walk. Quantitative estimates are provided, for transverse magnetic field models and anisotropic models such as reduced magnetohydrodynamics. In heliospheric applications, these estimates may be useful for understanding mixing between open and close field line regions near coronal hole boundaries, and large latitude excursions of connectivity associated with turbulence. [1] A. F. Rappazzo, W. H. Matthaeus, D. Ruffolo, S. Servidio & M. Velli, ApJL, 758, L14 (2012) [2] D. Ruffolo & W. Matthaeus, ApJ, 806, 233 (2015)

  8. Possible Improvements of the ACE Diversity Interchange Methodology

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Etingov, Pavel V.; Zhou, Ning; Makarov, Yuri V.

    2010-07-26

    North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) grid is operated by about 131 balancing authorities (BA). Within each BA, operators are responsible for managing the unbalance (caused by both load and wind). As wind penetration levels increase, the challenges of managing power variation increases. Working independently, balancing area with limited regulating/load following generation and high wind power penetration faces significant challenges. The benefits of BA cooperation and consolidation increase when there is a significant wind energy penetration. To explore the benefits of BA cooperation, this paper investigates ACE sharing approach. A technology called ACE diversity interchange (ADI) is already in usemore » in the western interconnection. A new methodology extending ADI is proposed in the paper. The proposed advanced ADI overcoming some limitations existing in conventional ADI. Simulations using real statistical data of CAISO and BPA have shown high performance of the proposed advanced ADI methodology.« less

  9. Archive of chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS cruises 00SCC02 and 00SCC04, Barataria Basin, Louisiana, May 12-31 and June 17-July 2, 2000

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Calderon, Karynna; Dadisman, S.V.; Kindinger, J.L.; Flocks, J.G.; Wiese, D.S.; Kulp, Mark; Penland, Shea; Britsch, L.D.; Brooks, G.R.

    2003-01-01

    This archive consists of two-dimensional marine seismic reflection profile data collected in the Barataria Basin of southern Louisiana. These data were acquired in May, June, and July of 2000 aboard the R/V G.K. Gilbert. Included here are data in a variety of formats including binary, American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML), shapefiles, and Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. Binary data are in Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) SEG-Y format and may be downloaded for further processing or display. Reference maps and GIF images of the profiles may be viewed with a web browser. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) information provided here is compatible with Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) GIS software.

  10. The Effect of Interchanging the Polarity of the Dense Plasma Focus on Neutron Yield

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jiang, Sheng; Higginson, Drew; Link, Anthony; Schmidt, Andrea

    2017-10-01

    The dense plasma focus (DPF) Z-pinch devices can serve as portable neutron sources when deuterium is used as the filling gas. DPF devices are normally operated with the inner electrode as the anode. It has been found that interchanging the polarity of the electrodes can cause orders of magnitude decrease in the neutron yield. Here we use the particle-in-cell (PIC) code LSP to model a DPF with both polarities. We have found the difference in the shape of the sheath, the voltage and current traces, and the electric and magnetic fields in the pinch region due to different polarities. A detailed comparison will be presented. Prepared by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program (15-ERD-034) at LLNL. Computing support for this work came from the LLNL Institutional Computing Grand Challenge program.

  11. Myopia and Late-Onset Progressive Cone Dystrophy Associate to LVAVA/MVAVA Exon 3 Interchange Haplotypes of Opsin Genes on Chromosome X.

    PubMed

    Orosz, Orsolya; Rajta, István; Vajas, Attila; Takács, Lili; Csutak, Adrienne; Fodor, Mariann; Kolozsvári, Bence; Resch, Miklós; Sényi, Katalin; Lesch, Balázs; Szabó, Viktória; Berta, András; Balogh, István; Losonczy, Gergely

    2017-03-01

    Rare interchange haplotypes in exon 3 of the OPN1LW and OPN1MW opsin genes cause X-linked myopia, color vision defect, and cone dysfunction. The severity of the disease varies on a broad scale from nonsyndromic high myopia to blue cone monochromatism. Here, we describe a new genotype-phenotype correlation attributed to rare exon 3 interchange haplotypes simultaneously present in the long- and middle-wavelength sensitive opsin genes (L- and M-opsin genes). A multigenerational family with X-linked high myopia and cone dystrophy was investigated. Affected male patients had infantile onset myopia with normal visual acuity and color vision until their forties. Visual acuity decreased thereafter, along with the development of severe protan and deutan color vision defects. A mild decrease in electroretinography response of cone photoreceptors was detected in childhood, which further deteriorated in middle-aged patients. Rods were also affected, however, to a lesser extent than cones. Clinical exome sequencing identified the LVAVA and MVAVA toxic haplotypes in the OPN1LW and OPN1MW opsin genes, respectively. Here, we show that LVAVA haplotype of the OPN1LW gene and MVAVA haplotype of the OPN1MW gene cause apparently nonsyndromic high myopia in young patients but lead to progressive cone-rod dystrophy with deuteranopia and protanopia in middle-aged patients corresponding to a previously unknown disease course. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the joint effect of these toxic haplotypes in the two opsin genes on chromosome X.

  12. Residual Strahls in Solar Wind Electron Dropouts: Signatures of Magnetic Connection to the Sun, Disconnection, or Interchange Reconnection?

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Crooker, N. U.; Pagel, C.

    2008-01-01

    A recent assessment of suprathermal electron heat flux dropouts (HFDs) in the solar wind eliminated 90% as possible signatures of field lines disconnected from the Sun at both ends (Pagel et al., 2005b). The primary reason for elimination was the presence of a residual field-aligned strahl presumably signaling field lines connected to the Sun. Using high-time-resolution data from the Wind spacecraft, this paper tests whether the residual strahls were an artifact of averaging over pitch angle distributions (PADs) with and without strahls. An automated search for PADs without strahls (flat PADs) yields an occurrence rate of only 14% within HFDs, but a detailed case study shows that these flat PADs are imbedded within intervals of nearly flat PADs, that is, PADS with residual strahls that cannot be artifacts of averaging. An attractive alternative is that the residual strahls result from intermixing of originally back-scattered fluxes (haloes) of unequal intensities on field lines that have either disconnected or interchange reconnected at the Sun. A reevaluation of reported streaming of higher-energy electrons in HFDs suggests a similar cause. While the high-time-resolution data show high variability of PAD profiles within HFDs, this paper reopens the possibility that a substantial fraction signal disconnection or interchange reconnection. Estimated occurrence rates of fields having undergone these processes based upon published HFD rates are of the same order of magnitude as the surprisingly low values of 1-5% recently predicted by a model of a balanced heliospheric flux budget (Owens and Crooker, 2007).

  13. The Harang reversal and the interchange stability of the magnetotail

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ohtani, Shinichi; Gkioulidou, Matina; Wang, Chih-Ping; Wolf, Richard A.

    2016-04-01

    The present study addresses steady convection in the plasma sheet in terms of the interchange stability with special attention to the Harang reversal. The closure of the tail current with a field-aligned current (FAC) results from the divergence/convergence of the pressure gradient current. If the magnetotail is in a steady state, the associated change of local plasma pressure p has to balance with its advective change. Accordingly, for adiabatic transport, the flux tube entropy parameter pVγ increases and decreases along the convection path in regions corresponding to downward and upward FACs, respectively. This requirement, along with the condition for the interchange stability imposes an important constraint on the direction of convection especially in the regions of downward FACs. It is deduced that for the dusk cell, the convection in the downward R2 current has to be directed azimuthally duskward, which follows the sunward, possibly dawnward deflected, convection in the region of the premidnight upward R1 current. This duskward turn of convection takes place in the vicinity of the R1-R2 demarcation, and it presumably corresponds to the Harang reversal. For the dawn cell the convection in the postmidnight downward R1 current has to deflect dawnward, and then it proceeds sunward in the upward R2 current. The continuity of the associated ionospheric currents consistently reproduces the assumed FAC distribution. The proposed interrelationships between the convection and FACs are also verified with a quasi-steady plasma sheet configuration and convection reproduced by a modified Rice Convection Model with force balance.

  14. Amazonia is the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity.

    PubMed

    Antonelli, Alexandre; Zizka, Alexander; Carvalho, Fernanda Antunes; Scharn, Ruud; Bacon, Christine D; Silvestro, Daniele; Condamine, Fabien L

    2018-05-14

    The American tropics (the Neotropics) are the most species-rich realm on Earth, and for centuries, scientists have attempted to understand the origins and evolution of their biodiversity. It is now clear that different regions and taxonomic groups have responded differently to geological and climatic changes. However, we still lack a basic understanding of how Neotropical biodiversity was assembled over evolutionary timescales. Here we infer the timing and origin of the living biota in all major Neotropical regions by performing a cross-taxonomic biogeographic analysis based on 4,450 species from six major clades across the tree of life (angiosperms, birds, ferns, frogs, mammals, and squamates), and integrate >1.3 million species occurrences with large-scale phylogenies. We report an unprecedented level of biotic interchange among all Neotropical regions, totaling 4,525 dispersal events. About half of these events involved transitions between major environmental types, with a predominant directionality from forested to open biomes. For all taxonomic groups surveyed here, Amazonia is the primary source of Neotropical diversity, providing >2,800 lineages to other regions. Most of these dispersal events were to Mesoamerica (∼1,500 lineages), followed by dispersals into open regions of northern South America and the Cerrado and Chaco biomes. Biotic interchange has taken place for >60 million years and generally increased toward the present. The total amount of time lineages spend in a region appears to be the strongest predictor of migration events. These results demonstrate the complex origin of tropical ecosystems and the key role of biotic interchange for the assembly of regional biotas. Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

  15. Bridging a translational gap: using machine learning to improve the prediction of PTSD.

    PubMed

    Karstoft, Karen-Inge; Galatzer-Levy, Isaac R; Statnikov, Alexander; Li, Zhiguo; Shalev, Arieh Y

    2015-03-16

    Predicting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a pre-requisite for targeted prevention. Current research has identified group-level risk-indicators, many of which (e.g., head trauma, receiving opiates) concern but a subset of survivors. Identifying interchangeable sets of risk indicators may increase the efficiency of early risk assessment. The study goal is to use supervised machine learning (ML) to uncover interchangeable, maximally predictive combinations of early risk indicators. Data variables (features) reflecting event characteristics, emergency department (ED) records and early symptoms were collected in 957 trauma survivors within ten days of ED admission, and used to predict PTSD symptom trajectories during the following fifteen months. A Target Information Equivalence Algorithm (TIE*) identified all minimal sets of features (Markov Boundaries; MBs) that maximized the prediction of a non-remitting PTSD symptom trajectory when integrated in a support vector machine (SVM). The predictive accuracy of each set of predictors was evaluated in a repeated 10-fold cross-validation and expressed as average area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve (AUC) for all validation trials. The average number of MBs per cross validation was 800. MBs' mean AUC was 0.75 (95% range: 0.67-0.80). The average number of features per MB was 18 (range: 12-32) with 13 features present in over 75% of the sets. Our findings support the hypothesized existence of multiple and interchangeable sets of risk indicators that equally and exhaustively predict non-remitting PTSD. ML's ability to increase prediction versatility is a promising step towards developing algorithmic, knowledge-based, personalized prediction of post-traumatic psychopathology.

  16. Amazonia is the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity

    PubMed Central

    2018-01-01

    The American tropics (the Neotropics) are the most species-rich realm on Earth, and for centuries, scientists have attempted to understand the origins and evolution of their biodiversity. It is now clear that different regions and taxonomic groups have responded differently to geological and climatic changes. However, we still lack a basic understanding of how Neotropical biodiversity was assembled over evolutionary timescales. Here we infer the timing and origin of the living biota in all major Neotropical regions by performing a cross-taxonomic biogeographic analysis based on 4,450 species from six major clades across the tree of life (angiosperms, birds, ferns, frogs, mammals, and squamates), and integrate >1.3 million species occurrences with large-scale phylogenies. We report an unprecedented level of biotic interchange among all Neotropical regions, totaling 4,525 dispersal events. About half of these events involved transitions between major environmental types, with a predominant directionality from forested to open biomes. For all taxonomic groups surveyed here, Amazonia is the primary source of Neotropical diversity, providing >2,800 lineages to other regions. Most of these dispersal events were to Mesoamerica (∼1,500 lineages), followed by dispersals into open regions of northern South America and the Cerrado and Chaco biomes. Biotic interchange has taken place for >60 million years and generally increased toward the present. The total amount of time lineages spend in a region appears to be the strongest predictor of migration events. These results demonstrate the complex origin of tropical ecosystems and the key role of biotic interchange for the assembly of regional biotas. PMID:29760058

  17. Experimental Test Concept for a Cargo Data Interchange System (CARDIS) : Volume 1. Text.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1976-05-01

    This report includes the recommended CARDIS experimental test system functional capabilities. It identifies the CARDIS functions that are inherent to an information exchange capability and optional systems which are required by the transportation rel...

  18. Brendan McBennett | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    more accurately modeling interchange pricing rules between Regional Transmission Organizations. Areas Market to market coordination between Regional Transmission Organizations Research Interests Modeling the Indian power system with improved transmission representation to more accurately predict RE integration

  19. Behavior of reinforced concrete pier caps under concentrated bearing loads.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1995-02-01

    At congested highway interchanges, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) uses narrow concrete piers and : shallow depth steel cap girders. Research Project ()"1302 is concerned with the connection detail between these two : elements. This re...

  20. 19 CFR 149.5 - Eligibility to file an Importer Security Filing, authorized agents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... data interchange system. If the Importer Security Filing and entry or entry summary are provided via a... must retain powers of attorney in English until revoked. Revoked powers of attorney and letters of...

  1. CDISC Terminology

    Cancer.gov

    Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) is an international, non-profit organization that develops and supports global data standards for medical research. CDISC is working actively with EVS to develop and support controlled terminology in several areas, notably CDISC's Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM).

  2. Modes of Discourse in Educational Administration: A Taxonomy.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Vice, James W.

    1983-01-01

    Uses examples from higher education to present a taxonomy of discourse, classifying verbal interchanges into three minor modes (rote pronouncement, passing time, and gossip), a transitional mode (true conversation), and three major modes (rhetoric, dialectic, and deliberation). (JAC)

  3. Interchange.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reading Teacher, 1982

    1982-01-01

    Five contributors discuss the following topics: bringing comics to life through readers theatre, peer tutoring to improve word attack and comprehension skills, using storytelling to increase reading comprehension skills on Okinawa, beginning reading in Italy, and using remedial reading students as tutors for younger students. (FL)

  4. Aquatic Sediments.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sanville, W. D.; And Others

    1978-01-01

    Presents a literature review of aquatic sediments and its effect upon water quality, covering publications of 1976-77. This review includes: (1) sediment water interchange; (2) chemical and physical characterization; and (3) heavy water in sediments. A list of 129 references is also presented. (HM)

  5. Rolla West master plan : task 2, I-44 interchange--sub consultant services to HNTB.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2008-08-01

    Provide support to HNTB as they complete the following tasks: data collection, alternatives workshop, identification of funding : sources, final plan preparation. A full sub consultant scope of service is attached to this application.

  6. 5 CFR 370.102 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... PROGRAM § 370.102 Definitions. In this part: Agency means an Executive agency as defined in 5 U.S.C. 105... planning, organizing, staffing, directing, integrating, or controlling of information technology as defined... acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange...

  7. 5 CFR 370.102 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... PROGRAM § 370.102 Definitions. In this part: Agency means an Executive agency as defined in 5 U.S.C. 105... planning, organizing, staffing, directing, integrating, or controlling of information technology as defined... acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange...

  8. 5 CFR 370.102 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... PROGRAM § 370.102 Definitions. In this part: Agency means an Executive agency as defined in 5 U.S.C. 105... planning, organizing, staffing, directing, integrating, or controlling of information technology as defined... acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange...

  9. Polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete detention ponds : final report.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1995-09-01

    In 1991, two Durafiber polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete lined detention ponds were constructed. The detention ponds are located on the north side of the 181st Avenue Interchange, on the Columbia River Highway (I-84), approximately ten miles ea...

  10. 11. VIEW OF YAKIMA VALLEY TRANSPORTATION COMPANY AND UNION PACIFIC ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    11. VIEW OF YAKIMA VALLEY TRANSPORTATION COMPANY AND UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD INTERCHANGE TRACKS AT YAKIMA, SHOWING DETAIL OF OVERHEAD WIRING - Yakima Valley Transportation Company Interurban Railroad, Connecting towns of Yakima, Selah & Wiley City, Yakima, Yakima County, WA

  11. Roadway lighting study : Rte. 264 in downtown Norfolk.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1974-01-01

    A study of roadway lighting is currently being conducted at several locations in Virginia by using a mobile illumination recording system to obtain lighting measurements. Areas being surveyed include the I-264 interchange area in downtown Norfolk and...

  12. E-TIF: An Electronic Terminology Interchange Format.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Melby, Alan

    1995-01-01

    Emphasizes the importance of terminology in an age of machine-based translation systems. Discusses differences between lexicography and terminology. Concludes with an argument for a new system based on the Text Encoding Initiative-based notions of elements and attributes. (CFR)

  13. Technique for experimental determination of radiation interchange factors in solar wavelengths

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bobco, R. P.; Nolte, L. J.; Wensley, J. R.

    1971-01-01

    Process obtains solar heating data which support analytical design. Process yields quantitative information on local solar exposure of models which are geometrically and reflectively similar to prototypes under study. Models are tested in a shirtsleeve environment.

  14. Experimental Test Concept for a Cargo Data Interchange System (CARDIS) : Volume 2. Appendixes.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1976-05-01

    This report includes the recommended CARDIS experimental test system functional capabilities. It identifies the CARDIS functions that are inherent to an information exchange capability and optional systems which are required by the transportation rel...

  15. Field evaluation of three joint sealants.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1987-01-01

    The purpose of the study reported here was to evaluate the performance of three joint sealants compartmented (A) and closed cellular (B) preformed neoprene, and a two-component cold-mixed polysulfide (C)-- that were used in the interchanges for Inter...

  16. Understanding ITS/CVO Technology Applications, Student Manual, Course 3

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1999-01-01

    WEIGHT-IN-MOTION OR WIM, COMMERCIAL VEHICLE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORK OR CVISN, AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION OR AVI, AUTOMATIC LOCATION OR AVL, ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE OR EDI, GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM OR GPS, INTERNET OR WORLD WIDE WEB...

  17. A Conversation about Observation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mather, John C.; Mao, Minnie Yuan

    2012-01-01

    In the spirit of the Lindau Meeting, we present a dialogue between a Nobel laureate and a young researcher. This interchange started online, where it continues to unfold. Here is a digest of this conversation, which has developed across time and space.

  18. Commercial Vehicle Architecture Systems Study, Volume II: Task Reports

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1993-10-01

    WEIGH-IN-MOTION OR WIM, DRIVER PERFORMANCE MONITORING, ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE OR EDI, COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS OR CVO : THIS REPORT DETAILS PROGRESS TO DATE ON A SET OF TASKS BEING PERFORMED BY SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES (SNL) FOR THE ...

  19. Access control design on highway interchanges.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2008-01-01

    The adequate spacing and design of access to crossroads in the vicinity of freeway ramps are critical to the safety and traffic operations of both the freeway and the crossroad. The research presented in this report develops a methodology to evaluate...

  20. In-flight physiological monitoring of student pilots.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1967-08-01

    Records of heart rate (ECG), lateral eye movements (EOG) and vocal interchange between student and instructor were taken on magnetic tape during all of every flight throughout a conventional private pilot training syllabus. Six men (33-45 years of ag...

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