Ultimate intrinsic-coercivity samarium-cobalt magnet: An Earth-based feasibility study for space-shuttle missions. [containerless melts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Das, D. K.; Kumar, K.; Frost, R. T.; Chang, C. W.

1980-01-01

Techniques for containerless melting and solidification of the samarium-cobalt alloy without excessive oxidation were developed. The rationale for extending these experiments in a weightless environment is also discussed. The effect of oxygen content from 0.15 to 0.63 weight percent and grain size in the range of 2 to 10 micrometers has been examined on arc-plasma-sprayed SmCo5 magnets. Contrary to expectations, the larger grain sizes tended to improve the coercivities. This was attributed to an increase in homogeneity resulting from higher temperature treatments used to produce larger grain size. No significant differences in coercivity were observed on the basis of oxygen content in the range examined. It is expected that more meaningful data on the relationship between oxygen content and coercivity will be seen when the oxygen content can be lowered to less than 0.1 weight percent.

"He Could Scare Me Without Laying a Hand on Me": Mothers' Experiences of Nonviolent Coercive Control During Marriage and After Separation.

PubMed

Crossman, Kimberly A; Hardesty, Jennifer L; Raffaelli, Marcela

2016-03-01

Studies demonstrate the negative effects of violent coercive control but few examine coercive control without violence. This study describes the characteristics of nonviolent coercive control among 8 divorcing mothers and compares them with 47 mothers who experienced violent coercive control or no violence/no control. Mothers with nonviolent coercive control reported more coping strategies, risk, harassment, and perceived threat than mothers with no violence/no control; similar levels of fear and control during marriage as mothers with violent coercive control; and more postseparation fear than both groups. Findings highlight the need to include nonviolent coercive control in screening methods and research measures. © The Author(s) 2015.

Rethinking Coercive Control.

PubMed

Stark, Evan

2009-12-01

The critical appraisals of Coercive Control focus largely on what my analysis implies for intervention, a matter to which the book devotes only limited space. In this reply, I reiterate core concepts in the book and acknowledge that much more work is needed to translate the realities of coercive control into practical legal and advocacy strategies. I review how coercive control differs from partner assaults and so why it merits a distinct response; the extent to which coercive control targets gender identity; the wisdom of complementing the focus on violence with an emphasis on male domination, sexual inequality and personal liberty; what this implies for shelters and the law; why sexual inequality differentiates coercive control from female partner abuse of men; how sexual equality can be both cause and antidote for coercive control; why I think an affirmative concept of freedom is essential to grasp the human rights violations inflicted by coercive control; and what it means to "story" coercive control by integrating women into the larger liberty narrative on which our national identity rests.

"Treat me with respect". A systematic review and thematic analysis of psychiatric patients' reported perceptions of the situations associated with the process of coercion.

PubMed

Tingleff, E B; Bradley, S K; Gildberg, F A; Munksgaard, G; Hounsgaard, L

2017-11-01

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Psychiatric patients have generally negative experiences of being exposed to coercive measures. Existing research has generally not investigated coercion as a process; that is, it does not address issues that arise before, during and after exposure to coercion. A part of existing research within the area does not clarify and define the type of coercive measure(s) investigated. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Patients place great significance on the link between the positive and negative perceived impact of a coercive situation and the professionals' ability and willingness to interact and communicate respectfully. Psychiatric patients associate the use of seclusion, physical restraint/holding, mechanical restraint and forced medication with strong negative perceptions and wish to be treated with respect by professionals, rather than being subjected to the professionals' control. What patients perceive as moderating factors in regard to the use of coercive measures is currently under-researched. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Increased sensitivity to the patient's views of the situation at each point in the coercive process would help professionals to respond to the patients' individual needs. Professionals need to articulate concern and empathy towards patients and to improve communication skills before, during and after a coercive incident. Greater emphasis should be placed on de-escalation and the use of non-coercive strategies or coping skills before the initiation of coercive measures. Introduction There is a lack of research into psychiatric patients' perceptions of coercion that discriminates between different types of coercive measures, while also investigating patients' perceptions of undergoing coercion as a process. This knowledge is required to improve our understanding and provide a foundation for improving clinical practice. Aims To review existing research literature in order to investigate adult psychiatric patients' reported perceptions of situations before, during and after specific and defined types of coercive measures, and to investigate what patients perceive as moderating factors, in regard to the use of these coercive measures. Method A systematic review and thematic analysis of 26 peer-reviewed studies was undertaken. Results The analysis identified six themes and additional subthemes, where "interactions with professionals" and "communication" were predominant themes across the timeline of coercion. Altogether, themes were associated with either "positive or negative patient-perceived impact." Implications for practice Increased sensitivity to patients' views of the situation at each point in the process is desirable in order to respond to the patients' individual needs. Professionals also need to articulate concern and empathy towards the patient and to improve communication skills before, during and after a coercive incident. Use of de-escalation and noncoercive strategies is required. Relevance statement Coercion within psychiatric/mental health care remains controversial, and repeated international calls have recommended a reduction of their use. This review indicates that greater attention to how patients perceive the use of coercive measures (before, during, and after incidents) needs to be considered in order to improve the evidence-based and clinical practice. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Female youth who sexually coerce: prevalence, risk, and protective factors in two national high school surveys.

PubMed

Kjellgren, Cecilia; Priebe, Gisela; Svedin, Carl Göran; Mossige, Svein; Långström, Niklas

2011-12-01

Sexual coercion is recognized as a serious societal problem. Correlates and risk factors of sexually abusive behavior in females are not well known. Etiological theory and empirical study of female perpetrators of sexual coercion are usually based on small or highly selected samples. Specifically, population-based data are needed to elucidate risk/protective factors. Main outcome measures include a self-report questionnaire containing 65 items tapping socio-demographic and health conditions, social relations, sexual victimization, conduct problems and a set of normative and deviant sexual cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors. We used a 2003-2004 survey of sexual attitudes and experiences among high school students in Norway and Sweden to identify risk factors and correlates to sexually coercive behavior (response rate 80%); 4,363 females participated (Mean = 18.1 years). Thirty-seven women (0.8%) reported sexual coercion (ever talked someone into, used pressure, or forced somebody to have sex). Sexually coercive compared with non-coercive women were similar on socio-demographic variables, but reported less parental care and more parental overprotection, aggression, depressive symptoms, and substance misuse. Also, sexually coercive females reported more sexual lust, sex partners, penetrative sexual victimization, rape myths, use of violent porn, and friends more likely to use porn. When using the Swedish subsample to differentiate risk factors specific for sexual coercion from those for antisocial behavior in general, we found less cannabis use, but more sexual preoccupation, pro-rape attitudes, and friends using violent porn in sexually coercive compared with non-sex conduct problem females. Sexually coercive behavior in high school women was associated with general risk/needs factors for antisocial behavior, but also with specific sexuality-related risk factors. This differential effect has previously been overlooked, agrees with similar findings in men, and should have substantial etiological importance. © 2009 International Society for Sexual Medicine.

Sexually coercive behavior in male youth: population survey of general and specific risk factors.

PubMed

Kjellgren, Cecilia; Priebe, Gisela; Svedin, Carl Göran; Långström, Niklas

2010-10-01

Little is known about risk/protective factors for sexually coercive behavior in general population youth. We used a Swedish school-based population survey of sexual attitudes and experiences (response rate 77%) and investigated literature-based variables across sexually coercive (SEX), non-sexual conduct problem (CP), and normal control (NC) participants to identify general and specific risk/protective factors for sexual coercion. Among 1,933 male youth, 101 (5.2%) reported sexual coercion (ever talked or forced somebody into genital, oral, or anal sex) (SEX), 132 (6.8%) were classified as CP, and the remaining 1,700 (87.9%) as NC. Of 29 tested variables, 25 were more common in both SEX and CP compared to NC youth, including minority ethnicity, separated parents, vocational study program, risk-taking, aggressiveness, depressive symptoms, substance abuse, sexual victimization, extensive sexual experiences, and sexual preoccupation. When compared to CP youth only, SEX youth more often followed academic study programs, used less drugs and were less risk-taking. Further, SEX more frequently than CP youth reported gender stereotypic and pro-rape attitudes, sexual preoccupation, prostitution, and friends using violent porn. Finally, in a multivariate logistic regression, academic study program, pro-rape attitudes, sexual preoccupation, and less risk-taking independently remained more strongly associated with SEX compared to CP offending. In conclusion, several sociodemographic, family, and individual risk/protective factors were common to non-sexual and sexually coercive antisocial behavior in late adolescence. However, pro-rape cognitions, and sexual preoccupation, were sexuality-related, specific risk factors. The findings could inform preventive efforts and the assessment and treatment of sexually coercive male youth.

Women and men's use of coercive control in intimate partner violence.

PubMed

Robertson, Kirsten; Murachver, Tamar

2011-01-01

This study examined the relationship between coercive control and intimate partner violence (IPV) for men and women and for targets and perpetrators. One hundred and seventy-two participants (85 men, 87 women) recruited from three samples reported on their own and their partner's behavior. IPV was measured using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). Coercive control was measured using modified items from the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (PMWI). Coercive control was associated with IPV, and this relationship was similar for men and women across the three samples. In fact, coercive control was predominantly reciprocal in nature, with women and men reporting both receiving and perpetrating controlling behaviors. Overall, coercive controlling behaviors were characteristic of individuals within violent relationships, regardless of their physical abuse status. The experience of violence, rather than gender, was the best predictor of coercive control.

Impact of parental emotional support and coercive control on adolescents' self-esteem and psychological distress: results of a four-year longitudinal study.

PubMed

Boudreault-Bouchard, Anne-Marie; Dion, Jacinthe; Hains, Jennifer; Vandermeerschen, Jill; Laberge, Luc; Perron, Michel

2013-08-01

This study aims at investigating the impact of parental practices on youths' adjustment. In all, 605 adolescents completed questionnaires at ages 14, 16 and 18. Self-esteem, psychological distress as well as parental emotional support and coercive control were measured. Analyses based on individual growth models revealed that self-esteem increased with age, but psychological distress remained stable over time. Boys reported higher levels of self-esteem and lower levels of psychological distress than girls. Maternal and paternal emotional support reinforced self-esteem over time. Maternal coercive control undermined self-esteem, but only at ages 16 and 18. Psychological distress decreased with parental emotional support but increased with parental coercive control at ages 14, 16 and 18. Overall, these results indicate that positive parental practices are related to youths' well-being. These findings support the importance of establishing intervention strategies designed to promote best practices among parents of teenagers to help them develop into well-adjusted adults. Copyright © 2013 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Using the ferroelectric/ferroelastic effect at cryogenic temperatures for set-and-hold actuation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steeves, J. B.; Golinveaux, F. S.; Lynch, C. S.

2018-06-01

The ferroelectric and ferroelastic properties of lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) based stack actuators have been characterized at temperatures down to 25 K and under various levels of constant compressive stress. Experiments indicate that the coercive field and magnitude of strain at the coercive field display an inverse relationship with temperature. A factor of 5.5 increase in coercive field, and a factor of 4.3 increase in strain is observed at 25 K in comparison to the room-temperature conditions. This information was used to induce non-180° domain wall motion in the material through the application of electric fields at or near the coercive field. The change in remanent strain accompanying these effects was shown to increase in magnitude as temperature decreased, reaching values of 2000 ppm at 25 K. This behavior was also shown to be temporally stable even under compressive loads. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the material can be returned to its original strain state through a repolarizing electric field. This switchable behavior could be exploited for future set-and-hold type actuators operating at cryogenic temperatures.

The origin of coercivity decrease in fine grained Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, W. F.; Ohkubo, T.; Hono, K.; Sagawa, M.

2009-04-01

Microstructures of fine grained Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets that were produced by the pressless process were investigated to understand the origin of the sudden coercivity decrease below a certain grain size. The intrinsic coercivity is inversely proportional to ln D2 with the highest coercivity of 17 kOe at D˜4.5 μm, below which the coercivity drops as the grain size decreases. We found that the degradation of the coercivity of the magnet with a grain size of 3 μm was mainly caused by the inhomogeneous distribution of fcc-Nd oxide whose volume fraction increased with respect to the dhcp Nd-rich phase.

Paraphilic Sexual Interests and Sexually Coercive Behavior: A Population-Based Twin Study.

PubMed

Baur, Elena; Forsman, Mats; Santtila, Pekka; Johansson, Ada; Sandnabba, Kenneth; Långström, Niklas

2016-07-01

Prior research with selected clinical and forensic samples suggests associations between paraphilic sexual interests (e.g., exhibitionism and sexual sadism) and sexually coercive behavior. However, no study to date used a large, representative and genetically informative population sample to address the potential causal nature of this association. We used self-report data on paraphilic and sexually coercive behavior from 5990 18- to 32-year-old male and female twins from a contemporary Finnish population cohort. Logistic regression and co-twin control models were employed to examine if paraphilic behaviors were causally related to coercive behavior or if suggested links were confounded by familial (genetic or common family environment) risk factors. Results indicated that associations between four out of five tested paraphilic behaviors (exhibitionism, masochism, sadism, and voyeurism, respectively) and sexually coercive behavior were moderate to strong. Transvestic fetishism was not independently associated with sexual coercion. Comparisons of twins reporting paraphilic behavior with their paraphilic behavior-discordant twin further suggested that associations were largely independent of shared genetic and environmental confounds, consistent with a causal association. In conclusion, similar to previously reported predictive effects of paraphilias on sexual crime recidivism, paraphilic behavior among young adults in the general population increases sexual offending risk. Further, early identification of paraphilic interest and preventive interventions with at-risk individuals might also reduce perpetration of first-time sexual violence.

Faculty Perceptions of and Experiences with Students' Use of Coercive Power

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kuhn, Kristine L.

2016-01-01

The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to understand how faculty perceive and experience students' use of coercive power in faculty-student relationships. Interviews were used to gather data from faculty members who had experienced students' use of coercive power. Data reveal that students' use of coercive power can negatively impact…

A harsh parenting team? Maternal reports of coparenting and coercive parenting interact in association with children's disruptive behaviour.

PubMed

Latham, Rachel M; Mark, Katharine M; Oliver, Bonamy R

2017-05-01

Parenting and coparenting are both important for children's adjustment, but their interaction has been little explored. Using a longitudinal design and considering two children per family, we investigated mothers' and fathers' perceptions of coparenting as moderators of associations between their coercive parenting and children's disruptive behaviour. Mothers and fathers from 106 'intact' families were included from the Twins, Family and Behaviour study. At Time 1 (M child age  = 3 years 11 months, SD child age  = 4.44 months) parents reported on their coercive parenting and children's disruptive behaviour via questionnaire; at Time 2 (M child age  = 4 years 8 months, SD child age  = 4.44 months) perceptions of coparenting and the marital relationship were collected by telephone interview. Questionnaire-based reports of children's disruptive behaviour were collected at follow-up (M child age  = 5 years 11 months, SD child age  = 5.52 months). Multilevel modelling was used to examine child-specific and family-wide effects. Conservative multilevel models including both maternal and paternal perceptions demonstrated that maternal perceptions of coparenting and overall coercive parenting interacted in their prediction of parent-reported child disruptive behaviour. Specifically, accounting for perceived marital quality, behavioural stability, and fathers' perceptions, only in the context of perceived higher quality coparenting was there a positive association between mother-reported overall coercive parenting and children's disruptive behaviour at follow-up. When combined with highly coercive parenting, maternal perceptions of high quality coparenting may be detrimental for children's adjustment. © 2016 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

Gendering Coercive Control.

PubMed

Anderson, Kristin L

2009-12-01

This article examines the theory of gender presented in Stark's Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life. Stark suggests that gender is a form of structural inequality that makes women more vulnerable than men to the strategies of coercive control. However, Stark assumes rather than demonstrates that gendered structural inequality increases women's vulnerability. In this article, the author applies the multilevel theory of gender as identity, interaction, and social structure to document the multiple ways coercive control is gendered. The author argues that, to understand the gender dynamics of coercive control, researchers must examine the interactions across levels of gender. The author concludes with an assessment of the prospects and pitfalls of applying the concept of coercive control to renew the feminist social movement to end domestic violence.

Defining and Predicting Pimps' Coerciveness Toward Sex Workers: Socialization Processes.

PubMed

Stalans, Loretta J; Finn, Mary A

2016-10-01

Prior research has found that pimps use both non-coercive and coercive management styles across and within market segments of the illicit sex trade. The current study is the first to examine the socialization processes underlying variation in the self-reported coerciveness of pimps. This study begins to fill a void in the almost non-existent research on pimps who are actively managing Internet-solicited sex workers, and adds to the sparse research on pimps' coerciveness. We extend Anderson's concepts of "street code" families, where respect is acquired through displaying physical violence and toughness, and "decent" families, where middle class values of avoiding unnecessary aggression and complying with the law prevail, to understand variation in the degree of coerciveness that pimps utilize toward sex workers. A purposive sample of 44 active pimps was obtained through referrals from selected pimps and through placing advertisements on Backpage, a website utilized by the illicit prostitution trade. Qualitative coding revealed a wide range of coercive control tactics such as supplying drugs, surveillance, and physical violence. Pimps who served as sex workers and those raised by parents who supported "the code of the street" reported use of a greater number of more severe coercive tactics. College-educated pimps, pimps operating business that charged fees of at least US$300, and those from "decent" families were more likely to use non-coercive management. These findings suggest that early prevention programs might address the "street code" mentality that contributes to coerciveness, and that "End Demand" policies need to recognize that many male pimps also have served as sex workers.

Risk factors of coercion among psychiatric inpatients: a nationwide register-based cohort study.

PubMed

Thomsen, Christoffer; Starkopf, Liis; Hastrup, Lene Halling; Andersen, Per Kragh; Nordentoft, Merete; Benros, Michael Eriksen

2017-08-01

Reducing the use of coercion among patients with mental disorders has long been a political priority. However, risk factors for coercive measures have primarily been investigated in smaller studies. To reduce the use of coercion, it is crucial to identify people at risk which we aim to do in this first large-scale study. A cohort study was conducted among all psychiatric inpatients in Denmark, following 112,233 individuals during 1999-2014. Data from Danish registers were analysed using logistic regression for repeated measures. 24,594 inpatients were exposed to a coercive measure (21.9%). Clinical characteristics were the foremost predictors of coercion and patients with organic mental disorder had the highest increased risk of being subjected to a coercive measure (OR = 5.56; 95% CI = 5.04, 6.14). The risk of coercion was the highest in the first admission and decreased with the number of admissions (all p < 0.001). The following socioeconomic variables were associated with an increased risk of coercion: male sex, unemployment, lower social class and immigrants from low and middle income countries (all p < 0.001). Early retirement and social relations, such as being married and having children, reduced the risk of being subjected to coercive measure (all p < 0.05). From our nationwide data, we identified a broad range of risk factors associated with coercive measures. Our findings can assist researchers in identifying patients at risk of coercion and thereby help targeting new coercion reduction programs.

Influence of the particle size and intrinsic magnetic characteristics on the coercivity of sintered magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turilli, G.; Paoluzi, A.; Lucenti, M.; Pareti, L.

1992-02-01

Using sintered specimens of Ba-hexaferrite powders as a model system, a study was made of the dependence of coercivity on the particle dimensions and on the temperature from RT up to the Curie temperature. The temperature behaviour of the coercive and anisotropy field are the same in single-domain particle specimens while they are rather different in polydomain particle specimens. However, the coercivity behaviour of both systems can be fitted well up to 350°C using a simple relation between Hc, HA, and Ms. Further contributions to the coercivity have to be taken into account at higher temperatures.

Coercivity mechanisms and thermal stability of thin film magnetic recording media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Cheng

1999-09-01

Coercivity mechanisms and thermal stability of magnetic recording media were studied. It was found that magnetization reversal mainly occurs by nucleation mechanism. The correlation was established between the c/ a ratio of Co HCP structure and other process parameters that are thought to be the dominant factors in determining the anisotropy and therefore the coercivity of Co based thin film magnetic recording media. Time decay and switching of the magnetization in thin film magnetic recording media depend on the grain size distribution and easy-axis orientation distribution according to the proposed two- energy-level model. Relaxation time is the most fundamental parameter that determines the time decay performance of the magnetic recording media. An algorithm was proposed to calculate its distribution directly from the experimental data without any presumption. It was found for the first time that the distribution of relaxation time takes the form of Weibull distribution.

From antisocial behavior to violence: a model for the amplifying role of coercive joining in adolescent friendships.

PubMed

Van Ryzin, Mark J; Dishion, Thomas J

2013-06-01

Aggression is one of the more stable characteristics of child and adolescent development, and violent behavior in early adulthood is often foreshadowed by aggressive behavior in childhood and early adolescence. Considerable evidence has linked coercive family interactions to aggressive behavior in childhood, but less research has been conducted on the joint role of family and peer interaction in the escalation of aggression to violence in adulthood. We coded family interactions at age 12-13 and friendship interaction at age 16-17 in a multiethnic sample of youth and families. Violence in young adulthood (age 22-23) was measured using self-report, criminal records, and parent report. We tested the hypothesis that a process of 'coercive joining' in friendship interactions mediated the relationship between coercive family interactions and serious violence. We found that observed coercive joining in friendships at age 16-17 predicted early-adulthood violent behavior over and above an established tendency toward antisocial behavior. We also found that observed coercive family interactions at age 12 predicted early-adulthood violence, and that coercive joining with friends fully mediated this link. These results significantly extend coercion theory by suggesting that coercive joining in the context of peer groups is an additional mechanism by which coercive processes in the family are extended and amplified to violent behavior in early adulthood. Our findings suggest the importance of addressing both individual interpersonal skills and self-organizing peer groups when intervening to prevent violent behavior. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry © 2012 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

[Coercive Measures in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry].

PubMed

Rabe, Silke C; Fegert, Jörg M; Krüger, Ulrich; Kölch, Michael

2017-01-01

Coercive Measures in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry To keep the use of coercive measures in child and adolescent psychiatry low or reduce them completely, there needs to be a specific knowledge of the starting point. The study provides an overview of the current situation using a systematic literature review of published studies from the European and the outer European regions between 2005 and 2015. In summary only twelve publications addressed the topic, differentiated in four studies from inner and eight studies from outer European countries. In the studies from Europe, girls in their late adolescence experienced coercive measures more often, whereas the outer European studies identified more boys in early school age. Regarding the diagnoses of the respective patients, no distinct trend could be identified, as coercive measures were applied with a range of different diagnoses. In the European studies, coercive measures were more often used with children and adolescents fitting in the ICD-10-category F9. Results point to a lack of empirical studies concerning coercive measures in the context of child and adolescent psychiatry. Besides, clinical practice between the countries varies tremendously, resulting in difficulties comparing the findings. One possibility to address these issues might be a central register for every kind of coercive measure, as it was introduced in Baden-Württemberg lately and is currently in development for North Rhine-Westphalia.

Supervisory power and its influence on staff members and their customers.

PubMed

Carson, Paula Phillips; Carson, Kerry David; Pence, Patricia Lanier

2002-01-01

The authors examined supervisors' selective use of legitimate, reward, coercive, referent, and expert powers and these power bases' influence on two outcomes: (a) employee perception of organizational support and (b) employee willingness to engage in service recovery activities with the customer. The authors found that the supervisor's use of expert, referent, and reward powers were positively related to perceived organizational support and that the use of coercive power was important in contributing to service recovery initiatives, particularly with regard to the employee's empathetic presentation to the customer.

Effects of Video Feedback on Early Coercive Parent–Child Interactions: The Intervening Role of Caregivers’ Relational Schemas

PubMed Central

Smith, Justin D.; Dishion, Thomas J.; Moore, Kevin J.; Shaw, Daniel S.; Wilson, Melvin N.

2013-01-01

Objective We examined the effect of adding a video feedback intervention component to the assessment feedback session of the Family Check-Up intervention (FCU; Dishion & Stormshak, 2007). We hypothesized that the addition of video feedback procedures during the FCU feedback at child age 2 would have a positive effect on caregivers’ negative relational schemas of their child, which in turn would mediate reductions in observed coercive caregiver-child interactions assessed at age 5. Method We observed the caregiver-child interaction videotapes of 79 high-risk families with toddlers exhibiting clinically significant problem behaviors. A quasi-random sample of families were provided with direct feedback on their interactions during the feedback session of the FCU protocol. Results Path analysis indicated that reviewing and engaging in feedback about videotaped age-2 assessment predicted reduced caregivers’ negative relational schemas of the child at age 3, which acted as an intervening variable on the reduction of observed parent–child coercive interactions recorded at age 5. Video feedback predicted improved family functioning over and above level of engagement in the FCU in subsequent years, indicating the important incremental contribution of using video feedback procedures in early family-based preventive interventions for problem behaviors. Conclusions Supportive video feedback on coercive family dynamics is an important strategy for promoting caregiver motivation to reduce negative attributions toward the child, which fuel coercive interactions. Our study also contributes to the clinical and research literature concerning coercion theory and effective intervention strategies by identifying a potential mechanism of change. PMID:23534831

Coercivity Enhancement in Exchange Biased Bilayers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leighton, C.

2001-03-01

The well-known enhancement in coercivity in ferromagnet / antiferromagnet bilayers has been studied in the model epitaxial system MnF2 / Fe. We have investigated how the coercivity depends on temperature, cooling field, layer thickness and interfacial disorder. In all cases a typical enhancement is observed on cooling below the Neel temperature of the antiferromagnet. However, for the case of positively exchange biased layers we observe an extra coercivity enhancement which occurs when the interface is deliberately driven to a situation of maximum magnetic frustration(C. Leighton, J. Nogues, B.J. Jonsson-Akerman and I.K. Schuller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 3466 (2000)). This situation is controlled by the magnitude of the cooling field, giving us an external parameter through which we can vary the coercivity. We propose a model where a frustrated interface provides local energy minima which effectively pin domain walls leading to an increase in coercivity. We further examine the ferromagnet thickness dependence of the effect as a probe of the coercive mechanisms(Z. Li and S. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B61 R14897 (2000) ; S. Zhang et al J. Mag. Mag. Mat. 198-199 468 (1999)). Work supported by the US DoE and the NSF.

Perspectives for high-performance permanent magnets: applications, coercivity, and new materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hirosawa, Satoshi; Nishino, Masamichi; Miyashita, Seiji

2017-03-01

High-performance permanent magnets are indispensable in the production of high-efficiency motors and generators and ultimately for sustaining the green earth. The central issue of modern permanent magnetism is to realize high coercivity near and above room temperature on marginally hard magnetic materials without relying upon the critical elements such as heavy rare earths by means of nanostructure engineering. Recent investigations based on advanced nanostructure analysis and large-scale first principles calculations have led to significant paradigm shifts in the understandings of coercivity mechanism in Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets, which includes the discovery of the ferromagnetism of the thin (2 nm) intergranular phase surrounding the Nd2Fe14B grains, the occurrence of negative (in-plane) magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Nd ions and some Fe atoms at the interface which degrades coercivity, and visualization of the stochastic behaviors of magnetization in the magnetization reversal process at high temperatures. A major change may occur also in the motor topologies, which is currently overwhelmed by the magnetic flux weakening interior permanent magnet motor type, to other types with variable flux permanent magnet type in some applications to open up a niche for new permanent magnet materials. Keynote talk at 8th International Workshop on Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology (IWAMSN2016), 8-12 November 2016, Ha Long City, Vietnam.

Microstructures, magnetic properties and coercivity mechanisms of Nd-Ce-Fe-B based alloys by Zr substitution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Lei; Quan, Qichen; Zhang, Lili; Hu, Xianjun; Ur Rehman, Sajjad; Jiang, Qingzheng; Du, Junfeng; Zhong, Zhenchen

2018-03-01

In this paper, the effects of Zr addition on microstructures, magnetic properties, exchange coupling, and coercivity mechanisms of Nd-Ce-Fe-B alloys fabricated by melt-spinning technique are investigated. It is found that the coercivity Hcj is enhanced significantly by Zr substitution in the (Nd0.8Ce0.2)13Fe82-xZrxB5 alloys, while the remanence Jr is reduced slightly. The Hcj increases from 12.2 to 13.7 kOe by adding Zr up to 1.5 at. %, whereas Hcj is decreased with a further increase in Zr content. The larger lattice constants and unit cell volumes of the matrix phase indicate that Zr atoms enter into the hard magnetic phase by substituting Fe sites. The reduction of Tc implies the attenuation of the exchange interaction in the 2:14:1 phase with Zr occupying the Fe sites. The weakened intergranular exchange coupling of the Zr added alloy may be attributed to the formation of a non-magnetic intergranular phase. It is worth noting that the coercivity is dominated by the pinning of domain walls at defect positions even though the nucleation of reversal domains still exists. The synergistic function between the pinning effect and the exchange coupling leads to improved magnetic properties.

Microstructure evolution and coercivity enhancement in Nd-Fe-B thin films diffusion-processed by R-Al alloys (R=Nd, Pr)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Yigao; Yang, Yang; Zhang, Tongbo; Fu, Yanqing; Jiang, Qingzheng; Ma, Shengcan; Zhong, Zhenchen; Cui, Weibin; Wang, Qiang

2018-05-01

Diffusion process by Nd-Al and Pr-Al alloys was compared and investigated in Nd-Fe-B thin films. Enhanced coercivity 2.06T and good squareness was obtained by using Pr85Al15 and Nd85Al15 alloys as diffusion sources. But the coercivity of diffusion-processed thin films by Pr70Al30 and Pr55Al45 alloys decreased to 2.04T and 1.82T. High ambient coercivity of 2.26T was achieved in diffusion-processed thin film by Nd70Al30 leading to an improved coercivity thermal stability because Nd2Fe14B grains were enveloped by Nd-rich phase as seen by transmission electron microscopy Nd-loss image. Meanwhile, microstructure-dependent parameters α and Neff were improved. However, high content of Al in diffusion-processed thin film by Nd55Al45 lead to degraded texture and coercivity.

Magnetic properties and magnetic hardening mechansim of Pt-Co-B alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Qiu, Ning; Flanagan, F.; Wittig, James E.

1994-01-01

The intrinsic coercivity is found to be maximized in the Pt42Co45B13 ternary alloy which is undercooled and rapidly solidified (quenched using a 70 m/s wheel speed after undercooling), and then annealed (800 C for 2400 min). The same alloy, processed at slower cooling rates and annealed in the same way, has a much larger scale microstructure and a much lower resulting magnetic coercivity. The microstructure which would optimize the coercitvity of this coercivity of this ternary alloy is a completely ordered L1(sub zero) Pt-Co matrix with a submicron magnetic single-domion Co-boride precipitate. The L1(sub zero) phase is highly anistropic magnetically while the Co-boride precipate is somewhat less so. Annealing treatments designed to produced single-domain Co-boride precipitates enhance the coercivity. This suggests that the refined microstructures is responsible for the high coercivities found in the rapidly solidified and annealed alloy. The magnetic domain wall thickness for a Co-boride precipitate is determined from both experimental observation and theoretical calculation in order to evaluate its influence on the coercivity of the alloy. The effects of the pinning of domain walls and the barrier to the nucleation of reverse domains on the coercivity are discussed. Both microstrucutral analysis and theoretical calculation indicate that the high coercivities in the Pt42Co45B13 alloy are due to the difficult nucleation of reverse magnetic domains.

Effects of nonverbal behavior on perceptions of a female employee's power bases.

PubMed

Aguinis, H; Henle, C A

2001-08-01

The authors extended a previous examination of the effects of nonverbal behavior on perceptions of a male employee's power bases (H. Aguinis, M. M. Simonsen, & C. A. Pierce, 1998) by examining the effects of nonverbal behavior on perceptions of a female employee's power bases. U.S. undergraduates read vignettes describing a female employee engaging in 3 types of nonverbal behavior (i.e., eye contact, facial expression, body posture) and rated their perceptions of the woman's power bases (i.e., reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, expert, credibility). As predicted, (a) direct eye contact increased perceptions of coercive power, and (b) a relaxed facial expression decreased perceptions of all 6 power bases. Also as predicted, the present results differed markedly from those of Aguinis et al. (1998) regarding a male employee. The authors discuss implications for theory, future research, and the advancement of female employees.

Magnetic Force Microscopy Study of Zr 2 Co 11 -Based Nanocrystalline Materials: Effect of Mo Addition

DOE PAGES

Yue, Lanping; Jin, Yunlong; Zhang, Wenyong; ...

2015-01-01

Tmore » he addition of Molybdenum was used to modify the nanostructure and enhance coercivity of rare-earth-free Zr 2Co 11-based nanocrystalline permanent magnets. he effect of Mo addition on magnetic domain structures of melt spun nanocrystalline Zr 16Co 84-xMo x( x = 0 , 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0) ribbons has been investigated. It was found that magnetic properties and local domain structures are strongly influenced by Mo doping. he coercivity of the samples increases with the increase in Mo content ( x ≤ 1.5 ). he maximum energy product ( B H ) max increases with increasing x from 0.5 MGOe for x = 0 to a maximum value of 4.2 MGOe for x = 1.5 . he smallest domain size with a relatively short magnetic correlation length of 128 nm and largest root-mean-square phase shift Φ rms value of 0.66° are observed for the x = 1.5 . he optimal Mo addition promotes magnetic domain structure refinement and thus leads to a significant increase in coercivity and energy product in this sample.« less

Magnetic Force Microscopy Study of Zr 2 Co 11 -Based Nanocrystalline Materials: Effect of Mo Addition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yue, Lanping; Jin, Yunlong; Zhang, Wenyong

Tmore » he addition of Molybdenum was used to modify the nanostructure and enhance coercivity of rare-earth-free Zr 2Co 11-based nanocrystalline permanent magnets. he effect of Mo addition on magnetic domain structures of melt spun nanocrystalline Zr 16Co 84-xMo x( x = 0 , 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0) ribbons has been investigated. It was found that magnetic properties and local domain structures are strongly influenced by Mo doping. he coercivity of the samples increases with the increase in Mo content ( x ≤ 1.5 ). he maximum energy product ( B H ) max increases with increasing x from 0.5 MGOe for x = 0 to a maximum value of 4.2 MGOe for x = 1.5 . he smallest domain size with a relatively short magnetic correlation length of 128 nm and largest root-mean-square phase shift Φ rms value of 0.66° are observed for the x = 1.5 . he optimal Mo addition promotes magnetic domain structure refinement and thus leads to a significant increase in coercivity and energy product in this sample.« less

Nonlinear geometric scaling of coercivity in a three-dimensional nanoscale analog of spin ice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shishkin, I. S.; Mistonov, A. A.; Dubitskiy, I. S.; Grigoryeva, N. A.; Menzel, D.; Grigoriev, S. V.

2016-08-01

Magnetization hysteresis loops of a three-dimensional nanoscale analog of spin ice based on the nickel inverse opal-like structure (IOLS) have been studied at room temperature. The samples are produced by filling nickel into the voids of artificial opal-like films. The spin ice behavior is induced by tetrahedral elements within the IOLS, which have the same arrangement of magnetic moments as a spin ice. The thickness of the films vary from a two-dimensional, i.e., single-layered, antidot array to a three-dimensional, i.e., multilayered, structure. The coercive force, the saturation, and the irreversibility field have been measured in dependence of the thickness of the IOLS for in-plane and out-of-plane applied fields. The irreversibility and saturation fields change abruptly from the antidot array to the three-dimensional IOLS and remain constant upon further increase of the number of layers n . The coercive force Hc seems to increase logarithmically with increasing n as Hc=Hc 0+α ln(n +1 ) . The logarithmic law implies the avalanchelike remagnetization of anisotropic structural elements connecting tetrahedral and cubic nodes in the IOLS. We conclude that the "ice rule" is the base of mechanism regulating this process.

[Associations of short-term evaluation assessments and patient characteristics with the use of coercive measures].

PubMed

Vermeulen, R C; Nijman, H L I; van de Sande, R; Lohuis-Heesink, H A G M

Dutch mental health care institutes are currently making a tremendous effort to reduce the number of coercive measures they impose, such as seclusion. Despite this effort, a group of patients are still being subjected to enforced medication or seclusion. To obtain more knowledge about which patient characteristics are associated with coercive measures and thereby to identify signs that could be acted upon at an earlier stage to prevent deterioration of the patient's condition and reduce the need for coercive measures. We performed a prospective, naturalistic three-month study involving patients in two acute psychiatric admission wards. To collect the data we required, we used two short-term risk-assessment instruments: the Brøset Violence Checklist (BVC) and the Kennedy Axis V (KA-V). By means of statistical analyses we investigated which patient characteristics were associated with the use of coercive measures. Of the 179 patients, 52 patients (29%) were subjected to a coercive measure during the admission procedure. The following patient characteristics were found to be associated with coercive measures: a bipolar disorder, involuntarily admission, display of physical violence just before admission, scores on the BVC and the KA-V items assessing 'social skills' and 'violence'. The two BVC items 'attacks on objects' and 'display of physical violence just before admission' were the ones most strongly associated with seclusion. Although the sensitivity of the regression model was modest, the associated patient characteristics, combined with the two short-term risk assessment scores, may be helpful for identifying at an early stage those patients who run a high risk of being subjected to coercive measures.

Structure and magnetic properties of low-temperature phase Mn-Bi nanosheets with ultra-high coercivity and significant anisotropy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Rongming, E-mail: rmliu@iphy.ac.cn, E-mail: shenbg@iphy.ac.cn; Zhang, Ming; Niu, E

2014-05-07

The microstructure, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of low-temperature phase (LTP) Mn-Bi nanosheets, prepared by surfactant assistant high-energy ball milling (SA-HEBM) with oleylamine and oleic acid as the surfactant, were examined with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer, respectively. Effect of ball-milling time on the coercivity of LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets was systematically investigated. Results show that the high energy ball milling time from tens of minutes to several hours results in the coercivity increase of Mn-Bi powders and peak values of 14.3 kOe around 10 h. LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets are characterized by an average thickness of tensmore » of nanometers, an average diameter of ∼1.5 μm, and possess a relatively large aspect ratio, an ultra-high room temperature coercivity of 22.3 kOe, a significant geometrical and magnetic anisotropy, and a strong (00l) crystal texture. Magnetization and demagnetization behaviors reveal that wall pinning is the dominant coercivity mechanism in these LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets. The ultrafine grain refinement introduced by the SA-HEBM process contribute to the ultra-high coercivity of LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets and a large number of defects put a powerful pinning effect on the magnetic domain movement, simultaneously. Further magnetic measurement at 437 K shows that a high coercivity of 17.8 kOe and a strong positive temperature coefficient of coercivity existed in the bonded permanent magnet made by LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets.« less

Micromagnetics of rare-earth efficient permanent magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fischbacher, Johann; Kovacs, Alexander; Gusenbauer, Markus; Oezelt, Harald; Exl, Lukas; Bance, Simon; Schrefl, Thomas

2018-05-01

The development of permanent magnets containing less or no rare-earth elements is linked to profound knowledge of the coercivity mechanism. Prerequisites for a promising permanent magnet material are a high spontaneous magnetization and a sufficiently high magnetic anisotropy. In addition to the intrinsic magnetic properties the microstructure of the magnet plays a significant role in establishing coercivity. The influence of the microstructure on coercivity, remanence, and energy density product can be understood by using micromagnetic simulations. With advances in computer hardware and numerical methods, hysteresis curves of magnets can be computed quickly so that the simulations can readily provide guidance for the development of permanent magnets. The potential of rare-earth reduced and rare-earth free permanent magnets is investigated using micromagnetic simulations. The results show excellent hard magnetic properties can be achieved in grain boundary engineered NdFeB, rare-earth magnets with a ThMn12 structure, Co-based nano-wires, and L10-FeNi provided that the magnet’s microstructure is optimized.

Coercivity enhancement of Dy-coated Nd-Fe-B flakes by crystallization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fukunaga, H.; Sugimoto, Y.; Nakano, M.

2011-04-01

The coercivity of isotropic Dy-coated Nd-Fe-B flakes was enhanced by crystallization and simultaneous diffusion of Dy from their surfaces. Amorphous Dy-coated Nd-Fe-B flakes were crystallized by heating them to 923 K 2over a 2 min period followed by rapid cooling. During crystallization, the Dy on the surface diffused into the flakes. This low-temperature rapid annealing produced flakes with fine grains and the Dy diffusion enhanced their coercivity. The coercivity after crystallization increased with increasing Dy layer thickness, although the remanence decreased when the layer thickness exceeded 3 {mu}m. Thick coatings of over 6 {mu}m resulted in the formation of DyFe{submore » 2}, which degraded the magnetic properties of the crystallized flakes. Flakes with a 3-{mu}m-thick coating exhibited excellent magnetic properties after annealing: They had a coercivity of 1880 kA/m and a remanence of 78 emu/g. This coercivity is approximately 500 kA/m higher than that of uncoated flakes, whereas the remanence is comparable to that of uncoated flakes.« less

Relationships Between Shame, Restrictiveness, Authoritativeness, and Coercive Control in Men Mandated to a Domestic Violence Offenders Program.

PubMed

Kaplenko, Hannah; Loveland, Jennifer E; Raghavan, Chitra

2018-04-01

Coercive control, a key element of intimate partner violence (IPV), is defined as an abuse dynamic that intends to strip the target of autonomy and liberty. While coercive control is gaining popularity in the research world, little is known about its correlates and causes. This study sought to examine how shame and men's need for dominance, measured by two trait indexes of dominance, restrictiveness and the need for authority, influence coercive control. The present study used a diverse sample of men (n = 134) who were mandated to attend a domestic violence offenders program. Findings suggest that shame plays a role in the commission of coercively controlling behavior both directly and partially through its influence on authority but not through restrictiveness. Implications for understanding IPV in a domestic violence offenders program are discussed.

Parental Perceptions of the Use of Coercive Measures on Children with Developmental Disabilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saloviita, Timo; Pirttimaa, Raija; Kontu, Elina

2016-01-01

Background: Children with developmental disabilities who exhibit challenging behaviour are potentially subject to the use of coercive interventions. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of the use of coercive measures by authorities, according to parents' reports. Materials and Methods: A postal survey was distributed, as a total…

End-member modelling of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition curves: a novel approach to diagnose remagnetization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Z.; Dekkers, M. J.; Heslop, D.; Mullender, T. A. T.

2009-08-01

To identify remagnetization is essential for palaeomagnetic studies and their geodynamic implications. The traditional approach is often based on directional analysis of palaeomagnetic data and field tests, which may be inconclusive if the apparent polar wander path (APWP) is poorly constrained or if the remagnetization predates folding. In several cases, rock magnetic work, particularly, the measurement of hysteresis loops allows identification of the so-called `remagnetized' and `non-remagnetized' trends. However, for weakly magnetic samples, this approach can be equivocal. Here, to improve the diagnosis of remagnetization, we investigated 192 isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition curves (up to 700 mT) of remagnetized and non-remagnetized limestones from the Organyà Basin, northern Spain. Also, 96 IRM acquisition curves from non-remagnetized marls were studied as a cross-check for the non-remagnetized limestones. A non-parametric end-member modelling approach is used to analyse the IRM acquisition curve data sets. First, remagnetized and non-remagnetized groups were treated separately. Two or three end-members were found to adequately describe the data variability: one end-member represents the high-coercivity contribution, whereas the low-coercivity part can be described by either one end-member or two reasonably similar end-members. In the remagnetized limestones, the low-coercivity end-members tend to saturate at higher field values than in the non-remagnetized limestones. When the entire data set was processed together, a three-end-member model was judged optimal. This model consists of a high-coercivity end-member, a low-coercivity end-member that saturates at ~300-400 mT and a low-coercivity end-member that approximately saturates at 700 mT. Higher contributions of the latter end-member appear to occur dominantly in the remagnetized limestones, whereas the reverse is true for the non-remagnetized limestones, so they plot in clearly distinguishable areas. Meanwhile, the IRM curves from non-remagnetized marls show a behaviour similar to that of the non-remagnetized end-member in the limestones. Therefore, this new approach can be a very useful tool to diagnose remagnetization in weakly magnetic limestones and marls. We recommend applying it to other areas of potentially remagnetized low-intensity sediments.

Random-anisotropy model: Monotonic dependence of the coercive field on D/J

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saslow, W. M.; Koon, N. C.

1994-02-01

We present the results of a numerical study of the zero-temperature remanence and coercivity for the random anisotropy model (RAM), showing that, contrary to early calculations for this model, the coercive field increases monotonically with increases in the strength D of the random anisotropy relative to the strength J at the exchange field. Local-field adjustments with and without spin flips are considered. Convergence is difficult to obtain for small values of the anisotropy, suggesting that this is the likely source of the nonmonotonic behavior found in earlier studies. For both large and small anisotropy, each spin undergoes about one flip per hysteresis cycle, and about half of the spin flips occur in the vicinity of the coercive field. When only non-spin-flip adjustments are considered, at large anisotropy the coercivity is proportional to the anisotropy. At small anisotropy, the rate of convergence is comparable to that when spin flips are included.

Hydrogen Decrepitation Press-Less Process recycling of NdFeB sintered magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Manlong; Abrahamsen, Asger B.; Bahl, Christian R. H.; Veluri, Badrinath; Søegaard, Allan I.; Bøjsøe, Poul

2017-11-01

A Hydrogen Decrepitation Press-Less Process (HD-PLP) recycling method for recycling of anisotropic NdFeB magnets is demonstrated. The method combines hydrogen decrepitation (HD) disintegration of the initial magnet, powder sieving and the Press-Less Process (PLP), where hydride powder is sintered in a graphite mold. Coercivities up to 534 kA/m were obtained in porous samples based on powder size d < 100 μm. Adding a ball milling step resulted in full density isotropic magnets for d > 100 μm. The coercivity reached Hci = 957 kA/m being 86% of the original N48M material without addition of rare earth elements.

Effect of primary amines on magnetic properties of Fe-Ni films electroplated in a DES-based plating bath

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yanai, T.; Akiyoshi, T.; Yamaguchi, T.; Takashima, K.; Morimura, T.; Nakano, M.; Fukunaga, H.

2018-05-01

Fe-Ni alloy films were electroplated in DES-based plating baths with various primary amines, and we investigated the effect of the primary amines on the magnetic and the structural properties of the films. The primary amines of ammonium sulfamate, DL-α-alanine and L-glutamic acid reduced the coercivity and the surface roughness of the Fe-rich films (Fe > 70 at.%), and the reduction tendencies of the coercivity and the roughness show good agreement with the result of our previous study on another primary amine of glycine. From the results for the TEM observation, we found that the texture of the Fe-rich film is clearly different from that for the Fe-poor one (Fe < 30 at.%), and we concluded that the primary amines are effective additives for the Fe-rich films electroplated in the DES-based plating baths.

Effect of sexual coercion proclivity, insult and fantasy on emotional reactivity and appeal of sexual aggression.

PubMed

Thomas, Lindsey A; Gorzalka, Boris B

2012-08-01

Fifty-nine heterosexual university males were assessed for Sexual Coercion Proclivity (SCP) and randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Insult/nonsexually coercive fantasy material; no insult/sexually coercive fantasy material; or, insult/sexually coercive fantasy material. Although not differing in terms of anger or anxiety, the high SCP became more frustrated than the low group, particularly when exposed to both insult and sexually coercive (SC) fantasy material. Changes in negative affect predicted anticipated likelihood of engaging in SC among the low SCP group and anticipated enjoyment of SC in the high SCP group. Acculturation accounted for differences observed between Caucasian and Chinese men.

Anomalous behaviour of magnetic coercivity in graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bagani, K.; Bhattacharya, A.; Kaur, J.

In this report, we present the temperature dependence of the magnetic coercivity of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). We observe an anomalous decrease in coercivity of GO and RGO with decreasing temperature. The observation could be understood by invoking the inherent presence of wrinkles on graphene oxide due to presence of oxygen containing groups. Scanning electron microscopic image reveals high wrinkles in GO than RGO. We observe higher coercivity in RGO than in GO. At room temperature, we observe antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic behaviours in GO and RGO, respectively. Whereas, at low temperatures (below T = 60–70 K), both materials showmore » paramagnetic behaviour.« less

High temperature coercive field behavior of Fe-Zr powder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mishra, Debabrata; Perumal, A.; Srinivasan, A.

2009-04-01

We report the investigation of high temperature coercive field behavior of Fe80Zr20 nanocrystalline alloy powder having two-phase microstructure prepared by mechanical alloying process. Thermomagnetization measurement shows the presence of two different magnetic phase transitions corresponding to the amorphous matrix and nonequilibrium Fe(Zr) solid solution. Temperature dependent coercivity exhibits a sharp increase in its value close to the Curie temperature of the amorphous matrix. This feature is attributed to the loss of intergranular ferromagnetic exchange coupling between the nanocrystallites due to the paramagnetic nature of the amorphous matrix. The temperature dependent coercive field behavior is ascribed to the variations in both the effective anisotropy and the exchange stiffness constant with temperature.

Structure, coercive control, and autonomy promotion: A comparison of fathers' and mothers' food parenting strategies.

PubMed

Pratt, Mercedes; Hoffmann, Debra; Taylor, Maija; Musher-Eizenman, Dara

2017-05-01

This study explored differences in mothers' and fathers' food parenting strategies, specifically coercive control, structure, and autonomy promotion, and whether parenting style and parental responsibility for food parenting related to the use of these strategies. Parents of children aged 2.5-7.5 years ( N = 497) reported about their parenting practices and food parenting strategies. Parenting style accounted for the majority of the variance in food parenting. Fathers were more authoritarian than mothers. Authoritarian and permissive parenting practices were related to more coercive strategies. Mothers reported more food parenting responsibility. Responsibility was related to less coercive practices and more autonomy promotion and structure.

Coercivity enhancement of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by chemical bath deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Qiushuang; Guo, Shuai; Yang, Xiao; Zeng, Jiling; Cao, Xuejing; Chen, Renjie; Yan, Aru

2018-05-01

The chemical bath deposition (CBD) method is used to diffuse the heavy rare earth element in order to obtain the high coercivity magnets with low heavy rare earth element. The jet mill powders are soaked in the alcohol suspension of Dy(CH3CHOHCH3)3 (Dy-ipa) so that Nd2Fe14B powder particles are surrounded by Dy-ipa homogeneously. By adding 1.0 wt. % Dy, the coercivity of magnet is increased from 14.47 kOe to 17.55 kOe with slight reduction of remanence after grain boundary diffusion (GBD) in the sintering and annealing processes. The temperature coefficient of coercivity optimizes from -0.629 %/°C to -0.605 %/°C as well as that of remanence improves from -0.108 %/°C to -0.100 %/°C. The CBD method is helpful for thermal stability and alignment either. The relation between the microstructure and the coercivity has been studied systematically.

Magnetic properties and magnetization reversal mechanism of Nd-Fe-B nanoparticles synthesized by a sol-gel method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahimi, Hamed; Ghasemi, Ali; Mozaffarinia, Reza; Tavoosi, Majid

2017-12-01

Nd-Fe-B oxide powders with various pH were prepared using chloride and nitrate precursors including NdCl3·6H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, H3BO3, Nd2O3, Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, HNO3, citric acid (CA), ethylene glycol (EG) by Pechini type sol-gel method. The pH of chloride and nitrate base sols were 0 and 2.2, respectively. Mixed oxide powders were obtained by calcination and annealing the gels. These oxides by using a reduction-diffusion process under high vacuum and employing CaH2 as reducing agent at 800 °C were hated to prepare Nd2Fe14B nanoparticles. The role of pH on phase, morphologies, microstructure, and magnetic properties of the powders were investigated. The results show that with a decrease in pH, the average particle size and coercivity of Nd-Fe-B oxide powders were decreased and increased, respectively. Nd2Fe14B nanoparticles were formed successfully after reduction process. The average particle size of reduction treated products were 30 and 65 nm for powders which made of chloride and nitrate base metal salts, respectively. Final powders which made of chloride and nitrate base metal salts had a saturation magnetization of 127.7 emu/g and 122.8 emu/g while the coercivity of samples were 3.32 kOe and 1.82 kOe, respectively. The experimental results in the angular dependence of coercivity indicated that the normalized coercivity of the permanent magnets Hc(θ)/Hc(0) obeys the 1/cosθ law and intermediate between the 1/cosθ law and Stoner-Wohlfarth formula for different Nd2Fe14B magnets which made of nitrate and chloride base metal salts, respectively. Also, the results show that different Nd2Fe14B magnets which made of nitrate and chloride base metal salts had the maximum energy product of 5 and 16 MGOe, respectively. The Henkel plot showed that magnetic phases in synthesized NdFeB magnets which made of chloride and nitrate base metal salts were coupled by exchange and dipolar interactions, respectively. Different average particle size, morphology and microstructure were the reasons for variation of magnetic properties.

Variables Associated with the Use of Coercive Measures on Psychiatric Patients in Spanish Penitentiary Centers

PubMed Central

Girela, E.; López, A.; Ortega, L.; De-Juan, J.; Ruiz, F.; Bosch, J. I.; Barrios, L. F.; Luna, J. D.; Torres-González, F.

2014-01-01

We have studied the use of coercive medical measures (forced medication, isolation, and mechanical restraint) in mentally ill inmates within two secure psychiatric hospitals (SPH) and three regular prisons (RP) in Spain. Variables related to adopted coercive measures were analyzed, such as type of measure, causes of indication, opinion of patient inmate, opinion of medical staff, and more frequent morbidity. A total of 209 patients (108 from SPH and 101 from RP) were studied. Isolation (41.35%) was the most frequent coercive measure, followed by mechanical restraint (33.17%) and forced medication (25.48%). The type of center has some influence; specifically in RP there is less risk of isolation and restraint than in SPH. Not having had any previous imprisonment reduces isolation and restraint risk while increases the risk of forced medication, as well as previous admissions to psychiatric inpatient units does. Finally, the fact of having lived with a partner before imprisonment reduces the risk of forced medication and communication with the family decreases the risk of isolation. Patients subjected to a coercive measure exhibited a pronounced psychopathology and most of them had been subjected to such measures on previous occasions. The mere fact of external assessment of compliance with human rights slows down the incidence of coercive measures. PMID:24563866

Determining the effect of grain size and maximum induction upon coercive field of electrical steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Landgraf, Fernando José Gomes; da Silveira, João Ricardo Filipini; Rodrigues-Jr., Daniel

2011-10-01

Although theoretical models have already been proposed, experimental data is still lacking to quantify the influence of grain size upon coercivity of electrical steels. Some authors consider a linear inverse proportionality, while others suggest a square root inverse proportionality. Results also differ with regard to the slope of the reciprocal of grain size-coercive field relation for a given material. This paper discusses two aspects of the problem: the maximum induction used for determining coercive force and the possible effect of lurking variables such as the grain size distribution breadth and crystallographic texture. Electrical steel sheets containing 0.7% Si, 0.3% Al and 24 ppm C were cold-rolled and annealed in order to produce different grain sizes (ranging from 20 to 150 μm). Coercive field was measured along the rolling direction and found to depend linearly on reciprocal of grain size with a slope of approximately 0.9 (A/m)mm at 1.0 T induction. A general relation for coercive field as a function of grain size and maximum induction was established, yielding an average absolute error below 4%. Through measurement of B50 and image analysis of micrographs, the effects of crystallographic texture and grain size distribution breadth were qualitatively discussed.

Variables associated with the use of coercive measures on psychiatric patients in Spanish penitentiary centers.

PubMed

Girela, E; López, A; Ortega, L; De-Juan, J; Ruiz, F; Bosch, J I; Barrios, L F; Luna, J D; Torres-González, F

2014-01-01

We have studied the use of coercive medical measures (forced medication, isolation, and mechanical restraint) in mentally ill inmates within two secure psychiatric hospitals (SPH) and three regular prisons (RP) in Spain. Variables related to adopted coercive measures were analyzed, such as type of measure, causes of indication, opinion of patient inmate, opinion of medical staff, and more frequent morbidity. A total of 209 patients (108 from SPH and 101 from RP) were studied. Isolation (41.35%) was the most frequent coercive measure, followed by mechanical restraint (33.17%) and forced medication (25.48%). The type of center has some influence; specifically in RP there is less risk of isolation and restraint than in SPH. Not having had any previous imprisonment reduces isolation and restraint risk while increases the risk of forced medication, as well as previous admissions to psychiatric inpatient units does. Finally, the fact of having lived with a partner before imprisonment reduces the risk of forced medication and communication with the family decreases the risk of isolation. Patients subjected to a coercive measure exhibited a pronounced psychopathology and most of them had been subjected to such measures on previous occasions. The mere fact of external assessment of compliance with human rights slows down the incidence of coercive measures.

Magnetic and microstructural investigation of high-coercivity net-shape Nd-Fe-B-type magnets produced from spark-plasma-sintered melt-spun ribbons blended with DyF3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Žagar, Kristina; Kocjan, Andraž; Kobe, Spomenka

2016-04-01

Nanostructured Nd-Fe-B-type materials produced by melt-spinning (MS) are used in a variety of applications in the electronics, automotive, and sensor industries. The very rapid MS process leads to flake-like powders with metastable, nanoscale, Nd2Fe14B grains. These powders are then formed into net-shaped, isotropic, polymer-bonded magnets, or they are hot formed into fully dense, metallic magnets that are isotropic and anisotropic. These fully dense magnets are usually produced with a conventional hot press without the inclusion of additives prior to the hot pressing. As a result, their properties, particularly the coercivity (Hci), are insufficient at automotive-relevant temperatures of 100-150 °C since the material Hci has a large temperature coefficient. In this study, we instead add a thin layer of DyF3 to the melt-spun ribbons prior to their hot consolidation in order to enhance the coercivity through a diffusion-based, partial substitution of the Nd by Dy. This is accomplished by applying extremely rapid, spark-plasma sintering to minimize any growth of the nanoscale Nd2Fe14B grains during consolidation. The result is a very high-coercivity magnet with drastically reduced amounts of heavy rare earths that is suitable for high-temperature applications. This work clearly demonstrates how rapidly formed, metastable states can provide us with properties that are unobtainable with conventional techniques.

Experimental mixtures of superparamagnetic and single-domain magnetite with respect to Day-Dunlop plots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumari, Monika; Hirt, Ann M.; Uebe, Rene; Schüler, Dirk; Tompa, Éva; Pósfai, Mihály; Lorenz, Wolfram; Ahrentorp, Fredrik; Jonasson, Christian; Johansson, Christer

2015-06-01

Day-Dunlop plots are widely used in paleomagnetic and environmental studies as a tool to determine the magnetic domain state of magnetite, i.e., superparamagnetic (SP), stable single-domain (SD), pseudosingle-domain (PSD), multidomain (MD), and their mixtures. The few experimental studies that have examined hysteresis properties of SD-SP mixtures of magnetite found that the ratios of saturation remanent magnetization to saturation magnetization and the coercivity of remanence to coercivity are low, when compared to expected theoretical mixing trends based on Langevin theory. This study reexamines Day-Dunlop plots using experimentally controlled mixtures of SD and SP magnetite grains. End-members include magnetotactic bacteria (MSR-1) as the SD source, and a commercial ferrofluid or magnetotactic bacteria (ΔA12) as the SP source. Each SP-component was added incrementally to a SD sample. Experimental results from these mixing series show that the magnetization and coercivity ratios are lower than the theoretical prediction for bulk SP magnetic size. Although steric repulsion was present between the particles, we cannot rule out interaction in the ferrofluid for higher concentrations. The SP bacteria are noninteracting as the magnetite was enclosed by an organic bilipid membrane. Our results demonstrate that the magnetization and coercivity ratios of SD-SP mixtures can lie in the PSD range, and that an unambiguous interpretation of particle size can only be made with information about the magnetic properties of the end-members.

Operations Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector: A Coercive Failure?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-06

Coercive Air Power: A Primer for Military Strategists,” Air Power Journal 2, no. 1 (Spring 2007 ): 160. Mueller also argues that compellence and...faced defeat. Coalition Narrative/Strategic Goals As the resistance against the Libyan government stammered , the United States sought to increase...Mueller, Karl. “The Essence of Coercive Air Power: A Primer for Military Strategists,” Air Power Journal 2, no. 1 (Spring 2007 ): 159-174. NATO. Fact

Coercivity enhancement of anisotropic Dy-free Nd-Fe-B powders by conventional HDDR process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morimoto, K.; Katayama, N.; Akamine, H.; Itakura, M.

2012-11-01

Coercivity enhancement of Dy-free Nd-Fe-Co-B-Ga-Zr powders was studied using the conventional hydrogenation-decomposition-desorption-recombination (HDDR) process. It was found that the addition of Al together with the proper Nd content and the slow hydrogen desorption of the HDDR treatment can induce high coercivity in the powder. For example, the 14.0 at% Nd-2.0 at% Al powder exhibits HcJ of 1560 kA/m, Br of 1.22 T, and (BH)max of 257 kJ/m3. The high coercivity inducement of the powder is thought to be attributed to the formation of Nd-rich phase, which continuously surrounds fine Nd2Fe14B grains.

[Hygiene practices in a street market in the city of Salvador, Bahia State].

PubMed

Minnaert, Ana Cláudia de Sá Teles; Freitas, Maria do Carmo Soares

2010-06-01

The main objective of this research is to understand the meaning of the practices concerning food hygiene in a street market in Salvador, the capital of Bahia State in Brazil. The ethnographic study presents two main categories for symbolic production related to hygiene practices: cleanliness as order and dirtiness as disorder. These cultural codes make correspondence with the studies of Mary Douglas and Nobert Elias. The codes present particularities to decode everyday life, in which concept and hygiene practices are aspects normalized, in daily activity, for persons who share the space of street market: vendors, consumers, street cleaners and official inspectors. The techno-scientific knowledge and sanitary legislation are strange to the symbolic system of street market vendors. The laws are ineffective and their influence is of little importance in the creation of hygiene practices. Official inspectors' attitudes are coercive and punitive and do not take into account any cultural values when enforcing new hygiene practices.

French & Raven's Power Bases: An Appropriate Focus for Educational Researchers and Practitioners.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tauber, Robert T.

"Whether it is to further learning in general, or discipline in particular, teachers must effectively exercise power." Five power bases available to teachers are identified in this paper each containing the common element that they are all dependent upon student beliefs. These power bases are: (1) coercive power, based on a student's belief that…

Subjective experience of coercion in psychiatric care: a study comparing the attitudes of patients and healthy volunteers towards coercive methods and their justification.

PubMed

Mielau, J; Altunbay, J; Gallinat, J; Heinz, A; Bermpohl, F; Lehmann, A; Montag, C

2016-06-01

Under certain conditions, coercive interventions in psychotic patients can help to regain insight and alleviate symptoms, but can also traumatize subjects. This study explored attitudes towards psychiatric coercive interventions in healthy individuals and persons suffering from schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder. The impact of personal history of coercive treatment on preferences concerning clinical management of patients unable to consent was investigated. Six case vignettes depicting scenarios of ethical dilemmas and demanding decisions in favour of or against coercive interventions were presented to 60 healthy volunteers and 90 patients. Structured interviews focusing on experienced coercion were performed in conjunction with the Coercion Experience Scale and the Admission Experience Survey. Symptom severity, psychosocial functioning and insight into illness were assessed as influencing variables. Student's t tests compared patients' and controls' judgments, followed by regression analyses to define the predictive value of symptoms and measures of coercion on judgments regarding the total patient sample and patients with experience of fixation. Patients and non-psychiatric controls showed no significant difference in their attitudes towards involuntary admission and forced medication. Conversely, patients more than controls significantly disapproved of mechanical restraint. Subjective experience of coercive interventions played an important role for the justification of treatment against an individual's "natural will". Factors influencing judgments on coercion were overall functioning and personal experience of treatment effectiveness and fairness. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of perceived coercion, in addition to insight into illness, predicted judgments of previously fixated patients. Results underline the importance of the quality of practical implementation and care, if coercive interventions cannot be avoided.

The Paleolimnological Record of the North Atlantic Oscillation: Magnetic Properties and Diatom Counts from Hemlock and Conesus Lakes, Western New York State

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chaisson, W. P.; Arnold, M. R.; Cottrell, R. D.

2002-05-01

Between 1900 and 1930 CE when the NAO index showed large amplitude positive excursions, but the AO index varied at very small amplitudes, drought conditions frequently prevailed in western New York state according the Palmer Drought Index (PDI). Since 1970, when both the NAO and the AO indices show large and progressively increasing positive excursions, the PDI has been generally positive, indicating moisture surpluses in the region. Magnetic properties, including coercivity of remanence, have been measured and the diatoms have been enumerated in sediments from two gravity cores collected from Hemlock and Conesus Lakes. The sediments date from ~1875 CE in the Hemlock core and ~1923 CE in the Conesus core. Variations in magnetic grain-size are interpreted from the coercivity of remanence, with lower coercivity of remanence associated with large grain size. The primary productivity of lakes is interpreted from the Lake Trophic Status Index (LTSI), which is calculated based on known ecologies of several diatom species. In both lakes we find that larger magnetic grain size is associated with greater productivity in the lakes. In the Hemlock core, through the interval corresponding to 1913-1943 coercivity of remanence values declined to 281-259 Oersteds, from late 19th century values that were >350 Oersteds. The bottom of the Conesus core (1923-1938 CE) has the lowest coercivity of remanance values in the record (309-317 Oersteds). LTSI values in the Hemlock samples increase as remanence of coercivity values decline between 1888 and 1920 CE. This reflects an increase in the abundance of the mesoeutrophic Tabellaria fenestrata during this interval. In the Conesus samples the agreement between coercivity of remanence and LTSI is quite close. The range of variation in both LTSI and magnetic grain size is smaller in Conesus than in Hemlock Lake. The diatom assemblage is also quite different in Conesus, dominated by eutrophic Aulacosiera granulata, which are rare or absent at Hemlock Lake. The Hemlock basin is much steeper than than that of Conesus and its water level fluctuates more extremely because it is the reservoir for the city of Rochester. Hemlock Lake is oligotrophic and its drainage basin is heavily forested and lightly populated. Conesus Lake is eutrophic, its shores lined with cottages and the basin is heavily agricultural. In spite of these differences in both natural conditions and anthropogenic factors, the LTSI and magnetic measurements of the two lakes share variance, ostensibly forced by regional climate change. Initial results suggest that the shared component of variance in these proxy indicators can predict variations in regional drought intensity. Regional drought intensity, in turn, seems associated with an uncoupling of AO and NAO variation.

Switching of magnetic easy-axis using crystal orientation for large perpendicular coercivity in CoFe2O4 thin film

PubMed Central

Shirsath, Sagar E.; Liu, Xiaoxi; Yasukawa, Yukiko; Li, Sean; Morisako, Akimitsu

2016-01-01

Perpendicular magnetization and precise control over the magnetic easy axis in magnetic thin film is necessary for a variety of applications, particularly in magnetic recording media. A strong (111) orientation is successfully achieved in the CoFe2O4 (CFO) thin film at relatively low substrate temperature of 100 °C, whereas the (311)-preferred randomly oriented CFO is prepared at room temperature by the DC magnetron sputtering technique. The oxygen-deficient porous CFO film after post-annealing gives rise to compressive strain perpendicular to the film surface, which induces large perpendicular coercivity. We observe the coercivity of 11.3 kOe in the 40-nm CFO thin film, which is the highest perpendicular coercivity ever achieved on an amorphous SiO2/Si substrate. The present approach can guide the systematic tuning of the magnetic easy axis and coercivity in the desired direction with respect to crystal orientation in the nanoscale regime. Importantly, this can be achieved on virtually any type of substrate. PMID:27435010

Angular dependence of coercivity in isotropically aligned Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsuura, Yutaka; Nakamura, Tetsuya; Sumitani, Kazushi; Kajiwara, Kentaro; Tamura, Ryuji; Osamura, Kozo

2018-05-01

In order to understand the coercivity mechanism in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets, the angular dependence of the coercivity of an isotropically aligned Nd15Co1.0B6Febal. sintered magnet was investigated through magnetization measurements using a vibrating sample magnetometer. These results are compared with the angular dependence calculated under the assumption that the magnetization reversal of each grain follows the Kondorskii law or, in other words, the 1/cos θ law for isotropic alignment distributions. The calculated angular dependence of the coercivity agrees very well with the experiment for magnetic fields applied between angles of 0 and 60°, and it is expected that the magnetization reversal occurs in each grain individually followed the 1/cos θ law. In contrast, this agreement between calculation and experiment is not found for anisotropic Nd-Fe-B samples. This implies that the coercivity of the aligned magnets depends upon the de-pinning of the domain walls from pinning sites. When the de-pinning occurs, it is expected that the domain walls are displaced through several grains at once.

Substrate bias effects on composition and coercivity of CoCrTa/Cr thin films on canasite and glass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Y.; Lambeth, D. N.; Sui, X.; Lee, L.-L.; Laughlin, D. E.

1993-05-01

CoCrTa/Cr thin films were prepared by rf diode sputtering onto canasite and glass substrates at various bias voltages from two targets of different compositions (Co82.8Cr14.6Ta2.6 and Co86Cr12Ta2). While Auger depth profile analysis indicates that there is some broadening at the CoCrTa-Cr interface, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy reveals that changes in alloy composition due to the resputtering processes are even more prominent. For both targets, as the substrate bias increases the Co content in the films declines, and the magnetization decreases. The maximum film coercivity appears to correlate to the final film composition. By investigating the results from both targets, it is concluded that the coercivity reaches a maximum when the film composition is in the neighborhood of Co84Cr13Ta3. Thus, to optimize the coercivity different bias voltages are required for each target. Excessive substrate bias, however, leads to films with low magnetization and coercivity.

Predicting sexual coercion in early adulthood: The transaction among maltreatment, gang affiliation, and adolescent socialization of coercive relationship norms.

PubMed

Ha, Thao; Kim, Hanjoe; Christopher, Caroline; Caruthers, Allison; Dishion, Thomas J

2016-08-01

This study tested a transactional hypothesis predicting early adult sexual coercion from family maltreatment, early adolescent gang affiliation, and socialization of adolescent friendships that support coercive relationship norms. The longitudinal study of a community sample of 998 11-year-olds was intensively assessed in early and middle adolescence and followed to 23-24 years of age. At age 16-17 youth were videotaped with a friend, and their interactions were coded for coercive relationship talk. Structural equation modeling revealed that maltreatment predicted gang affiliation during early adolescence. Both maltreatment and gang affiliation strongly predicted adolescent sexual promiscuity and coercive relationship norms with friends at age 16-17 years. Adolescent sexual promiscuity, however, did not predict sexual coercion in early adulthood. In contrast, higher levels of observed coercive relationship talk with a friend predicted sexual coercion in early adulthood for both males and females. These findings suggest that peers have a socialization function in the development of norms prognostic of sexual coercion, and the need to consider peers in the promotion of healthy relationships.

Material deprivation and unemployment affect coercive sex among young people in the urban slums of Blantyre, Malawi: A multi-level approach.

PubMed

Kamndaya, Mphatso; Kazembe, Lawrence N; Vearey, Jo; Kabiru, Caroline W; Thomas, Liz

2015-05-01

We explore relations among material deprivation (measured by insufficient housing, food insecurity and poor healthcare access), socio-economic status (employment, income and education) and coercive sex. A binary logistic multi-level model is used in the estimation of data from a survey of 1071 young people aged 18-23 years, undertaken between June and July 2013, in the urban slums of Blantyre, Malawi. For young men, unemployment was associated with coercive sex (odds ratio [OR]=1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-3.21) while material deprivation (OR=1.34, 95% CI: 0.75-2.39) was not. Young women in materially deprived households were more likely to report coercive sex (OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.07-2.22) than in non-materially deprived households. Analysis of local indicators of deprivation is critical to inform the development of effective strategies to reduce coercive sex in urban slums in Malawi. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

5 CFR 950.108 - Preventing coercive activity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... PRIVATE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS General Provisions § 950.108 Preventing coercive activity. True voluntary... Section 950.108 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... the supervisor's unit or organization. ...

5 CFR 950.108 - Preventing coercive activity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... PRIVATE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS General Provisions § 950.108 Preventing coercive activity. True voluntary... Section 950.108 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... the supervisor's unit or organization. ...

5 CFR 950.108 - Preventing coercive activity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... PRIVATE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS General Provisions § 950.108 Preventing coercive activity. True voluntary... Section 950.108 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... the supervisor's unit or organization. ...

5 CFR 950.108 - Preventing coercive activity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... PRIVATE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS General Provisions § 950.108 Preventing coercive activity. True voluntary... Section 950.108 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... the supervisor's unit or organization. ...

Effect of sintering in a hydrogen atmosphere on the density and coercivity of (Sm,Zr)(Co,Cu,Fe)Z permanent magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burkhanov, G. S.; Dormidontov, N. A.; Kolchugina, N. B.; Dormidontov, A. G.

2018-04-01

The effect of heat treatments in manufacturing (Sm,Zr)(Co,Cu,Fe)Z-based permanent magnets sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere on their properties has been studied. It was shown that the dynamics of the magnetic hardening of the studied magnets during heat treatments, in whole, corresponds to available concepts of phase transformations in five-component precipitation-hardened SmCo-based alloys. Peculiarities of the studied compositions consist in the fact that the coercive force magnitude of magnets quenched from the isothermal aging temperature is higher by an order of magnitude than those available in the literature. It was noted that, in using the selected manufacturing procedure, the increase in the density of samples does not finish at the sintering stage but continues in the course of solid-solution heat treatment.

A re-appraisal of the proposed rapid Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic reversal in the Sulmona Basin, Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Evans, M. E.; Muxworthy, A. R.

2018-06-01

An extremely sharp magnetic reversal observed in lacustrine sediments in central Italy has been interpreted as a record of the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic polarity reversal that may represent less than a decade. Here, we report new results from the same Sulmona Basin outcrops that question this interpretation. In particular, we find evidence of reversed (Matuyama) directions well above the proposed Matuyama-Brunhes Boundary (MBB). Coercivity spectra of anhysteretic remanent magnetization imply a three-component magnetic mineralogy: low-, intermediate- and high-coercivity. The low-coercivity component is found in all but one of the samples and carries a strong modern overprint seen throughout the section. The high-coercivity component is dominated by volcanic material which is prone to remagnetization. Since it is much more magnetic than the surrounding lacustrine sediments, it may influence the remanence signal even when present at very low concentrations. The intermediate-coercivity component is the main carrier of any true primary remanence, but whether or not this can be isolated depends on the blocking temperature and coercivity spectra of individual samples and on the demagnetization method used. The complexity of the magnetization, the reversed zones above the proposed MBB and the normal zones that Sagnotti and colleagues found below it lead to the conclusion that this section does not carry a reliable high-resolution record of the geomagnetic field. Thus, we feel that inferences about the stratigraphic position and duration of the MBB are premature.

Gender differences in patterns of experienced sexual coercion and associated vulnerability factors among young people in the Netherlands.

PubMed

Kuyper, Lisette; de Wit, John; Smolenski, Derek; Adam, Philippe; Woertman, Liesbeth; van Berlo, Willy

2013-11-01

The development of effective policies and programs to prevent sexual coercion among young people requires thorough understanding of the diversity of coercive sexual experiences, patterns in such types of experiences, and similarities and differences between subgroups, especially by gender, in patterns of coercive sexual experiences and associations with potential vulnerability factors. The present online self-report study assessed a wide range of coercive sexual experiences and potential vulnerability factors among a sociodemographically diverse sample of 1,319 young people (16-25 years old) in The Netherlands. Findings confirm that sexual coercion comprises a diversity of experiences, with rates differing substantially across types of coercion. Latent class analysis revealed distinct patterns of coercive sexual experiences for young women and young men. Among young men, three patterns of experiences were found: no coercive sexual experiences, experience with verbal pressure, and experience with verbal pressure as well as coercion related to alcohol intoxication. Among young women, four patterns of coercive experiences were identified. In addition to the three patterns observed among young men, a fourth pattern encompassed experiences with verbal pressure as well as the use of force or violence. Higher numbers of sexual partners, lower levels of sexual refusal skills, and higher levels of token resistance were consistently associated with increased vulnerability. Findings illustrate the importance of communication skills and suggest that sexual communication training should be an integral part of sexuality education.

Evaluating a prevention program for teenagers on sexual coercion: a differential effectiveness approach.

PubMed

Pacifici, C; Stoolmiller, M; Nelson, C

2001-06-01

The authors evaluated a coeducational program for teenagers on preventing sexual coercion in dating situations. Students examined individual and social attitudes underlying coercive sexual behavior and learned communication skills aimed at preventing or dealing with unwanted sexual advances. Instruction was enhanced by video and an interactive video "virtual date." Outcomes were assessed using sexual attitude scales with a sample of 458 high school students. Student health education classes were randomly assigned to either a treatment or a control condition. Findings, based on a latent variable model of differential effectiveness, showed that students in the treatment group with initial coercive attitude scores at or above the mean benefited significantly more than students with the same range of scores in the control group.

Coercivity Recovery Effect of Sm-Fe-Cu-Al Alloy on Sm2Fe17N3 Magnet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Otogawa, Kohei; Asahi, Toru; Jinno, Miho; Yamaguchi, Wataru; Takagi, Kenta; Kwon, Hansang

2018-03-01

The potential of a Sm-Fe-Cu-Al binder for improvement of the magnetic properties of Sm2Fe17N3 was examined. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of a Sm-Fe-Cu-Al alloy-bonded Sm2Fe17N3 magnet which showed high coercivity revealed that the Sm-Fe-Cu-Al alloy had an effect of removing the surface oxide layer of the Sm2 Fe17N3 grains. However, the Sm-Fe-Cu-Al binder was contaminated by carbon and nitrogen, which originated from the organic solvent used as the milling medium during pulverization. To prevent carbon and nitrogen contamination, the Sm-Fe- Cu-Al alloy was added directly on the surface of the Sm2Fe17N3 grains by sputtering. Comparing the recovered coercivity per unit amount of the added binder the uncontaminated binder-coated sample had a higher coercivity recovery effect than the milled binder-added sample. These results suggested that sufficient addition of the contamination-free Sm-Fe-Cu-Al binder has the possibility to reduce the amount of binder necessary to produce a high coercive Sm2Fe17N3 magnet.

Coercive and legitimate authority impact tax honesty: evidence from behavioral and ERP experiments

PubMed Central

Pfabigan, Daniela M.; Lamm, Claus; Kirchler, Erich; Hofmann, Eva

2017-01-01

Abstract Cooperation in social systems such as tax honesty is of central importance in our modern societies. However, we know little about cognitive and neural processes driving decisions to evade or pay taxes. This study focuses on the impact of perceived tax authority and examines the mental chronometry mirrored in ERP data allowing a deeper understanding about why humans cooperate in tax systems. We experimentally manipulated coercive and legitimate authority and studied its impact on cooperation and underlying cognitive (experiment 1, 2) and neuronal (experiment 2) processes. Experiment 1 showed that in a condition of coercive authority, tax payments are lower, decisions are faster and participants report more rational reasoning and enforced compliance, however, less voluntary cooperation than in a condition of legitimate authority. Experiment 2 confirmed most results, but did not find a difference in payments or self-reported rational reasoning. Moreover, legitimate authority led to heightened cognitive control (expressed by increased MFN amplitudes) and disrupted attention processing (expressed by decreased P300 amplitudes) compared to coercive authority. To conclude, the neuronal data surprisingly revealed that legitimate authority may led to higher decision conflict and thus to higher cognitive demands in tax decisions than coercive authority. PMID:28402477

Coercive treatment and autonomy in psychiatry.

PubMed

Sjöstrand, Manne; Helgesson, Gert

2008-02-01

There are three lines of argument in defence of coercive treatment of patients with mental disorders: arguments regarding (1) societal interests to protect others, (2) the patients' own health interests, and (3) patient autonomy. In this paper, we analyse these arguments in relation to an idealized case, where a person with a mental disorder claims not to want medical treatment for religious reasons. We also discuss who should decide what in situations where patients with mental disorders deny treatment on seemingly rational grounds. We conclude that, in principle, coercive treatment cannot be defended for the sake of protecting others. While coercive actions can be acceptable in order to protect close family and others, medical treatment is not justified for such reasons but should be given only in the interest of patients. Coercive treatment may be required in order to promote the patient's health interests, but health interests have to waive if they go against the autonomous interests of the patient. We argue that non-autonomous patients can have reasons, rooted in their deeply-set values, to renounce compulsory institutional treatment, and that such reasons should be respected unless it can be assumed that their new predicaments have caused them to change their views.

Temperature stability of coercivity in mischmetal-Fe-Co-B melt-spun ribbons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Rui; Zhang, Hong-Rui; Liu, Yao; Zuo, Shu-Lan; Xiong, Jie-Fu; Zuo, Wen-Liang; Zhao, Tong-Yun; Hu, Feng-Xia; Sun, Ji-Rong; Shen, Bao-Gen

2018-05-01

Coercivity temperature coefficient (β) of the permanent magnet depends on its intrinsic magnetic properties and microstructure. In this paper, the relationship between β and the temperature stabilities of magnetocrystalline anisotropy field (H a ) and saturation magnetization (M s ) as well as the microstructure is discussed. Regarding two concerned microstructural factors: grain size and grain boundary, coercivity thermal-stabilities of MM13.5Fe79.5B7 (MM-mischmetal: unseparated La-Ce-Pr-Nd alloy) and MMxFe94‑xB6 (x = 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19) melt-spun ribbons, respectively, are investigated. High β values near the theoretical limit are obtained either by decreasing grain size or by reducing MM percentage. In addition, coercivities above room temperature of MM13.5Fe79.5‑yCoyB7 (y = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15) melt-spun ribbons are measured. The detailed influences of Co substitutions on β are analyzed, and the weak temperature dependence of M s is proved to the reason for the observed decrease of β. These findings suggest that proper strategy to minimize local stray fields is the key to enhance coercivity thermal-stability of 2:14:1 structure magnet.

[The ideology of the common good and legislative issues concerning abortion].

PubMed

Marques Pereira, B

1984-01-01

This work examines the ideology of the general interest as it is expressed in 2 opposing legislative proposals regarding abortion put forth in Belgium in the early 1980s. The Flemish Liberal proposal deposed in the Senate by Lucienne Herman-Michielsens represents a possible compromise for the Social Christians because it would retain the principle of penal prohibition of all abortions except those considered therapeutic, while the proposal deposed in the Chamber by Leona Detiege calls for decriminalization of voluntary abortions and recognition of the decision-making autonomy of the woman. Legislative reforms express more than agreements of ideologic and political forces; they manifest compromises, negotiations, confrontations, and even insults between social groups and classes. The discourse of general interest is often used to legitimize the demands of specific groups. Herman-Michielsens' proposal would permit abortion only if continuation of the pregnancy posed a grave threat to the life or health of the mother, and only in a hospital by a gynecologist aided by a committee consisting of gynecologists, a specially trained psychologist or psychiatrist, a social nurse, and a jurist. Modalities of control over the sexuality of women would thus be involved, with power exercised through refusal of the right to dispose of their own bodies to women, censure expressed by mandatory committees reviewing each case, and penal sanctions against abortions not deemed therapeutic. The argument in favor of penal sanctions invokes the general interest in the sense of the social order; use of the notion of abortion as an offense against the social order disguises the exercise of social control over sexuality. In the view of this proposal, the dissociation of sexuality and procreation constitutes a peril that must be fought with coercive measures. The proposal is based on an ideological conservatism characterized by a paternalistic attitude toward women and a view of freedom which focuses on abuses and potential excesses. Paternalism, hatred of permissiveness, moralism, fear of sexual pleasure and an appeal to emotions are the ingredients of an ideologic conservatism which would enforce maternity in case of a contraceptive failure. In the pluralist legislative proposal of L. Detiege, "respect for life" is formulated not abstractly but in concrete terms of the woman, the child to be born, and the couple. When advocates of decriminalization invoke respect for the quality of life, they call attention to the excessive rigidity of traditional Christian morality and its lack of adaptation to concrete situations. The current law fosters inequality because wealthier women can easily obtain abortions in other countries, and it is undemocratic because it fails to allow for philosophical pluralism. For feminists, the ability to control their own bodies constitutes 1 part of a larger struggle for equality with men in the social division of labor.

Mesoscopic bar magnet based on ε-Fe2O3 hard ferrite.

PubMed

Ohkoshi, Shin-Ichi; Namai, Asuka; Yamaoka, Takehiro; Yoshikiyo, Marie; Imoto, Kenta; Nasu, Tomomichi; Anan, Shizuka; Umeta, Yoshikazu; Nakagawa, Kosuke; Tokoro, Hiroko

2016-06-07

Ferrite magnets have a long history. They are used in motors, magnetic fluids, drug delivery systems, etc. Herein we report a mesoscopic ferrite bar magnet based on rod-shaped ε-Fe2O3 with a large coercive field (>25 kOe). The ε-Fe2O3-based bar magnet is a single crystal with a single magnetic domain along the longitudinal direction. A wide frequency range spectroscopic study shows that the crystallographic a-axis of ε-Fe2O3, which corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the bar magnet, plays an important role in linear and non-linear magneto-optical transitions, phonon modes, and the magnon (Kittel mode). Due to its multiferroic property, a magnetic-responsive non-linear optical sheet is manufactured as an application using an ε-Fe2O3-based bar magnet, resin, and polyethylene terephthalate. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of the large coercive field property, we demonstrate that a mesoscopic ε-Fe2O3 bar magnet can be used as a magnetic force microscopy probe.

Mesoscopic bar magnet based on ɛ-Fe2O3 hard ferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohkoshi, Shin-Ichi; Namai, Asuka; Yamaoka, Takehiro; Yoshikiyo, Marie; Imoto, Kenta; Nasu, Tomomichi; Anan, Shizuka; Umeta, Yoshikazu; Nakagawa, Kosuke; Tokoro, Hiroko

2016-06-01

Ferrite magnets have a long history. They are used in motors, magnetic fluids, drug delivery systems, etc. Herein we report a mesoscopic ferrite bar magnet based on rod-shaped ɛ-Fe2O3 with a large coercive field (>25 kOe). The ɛ-Fe2O3-based bar magnet is a single crystal with a single magnetic domain along the longitudinal direction. A wide frequency range spectroscopic study shows that the crystallographic a-axis of ɛ-Fe2O3, which corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the bar magnet, plays an important role in linear and non-linear magneto-optical transitions, phonon modes, and the magnon (Kittel mode). Due to its multiferroic property, a magnetic-responsive non-linear optical sheet is manufactured as an application using an ɛ-Fe2O3-based bar magnet, resin, and polyethylene terephthalate. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of the large coercive field property, we demonstrate that a mesoscopic ɛ-Fe2O3 bar magnet can be used as a magnetic force microscopy probe.

Chemical Synthesis of Next Generation High Energy Product Hybrid SmCo Permanent Magnets for High Temperature Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

among CoxC, AINiCo and Ba / Sr ferrite magnets. AINiCo is shown to exhibit high (BH)max, 35 kJmŗ, but a low intrinsic coercivity, mostly ə kOe...whereas Ba / Sr ferrite features high intrinsic coercivity, 3-4.5 kOe, but typical values of (BH)max below 25 kJm-3. However, the multiple...coercivity of cobalt carbide nanoparticles is compared with free powders of AINiCo and ceramic magnets of the Ba / Sr hexaferrite type. Curie temperatures near

Coercive Sexual Intercourse: A Proposal to Amend Article 120, UCMJ, to Prevent the Misapplication of the Parental Duress Theory of the Constructive Force Doctrine of Rape

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-04-01

LOAN DOCUMENT___ LEMH. INVENTORy D)OCUMtENT IDENTMFCATION MON STATEMENT A A A1 cov ’W for Public ReleaseN Listibudtiofl Unlimited D DUTEUMDWON...LOAN DOCUMENT "COERCIVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE": A PROPOSAL TO AMEND ARTICLE 120, UCMJ, TO PREVENT THE MISAPPLICATION OF THE " PARENTAL DURESS" THEORY OF...34COERCIVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE": A PROPOSAL TO AMEND ARTICLE 120, UCMJ, TO PREVENT THE MISAPPLICATION OF THE " PARENTAL DURESS" THEORY OF THE

Sm5(Fe,Ti)17 melt-spun ribbons with high coercivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saito, Tetsuji; Horita, Toru

2018-05-01

It has previously been reported that annealing of amorphous Sm5Fe17 melt-spun ribbon resulted in the formation of the Sm5Fe17 phase and the resultant Sm5Fe17 melt-spun ribbon exhibited a high coercivity. However, the annealing condition of the amorphous Sm5Fe17 melt-spun ribbon was somewhat critical and it was not easy to obtain Sm5Fe17 grains with high coercivity. In the present study, it was found that the small substitution of Ti for Fe in the Sm5Fe17 melt-spun ribbon stabilized the Sm5Fe17 phase. Annealed Sm5Fe16.7Ti0.3 melt-spun ribbon consisted of small and homogeneous Sm5(Fe,Ti)17 grains and exhibited a higher coercivity than the annealed Sm5Fe17 melt-spun ribbon.

Grain boundary diffusion of Dy films prepared by magnetron sputtering for sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, W.; Luo, J. M.; Guan, Y. W.; Huang, Y. L.; Chen, M.; Hou, Y. H.

2018-05-01

Dy films, deposited on the surface of sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets by magnetron sputtering, were employed for grain boundary diffusion source. High coercivity sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets were successfully prepared. Effects of sputtering power and grain boundary diffusion processes (GBDP) on the microstructure and magnetic properties were investigated in detail. The dense and uniform Dy films were beneficial to prepare high coercivity magnets by GBDP. The maximum coercivity value of 1189 kA m‑1 could be shown, which was an amplification of 22.3%, compared with that of as-prepared Nd–Fe–B magnet. Furthermore, the improved remanence and maximum energy product were also achieved through tuning grain boundary diffusion processes. Our results demonstrated that the formation of (Nd, Dy)2Fe14B shell surrounding Nd2Fe14B grains and fine, uniform and continuous intergranular RE-rich phases jointly contribute to the improved coercivity.

Coercivity enhancement mechanism in Dy-substituted Nd-Fe-B nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel base method followed by a reduction-diffusion process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahimi, Hamed; Ghasemi, Ali; Mozaffarinia, Reza; Tavoosi, Majid

2017-05-01

In current work, Nd15-xDyxFe77.5B7.5 (at%) nanoparticles with different Dy-content (x=0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0) were synthesized by sol-gel method followed by a reduction-diffusion process. The effects of Dy on the magnetic properties and the relations between the microstructure and the coercivity of Dy-substituted Nd-Fe-B nanoparticles have been studied. The coercivity of Nd-Fe-B nanoparticles with the addition of Dy first increase, reaches a maximum, and then starts to decrease. The coercivity of Dy-substituted Nd-Fe-B nanoparticle synthesized by sol-gel method increased from 938.9 to 1663.9 kA/m while the remanence decreased slightly from 1.16 to 1.06 T. The results show that with an increase in Dy content the variation of maximum energy product ((BH)max), lowest-order uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant (Ku1), and Curie temperature (Tc) had a trend as same as the coercivity. The Henkel plot showed that the existence of exchange coupling interaction between grains, and the exchange coupling interactions increased with increasing x from 0.0 to 2.0 and then decrease with further increasing x≥2.5. The optimum magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B nanoparticles with (BH)max =40.38 MGOe, Hc=1663.9 kA/m, Br=1.08 T were obtained by substituted 2.0 at% Dy. The effects of increasing temperature on magnetic properties of Dy-substituted Nd-Fe-B nanoparticle magnets with 2.0 at% Dy was investigated. The reduced spin-reorientation temperature was obtained for Dy-substituted Nd-Fe-B nanoparticles with 2.0 at% Dy. Below 100 K a spin-reorientation transition was takes place. The temperature coefficient of coercivity (β) was -0.36, -0.46, -0.41, -0.34, -0.29, -0.24, -0.25%/°C at different temperature 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 °C, respectively. Mössbauer spectroscopy was applied to study the composition and properties of Dy-substituted Nd-Fe-B magnet. Microstructure analysis showed a homogeneous distribution of Dy in produced samples. The possible reason for observed magnetic behavior is improving the intrinsic material parameter and optimizing the microstructure by a uniform enhancement of magnetocrystalline anisotropy by formation the nanocrystalline compound (Nd,Dy)2Fe14B.

Enhancing Tax Compliance through Coercive and Legitimate Power of Tax Authorities by Concurrently Diminishing or Facilitating Trust in Tax Authorities.

PubMed

Hofmann, Eva; Gangl, Katharina; Kirchler, Erich; Stark, Jennifer

2014-07-01

Both coercion, such as strict auditing and the use of fines, and legitimate procedures, such as assistance by tax authorities, are often discussed as means of enhancing tax compliance. However, the psychological mechanisms that determine the effectiveness of each strategy are not clear. Although highly relevant, there is rare empirical literature examining the effects of both strategies applied in combination. It is assumed that coercion decreases implicit trust in tax authorities, leading to the perception of a hostile antagonistic tax climate and enforced tax compliance. Conversely, it is suggested that legitimate power increases reason-based trust in the tax authorities, leading to the perception of a service climate and eventually to voluntary cooperation. The combination of both strategies is assumed to cause greater levels of intended compliance than each strategy alone. We conducted two experimental studies with convenience samples of 261 taxpayers overall. The studies describe tax authorities as having low or high coercive power (e.g., imposing lenient or severe sanctions) and/or low or high legitimate power (e.g., having nontransparent or transparent procedures). Data analyses provide supportive evidence for the assumptions regarding the impact on intended tax compliance. Coercive power did not reduce implicit trust in tax authorities; however, it had an effect on reason-based trust, interaction climate, and intended tax compliance if applied solely. When wielded in combination with legitimate power, it had no effect.

Enhancing Tax Compliance through Coercive and Legitimate Power of Tax Authorities by Concurrently Diminishing or Facilitating Trust in Tax Authorities

PubMed Central

Hofmann, Eva; Gangl, Katharina; Kirchler, Erich; Stark, Jennifer

2014-01-01

Both coercion, such as strict auditing and the use of fines, and legitimate procedures, such as assistance by tax authorities, are often discussed as means of enhancing tax compliance. However, the psychological mechanisms that determine the effectiveness of each strategy are not clear. Although highly relevant, there is rare empirical literature examining the effects of both strategies applied in combination. It is assumed that coercion decreases implicit trust in tax authorities, leading to the perception of a hostile antagonistic tax climate and enforced tax compliance. Conversely, it is suggested that legitimate power increases reason-based trust in the tax authorities, leading to the perception of a service climate and eventually to voluntary cooperation. The combination of both strategies is assumed to cause greater levels of intended compliance than each strategy alone. We conducted two experimental studies with convenience samples of 261 taxpayers overall. The studies describe tax authorities as having low or high coercive power (e.g., imposing lenient or severe sanctions) and/or low or high legitimate power (e.g., having nontransparent or transparent procedures). Data analyses provide supportive evidence for the assumptions regarding the impact on intended tax compliance. Coercive power did not reduce implicit trust in tax authorities; however, it had an effect on reason-based trust, interaction climate, and intended tax compliance if applied solely. When wielded in combination with legitimate power, it had no effect. PMID:26074656

Coercivity enhancement in hot deformed Nd2Fe14B-type magnets by doping low-melting RCu alloys (R = Nd, Dy, Nd + Dy)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Y. I.; Huang, G. Y.; Shih, C. W.; Chang, W. C.; Chang, H. W.; You, J. S.

2017-10-01

Magnetic properties of the anisotropic NdFeB magnets prepared by hot pressing followed by die-upsetting NdFeB MQU-F powders doped with low-melting RCu alloy powders were explored, where RCu stands for Nd70Cu30, Dy70Cu30 and (Nd0.5Dy0.5)70Cu30, respectively. In addition, the post-annealing at 600 °C was employed to modify the microstructures and the magnetic properties of the hot deformed magnets. It is found that doping RCu alloy powders is effective in enhancing the coercivity of the hot deformed NdFeB magnets from 15.1 kOe to 16.3-19.5 kOe. For Nd70Cu30-doped magnets, the increment of coercivity is only 1.2 kOe. Meanwhile, Dy70Cu30-doped and (Nd0.5Dy0.5)70Cu30-doped magnets show an almost identical enhancement of coercivity of about 4.4 kOe. Importantly, the latter magnet shows a beneficial effect of reducing the usage of Dy from 1.6 wt% to 0.8 wt%. TEM analysis shows that nonmagnetic Nd, Dy and Cu appear at grain boundary and isolate the magnetic grains, leading to an enhancement of coercivity. Doping lower melting point Dy-lean (Nd0.5Dy0.5)70Cu30 powders into commercial MQU-F powders for making high coercivity hot deformed NdFeB magnets might be a potential and economic way for mass production.

Predicting family health and well-being after separation from an abusive partner: role of coercive control, mother's depression and social support.

PubMed

Broughton, Sharon; Ford-Gilboe, Marilyn

2017-08-01

Drawing on the Strengthening Capacity to Limit Intrusion theory, we tested whether intrusion (i.e. unwanted interference from coercive control, custody and access difficulties and mother's depressive symptoms) predicted family health and well-being after separation from an abusive partner/father, and whether social support moderated intrusion effects on family health and well-being. Experiences of coercive control and the negative consequences related to those experiences have been documented among women who have separated from an abusive partner. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 154 adult, Canadian mothers of dependent children who had separated from an abusive partner and who participated in Wave 2 of the Women's Health Effects Study. We used hierarchical multiple regression to test whether intrusion predicts family health and well-being as well as whether social support moderated this relationship. Families were found to experience considerable intrusion, yet their health and well-being was similar to population norms. Intrusion predicted 11·4% of the variance in family health and well-being, with mother's depressive symptoms as the only unique predictor. Social support accounted for an additional 9% of explained variance, but did not buffer intrusion effects on family health and well-being. Although women had been separated from their abusive partners for an average of 2·5 years, the majority continued to experience coercive control. On average, levels of social support and family functioning were relatively high, contrary to public and academic discourse. In working with these families postseparation, nurses should approach care from a strength-based perspective, and integrate tailored assessment and intervention options for women and families that address both depression and social support. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Does the Sole Description of a Tax Authority Affect Tax Evasion? - The Impact of Described Coercive and Legitimate Power

PubMed Central

Hartl, Barbara; Hofmann, Eva; Gangl, Katharina; Hartner-Tiefenthaler, Martina; Kirchler, Erich

2015-01-01

Following the classic economic model of tax evasion, taxpayers base their tax decisions on economic determinants, like fine rate and audit probability. Empirical findings on the relationship between economic key determinants and tax evasion are inconsistent and suggest that taxpayers may rather rely on their beliefs about tax authority’s power. Descriptions of the tax authority’s power may affect taxpayers’ beliefs and as such tax evasion. Experiment 1 investigates the impact of fines and beliefs regarding tax authority’s power on tax evasion. Experiments 2-4 are conducted to examine the effect of varying descriptions about a tax authority’s power on participants’ beliefs and respective tax evasion. It is investigated whether tax evasion is influenced by the description of an authority wielding coercive power (Experiment 2), legitimate power (Experiment 3), and coercive and legitimate power combined (Experiment 4). Further, it is examined whether a contrast of the description of power (low to high power; high to low power) impacts tax evasion (Experiments 2-4). Results show that the amount of fine does not impact tax payments, whereas participants’ beliefs regarding tax authority’s power significantly shape compliance decisions. Descriptions of high coercive power as well as high legitimate power affect beliefs about tax authority’s power and positively impact tax honesty. This effect still holds if both qualities of power are applied simultaneously. The contrast of descriptions has little impact on tax evasion. The current study indicates that descriptions of the tax authority, e.g., in information brochures and media reports, have more influence on beliefs and tax payments than information on fine rates. Methodically, these considerations become particularly important when descriptions or vignettes are used besides objective information. PMID:25923770

Does the sole description of a tax authority affect tax evasion?--the impact of described coercive and legitimate power.

PubMed

Hartl, Barbara; Hofmann, Eva; Gangl, Katharina; Hartner-Tiefenthaler, Martina; Kirchler, Erich

2015-01-01

Following the classic economic model of tax evasion, taxpayers base their tax decisions on economic determinants, like fine rate and audit probability. Empirical findings on the relationship between economic key determinants and tax evasion are inconsistent and suggest that taxpayers may rather rely on their beliefs about tax authority's power. Descriptions of the tax authority's power may affect taxpayers' beliefs and as such tax evasion. Experiment 1 investigates the impact of fines and beliefs regarding tax authority's power on tax evasion. Experiments 2-4 are conducted to examine the effect of varying descriptions about a tax authority's power on participants' beliefs and respective tax evasion. It is investigated whether tax evasion is influenced by the description of an authority wielding coercive power (Experiment 2), legitimate power (Experiment 3), and coercive and legitimate power combined (Experiment 4). Further, it is examined whether a contrast of the description of power (low to high power; high to low power) impacts tax evasion (Experiments 2-4). Results show that the amount of fine does not impact tax payments, whereas participants' beliefs regarding tax authority's power significantly shape compliance decisions. Descriptions of high coercive power as well as high legitimate power affect beliefs about tax authority's power and positively impact tax honesty. This effect still holds if both qualities of power are applied simultaneously. The contrast of descriptions has little impact on tax evasion. The current study indicates that descriptions of the tax authority, e.g., in information brochures and media reports, have more influence on beliefs and tax payments than information on fine rates. Methodically, these considerations become particularly important when descriptions or vignettes are used besides objective information.

[German practice of involuntary commitment at both federal and state level after introduction of the Guardianship law (1992-2009)].

PubMed

Valdes-Stauber, J; Deinert, H; Kilian, R

2012-05-01

Given the steady rise of psychiatric coercive measures in Germany, the question arises whether this development is significantly influenced by the corresponding legal basis or through epidemiological, socio-economic or socio-structural factors. Based on full surveys of the Federal Ministry of Justice we examined the development and associations of 10 indicators of coercive psychiatric measures over a period of 18 years. Time trends of all indicators have been descriptively analysed. Statistical associations between time trends and between involuntary and admissions economic indicators were analysed by regression models. All annual involuntary commitment rates have increased, judicial ordered physical restraint measures particularly strongly (848%). The rate of judicial rejections of applied involuntary measures showed the lowest increase. On the other hand, quotas of involuntary admissions remained stable. In former East Germany, the involuntary admission rates are only a third of those in the former West Germany. Results of regression analyses indicate an excess increase of physical coercive measures in psychiatric hospitals in relation to the increase of psychiatric admissions. In former East Germany the rate of involuntary admissions at the federal state level is negatively correlated with the average gross income. The continuous increase of coercive psychiatric measures in consequence to the change in the Guardianship law suggests that this change has influenced the practice. The differences at federal and state levels, and the sharper rise in the former East Germany by lower rates in comparison to the former West Germany need an explanation, as well as the fact that the rate of involuntary admissions is associated at least in the former East Germany with economic conditions. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

A Simple Analytical Model for Magnetization and Coercivity of Hard/Soft Nanocomposite Magnets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Park, Jihoon; Hong, Yang-Ki; Lee, Woncheol

Here, we present a simple analytical model to estimate the magnetization (σ s) and intrinsic coercivity (Hci) of a hard/soft nanocomposite magnet using the mass fraction. Previously proposed models are based on the volume fraction of the hard phase of the composite. But, it is difficult to measure the volume of the hard or soft phase material of a composite. We synthesized Sm 2Co 7/Fe-Co, MnAl/Fe-Co, MnBi/Fe-Co, and BaFe 12O 19/Fe-Co composites for characterization of their σs and Hci. The experimental results are in good agreement with the present model. Therefore, this analytical model can be extended to predict themore » maximum energy product (BH) max of hard/soft composite.« less

A Simple Analytical Model for Magnetization and Coercivity of Hard/Soft Nanocomposite Magnets

DOE PAGES

Park, Jihoon; Hong, Yang-Ki; Lee, Woncheol; ...

2017-07-10

Here, we present a simple analytical model to estimate the magnetization (σ s) and intrinsic coercivity (Hci) of a hard/soft nanocomposite magnet using the mass fraction. Previously proposed models are based on the volume fraction of the hard phase of the composite. But, it is difficult to measure the volume of the hard or soft phase material of a composite. We synthesized Sm 2Co 7/Fe-Co, MnAl/Fe-Co, MnBi/Fe-Co, and BaFe 12O 19/Fe-Co composites for characterization of their σs and Hci. The experimental results are in good agreement with the present model. Therefore, this analytical model can be extended to predict themore » maximum energy product (BH) max of hard/soft composite.« less

Coercivity scaling in antidot lattices in Fe, Ni, and NiFe thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gräfe, Joachim; Schütz, Gisela; Goering, Eberhard J.

2016-12-01

Antidot lattices can be used to artificially engineer magnetic properties in thin films, however, a conclusive model that describes the coercivity enhancement in this class of magnetic nano-structures has so far not been found. We prepared Fe, Ni, and NiFe thin films and patterned each with 21 square antidot lattices with different geometric parameters and measured their hysteretic behavior. On the basis of this extensive dataset we are able to provide a model that can describe both the coercivity scaling over a wide range of geometric lattice parameters and the influence of different materials.

Coercive and legitimate authority impact tax honesty: evidence from behavioral and ERP experiments.

PubMed

Gangl, Katharina; Pfabigan, Daniela M; Lamm, Claus; Kirchler, Erich; Hofmann, Eva

2017-07-01

Cooperation in social systems such as tax honesty is of central importance in our modern societies. However, we know little about cognitive and neural processes driving decisions to evade or pay taxes. This study focuses on the impact of perceived tax authority and examines the mental chronometry mirrored in ERP data allowing a deeper understanding about why humans cooperate in tax systems. We experimentally manipulated coercive and legitimate authority and studied its impact on cooperation and underlying cognitive (experiment 1, 2) and neuronal (experiment 2) processes. Experiment 1 showed that in a condition of coercive authority, tax payments are lower, decisions are faster and participants report more rational reasoning and enforced compliance, however, less voluntary cooperation than in a condition of legitimate authority. Experiment 2 confirmed most results, but did not find a difference in payments or self-reported rational reasoning. Moreover, legitimate authority led to heightened cognitive control (expressed by increased MFN amplitudes) and disrupted attention processing (expressed by decreased P300 amplitudes) compared to coercive authority. To conclude, the neuronal data surprisingly revealed that legitimate authority may led to higher decision conflict and thus to higher cognitive demands in tax decisions than coercive authority. © The Author (2017). Published by Oxford University Press.

Magnetization reversal mechanism and coercivity enhancement in three-dimensional granular Nd-Fe-B magnets studied by micromagnetic simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Jae-Hyeok; Choe, Jinhyeok; Hwang, Shinwon; Kim, Sang-Koog

2017-08-01

We studied the mechanism of magnetization reversals and coercivity enhancements in three-dimensional (3D) granular Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets using finite-element micromagnetic simulations. The magnetization reversals in the hard magnets consisting of hard-phase grains separated by relatively soft-phase grain boundaries were analyzed with reference to the simulation results for the magnetic field-dependent distributions of the local magnetizations. The saturation magnetization of the grain-boundary phase plays a crucial role in the transition between nucleation- and domain-wall-propagation-controlled reversal processes. The smaller the saturation magnetization of the grain-boundary phase is, the more preferable is the nucleation-controlled process, which results in a larger coercivity. The exchange stiffness of the grain-boundary phase determines the preferred paths of domain-wall propagations, whether inward into grains or along the grain boundaries for relatively small and large exchange stiffness, respectively. However, the exchange stiffness of the grain-boundary phase alone does not significantly contribute to coercivity enhancement in cases where the size of hard-phase grains is much greater than the exchange length. This work paves the way for the design of high-performance hard magnets of large coercivity and maximum-energy-product values.

Patients' attitudes towards and acceptance of coercion in psychiatry.

PubMed

Krieger, Eva; Moritz, Steffen; Weil, Ricarda; Nagel, Matthias

2017-12-13

Coercive interventions for psychiatric patients are controversial. Research on different preventive measures has increased over the last years. The present study examined patients' attitudes towards and understanding of previously experienced coercive measures as well as their preferences related to coercive measures and possible alternatives. In total, 213 patients who had experienced coercion and 51 patient controls (patients staying voluntarily on a closed ward with no coercive treatment) from three acute wards were examined via expert interviews and questionnaires in the framework of a naturalistic trial. Assessments included a new self-developed questionnaire as well as instruments measuring psychopathology. Patients who had experienced coercion differed from controls in both symptoms and insight into their illness. As expected, "noninvasive measures" (e.g., the use of a "soft room," observation in seclusion) were better accepted by patients than "invasive measures" (e.g., mechanical restraint, forced medication). Forced medication and mechanical restraint were less well accepted than involuntary hospitalization, seclusion, or video surveillance. The retrospective understanding of coercive measures increased over the course of treatment. In addition, patients rated a number of options for reducing coercion on the wards, particularly music or exercises. A large subgroup indicated they would like to discuss future admissions with the staff. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Coercive Measures in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Post-war Germany, Using the Example of the "Pflege- und Beobachtungsstation" in the State Psychiatric Hospital Weissenau (1951-1966)].

PubMed

Afschar-Hamdi, Sima; Schepker, Klaus

2017-09-01

Coercive Measures in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Post-war Germany, Using the Example of the "Pflege- und Beobachtungsstation" in the State Psychiatric Hospital Weissenau (1951-1966) The patient admissions at the children's ward of the State Psychiatric Hospital Weissenau in the years 1951, 1956, 1961 and 1966 were analyzed regarding documented coercive measures. Shortage of staff, mainly inadequately skilled personnel, a mixing of age groups in the patient cohort, neurological and psychiatric disorders and of patients who were in need of nursing and of those who needed treatment constituted the general work environment. Coercive measures against patients, mostly disproportionate isolations, were a constant part of daily life on the ward. This affected in particular patients who had to stay longer at the hospital and whose stay was financed by public authority. The uselessness of such measures was known, which can be seen e. g. in the Caretaker's Handbook of that time and the comments in the patient files. The situation still escalated in some cases (for example by transfer to an adult ward). For a long time, coercive measures against patients were part of everyday life at the children's ward of the Weissenau; the actual figures are suspected to be much higher.

CoPtB(O) alloy films as new perpendicular recording media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hayashi, K.; Hayakawa, M.; Ohmori, H.

In search of new hard magnetic materials with high saturation magnetization and large coercivity, a comprehensive study was made on numerous Co- and CoPt-base crystalline alloys by means of sputtering techniques. It revealed that a newly found CoPtB(O) alloy system possessed excellent hard magnetic properties with remarkably large perpendicular coercivity and high saturation magnetization. This new alloy film, deposited onto room temperature substrates, shows the magnetic properties of 4{pi}{ital M}{sub {ital s}}=12 kG, {ital H}{sup {perpendicular}}{sub {ital c}}=4000 Oe, and perpendicular anisotropy field {ital H}{sub {ital k}}=22 kOe. These values are superior to those of prevailing materials such as CoCrmore » perpendicular and CoPt or CoNi longitudinal recording media. The typical composition is Co{sub 69}Pt{sub 20}B{sub 6}O{sub 5} (at. %), and oxygen plays a momentous role on the coercivity in this alloy film. As a magnetic recording medium, a write/read experiment of this film shows that the readout signal has a +9 dB peak-to-peak amplitude compared with that of metal particle tape at 1 {mu}m wavelength and has +10 dB compared with that of a CoCr perpendicular medium at 0.5 {mu}m wavelength.« less

Coexistence of ferromagnetism and spin glass freezing in the site-disordered kagome ferrite SrSn2Fe4O11

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shlyk, Larysa; Strobel, S.; Farmer, B.; De Long, L. E.; Niewa, R.

2018-05-01

Single-crystal x-ray diffraction refinements indicate SrSn2Fe4O11 crystallizes in the hexagonal R-type ferrite structure with non-centrosymmetric space group P63mc and lattice parameters a = 5.9541(2) Å, c = 13.5761(5) Å, Z = 2 (R(F) = 0.034). Octahedrally coordinated sites are randomly occupied by Sn and Fe; whereas tetrahedrally coordinated sites are exclusively occupied by Fe, whose displacement from ideal trigonal-bipyramidal coordination causes the loss of inversion symmetry. DC magnetization data indicate SrSn2Fe4O11 single crystals undergo ferro- or ferri-magnetic order below a transition temperature TC = 630 K with very low coercive fields Hc ⊥ = 0.27 Oe and Hc// = 1.5 Oe at 300 K, for applied fields perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis, respectively. The value for TC is exceptionally high, and the coercive fields exceptionally low, among the known R-type ferrites. Enhanced coercivity and thermomagnetic hysteresis suggest the onset of short-range, spin glass order occurs below Tf = 35 K. Optical measurements indicate a band gap of 0.8 eV, consistent with wide-gap semiconducting behavior and a previously established empirical correlation between the semiconducting gap and TC for R-type ferrites based upon Ru.

5 CFR 950.108 - Preventing coercive activity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Preventing coercive activity. 950.108 Section 950.108 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... giving is fundamental to Federal fundraising activities. Actions that do not allow free choices or create...

Power bases and attribution in three cultures.

PubMed

Alanazi, Falah M; Rodrigues, Aroldo

2003-06-01

The authors used a Saudi context to verify the cross-cultural generality of findings (A. Rodrigues & K. L. Lloyd, 1998) reported for U.S. and Brazilian samples in which compliant behavior caused by reward, informational, and referent influences was perceived as more controllable and more internal than compliant behavior resulting from legitimate, expert, and coercive influences. This differential attribution led, in turn, to different affective and behavioral responses. In the present study, cognitive and affective reactions of Saudi students were measured with regard to compliant behavior (leading to a good outcome or a bad outcome) caused by each of the 6 bases of power described by B. H. Raven (1965). As expected, power bases had significant effects. However, when the outcome of the compliant behavior was bad, compliant behavior caused by a coercive influence led to the perception of more internality and controllability. Also--and not found in previous studies--the perception of less internality and controllability of compliant behavior was caused by an informational influence. Findings are discussed in the light of related research and Saudi cultural characteristics.

Electroplated Fe-Co-Ni films prepared from deep-eutectic-solvent-based plating baths

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yanai, Takeshi; Shiraishi, Kotaro; Akiyoshi, Toshiki; Azuma, Keita; Watanabe, Yoshimasa; Ohgai, Takeshi; Morimura, Takao; Nakano, Masaki; Fukunaga, Hirotoshi

2016-05-01

We fabricated soft magnetic films from DES-based plating baths, and investigated magnetic properties of the plated films. The plating baths were obtained by stirring the mixture of choline chloride, ethylene glycol, FeCl2 ṡ 4H2O, NiCl2 ṡ 6H2O and CoCl2 ṡ 6H2O. The composition of the electroplated film depended on the amount of the reagent in the plating bath, and we consequently obtained the films with various composition. The current efficiency of the plating process shows high values (> 88 %) in the wide composition range. The soft magnetic films with low coercivity were obtained at the Fe compositions of ≈ 30 at.% and > 80 at.%, and we found that low coercivity could be realized by the control of the film composition. We also found that the Fe-rich films prepared from DES-based plating bath have some advantages as a soft magnetic phase for a nanocomposite magnet due to their high saturation magnetization and very fine crystal structure.

Preisach modeling of temperature-dependent ferroelectric response of piezoceramics at sub-switching regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ochoa, Diego Alejandro; García, Jose Eduardo

2016-04-01

The Preisach model is a classical method for describing nonlinear behavior in hysteretic systems. According to this model, a hysteretic system contains a collection of simple bistable units which are characterized by an internal field and a coercive field. This set of bistable units exhibits a statistical distribution that depends on these fields as parameters. Thus, nonlinear response depends on the specific distribution function associated with the material. This model is satisfactorily used in this work to describe the temperature-dependent ferroelectric response in PZT- and KNN-based piezoceramics. A distribution function expanded in Maclaurin series considering only the first terms in the internal field and the coercive field is proposed. Changes in coefficient relations of a single distribution function allow us to explain the complex temperature dependence of hard piezoceramic behavior. A similar analysis based on the same form of the distribution function shows that the KNL-NTS properties soften around its orthorhombic to tetragonal phase transition.

Single Domain SmCo5@Co Exchange-coupled Magnets Prepared from Core/shell Sm[Co(CN)6]·4H2O@GO Particles: A Novel Chemical Approach

PubMed Central

Yang, Ce; Jia, Lihui; Wang, Shouguo; Gao, Chen; Shi, Dawei; Hou, Yanglong; Gao, Song

2013-01-01

SmCo5 based magnets with smaller size and larger maximum energy product have been long desired in various fields such as renewable energy technology, electronic industry and aerospace science. However, conventional relatively rough synthetic strategies will lead to either diminished magnetic properties or irregular morphology, which hindered their wide applications. In this article, we present a facile chemical approach to prepare 200 nm single domain SmCo5@Co core/shell magnets with coercivity of 20.7 kOe and saturation magnetization of 82 emu/g. We found that the incorporation of GO sheets is responsible for the generation of the unique structure. The single domain SmCo5 core contributes to the large coercivity of the magnets and the exchange-coupled Co shell enhances the magnetization. This method can be further utilized in the synthesis other Sm-Co based exchange-coupled magnets. PMID:24356309

Angular dependence of coercivity derived from alignment dependence of coercivity in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsuura, Yutaka; Nakamura, Tetsuya; Sumitani, Kazushi; Kajiwara, Kentaro; Tamura, Ryuji; Osamura, Kozo

2018-01-01

Experimental results of the alignment dependence of the coercivity in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets showed that the angle of magnetization reversal for anisotropically aligned magnets was bigger than that obtained from the theoretical results calculated using the postulation that every grain independently reverses its magnetization direction following the 1/cos θ law. The angles of reversed magnetization (θ1) for Nd13.48Co0.55B5.76Febal. with alignment α=0.95 and for Nd12.75Dy0.84B5.81Co0.55Febal. with α=0.96 were 30° and 36°, respectively, which were very similar to that of an ideal magnet with a Gaussian distribution (σ=31° and 44°, respectively) of the grain alignment. In this model, we postulated that every grain independently reversed according to the 1/cos θ law. The calculation results for the angular dependence of the coercivity using the values θ1=ω1(0°)=30°, σ=31° and θ1=ω1(0°)=36°, σ=44° could qualitatively and convincingly explain the observed angular dependence of the coercivity of Nd14.2B6.2Co1.0Febal. and Nd14.2Dy0.3B6.2Co1.0Febal.. It is speculated that the magnetic domain wall is pinned at grains tilted away from the easy magnetization direction, and when the magnetic domain wall de-pins from the tilted grains, the magnetic domain wall jumps through several grains. We suggest that the coercive force of the aligned magnet behaves like a low-aligned magnet owing to the magnetization reversal of the crust of the grains induced by the pinning and subsequent jumping of the magnetic domain wall.

Cross-sectional study on nurses' attitudes regarding coercive measures: the importance of socio-demographic characteristics, job satisfaction, and strategies for coping with stress.

PubMed

Bregar, Branko; Skela-Savič, Brigita; Kores Plesničar, Blanka

2018-06-04

Coercive measures are containment methods used in psychiatry to curb patients' disruptive and aggressive behaviours towards themselves, others or objects. The prevalence of the practice of coercive measures in psychiatry is directly related to the attitudes of the staff. When discussing these attitudes, nurses are often particularly singled out. The purpose of the study is to research the impact of individual factors on nurses' attitudes in the decision-making process for the use of coercive measures. A cross-sectional study among all psychiatric nursing staff in Slovenia (n = 367, 79%) was conducted over the years 2013/2014. Standardized questionnaires were used, including a survey of nurses' attitudes to the use of seclusion, the Job Descriptive Index, and the Folkman-Lazarus test. Nurses' attitudes towards special coercive measures are predominantly negative ([Formula: see text] = 11.312, SD = 2.641). The factors that explain a positive attitude are as follows: female gender (β = - 0.236, p <  0.001), fewer years of service (β = - 0.149, p = 0.023), emotion-focused strategies of coping with stress (β = 0.139, p = 0.020), and less-threatening patient behaviour (β = 0.157, p = 0.012). The effects of some known factors did not prove important in the model. Newly recognized factors are "less-threatening patient behaviour" and "emotion-focused strategies of coping with stress". Therefore, attitudes towards special coercive measures in psychiatry must be regarded as contextualized, interactive, and multidimensional phenomena that cannot be explained merely through a defined set of factors.

Developing high coercivity in large diameter cobalt nanowire arrays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Montazer, A. H.; Ramazani, A.; Almasi Kashi, M.; Zavašnik, J.

2016-11-01

Regardless of the synthetic method, developing high magnetic coercivity in ferromagnetic nanowires (NWs) with large diameters has been a challenge over the past two decades. Here, we report on the synthesis of highly coercive cobalt NW arrays with diameters of 65 and 80 nm, which are embedded in porous anodic alumina templates with high-aspect-ratio pores. Using a modified electrochemical deposition method enabled us to reach room temperature coercivity and remanent ratio up to 3000 Oe and 0.70, respectively, for highly crystalline as-synthesized hcp cobalt NW arrays with a length of 8 μm. The first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis showed the presence of both soft and hard magnetic phases along the length of the resulting NWs. To develop higher coercive fields, the length of the NWs was then gradually reduced in order from bottom to top, thereby reaching NW sections governed by the hard phase. Consequently, this resulted in record high coercivities of 4200 and 3850 Oe at NW diameters of 65 and 80 nm, respectively. In this case, the FORC diagrams confirmed a significant reduction in interactions between the magnetic phases of the remaining sections of NWs. At this stage, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and dark-field transmission electron microscopy analyses indicated the formation of highly crystalline bamboo-like sections along the [0 0 2] direction during a progressive pulse-controlled electrochemical growth of NW arrays under optimized parameters. Our results both provide new insights into the growth process, crystalline characteristics and magnetic phases along the length of large diameter NW arrays and, furthermore, develop the performance of pure 3d transition magnetic NWs.

Empowerment, Coercive Persuasion and Organizational Learning: Do They Connect?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schein, Edgar H.

1999-01-01

Individual learning in organizations can be de facto coercive persuasion when organizational learning and culture change require that learners develop appropriate attitudes and thinking. If the goal of organizational learning--innovative organizations--is accepted, moral choices that restrict individual freedom must be made. (SK)

Mechanical stress modified ferroelectric aging behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Tingting; Kan, Yi; Jin, Yaming; Sun, Hui; Du, Yingchao; Wu, Xiumei; Bo, Huifeng; Cai, Wei; Huang, Fengzhen; Lu, Xiaomei; Zhu, Jinsong

2013-05-01

Mechanical stress effect on aging behavior of Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) and PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 (PZT) films was investigated. It is found that the remnant polarization decreases with time while the coercive field increases in stress-free BLT films. For unconfined PZT films, both the remnant polarization and the coercive field decrease as time elapses. The applied tensile stress weakens the aging of remnant polarization of BLT films but strengthens the aging of coercive field, while the applied tensile stress possesses opposite effect. In contrary, the applied compressive stress simultaneously improves the aging behavior of both remnant polarization and coercive field of PZT films. Mechanical-stress-induced variation of domain wall mobility in different materials was suggested as the possible origin of these observations. This work indicates that the aging behavior modification using stress could be realized, and it is helpful for promoting the reliability of ferroelectric films for industrial applications.

Anisotropic nanocrystalline MnBi with high coercivity at high temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, J. B.; Yang, Y. B.; Chen, X. G.; Ma, X. B.; Han, J. Z.; Yang, Y. C.; Guo, S.; Yan, A. R.; Huang, Q. Z.; Wu, M. M.; Chen, D. F.

2011-08-01

Magnetic hard nanocrystalline MnBi has been prepared by melt spinning and subsequent low temperature annealing. A coercivity of 2.5 T can be achieved at 540 K for MnBi with an average grain size of about 20-30 nm. The coercivity iHc, mainly controlled by the coherent magnetization rotation, shows a strong dependence on the time of grinding and exhibits a positive temperature coefficient from 100 up to 540 K. The unique temperature dependent behavior of the coercivity (magnetocrystalline anisotropy) has a relationship with the variations in the crystal lattice ratio of c/a with temperatures. In addition, discontinuity can not be found in the lattice parameters of a, c, and c/a ratio at the magnetostructural transition temperature. The nanocrystalline MnBi powder fixed in an epoxy resin and under an applied magnetic field of 24 kOe shows a maximum energy product of 7.1 MGOe at room temperature and shows anisotropic characteristics with high Mr/Ms ratio up to 560 K.

Domain wall pinning on strain relaxation defects (stacking faults) in nanoscale FePd (001)/MgO thin films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hsiao, C. H.; Ouyang, Chuenhou, E-mail: wei0208@gmail.com, E-mail: houyang@mx.nthu.edu.tw; Yao, Y. D.

FePd (001) films, prepared by an electron beam deposition system on MgO(100), exhibit a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (1.7 × 10{sup 7 }erg/cc) with a high order parameter (0.92). The relation between stacking faults induced by the strain relaxation, which act as strong domain wall pinning sites, and the perpendicular coercivity of (001) oriented L1{sub 0} FePd films prepared at different temperatures have been investigated. Perpendicular coercivity can be apparently enhanced by raising the stacking fault densities, which can be elevated by climbing dissociation of total dislocation. The increased stacking fault densities (1.22 nm{sup −2}) with large perpendicular coercivity (6000 Oe) are obtained for samples preparedmore » at 650 °C. This present work shows through controlling stacking fault density in FePd film, the coercivity can be manipulated, which can be applied in future magnetic devices.« less

Coercivity enhancement of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by chemical bath deposition of TbCl{sub 3}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guo, Shuai, E-mail: gshuai@nimte.ac.cn; Zhang, Xiaofeng; Ding, Guangfei

2014-05-07

The chemical bath deposition (CBD) and the grain boundary diffusion method were combined to diffuse the heavy rare earth for obtain the thick magnets with high coercivity and low heavy rare earth. The jet mill powders were soaked into the alcohol solution of 0.2 wt. % TbCl{sub 3}. A thin layer of TbCl{sub 3} was wrapped to the surface of (PrNd){sub 2}Fe{sub 14}B powder particles. The coercivity of magnet is increased from 11.89 kOe to 14.72 kOe without significant reduction of remanence after grain boundary diffusion in the sintering and the annealing processes. The temperature coefficients of the remanence and themore » coercivity are improved by the substitution of PrNd by Tb in the surface of grains. The highly accelerated temperature/humidity stress test (HAST) results indicate that the CBD magnet has poor corrosion resistance, attributing to the present of Cl atoms in the grain boundaries.« less

Proven practices for reducing aggressive and noncompliant behaviors exhibited by young children at home and at school.

PubMed

Vanderheyden, A; Witt, J C

2000-10-01

One of the single most powerful predictors of aggressive and noncompliant behaviors exhibited in early childhood is coercive parent-child interaction. Coercive parent-child interaction has been linked to multiple negative outcomes in the lives of children. When children learn to relate to their parents and the world in the context of coercive interaction, they are likely to experience significant deficits in the prosocial skills critical to school success. These children are much more likely to experience school failure and teacher and peer rejection. Further, when noncompliant and aggressive children enter school, they are most frequently exposed to a series of ineffective and increasingly restrictive treatments. Proven strategies exist to teach parents and children prosocial ways of interacting and to address these problems in the classroom, but in many cases these types of services are not easily accessible or routinely available. This paper makes recommendations for identifying effective, proven treatment strategies when practitioners observe coercive parent-child interaction or child noncompliance and aggression.

Coercivity and nanostructure of melt-spun Ti-Fe-Co-B-based alloys

DOE PAGES

Zhang, W. Y.; Skomski, R.; Kashyap, A.; ...

2016-02-18

Nanocrystalline Ti-Fe-Co-B-based alloys, prepared by melt spinning and subsequent annealing, have been characterized structurally and magnetically. X-ray diffraction and thermomagnetic measurements show that the ribbons consist of tetragonal Ti 3(Fe,Co) 5B 2, FeCo-rich bcc, and NiAl-rich L2 1 phases; Ti 3(Fe,Co) 5B 2, is a new substitutional alloy series whose end members Ti 3Co 5B 2 and Ti 3Fe 5B 2 have never been investigated magnetically and may not even exist, respectively. Two compositions are considered, namely Ti 11+xFe 37.5-0.5xCo 37.5–0.5xB 14 (x = 0, 4) and alnico-like Ti 11Fe 26Co 26Ni 10Al 11Cu 2B 14, the latter also containingmore » an L2 1-type alloy. The volume fraction of the Ti 3(Fe,Co) 5B 2 phase increases with x, which leads to a coercivity increase from 221 Oe for x = 0 to 452 Oe for x = 4. Since the grains are nearly equiaxed, there is little or no shape anisotropy, and the coercivity is largely due to the magnetocrystallineanisotropy of the tetragonal Ti 3(Fe,Co) 5B 2 phase. The alloy containing Ni,Al, and Cu exhibits a magnetization of 10.6 kG and a remanence ratio of 0.59. Lastly, our results indicate that magnetocrystallineanisotropy can be introduced in alnico-like magnets, adding to shape anisotropy that may be induced by field annealing.« less

Perceived coercion in inpatients with Anorexia nervosa: Associations with illness severity and hospital course.

PubMed

Schreyer, Colleen C; Coughlin, Janelle W; Makhzoumi, Saniha H; Redgrave, Graham W; Hansen, Jennifer L; Guarda, Angela S

2016-04-01

The use of coercion in the treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN) is controversial and the limited studies to date have focused on involuntary treatment. However, coercive pressure for treatment that does not include legal measures is common in voluntarily admitted patients with AN. Empirical data examining the effect of non-legal forms of coerced care on hospital outcomes are needed. Participants (N = 202) with AN, Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), or subthreshold AN admitted to a hospital-based behavioral specialty program completed questionnaires assessing illness severity and perceived coercion around the admissions process. Hospital course variables included inpatient length of stay, successful transition to a step-down partial hospitalization program, and achievement of target weight prior to program discharge. Higher perceived coercion at admission was associated with increased drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction, but not with admission BMI. Perceived coercion was not related to inpatient length of stay, rate of weight gain, or achievement of target weight although it was predictive of premature drop-out prior to transition to an integrated partial hospitalization program. These results, from an adequately powered sample, demonstrate that perceived coercion at admission to a hospital-based behavioral treatment program was not associated with rate of inpatient weight gain or achieving weight restoration, suggesting that coercive pressure to enter treatment does not necessarily undermine formation of a therapeutic alliance or clinical progress. Future studies should examine perceived coercion and long-term outcomes, patient views on coercive pressures, and the effect of different forms of leveraged treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Coercive Effects-based Operations Targeting Enemy Resolve: No Bang for the Buck

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-10

http://www.bartelby.com/65/tr/Trenchar.html (accessed 8 April 2007) 15 Pamela Feltus , The Prophets: Advocates of Strategic Bombing, Available...the Air. Washington D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1983. Feltus , Pamela. “The Prophets: Advocates of Strategic Bombing”. http

Teachers' Views on the Impact of Classroom Management on Student Responsibility

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roache, Joel; Lewis, Ramon

2011-01-01

This article examines teachers' views of their management styles, classified as either "coercive" or "relationship"-based, for 145 primary and 363 secondary school teachers in Victoria, Australia. It finds that management that combines punishment with aggressive and hostile behaviour can exacerbate misbehaviour and increase…

Should Quality School Education Be a Kaizen (Improvement) or an Innovation?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sun-Keung Pang, Nicholas

1998-01-01

Reviews Hong Kong's School Management Initiative implementation strategies (rational-empirical, power-coercive, and normative-reeducative), compares them with New South Wales, Australia's strategies, and suggests an appropriate strategy for future reforms. In Australia, changes were radical and thorough (using power-coercive strategies), whereas…

Variable substrate temperature deposition of CoFeB film on Ta for manipulating the perpendicular coercive forces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lakshmanan, Saravanan; Rao, Subha Krishna; Muthuvel, Manivel Raja; Chandrasekaran, Gopalakrishnan; Therese, Helen Annal

2017-08-01

Magnetization of Ta/CoFeB/Ta trilayer films with thick layer of CoFeB deposited under different substrate temperatures (Ts) via ultra-high vacuum DC sputtering technique has been measured with the applied magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the film respectively to study the perpendicular coercive forces of the film. The samples were further analyzed for its structural, topological, morphological, and electrical transport properties. The core chemical states for the elements present in the CoFeB thin film were analyzed by XPS studies. Magnetization studies reveal the existence of perpendicular coercive forces in CoFeB films deposited only at certain temperatures such as RT, 450 °C, 475 °C and 500 °C. CoFeB film deposited at 475 °C exhibited a maximum coercivity of 315 Oe and a very low saturation magnetization (Ms) of 169 emu/cc in perpendicular direction. This pronounced effect in perpendicular coercive forces observed for CoFeB475 could be attributed to the effect of temperature in enhancing the crystallization of the film at the Ta/CoFeB interfaces. However at temperatures higher than 475 °C the destruction of the Ta/CoFeB interface due to intermixing of Ta and CoFeB results in the disappearance of magnetic anisotropy.

Improved magnetic properties and thermal stabilities of Pr-Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets by Hf addition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Qingzheng; Lei, Weikai; Zeng, Qingwen; Quan, Qichen; Zhang, Lili; Liu, Renhui; Hu, Xianjun; He, Lunke; Qi, Zhiqi; Ju, Zhihua; Zhong, Minglong; Ma, Shengcan; Zhong, Zhenchen

2018-05-01

Nd2Fe14B-type permanent magnets have been widely applied in various fields such as wind power, voice coil motors, and medical instruments. The large temperature dependence of coercivity, however, limits their further applications. We have systematically investigated the magnetic properties, thermal stabilities and coercivity mechanisms of the (Pr0.2Nd0.8)13Fe81-xB6Hfx (x=0, 0.5) nanocrystalline magnets fabricated by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The results indicate that the influence of Hf addition is significant on magnetic properties and thermal stabilities of the (PrNd)2Fe14B-type sintered magnets. It is shown that the sample with x = 0.5 at 300 K has much higher coercivity and remanent magnetization than those counterparts without Hf. The temperature coefficients of remanence (α) and coercivity (β) of the (Pr0.2Nd0.8)13Fe81-xB6Hfx magnets are improved significantly from -0.23 %/K, -0.57 %/K for the sample at x = 0 to -0.17 %/K, -0.49 %/K for the sample at x = 0.5 in the temperature range of 300-400 K. Furthermore, it is found out that the domain wall pinning mechanism is more likely responsible for enhancing the coercivity of the (Pr0.2Nd0.8)13Fe81-xB6Hfx magnets.

Determination of the effective anisotropy constant of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles through the T-dependence of the coercive field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carvalho, M. H.; Lima, R. J. S.; Meneses, C. T.; Folly, W. S. D.; Sarmento, V. H. V.; Coelho, A. A.; Duque, J. G. S.

2016-03-01

We present a systematic study of the coercive field of CoFe2O4-SiO2 nanocomposites. The samples were prepared via the sol-gel method by using the Tetraethyl Orthosilicate as starting reagent. Results of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence confirm the dispersion of the magnetic nanoparticles inside the silica matrix. In addition, the shift in the maximum of Zero-Field-Cooled curves observed by varying the weight ratio of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles to the precursor of silica is consistent with the increasing of average interparticle distances. Because our samples present a particle size distribution, we have used a generalized model which takes account such parameter to fit the experimental data of coercive field extracted from the magnetization curves as a function of applied field. Unlike most of the coercive field results reported in the literature for this material, the use of this model provided a successful description of the temperature dependence of the coercive field of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in a wide temperature range. Surprisingly, we have observed the decreasing of the nanoparticles anisotropy constant in comparison to the bulk value expected for the material. We believe that this can be interpreted as due to both the migration of the Co2+ from octahedral to tetrahedral sites.

Exchange bias induced by the fully strained La{sub 2/3}Ca{sub 1/3}MnO{sub 3} dead layers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xie, Q. Y.; College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046; Wu, X. S., E-mail: xswu@nju.edu.cn

A pure compressively strained La{sub 2/3}Ca{sub 1/3}MnO{sub 3} (LCMO) dead layer grown on (001)-oriented LaAlO{sub 3} substrate can show all the rich phenomenon of large bias field shift, coercive field enhancement, and high blocking temperature. The obtained exchange bias field (∼350 Oe) and the enhanced coercivity of about 1160 Oe at 5 K under 500 Oe cooling field are superior to that have been reported in LCMO-based ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic superlattices or nanoscale systems. Our results clearly demonstrate that the inhomogeneous magnetic dead layer of LCMO can induce a strong exchange bias effect, which may be exploited as a very simple structure for spin-valve device application.

Differentiating between Confrontive and Coercive Kinds of Parental Power-Assertive Disciplinary Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baumrind, Diana

2012-01-01

In this essay, I differentiate between coercive and confrontive kinds of power assertion to elucidate the significantly different effects on children's well-being of authoritarian and authoritative styles of parental authority. Although both parenting styles (in contrast to the permissive style) are equally demanding, forceful, and…

Awaiting a Spark: How Three Chinese Territorial Disputes Could Jeopardize Peace in Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

annexation.120 Therefore, 117 Koji Sonoda and Takashi Oshima, “U.S. Warns Against ‘Coercive Action...of Law, 1999. Sonoda, Koji , and Takashi Oshima. “U.S. Warns against ‘Coercive Action’ over Senkaku Issue.” The Asahi Shinbum, April 30, 2013. http

Initiation, Desistance, and Persistence of Men's Sexual Coercion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hall, Gordon C. Nagayama; Degarmo, David S.; Eap, Sopagna; Teten, Andra L.; Sue, Stanley

2006-01-01

Patterns of sexually coercive behavior were examined among 266 Asian American and 299 European American men over 1 year. Noncoercer (n = 358), desister (n = 120), initiator (n = 39), and persistent (n = 48) sexually coercive groups were identified. The strongest predictor of sexual coercion was past sexual coercion. Persistent sexual coercers were…

Replacing Coercive Power with Relationship Power

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boldt, Randal W.; Witzel, Melanie; Russell, Chuck; Jones, Van

2007-01-01

A long-established agency for troubled children was following a philosophy based on behavioral control and treatment of pathology. As staff examined their beliefs about the process of change, the climate evolved from enforcing behavior control to empowering youth to develop positive strengths. A charter school was created and new behavior…

Rape Prevention with College Men: Evaluating Risk Status

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephens, Kari A.; George, William H.

2009-01-01

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a theoretically based rape prevention intervention with college men who were at high or low risk to perpetrate sexually coercive behavior. Participants (N = 146) are randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Outcomes include rape myth acceptance, victim empathy, attraction to sexual…

A Contingent Analysis of the Relationship between IS Implementation Strategies and IS Success.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Sang-Hoon; Lee, Jinjoo

1991-01-01

Considers approaches to dealing with user attitudes toward newly implemented information systems (IS), and suggests that behavioral management strategies relevant to IS fall into three categories: (1) empirical/rational; (2) normative/reeducative; and (3) power/coercive, based on "planned change" theories. An integrative contingent model…

Science Research Group Leader's Power and Members' Compliance and Satisfaction with Supervision

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meng, Yi; He, Jia; Luo, Changkun

2014-01-01

This study investigated the correlations between science research group members' perceptions of power bases used by their group (lab, team) leader (coercive, reward, legitimate, expert and referent) and the effect of those perceptions on group members' attitudinal compliance, behavioral compliance, and satisfaction with supervision. Participants…

Rock Magnetic Fabrics, Paleomagnetic Vectors, and Rock Magnetic Cyclostratigraphy of the Marcellus FM, Sunbury PA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Minguez, D. A.; Kodama, K. P.

2013-12-01

We present the preliminary results of a multi-faceted rock magnetic study conducted on 195 samples from the Oatka Creek member of the Marcellus formation, where it has been extracted from the subsurface as a drill core near Sunbury, PA. Samples were oriented based on bedding attitude observed within the core and were removed from the core at a spacing of ≈0.25 meters starting from the base (depth ≈ 500 meters) and spanning 51 meters of stratigraphic section. The results of measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) consistently demonstrate a nearly triaxial fabric with maximum principal axes clustering east-west and horizontal in geographic coordinates, nearly parallel to the direction of bedding strike. AMS minimum principal axes cluster near the pole to the bedding plane. Anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence (AAR) applied with a 100 mT peak field and a 97 μT bias field in 9 orientations demonstrates a markedly different fabric, with maximum principal axis clustering north-south and horizontal in geographic coordinates. Minimum principal axes of AAR cluster steeply (~60-70 degrees) to the west. The discrepancy between AAR and AMS fabrics likely indicates the AMS is dominated by paramagnetic clays, and thus may be interpreted as an east-west intersection lineation of clay particles dipping gently north or south. Paleomagnetic directions obtained using Alternating Field (AF) demagnetization in 5 mT steps up to 110 mT demonstrates a high coercivity remanence (>35 mT) with a south and shallow direction (D= 183.4 I=-14.7). This result is consistent with previous studies of the Marcellus formation and the Devonian Catskill red beds. Thermal demagnetization experiments demonstrate a similar magnetization removed by temperatures between 250 and 350 degrees Celsius, however, continued heating results in the acquisition of strong, inconsistent magnetizations likely the result of oxidizing iron sulfides. Thermal demagnetization of orthogonal partial ARMs applied in 100 mT and 50 mT peak fields was conducted on a subset of samples sealed in aluminum foil with alumina-silica cement to prevent oxidization. The results demonstrate that the low coercivity pARM is removed by 400 degrees Celsius and the high coercivity pARM, which is only 10% of the total remanence, is removed by 600 degrees Celsius. The results suggest the presence of low coercivity Fe sulfides and high coercivity magnetite. Lastly, time series analysis of bulk magnetic susceptibility using the Multi-Taper Method (MTM) demonstrates oscillations with a wavelength of 18 meters above the 99% confidence level with respect to the robust red noise. This wavelength may have a duration of 405 kyr given ancillary chronostratigraphic evidence.

Coercivity degradation caused by inhomogeneous grain boundaries in sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Hansheng; Yun, Fan; Qu, Jiangtao; Li, Yingfei; Cheng, Zhenxiang; Fang, Ruhao; Ye, Zhixiao; Ringer, Simon P.; Zheng, Rongkun

2018-05-01

Quantitative correlation between intrinsic coercivity and grain boundaries in three dimensions is critical to further improve the performance of sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. Here, we quantitatively reveal the local composition variation across and especially along grain boundaries using the powerful atomic-scale analysis technique known as atom probe tomography. We also estimate the saturation magnetization, magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant, and exchange stiffness of the grain boundaries on the basis of the experimentally determined structure and composition. Finally, using micromagnetic simulations, we quantify the intrinsic coercivity degradation caused by inhomogeneous grain boundaries. This approach can be applied to other magnetic materials for the analysis and optimization of magnetic properties.

Exploring Variations Within Situational Couple Violence and Comparisons With Coercive Controlling Violence and No Violence/No Control.

PubMed

Nielsen, Samantha K; Hardesty, Jennifer L; Raffaelli, Marcela

2016-02-01

We examined variations within situational couple violence among 23 divorcing mothers and compared them with mothers with coercive controlling violence and no violence/no control. Situational couple violence had great variability in frequency and severity of violence, fear, harassment, and protective strategies. In some cases, situational couple violence was frequent and severe and resembled coercive controlling violence in its consequences. The dynamics of fear and harassment in situational couple violence and in the divorce process in general warrant attention. Finally, mothers reported mental health symptoms that did not differ by group, which is likely due to the stresses of divorce. © The Author(s) 2015.

High-sensitivity GMR with low coercivity in top-IrMn spin-valves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, H. R.; Qu, B. J.; Ren, T. L.; Liu, L. T.; Xie, H. L.; Li, C. X.; Ku, W. J.

2003-12-01

Top-IrMn spin-valves with a structure of Ta/NiFe/CoFe/Cu/CoFe/IrMn/Ta have been investigated. The spin-valves were deposited by high vacuum DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The magnetoresistance ratio reaches 9.12% at room temperature. The coercivity of the free layer and the exchange bias field is 1.04 and 180 Oe, respectively. The maximum sensitivity of the spin-valves is 8.36%/Oe. A reduction of 33.2% of the coercivity was obtained after a 2-min RIE process. Utilizing standard integrated circuit (IC) process, mass production of robust giant magnetoresistance sensors can be achieved with these spin-valve thin films.

High-coercivity FePt nanoparticle assemblies embedded in silica thin films.

PubMed

Yan, Q; Purkayastha, A; Singh, A P; Li, H; Li, A; Ramanujan, R V; Ramanath, G

2009-01-14

The ability to process assemblies using thin film techniques in a scalable fashion would be a key to transmuting the assemblies into manufacturable devices. Here, we embed FePt nanoparticle assemblies into a silica thin film by sol-gel processing. Annealing the thin film composite at 650 degrees C transforms the chemically disordered fcc FePt phase into the fct phase, yielding magnetic coercivity values H(c)>630 mT. The positional order of the particles is retained due to the protection offered by the silica host. Such films with assemblies of high-coercivity magnetic particles are attractive for realizing new types of ultra-high-density data storage devices and magneto-composites.

Initiation, desistance, and persistence of men's sexual coercion.

PubMed

Hall, Gordon C Nagayama; DeGarmo, David S; Eap, Sopagna; Teten, Andra L; Sue, Stanley

2006-08-01

Patterns of sexually coercive behavior were examined among 266 Asian American and 299 European American men over 1 year. Noncoercer (n = 358), desister (n = 120), initiator (n = 39), and persistent (n = 48) sexually coercive groups were identified. The strongest predictor of sexual coercion was past sexual coercion. Persistent sexual coercers were higher than the other groups in delinquency and hostile masculinity and were nearly twice as likely to engage in laboratory sexual harassment. Loss of face attenuated self-reported sexual coercion and laboratory sexual harassment risk among Asian Americans and attenuated only laboratory sexual harassment risk among European Americans. These findings suggest that the heterogeneity of sexually coercive behavior and ethnicity are important research and clinical considerations.

Examination of Trends and Evidence-Based Elements in State Physical Education Legislation: A Content Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eyler, Amy A.; Brownson, Ross C.; Aytur, Semra A.; Cradock, Angie L.; Doescher, Mark; Evenson, Kelly R.; Kerr, Jacqueline; Maddock, Jay; Pluto, Delores L.; Steinman, Lesley; Tompkins, Nancy O'Hara; Troped, Philip; Schmid, Thomas L.

2010-01-01

Objectives: To develop a comprehensive inventory of state physical education (PE) legislation, examine trends in bill introduction, and compare bill factors. Methods: State PE legislation from January 2001 to July 2007 was identified using a legislative database. Analysis included components of evidence-based school PE from the Community Guide and…

Validation of Acceptance of Coercive Sexual Behavior (ACSB). A Multimedia Measure of Adolescent Dating Attitudes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Teten, Andra L.; Hall, Gordon C. Nagayama; Pacifici, Caesar

2005-01-01

The psychometric properties of the Acceptance of Coercive Sexual Behavior (ACSB), a multimedia measure of adolescent dating attitudes, were examined. The ACSB is an interactive instrument that uses video vignettes to depict adolescent dating situations. Analyses of the measure's factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and…

Adolescent Resource Control: Associations with Physical and Relational Aggression, Prosocial and Withdrawn Behaviors, and Peer Regard

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Findley, Danielle; Ojanen, Tiina

2013-01-01

This study examined adolescent coercive and prosocial resource control strategies in relation to various indices of peer-reported behaviors and peer regard ("N" = 384; 12-14 years). Coercive control was uniquely positively related to physical and relational aggression and peer disliking, and negatively to prosocial behaviors when…

Coercion in the Evolution of Plant-Microbe Communication: A Perspective.

PubMed

Rowe, S L; Norman, J S; Friesen, M L

2018-06-06

Plants and microbes are dependent on chemical signals as a means of interkingdom communication. There are two predicted paths for the evolution of these signals. Ritualization is the oft-assumed pathway for the evolution of plant-microbe communication systems. In this process, chemical signals, which benefit both receiver and sender, evolve from chemical cues, which benefit only the receiver. However, plant-microbe signaling may evolve from coercive interactions as well, a process known as sensory manipulation. Here, we aim to highlight the prevalence of coercive interactions and discuss sensory manipulation in the context of plant-microbe interactions. We present two examples of stabilized coercion: microbial coercion of plants via the release of phytohormones and plant coercion of microbes via manipulation of quorum-sensing compounds. Furthermore, we provide an evolutionary framework for the emergence of signaling from coercive plant-microbe interactions through the process of sensory manipulation. We hope that researchers will recognize the relevance of coercive interactions in plant-microbe systems and consider sensory manipulation as a plausible evolutionary trajectory for the emergence of plant-microbe signaling.

What do potential jurors know about police interrogation techniques and false confessions?

PubMed

Leo, Richard A; Liu, Brittany

2009-01-01

Psychological police interrogation methods in America inevitably involve some level of pressure and persuasion to achieve their goal of eliciting confessions of guilt from custodial suspects. In this article, we surveyed potential jurors about their perceptions of a range of psychological interrogation techniques, the likelihood that such techniques would elicit a true confession from guilty suspects, and the likelihood that such techniques could elicit a false confession from innocent suspects. Participants recognized that these interrogation techniques may be psychologically coercive and may elicit true confessions, but believed that psychologically coercive interrogation techniques are not likely to elicit false confessions. The findings from this survey study indicate that potential jurors believe that false confessions are both counter- intuitive and unlikely, even in response to psychologically coercive interrogation techniques that have been shown to lead to false confessions from the innocent. This study provides empirical support for the idea that expert witnesses may helpfully inform jurors about the social science research on psychologically coercive interrogation methods and how and why such interrogation techniques can lead to false confessions. (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Stress remagnetization in pyrrhotite-calcite synthetic aggregates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robion, Philippe; Borradaile, Graham J.

2001-01-01

Stress-induced remagnetization has been applied to multidomain pyrrhotite-calcite synthetic aggregates in a triaxial rig. Experimental deformation used 150MPa confining pressure, a constant strain rate of 10-5 s-1 and applied differential stresses of up to 70MPa. New components of magnetization, parallel to the direction of the pressure vessel field, were added to the pre-deformational magnetization. The intensity of remagnetization (M'-M0) increases with the intensity of the applied differential stress and affects the coercivity fraction below 15mT. Bulk shortening is less than 8 per cent, thus grain rotation cannot explain selective remagnetization of the low-coercivity fraction. Remagnetization is thus attributed to deformational viscous remanent magnetization (DVRM). It is observed that high-coercivity (>15mT) grains do not remagnetize. There is, however, slight progressive rotation of pre-deformational magnetization with increasing strain up to 8 per cent of bulk shortening. The lack of piezoremanent magnetization in the high-coercivity range may be due to defects introduced in pyrrhotite during sample preparation. Experiments using synthetic pyrrhotite, expected to show low dislocation densities, would be necessary to test this effect.

Adolescent mental health and subsequent parenting: a longitudinal birth cohort study

PubMed Central

Byford, M; Abbott, R A; Maughan, B; Richards, M; Kuh, D

2014-01-01

Background Adolescent mental health problems are associated with a range of adverse outcomes in adulthood but little is known about the effects on adult parenting practices. This study aimed to examine prospective associations between adolescent conduct and emotional problems and subsequent parenting behaviours in adulthood. Methods The study sample comprised 1110 members from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Prospective data were collected from teacher reports of conduct and emotional problems at age 13 and 15 years and adult outcome measures of parenting included intellectual environment, cognitive stimulation, coercive discipline, parental interest and parental aspiration. Results In regression models adjusted for the confounding effects of social background, cognition and education, adolescent conduct problems predicted coercive parenting behaviours in adulthood. The effects of adolescent emotional problems on the development of coercive discipline practices were explained by covariates. Likewise, the inability of parents who displayed conduct problems in adolescence to provide an intellectually stimulating home environment was fully explained by the adjustment for education. Conclusions Adolescents who exhibit conduct problems are more likely to develop coercive styles of parenting. PMID:24357583

Adolescent mental health and subsequent parenting: a longitudinal birth cohort study.

PubMed

Byford, M; Abbott, R A; Maughan, B; Kuh, D; Richards, M

2014-05-01

Adolescent mental health problems are associated with a range of adverse outcomes in adulthood but little is known about the effects on adult parenting practices. This study aimed to examine prospective associations between adolescent conduct and emotional problems and subsequent parenting behaviours in adulthood. The study sample comprised 1110 members from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Prospective data were collected from teacher reports of conduct and emotional problems at age 13 and 15 years and adult outcome measures of parenting included intellectual environment, cognitive stimulation, coercive discipline, parental interest and parental aspiration. In regression models adjusted for the confounding effects of social background, cognition and education, adolescent conduct problems predicted coercive parenting behaviours in adulthood. The effects of adolescent emotional problems on the development of coercive discipline practices were explained by covariates. Likewise, the inability of parents who displayed conduct problems in adolescence to provide an intellectually stimulating home environment was fully explained by the adjustment for education. Adolescents who exhibit conduct problems are more likely to develop coercive styles of parenting.

High coercivity in large exchange-bias Co/CoO-MgO nano-granular films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ge, Chuan-Nan; Wan, Xian-Gang; Eric, Pellegrin; Hu, Zhi-Wei; Wen-I, Liang; Michael, Bruns; Zou, Wen-Qin; Du, You-Wei

2015-03-01

We present a detailed study on the magnetic coercivity of Co/CoO-MgO core-shell systems, which exhibits a large exchange bias due to an increase of the uncompensated spin density at the interface between the CoO shell and the metallic Co core by replacing Co by Mg within the CoO shell. We find a large magnetic coercivity of 7120 Oe around the electrical percolation threshold of the Co/CoO core/shell particles, while samples with a smaller or larger Co metal volume fraction show a considerably smaller coercivity. Thus, this study may lead to a route to improving the magnetic properties of artificial magnetic material in view of potential applications. Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB932304), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1232210, 91122035, 11174124, and 11374137), the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (Grant No. 14KJB140003), and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China.

EFFECT OF PRE-ALLOYING CONDITION ON THE BULK AMORPHOUS ALLOY ND(60)FE(30)AL(10).

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

OCONNOR,A.S.; LEWIS,L.H.; MCCALLUM,R.W.

Bulk metallic glasses are materials that require only modest cooling rates to obtain amorphous solids directly from the melt. Nd{sub 60}Fe{sub 30}Al{sub 10} has been reported to be a ferromagnetic bulk metallic glass that exhibits high coercivity, a combination unlike conventional Nd-based amorphous magnetic alloys. To clarify the relationship between short-range order and high coercivity in glassy Nd{sub 60}Fe{sub 30}Al{sub 10}, experiments were performed to verify the existence of a homogeneous liquid state prior to rapid solidification. Alloys were prepared by various pre-alloying routes and then melt-spun. Arc-melted alloys were prepared for melt spinning using three different protocols involving: (1)more » alloying all three elements at once, (2) forming a Nd-Fe alloy which was subsequently alloyed with Al, and (3) forming a Fe-Al alloy for subsequent alloying with Nd. XRD, DTA, and magnetic measurement data from the resultant ribbons indicate significant differences in both the glassy fraction and the crystalline phase present in the as-spun material. These observed differences are attributed to the presence of highly stable nanoscopic aluminide-and/or silicide-phases, or motes, present in the melt prior to solidification. These motes would affect the short-range order and coercivity of the resultant glassy state and are anticipated to provide heterogeneous nucleation sites for crystallization.« less

[Comparison of Aggressive Behavior, Compulsory Medication and Absconding Behavior Between Open and Closed door Policy in an Acute Psychiatric Ward].

PubMed

Cibis, Mara-Lena; Wackerhagen, Carolin; Müller, Sabine; Lang, Undine E; Schmidt, Yvonne; Heinz, Andreas

2017-04-01

Objective According to legal requirements coercive treatment must be limited to acts necessary for the protection of patients and cannot be used for institutional interests. Here, we aimed to test the hypothesis that opening psychiatric wards can reduce the number of aggressive assaults and of coercive treatment without increasing absconding rates. Methods Numbers of absconding, coercive medication, fixation and special security actions were collected retrospectively and compared between phases of closed (N total = 409; N legally committed = 64) and 90 % of daytime opened (N total = 571; N legally committed = 99) doors in an acute psychiatric ward. Results During the phase of opened doors we observed significantly reduced aggressive assaults (p < 0,001) and coercive medication (p = 0,006) compared to the closed setting, while the absconding rate did not change (p = 0,20). Limitation Given the retrospective non-experimental design, no causal interpretations can be drawn. Conclusion The results suggest that open door is associated with reduction of aggressive assaults and coercive medication without increasing absconding rates. This speaks for a stronger implementation of open door policies in acute wards in order to preserve human rights in psychiatry. To collect more robust evidence for this thesis, longer phases should be monitored and moderating variables such as atmosphere and social cohesion should be assessed. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Synergetic Effect of Dy2O3 and Ca Co-Dopants towards Enhanced Coercivity of Rare Earth Abundant RE-Fe-B Magnets.

PubMed

Li, Yingfei; Tian, Na; Fan, Xiaodong; You, Caiyin; Pei, Wenli; Cheng, Zhenxiang

2017-12-13

Low coercivity is the main disadvantage of RE-Fe-B permanent magnets containing highly abundant rare earths (RE: La, Ce) from the application point of view, even though they exhibit many cost and resource advantages. In this work, an industrial mixed rare earth alloy (RE 100  = La 30.6 Ce 50.2 Pr 6.4 Nd 12.8 ) with a high amount of the more abundant elements was adopted to fabricate RE-Fe-B permanent magnets by means of mechanical alloying accompanied by post-annealing. A synergetic effect towards enhancing the coercivity was observed after co-doping with Dy 2 O 3 and Ca, with the coercivity increasing from 2.44 kOe to 11.43 kOe for co-dopant percentages of 7 wt.% Dy 2 O 3  + 2.3 wt.% Ca. Through analysis of the phase constituents and microstructure, it was determined that part of the Dy atoms entered the matrix of RE 2 Fe 14 B phase to enhance the magnetocrystalline anisotropy; due to the reductive effect of Ca on Dy 2 O 3 , nanocrystals of Dy-rich RE 2 Fe 14 B were present throughout the matrix, which could increase the resistance to domain wall movement. These are the dominant factors behind the improvement of the coercivity of the RE-Fe-B magnets with highly abundant RE elements.

Magnetization mechanisms in ordered arrays of polycrystalline Fe100-xCox nanowires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viqueira, M. S.; Bajales, N.; Urreta, S. E.; Bercoff, P. G.

2015-05-01

Magnetization reversal processes and coercivity mechanisms in polycrystalline Fe100-xCox nanowire arrays, resulting from an AC electrodeposition process, are investigated. The array coercivity is described on the basis of polarization reversal mechanisms operating in individual wires, under the effect of inter-wire dipolar interactions described by a mean field approximation. For individual wires, a reversal mechanism involving the nucleation and further expansion of domain-wall like spin configuration is considered. The wires have a mean grain size larger than both the nanowire diameter and the exchange length, so localized and non-cooperative nucleation modes are considered. As the Co content increases, the alloy saturation polarization gradually decreases, but the coercive field and the relative remanence of the arrays increase, indicating that they are not controlled by the shape anisotropy in all the composition range. The coercive field dependence on the angle between the applied field and the wire long axis is not well described by reversal mechanisms involving nucleation and further displacement of neither vortex nor transverse ideal domain walls. On the contrary, the angular dependence of the coercive field observed at room temperature is well predicted by a model considering nucleation of inverse domains by localized curling, in regions smaller than the grain size, exhibiting quite small aspect ratios as compared to those of the entire nanowire. In arrays with higher Co contents, a transition from an initial (small angle) localized curling nucleation mechanism to another one, involving localized coherent rotation is observed at about π/4.

High magnetic coercivity of FePt-Ag/MgO granular nanolayers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roghani, R.; Sebt, S. A.; Khajehnezhad, A.

2018-06-01

L10-FePt ferromagnetic nanoparticles have a hight coercivity of Tesla order. Thus, these nanoparticles, with size of 10 to 15 nm and uniform surface distribution, are suitable in magnetic data storage technology with density of more than 1GB. In order to improve structural and magnetic properties of FePt nanoparticles, some elements and combinations have been added to compound. In this research, we show that due to the presence of the Ag, the phase transition temperature of FePt from fcc to L10-fct phase decreases. The presence of Ag as an additive in FePt-Ag nanocomposite, increases the magnetic coercivity. This nanocomposite, with 10% Ag, was deposited by magnetron sputtering on the MgO heat layer. VSM results of 10 nm nanoparticles show that coercivity has increased up to 1.4 T. XRD and FESEM results confirm that the size of the L10-FePt nanoparticles are 10 nm and their surface distribution are uniform. Ag gradually form nano scale clusters with separate lattice and FePt-Ag nanocomposite appears. The result of this process is emptiness of Ag position in FePt-fcc lattice. So, the mobility of Fe and Pt atoms in this lattice increases and it can be possible for them to move in lower temperature. This mechanism explain the effect of Ag on decreasing the transition temperature to fct-L10 phase, and hight coercivity of FePt nanoparticles.

Remanent magnetization and coercivity of rocks under hydrostatic pressure up to 1.4 GPa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Demory, F.; Rochette, P.; Gattacceca, J.; Gabriel, T.; Bezaeva, N. S.

2013-08-01

We designed an Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) acquisition system based on permanent magnets and sized to accommodate an amagnetic hydrostatic pressure cell. This pressure cell fits in a superconducting rock magnetometer, allowing for the measurement of remanent magnetization of pressurized samples. With this system, we determined the coercivity of remanence (Bcr) at different hydrostatic pressures up to 1.4 GPa for rock and dispersed mineral samples with various magnetic mineralogy and domain state. IRM and Bcr are nearly identical before compression and after decompression, indicating no permanent changes in the magnetic properties during pressure cycling. Hydrostatic pressure up to 1.4 GPa does not significantly increases IRM under pressure except for multidomain pyrrhotite and magnetite which show an increase of about 40%. Relative increase of Bcr under pressure is mild, except for a near single domain titanomagnetite where Bcr doubles.

Study of inverse magnetostrictive effect in metallic glasses Fe80-x Co x P14B6

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Severikov, V. S.; Grishin, A. M.; Ignahin, V. S.

2017-11-01

The paper presents the possibility to build a tension gauge capable to discriminate different kinds of deformations: compression and twisting (induced by torsion strain) based on the magnetoelastic effect in new metallic glasses Fe80-x Co x P14B6. Applied loads increase coercive field H c, saturation induction B s and rectangularity of magnetic hysteresis loop. For example, hysteresis loop traced for 1 mm narrow, 50 cm long and 30 μm thick Fe40Co40P14B6 straight ribbon subjected to longitudinal stress of 346 MPa shown increased B s from 1.24 to 1.7 T and squareness from 0.55 to 0.88 compared to unloaded specimen. For twisting, on the contrary, both squareness and coercive field vary whereas the value of B s remains unchanged.

Faculty members' use of power: midwifery students' perceptions and expectations.

PubMed

Kantek, Filiz; Gezer, Nurdan

2010-08-01

the power dynamics of relationships/interactions between faculty members and students are of crucial importance for positive student outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the perceptions and expectations of midwifery students in relation to the use of power by faculty members and bases of power. descriptive, quantitative study. a school for health sciences in Turkey. 122 midwifery students at the school. data were collected using a perceived leadership power survey, and analysed by frequency distribution, arithmetic mean, variance analysis and Cronbach's alpha. the students perceived that faculty members used coercive power most often and used reward power least often. Students expected their instructors to use expert power. In addition, in the examination of relationships between power bases, it was determined that there were positive correlations between legitimate, referent, reward and expert power, but coercive power was only positively correlated with legitimate power. this study found that students expect faculty members to use expert power, and faculty members need to reconsider their power bases. The factors affecting the perceptions of midwifery students regarding the use of power should be analysed in more detail. Copyright 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ultra-soft magnetic Co-Fe-B-Si-Nb amorphous alloys for high frequency power applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ackland, Karl; Masood, Ansar; Kulkarni, Santosh; Stamenov, Plamen

2018-05-01

With the continuous shrinkage of the footprint of inductors and transformers in modern power supplies, higher flux, while still low-loss metallic replacements of traditional ferrite materials are becoming an intriguing alternative. One candidate replacement strategy is based on amorphous CoFeBSi soft-magnetic alloys, in their metallic glass form. Here the structural and magnetic properties of two different families of CoFeBSi-based soft magnetic alloys, prepared by arc-melting and subsequent melt spinning (rapid quenching) are presented, targeting potential applications at effective frequencies of 100 kHz and beyond. The nominal alloy compositions are Co67Fe4B11Si16Mo2 representing commercial Vitrovac and Co72-xFexB28-y (where B includes non-magnetic elements such as Boron, Silicon etc. x varies between 4 and 5 % and y is varied from 0 to 2 %) denoted Alloy #1 and prepared as a possible higher performance alternative, i.e. lower power loss and lower coercivity, to commercial Vitrovac. Room temperature magnetization measurements of the arc-melted alloys reveal that compared to Vitrovac, Alloy #1 already presents a ten-fold decrease in coercivity, with Hc ˜ 1.4 Am-1 and highest figure of merit of (Ms/Hc > 96). Upon melt-spinning the alloys into thin (< 30 μm) ribbons, the alloys are essentially amorphous when analyzed by XRD. Magnetization measurements of the melt-spun ribbons demonstrate that Alloy #1 possesses a coercivity of just 2 Am-1, which represents a significant improvement compared to melt-spun ribbons of Vitrovac (17 Am-1). A set of prototype transformers of approximately 10 turns of Alloy #1 ribbon exhibits systematically Hc < 10 Am-1 at 100 kHz, without a noticeable decrease in coupled flux and saturation.

Legal rights, human rights and AIDS: the first decade. Report from South Africa 2.

PubMed

Cameron, E

1993-01-01

A broad range of coercive measures has been considered internationally and applied in some countries in the interest of controlling the spread of HIV. Although a couple such measures are on the books in South Africa, they have never been invoked and will soon be officially repealed. There is, however, a problem in South Africa with the violation by health care workers, employers, and others of individuals' rights to dignity, privacy, and autonomy. The exaggerated and undue fear that doctors and other health workers have of being infected by patients with HIV has led to widespread and gross human rights abuses in clinical management and treatment. Abuses include the refusal of treatment, testing patients for HIV without their informed or any consent, insisting upon HIV testing devoid of diagnostic or therapeutic justification, and widespread breaches of confidentiality. Persons with AIDS and HIV are also denied access to their fair share of national resources. This latter phenomenon is likely to become the principal form of human rights abuse, with racism and class differences exacerbating the problem. The practice is proliferating and takes many forms including pre-employment HIV testing; exclusionary discrimination in insurance; discrimination between HIV and other life-threatening conditions in corporate medical, pension, and provident funds; and the discriminatory denial of fair and adequate health care to people with HIV or AIDS. Discrimination of all kinds, however, retards preventive efforts. Public health therefore demands the recognition and enforcement of individual human rights and that structures of discrimination be eliminated. Human rights protection may, by limiting the effect of discrimination, play a significant part in fighting the epidemic. Protective measures could include enacting legislation to prohibit pre-employment testing, legislation to regulate the provision of insurance and to prohibit or regulate pre-insurance HIV testing and the wholesale refusal of AIDS-related coverage, and more broadly drafted legislation to prohibit public enterprises from discriminating against persons on the basis of HIV or AIDS and to enshrine the principle of nondiscrimination.

"Peer Pressure" and the Group Process: Building Cultures of Concern

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tate, Thomas F.; Copas, Randall L.

2010-01-01

Peer group treatment has been subject to two main lines of criticism. Some suggest any program which aggregates antisocial youth inevitably fosters negative peer influence. Others are concerned that certain peer programs are based on coercive peer confrontation. Positive Peer Culture [PPC] is an antidote to both of these varieties of toxic group…

Roles of coercivity and remanent flux density of permanent magnet in interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) performance for electric vehicle applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Won, Hoyun; Hong, Yang-Ki; Lee, Woncheol; Choi, Minyeong

2018-05-01

We used four rotor topologies of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) to investigate the effects of remanent flux density (Br) and coercivity (Hc) of permanent magnet on motor performance. Commercial strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19: energy product, (BH)max, of 4.62 MGOe) and Nd-Fe-B ((BH)max of 38.2 MGOe) magnets were used for the rotor designs. The same machine specifications and magnet volume keep constant, while the Hc and Br vary to calculate torque and energy efficiency with the finite-element analysis. A combination of high Hc and low Br more effectively increased maximum torque of IPMSM when the hexaferrite magnet was used. For Nd-Fe-B magnet, the same combination did not affect maximum torque, but increased energy efficiency at high speed. Therefore, the Hc value of a permanent magnet is more effective than the Br in producing high maximum torque for SrM-magnet based IPMSM and high energy efficiency at high speed for Nd-Fe-B magnet based IPMSM.

The exponentiated Hencky-logarithmic strain energy. Part II: Coercivity, planar polyconvexity and existence of minimizers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neff, Patrizio; Lankeit, Johannes; Ghiba, Ionel-Dumitrel; Martin, Robert; Steigmann, David

2015-08-01

We consider a family of isotropic volumetric-isochoric decoupled strain energies based on the Hencky-logarithmic (true, natural) strain tensor log U, where μ > 0 is the infinitesimal shear modulus, is the infinitesimal bulk modulus with the first Lamé constant, are dimensionless parameters, is the gradient of deformation, is the right stretch tensor and is the deviatoric part (the projection onto the traceless tensors) of the strain tensor log U. For small elastic strains, the energies reduce to first order to the classical quadratic Hencky energy which is known to be not rank-one convex. The main result in this paper is that in plane elastostatics the energies of the family are polyconvex for , extending a previous finding on its rank-one convexity. Our method uses a judicious application of Steigmann's polyconvexity criteria based on the representation of the energy in terms of the principal invariants of the stretch tensor U. These energies also satisfy suitable growth and coercivity conditions. We formulate the equilibrium equations, and we prove the existence of minimizers by the direct methods of the calculus of variations.

A theory-based approach to understanding suicide risk in shelter-seeking women.

PubMed

Wolford-Clevenger, Caitlin; Smith, Phillip N

2015-04-01

Women seeking shelter from intimate partner violence are at an increased risk for suicide ideation and attempts compared to women in the general population. Control-based violence, which is common among shelter-seeking women, may play a pivotal role in the development of suicide ideation and attempts. Current risk assessment and management practices for shelter-seeking women are limited by the lack of an empirically grounded understanding of increased risk in this population. We argue that in order to more effectively promote risk assessment and management, an empirically supported theory that is sensitive to the experiences of shelter-seeking women is needed. Such a theory-driven approach has the benefits of identifying and prioritizing targetable areas for intervention. Here, we review the evidence for the link between coercive control and suicide ideation and attempts from the perspective of Baumeister's escape theory of suicide. This theory has the potential to explain the role of coercive control in the development of suicide ideation and eventual attempts in shelter-seeking women. Implications for suicide risk assessment and prevention in domestic violence shelters are discussed. © The Author(s) 2014.

From Antisocial Behavior to Violence: A Model for the Amplifying Role of Coercive Joining in Adolescent Friendships

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Ryzin, Mark J.; Dishion, Thomas J.

2013-01-01

Background: Aggression is one of the more stable characteristics of child and adolescent development, and violent behavior in early adulthood is often foreshadowed by aggressive behavior in childhood and early adolescence. Considerable evidence has linked coercive family interactions to aggressive behavior in childhood, but less research has been…

Gender Differences in Patterns of Experienced Sexual Coercion and Associated Vulnerability Factors among Young People in the Netherlands

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kuyper, Lisette; de Wit, John; Smolenski, Derek; Adam, Philippe; Woertman, Liesbeth; van Berlo, Willy

2013-01-01

The development of effective policies and programs to prevent sexual coercion among young people requires thorough understanding of the diversity of coercive sexual experiences, patterns in such types of experiences, and similarities and differences between subgroups, especially by gender, in patterns of coercive sexual experiences and…

Mental health, coercion and family caregiving: issues from the international literature.

PubMed

Rugkåsa, Jorun; Canvin, Krysia

2017-08-01

This article summarises current knowledge about two aspects of family care for people with mental illness: potentially pressurising or coercive aspects of family life; and family carers' experiences of being involved in coercive service interventions. There is a paucity of studies on these topics, especially outside Europe, North America and Australasia, and further research is recommended.

Sex-Symmetric Effects of Coercive Behaviors on Mental Health? Not Exactly

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Prospero, Moises

2009-01-01

The present study tested a section of the model of coercion in intimate partner violence (IPV) by investigating the relationships among coercion, IPV and mental health symptoms. The study's sample consisted of 573 culturally diverse university students (age M = 21.4) who completed a survey that measured past IPV victimization, coercive behaviors,…

Economic Crisis, Accountability, and the State's Coercive Assault on Public Education in the USA

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lipman, Pauline

2013-01-01

This article examines education accountability as a mechanism of coercive neoliberal urban governance in the USA. Drawing on Gramscian theory of the "integral state" as the dialectical synthesis of coercion, consent, and resistance, the author argues that as the crisis gives the state less room to win consent, it intensifies coercion as…

Simulation of alnico coercivity

DOE PAGES

Ke, Liqin; Skomski, Ralph; Hoffmann, Todd D.; ...

2017-07-10

Micromagnetic simulations of alnico show substantial deviations from Stoner-Wohlfarth behavior due to the unique size and spatial distribution of the rod-like Fe-Co phase formed during spinodal decomposition in an external magnetic field. Furthemore, the maximum coercivity is limited by single-rod effects, especially deviations from ellipsoidal shape, and by interactions between the rods. In both the exchange interaction between connected rods and magnetostatic we consider the interaction between rods, and the results of our calculations show good agreement with recent experiments. Unlike systems dominated by magnetocrystalline anisotropy, coercivity in alnico is highly dependent on size, shape, and geometric distribution of themore » Fe-Co phase, all factors that can be tuned with appropriate chemistry and thermal-magnetic annealing.« less

Hysteresis properties of the amorphous high permeability Co66Fe3Cr3Si15B13 alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsepelev, V. S.; Starodubtsev, Yu. N.; Tsepeleva, N. P.

2018-04-01

The scaling law of minor loops was studied on an amorphous alloy Co66Fe3Cr3Si15B13 with a very high initial permeability (more than 150000) and low coercivity (about 0.1 A/m). An analytical expression for the coercive force in the Rayleigh region was derived. The coercive force is connected with the maximal magnetic field Hmax via the reversibility coefficient μi/ηHmax. Reversibility coefficient shows the relationship between reversible and irreversible magnetization processes. A universal dependence of magnetic losses for hysteresis Wh on the remanence Br with a power factor of 1.35 is confirmed for a wide range of magnetic fields strengths.

Lies and coercion: why psychiatrists should not participate in police and intelligence interrogations.

PubMed

Janofsky, Jeffrey S

2006-01-01

Police interrogators routinely use deceptive techniques to obtain confessions from criminal suspects. The United States Executive Branch has attempted to justify coercive interrogation techniques in which physical or mental pain and suffering may be used during intelligence interrogations of persons labeled unlawful combatants. It may be appropriate for law enforcement, military, or intelligence personnel who are not physicians to use such techniques. However, forensic psychiatry ethical practice requires honesty, striving for objectivity, and respect for persons. Deceptive and coercive interrogation techniques violate these moral values. When a psychiatrist directly uses, works with others who use, or trains others to use deceptive or coercive techniques to obtain information in police, military, or intelligence interrogations, the psychiatrist breaches basic principles of ethics.

Electric field control of magnetic properties in FeRh/PMN-PT heterostructures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Yali; Zhan, Qingfeng; Shang, Tian; Yang, Huali; Liu, Yiwei; Wang, Baomin; Li, Run-Wei

2018-05-01

We investigated electric control of magnetic properties in FeRh/PMN-PT heterostructures. An electric field of 1 kV/cm applied on the PMN-PT substrate could increase the coercivity of FeRh film from 60 to 161 Oe at 360 K where the FeRh antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition occurs. The electric field dependent coercive field reveals a butterfly shape, indicating a strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling across the FeRh/PMN-PT interface. However, the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of FeRh is almost unchanged with the applied electric field on the PMN-PT substrate, which suggests the change of coercivity in FeRh films is mainly due to the shift of the magnetic transition temperature under the electric field.

Magnetic properties of sputtered Permalloy/molybdenum multilayers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Romera, M.; Ciudad, D.; Maicas, M.

2011-10-15

In this work, we report the magnetic properties of sputtered Permalloy (Py: Ni{sub 80}Fe{sub 20})/molybdenum (Mo) multilayer thin films. We show that it is possible to maintain a low coercivity and a high permeability in thick sputtered Py films when reducing the out-of-plane component of the anisotropy by inserting thin film spacers of a non-magnetic material like Mo. For these kind of multilayers, we have found coercivities which are close to those for single layer films with no out-of-plane anisotropy. The coercivity is also dependent on the number of layers exhibiting a minimum value when each single Py layer hasmore » a thickness close to the transition thickness between Neel and Bloch domain walls.« less

Phase formation and magnetic hardening mechanism of TbCu7 type Sm-Fe-N powders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Cifu; Hong, Xiufeng; Ding, Zhiyi; Shi, Jiaxing; Bao, Xiaoqian; Gao, Xuexu; Zhu, Jie

2018-06-01

(Sm0.7Zr0.3)x(Fe0.9Co0.1)100-x (x = 9.1,10.7,10.9,12.6,13.4) alloys almost consist of TbCu7 type phase were prepared by rapid quenching technique and annealing. A series of TbCu7 type Sm-Zr-Fe-Co-N magnetically hard powders were prepared through nitrogenization of the alloys. With (Sm0.7Zr0.3) content increases, the coercivity increased but magnetization decreases. TbCu7-type nitride powder with coercivity of 10.8 kOe can be obtained when x = 13.6. The initial magnetization curves of the powders indicate that the coercivity should be controlled by pinning mechanism.

Metallopolymer precursors to L10-CoPt nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, nanopatterning and potential application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Qingchen; Qu, Wenshan; Liang, Wenqing; Guo, Kunpeng; Xue, Haibin; Guo, Yuanyuan; Meng, Zhengong; Ho, Cheuk-Lam; Leung, Chi-Wah; Wong, Wai-Yeung

2016-03-01

Ferromagnetic (L10 phase) CoPt alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with extremely high magnetocrystalline anisotropy are promising candidates for the next generation of ultrahigh-density data storage systems. It is a challenge to generate L10 CoPt NPs with high coercivity, controllable size, and a narrow size distribution. We report here the fabrication of L10 CoPt NPs by employing a heterobimetallic CoPt-containing polymer as a single-source precursor. The average size of the resulting L10 CoPt NPs is 3.4 nm with a reasonably narrow size standard deviation of 0.58 nm. The coercivity of L10 CoPt NPs is 0.54 T which is suitable for practical application. We also fabricated the L10 CoPt NP-based nanoline and nanodot arrays through nanoimprinting the polymer blend of CoPt-containing metallopolymer and polystyrene followed by pyrolysis. The successful transfer of the pre-defined patterns of the stamps onto the surface of the polymer blend implies that this material holds great application potential as a data storage medium.Ferromagnetic (L10 phase) CoPt alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with extremely high magnetocrystalline anisotropy are promising candidates for the next generation of ultrahigh-density data storage systems. It is a challenge to generate L10 CoPt NPs with high coercivity, controllable size, and a narrow size distribution. We report here the fabrication of L10 CoPt NPs by employing a heterobimetallic CoPt-containing polymer as a single-source precursor. The average size of the resulting L10 CoPt NPs is 3.4 nm with a reasonably narrow size standard deviation of 0.58 nm. The coercivity of L10 CoPt NPs is 0.54 T which is suitable for practical application. We also fabricated the L10 CoPt NP-based nanoline and nanodot arrays through nanoimprinting the polymer blend of CoPt-containing metallopolymer and polystyrene followed by pyrolysis. The successful transfer of the pre-defined patterns of the stamps onto the surface of the polymer blend implies that this material holds great application potential as a data storage medium. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: PXRD, EDX and SEM original data. See DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00034g

Childhood Sexual Abuse, Attachments in Childhood and Adulthood, and Coercive Sexual Behaviors in Community Males.

PubMed

Langton, Calvin M; Murad, Zuwaina; Humbert, Bianca

2017-04-01

Associations between self-reported coercive sexual behavior against adult females, childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and child-parent attachment styles, as well as attachment with adult romantic partners, were examined among 176 adult community males. Attachment style with each parent and with romantic partners was also investigated as a potential moderator. Using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, avoidant attachment with mothers in childhood (and also with fathers, in a second model) accounted for a significant amount of the variance in coercive sexual behavior controlling for scores on anxious ambivalent and disorganized/disoriented attachment scales, as predicted. Similarly, in a third model, avoidance attachment in adulthood was a significant predictor of coercive sexual behavior controlling for scores on the anxiety attachment in adulthood scale. These main effects for avoidant and avoidance attachment were not statistically significant when CSA and control variables (other types of childhood adversity, aggression, antisociality, and response bias) were added in each of the models. But the interaction between scales for CSA and avoidance attachment in adulthood was significant, demonstrating incremental validity in a final step, consistent with a hypothesized moderating function for attachment in adulthood. The correlation between CSA and coercive sexual behavior was .60 for those with the highest third of avoidance attachment scores (i.e., the most insecurely attached on this scale), .24 for those with scores in the middle range on the scale, and .01 for those with the lowest third of avoidance attachment scores (i.e., the most securely attached). Implications for study design and theory were discussed.

Negative Relational Schemas Predict the Trajectory of Coercive Dynamics During Early Childhood

PubMed Central

Smith, Justin D.; Dishion, Thomas J.; Shaw, Daniel S.; Wilson, Melvin N.

2014-01-01

Coercive family processes are germane to the development of problem behaviors in early childhood, yet the cognitive and affective underpinnings are not well understood. We hypothesized that one antecedent of early coercive interactions is the caregiver’s implicit affective attitudes toward the child, which in this article are termed relational schemas. Relational schemas have previously been linked to coercion and problem behaviors, but there has yet to be an examination of the association between relational schemas and trajectories of coercion during early childhood. We examined 731 indigent caregiver-child dyads (49% female children) from a randomized intervention trial of the Family Check-Up. Predominantly biological mothers participated. A speech sample was used to assess relational schemas at age 2. Coercive interactions were assessed observationally each year between ages 2 and 4. Caregiver and teacher reports of children’s oppositional and aggressive behaviors were collected at age 7.5 and 8.5. Path analysis revealed that negative relational schemas were associated with less steep declines in coercion during this period, which in turn were predictive of ratings of oppositional and aggressive behaviors at age 7.5/8.5 after controlling for baseline levels, positive relational schemas, child gender, ethnicity, and cumulative risk. Intervention condition assignment did not moderate this relationship, suggesting the results represent a naturally occurring process. Given the link between persistent early coercion and later deleterious outcomes, relational schemas that maintain and amplify coercive dynamics represent a potential target for early intervention programs designed to improve parent–child relationships. PMID:25208813

Transforming Parent-Child Interaction in Family Routines: Longitudinal Analysis with Families of Children with Developmental Disabilities.

PubMed

Lucyshyn, Joseph M; Fossett, Brenda; Bakeman, Roger; Cheremshynski, Christy; Miller, Lynn; Lohrmann, Sharon; Binnendyk, Lauren; Khan, Sophia; Chinn, Stephen; Kwon, Samantha; Irvin, Larry K

2015-12-01

The efficacy and consequential validity of an ecological approach to behavioral intervention with families of children with developmental disabilities was examined. The approach aimed to transform coercive into constructive parent-child interaction in family routines. Ten families participated, including 10 mothers and fathers and 10 children 3-8 years old with developmental disabilities. Thirty-six family routines were selected (2 to 4 per family). Dependent measures included child problem behavior, routine steps completed, and coercive and constructive parent-child interaction. For each family, a single case, multiple baseline design was employed with three phases: baseline, intervention, and follow-up. Visual analysis evaluated the functional relation between intervention and improvements in child behavior and routine participation. Nonparametric tests across families evaluated the statistical significance of these improvements. Sequential analyses within families and univariate analyses across families examined changes from baseline to intervention in the percentage and odds ratio of coercive and constructive parent-child interaction. Multiple baseline results documented functional or basic effects for 8 of 10 families. Nonparametric tests showed these changes to be significant. Follow-up showed durability at 11 to 24 months postintervention. Sequential analyses documented the transformation of coercive into constructive processes for 9 of 10 families. Univariate analyses across families showed significant improvements in 2- and 4-step coercive and constructive processes but not in odds ratio. Results offer evidence of the efficacy of the approach and consequential validity of the ecological unit of analysis, parent-child interaction in family routines. Future studies should improve efficiency, and outcomes for families experiencing family systems challenges.

Magnetic studies of SiO2 coated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Limaye, Mukta V.; Singh, Shashi B.; Das, Raja; Poddar, Pankaj; Abyaneh, Majid K.; Kulkarni, Sulabha K.

2017-11-01

Oleic acid capped CoFe2O4 nanoparticles which exhibit a high coercivity of ∼9.47 kOe at room temperature were coated with a robust coating of SiO2. We have used chemical synthesis method to obtain SiO2 coated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with different weight percentages of CoFe2O4 in SiO2 (1.5, 3.1 and 4.8 wt.%). The morphological investigation of the coated nanoparticles by transmission electron microscopy shows that the particles are spherical with average size ∼160 nm. Infrared spectroscopy reveals that oleic acid capping on the surface of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles is retained after silica coating process. The complete coating of SiO2 on CoFe2O4 nanoparticles is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as there is no signature of cobalt or iron ions on the surface. Magnetic measurements show that coercivity of SiO2 coated CoFe2O4 particles remains more or less unaffected as in CoFe2O4 nanoparticles at room temperature. In addition, the temperature dependent magnetic measurements show that at 5 K the CoFe2O4 and SiO2 coated 1.5 wt.% CoFe2O4 samples exhibit a very high value of coercivity (∼20 kOe) which is more than twice as compared to room temperature coercivity value (∼9.47 kOe). We conclude that silica coating in our study does not significantly affect the coercivity of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles.

Magnetization mechanisms in ordered arrays of polycrystalline Fe{sub 100−x}Co{sub x} nanowires

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Viqueira, M. S.; Bajales, N.; Urreta, S. E.

2015-05-28

Magnetization reversal processes and coercivity mechanisms in polycrystalline Fe{sub 100−x}Co{sub x} nanowire arrays, resulting from an AC electrodeposition process, are investigated. The array coercivity is described on the basis of polarization reversal mechanisms operating in individual wires, under the effect of inter-wire dipolar interactions described by a mean field approximation. For individual wires, a reversal mechanism involving the nucleation and further expansion of domain-wall like spin configuration is considered. The wires have a mean grain size larger than both the nanowire diameter and the exchange length, so localized and non-cooperative nucleation modes are considered. As the Co content increases, themore » alloy saturation polarization gradually decreases, but the coercive field and the relative remanence of the arrays increase, indicating that they are not controlled by the shape anisotropy in all the composition range. The coercive field dependence on the angle between the applied field and the wire long axis is not well described by reversal mechanisms involving nucleation and further displacement of neither vortex nor transverse ideal domain walls. On the contrary, the angular dependence of the coercive field observed at room temperature is well predicted by a model considering nucleation of inverse domains by localized curling, in regions smaller than the grain size, exhibiting quite small aspect ratios as compared to those of the entire nanowire. In arrays with higher Co contents, a transition from an initial (small angle) localized curling nucleation mechanism to another one, involving localized coherent rotation is observed at about π/4.« less

Effect of reductant and PVP on morphology and magnetic property of ultrafine Ni powders prepared via hydrothermal route

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Jun, E-mail: j-zhang@126.com; Wang, Xiucai; Li, Lili

2013-10-15

Graphical abstract: The ultrafine Ni powders with the shapes including sphere, pearl-string, leaf, fish-bone, hexagonal sheet and silknet were prepared through one-step hydrothermal reduction using different reductants. Their saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization and coercivity sequentially increase, and the coercivity of hexagonal sheet-like Ni powders increases by 25% compared with the Ni bulk counterpart. - Highlights: • The ultrafine Ni powders with various shapes of sphere, fish-bone, hexagonal sheet, etc. • Facile and one-step hydrothermal reduction using three reductants and PVP additive was developed. • Magnetic properties of the ultrafine Ni powders with different shapes were measured. • Compared with bulkmore » Ni material, coercivity of hexagonal sheet Ni increases by 25%. • The formation mechanism of the shapes was suggested. - Abstract: The ultrafine nickel particles with different shapes including sphere, pearl-string, leaf, fish-bone, hexagonal sheet and silknet were prepared through one-step hydrothermal reduction using hydrazine hydrate, sodium hypophosphite and ethylene glycol as reductants, polyvinylpyrrolidone as structure-directing agent. It has been verified with the characterization of X-ray powder diffraction and transmission/scanning electronic microscopy that as-prepared products belong to face-centered cubic structure of nickel microcrystals with high purity and fine dispersity. The magnetic hysteresis loops measured at room temperature reveal that the values of saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization and coercivity rise sequentially from silknet, sphere to hexagonal sheet. In comparison with nickel bulk counterpart, the coercivity of the hexagonal sheet nickel powders increases by 25%.« less

A Reduced Basis Method with Exact-Solution Certificates for Symmetric Coercive Equations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-11-06

the energy associated with the infinite - dimensional weak solution of parametrized symmetric coercive partial differential equations with piecewise...builds bounds with respect to the infinite - dimensional weak solution, aims to entirely remove the issue of the “truth” within the certified reduced basis...framework. We in particular introduce a reduced basis method that provides rigorous upper and lower bounds

Disciplinary Practices, Metaparenting, and the Quality of Parent--Child Relationships in African-American, Mexican-American, and European-American Mothers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holden, George W.; Hawk, Carol Kozak; Smith, Margaret M.; Singh, Jimmy P.; Ashraf, Rose

2017-01-01

Coercive responses to children's behavior are well recognized to be problematic for children's adjustment. Less well understood is how parental social cognition is linked to discipline. In this study we sought to link metaparenting--parents' thoughts about their parenting--to the use of coercive discipline. We predicted that mothers who engaged in…

High coercivity microcrystalline Nd-rich Nd-Fe-Co-Al-B bulk magnets prepared by direct copper mold casting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, L. Z.; Hong, Y.; Fang, X. G.; Qiu, Z. G.; Zhong, X. C.; Gao, X. S.; Liu, Z. W.

2016-06-01

High coercivity Nd25Fe40Co20Al15-xBx (x=7-15) hard magnets were prepared by a simple process of injection casting. Different from many previous investigations on nanocomposite compositions, the magnets in this work contain hard magnetic Nd2(FeCoAl)14B, Nd-rich, and Nd1+ε(FeCo)4B4 phases. The magnetic properties, phase evolution, and microstructure of the as-cast and annealed magnets were investigated. As the boron content increased from 7 to 11 at%, the intrinsic coercivity Hcj of the as-cast magnet increased from 816 to 1140 kA/m. The magnets annealed at 750 °C have shown more regular and smaller grains than the as-cast alloys, especially for the x=11 alloy. The high intrinsic coercivities for the annealed alloys with x=8~11 result from the presence of small-sized grains in the microstructure. The highest Hcj of 1427 kA/m was obtained for the heat treated alloy with x=10. This work provides an alternative approach for preparing fully dense Nd-rich bulk hard magnets with relatively good properties.

Fabrication of CoFe2O4 ferrite nanowire arrays in porous silicon template and their local magnetic properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hui, Zheng; Man-Gui, Han; Long-Jiang, Deng

2016-02-01

CoFe2O4 ferrite nanowire arrays are fabricated in porous silicon templates. The porous silicon templates are prepared via metal-assisted chemical etching with gold (Au) nanoparticles as the catalyst. Subsequently, CoFe2O4 ferrite nanowires are successfully synthesized into porous silicon templates by the sol-gel method. The magnetic hysteresis loop of nanowire array shows an isotropic feature of magnetic properties. The coercivity and squareness ratio (Mr/Ms) of ensemble nanowires are found to be 630 Oe (1 Oe, = 79.5775 A·m-1 and 0.4 respectively. However, the first-order reversal curve (FORC) is adopted to reveal the probability density function of local magnetostatic properties (i.e., interwire interaction field and coercivity). The FORC diagram shows an obvious distribution feature for interaction field and coercivity. The local coercivity with a value of about 1000 Oe is found to have the highest probability. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61271039), the Scientific Projects of Sichuan Province, China (Grant No. 2015HH0016), and the Natural Science Foundations of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant Nos. LQ12E02001 and Y107255).

Effects of orientation on the time decay of magnetization for cobalt-alloy thin film media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, J. P.; Alex, Michael; Tan, L. P.; Yan, M. L.

1999-04-01

The dependence of the time decay of magnetization on orientation ratio was investigated for longitudinal Co-alloy thin film media. The coercivity orientation ratio was controlled by the degree of mechanical texture. For oriented samples, it was found that the remanent magnetization along the circumferential direction decayed faster with time than that along the radial direction when the applied reverse magnetic field was near the remanent coercivity. However, the remanent magnetization along the circumferential direction decayed more slowly with time than that along the radial direction when the applied reverse magnetic field was less than roughly half the remanent coercivity. Anisotropic interactions and magnetic anisotropy distributions appear to be the cause for the different time decay of magnetization along the circumferential and radial directions for oriented media.

Magnetic properties of Ni nanoparticles dispersed in silica prepared by high-energy ball milling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

González, E. M.; Montero, M. I.; Cebollada, F.; de Julián, C.; Vicent, J. L.; González, J. M.

1998-04-01

We analyze the magnetic properties of mechanically ground nanosized Ni particles dispersed in a SiO2 matrix. Our magnetic characterization of the as-milled samples show the occurrence of two blocking processes and that of non-monotonic milling time evolutions of the magnetic-order temperature, the high-field magnetization and the saturation coercivity. The measured coercivities exhibit giant values and a uniaxial-type temperature dependence. Thermal treatment carried out in the as-prepared samples result in a remarkable coercivity reduction and in an increase of the high-field magnetization. We conclude, on the basis of the consideration of a core (pure Ni) and shell (Ni-Si inhomogeneous alloy) particle structure, that the magnetoelastic anisotropy plays the dominant role in determining the magnetic properties of our particles.

Effect of low-melting point phases on the microstructure and properties of spark plasma sintered and hot deformed Nd-Fe-B alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Li; Wang, Meiyu; Yan, Xueliang; Lin, Ye; Shield, Jeffrey

2018-04-01

The effect of adding a low melting point Pr-Cu-Al alloy during spark plasma sintering of melt-spun Nd-Fe-B ribbons is investigated. Regions of coarse grains were reduced and overall grain refinement was observed after the addition of Pr68Cu25Al7, leading to an enhancement of coercivity from 12.7 kOe to 20.4 kOe. Hot deformation of the samples in the spark plasma sintering system resulted in the formation of platelet-like grains, producing crystallographic alignment and magnetic anisotropy. The hot deformation process improved the remanence and energy product but reduced the coercivity. The decrease of coercivity resulted from grain growth and aggregation of Pr and Nd elements at triple-junction phases.

A Need for a Competency Based Teacher Education for Native Americans. Position Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Louise

This paper addresses: (a) problems in the education of native Americans caused by prejudice and the coercive assimilation policy of the federal government, and (b) the need for improvement of education for Indians. The prime requisites for change must be generated in a climate of willingness on the part of educational institutions to assume…

Child Maltreatment, Bullying, Gender-Based Harassment, and Adolescent Dating Violence: Making the Connections

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wolfe, David A.; Crooks, Claire C.; Chiodo, Debbie; Jaffe, Peter

2009-01-01

Learning to relate to others begins at birth and carries forward to new relationships, which is why child maltreatment and exposure to intimate partner violence have emerged as powerful risk factors for future coercive and hostile relationship patterns. Although not inevitable, it is more likely that children who are victims of maltreatment will…

A rock-magnetic record from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Evidence for Late Quaternary climate change

USGS Publications Warehouse

Peck, J.A.; King, J.W.; Colman, Steven M.; Kravchinsky, V.A.

1994-01-01

Rock-magnetic measurements of sediment cores from the Academician Ridge region of Lake Baikal, Siberia show variations related to Late Quaternary climate change. Based upon the well-dated last glacial-interglacial transition, variations in magnetic concentration and mineralogy are related to glacial-interglacial cycles using a conceptual model. Interglacial intervals are characterized by low magnetic concentrations and a composition that is dominated by low coercivity minerals. Glacial intervals are characterized by high magnetic concentrations and increased amounts of high coercivity minerals. The variation in magnetic concentration is consistent with dilution by diatom opal during the more productive interglacial periods. We also infer an increased contribution of eolian sediment during the colder, windier, and more arid glacial conditions when extensive loess deposits were formed throughout Europe and Asia. Eolian transport is inferred to deliver increased amounts of high coercivity minerals as staining on eolian grains during the glacial intervals. Variations in magnetic concentration and mineralogy of Lake Baikal sediment correlate to the SPECMAP marine oxygen-isotope record. The high degree of correlation between Baikal magnetic concentration/mineralogy and the SPECMAP oxygen-isotope record indicates that Lake Baikal sediment preserves a history of climate change in central Asia for the last 250 ka. This correlation provides a method of estimating the age of sediment beyond the range of the radiocarbon method. Future work must include providing better age control and additional climate proxy data, thereby strengthening the correlation of continental and marine climate records. ?? 1994.

[The new financial compensation system PEPP: an ethical analysis].

PubMed

Vollmann, J

2014-11-01

The new compensation system for psychiatric and psychosomatic institutions (German acronym: PEPP) not only constitutes a change in billing practices, but also necessitates an ethical investigation and analysis of possible consequences of the new legislation for those affected in practice. Following the presentation of the new PEPP and its consequences for psychiatric practice, problems and areas of conflict will be analyzed from an ethical perspective and discussed. Ethical conflicts exist in the following areas: (1) in the attempt to standardize inpatient care and invoicing for mental illnesses, (2) in poorer treatment for severely ill patients in view of degressive per diem rates, (3) in false incentives due to threshold values e.g. for 1:1 health professional-patient ratios in the case of coercive measures and (4) due to the inappropriate use of a supposed normative neutral quantitative economic model for a qualitative work area that often takes place in human border zones such as complex inpatient care of severely mentally ill patients. The ethical analysis of PEPP reveals that apart from the limited opportunities to improve efficiency, there is a considerable ethical risk of loss of quality in psychiatric inpatient care in particular for severely and chronically mentally ill patients.

Microstructure evaluation for Dy-free Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with high coercivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goto, R.; Matsuura, M.; Sugimoto, S.; Tezuka, N.; Une, Y.; Sagawa, M.

2012-04-01

Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets are used for motors of hybrid or electric vehicles due to their high energy products. Dy is added to Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets to work in a high temperature environment. Although the addition of Dy decreases the magnetization of Nd-Fe-B magnets, it increases coercivity; a decrease in the amount of Dy is strongly required. Recently, Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with a grain size of 1 μm achieved high coercivity of ˜20 kOe without the addition of Dy or other heavy rare earth elements. In this paper, the microstructure of their magnets was observed and compared to magnets with a grain size of ˜3 μm. The coercivity of magnets consisting of larger particles was 17 kOe. Microstructures were observed by the scanning electron microscope and the shapes of grains and the distribution of the Nd-rich phase were evaluated. The observation was promoted in two directions. One direction is the plane perpendicular to the magnetically aligned direction (c plane side) and the other is the side parallel to the magnetically aligned direction (c axis side). For magnets consisting of smaller particles, the shapes of grains are isotropic for the c plane side and elongated for the c axis side. The angle of minor axis prefers to be parallel to magnetically aligned direction. The distribution of the Nd-rich phase for magnets was also evaluated for both magnets. The distribution of the Nd-rich phase at triple junctions for the magnets with smaller particles becomes homogeneous compared to that for magnets with larger particles. It is considered that Dy-free magnets with high coercivity were realized by the achievement of homogeneous distribution of Nd-rich phase besides decreasing grain size.

High-coercivity, thermally stable and low unblocking temperature magnetic phase: Implications for Archeomagnetic studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hartmann, G. A.; Gallet, Y.; Trindade, R. I.; Genevey, A.; Berquo, T. S.; Neumann, R.; Le Goff, M.

2013-05-01

The thermoremanent magnetization in baked clay archeological materials provide very useful information on the time evolution of the Earth's magnetic field over the past few millennia. In these materials, a thermally stable magnetic phase characterized by high coercivities (>400 mT) and low unblocking temperatures (~200 degrees Celsius) has recently been recognized in European bricks, tiles, kilns and hearth samples. Both the identification and the origin of this phase remain, however, poorly constrained. The very same high-coercivity, thermally stable, low unblocking temperature (HCSLT) magnetic phase has been identified in Brazilian bricks fragments dated of the past five centuries. We report here a large set of measurements on a selected collection of samples showing variable contributions of the HCSLT phase. These measurements include low-field magnetic susceptibility vs. temperature curves, hysteresis loops, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition, thermal demagnetization of the three-axis IRM, first order reversal curves (FORC), low-temperature magnetization experiments (remanent magnetization curves and alternating current susceptibility), Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results show the coexistence of low-coercivity magnetic minerals (magnetite and titanomagnetite) and high-coercivity minerals (hematite, HCSLT phase and, in some cases, goethite). We note that the HCSLT magnetic phase is always found in association with hematite. We further observe that the Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectra, and the FORC diagrams are also very similar to results previously obtained from annealed clays in which nontronite or iron-rich montmorillonite was transformed into Al-substituted hematite by heating. The HCSLT magnetic phase is thus confidently identified as being hematite with Al substitution. Moreover, considering the abundance of montmorillonite in clay mining settings, we suggest that the widespread occurrence of HCSLT in archeological materials predominantly originates from the transformation of iron-rich montmorillonite during the manufacturing (heating) process.

Magnetic performance change of multi-main-phase Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets by diffusing (Nd, Pr)H x

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Tianyu; Zhang, Wenying; Peng, Baixing; Liu, Yongsheng; Chen, Yongjie; Wang, Xinhua; Yan, Mi

2018-02-01

The grain boundary diffusion process (GBDP) is effective to enhance coercivity of the single-main-phase (SMP) RE2Fe14B (rare earth (RE)) magnets through forming magnetic hardening shells surrounding the hard grain cores. Here, the GBDP was applied to the multi-main-phase (MMP) (Nd, Pr)22.3Ce8.24FebalM1.0B1.0 (wt.%) magnets prepared by sintering the mixture of Ce-free and Ce-containing 2:14:1 powders, which have shown superior magnetic properties, especially coercivity, to the SMP ones at the same average composition. The remanence of the (Nd, Pr)H x diffused magnets increases gradually with the increase of diffusion temperature from 480 to 880 °C, the coercivity, however, slightly decreases. The highest (BH)max of 350.1 kJ m-3 is achieved when diffusing at 680 °C, which is 9.2% higher than 320.7 kJ m-3 for the as-prepared magnet. The remanence increment is due to the diffusion of Nd/Pr into the 2:14:1 phase grains, enlarging the intrinsic saturation magnetic polarization. The slight coercivity reduction is due to the gradual homogenization of RE distribution within the 2:14:1 grains of the undiffused parts, i.e. approaching the ‘close to equilibrium (or SMP)’ state, which offsets the positive contributions from the enrichment of Nd/Pr in the Ce-rich 2:14:1 phase and the formation of continuous RE-rich intergranular phase. These findings suggest that the GBDP effect on coercivity of the MMP Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets is distinctly different from the SMP ones, and that the chemical heterogeneity should be carefully controlled to improve the magnetic properties of such high cost-performance permanent magnets.

Crossing the Threshold From Porn Use to Porn Problem: Frequency and Modality of Porn Use as Predictors of Sexually Coercive Behaviors.

PubMed

Marshall, Ethan A; Miller, Holly A; Bouffard, Jeff A

2017-11-01

According to recent statistics, as many as one in five female college students are victims of sexual assault during their college career. To combat what has been called the "Campus Rape Crisis," researchers have attempted to understand what variables are associated with sexually coercive behaviors in college males. Although investigators have found support for the relationship between pornography consumption and sexually coercive behavior, researchers typically operationalize pornography use in terms of frequency of use. Furthermore, frequency of use has been assessed vaguely and inconsistently. The current study offered a more concrete assessment of frequency of use and an additional variable not yet included for pornography use: number of modalities. Beyond examining the relationship between pornography use and sexual coercion likelihood, the current study was the first to use pornography variables in a threshold analysis to test whether there is a cut point that is predictive of sexual coercion likelihood. Analyses were conducted with a sample of 463 college males. Results indicated that both pornography use variables were significantly related to a higher likelihood of sexually coercive behaviors. When both frequency of use and number of modalities were included in the model, modalities were significant and frequency was not. In addition, significant thresholds for both pornography variables that predicted sexual coercion likelihood were identified. These results imply that factors other than frequency of use, such as number of modalities, may be more important for the prediction of sexual coercive behaviors. Furthermore, threshold analyses revealed the most significant increase in risk occurred between one modality and two, indicating that it is not pornography use in general that is related to sexual coercion likelihood, but rather, specific aspects of pornography use.

Conceptual model of knowledge base system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naykhanova, L. V.; Naykhanova, I. V.

2018-05-01

In the article, the conceptual model of the knowledge based system by the type of the production system is provided. The production system is intended for automation of problems, which solution is rigidly conditioned by the legislation. A core component of the system is a knowledge base. The knowledge base consists of a facts set, a rules set, the cognitive map and ontology. The cognitive map is developed for implementation of a control strategy, ontology - the explanation mechanism. Knowledge representation about recognition of a situation in the form of rules allows describing knowledge of the pension legislation. This approach provides the flexibility, originality and scalability of the system. In the case of changing legislation, it is necessary to change the rules set. This means that the change of the legislation would not be a big problem. The main advantage of the system is that there is an opportunity to be adapted easily to changes of the legislation.

Out-of-plane coercive field of Ni 80Fe 20 antidot arrays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Chunhong; Chen, Ke; Lü, Ling; Zhao, Jianwei; Chen, Peng

2010-11-01

The out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy and out-of-plane magnetization reversal process of nanoscale Ni 80Fe 20 antidot arrays deposited by magnetron sputtering technique on an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane are investigated. The angular dependence of out-of-plane remanent magnetization of Ni 80Fe 20 antidot arrays shows that the maximum remanence is in-plane and the squareness of the out-of-plane hysteresis loop follow a |cos θ| dependence. The angular dependence of out-of-plane coercivity of Ni 80Fe 20 antidot arrays shows that the maximum coercivity lies on the surface of a cone with its symmetric axis normal to the sample plane, which indicates a transition of magnetic reversal from curling to coherent rotation when changing the angle between the applied magnetic field and the sample plane.

Low temperature diffusion process using rare earth-Cu eutectic alloys for hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B bulk magnets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Akiya, T., E-mail: akiya.takahiro@nims.go.jp; Sepehri-Amin, H.; Ohkubo, T.

2014-05-07

The low temperature grain boundary diffusion process using RE{sub 70}Cu{sub 30} (RE = Pr, Nd) eutectic alloy powders was applied to sintered and hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B bulk magnets. Although only marginal coercivity increase was observed in sintered magnets, a substantial enhancement in coercivity was observed when the process was applied to hot-deformed anisotropic bulk magnets. Using Pr{sub 70}Cu{sub 30} eutectic alloy as a diffusion source, the coercivity was enhanced from 1.65 T to 2.56 T. The hot-deformed sample expanded along c-axis direction only after the diffusion process as RE rich intergranular layers parallel to the broad surface of the Nd{sub 2}Fe{sub 14}B are thickened inmore » the c-axis direction.« less

Magnetization of small iron-nickel spheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wasilewski, P.

1981-01-01

Magnetic properties of small iron-nickel alloy spheres, having compositions which cover the entire Fe-Ni binary, are presented. The spheres were formed during solidification in free fall following the melting of electropolished wires of appropriate composition. The spheres with Ni not greater than 25% acquired a martensitic thermal remanence while those with Ni not less than 30% acquired a thermoremanent magnetization. A magnetic remanence-composition diagram and a coercive force-composition diagram are constructed. Magnetic hysteresis loops and derived parameters demonstrate the difference between metal-bearing and oxide-bearing natural samples. The magnetic remanence varies as the sphere size in conjunction with the microstructure. These results help to explain why coercive force is generally low, remanent coercive force is generally high, and their ratio (R/C) is always large in fine metal dispersions, such as lunar samples and chondrite meteorites.

The Role of Control in Intimate Partner Violence: A Study in Dutch Forensic Outpatients.

PubMed

Verschuere, Bruno; van Horn, Joan; Buitelaar, Nannet

2018-05-01

Johnson argued that coercive control is crucial in explaining heterogeneity in intimate partner violence, with such violence being more frequent, less reciprocal, and more often male-to-female aggression when it serves to exercise control over the partner. We assessed 280 Dutch forensic outpatients who had recently engaged in intimate partner violence on nonaggressive coercive control. Control showed significant, small to moderate, associations with more frequent past year acts of psychological aggression, physical assault, and sexual coercion and more frequently resulted in partner injury. Control was unrelated to reciprocity of partner violence. High controlling violence was enacted mostly, but not exclusively by men. Overall, while perhaps not having a uniquely strong association, our findings provide partial support for the role of coercive control in intimate partner violence and suggest it may benefit intimate partner violence risk assessment.

Effective reduction of the coercivity for Co72Pt28 thin film by exchange coupled Co81Ir19 soft layer with negative magnetocrystalline anisotropy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, J. Y.; Ma, T. Y.; Li, Z. W.; Qiao, L.; Wang, Y.; Wang, T.; Li, F. S.

2018-02-01

We report on the investigation of coercivity changes of the Co72Pt28/Co81Ir19 exchange-coupled composite (ECC) media with negative soft-layer (SL) magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MA). Our results show that the hard-layer (HL) of our sample exhibits a columnar type microstructure with well isolated grains and the SL with hcp-structure grows on top of the HL with the same texture. Therefore, strong coupling of the two layers have been realized as evidenced by the magnetic characterization. Importantly, we observe a more effective reduction of the coercivity of the ECC media by using SLs with negative MA when compared to the use of SLs with positive or negligible MA. The experimental results are corroborated by theoretical calculations.

Isotropic rare earth based hard magnets through non-equilibrium processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sultana, Dilara

The aim of this thesis was to understand better the relationship of hard magnetic properties to the microstructure and use this knowledge to design a better magnet. The first project was focused on the development of isotropic Pr 9Fe85B6 ribbons with enhanced remanence, high coercivity and high (BH)max. The optimization was achieved by adjusting the composition, controlling the microstructure and processing parameters. The crystal structure in all the samples studied was found to consist of a fine mixture of hard phase 2:14:1 and soft alpha-Fe phase. In all the samples the optimum (BH)max obtained was in the optimally quenched ribbons. Annealing did improve the magnetic properties but did not exceed the highest (BH)max value obtained in the optimally quenched ribbons. Small additions of Tb and Co were found to improve the magnetic properties. The properties were optimized by first adjusting the wheel speed and then the ejection temperature of melt. A maximum (BH)max 21 MGOe and a remanence of 117 emu/g were obtained in the ribbons spun at 18 m/s and ejected at a temperature of 1360°C with a average grain size of 20 nm. This investigation suggests that a proper combination of composition and processing parameters is essential for the optimum (BH)max value for the Pr-Fe-B magnets. The second project was focused on the development of a single phase nanocrystalline Sm2(Co, Fe)17 magnets. The magnetic properties such as coercivity and energy product were optimized via the design of composition, control of melt-spinning parameters and heat treatment. The effect of non magnetic elements like Si, B, addition on the Sm(Co, Fe, M)z alloys were investigated. The effect of C addition on the Smx(Co 1-yMy)100-x-zCz series alloys where, M= Fe or Fe+Mn , X=10-15, Y= 0-0.375, Z= 0-6 were studied thoroughly. It is observed that the crystal structure of Sm(Co0.75Fe0.25) 7, Sm(Co0.65Fe0.25Si0.1)7 and Sm(Co0.65Fe0.25Si0.05B0.05 )8 alloy ribbons spun at low wheel speed shows the presence of 1:5 and 2:17 phase and the metastable 1:7 phase for high wheel speed. It is observed that C suppressed the formation of the stable 2:17 structure in favor of the disordered 1:7 phase. Addition of Si and B, C leads to the development of equiaxed finer grains. C may have act as grain growth inhibitor in the Sm-(Co-Fe)- C ribbons Microstructure refinement with the precipitation of RCoC2 carbides was observed in the C added ribbons. The carbon addition enhances the overall magnetic properties. The 3rd project was focused on the investigation of giant intrinsic magnetic hardness in Sm(Co0.45,Fe0.15,Cu0.4) 5 alloys and determine its dependence on grain / particle size. Melt-spinning and high energy ball milling was used to prepare sample with different grain size (6-500 nm). A single phase 1:5 structure was observed in both the ribbons and milled powders of the Sm(Co0.45,Fe0.15,Cu0.4 )5 alloy. The maximum coercivity obtained was 21 kOe for ribbons spun at 50 m/s (70 nm) and 15 kOe for the powders milled for 15 min (15 nm). Low temperature annealing of ribbons with large grain size > 500 nm for 133 h increases the coercivity to 44 kOe similar like bulk. The effect of low temperature annealing of ribbons with the coarse grain structure (> 70 nm) was the increasing of coercivity, it also increased the Curie temperature of 1: 5 phase and resistivity. The effect of low temperature annealing on the coercivity of high energy milled powders with a smaller grain size (< 70 nm) was different from the ribbons. The maximum coercivity of 21 kOe was obtained for 3h milled powders annealed at 400°C for 1 h. However, after longer annealing the coercivity decreases and this is different behavior from bulk. The effect of annealing on the homogenized crushed powders (>140nm) was more like bulk, even after annealing for 50 h at 400°C coercivity obtained was 38.48 kOe and increasing. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Sex Differences in Intimate Partner Violence and the Use of Coercive Control as a Motivational Factor for Intimate Partner Violence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tanha, Marieh; Beck, Connie J. A.; Figueredo, Aurelio Jose; Raghavan, Chitra

2010-01-01

Research argues that coercive control (CC) is a special case of intimate partner violence (IPV). The present study hypothesized that instead CC is the "motivator" for other types of IPV, with control of the victim as the goal. When CC fails, physical types of IPV are used. This hypothesized relationship was tested using a large matched sample of…

Independent Contributions of Early Positive Parenting and Mother-Son Coercion on Emerging Social Development.

PubMed

Akcinar, Berna; Shaw, Daniel S

2018-06-01

In the current study, we explored associations between parent-child coercion and positive parenting in the toddler period in relation to children's social-behavioral development during the school-age period. The data were drawn from the Pitt Mother & Child Project, a sample of 310 low-income, ethnically diverse boys. Drawing on tenets of both attachment and social learning theory, it was hypothesized that coercive mother-son interaction would lead to reductions in positive maternal parenting in the toddler period, and that both positive parenting and mother-son coercion in the toddler period would contribute to children's conduct problems at school entry and lower social skills and peer rejection in middle childhood. The results were largely confirmed, such that mother-son coercive interaction at 18 months was related to decreases in positive parenting at 24 months. Additionally, mother-son coercive interaction and positive parenting at 24 months were linked to child conduct problems at age 5, which in turn predicted child social skills and peer rejection during middle childhood. In addition to indirect effects through child conduct problems, mother-son coercion continued to be independently related to school-age peer rejection. The findings are discussed with respect to the importance of early coercive interactions in the growth of child social-behavioral development from early to middle childhood.

Observational study of aggressive behaviour and coercion on an Indian acute ward.

PubMed

Danivas, Vijay; Lepping, Peter; Punitharani, Shivanna; Gowrishree, Handithavalli; Ashwini, Kundapur; Raveesh, Bevinahalli Nanjegowda; Palmstierna, Tom

2016-08-01

We evaluated prevalence of aggressive behaviour and coercive measures on an acute Indian psychiatric ward where relatives are always present at the ward. Non-interacting, independent observers (specifically trained mental health clinicians) on an Indian acute, 20-bedded psychiatric ward gave structured reports on all violent episodes and coercive measures during a 30-day period. They used the Staff Observation Aggression Scale -Revised, Indian (SOAS-RI). The severity of the SOAS-RI reports were independently analysed by one of the authors. 229 violent incidents were recorded, involving 63% of admitted patients. 27% of all admitted patients were subjected to intravenous injections. Relatives provoked 35% of the incidents and were the target in 56% of the incidents. Patientś own relatives were involved in managing the aggression in 35% of the incidents. Relatives of other patients were involved in 14% of the incidents. The likelihood of a patient to be physically restrained and that a relative would be participating in the coercive measures was increased when medical staff was targeted. Relatives are commonly triggers and victims of aggressions on the inverstigated acute Indian psychiatric wards. Doctors and nurses are less likely to be victims but aggression towards them leads more commonly to coercive measures. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth and giant coercive field of spinel-structured Co3- x Mn x O4 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwak, Yongsu; Song, Jonghyun; Koo, Taeyeong

2016-08-01

We grew epitaxial thin films of CoMn2O4 and Co2MnO4 on Nb-doped SrTiO3(011) and SrTiO3(001) single crystal substrates using pulsed laser deposition. The magnetic Curie temperature ( T c ) of the Co2MnO4 thin films was ~176 K, which is higher than that of the bulk whereas CoMn2O4 thin films exhibited a value of T c (~151 K) lower than that of the bulk. For the Co2MnO4 thin films, the M - H loop showed a coercive field of ~0.7 T at 10 K, similar to the value for the bulk. However, the M -H loop of the CoMn2O4(0 ll) thin film grown on a Nb-doped SrTiO3(011) substrate exhibited a coercive field of ~4.5 T at 30 K, which is significantly higher than those of the Co2MnO4 thin film and bulk. This giant coercive field, only observed for the CoMn2O4(0 ll) thin film, can be attributed to the shape anisotropy and strong spin-orbit coupling.

Structure and magnetic properties of L10-MnGa nanoparticles prepared using direct reactions between Mn nanoparticles and Ga

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Si, P. Z.; Qian, H. D.; Park, J.; Ge, H. L.; Shinde, K. P.; Chung, K. C.; Choi, C. J.

2018-05-01

The tetragonal L10-Mn1+xGa (x<0.8) nanoparticles and bcc-Mn23Ga77 nanoparticles with large coercivity were prepared using direct reactions between Mn nanoparticles and Ga at elevated temperatures. The Mn23Ga77 phase was formed at ˜573 K while the L10-structured Mn1+xGa was formed at ˜850 K. After ball-milling, the L10-Mn1+xGa nanoparticles transformed into nano-flakes with enhanced coercivity. The size of the as-prepared Mn23Ga77 nanoparticles is comparable to that of the precursor Mn nanoparticles. An aggregation of the nanoparticles and thus a larger particle size were observed in the L10-Mn1+xGa nanoparticles obtained at 850 K. The size of the L10-Mn1+xGa nano-flakes is reduced to about 200-400 nm with a thickness of ˜20 nm. The coercivity of the Mn23Ga77 nanoparticles and the L10-Mn1+xGa nanoparticles at 300 K reached up to 0.2 T and 0.43 T, respectively. The coercivity of L10-Mn1+xGa ball-milled nano-flakes is 0.59 T at 300 K.

Magnetic properties of Mn0.1Mg0.2TM0.7Fe2O4 (TM = Zn, Co, or Ni) prepared by hydrothermal processes: The effects of crystal size and chemical composition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nhlapo, T. A.; Msomi, J. Z.; Moyo, T.

2018-02-01

Nano-crystalline Zn-, Co-, and Ni-substituted Mn-Mg ferrites were prepared by hydrothermal process and annealed at 1100 °C. Annealing conditions are critical on the crystalline phase. TEM and XRD data reveal particle sizes between 8 nm and 15 nm for the as-prepared fine powders, which increase to about 73 nm after sintering at 1100 °C. Mӧssbauer spectra show well resolved magnetic splitting in bulk samples. The as-prepared fine powders show weak hyperfine splitting and broad central doublets associated with fine particles. Magnetization data reveal a high coercive field at about 300 K of about 945 Oe in the Co-based nanosized oxide, which reduces to about 360 Oe after thermal annealing at 1100 °C. The magnetization curves of Zn- and Ni-based samples show much lower coercive fields indicative of superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The crystallite size and chemical composition have significant effects on the properties of Mn0.1Mg0.2(Zn,Co,Ni)0.7Fe2O4 investigated.

Strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) based composites for hyperthermia applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rashid, Amin Ur; Southern, Paul; Darr, Jawwad A.; Awan, Saifullah; Manzoor, Sadia

2013-10-01

Mixed phase composites of SrFe12O19/MgFe2O4/ZrO2 were prepared via the citrate gel technique as potential candidate materials for magnetic hyperthermia. Structural and magnetic properties of the samples were studied using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and a vibrating sample magnetometer. XRD and FE-SEM data confirm that magnesium ferrite and zirconium oxide phases increased with increasing Mg and Zr content in the precursors. Magnetization loops for the composites were measured at room temperature and showed significant variation of saturation magnetization, coercivity and remanence depending on the amount of the highly anisotropic Sr-hexaferrite phase. The sample with the highest Mg and Zr content had the lowest coercivity (80 Oe) and saturation magnetization (41 emu/g). The composite samples each were exposed to a 214 kHz alternating magnetic field of amplitude 22 Oe and a significant heating effect was observed in selected samples, which suggests potential for use in magnetic hyperthermia.

How to keep punishment to maintain cooperation: Introducing social vaccine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamamoto, Hitoshi; Okada, Isamu

2016-02-01

Although there is much support for the punishment system as a sophisticated approach to resolving social dilemmas, more than a few researchers have also pointed out the limitations of such an approach. Second-order free riding is a serious issue facing the punishment system. Various pioneering works have suggested that an anti-social behavior or noise stemming from a mutation may, surprisingly, be helpful for avoiding second-order freeloaders. In this work, we show through mathematical analysis and an agent-based simulation of a model extending the meta-norms game that the coercive introduction of a small number of non-cooperators can maintain a cooperative regime robustly. This paradoxical idea was inspired by the effect of a vaccine, which is a weakened pathogen injected into a human body to create antibodies and ward off infection by that pathogen. Our expectation is that the coercive introduction of a few defectors, i.e., a social vaccine, will help maintain a highly cooperative regime because it will ensure that the punishment system works.

Atomistic modeling of L10 FePt: path to HAMR 5Tb/in2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Tianran; Benakli, Mourad; Rea, Chris

2015-03-01

Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is a promising approach for increasing the storage density of hard disk drives. To increase data density, information must be written in small grains, which requires materials with high anisotropy energy such as L10 FePt. On the other hand, high anisotropy implies high coercivity, making it difficult to write the data with existing recording heads. This issue can be overcome by the technique of HAMR, where a laser is used to heat the recording medium to reduce its coercivity while retaining good thermal stability at room temperature due to the large anisotropy energy. One of the keys to the success of HAMR is the precise control of writing process. In this talk, I will propose a Monte Carlo simulation, based on an atomistic model, that would allow us to study the magnetic properties of L10 FePt and dynamics of spin reversal for the writing process in HAMR.

Inverted electro-mechanical behaviour induced by the irreversible domain configuration transformation in (K,Na)NbO3-based ceramics

PubMed Central

Huan, Yu; Wang, Xiaohui; Koruza, Jurij; Wang, Ke; Webber, Kyle G.; Hao, Yanan; Li, Longtu

2016-01-01

Miniaturization of domains to the nanometer scale has been previously reported in many piezoelectrics with two-phase coexistence. Despite the observation of nanoscale domain configuration near the polymorphic phase transition (PPT) regionin virgin (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) based ceramics, it remains unclear how this domain state responds to external loads and influences the macroscopic electro-mechanical properties. To this end, the electric-field-induced and stress-induced strain curves of KNN-based ceramics over a wide compositional range across PPT were characterized. It was found that the coercive field of the virgin samples was highest in PPT region, which was related to the inhibited domain wall motion due to the presence of nanodomains. However, the coercive field was found to be the lowest in the PPT region after electrical poling. This was related to the irreversible transformation of the nanodomains into micron-sized domains during the poling process. With the similar micron-sized domain configuration for all poled ceramics, the domains in the PPT region move more easily due to the additional polarization vectors. The results demonstrate that the poling process can give rise to the irreversible domain configuration transformation and then account for the inverted macroscopic piezoelectricity in the PPT region of KNN-based ceramics. PMID:26915972

Experiences of coercion to sterilize and forced sterilization among women living with HIV in Latin America.

PubMed

Kendall, Tamil; Albert, Claire

2015-01-01

Forced and coerced sterilization is an internationally recognized human rights violation reported by women living with HIV (WLHIV) around the globe. Forced sterilization occurs when a person is sterilized without her knowledge or informed consent. Coerced sterilization occurs when misinformation, intimidation tactics, financial incentives or access to health services or employment are used to compel individuals to accept the procedure. Drawing on community-based research with 285 WLHIV from four Latin American countries (El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua), we conduct thematic qualitative analysis of reports of how and when healthcare providers pressured women to sterilize and multivariate logistic regression to assess whether social and economic characteristics and fertility history were associated with pressure to sterilize. A quarter (23%) of the participant WLHIV experienced pressure to sterilize post-diagnosis. WLHIV who had a pregnancy during which they (and their healthcare providers) knew their HIV diagnosis were almost six times more likely to experience coercive or forced sterilization than WLHIV who did not have a pregnancy with a known diagnosis (OR 5.66 CI 95% 2.35-13.58 p≤0.001). WLHIV reported that healthcare providers told them that living with HIV annulled their right to choose the number and spacing of their children and their contraceptive method, employed misinformation about the consequences of a subsequent pregnancy for women's and children's health, and denied medical services needed to prevent vertical (mother-to-child) HIV transmission to coerce women into accepting sterilization. Forced sterilization was practiced during caesarean delivery. The experiences of WLHIV indicate that HIV-related stigma and discrimination by healthcare providers is a primary driver of coercive and forced sterilization. WLHIV are particularly vulnerable when seeking maternal health services. Health worker training on HIV and reproductive rights, improving counselling on HIV and sexual and reproductive health for WLHIV, providing State mechanisms to investigate and sanction coercive and forced sterilization, and strengthening civil society to increase WLHIV's capacity to resist coercion to sterilize can contribute to preventing coercive and forced sterilization. Improved access to judicial and non-judicial mechanisms to procure justice for women who have experienced reproductive rights violations is also needed.

Supports for Community-Based Mental Health Care: An Optimistic Review of Federal Legislation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bentley, Kia J.

1994-01-01

Describes and summarizes recent relevant federal legislative initiatives and analyzes their potential in providing support for community-based mental health care for adults in United States. Contends that these legislative mandates and options can be source of optimism and ammunition for advocates and change agents as they work to improve mental…

Temperature dependence of ferromagnet-antiferromagnet spin alignment and coercivity in epitaxial micromagnet bilayers

DOE PAGES

Lee, Michael S.; Wynn, Thomas A.; Folven, Erik; ...

2017-06-26

In this paper, soft x-ray photoemission electron microscopy with an in situ magnetic field has been used to study the relationship between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin alignment and the switching/reversal field of epitaxial micromagnetic structures. We investigated a model system consisting of a bilayer of ferromagnetic La 0.7Sr 0.3MnO 3 and antiferromagnetic LaFeO 3 where the spin axes in each layer can be driven from mutually perpendicular (spin-flop) to parallel alignment by varying the temperature between 30 and 300 K. Results show that not only does this spin alignment noticeably influence the bilayer micromagnet coercivity compared to La 0.7Sr 0.3MnOmore » 3 single-layer micromagnets, but the coercivity within this materials system can be tuned over a wide range by careful balance of material properties.« less

Structural and magnetic properties of new uniaxial nanocrystalline Pr5Co19 compound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouzidi, W.; Mliki, N.; Bessais, L.

2017-11-01

Highly-coercive nanocrystalline Pr5Co19 powders have been synthesized by mechanical milling for the first time. The structural properties are studied by X-ray diffraction and refined with Rietveld method. This analysis revealed that whatever annealing temperature, samples crystallize in the rhombohedral (3R) of Ce5Co19-type structure (space group R 3 bar m). The magnetization curve as a function of temperature shows a magnetic transition state at the Curie temperature TC = 690 K. The optimum hard magnetic properties have been obtained for Pr5Co19 milled for 5 h and annealed at 1048 K for 30 min. These alloys exhibit a coercivity of 15 kOe at room temperature. This high coercivity is attributed to the high uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy, nanoscale grain size, and to the homogeneous nanostructure developed by mechanical milling process and subsequent annealing.

Public attitudes toward legally coerced biological treatments of criminals

PubMed Central

Berryessa, Colleen M.; Chandler, Jennifer A.; Reiner, Peter

2016-01-01

Abstract How does the public view the offer of a biological treatment in lieu of prison for criminal offenders? Using the contrastive vignette technique, we explored this issue, using mixed-methods analysis to measure concerns regarding changing the criminal's personality, the coercive nature of the offer, and the safety of the proposed treatment. Overall, we found that of the three variables, the safety of the pill had the strongest effect on public acceptance of a biological intervention. Indeed, it was notable that the public was relatively sanguine about coercive offers of biological agents, as well as changing the personality of criminals. While respondents did not fully endorse such coercive offers, neither were they outraged by the use of biological treatments of criminals in lieu of incarceration. These results are discussed in the context of the retributive and rehabilitative sentiments of the public, and legal jurisprudence in the arena of human rights law. PMID:28852535

Public attitudes toward legally coerced biological treatments of criminals.

PubMed

Berryessa, Colleen M; Chandler, Jennifer A; Reiner, Peter

2016-12-01

How does the public view the offer of a biological treatment in lieu of prison for criminal offenders? Using the contrastive vignette technique, we explored this issue, using mixed-methods analysis to measure concerns regarding changing the criminal's personality, the coercive nature of the offer, and the safety of the proposed treatment. Overall, we found that of the three variables, the safety of the pill had the strongest effect on public acceptance of a biological intervention. Indeed, it was notable that the public was relatively sanguine about coercive offers of biological agents, as well as changing the personality of criminals. While respondents did not fully endorse such coercive offers, neither were they outraged by the use of biological treatments of criminals in lieu of incarceration. These results are discussed in the context of the retributive and rehabilitative sentiments of the public, and legal jurisprudence in the arena of human rights law.

Magnetic properties of (misch metal, Nd)-Fe-B melt-spun magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, R.; Shang, R. X.; Xiong, J. F.; Liu, D.; Kuang, H.; Zuo, W. L.; Zhao, T. Y.; Sun, J. R.; Shen, B. G.

2017-05-01

The effect of replacing Nd with misch metal (MM) on magnetic properties and thermal stability has been investigated on melt-spun (Nd1-xMMx)13.5Fe79.5B7 ribbons by varying x from 0 to 1. All of the alloys studied crystallize in the tetragonal 2:14:1 structure with single hard magnetic phase. Curie temperature (Tc), coercivity (Hcj), remanence magnetization (Br) and maximum energy product ((BH)max) all decrease with MM content. The melt-spun MM13.5Fe79.5B ribbons with high ratio of La and Ce exhibit high magnetic properties of Hcj = 8.2 kOe and (BH)max= 10.3 MGOe at room temperature. MM substitution also significantly strengthens the temperature stability of coercivity. The coercivities of the samples with x = 0.2 and even 0.4 exhibit large values close to that of Nd13.5Fe79.5B7 ribbons above 400 K.

Scientific and conceptual flaws of coercive treatment models in addiction.

PubMed

Uusitalo, Susanne; van der Eijk, Yvette

2016-01-01

In conceptual debates on addiction, neurobiological research has been used to support the idea that addicted drug users lack control over their addiction-related actions. In some interpretations, this has led to coercive treatment models, in which, the purpose is to 'restore' control. However, neurobiological studies that go beyond what is typically presented in conceptual debates paint a different story. In particular, they indicate that though addiction has neurobiological manifestations that make the addictive behaviour difficult to control, it is possible for individuals to reverse these manifestations through their own efforts. Thus, addicted individuals should not be considered incapable of making choices voluntarily, simply on the basis that addiction has neurobiological manifestations, and coercive treatment models of addiction should be reconsidered in this respect. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Substantial enhancement in intrinsic coercivity on M-type strontium hexaferrite through the increase in magneto-crystalline anisotropy by co-doping of group-V and alkali elements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ahn, Kyunghan, E-mail: kyunghan.ahn@samsung.com; Ryu, Byungki; Korolev, Dmitry

2013-12-09

The effect of d{sup 1} impurity doping in Sr-hexaferrite (SrM) on the magnetic anisotropy is investigated. First-principles calculations revealed that group-V elements (V, Nb) are stabilized with co-doping of alkali elements. Na{sup 1+}/K{sup 1+} doping at Sr{sup 2+}-site is found to be critical to form the d{sup 1} impurities at Fe-site. Experimentally, Na–V doped SrM shows the intrinsic coercivity of ∼5.4 kOe, which is ∼300% enhancement compared to undoped SrM and comparable value to La–Co co-doped SrM. Finally, the spin-orbit coupling from non-vanishing angular momentum of d{sup 1} impurity in SrM should be a main factor for such a substantialmore » improvement of intrinsic coercivity.« less

Plasma-assisted synthesis and study of structural and magnetic properties of Fe/C core shell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shinde, K. P.; Ranot, M.; Choi, C. J.; Kim, H. S.; Chung, K. C.

2017-07-01

Pure and carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles with an average diameter of 25 nm were synthesized by using the DC plasma arc discharge method. Fe core nanoparticles were encapsulated with carbon layer, which is acting as protection layer against both oxidation and chemical reaction. The morphology and the Fe/C core/shell structure of the nanoparticles were studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The x-ray diffraction study showed that the α-Fe phase exists with γ-Fe as an impurity. The studied samples have been interrelated with the variation of saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization and coercive field with the amount of carbon coating. The pure α-Fe sample shows saturation magnetization = 172 emu/g, and coercive field = 150 Oe, on the other hand few layer carbon coated α-Fe sample shows saturation magnetization =169 emu/g with higher coercive field 398 Oe.

Systematic impact of institutional pressures on safety climate in the construction industry.

PubMed

He, Qinghua; Dong, Shuang; Rose, Timothy; Li, Heng; Yin, Qin; Cao, Dongping

2016-08-01

This paper explores how three types of institutional pressure (i.e., coercive, mimetic and normative pressures) systematically impact on the safety climate of construction projects. These impacts are empirically tested by survey data collected from 186 questionnaires of construction companies operating in Shanghai, China. The results, obtained by partial least squares analysis, show that organizational management commitment to safety and employee involvement is positively related to all three institutional pressures, while the perception of responsibility for safety and health is significantly influenced by coercive and mimetic pressure. However, coercive and normative pressures have no significant effect on the applicability of safety rules and work practices, revealing the importance of external organizational pressures in improving project safety climate from a systematic view. The findings also provide insights into the use of institutional forces to facilitate the improvement of safety climate in the construction industry. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Temperature dependence of ferromagnet-antiferromagnet spin alignment and coercivity in epitaxial micromagnet bilayers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Michael S.; Wynn, Thomas A.; Folven, Erik; Chopdekar, Rajesh V.; Scholl, Andreas; Retterer, Scott T.; Grepstad, Jostein K.; Takamura, Yayoi

2017-06-01

Soft x-ray photoemission electron microscopy with an in situ magnetic field has been used to study the relationship between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin alignment and the switching/reversal field of epitaxial micromagnetic structures. We investigated a model system consisting of a bilayer of ferromagnetic L a0.7S r0.3Mn O3 and antiferromagnetic LaFe O3 where the spin axes in each layer can be driven from mutually perpendicular (spin-flop) to parallel alignment by varying the temperature between 30 and 300 K. Results show that not only does this spin alignment noticeably influence the bilayer micromagnet coercivity compared to L a0.7S r0.3Mn O3 single-layer micromagnets, but the coercivity within this materials system can be tuned over a wide range by careful balance of material properties.

Magnetic properties of Sr 3 NiIrO 6 and Sr 3 CoIrO 6 : Magnetic hysteresis with coercive fields of up to 55 T

DOE PAGES

Singleton, John; Kim, Jae Wook; Topping, Craig V.; ...

2016-12-08

Here, we report extraordinarily large magnetic hysteresis loops in the iridates Sr 3NiIrO 5 and Sr 3CoIrO 6. We find coercive magnetic fields of up to 55 T with switched magnetic moments ≈1μ B per formula unit in Sr 3NiIrO 6 and coercive fields of up to 52 T with switched moments ≈3μ B per formula unit in Sr 3CoIrO 6. We propose that the magnetic hysteresis involves the field-induced evolution of quasi-one-dimensional chains in a frustrated triangular configuration. In conclusion, the striking magnetic behavior is likely to be linked to the unusual spin-orbit-entangled local state of the Ir 4+more » ion and its potential for anisotropic exchange interactions.« less

Feasibility study of electrophoresis deposition of DyF3 on Nd-Fe-B particles for coercivity enhancement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, K. M.; Kang, M. S.; Kwon, H. W.; Lee, J. G.; Yu, J. H.

2018-05-01

Feasibility of the electrophoresis deposition (EPD) technique for homogeneous and adhesive deposition of DyF3 particles on the Nd-Fe-B-type particles was studied, and coercivity enhancement in the diffusion-treated Nd-Fe-B-type particles deposited with DyF3 by EPD was investigated. HDDR-treated Nd12.5Fe80.6B6.4Ga0.3Nb0.2 particles were deposited with DyF3 particles by EPD. More homogeneous and adhesive deposition of DyF3 particles on the surface of Nd-Fe-B particles was made by the EPD with respect to conventional dip-coating, and this led to more active and homogeneous diffusion of Dy. More profound coercivity enhancement was achieved in the diffusion-treated Nd-Fe-B-type particles deposited with DyF3 by EPD compared to dip-coated particles.

Preferred orientation in Cr- and Co-based thin films and its effects on the read/write performance of the media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsai, Hsiao-chu; Lal, Brij B.; Eltoukhy, Atef

1992-04-01

This work investigates the formation of preferred crystallographic orientation (PO) in Cr underlayer as well as CoCrTa and CoCrPtTa thin films and its effects on the recording performance of longitudinal media. The results show that the thin-film media with comparable coercivity but different crystalline PO as measured by x-ray diffraction exhibit significant difference in high-frequency signal amplitude, pulse width, and signal-to-noise ratio. To illustrate the effect of PO on parametric performance, CoCrTa/Cr and CoCrPtTa/Cr media were sputtered on different substrates and/or using special sputtering processes to achieve comparable coercivity but different PO in the films. A PO of Cr(200), which normally occurs on the NiP/Al substrates under adequate sputtering conditions, is found to be the key to obtaining a PO of Co(11.0) in Co-alloy media. The consequence of preferred in-plane c-axis orientation is a higher coercivity and better parametric performance of the medium. The formation of PO in the Cr underlayer is found to be related to the substrate material and the oxygen content in the sputtered films. The nonmetallic canasite substrates tend to promote PO of more stable Cr(110) rather than Cr(200). Consequently, this leads to a PO of out-of-plane c axis on the following Co films. The PO of magnetic layer appears to be an important factor in determining the parametric performance of the media.

Extracting the mass dependence and quantum numbers of short-range correlated pairs from A ( e , e ' p ) and A ( e , e ' p p ) scattering

DOE PAGES

Colle, C.; Hen, O.; Cosyn, W.; ...

2015-08-06

Tmore » he addition of Molybdenum was used to modify the nanostructure and enhance coercivity of rare-earth-free Zr 2Co 11-based nanocrystalline permanent magnets. he effect of Mo addition on magnetic domain structures of melt spun nanocrystalline Zr 16Co 84-xMo x( x = 0 , 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0) ribbons has been investigated. It was found that magnetic properties and local domain structures are strongly influenced by Mo doping. he coercivity of the samples increases with the increase in Mo content ( x ≤ 1.5 ). he maximum energy product ( B H ) max increases with increasing x from 0.5 MGOe for x = 0 to a maximum value of 4.2 MGOe for x = 1.5 . he smallest domain size with a relatively short magnetic correlation length of 128 nm and largest root-mean-square phase shift Φ rms value of 0.66° are observed for the x = 1.5 . he optimal Mo addition promotes magnetic domain structure refinement and thus leads to a significant increase in coercivity and energy product in this sample. MDH is primarily a dimer in solution, although an oligomeric species with a molecular mass of ~450–560 kDa forms at higher protein concentrations. A new measurement of the rare, doubly radiative decay eta->pi 0 γγ was conducted with the Crystal Ball and APS multiphoton spectrometers together with the photon tagging facility at the Mainz Microtron MAMI.« less

Extracting the mass dependence and quantum numbers of short-range correlated pairs from A ( e , e ' p ) and A ( e , e ' p p ) scattering

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Colle, C.; Hen, O.; Cosyn, W.

Tmore » he addition of Molybdenum was used to modify the nanostructure and enhance coercivity of rare-earth-free Zr 2Co 11-based nanocrystalline permanent magnets. he effect of Mo addition on magnetic domain structures of melt spun nanocrystalline Zr 16Co 84-xMo x( x = 0 , 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0) ribbons has been investigated. It was found that magnetic properties and local domain structures are strongly influenced by Mo doping. he coercivity of the samples increases with the increase in Mo content ( x ≤ 1.5 ). he maximum energy product ( B H ) max increases with increasing x from 0.5 MGOe for x = 0 to a maximum value of 4.2 MGOe for x = 1.5 . he smallest domain size with a relatively short magnetic correlation length of 128 nm and largest root-mean-square phase shift Φ rms value of 0.66° are observed for the x = 1.5 . he optimal Mo addition promotes magnetic domain structure refinement and thus leads to a significant increase in coercivity and energy product in this sample. MDH is primarily a dimer in solution, although an oligomeric species with a molecular mass of ~450–560 kDa forms at higher protein concentrations. A new measurement of the rare, doubly radiative decay eta->pi 0 γγ was conducted with the Crystal Ball and APS multiphoton spectrometers together with the photon tagging facility at the Mainz Microtron MAMI.« less

Annealing induced low coercivity, nanocrystalline Co-Fe-Si thin films exhibiting inverse cosine angular variation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hysen, T.; Al-Harthi, Salim; Al-Omari, I. A.; Geetha, P.; Lisha, R.; Ramanujan, R. V.; Sakthikumar, D.; Anantharaman, M. R.

2013-09-01

Co-Fe-Si based films exhibit high magnetic moments and are highly sought after for applications like soft under layers in perpendicular recording media to magneto-electro-mechanical sensor applications. In this work the effect of annealing on structural, morphological and magnetic properties of Co-Fe-Si thin films was investigated. Compositional analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy revealed a native oxide surface layer consisting of oxides of Co, Fe and Si on the surface. The morphology of the as deposited films shows mound like structures conforming to the Volmer-Weber growth model. Nanocrystallisation of amorphous films upon annealing was observed by glancing angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The evolution of magnetic properties with annealing is explained using the Herzer model. Vibrating sample magnetometry measurements carried out at various angles from 0° to 90° to the applied magnetic field were employed to study the angular variation of coercivity. The angular variation fits the modified Kondorsky model. Interestingly, the coercivity evolution with annealing deduced from magneto-optical Kerr effect studies indicates a reverse trend compared to magetisation observed in the bulk. This can be attributed to a domain wall pinning at native oxide layer on the surface of thin films. The evolution of surface magnetic properties is correlated with morphology evolution probed using atomic force microscopy. The morphology as well as the presence of the native oxide layer dictates the surface magnetic properties and this is corroborated by the apparent difference in the bulk and surface magnetic properties.

Self-interested agents create, maintain, and modify group-functional culture.

PubMed

Singh, Manvir; Glowacki, Luke; Wrangham, Richard W

2016-01-01

We agree that institutions and rules are crucial for explaining human sociality, but we question the claim of there not being "alternatives to CGS [that] can easily account for the institutionalized cooperation that characterizes human societies" (target article, sect. 7). Hypothesizing that self-interested individuals coercively and collaboratively create rules, we propose that agent-based hypotheses offer viable alternatives to cultural group selection (CGS).

Israel Policy is Key to Defeating Islamic Extremists: A Coercive Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

Israel Policy is Key to Defeating Islamic Extremists: A Coercive Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Distribution A : Approved for...Unfortunately, continuation of the historical US position on the issue makes continuation of the conflict a dangerous national security risk to the US. This...paper will examine the conflict in light of US national security and propose that the current administration take a new approach to resolution in

Nuclear Weapons and Coercive Escalation in Regional Conflicts: Lessons from North Korea and Pakistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-01

brinkmanship relies on apparently suicidal and self-destructive tactics. Pakistan is often described as a country that “negotiates with a gun to its own...On 13 December 2001, five militants armed with plastic explosives, suicide vests, assault rifles, and grenades infiltrated the secure perimeter...is true, it is possible that the temptation to engage in coercive escalation will become tempered over time as relatively new nuclear powers come to

Paleomagnetism of late Quaternary drift sediments off the west Antarctica Peninsula

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Channell, J. E. T.; Xuan, C.; Hillenbrand, C. D.; Larter, R. D.

2016-12-01

Natural remanant magnetization of a series of piston cores (typically 10 m in lengtth) collected during the JR298 Expedition (January-March 2015) to the west Antarctica Peninsula shows well-defined magnetic components (maximum angular deviations 1°-3°) that potentially record paleomagnetic changes at high southern latitudes. Rock magnetic experiments on the sediments conducted at room and high (up to 700°C) temperatures demonstrate the presence of a low- and a high-coercivity component (mean coercivity of 50-60 mT and 130-140 mT respectively). Paleomagnetic directions from the piston cores are primarily carried by the low-coercivity detrital (titano)magnetite, and are affected by authigenic growth of the high-coercivity maghemite. Maghematization in these sediments is attributed to the low concentrations of labile organic matter and lack of sulfate reduction in an extended oxic zone not penetrated by the piston cores. Despite the varying degree of maghematization, some of the recovered cores yield relative paleointensity (RPI) records that can be matched to a reference RPI record constructed mainly from North Atlantic cores. The resulting age models yield mean sedimentation rates of 4-12 cm/kyr for the JR298 piston cores. RPI may serve as a stratigraphic tool to date sediment cores from the region where traditional isotope stratigraphy is challenging due to the rarity of foraminiferal carbonate.

Female Genitalia Concealment Promotes Intimate Male Courtship in a Water Strider

PubMed Central

Han, Chang S.; Jablonski, Piotr G.

2009-01-01

Violent coercive mating initiation is typical for animals with sexual conflict over mating. In these species, the coevolutionary arms-race between female defenses against coercive mating and male counter-adaptations for increased mating success leads to coevolutionary chases of male and female traits that influence the mating. It has been controversial whether one of the sexes can evolve traits that allow them to “win” this arms race. Here, we use morphological analysis (traditional and scanning electron micrographs), laboratory experiments and comparative methods to show how females of a species characterized by typical coercive mating initiation appear to “win” a particular stage of the sexual conflict by evolving morphology to hide their genitalia from direct, forceful access by males. In an apparent response to the female morphological adaptation, males of this species added to their typically violent coercive mounting of the female new post-mounting, pre-copulatory courtship signals produced by tapping the water's surface with the mid-legs. These courtship signals are intimate in the sense that they are aimed at the female, on whom the male is already mounted. Females respond to the signals by exposing their hidden genitalia for copulatory intromission. Our results indicate that the apparent victory of coevolutionary arms race by one sex in terms of morphology may trigger evolution of a behavioral phenotype in the opposite sex. PMID:19516886

Regaining ownership and restoring belongingness: impact of family group conferences in coercive psychiatry.

PubMed

Meijer, Ellen; Schout, Gert; de Jong, Gideon; Abma, Tineke

2017-08-01

This study examined the impact of family group conferences on coercive treatment in adult psychiatry. Coercive treatment in psychiatry infringes the fundamental rights of clients, including the right to control their lives. A promising intervention is the family group conferences, which has the potential to prevent crises through the integration of the expertise of informal and professional networks. A responsive evaluation, including qualitative and quantitative methods, was deployed to study the process leading up to the FGC, the proceedings and the impact of the conference. From 2013-2015, 41 family group conferences were studied in three regions in the Netherlands. The impact of every conference was examined with scales (ranging from 0-10) during interviews with attendees (clients, family members, friends, mental health professionals and family group conferences coordinators) who reflected on three outcome measures: belongingness, ownership and coercion. After the family group conferences, respondents indicated a slight reduction in their experience of coercive treatment. They also mentioned an increase in ownership and belongingness. Family group conferences seems a promising intervention to reduce coercion in psychiatry. It helps to regain ownership and restores belongingness. If mental health professionals take a more active role in the pursuit of a family group conferences and reinforce the plans with their expertise, they can strengthen the impact even further. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Validating the Construct of Coercion in Family Routines: Expanding the Unit of Analysis in Behavioral Assessment with Families of Children with Developmental Disabilities

PubMed Central

Lucyshyn, Joseph M.; Irvin, Larry K.; Blumberg, E. Richard; Laverty, Robelyn; Horner, Robert H.; Sprague, Jeffrey R.

2015-01-01

We conducted an observational study of parent-child interaction in home activity settings (routines) of families raising young children with developmental disabilities and problem behavior. Our aim was to empirically investigate the construct validity of coercion in typical but unsuccessful family routines. The long-term goal was to develop an expanded ecological unit of analysis that may contribute to sustainable behavioral family intervention. Ten children with autism and/or mental retardation and their families participated. Videotaped observations were conducted in typical but unsuccessful home routines. Parent-child interaction in routines was coded in real time and sequential analyses were conducted to test hypotheses about coercive processes. Following observation, families were interviewed about the social validity of the construct. Results confirmed the presence of statistically significant, attention-driven coercive processes in routines in which parents were occupied with non-child centered tasks. Results partially confirmed the presence of escape-driven coercive processes in routines in which parent demands are common. Additional analysis revealed an alternative pattern with greater magnitude. Family perspectives suggested the social validity of the construct. Results are discussed in terms of preliminary, partial evidence for coercive processes in routines of families of children with developmental disabilities. Implications for behavioral assessment and intervention design are discussed. PMID:26321883

Abnormal variation of magnetic properties with Ce content in (PrNdCe)2Fe14B sintered magnets prepared by dual alloy method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xue-Feng, Zhang; Jian-Ting, Lan; Zhu-Bai, Li; Yan-Li, Liu; Le-Le, Zhang; Yong-Feng, Li; Qian, Zhao

2016-05-01

Resource-saving (PrNdCe)2Fe14B sintered magnets with nominal composition (PrNd)15-x Ce x Fe77B8 (x = 0-10) were prepared using a dual alloy method by mixing (PrNd)5Ce10Fe77B8 with (PrNd)15Fe77B8 powders. For Ce atomic percent of 1% and 2%, coercivity decreases dramatically. With further increase of Ce atomic percent, the coercivity increases, peaks at 6.38 kOe in (PrNd)11Ce4Fe77B8, and then declines gradually. The abnormal dependence of coercivity is likely related to the inhomogeneity of rare earth chemical composition in the intergranular phase, where PrNd concentration is strongly dependent on the additive amount of (PrNd)5Ce10Fe77B8 powders. In addition, for Ce atomic percent of 8%, 7%, and 6% the coercivity is higher than that of magnets prepared by the conventional method, which shows the advantage of the dual alloy method in preparing high abundant rare earth magnets. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51461033, 51571126, 51541105, and 11547032), the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia, China (Grant No. 2013MS0110), and the Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Innovation Fund, China.

Evolution of magnetic properties in the vicinity of the Verwey transition in Fe3O4 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, X. H.; Liu, W.; Zhang, Z. D.

2017-09-01

We have systematically studied the evolution of magnetic properties, especially the coercivity and the remanence ratio in the vicinity of the Verwey transition temperature (TV), of high-quality epitaxial Fe3O4 thin films grown on MgO (001), MgAl2O4 (MAO) (001), and SrTiO3 (STO) (001) substrates. We observed rapid change of magnetization, coercivity, and remanence ratio at TV, which are consistent with the behaviors of resistivity versus temperature [ρ (T )] curves for the different thin films. In particular, we found quite different magnetic behaviors for the thin films on MgO from those on MAO and STO, in which the domain size and the strain state play very important roles. The coercivity is mainly determined by the domain size but the demagnetization process is mainly dependent on the strain state. Furthermore, we observed a reversal of remanence ratio at TV with thickness for the thin films grown on MgO: from a rapid enhancement for 40-nm- to a sharp drop for 200-nm-thick film, and the critical thickness is about 80 nm. Finally, we found an obvious hysteretic loop of coercivity (or remanence ratio) with temperature around TV, corresponding to the hysteretic loop of the ρ (T ) curve, in Fe3O4 thin film grown on MgO.

Transportation legislative data base : state radioactive materials transportation statute compilation, 1989-1993

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1994-04-30

The Transportation Legislative Data Base (TLDB) is a computer-based information service containing summaries of federal, state and certain local government statutes and regulations relating to the transportation of radioactive materials in the United...

Can “Model Projects of Need-Adapted Care” Reduce Involuntary Hospital Treatment and the Use of Coercive Measures?

PubMed Central

Wullschleger, Alexandre; Berg, Jürgen; Bermpohl, Felix; Montag, Christiane

2018-01-01

Intensive outpatient models of need-adapted psychiatric care have been shown to reduce the length of hospital stays and to improve retention in care for people with severe mental illnesses. In contrast, evidence regarding the impact of such models on involuntary hospital treatment and other coercive measures in inpatient settings is still sparse, although these represent important indicators of the patients' wellbeing. In Germany, intensive models of care still have not been routinely implemented, and their effectiveness within the German psychiatric system is only studied in a few pioneering regions. An innovative model of flexible, assertive, need-adapted care established in Berlin, Germany, in 2014, treating unselected 14% of the catchment area's patients, was evaluated on the basis of routine clinical data. Records of n = 302 patients diagnosed with severe mental disorders, who had been hospitalized at least once during a 4-year-observational period, were analyzed in a retrospective individual mirror-image design, comparing the 2 years before and after inclusion in the model project regarding the time spent in hospital, the number and duration of involuntary hospital treatments and the use of direct coercive interventions like restraint or isolation. After inclusion to the project, patients spent significantly less time in hospital. Among patients treated on acute wards and patients with a diagnosis of psychosis, the number of patients subjected to provisional detention due to acute endangerment of self or others decreased significantly, as did the time spent under involuntary hospital treatment. The number of patients subjected to mechanical restraint, but not to isolation, on the ward decreased significantly, while the total number of coercive interventions remained unchanged. Findings suggest some potential of intensive models of need-adapted care to reduce coercive interventions in psychiatry. However, results must be substantiated by evidence from randomized-controlled trials and longer observation periods. PMID:29765339

A 37,000-year environmental magnetic record of aeolian dust deposition from Burial Lake, Arctic Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorfman, J. M.; Stoner, J. S.; Finkenbinder, M. S.; Abbott, M. B.; Xuan, C.; St-Onge, G.

2015-11-01

Environmental magnetism and radiocarbon dating of Burial Lake sediments constrain the timing and magnitude of regional aeolian deposition for the Noatak region of western Arctic Alaska for the last ∼37,000 years. Burial Lake (68.43°N, 159.17°W, 21.5 m water depth) is optimally located to monitor regional dust deposition because it is perched above local drainage and isolated from glacial processes. Cores collected in the summer of 2010 were studied through the application of magnetizations and progressive alternating field (AF) demagnetization of u-channel samples, with additional data provided by computed tomography (CT) derived density, hysteresis measurements, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition experiments, organic carbon content, biogenic silica, physical grain size, radiocarbon dating of wood, seeds, and plant macrofossils, point source magnetic susceptibility, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). With similar magnetic properties to regional Alaskan loess deposits, low coercivity, highly magnetic material deposited during the late-Pleistocene contrasts with a high coercivity, weakly magnetic component found throughout the record, consistent with locally-derived detritus. The relative proportion of low coercivity to high coercivity magnetic material, defined by the S-Ratios, is used to reconstruct the regional input of dust to the basin over time. A four-fold decrease in the low coercivity component through the deglacial transition is interpreted to reflect diminished dust input to the region. Comparisons with potential sources of dust show that the timing of deposition in Burial Lake is largely consistent with general aridity, lack of vegetative cover, and increased windiness, rather than glacial advances or retreats. The influence from subaerial exposure of continental shelves cannot be ruled out as a significant far-field source of dust to interior Alaska during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), but is unlikely to have been the sole source, or to have contributed to increased dust in both the early and late Holocene.

The augmented Lagrangian method for parameter estimation in elliptic systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ito, Kazufumi; Kunisch, Karl

1990-01-01

In this paper a new technique for the estimation of parameters in elliptic partial differential equations is developed. It is a hybrid method combining the output-least-squares and the equation error method. The new method is realized by an augmented Lagrangian formulation, and convergence as well as rate of convergence proofs are provided. Technically the critical step is the verification of a coercivity estimate of an appropriately defined Lagrangian functional. To obtain this coercivity estimate a seminorm regularization technique is used.

Single Spin Readout for the Silicon-Based Quantum Computer

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-03

cantilever unlike softer magnetic materi- als such as Co and NiFe . Therefore fabrication of high coercivity magnets are different from the techniques...not suitable for batch fabrication. However the advanta- geous physical properties of the resulting probe magnet outweigh the ease of fabrication of...studying the magnetic properties of these tiny moment micromagnets as a prerequisite to their successful development. We have developed a sen- sitive

The Requirement for U.S. Army Special Forces to Conduct Interrogation

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

SCHARFF .............93  APPENDIX D.  “SUGGESTIONS FOR JAPANESE INTERPRETERS BASED ON WORK IN THE FIELD” BY SHERWOOD MORAN ...............107  INITIAL...reluctant to risk their men simply to capture Japanese soldiers—soldiers they were convinced would never disclose valuable intelligence.44 Through a...only the most severe coercive measures of interrogation would convince a captured Japanese soldier to divulge information. Moran believed “strong

Perceptions Among Psychiatric Staff of Creating a Therapeutic Alliance With Patients on Community Treatment Orders.

PubMed

Jansson, Susanne; Fridlund, Bengt

2016-10-01

A therapeutic alliance with a continuing collaboration between a patient and psychiatric staff is a resource for helping patients cope with the demands of coercive legislation. Knowledge exists describing coercion in inpatient care while the knowledge regarding the perceptions of creating a therapeutic alliance with patients on Community Treatment Orders (CTO) among psychiatric staff is scarce. To describe perceptions among psychiatric staff of creating a therapeutic alliance with patients on CTOs, an exploratory design using a phenomenographic method was employed. Thirteen semi-structured audio-taped interviews were conducted with psychiatric staff responsible for patients on CTOs. The staff worked in five different outpatient clinics and the interviews were conducted at their workplaces. The analysis resulted in in four metaphors: the persevering psychiatric staff, the learning psychiatric staff, the participating psychiatric staff, and the motivating psychiatric staff. Patients on CTOs were more time-consuming for psychiatric staff in care and treatment. Long-term planning is required in which the creation of a therapeutic alliance entails the patient gradually gaining greater self-awareness and wanting to visit the outpatient clinic. The professional-patient relationship is essential and if a therapeutic alliance is not created, the patient's continued care and treatment in the community is vulnerable.

Influence of cobalt doping on structural and magnetic properties of BiFeO3 nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, U.; Adeela, N.; Javed, K.; Riaz, S.; Ali, H.; Iqbal, M.; Han, X. F.; Naseem, S.

2015-11-01

Nanocrystalline cobalt-doped bismuth ferrites with general formula of BiFe1- δ Co δ O3 (0 ≤ δ ≤ 0.1) have been synthesized using solution evaporation method. Structure and phase identification was performed with X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The results confirm the formation of rhombohedral-distorted Perovskite structure with R3c symmetry. A decrease in lattice parameters and an increase in X-ray density have been observed with increasing cobalt concentration in BiFeO3. Particle size determined by transmission electron microscope was in good agreement with XRD, i.e., 39 nm. Room-temperature coercivity and saturation magnetization of nanoparticles were increased up to 7.5 % of cobalt doping. Low-temperature magnetic measurements of selected sample showed increasing behavior in saturation magnetization, coercivity, effective magnetic moments, and anisotropy constant. An increase in coercivity with decrease in temperature followed theoretical model of Kneller's law, while modified Bloch's model was employed for saturation magnetization in temperature range of 5-300 K.

Anisotropy of the ferromagnetic L10 phase in the Mn-Al-C alloys induced by high-pressure spark plasma sintering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tyrman, Muriel; Ahmim, Smail; Pasko, Alexandre; Etgens, Victor; Mazaleyrat, Frédéric; Quetel-Weben, Simon; Perrière, Loïc; Guillot, Ivan

2018-05-01

The metastable τ-phase of MnAl equi-atomic compound belongs to a family of ferromagnetic alloys with L10 crystal structure. Stabilization of the phase by adding 2 at. % using manganese carbide (Mn23C6) enhances the magnetization in relation with the increase in lattice volume. It is thus a promising candidate for rare-earth-free permanent magnets. Coercivity of Mn-Al-C alloys being still weak, there is an interest to see to which extend sintering/transformation of the ɛ-phase by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) can increase the coercivity and the anisotropy. The structural and the magnetic properties were studied for samples sintered at 550 °C under uniaxial pressure of 100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa. Coercivity, remanence and anistotropy appears with the sintering pressure. The high pressure applied while sintering produces preferential orientation of the flake-shaped grains which influences the remanence.

Investigation of fatigue behavior of Pb(Zr0.45Ti0.55)O3 thin films under asymmetric polarization switching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Hui; Chen, Yueyuan; Chu, Daping; Feng, Shiwei; Zhang, Yingqiao; Wang, Pengfei

2016-09-01

The fatigue of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films was measured under repetitive switching using asymmetric square waves. The remnant polarization and coercive voltage were found to present regular changes in the initial 10 s, independent of the asymmetry or frequency of switching waves. We attributed the change to the relaxation of stress in the film and identified a coercive voltage V 0 of 0.6 V for the stress-free film. By comparing the coercive voltage and V 0, we found that a built-in electric field was induced by asymmetric switching, where the direction and magnitude were dependent on the degree of waveform asymmetry. Furthermore, the fatigue speed was suggested to be closely related to the generation rate of oxygen vacancies. It was confirmed by our result that a faster decay of remnant polarization can be obtained by applying square waves with a higher degree of asymmetry or symmetry of square waves with a lower frequency.

Enhancement of the coercivity in Co-Ni layered double hydroxides by increasing basal spacing.

PubMed

Zhang, Cuijuan; Tsuboi, Tomoya; Namba, Hiroaki; Einaga, Yasuaki; Yamamoto, Takashi

2016-09-14

The magnetic properties of layered double hydroxides (LDH) containing transition metal ions can still develop, compared with layered metal hydroxide salts which exhibit structure-dependent magnetism. In this article, we report the preparation of a hybrid magnet composed of Co-Ni LDH and n-alkylsulfonate anions (Co-Ni-CnSO3 LDH). As Co-Ni LDH is anion-exchangeable, we can systematically control the interlayer spacing by intercalating n-alkylsulfonates with different carbon numbers. The magnetic properties were examined with temperature- and field-dependent magnetization measurements. As a result, we have revealed that the coercive field depends on the basal spacing. It is suggested that increasing the basal spacing varies the competition between the in-plane superexchange interactions and long-range out-of-plane dipolar interactions. Moreover, a jump in the coercive field at around 20 Å of the basal spacing is assumed to be the modification of the magnetic ordering in Co-Ni-CnSO3 LDH.

Improved thermal stability of TbF3-coated sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by electrophoretic deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, X. J.; Chen, L.; Guo, S.; Di, J. H.; Ding, G. F.; Chen, R. J.; Yan, A. R.; Chen, K. Z.

2018-05-01

Using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method, the impact of TbF3 diffusion on the coercivity, microstructure and thermal stability of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets with different rare earth (RE) content was investigated. In the diffused magnets with the RE content of 34 wt.%, the maximum coercivity about 28.12 kOe with less than 1.44 wt.% Tb was achieved, the coercivity temperature coefficient (β) was improved to -0.50 %/°C from -0.58 %/°C within the temperature interval 25-160 °C, and the maximum operating temperature further increased to about 160 °C. It suggested that TbF3 diffused magnets had much superior thermal stability than the annealed samples. This was attributed to the formation of the Tb-rich (Nd, Tb)2Fe14B phase in the outer region of the matrix grains and the improved Nd-rich grain boundary phase after TbF3 diffusion.

Child abuse and its legislation: the global picture.

PubMed

Cutland, Michelle

2012-08-01

Amid the high income nations the first recognisable child abuse society was founded in the late 19th century in North America, but it was a century before the first global rights-based legislation in the form of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) came into play. In isolation, international legislation is insufficient to protect children but becoming party to international law sends a clear signal to the community and stakeholders that a country is committed to ensuring child protection. Incorporating and implementing the UNCRC and other child protection based legislation on a global scale is not without difficulty and there are many obstacles to fulfilling its principles and monitoring its progress. The author reviews the global pandemic of violence against children and provides an overview of the legislation that has evolved over the last century in response to it. The author also seeks to examine some of the practical difficulties and limitations in implementing global child abuse legislation with reference to three important areas: the prohibition of violence, professional capacity enhancement, and data collection and research. The role of the paediatrician is also discussed in applying a rights-based approach to promoting global child protection.

Insights into magmatic processes and hydrothermal alteration of in situ superfast spreading ocean crust at ODP/IODP site 1256 from a cluster analysis of rock magnetic properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dekkers, Mark J.; Heslop, David; Herrero-Bervera, Emilio; Acton, Gary; Krasa, David

2014-08-01

We analyze magnetic properties from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)/Integrated ODP (IODP) Hole 1256D (6°44.1' N, 91°56.1' W) on the Cocos Plate in ˜15.2 Ma oceanic crust generated by superfast seafloor spreading, the only drill hole that has sampled all three oceanic crust layers in a tectonically undisturbed setting. Fuzzy c-means cluster analysis and nonlinear mapping are utilized to study down-hole trends in the ratio of the saturation remanent magnetization and the saturation magnetization, the coercive force, the ratio of the remanent coercive force and coercive force, the low-field magnetic susceptibility, and the Curie temperature, to evaluate the effects of magmatic and hydrothermal processes on magnetic properties. A statistically robust five cluster solution separates the data predominantly into three clusters that express increasing hydrothermal alteration of the lavas, which differ from two distinct clusters mainly representing the dikes and gabbros. Extensive alteration can obliterate magnetic property differences between lavas, dikes, and gabbros. The imprint of thermochemical alteration on the iron-titanium oxides is only partially related to the porosity of the rocks. Thus, the analysis complements interpretation based on electrofacies analysis. All clusters display rock magnetic characteristics compatible with an ability to retain a stable natural remanent magnetization suggesting that the entire sampled sequence of ocean crust can contribute to marine magnetic anomalies. Paleointensity determination is difficult because of the propensity of oxyexsolution during laboratory heating and/or the presence of intergrowths. The upper part of the extrusive sequence, the granoblastic dikes, and moderately altered gabbros may contain a comparatively uncontaminated thermoremanent magnetization.

Influence of La content on magnetic properties of Cu doped M-type strontium hexaferrite: Structural, magnetic, and Mossbauer spectroscopy study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghimire, M.; Yoon, S.; Wang, L.; Neupane, D.; Alam, J.; Mishra, S. R.

2018-05-01

The present study investigates the influence of Cu2+ and La3+-Cu2+ doping on the magnetic properties of Sr1-xLaxFe12-xCuxO19 (x = 0.0-0.5) hexaferrite (SrM) compounds. The samples were prepared via facile autocombustion technique followed by sintering. X-ray powder diffraction patterns show the formation of the pure phase of M-type hexaferrite for all x. Invariance in lattice parameters was observed with only Cu2+ substitution while lattice contraction along c-axis was observed with co-doping La3+-Cu2+ in SrM. The magnetic property of these compounds is explained based on Cu2+ occupancy in the absence and presence of La3+ in SrM magnetoplumbite structure. The Cu2+ doped SrFe12-xCuxO19 sample showed a monotonic decrease in Ms value while La3+-Cu2+ showed a noticeable increase in Ms value with x. Furthermore, while coercivity of Cu2+ doped SrM reduced with x, the coercivity of La3+-Cu2+ doped SrM showed a marked 12% increase in coercivity at x = 0.1 (Hc = 4391 Oe) from that of x = 0.0 (3918 Oe). Interestingly, Cu2+ doped SrM displayed invariance in Tc ∼ 458.6 °C with x, while La3+-Cu2+ doping reduced Tc by 5% from its x = 0 (Tc = 451.9 °C) to 429.6 °C. The room temperature Mossbauer spectral analysis confirmed a Cu2+ preference for the 12k site and its occupancy is observed to be influenced by the presence of La3+ ion at the Sr2+ site.

Lived experience of involuntary transport under mental health legislation.

PubMed

Bradbury, Joanne; Hutchinson, Marie; Hurley, John; Stasa, Helen

2017-12-01

Police have historically been responsible for transporting people during a mental health crisis in Australia. A major change to the New South Wales (NSW) Mental Health Act (MHA) in 2007 expanded the range of coercive transportation agencies to include NSW Ambulance (paramedics) and NSW Health (mental health nurses). Anecdotal reports, however, describe a lack of clarity around how these changes should be implemented in practice. This research aims to explore this lack of clarity through qualitative analysis of interviews with people with the lived experience of involuntary transport under the MHA. Sixteen interviews were conducted; most (n = 14) interviews in northern NSW regions: six with people who had been transported (consumers), four with carers, and six with service providers (two police, one paramedic, and three mental health nurses). For consumers and carers, the police response was often perceived as too intense, particularly if the person was not violent. Carers were often conflicted by having to call for emergency intervention. Service providers were frustrated by a lack of a coordinated interagency response, resourcing issues, delays at emergency departments, and lack of adequate training. A central theme across all groups was the importance of communication styles. As one participant (consumer) said: 'Everybody needs a lesson in kindness'. All groups agreed that high-risk situations necessitate police involvement. However, invocation of the MHA during a high-risk situation is fraught with stress and difficulties, leaving little room for empathetic communications. Effective and diverse, evidence-based, early intervention strategies - both consensual and non-consensual - are necessary to reduce the requirement for police involvement in mental health transports. © 2016 Australian College of Mental Health Nurses Inc.

Investigation of the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B based hard magnetic materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grössinger, R.; Hilscher, G.; Kirchmayr, H.; Sassik, H.; Strnat, R.; Wiesinger, G.

1985-05-01

Nd-Fe-B type magnets were prepared by a melt spinning technique. The resulting ribbons were used as starting material for plastic bonded aligned powder magnets. The hard magnetic properties were studied in static fields up to 50 kG as well as in pulsed fields up to 150 kG. The coercivity measured on ribbons ( 1H' c) was found for high values to be larger than that obtained from the plastic bonded magnets ( 1Hc), which we attribute to the influence of the grinding procedure. The anisotropy field HA determined by applying the SPD (Singular Point Detection) technique, was found (for υ < 13 m/s) to depend strongly on the wheel velocity υ, however for velocities exceeding this value, HA remained essentially constant (∼ 75 kG). Mössbauer spectra were recorded at room as well as at liquid helium temperature. The different shape of the respective spectra reflects the change of the easy axis with temperature. A phase analysis performed by computer fitting the spectra showed that the amount of Fe-precipitates influences the formation of the coercivity.

Preparation and characterization of SiO2-coated submicron-sized L10 Fe-Pt particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hayashi, Yoshiaki; Ogawa, Tomoyuki; Ishiyama, Kazushi

2018-05-01

The development of magnets with higher performance is attracting increasing interest. The optimization of their microstructure is essential to enhance their properties, and a microstructure comprising magnetically isolated hard magnetic grains of a single-domain size has been proposed as an ideal structure for enhancing the coercivity of magnets. To obtain magnets with an ideal structure, we consider the fabrication of magnets by an approach based on core/shell nanoparticles with a hard magnetic core and a non-magnetic shell. In this study, to obtain particles for our proposed approach, we attempted to fabricate L10 Fe-Pt/SiO2-core/shell particles with submicron-sized cores less than the critical single-domain size. The fabrication of such core/shell particles was confirmed from morphology observations and XRD analysis of the particles. Although the formation of more desirable core/shell particles with submicron-sized single-crystal cores in the single-domain size range was not achieved, the fabricated core/shell particles showed a high coercivity of 25 kOe.

Effect of film thickness on soft magnetic behavior of Fe2CoSi Heusler alloy for spin transfer torque device applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asvini, V.; Saravanan, G.; Kalaiezhily, R. K.; Raja, M. Manivel; Ravichandran, K.

2018-04-01

Fe2CoSi based Heusler alloy thin films were deposited on Si (111) wafer (substrate) of varying thickness using ultra high vacuum DC magnetron sputtering. The structural behavior was observed and found to be hold the L21 structure. The deposited thin films were characterized magnetic properties using vibrating sample magnetometer; the result shows a very high saturated magnetization (Ms), lowest coercivity (Hc), high curie transition temperature (Tc) and low hysteresis loss. Thin film thickness of 75 nm Fe2CoSi sample maintained at substrate temperature 450°C shows the lowest coercivity (Hc=7 Oe). In general, Fe2CoSi Heusler alloys curie transition temperature is very high, due to strong exchange interaction between the Fe and Co atoms. The substrate temperature was kept constant at 450°C for varying thickness (e.g. 5, 20, 50, 75 and 100 nm) of thin film sample. The 75 nm thickness thin film sample shows well crystallanity and good magnetic properties, further squareness ratio in B-H loop increases with the increase in film thickness.

Nanosphere lithography applied to magnetic thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gleason, Russell

Magnetic nanostructures have widespread applications in many areas of physics and engineering, and nanosphere lithography has recently emerged as promising tool for the fabrication of such nanostructures. The goal of this research is to explore the magnetic properties of a thin film of ferromagnetic material deposited onto a hexagonally close-packed monolayer array of polystyrene nanospheres, and how they differ from the magnetic properties of a typical flat thin film. The first portion of this research focuses on determining the optimum conditions for depositing a monolayer of nanospheres onto chemically pretreated silicon substrates (via drop-coating) and the subsequent characterization of the deposited nanosphere layer with scanning electron microscopy. Single layers of permalloy (Ni80Fe20) are then deposited on top of the nanosphere array via DC magnetron sputtering, resulting in a thin film array of magnetic nanocaps. The coercivities of the thin films are measured using a home-built magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) system in longitudinal arrangement. MOKE measurements show that for a single layer of permalloy (Py), the coercivity of a thin film deposited onto an array of nanospheres increases compared to that of a flat thin film. In addition, the coercivity increases as the nanosphere size decreases for the same deposited layer. It is postulated that magnetic exchange decoupling between neighboring nanocaps suppresses the propagation of magnetic domain walls, and this pinning of the domain walls is thought to be the primary source of the increase in coercivity.

Staff's attitudes and reactions towards aggressive behaviour of clients with intellectual disabilities: a multi-level study.

PubMed

Knotter, Maartje H; Wissink, Inge B; Moonen, Xavier M H; Stams, Geert-Jan J M; Jansen, Gerard J

2013-05-01

Data were collected from 121 staff members (20 direct support staff teams) on background characteristics of the individual staff members and their teams (gender, age, years of work experience, position and education), the frequency and form of aggression of clients with an intellectual disability (verbal or physical), staff members' attitudes towards aggression, and the types of behavioural interventions they executed (providing personal space and behavioural boundary-setting, restricting freedom and the use of coercive measures). Additionally, client group characteristics (age of clients, type of care and client's level of intellectual disability) were assessed. Multilevel analyses (individual and contextual level) were performed to examine the relations between all studied variables and the behavioural interventions. The results showed that for providing personal space and behavioural boundary-setting as well as for restricting freedom, the proportion of variance explained by the context (staff team and client group characteristics) was three times larger than the proportion of variance explained by individual staff member characteristics. For using coercive measures, the context even accounted for 66% of the variance, whereas only 8% was explained by individual staff member characteristics. A negative attitude towards aggression of the direct support team as a whole proved to be an especially strong predictor of using coercive measures. To diminish the use of coercive measures, interventions should therefore be directed towards influencing the attitude of direct support teams instead of individual staff members. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Magnetic properties of the ammonolysis product of α-Fe powder containing a small amount of aluminum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tsugawa, Yuta; Maubuchi, Yuji; Motohashi, Teruki

2015-02-15

Magnetite was prepared containing a small amount of aluminum and its nitride was generated through low temperature ammonolysis following reduction under hydrogen. The nitrided product was determined by XRD to be a mixture of “α″-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2}” having a slightly deformed crystal structure from α″-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2} and the residual α-Fe. Magnetic coercivity of the mixture was decreased from the value of 150 mT obtained for the nitride product made without aluminum, due to the precipitation of nonmagnetic amorphous alumina in the low temperature nitrided bcc (Fe{sub 1−x}Al{sub x}) with x≤0.03. The aluminum-doped nitride product in which the “α″-Fe{sub 16}N{submore » 2}” fraction was 30 at% exhibited magnetization at 1.5 T of approximately 200 Am{sup 2}kg{sup −1} at room temperature and its magnetic coercivity was 20 mT. - Graphical abstract: Magnetic iron nitride particles were separated by nonmagnetic amorphous γ-alumina. Magnetic coercivity was decreased by reducing the magnetic interaction between the particles. - Highlights: • Magnetic coercivity decreased in α”-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2} like compound as a soft magnet. • Small amount of Al addition was effective in its preparation. • Magnetic interaction decreased between the “α”-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2}” particles.« less

Magnetic properties and coercivity mechanism of Sm{sub 1-x}Pr{sub x}Co{sub 5} (x=0-0.6) nanoflakes prepared by surfactant-assisted ball milling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, M. L.; Yue, M., E-mail: yueming@bjut.edu.cn; Wu, Q.

2016-05-15

Sm{sub 1-x}Pr{sub x}Co{sub 5} (x=0-0.6) nanoflakes with CaCu{sub 5} structure were successfully prepared by surfactant-assisted high-energy ball milling (SAHEBM). The crystal structure and magnetic properties of Sm{sub 1-x}Pr{sub x}Co{sub 5} (x=0-0.6) nanoflakes were studied by X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer. Effects of Pr addition on the structure, magnetic properties and coercivity mechanism of Sm{sub 1-x}Pr{sub x}Co{sub 5} nanoflakes were systematically investigated. XRD results show that all the nanoflakes have a hexagonal CaCu{sub 5}-type (Sm, Pr){sub 1}Co{sub 5} main phase and the (Sm, Pr){sub 2}Co{sub 7} impurity phase, and all of the samples exhibit a strong (00l) texture after magneticmore » alignment. As the Pr content increases, remanence firstly increases, then slightly reduced, while anisotropy field (H{sub A}) and H{sub ci} of decrease monotonically. Maximum energy product [(BH){sub max}] of the flakes increases first, peaks at 24.4 MGOe with Pr content of x = 0.4, then drops again. Magnetization behavior analysis indicate that the coercivity mechanism is mainly controlled by inhomogeneous domain wall pinning, and the pinning strength weakens with the increased Pr content, suggesting the great influence of H{sub A} on the coercivity of flakes.« less

Influence of dipolar interactions on the angular-dependent coercivity of nickel nanocylinders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bender, P.; Krämer, F.; Tschöpe, A.; Birringer, R.

2015-04-01

In this study the influence of dipolar interactions on the orientation-dependent magnetization behavior of an ensemble of single-domain nickel nanorods was investigated. The rods were synthesized by electrodeposition of nickel into porous alumina templates. Some of the rods were released from the oxide and embedded in gelatine hydrogels (ferrogel) at a sufficiently large average interparticle distance to suppress dipolar interactions. By comparing the orientation-dependent hystereses of the two ensembles in the template and the gel-matrix it could be shown that the dipolar interactions in the template considerably alter the functional form of the angular-dependent coercivity. Analysis of the magnetization curves for an angle of 60° between the rod-axes and the field revealed a significantly reduced coercivity of the template compared to the ferrogel, which could be directly attributed to a stray field induced magnetization reversal of a steadily increasing number of rods with increasing field strength. The magnetization curve of the template could be approximated by a weighted linear superposition of the hysteresis branches of the ferrogel. The magnetization reversal process of the rods was investigated by analyzing the angular-dependent coercivity of the non-interacting nanorods. Comparison of the functional form with analytical models and micromagnetic simulations emphasized the assumption of a localized magnetization reversal. Additionally, it could be shown that the nucleation field of rods with diameters in the range 18-29 nm tends to increase with increasing diameter.

Ion irradiation induced effects and magnetization reversal mechanism in (Ni80Fe20)1-xCox nanowires and nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Naeem; Iqbal, Javed; Chen, J. Y.; Hussain, Asim; Shi, D. W.; Han, X. F.

2015-03-01

The effect of Co on the ferromagnetic characteristics of the Ni80Fe20 nanocylinders having zero magnetostriction and soft magnetic nature is an interesting field of research. The (Ni80Fe20)1-xCox nanocylinders have been prepared by electrodeposition into commercially available anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) nanoporous templates. The analysis of magnetization reversal from the angular dependence of coercivity has been studied in detail. This angular dependence of coercivity has shown a transition from curling to nucleation mode as a function of field angle for all (Ni80Fe20)1-xCox nanocylinders depending upon the critical angle. The shape anisotropy, dipole-dipole interactions, surface effects and magnetocrystalline anisotropy have been found to play an effective role for the spontaneous magnetization in nanowires and nanotubes. It has been interestingly observed that the magnetostatic interactions or dipole-dipole interactions are dominant in nanocylinders regardless of its geometry. Furthermore, the prepared samples have been irradiated with He2+ ions (energy E=2 MeV, fluence=1014 ions/cm2 and ion current=16 nA) at room temperature using a 5-UDH-2pelletron tandem accelerator. The irradiations have created defects and these defects have induced changes in magnetization as a result an increase in coercivity as function of the ion fluences is observed. Such kind of behavior in coercivity enhancement and magnetization reduction can also be attributed to the stress relaxation and percolation in nonuniform states of ferromagnetic alloys, respectively.

High coercivity Gd-substituted Ba hexaferrites, prepared by chemical coprecipitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Litsardakis, G.; Manolakis, I.; Serletis, C.; Efthimiadis, K. G.

2008-04-01

A series of Gd-substituted Ba hexaferrites with nominal formula (Ba1-xGdx)Oṡ5.25 Fe2O3 (x=0-0.30) were prepared by the chemical coprecipitation method from nitrate precursors and heating at T =800-1200°C for 2h. The samples have been examined by x-ray diffraction, vibrating-sample magnetometer, and scanning electron microscopy methods. Gd substituted samples form single phase materials with the M-type hexaferrite structure at all heating temperatures, in the range of x ⩽0.10-0.20. The saturation magnetization (at 1.8T) varies slightly with x in most cases and, for x =0.05-0.10, it increases up to 66.7Am2/kg, exceeding the value of the unsubstituted hexaferrite. A strong enhancement of the coercivity is observed for all substituted samples, with maximum values Hc=457kA/m for the single-phase x =0.10 sample annealed at 1000°C and Hc=477kA/m for the x =0.25 sample annealed at 1100°C which contains Fe2O3 and GdFeO3 impurities. As the variation of coercivity with either substitution rate (x ) or annealing temperature is not monotonic, three different factors may account for the high coercivities that are obtained: (a) an inhibition of grain growth due to the presence of Gd, (b) a possible inherent effect on magnetocrystalline anisotropy, especially for single phase samples, and (c) a microstructural effect of secondary phases.

Experiences of coercion to sterilize and forced sterilization among women living with HIV in Latin America

PubMed Central

Kendall, Tamil; Albert, Claire

2015-01-01

Introduction Forced and coerced sterilization is an internationally recognized human rights violation reported by women living with HIV (WLHIV) around the globe. Forced sterilization occurs when a person is sterilized without her knowledge or informed consent. Coerced sterilization occurs when misinformation, intimidation tactics, financial incentives or access to health services or employment are used to compel individuals to accept the procedure. Methods Drawing on community-based research with 285 WLHIV from four Latin American countries (El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua), we conduct thematic qualitative analysis of reports of how and when healthcare providers pressured women to sterilize and multivariate logistic regression to assess whether social and economic characteristics and fertility history were associated with pressure to sterilize. Results A quarter (23%) of the participant WLHIV experienced pressure to sterilize post-diagnosis. WLHIV who had a pregnancy during which they (and their healthcare providers) knew their HIV diagnosis were almost six times more likely to experience coercive or forced sterilization than WLHIV who did not have a pregnancy with a known diagnosis (OR 5.66 CI 95% 2.35–13.58 p≤0.001). WLHIV reported that healthcare providers told them that living with HIV annulled their right to choose the number and spacing of their children and their contraceptive method, employed misinformation about the consequences of a subsequent pregnancy for women's and children's health, and denied medical services needed to prevent vertical (mother-to-child) HIV transmission to coerce women into accepting sterilization. Forced sterilization was practiced during caesarean delivery. Conclusions The experiences of WLHIV indicate that HIV-related stigma and discrimination by healthcare providers is a primary driver of coercive and forced sterilization. WLHIV are particularly vulnerable when seeking maternal health services. Health worker training on HIV and reproductive rights, improving counselling on HIV and sexual and reproductive health for WLHIV, providing State mechanisms to investigate and sanction coercive and forced sterilization, and strengthening civil society to increase WLHIV's capacity to resist coercion to sterilize can contribute to preventing coercive and forced sterilization. Improved access to judicial and non-judicial mechanisms to procure justice for women who have experienced reproductive rights violations is also needed. PMID:25808633

Realization of High-Temperature Superconductivity in Nano-Carbon Materials and Its Power Application

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-12

is very attractive issue for any societies and people. Various kinds of superconductors have been discovered so far; e.g., CuO2-based SC with high-Tc...Br × 2) is 0.2 B and the loop width at zero magnetic moment (coercivity Hc × 2) is 260 gauss. 6 attributed not to defects( disorder ), which...Publishers, Inc 2012) In printing 10. J.Haruyama, “Superconductivity in carbon nantoubes” in “Carbon-based new superconductors ; Toward high Tc” edited

Autopsy issues in German Federal Republic transplantation legislation until 1997.

PubMed

Schweikardt, Christoph

2014-01-01

This article analyzes the relevance of autopsy issues for German Federal Republic transplantation legislation until 1997 against the background of legal traditions and the distribution of constitutional legislative powers. It is based on Federal Ministry of Justice records and German Parliament documents on transplantation legislation. Transplantation and autopsy legislation started with close ties in the 1970s. Viewing transplantation legislation as relevant for future autopsy regulation contributed to the decision to stall transplantation legislation, because the interests of the federal government and the medical profession converged to avoid subsequent restrictions on the practice of conducting autopsies and procuring tissues for transplantation. Sublegal norms were insufficient for the prosecution of the organ trade and area-wide transplantation regulation after the reunification of Germany. In contrast to autopsy issues, legislative power for transplantation issues was extended to the federal level by an amendment to the constitution, allowing decision making for Germany as a whole.

Evidence and argument in policymaking: development of workplace smoking legislation

PubMed Central

Apollonio, Dorie E; Bero, Lisa A

2009-01-01

Background We sought to identify factors that affect the passage of public health legislation by examining the use of arguments, particularly arguments presenting research evidence, in legislative debates regarding workplace smoking restrictions. Methods We conducted a case-study based content analysis of legislative materials used in the development of six state workplace smoking laws, including written and spoken testimony and the text of proposed and passed bills and amendments. We coded testimony given before legislators for arguments used, and identified the institutional affiliations of presenters and their position on the legislation. We compared patterns in the arguments made in testimony to the relative strength of each state's final legislation. Results Greater discussion of scientific evidence within testimony given was associated with the passage of workplace smoking legislation that provided greater protection for public health, regardless of whether supporters outnumbered opponents or vice versa. Conclusion Our findings suggest that an emphasis on scientific discourse, relative to other arguments made in legislative testimony, might help produce political outcomes that favor public health. PMID:19534777

Evaluation of performance based approach for determining contribution of environmental factors to pavement deterioration : H P & R implementation study.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1990-11-01

State Legislation requires that cost responsibility studies be available for the 1991 and 1993 Legislative sessions. Part of this legislative requirement includes the need to re-evaluate and establish a sound basis for the weight-mile tax. To be fair...

A historical analysis of public health, the law, and stigmatized social groups: the need for both obesity and weight bias legislation.

PubMed

Pomeranz, Jennifer L

2008-11-01

History teaches that discrimination against socially undesirable groups leads to societal and governmental neglect of the stigmatized group's health problem. By placing weight discrimination in a historical context, this article demonstrates that legislation specifically aimed at rectifying obesity is less likely while weight bias is socially acceptable. Beyond obesity legislation, public health professionals may consider advocating for legislation directly targeting discrimination based on weight. This article reviews the history of discrimination against distinct groups and provides statutory solutions for discrimination based on weight. In addition to revising current statutes and regulatory rules, a unique statute targeting weight bias in the employment context is considered.

Opportunities for improving legislative public health policy in Rhode Island through evidence-based education.

PubMed

Bourdeau, Moise; Winter, Ronald; Marshall, Robert

2013-10-01

The Rhode Island General Assembly considers nearly 3000 bills yearly--spanning the entire range of issues related to state government and legislative policy. This review analyzes the modest number of 40 "health-related" bills introduced during the 2009 session. It is often not clear to what extent these proposals consistently received analysis by both informed and independent organizations or experts regarding their "evidence-based" foundations. Only 25 of these bills received a committee hearing, and eventually become law. Hence, there may be a reasonable opportunity for expert, non-partisan organizations to provide the General Assembly with information related to proposed legislation on a routine or "as requested" basis. This study provides a systematic analysis of this degree of effort based on data regarding health- related legislation proposed during the 2009 session of the RI General Assembly.

Inclusive Education in Spain: Promoting Advocacy by Legislation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

De Luis, Edurne Chocarro

2016-01-01

This article reviews the journey of special education in Spain by considering the legal frameworks. It examines the extent to which legislation has tapped into the feelings of society in general towards people with disabilities who wish to secure inclusion in both education and society. It tracks the evolution of legislation, originally based on a…

Game Theory and Educational Policy: Private Education Legislation in China

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Law, Wing-Wah; Pan, Su-Yan

2009-01-01

This article presents a game theory analysis of legislating private education in China, based on set of primary and secondary documents related to this issue. The article argues that shaping educational legislation is a dynamic, repeated game of negotiation, cooperation, and/or competition on multiple occasions among various interested actors,…

Behavioral Patterns of Children Involved in Bullying Episodes

PubMed Central

Santoyo, Carlos V.; Mendoza, Brenda G.

2018-01-01

This study applied a systematic observation strategy to identify coercive behavioral patterns in school environments. The aim was to describe stability and change in the behavioral patterns of children identified as victims of bullying. To this end, the following specific objectives were defined: (1) to identify episodes of bullying based on the frequency of negative behaviors received and power imbalances between bully and victim; (2) to describe stability and behavioral changes in student victims based on their social and academic conduct and the aggression they receive from peers and teachers; and (3) to describe the functional mechanisms responsible for the process of social organization (i.e., the Social Effectiveness, Social Responsiveness, and Social Reciprocity Indexes). The sample consisted of nine children identified as victims, nine classified as bullies, and nine matched controls, all elementary school students from the study developed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico files. A multidimensional/idiographic/follow-up observational design was used. Observational data describes asymmetry between victims and bullies based on microanalyses of the reciprocity of their behavioral exchanges. In addition, the behavioral patterns of victimized children were identified in relation to their academic activity and social relationships with peers. A model of coercive reciprocity accurately describes the asymmetry found among bullies, victims, and controls. A reduction in victimization was found to be related to: (1) responsiveness to the initiation of social interactions by peers and teachers; and (2) the time allocated to academic behavior during the study. PMID:29755379

Behavioral Patterns of Children Involved in Bullying Episodes.

PubMed

Santoyo, Carlos V; Mendoza, Brenda G

2018-01-01

This study applied a systematic observation strategy to identify coercive behavioral patterns in school environments. The aim was to describe stability and change in the behavioral patterns of children identified as victims of bullying. To this end, the following specific objectives were defined: (1) to identify episodes of bullying based on the frequency of negative behaviors received and power imbalances between bully and victim; (2) to describe stability and behavioral changes in student victims based on their social and academic conduct and the aggression they receive from peers and teachers; and (3) to describe the functional mechanisms responsible for the process of social organization (i.e., the Social Effectiveness, Social Responsiveness, and Social Reciprocity Indexes). The sample consisted of nine children identified as victims, nine classified as bullies, and nine matched controls, all elementary school students from the study developed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico files. A multidimensional/idiographic/follow-up observational design was used. Observational data describes asymmetry between victims and bullies based on microanalyses of the reciprocity of their behavioral exchanges. In addition, the behavioral patterns of victimized children were identified in relation to their academic activity and social relationships with peers. A model of coercive reciprocity accurately describes the asymmetry found among bullies, victims, and controls. A reduction in victimization was found to be related to: (1) responsiveness to the initiation of social interactions by peers and teachers; and (2) the time allocated to academic behavior during the study.

State health agencies and the legislative policy process.

PubMed

Williams-Crowe, S M; Aultman, T V

1994-01-01

A new era of health care reform places increasing pressure on public health leaders and agencies to participate in the public policy arena. Public health professionals have long been comfortable in providing the scientific knowledge base required in policy development. What has been more recent in its evolution, however, is recognition that they must also play an active role in leading and shaping the debate over policy. A profile of effective State legislative policy "entrepreneurs" and their strategies has been developed to assist health agencies in developing such a leadership position. Based on the experiences of State legislative liaison officers, specific strategies for dealing with State legislatures have been identified and are organized into five key areas--agency organization, staff skills, communications, negotiation, and active ongoing involvement. A public health agency must be organized effectively to participate in the legislative policy process. Typically, effective agencies centralize responsibility for policy activities and promote broad and coordinated participation throughout the organization. Playing a key role in the agency's political interventions, the legislative liaison office should be staffed with persons possessing excellent interpersonal skills and a high degree of technical competence. Of central importance to effective legislative policy entrepreneurship is the ability to communicate the agency's position clearly. This includes setting forward a focused policy agenda, documenting policy issues in a meaningful manner, and reaching legislators with the proper information. Once a matter is on the legislative agenda, the agency must be prepared to negotiate and build broad support for the measure. Finally, public health agencies must be active policy players. To take advantage of new opportunities for action, the public health (policy) leader must monitor the political environment continually.By working to anticipate and formulate legislation,health officials can form meaningful relationships with legislators and the community, which are the cornerstones of political strength.

A generalized view of self-citation: direct, co-author, collaborative, and coercive induced self-citation.

PubMed

Ioannidis, John P A

2015-01-01

The phenomenon of self-citation can present in many different forms, including direct, co-author, collaborative, and coercive induced self-citation. It can also pertain to the citation of single scientists, groups of scientists, journals, and institutions. This article presents some case studies of extreme self-citation practices. It also discusses the implications of different types of self-citation. Self-citation is not necessarily inappropriate by default. In fact, usually it is fully appropriate but often it is even necessary. Conversely, inappropriate self-citation practices may be highly misleading and may distort the scientific literature. Coercive induced self-citation is the most difficult to discover. Coercive Induced self-citation may happen directly from reviewers of articles, but also indirectly from reviewers of grants, scientific advisors who steer a research agenda, and leaders of funding agencies who may espouse spending disproportionately large funds in research domains that perpetuate their own self-legacy. Inappropriate self-citation can be only a surrogate marker of what might be much greater distortions of the scientific corpus towards conformity to specific opinions and biases. Inappropriate self-citations eventually affect also impact metrics. Different impact metrics vary in the extent to which they can be gamed through self-citation practices. Citation indices that are more gaming-proof are available and should be more widely used. We need more empirical studies to dissect the impact of different types of inappropriate self-citation and to examine the effectiveness of interventions to limit them. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Breaking Down the Coercive Cycle: How Parent and Child Risk Factors Influence Real-Time Variability in Parental Responses to Child Misbehavior

PubMed Central

Lunkenheimer, Erika; Lichtwarck-Aschoff, Anna; Hollenstein, Tom; Kemp, Christine J.; Granic, Isabela

2016-01-01

Objective Parent-child coercive cycles have been associated with both rigidity and inconsistency in parenting behavior. To explain these mixed findings, we examined real-time variability in maternal responses to children's off-task behavior to determine whether this common trigger of the coercive cycle (responding to child misbehavior) is associated with rigidity or inconsistency in parenting. We also examined the effects of risk factors for coercion (maternal hostility, maternal depressive symptoms, child externalizing problems, and dyadic negativity) on patterns of parenting. Design Mother-child dyads (N = 96; M child age = 41 months) completed a difficult puzzle task, and observations were coded continuously for parent (e.g., directive, teaching) and child behavior (e.g., on-task, off-task). Results Multilevel continuous-time survival analyses revealed that parenting behavior is less variable when children are off-task. However, when risk factors are higher, a different profile emerges. Combined maternal and child risk is associated with markedly lower variability in parenting behavior overall (i.e., rigidity) paired with shifts towards higher variability specifically when children are off-task (i.e., inconsistency). Dyadic negativity (i.e., episodes when children are off-task and parents engage in negative behavior) are also associated with higher parenting variability. Conclusions Risk factors confer rigidity in parenting overall, but in moments when higher-risk parents must respond to child misbehavior, their parenting becomes more variable, suggesting inconsistency and ineffectiveness. This context-dependent shift in parenting behavior may help explain prior mixed findings and offer new directions for family interventions designed to reduce coercive processes. PMID:28190978

MRI induced torque and demagnetization in retention magnets for a bone conduction implant.

PubMed

Jansson, Karl-Johan Fredén; Håkansson, Bo; Reinfeldt, Sabine; Taghavi, Hamidreza; Eeg-Olofsson, Måns

2014-06-01

Performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations in patients who use implantable medical devices involve safety risks both for the patient and the implant. Hearing implants often use two permanent magnets, one implanted and one external, for the retention of the external transmitter coil to the implanted receiver coil to achieve an optimal signal transmission. The implanted magnet is subjected to both demagnetization and torque, magnetically induced by the MRI scanner. In this paper, demagnetization and a comparison between measured and simulated induced torque is studied for the retention magnet used in a bone conduction implant (BCI) system. The torque was measured and simulated in a uniform static magnetic field of 1.5 T. The magnetic field was generated by a dipole electromagnet and permanent magnets with two different types of coercive fields were tested. Demagnetization and maximum torque for the high coercive field magnets was 7.7% ± 2.5% and 0.20 ± 0.01 Nm, respectively and 71.4% ± 19.1% and 0.18 ± 0.01 Nm for the low coercive field magnets, respectively. The simulated maximum torque was 0.34 Nm, deviating from the measured torque in terms of amplitude, mainly related to an insufficient magnet model. The BCI implant with high coercive field magnets is believed to be magnetic resonance (MR) conditional up to 1.5 T if a compression band is used around the skull to fix the implant. This is not approved and requires further investigations, and if removal of the implant is needed, the surgical operation is expected to be simple.

Fe-based magnetic nanomaterials: Wet chemical synthesis, magnetic properties and exploration on applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiaoliang, Hong

Even though the start of research based on Fe-based magnetic nanomaterials could be dated back to hundreds years ago, the considerably large amount of emerging fields for their applications, including spintronic structures in information storage, biomedical and environmental applications, magnetic sensors, magnetic energy harvesters, has spurred renewed interest on the application-related properties of Fe-based nanomaterial in both the nanoparticle and film forms. Besides, an exploration of a simple, wide, effective technique that can be used for growth of high-quality Fe-based magnetic nanoparticles and films is of great importance for better materialization of these potential Fe-based devices. This thesis mainly focuses on fabricating different magnetic Fe-based materials (ferrites and ferrous alloys, nanoparticle and film) with wet chemical method, investigating their growth mechanism and magnetic and electrical properties. In addition, the possible applications of as-fabricated Fe-based nanoparticles and films are studied. The contribution of the work is summarized as below: (1) Investigation indicated that the external magnetic field plays an important role in determining the microstructure, magnetic properties of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The magnetic field can promote the change of Fe3O4 nanocuboctahedrons to nanocubes. Compared the hyperthermia property of as-fabricated nanocuboctahedrons and nanocubes Fe3O4, the intrinsic loss power (ILP) of the Fe3O4 nanocubes was much higher than that of nanocuboctahedrons due to the surface magnetic effect. (2) A general and facile method for broadly deposition of thick Fe 3O4 film and other ferrites has been demonstrated. It had been found that the epitaxial high-quality Fe3O4 film could be deposited either on MgO substrates directly or Si substrates with Fe3O4 seed layer deposited by PLD. As-deposited Fe 3O4 film could be easily patterned and shows potential applications for microwave and MEMS supercapacitor. Besides Fe3O4, different ferrite compounds have been successfully fabricated, including Co-ferrite with high coercivity and perpendicular anisotropy, and Ni-ferrite with high resistivity and enhanced magnetization. (3) A typical Fe-3d alloy, FeCo, was studied in our work. Monodispersed FeCo nanoparticles were synthesized by a safe and ecofriendly facile chemical process. The FeCo nanoparticles have saturation magnetization up to 187 emu/g and shows excellent chemical stability. In addition, the control Fe/Co ratio could be achieved by change of precursor ratio and tuning of particle size could be realized through change of surfactant amount used. The cytotoxicity of as-synthesized nanoparticles was investigated after transferring the nanoparticle to water phase by the emulsion process and the results demonstrated high biocompatibility. The results showed that this method could also fabricate spherical Fe 3O4 particles and self-assembly Co nanoneedles. With the similar method that was applied to deposit Fe3O4, bcc-FeCo film could be fabricated through thermal decomposition with the saturation magnetization around 1300 emu/cc. (4) Fe-5d alloy, FePt, was investigated in both nanoparticle and film form. fcc-Fe76Pt24 nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal decomposition. TEM image showed the particle size was around 15 nm. From in-plane hysteresis loop, the coercivity of samples was about 150 Oe. The presence of nonzero value for the coercivity suggests that some amount of ordering should be present in fcc- Fe76Pt24 nanoparticles. In addition, fcc and L10-FePt films had been deposited on Pt substrate via a combination of chemical deposition and post-annealing process. Pt-doped Fe films were deposited on Pt substrate using thermal deposition and the as-deposited films were subsequently annealed from 300°C to 800°C, FePt films were achieved through diffusion and rearrangement of Fe and Pt atoms in post-annealing process. The transformation from disordering fcc to ordering L10 phase had been observed from X-ray diffraction results. The L10-FePt film possessed an out-of-plane anisotropy and a coercivity of 9 kOe after annealing at 600°C. A further increase in annealing temperature led to lower value of coercivity, probably due to grain growth. In addition, the thickness of Pt-doped Fe films was tunable by adjusting amount of surfactant used. Our SQUID analysis showed that Pt dopant could significantly improve the chemical stability of Fe films in air.

Neutron diffraction and ferromagnetic resonance studies on plasma-sprayed MnZn ferrite films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Q. Y.; Gambino, R. J.; Sampath, S.; Huang, Q.

2005-02-01

The magnetic properties of MnZn ferrites are affected by the plasma spray process. It is found that improvements can be made by annealing the ferrite films at 500°C-800°C. The annealing induced magnetic property changes are studied by neutron diffraction and ferromagnetic resonance techniques. The increase of the saturation magnetization is attributed to the cation ordering within the spinel lattice, which increases the magnetic moment per ferrite formula. The refinements on the neutron diffraction data suggest that the redistribution of the cation during annealing neither starts from a fully disordered state nor ends to a fully ordered state. The decrease of the coercivity is analyzed with the domain wall pinning model. The measurements on the magnetostriction and residual stress indicate that coercive mechanisms arising from the magnetoelastic energy term are not dominant in these ferrite films. The decrease of the coercivity for annealed ferrite films is mainly attributed to the decrease of the effective anisotropic field, which may result from the homogenization of the film composition and the reduction of the microstructural discontinuity (e.g., cracks, voids, and splat boundaries).

Is Inspiring Group Members an Effective Predictor of Social Dominance in Early Adolescence? Direct and Moderated Effects of Behavioral Strategies, Social Skills, and Gender on Resource Control and Popularity.

PubMed

Vermande, Marjolijn M; Gilholm, Patricia A; Reijntjes, Albert H A; Hessen, Dave J; Sterck, Elisabeth H M; Overduin-de Vries, Anne M

2018-03-13

Dominance in the peer group is important for adolescents. Resource Control Theory posits that both coercive and prosocial (positively assertive) strategies are associated with dominance. Combining Resource Control Theory with Socioanalytic Theory on personality, we hypothesized that inspiring group members would be an additional effective strategy. This study examined whether the three behavioral strategies and two types of social skills (social competence and manipulation) predicted dominance (resource control and popularity). Participants were 619 Dutch adolescents (M age  = 13.1; 47% female) in the first grade of secondary school. They completed peer reports (behavioral strategies and dominance) and self-reports (social skills). Only inspirational and coercive strategies substantially predicted dominance. Main effects of social skills emerged. Moderation between strategies and social skills was only observed for girls (e.g., coercive strategy use was associated with more popularity for girls with higher levels of social manipulation skills). This study furthered our understanding of the predictors of dominance in adolescence by including inspirational behavior and examining prosocial and antisocial skills.

On predicting the extent of magnetic aging in electrical steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ray, Santanu Kumar; Mohanty, Omkar Nath

1989-02-01

Magnetic aging of steels is essentially the result of an increase in coercive force, inhibition of ferrite domain wall movement by precipitated carbide particles being the main cause of this increase. In the present work, the nature of the carbides precipitating in four grades of electrical steels has been looked into. Existing postulations have been invoked to predict the extent of coercive force enhancement due to metastable (ɛ) and stable (cementite) carbides which have been observed to precipitate in these steels. The model of Drabecki and Wyslocki when applied to the case of metastable carbide predicts its contribution to the coercive force fairly accurately. None of the existing models, however, succeeds in suggesting the extent of the increases accruing from the presence of the stable carbide (cementite) particles. Each of the models takes into account only one or two of the isolated aspects of magnetic interaction between matrix and precipitate. It appears that for cementite, whose several magnetic characteristics are quite different from those of the ferrite matrix, all possible interaction parameters have to be taken into account to determine the actual mechanism.

Epitaxial Fe{sub 3}Pt/FePt nanocomposites on MgO and SrTiO{sub 3}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Casoli, F., E-mail: casoli@imem.cnr.it; Nasi, L.; Cabassi, R.

We have exploited the pseudomorphic growth of the magnetically soft Fe{sub 3}Pt phase on top of L1{sub 0}-FePt to obtain fully epitaxial soft/hard nanocomposites on both MgO(100) and SrTiO{sub 3}(100). The magnetic properties of this new nanocomposite system, driven by the soft/hard exchange-coupling, can be tailored by varying soft phase thickness, soft phase magnetic anisotropy and substrate. Coercivity is strongly reduced by the addition of the soft phase, a reduction which is definitely affected by the nominal composition of the soft phase and by the substrate choice; similarly is the magnetic phase diagram of the composite system. Coercive field decreasesmore » down to 21% of the hard layer value for Fe{sub 3}Pt(5 nm)/FePt(3.55 nm) nanocomposites on SrTiO{sub 3}; this maximum coercivity reduction was obtained with a nominal atomic content of Fe in the soft phase of 80%.« less

Texture development and coercivity enhancement in cast alnico 9 magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Wenyong; Valloppilly, Shah; Li, Xingzhong; Yue, Lanping; Skomski, Ralph; Anderson, Iver; Kramer, Matthew; Tang, Wei; Shield, Jeff; Sellmyer, David J.

2018-05-01

The effect of Y addition and magnetic field on texture and magnetic properties of arc-melted alnico 9 magnets has been investigated. Small additions of Y (1.5 wt.%) develop a (200) texture for the arc-melted alnico 9 magnet. Such a texture is hard to form in cast samples. To achieve this goal, we set up a high-field annealing system with a maximum operation temperature of 1250 °C. This system enabled annealing in a field of 45 kOe with subsequent draw annealing for the solutionized buttons; we have been able to substantially increase remanence ratio and coercivity, from 0.70 and 1200 Oe for the Y-free alnico 9 to 0.90 and 1400 Oe for the Y-doped alnico 9, respectively. A high energy product of 7.3 MGOe has been achieved for the fully heat-treated Y-doped alnico 9. The enhancement of coercivity is believed to arise from the introduction of magnetocrystalline anisotropy from 80 nm Y2Co17-type grains, which are exchange-coupled to the main-phase alnico rods.

Development of flexible Ni80Fe20 magnetic nano-thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vopson, M. M.; Naylor, J.; Saengow, T.; Rogers, E. G.; Lepadatu, S.; Fetisov, Y. K.

2017-11-01

Flexible magnetic Ni80Fe20 thin films with excellent adhesion, mechanical and magnetic properties have been fabricated using magnetron plasma deposition. We demonstrate that flexible Ni80Fe20 thin films maintain their non-flexible magnetic properties when the films are over 60 nm thick. However, when their thickness is reduced, the flexible thin films display significant increase in their magnetic coercive field compared to identical films coated on a solid Silicon substrate. For a 15 nm flexible Ni80Fe20 film coated onto 110 μm Polyvinylidene fluoride polymer substrate, we achieved a remarkable 355% increase in the magnetic coercive field relative to the same film deposited onto a Si substrate. Experimental evidence, backed by micro-magnetic modelling, indicates that the increase in the coercive fields is related to the larger roughness texture of the flexible substrates. This effect essentially transforms soft Ni80Fe20 permalloy thin films into medium/hard magnetic films allowing not only mechanical flexibility of the structure, but also fine tuning of their magnetic properties.

Composition gradient, structure, stress, roughness and magnetic properties of 5-500 nm thin NiFe films obtained by electrodeposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Jie; Riemer, Steve; Kautzky, Michael; Tabakovic, Ibro

2016-01-01

The composition gradients of 5-500 nm thin NiFe films on Cu and NiP substrates obtained by electrodeposition in stirred plating solutions at pH 3.0 on 8 in wafers were studied. It was found that the average elemental composition of the NiFe changes during electrodeposition with steep downturns of Fe-content, from 58 to 50 wt% Fe, in composition gradient zone near the substrate interface in the thickness range 5-250 nm depending on the electrode substrate (Cu and NiP). The increase of Fe-content in the composition gradient zone is accompanied by the increase of coercivity, Hc, magnetic flux saturation, Bs, saturation magnetostriction, λs, increase of dimensionless roughness, ρrms, and change of stress, σ. The coercivity (easy and hard axis) follows the Neel's relation Hc=ct-n (t is thickness and c is a constant). The mechanisms related to the change of coercivity of the NiFe films deposited on different substrates (Cu and NiP) are discussed in terms of material properties of these films.

A battered women's movement perspective of Coercive Control.

PubMed

Arnold, Gretchen

2009-12-01

In Coercive Control, Evan Stark calls on battered women's activists to reorient their understanding of abusive relationships. Rather than being primarily about physical violence, he maintains, domestic violence is better conceptualized as men's attempts to destroy women's autonomy and reinstate patriarchy in intimate relationships. His analysis suggests important changes to defending battered women in court, modifications to the kinds of support services the movement provides for battered women, and changes in the laws and law enforcement regarding battering. Stark also maintains that, to end coercive control, the battered women's movement must renew its commitment not only to ensuring the safety of individual women but also to attaining the feminist goal of substantive freedom and equality for women in both public and private life. I contend that Stark's reframing of woman abuse is useful for battered women's advocates and may, in some cases but not in others, lead to more effective practices in battered women's programs. At the same time, it is likely to complicate activists' efforts to mobilize public opinion, resources, and public policy to address the problem of woman abuse.

Monte Carlo study of magnetic nanoparticles adsorbed on halloysite Al2Si2O5(OH) 4 nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sotnikov, O. M.; Mazurenko, V. V.; Katanin, A. A.

2017-12-01

We study properties of magnetic nanoparticles adsorbed on the halloysite surface. For that a distinct magnetic Hamiltonian with a random distribution of spins on a cylindrical surface was solved by using a nonequilibrium Monte Carlo method. The parameters for our simulations, the anisotropy constant, nanoparticle size distribution, saturated magnetization, and geometrical characteristics of the halloysite template, were taken from recent experiments. We calculate the hysteresis loops and temperature dependence of the zero-field-cooling (ZFC) susceptibility, the maximum of which determines the blocking temperature. It is shown that the dipole-dipole interaction between nanoparticles moderately increases the blocking temperature and weakly increases the coercive force. The obtained hysteresis loops (e.g., the value of the coercive force) for Ni nanoparticles are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. We also discuss the sensitivity of the hysteresis loops and ZFC susceptibilities to the change in anisotropy and dipole-dipole interaction, as well as the 3 d -shell occupation of the metallic nanoparticles; in particular we predict larger coercive force for Fe than for Ni nanoparticles.

How Have State Level Standards-Based Tests Related to Norm-Referenced Tests in Alaska?.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fenton, Ray

This overview of the Alaska system for test development, scoring, and reporting explored differences and similarities between norm-referenced and standards-based tests. The current Alaska testing program is based on legislation passed in 1997 and 1998, and is designed to meet the requirements of the federal No Child Left Behind Legislation. In…

The Direct Loan Demonstration Program: An Analysis of the Legislative Process Involving Federal Student Loan Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCormick, Joe Lew

This study examined major stakeholders' perceptions of their involvement and role in the legislative process surrounding the introduction, deliberation, and ultimate passage of the Direct Loan Demonstration Program (DLDP), a federal pilot student loan program. Data analysis was based on a detailed description of the legislative process surrounding…

Natural Gas: Major Legislative and Regulatory Actions (1935 - 2008)

EIA Publications

2009-01-01

This special report Web-based product presents a chronology of some of the key federal legislative and regulatory actions that have helped shape the natural gas market, with particular emphasis on policy directives from 1978 to October 2008. Separate reports provide brief descriptions of specific legislation, regulations, or policies, and their impacts on the natural gas market.

Processing of MnBi bulk magnets with enhanced energy product

DOE PAGES

Poudyal, Narayan; Liu, Xubo; Wang, Wei; ...

2016-02-23

Here, we report magnetic properties and microstructure of high energy-product MnBi bulk magnets fabricated by low-temperature ball-milling and warm compaction technique. A maximum energy product (BH) max of 8.4 MGOe and a coercivity of 6.2 kOe were obtained in the bulk MnBi magnet at room temperature. Magnetic characterization at elevated temperatures showed an increase in coercivity to 16.2 kOe while (BH) max value decreased to 6.8 MGOe at 400 K. Microstructure characterization revealed that the bulk magnets consist of oriented uniform nanoscale grains with average size about 50 nm.

Rape Myths, Rape Scripts, and Common Rape Experiences of College Women: Differences in Perceptions of Women Who Have Been Raped.

PubMed

Hockett, Jericho M; Saucier, Donald A; Badke, Caitlyn

2016-03-01

Rape is prevalent at colleges. Although research suggests commonalities across many college women's rape experiences (e.g., perpetrators using multiple coercive strategies), vignettes used to assess rape perceptions often reflect false beliefs. Two studies varying a perpetrator's coercive tactics examine rape perceptions using vignettes reflecting rape myths, rape scripts, or many college women's common rape experiences. Participants perceive a woman who was raped more positively in vignettes reflecting common rape experiences versus those reflecting rape myths or scripts. Theoretical, educational, and research implications are discussed. © The Author(s) 2015.

Magnetic Properties of NdFe10Mo2-N Bonded Magnet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Hong-Wei; Hu, Bo-Ping; Han, Zhong-Fan; Jin, Han-Min; Fu, Quan

1997-06-01

The dependence of remanence and coercivity on the magnetizing field is studied for isotropic and anisotropic epoxy resin bonded magnets. It was found that the coercivity of the NdFe10Mo2-N bonded magnet is mainly controlled by nucleation of reversed magnetic domains. Variation of iHc with Zn content and heat treatment conditions is studied. The value of 0 iHc obtained in the best Zn-bonded condition is about 0.15 T higher than before bonding. The variation of the amount of α-Fe with processing conditions is demonstrated for anisotropic Zn-bonded magnets.

Mental health nurses' emotions, exposure to patient aggression, attitudes to and use of coercive measures: Cross sectional questionnaire survey.

PubMed

Jalil, Rahul; Huber, Jorg W; Sixsmith, Judith; Dickens, Geoffrey L

2017-10-01

Mental health nurses are exposed to patient aggression, and required to manage and de-escalate aggressive incidents; coercive measures such as restraint and seclusion should only be used as a last resort. An improved understanding of links between nurses' exposure to aggression, attitudes to, and actual involvement in, coercive measures, and their emotions (anger, guilt, fear, fatigue, sadness), could inform preparation and education for prevention and management of violence. To identify relationships between mental health nurses' exposure to patient aggression, their emotions, their attitudes towards coercive containment measures, and their involvement in incidents involving seclusion and restraint. Cross-sectional, correlational, observational study. Low and medium secure wards for men and women with mental disorder in three secure mental health hospitals in England. N=Sixty eight mental health nurses who were designated keyworkers for patients enrolled into a related study. Participants completed a questionnaire battery comprising measures of their exposure to various types of aggression, their attitudes towards seclusion and restraint, and their emotions. Information about their involvement in restraint and/or restraint plus seclusion incidents was gathered for the three-month period pre- and post- their participation. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to test study hypotheses. Nurses who reported greater exposure to a related set of aggressive behaviours, mostly verbal in nature, which seemed personally derogatory, targeted, or humiliating, also reported higher levels of anger-related provocation. Exposure to mild and severe physical aggression was unrelated to nurses' emotions. Nurses' reported anger was significantly positively correlated with their endorsement of restraint as a management technique, but not with their actual involvement in restraint episodes. Significant differences in scores related to anger and fatigue, and to fatigue and guilt, between those involved/not involved in physical restraint and in physical restraint plus seclusion respectively were detected. In regression analyses, models comprising significant variables, but not the variables themselves, predicted involvement/non-involvement in coercive measures. Verbal aggression which appears targeted, demeaning or humiliating is associated with higher experienced anger provocation. Nurses may benefit from interventions which aim to improve their skills and coping strategies for dealing with this specific aggressive behaviour. Nurse-reported anger predicted approval of coercive violence management interventions; this may have implications for staff deployment and support. However, anger did not predict actual involvement in such incidents. Possible explanations are that nurses experiencing anger are sufficiently self-aware to avoid involvement or that teams are successful in supporting colleagues who they perceive to be 'at risk'. Future research priorities are considered. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Magnetic properties of Co-based multilayers with layer-alloyed modulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poulopoulos, P.; Angelakeris, M.; Niarchos, D.; Krishnan, R.; Porte, M.; Batas, C.; Flevaris, N. K.

1995-07-01

Various types of Co-based multilayers such as Pt mCo n, Pt m[CoPt] n, Co m[CoPd] n and Co m[CoPt] n were prepared by e-gun evaporation. Strong perpendicular anisotropy with considerable coercivity of ˜ 1 kOe was found for PtCo samples with thin Co layers. Moreover, the magnetization of Pt m[CoPt] n samples was found to approach that of pure Co and in the case of n > 5 enhancement of 30% or more exhibited. Magnetic properties were found to be strongly influenced by variations of modulation parameters.

Highly magnetic Co nanoparticles fabricated by X-ray radiolysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clifford, Dustin M.; Castano, Carlos E.; Rojas, Jessika V.

2018-03-01

Advanced routes for the synthesis of nanomaterials, such as ferromagnetic nanoparticles, are being explored that are easy to perform using cost-effective and non-toxic precursors. Radiolytic syntheses based on the use of X-rays as ionizing radiation are promising towards this effort. X-rays were used to produce highly magnetic cobalt nanoparticles (NPs), stable in air up to 200 °C, from the radiolysis of water. Crystal structure analysis by XRD indicates a mixture of Cofcc, 63%, and Cohcp, 37%, phases. Magnetic analysis by VSM gave a saturation magnetization (Ms) 136 emu/g at 1 T and coercivity (Hc) = 325 Oe when the reaction solution was purged with N2 while an air-purged treatment resulted in Co NPs having 102 emu/g with a coercivity (Hc) 270 Oe. Overall, the reduction of Co2+ occurred in an aqueous reaction environment without addition of chemical reductants resulting in Co NPs with size distribution from 20 to 140 nm. This clean approach at ambient temperature produced highly magnetic Co NPs that may be used for switching devices (i.e. reed switches) or as additives for alloys that require high Curie points.

Characterization of Hard Piezoelectric Lead-Free Ceramics

PubMed Central

Zhang, Shujun; Lim, Jong Bong; Lee, Hyeong Jae; Shrout, Thomas R.

2010-01-01

K4CuNb8O23 doped K0.45Na0.55NbO3 (KNN-KCN) ferroelectric ceramics were found to exhibit asymmetrical polarization hysteresis loops, related to the development of an internal bias field. The internal bias field is believed to be the result of defect dipoles of acceptor ions and oxygen vacancies, which lead to piezoelectric “hardening” effect, by stabilizing and pinning of the domain wall motion. The dielectric loss for the hard lead-free piezoelectric ceramic was found to be 0.6%, with mechanical quality factors Q on the order of >1500. Furthermore, the piezoelectric properties were found to decrease and the coercive field increased, when compared with the undoped material, exhibiting a typical characteristic of “hard” behavior. The temperature usage range was limited by the polymorphic phase transition temperature, being 188°C. The full set of material constants was determined for the KNN-KCN materials. Compared with conventional hard PZT ceramics, the lead-free possessed lower dielectric and piezoelectric properties; however, comparable values of mechanical Q, dielectric loss, and coercive fields were obtained, making acceptor modified KNN based lead-free piezoelectric material promising for high-power applications, where lead-free materials are desirable. PMID:19686966

Magnetic interactions and reversal mechanisms in Co nanowire and nanotube arrays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Proenca, M. P.; Sousa, C. T.; Escrig, J.; Ventura, J.; Vazquez, M.; Araujo, J. P.

2013-03-01

Ordered hexagonal arrays of Co nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs), with diameters between 40 and 65 nm, were prepared by potentiostatic electrodeposition into suitably modified nanoporous alumina templates. The geometrical parameters of the NW/NT arrays were tuned by the pore etching process and deposition conditions. The magnetic interactions between NWs/NTs with different diameters were studied using first-order reversal curves (FORCs). From a quantitative analysis of the FORC measurements, we are able to obtain the profiles of the magnetic interactions and the coercive field distributions. In both NW and NT arrays, the magnetic interactions were found to increase with the diameter of the NWs/NTs, exhibiting higher values for NW arrays. A comparative study of the magnetization reversal processes was also performed by analyzing the angular dependence of the coercivity and correlating the experimental data with theoretical calculations based on a simple analytical model. The magnetization in the NW arrays is found to reverse by the nucleation and propagation of a transverse-like domain wall; on the other hand, for the NT arrays a non-monotonic behavior occurs above a diameter of ˜50 nm, revealing a transition between the vortex and transverse reversal modes.

Strategic coating of NdFeB magnets with Dy to improve the coercivity of permanent magnets

DOE PAGES

Ucar, Huseyin; Parker, David S.; Nlebedim, I. C.; ...

2015-12-25

Here, we present a method, supported by theoretical analysis, for optimizing the usage of the critical rare earth element dysprosium in Nd 2Fe 14B (NdFeB)-based permanent magnets. In this method, we use Dy selectively in locations such as magnet edges and faces, where demagnetization factors are most significant, rather than uniformly throughout the bulk sample. A 200 nm thick Dy film was sputtered onto commercial N-38, NdFeB magnets with a thickness of 3 mm and post-annealed at temperatures from 600 - 700 C. Magnets displayed enhanced coercivities after post-annealing. Furthermore, our experimental results indicate as large as a 5 percentmore » increase in the energy product of NdFeB magnets, achieved for a total Dy weight percentage of 0.06 percent, much less than that used in commercial grade Dy-NdFeB magnets. Finally, by assuming all Dy diffused into NdFeB magnets, the improvement in energy product corresponds to a saving of over 1% Dy (critical element). Magnets manufactured using this technique will therefore be higher performing and significantly less expensive than those made presently.« less

Commercial-scale recycling of NdFeB-type magnets with grain boundary modification yields products with 'designer properties' that exceed those of starting materials.

PubMed

Zakotnik, M; Tudor, C O

2015-10-01

NdFeB-type magnets dominate the market for high performance magnetic materials, yet production of 'virgin' magnets via mining is environmentally, financially and energetically costly. Hence, interest is growing in 'magnet to magnet' recycling schemes that offer the potential for cheaper, more environmentally-friendly solutions to the world's growing appetite for rare-earth based magnetic materials. Unfortunately, previously described recycling processes only partially capitalise on this potential, because the methods described to date are limited to 'laboratory scale' or operate only under ideal conditions and result in products that fail to recapture the coercivity of the starting, scrap materials. Herein, we report a commercial scale process (120 kg batches) that completely recovers the properties of the starting scrap magnets. Indeed, 'grain boundary modification', via careful addition of a proprietary mix of blended elements, produces magnets with 'designer properties' that can exceed those of the starting materials and can be closely tailored to meet a wide variety of end-user applications, including high-coercivity (>2000 kA/m), sintered magnets suitable for motor applications. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Policy guidance on threats to legislative interventions in public health: a realist synthesis.

PubMed

Wong, Geoff; Pawson, Ray; Owen, Lesley

2011-04-10

Legislation is one of the most powerful weapons for improving population health and is often used by policy and decision makers. Little research exists to guide them as to whether legislation is feasible and/or will succeed. We aimed to produce a coherent and transferable evidence based framework of threats to legislative interventions to assist the decision making process and to test this through the 'case study' of legislation to ban smoking in cars carrying children. We conceptualised legislative interventions as a complex social interventions and so used the realist synthesis method to systematically review the literature for evidence. 99 articles were found through searches on five electronic databases (MEDLINE, HMIC, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Social Policy and Practice) and iterative purposive searching. Our initial searches sought any studies that contained information on smoking in vehicles carrying children. Throughout the review we continued where needed to search for additional studies of any type that would conceptually contribute to helping build and/or test our framework. Our framework identified a series of transferable threats to public health legislation. When applied to smoking bans in vehicles; problem misidentification; public support; opposition; and enforcement issues were particularly prominent threats. Our framework enabled us to understand and explain the nature of each threat and to infer the most likely outcome if such legislation were to be proposed in a jurisdiction where no such ban existed. Specifically, the micro-environment of a vehicle can contain highly hazardous levels of second hand smoke. Public support for such legislation is high amongst smokers and non-smokers and their underlying motivations were very similar - wanting to practice the Millian principle of protecting children from harm. Evidence indicated that the tobacco industry was not likely to oppose legislation and arguments that such a law would be 'unenforceable' were unfounded. It is possible to develop a coherent and transferable evidence based framework of the ideas and assumptions behind the threats to legislative intervention that may assist policy and decision makers to analyse and judge if legislation is feasible and/or likely to succeed.

Has Childhood Smoking Reduced Following Smoke-Free Public Places Legislation? A Segmented Regression Analysis of Cross-Sectional UK School-Based Surveys

PubMed Central

Der, Geoff; Roberts, Chris; Haw, Sally

2016-01-01

Introduction: Smoke-free legislation has been a great success for tobacco control but its impact on smoking uptake remains under-explored. We investigated if trends in smoking uptake amongst adolescents differed before and after the introduction of smoke-free legislation in the United Kingdom. Methods: Prevalence estimates for regular smoking were obtained from representative school-based surveys for the four countries of the United Kingdom. Post-intervention status was represented using a dummy variable and to allow for a change in trend, the number of years since implementation was included. To estimate the association between smoke-free legislation and adolescent smoking, the percentage of regular smokers was modeled using linear regression adjusted for trends over time and country. All models were stratified by age (13 and 15 years) and sex. Results: For 15-year-old girls, the implementation of smoke-free legislation in the United Kingdom was associated with a 4.3% reduction in the prevalence of regular smoking (P = .029). In addition, regular smoking fell by an additional 1.5% per annum post-legislation in this group (P = .005). Among 13-year-old girls, there was a reduction of 2.8% in regular smoking (P = .051), with no evidence of a change in trend post-legislation. Smaller and nonsignificant reductions in regular smoking were observed for 15- and 13-year-old boys (P = .175 and P = .113, respectively). Conclusions: Smoke-free legislation may help reduce smoking uptake amongst teenagers, with stronger evidence for an association seen in females. Further research that analyses longitudinal data across more countries is required. Implications: Previous research has established that smoke-free legislation has led to many improvements in population health, including reductions in heart attack, stroke, and asthma. However, the impacts of smoke-free legislation on the rates of smoking amongst children have been less investigated. Analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys across the four countries of the United Kingdom shows smoke-free legislation may be associated with a reduction in regular smoking among school-aged children. If this association is causal, comprehensive smoke-free legislation could help prevent future generations from taking up smoking. PMID:26911840

Policy guidance on threats to legislative interventions in public health: a realist synthesis

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Legislation is one of the most powerful weapons for improving population health and is often used by policy and decision makers. Little research exists to guide them as to whether legislation is feasible and/or will succeed. We aimed to produce a coherent and transferable evidence based framework of threats to legislative interventions to assist the decision making process and to test this through the 'case study' of legislation to ban smoking in cars carrying children. Methods We conceptualised legislative interventions as a complex social interventions and so used the realist synthesis method to systematically review the literature for evidence. 99 articles were found through searches on five electronic databases (MEDLINE, HMIC, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Social Policy and Practice) and iterative purposive searching. Our initial searches sought any studies that contained information on smoking in vehicles carrying children. Throughout the review we continued where needed to search for additional studies of any type that would conceptually contribute to helping build and/or test our framework. Results Our framework identified a series of transferable threats to public health legislation. When applied to smoking bans in vehicles; problem misidentification; public support; opposition; and enforcement issues were particularly prominent threats. Our framework enabled us to understand and explain the nature of each threat and to infer the most likely outcome if such legislation were to be proposed in a jurisdiction where no such ban existed. Specifically, the micro-environment of a vehicle can contain highly hazardous levels of second hand smoke. Public support for such legislation is high amongst smokers and non-smokers and their underlying motivations were very similar - wanting to practice the Millian principle of protecting children from harm. Evidence indicated that the tobacco industry was not likely to oppose legislation and arguments that such a law would be 'unenforceable' were unfounded. Conclusion It is possible to develop a coherent and transferable evidence based framework of the ideas and assumptions behind the threats to legislative intervention that may assist policy and decision makers to analyse and judge if legislation is feasible and/or likely to succeed. PMID:21477347

[The systematic review of the social services legislative regulation among elderly citizens and disabled persons in Russian Federation].

PubMed

Bashkireva, A S; Shestakov, V P; Svintsov, A A; Raduto, V I; Bogdanov, E A; Chernova, G I; Cherniakina, T S

2014-01-01

The systematic review and data analysis of the social services legislative regulation among elderly citizens and disabled persons in Russian Federation was submitted. The structure of the consolidated legislation on social services among citizens of advanced age was defined. The Russian legislative database in all subjects of the Russian Federation was analyzed. Analytical results thus obtained made it possible to designate the subjective rights of elderly citizens in the field of social services, the lists of bases for providing social services, different kinds of these services according to the consolidated legislation in all subjects of the Russian Federation, and various legal organizational forms providing these social services also.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Tunable Size Synthesis and Analysis in Terms of the Core-Shell Structure and Mixed Coercive Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phong, P. T.; Oanh, V. T. K.; Lam, T. D.; Phuc, N. X.; Tung, L. D.; Thanh, Nguyen T. K.; Manh, D. H.

2017-04-01

Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are currently a very active research field. To date, a comprehensive study of iron oxide NPs is still lacking not only on the size dependence of structural phases but also in the use of an appropriate model. Herein, we report on a systematic study of the structural and magnetic properties of iron oxide NPs prepared by a co-precipitation method followed by hydrothermal treatment. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the NPs have an inverse spinel structure of iron oxide phase (Fe3O4) with average crystallite sizes ( D XRD) of 6-19 nm, while grain sizes ( D TEM) are of 7-23 nm. In addition, the larger the particle size, the closer the experimental lattice constant value is to that of the magnetite structure. Magnetic field-dependent magnetization data and analysis show that the effective anisotropy constants of the Fe3O4 NPs are about five times larger than that of their bulk counterpart. Particle size ( D) dependence of the magnetization and the non-saturating behavior observed in applied fields up to 50 kOe are discussed using the core-shell structure model. We find that with decreasing D, while the calculated thickness of the shell of disordered spins ( t ˜ 0.3 nm) remains almost unchanged, the specific surface areas S a increases significantly, thus reducing the magnetization of the NPs. We also probe the coercivity of the NPs by using the mixed coercive Kneller and Luborsky model. The calculated results indicate that the coercivity rises monotonously with the particle size, and are well matched with the experimental ones.

Study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of user-driven intervention to prevent aggressive events in psychiatric services.

PubMed

Välimäki, Maritta; Yang, Min; Normand, Sharon-Lise; Lorig, Kate R; Anttila, Minna; Lantta, Tella; Pekurinen, Virve; Adams, Clive E

2017-04-04

People admitted to psychiatric hospitals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia may display behavioural problems. These may require management approaches such as use of coercive practices, which impact the well-being of staff members, visiting families and friends, peers, as well as patients themselves. Studies have proposed that not only patients' conditions, but also treatment environment and ward culture may affect patients' behaviour. Seclusion and restraint could possibly be prevented with staff education about user-centred, more humane approaches. Staff education could also increase collaboration between patients, family members and staff, which may further positively affect treatment culture and lower the need for using coercive treatment methods. This is a single-blind, two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial involving 28 psychiatric hospital wards across Finland. Units will be randomised to receive either a staff educational programme delivered by the team of researchers, or standard care. The primary outcome is the incidence of use of patient seclusion rooms, assessed from the local/national health registers. Secondary outcomes include use of other coercive methods (limb restraint, forced injection, and physical restraint), service use, treatment satisfaction, general functioning among patients, and team climate and employee turn-over (nursing staff). The study, designed in close collaboration with staff members, patients and their relatives, will provide evidence for a co-operative and user-centred educational intervention aiming to decrease the prevalence of coercive methods and service use in the units, increase the functional status of patients and improve team climate in the units. We have identified no similar trials. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02724748 . Registered on 25 th of April 2016.

"If I Can't Have You Nobody Will": Explicit Threats in the Context of Coercive Control.

PubMed

Logan, T K

2017-02-01

Physical assault is only one tool in partner abuse characterized by coercive control. Coercive control creates an ongoing state of fear and chronic stress. Explicit threats are an important component of coercive control yet have received limited research attention. This study examined 210 women with protective orders (POs) against abusive (ex)partners and their experiences of explicit threats including threats of harm and death, threats about harming friends and family, and actual threats to friends and family. There are 4 main findings from this study: (a) explicit threats of harm and death, threats about harming others, and actual threats to others are common both in the history of the abusive relationship as well as within 6 months prior to obtaining a PO but are only moderately correlated with each other; (b) the high-frequency threats of harm group had the highest rates of concurrent abuse, violence, distress, and fear; (c) the prevalence and frequency of threats changed over time for all 3 types of threats examined in this study; and (d) understanding the variety of threats partner abuse victims experience, especially threats of third-party harm, may be important in understanding the larger context and consequences of partner abuse. This study is an interim step toward a better understanding of the role of explicit threats in abusive relationships. Future research is needed to examine the prevalence, frequency, trajectory, features, context, and types of explicit threats that victims of partner abuse experience. This information may be especially key to understanding more about future risk of harm, risk of harm to others, victim distress and fear, and safety planning.

Irreversible evolution of angular-dependent coercivity in Fe80Ni20 nanowire arrays: Detection of a single vortex state

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alikhani, M.; Ramazani, A.; Almasi Kashi, M.; Samanifar, S.; Montazer, A. H.

2016-09-01

The irreversible evolution of magnetic coercivity in arrays of 75 nm diameter Fe80Ni20 nanowires (NWs) has been explored by means of first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis as a function of the angle between the magnetic field and the NW axis (0°≤θ≤90°). The Fe80Ni20 NWs with lengths up to 60 μm were fabricated using a pulsed electrodeposition method into hard-anodic aluminum oxide templates with an interpore distance of 275 nm. Investigating the interwire and intrawire magnetostatic interactions, the angular FORC (AFORC) diagrams indicated enhanced intrawire interactions with increasing length and θ (<90°), induced by a magnetization reversal through vortex domain wall (VDW) propagation. Intriguingly, in addition to the VDW mode, a single vortex state with broad irreversible switching of nucleation and annihilation fields was detected at θ=83° for 60 μm long NWs. At θ=90°, the NWs reversed magnetization through transverse domain wall, involving a reversible component by a fraction of 95%. Furthermore, the transition angle between the reversal modes was found to decrease with increasing aspect ratio from 200 to 800. The irreversible angular-dependent coercivity (HcIrrev(θ)) of Fe80Ni20 NWs was extracted from the AFORC measurements and compared with the major angular dependence of coercivity (HcMajor(θ)) obtained from the conventional hysteresis loop measurements. While HcMajor(θ) showed a non-monotonic behavior, HcIrrev(θ) constantly increased with increasing θ (<90°). On the other hand, using analytical models, a 93% agreement was obtained between the theoretical angular-dependent nucleation field and experimental HcIrrev(θ) for irreversible switching of VDW when 0°≤θ≤86°.

A Comparison of Intimate Partner Violence Strangulation Between Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples.

PubMed

Messing, Jill T; Thomas, Kristie A; Ward-Lasher, Allison L; Brewer, Nathan Q

2018-03-01

Strangulation is a common and dangerous form of intimate partner violence (IPV). Nonfatal strangulation is a risk factor for homicide; can lead to severe, long-term physical and mental health sequelae; and can be an effective strategy of coercion and control. To date, research has not examined strangulation within same-sex couples. The objective of this cross-sectional, observational research is to identify whether and to what extent the detection of strangulation and coercive control differs between same-sex and different-sex couples in police reports of IPV. Data ( n = 2,207) were obtained from a single police department in the southwest United States (2011-2013). Bivariate analyses examined differences in victim and offender demographics, victim injury, violence, and coercive controlling behaviors between same-sex (male-male and female-female) and different-sex couples (female victim-male offender). Logistic regression was used to examine associations between strangulation, victim and offender demographics, coercive controlling behaviors, and couple configuration. Strangulation was reported significantly more often in different-sex (9.8%) than in female and male same-sex couple cases (5.2% and 5.3%, respectively; p < .05). Injury, however, was reported more frequently in same-sex than in different-sex couples ( p < .05). Couple configuration ( p < .05), coercive control ( p < .05), and injury ( p < .05) significantly predict strangulation. Findings suggest that nonfatal strangulation occurs within at least a minority of same-sex couples; it is possible that underdetection by law enforcement makes it appear less common than it actually is. Regardless of couple configuration, timely identification of strangulation and subsequent referral to medical and social service providers is essential for preventing repeated strangulation, life-threatening injury, and the long-term health effects of strangulation.

Human uniqueness-self-interest and social cooperation.

PubMed

Okada, Daijiro; Bingham, Paul M

2008-07-21

Humans are unique among all species of terrestrial history in both ecological dominance and individual properties. Many, or perhaps all, of the unique elements of this nonpareil status can be plausibly interpreted as evolutionary and strategic elements and consequences of the unprecedented intensity and scale of our social cooperation. Convincing explanation of this unique human social adaptation remains a central, unmet challenge to the scientific enterprise. We develop a hypothesis for the ancestral origin of expanded cooperative social behavior. Specifically, we present a game theoretic analysis demonstrating that a specific pattern of expanded social cooperation between conspecific individuals with conflicts of interest (including non-kin) can be strategically viable, but only in animals that possess a highly unusual capacity for conspecific violence (credible threat) having very specific properties that dramatically reduce the costs of coercive violence. The resulting reduced costs allow preemptive or compensated coercion to be an instantaneously self-interested behavior under diverse circumstances rather than in rare, idiosyncratic circumstances as in actors (animals) who do not have access to inexpensive coercive threat. Humans are apparently unique among terrestrial organisms in having evolved conspecific coercive capabilities that fulfill these stringent requirements. Thus, our results support the proposal that access to a novel capacity for projection of coercive threat might represent the essential initiating event for the evolution of a human-like pattern of social cooperation and the subsequent evolution of the diverse features of human uniqueness. Empirical evidence indicates that these constraints were, in fact, met only in our evolutionary lineage. The logic for the emergence of uniquely human cooperation suggested by our analysis apparently accounts simply for the human fossil record.

Effect of ball milling and heat treatment process on MnBi powders magnetic properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xie, Wei; Polikarpov, Evgueni; Choi, Jung-Pyung

The metallic compound MnBi has high intrinsic coercivity with large positive temperature coefficient. The coercivity of MnBi exceeds 12 kOe and 26 kOe at 300 K and 523 K, respectively. Hence MnBi is a good candidate for the hard phase in exchange coupled nanocomposite magnets. In order to maximize the loading of the soft phase, the size of the MnBi particle has to be close to 500 nm, the size of single magnetic domain. Low energy milling is the common method to reduce MnBi particle size. However, only 3-7 mu m size particle can be achieved without significant decomposition. Here,more » we report our effort on preparing submicron MnBi powders using traditional powder metallurgy methods. Mn55Bi45 magnetic powders were prepared using arc melting method, followed by a series of thermal-mechanical treatment to improve purity, and finished with low energy ball milling at cryogenic temperature to achieve submicron particle size. The Mn55Bi45 powders were decomposed during ball milling process and recovered during 24 h 290 degrees C annealing process. With increasing ball-milling time, the saturation magnetization of MnBi decreases, while the coercivity increases. Annealing after ball milling recovers some of the magnetization, indicating the decomposition occurred during the ball-milling process can be reversed. The coercivity of Mn55Bi45 powders are also improved as a result of the heat treatment at 290 degrees C for 24 h. The world record magnetization 71.2 emu/g measured applying a field of 23 kOe has been achieved via low energy ball mill at room temperature« less

Evolution of European Union legislation of herbal medicinal products and its transposition to national legislation in 1965-2007: case Finland.

PubMed

Koski, Sari M; Laitinen-Parkkonen, Pirjo; Airaksinen, Marja

2015-01-01

The study aim was to explore the progress of legislation relating to herbal medicinal products in the European Union and compare it with the corresponding progress of the legislation in Finland in 1965-2007. The study was carried out using content analysis. Data were searched from publicly available European Union directives and national acts. All definitions and safety-related requirements for herbal medicinal products were identified. The transposition of safety-related requirements into the national legislation was studied. Medicinal products from plant origins have been part of the European Union legislation since 1965. Most plant-based products have not initially been regarded as medicinal products but rather as some kind of medicine-like products. The official definition of herbal medicinal products was introduced in Directive 2004/24/EC and implemented into the Finnish legislation with the terminology to recognise herbal medicinal products as part of medicinal products. The current safety-related requirements of medicinal products concern analogously herbal medicinal products. Herbal medicinal products have had different definitions in pharmaceutical legislation over the study period in the European Union and Finland. The current definition places herbal medicinal products more clearly under the medicinal products' legislation. Safety-related requirements are now practically identical for all medicinal products. Transposition of the European Union legislation into the national legislation in Finland is apparent. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Plagioclase-Hosted Magnetite Inclusions From the Bushveld Complex

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feinberg, J. M.; Scott, G. R.; Renne, P. R.; Wenk, H.

2004-12-01

Gabbros from the Main Zone of the 2.064 Ga Bushveld Complex have long been known to possess unusually stable magnetizations due to the presence of high coercivity, exsolved magnetite inclusions in plagioclase and clinopyroxene. The paleomagnetic pole for these rocks has been used to anchor apparent polar wander paths for the Kaapval craton during the Early-Mid Proterozoic. To better understand the rock magnetic properties of silicate-hosted magnetite inclusions, oriented paleomagnetic samples of gabbro were collected from quarries near Belfast and Rustenberg, South Africa, sampling the eastern and western limbs of the Complex, respectively. Plagioclase composition at both sites ranges from An55 (rims) to An65 (cores) based on optical and electron microprobe data. Four kinds of inclusions are present within the plagioclase: elongate magnetite needles, nanometer-scale magnetite particles (responsible for the "cloudy" appearance of some crystals), translucent brown hematite/ilmenite platelets, and colorless euhedral inclusions of pyroxene and/or feldspar. Magnetite inclusions are most abundant at the cores of the plagioclase crystals. Orientations of the needles and the platelets are crystallographically controlled by the silicate host. Although the elongation direction of the magnetite inclusions can occur in any of five possible orientations, only two or three of these directions dominates each plagioclase crystal. Alternating field demagnetization of bulk samples (NRM = 1.5 x 101 A m-1) shows univectorial remanence with average median destructive fields (MDF) of 115 mT (Belfast) and 90 mT (Rustenberg). AF demagnetization of single plagioclase crystals (NRM = 100 A m-1) also shows single component remanence with average MDFs >150 mT. The NRM coercivity spectra of single plagioclase crystals are indistinguishable from that of the bulk samples. When normalized to their abundance in bulk samples the magnetite-bearing plagioclase fully accounts for the NRM of Bushveld gabbros at both sites. Close examination of the inclusions' interiors using magnetic force microscopy shows no ulvöspinel exsolution as observed in other silicate exsolved titanomagnetites with comparably high coercivities. Consequently, we interpret the high coercivities of the inclusions to be a product of their small size and extreme shape anisotropy. Single crystals of plagioclase demonstrate a strong anisotropy of IRM acquisition (see Scott, et al. this conference). Additionally, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) orientation indexing shows a strongly preferred orientation for plagioclase and pyroxene (with (010)plag and (100)pyr parallel to subhorizontal layering) consistent with gravitational settling within a magma chamber. Thus, there are two anisotropies (silicate preferred orientation and magnetite inclusion remanence) to consider when describing the ancient magnetic field present during the emplacement of the Bushveld.

Effect of Flake Thickness on Coercivity of Nanocrystalline SmCo5 Bulk Prepared from Anisotropic Nanoflake Powder (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-23

report was cleared for public release by the USAF 88th Air Base Wing (88 ABW) Public Affairs Office (PAO) and is available to the general public...law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB... AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES PA Case Number: 88ABW-2015-5418; Clearance

"And I Have Been Told That There Is Nothing Fun about Having Sex While You Are Still in High School": Dominant Discourses on Women's Sexual Practices and Desires in Life Orientation Programmes at School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shefer, Tamara; Ngabaza, Sisa

2015-01-01

Young women's sexuality is a contested terrain in multiple ways in contemporary South Africa. A growing body of work in the context of HIV and gender-based violence illustrates how young women find it challenging to negotiate safe and equitable sexual relationships with men, and are often the victims of coercive sex, unwanted early pregnancies and…

Price-based promotions of alcohol: legislative consistencies and inconsistencies across the Australian retail, entertainment and media sectors.

PubMed

Wardle, Jon

2015-05-01

Excessive alcohol consumption is a major public health issue internationally, with alcohol consumption being recognised as a leading cause of preventable illness and major social burden. To help ameliorate the risks and harms associated with alcohol consumption, all levels of governments have explored various legislative and regulatory provisions to support responsible alcohol consumption, service and promotion. In this article, using Australia as a case study, the legislative environment around responsible alcohol promotion and consumption across the Australian retail, entertainment and media sectors will be explored, with a focus on pricing and volume-based discounts. Whilst the potential harm and effect of both the licensed and non-licensed sectors appears to be widely acknowledged as similar in both scope and size of effect, legislative protections overwhelmingly focus solely on reducing the risks associated with alcohol consumption in licensed premises. This article explores the legislative provisions around preventing excessive alcohol consumption through promotional and marketing activities, and notes that whilst the licensed premises sector is facing increasing legislative restrictions, the off-premises sector remains unregulated and in some cases has even had existing restrictions removed, despite forming an increasing part of the alcohol chain in Australia. There appear to be inconsistencies and regulatory gaps in relation to price-based and volume-based discount alcohol promotions. Regulatory loopholes allow the retail sector in particular to use discounted alcohol as a promotional tool, in a way that is inconsistent with the goals of public health alcohol legislation, and in a way which would be illegal in any other sector. There appears to be a compelling case for introducing new restrictions, or extending existing restrictions, on these forms of promotion across all sectors involved in alcohol promotion, and there is considerable evidence that there would be considerable public health benefit from doing so. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tanning Salon Compliance Rates in States With Legislation to Protect Youth Access to UV Tanning.

PubMed

Williams, Melissa S; Buhalog, Brittany; Blumenthal, Laura; Stratman, Erik J

2018-01-01

The US Food and Drug Administration has classified tanning beds as carcinogenic. Most states have enacted legislation to prevent or create barriers for minors accessing tanning establishments. Determining tanning salon compliance with legislation would provide an indication of the influence of legislation at preventing exposure to the carcinogen in minors. To investigate compliance rates in the 42 states and the District of Columbia with legislation restricting tanning bed use in minors and to identify differences in compliance based on population, regional location, salon ownership, age group being regulated, and time since the law was enacted. This investigation was a cross-sectional telephone survey conducted between February 1, 2015, and April 30, 2016, by callers posing as minors attempting to schedule a tanning appointment. The setting was tanning salons in the 42 states and the District of Columbia that currently have legislation restricting tanning bed use in minors. Included in the study were 427 tanning salons, 10 randomly selected from each state or territory with tanning legislation. Overall compliance of tanning salons with state tanning legislation and differences in compliance based on community population, regional location, independent vs chain tanning salon, age group being regulated, and time since the law was enacted. Of the 427 tanning salons surveyed, overall noncompliance with state legislation was 37.2% (n = 159). There were more noncompliant tanning salons in rural locations (45.5%; 95% CI, 37.5%-53.7%; P = .009), southern regions of the United States (49.4%; 95% CI, 41.4%-57.4%; P = .001), independently owned salons (43.9%; 95% CI, 37.3%-50.6%; P = .003), states with younger age groups being regulated (53.5%; 95% CI, 45.7%-61.2%; P < .001), and states with more than one tanning regulation (50.0%; 95% CI, 42.0%-58.0%; P < .001). No difference was found based on time since the law was enacted. Compliance with state legislation aimed at limiting tanning bed use among US minors is unsatisfactory, indicating that additional efforts to enforce the laws and education of the harmful effects of UV tanning are necessary, especially in rural, independently owned, and tanning salons in southern regions, which have decreased compliance rates.

Impact of Québec's healthcare reforms on the organization of primary healthcare (PHC): a 2003-2010 follow-up.

PubMed

Pineault, Raynald; Borgès Da Silva, Roxane; Prud'homme, Alexandre; Fournier, Michel; Couture, Audrey; Provost, Sylvie; Levesque, Jean-Frédéric

2014-05-21

Healthcare reforms initiated in the early 2000s in Québec involved the implementation of new modes of primary healthcare (PHC) delivery and the creation of Health and Social Services Centers (HSSCs) to support it. The objective of this article is to assess and explain the degree of PHC organizational change achieved following these reforms. We conducted two surveys of PHC organizations, in 2005 and 2010, in two regions of the province of Québec, Canada. From the responses to these surveys, we derived a measure of organizational change based on an index of conformity to an ideal type (ICIT). One set of explanatory variables was contextual, related to coercive, normative and mimetic influences; the other consisted of organizational variables that measured receptivity towards new PHC models. Multilevel analyses were performed to examine the relationships between ICIT change in the post-reform period and the explanatory variables. Positive results were attained, as expressed by increase in the ICIT score in the post-reform period, mainly due to implementation of new types of PHC organizations (Family Medicine Groups and Network Clinics). Organizational receptivity was the main explanatory variable mediating the effect of coercive and mimetic influences. Normative influence was not a significant factor in explaining changes. Changes were modest at the system level but important with regard to new forms of PHC organizations. The top-down decreed reform was a determining factor in initiating change whereas local coercive and normative influences did not play a major role. The exemplar role played by certain PHC organizations through mimetic influence was more important. Receptivity of individual organizations was both a necessary condition and a mediating factor in influencing change. This supports the view that a combination of top-down and bottom-up strategy is best suited for achieving substantial changes in PHC local organization.

Impact of Québec’s healthcare reforms on the organization of primary healthcare (PHC): a 2003-2010 follow-up

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Healthcare reforms initiated in the early 2000s in Québec involved the implementation of new modes of primary healthcare (PHC) delivery and the creation of Health and Social Services Centers (HSSCs) to support it. The objective of this article is to assess and explain the degree of PHC organizational change achieved following these reforms. Methods We conducted two surveys of PHC organizations, in 2005 and 2010, in two regions of the province of Québec, Canada. From the responses to these surveys, we derived a measure of organizational change based on an index of conformity to an ideal type (ICIT). One set of explanatory variables was contextual, related to coercive, normative and mimetic influences; the other consisted of organizational variables that measured receptivity towards new PHC models. Multilevel analyses were performed to examine the relationships between ICIT change in the post-reform period and the explanatory variables. Results Positive results were attained, as expressed by increase in the ICIT score in the post-reform period, mainly due to implementation of new types of PHC organizations (Family Medicine Groups and Network Clinics). Organizational receptivity was the main explanatory variable mediating the effect of coercive and mimetic influences. Normative influence was not a significant factor in explaining changes. Conclusion Changes were modest at the system level but important with regard to new forms of PHC organizations. The top-down decreed reform was a determining factor in initiating change whereas local coercive and normative influences did not play a major role. The exemplar role played by certain PHC organizations through mimetic influence was more important. Receptivity of individual organizations was both a necessary condition and a mediating factor in influencing change. This supports the view that a combination of top-down and bottom-up strategy is best suited for achieving substantial changes in PHC local organization. PMID:24886490

Giant coercivity in perpendicularly magnetized cobalt monolayer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, D. C.; Song, C.; Cui, B.; Wang, Y. Y.; Wang, G. Y.; Pan, F.

2012-09-01

We report giant coercivity (HC) up to 35 kOe at 4 K, measured by the anomalous Hall effect, in perpendicularly magnetized Co (˜0.3 nm) films, where Co is approximately one monolayer. The HC is dramatically reduced with huge applied current, due to Joule heating rather than Rashba effect. It is also sensitive to temperatures, producing almost zero HC at 200 K. The Curie temperature of the Co monolayer is ˜275 K, far lower than that of bulk Co. The giant HC could be explained by the strong interaction at Co/Pd interface, providing a promising paradise: one monolayer, one permanent magnet.

Control of magnetization reversal in oriented strontium ferrite thin films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roy, Debangsu, E-mail: debangsu@physics.iisc.ernet.in; Anil Kumar, P. S.

2014-02-21

Oriented Strontium Ferrite films with the c axis orientation were deposited with varying oxygen partial pressure on Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) substrate using Pulsed Laser Deposition technique. The angle dependent magnetic hysteresis, remanent coercivity, and temperature dependent coercivity had been employed to understand the magnetization reversal of these films. It was found that the Strontium Ferrite thin film grown at lower (higher) oxygen partial pressure shows Stoner-Wohlfarth type (Kondorsky like) reversal. The relative importance of pinning and nucleation processes during magnetization reversal is used to explain the type of the magnetization reversal with different oxygen partial pressure during growth.

Coercive control and abused women's decisions about their pets when seeking shelter.

PubMed

Hardesty, Jennifer L; Khaw, Lyndal; Ridgway, Marcella D; Weber, Cheryl; Miles, Teresa

2013-09-01

The importance of pets in families, especially during major life stressors, is well documented. Research suggests links between pet ownership and intimate partner violence (IPV). This study explored abused women's decisions about pets when seeking help from a shelter. Interviews were conducted with 19 women who were pet owners. Using grounded theory methods, two patterns emerged surrounding abusers' treatment of pets, bonds to pets, women's decisions about pets upon seeking shelter, and future plans for pets. The presence of coercive control was central to these patterns. Women also discussed their experiences with and needs from shelter professionals and veterinarians with implications for practice.

Plasma sprayed Fe(76)Nd(16)B(8) permanent magnets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Overfelt, R. A.; Anderson, C. D.; Flanagan, W. F.

1986-01-01

Thin coatings (0.16 mm) and thick coatings (0.50 mm) of Fe(76)Nd(16)B(8) were deposited on stainless-steel substrates by low pressure plasma spraying. Microscopic examination of the coatings in a light microscope revealed excessive porosity, but good bonding to the substrate. Fracture cross sections examined in a scanning electron microscope showed the grains to be equiaxed and approximately 1 micron or less in diameter in the as-sprayed condition. The intrinsic coercivities of the as-sprayed coatings varied from 5.8 to 10.9 kOe. The effects of postspray heat treatments on the intrinsic coercivity are also given.

Measuring coercive control: what can we learn from national population surveys?

PubMed

Myhill, Andy

2015-03-01

Numerous academic studies point to gender symmetry in the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV). Many of these studies report findings from surveys with small and/or unrepresentative samples that have insufficient questions to differentiate adequately between different types of abuse. Data from a large, nationally representative survey suggest that, while the prevalence of situational violence is fairly symmetrical, coercive controlling abuse is highly gendered, with women overwhelmingly the victims. The authors conclude that more comprehensive measures are required in national surveys that consider a wider range of controlling behaviors as well as the meaning and impact of abuse. © The Author(s) 2015.

Rapid sintering of anisotropic, nanograined Nd-Fe-B by flash-spark plasma sintering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castle, Elinor; Sheridan, Richard; Grasso, Salvatore; Walton, Allan; Reece, Mike

2016-11-01

A Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) furnace was used to Flash-Sinter (FS) Nd-Fe-Dy-Co-B-Ga melt spun permanent magnetic material. During the 10 s "Flash" process (heating rate 2660 K min-1), sample sintering (to theoretical density) and deformation (54% height reduction) occurred. This produced texturing and significant magnetic anisotropy, comparable to conventional die-upset magnets; yet with much greater coercivities (>1600 kA m-1) due to the nanoscale characteristics of the plate-like sintered grains. These preliminary results suggest that Flash-SPS could provide a new processing route for the mass production of highly anisotropic, nanocrystalline magnetic materials with high coercivity.

Searching for solutions to alcohol and other drug abuse during pregnancy: ethics, values, and constitutional principles.

PubMed

Andrews, A B; Patterson, E G

1995-01-01

Recent efforts to develop legal mechanisms to detect prenatal substance abuse and force pregnant women into drug-free conditions have precipitated ethical struggles for social workers. This article reviews relevant social work values and ethical issues, particularly the need to balance obligations to promote client self-determination, privacy, and access to chosen services with professional values that support coercive intervention to aid vulnerable people and to protect life. The constitutional principles that most affect coercive interventions--due process and equal protection--are reviewed. Recommendations are offered to guide ethical and legal social work for case interventions and policy development.

Manipulating mentors' assessment decisions: Do underperforming student nurses use coercive strategies to influence mentors' practical assessment decisions?

PubMed

Hunt, Louise A; McGee, Paula; Gutteridge, Robin; Hughes, Malcolm

2016-09-01

There is growing evidence of a culture of expectation among nursing students in Universities which leads to narcissistic behaviour. Evidence is growing that some student nurses are disrespectful and rude towards their university lecturers. There has been little investigation into whether they exhibit similar behaviour towards their mentors during practical placements, particularly when they, the students, are not meeting the required standards for practice. This paper focuses on adding to the evidence around a unique finding - that student nurses can use coercive and manipulative behaviour to elicit a successful outcome to their practice learning assessment (as noted in Hunt et al. (2016, p 82)). Four types of coercive student behaviour were identified and classified as: ingratiators, diverters, disparagers and aggressors, each of which engendered varying degrees of fear and guilt in mentors. The effects of each type of behaviour are discussed and considered in the light of psychological contracts. Mechanisms to maintain effective working relationships between student nurses and mentors and bolster the robustness of the practical assessment process under such circumstances are discussed. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Magnetic properties of NdFeB-coated rubberwood composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noodam, Jureeporn; Sirisathitkul, Chitnarong; Matan, Nirundorn; Rattanasakulthong, Watcharee; Jantaratana, Pongsakorn

2013-01-01

Magnetic properties of composites prepared by coating lacquer containing neodymium iron boron (Nd-Fe-B) powders on rubberwood were characterized by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), magnetic moment measurements, and attraction tests with an iron-core solenoid. The Nd-Fe-B powders were recycled from electronic wastes by the ball-milling technique. Varying the milling time from 20 to 300 min, the magnetic squareness and the coercive field of the Nd-Fe-B powders were at the minimum when the powders were milled for 130 min. It followed that the coercive field of the magnetic wood composites was increased with the milling time increasing from 130 to 300 min. For the magnetic wood composites using Nd-Fe-B obtained from the same milling time, the magnetic squareness and the coercive field were rather insensitive to the variation of Nd-Fe-B concentration in coating lacquer from 0.43 to 1.00 g/cm3. By contrast, the magnetization and magnetic moment were increased with the Nd-Fe-B concentration increasing. Furthermore, the electrical current in the solenoid required for the attraction of the magnetic wood composites was exponentially reduced with the increase in the amount of Nd-Fe-B used in the coating.

Magnetic Force Microscopy Investigation of Magnetic Domains in Nd2Fe14B

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Talari, Mahesh Kumar; Markandeyulu, G.; Rao, K. Prasad

2010-07-01

Remenance and coercivity in Nd2Fe14B materials are strongly dependent on the microstructural aspects like phases morphology and grain size. The coercivity (Hc) of a magnetic material varies inversely with the grain size (D) and there is a critical size below which Hc∝D6. Domain wall pinning by grain boundaries and foreign phases is the important mechanism in explaining the improvement in coercivity and remenance. Nd2Fe14B intermetallic compound with stochiometric composition was prepared from pure elements (Nd -99.5%, Fe—99.95%, B -99.99%) by arc melting in argon atmosphere. Magnetic Force Microscope (MFM) gives high-resolution magnetic domain structural information of ferromagnetic samples. DI-3100 Scanning Probe Microscope with MESP probes was used For MFM characterization of the samples. Magnetic domains observed in cast ingots were very long (up to 40 μm were observed) and approximately 1-5 μm wide due to high anisotropy of the compounds. Magnetic domains have displayed different image contrast and morphologies at different locations of the samples. The domain morphologies and image contrast obtained in this analysis were explained in this paper.

Temperature and field direction dependences of first-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yomogita, Takahiro; Okamoto, Satoshi; Kikuchi, Nobuaki; Kitakami, Osamu; Sepehri-Amin, Hossein; Ohkubo, Tadakatsu; Hono, Kazuhiro; Akiya, Takahiro; Hioki, Keiko; Hattori, Atsushi

2018-02-01

First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagram has been previously adopted for the analyses of magnetization reversal process and/or quantitative evaluation of coercivity and interaction field dispersions in various magnetic samples. Although these kinds of information are valuable for permanent magnets, previously reported FORC diagrams of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets exhibit very complicated patterns. In this paper, we have studied the FORC diagrams of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets under various conditions. Contrary to the previous reports on sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets, the FORC diagram of the hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnet exhibits a very simple pattern consisting of a strong spot and a weak line. From this FORC diagram pattern, it is revealed that the coercivity dispersion of the hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets is surprisingly small. Moreover, this feature of the FORC diagram pattern is very robust and unaffected by changes in various conditions such as grain boundary diffusion process, temperature, and field direction, whereas these conditions significantly change the coercivity and the shape of magnetization curve. This fact indicates that the magnetization reversal process of the hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets is almost unchanged against these conditions.

Synthesis and optimization of the magnetic properties of aligned strontium ferrite nanowires

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ebrahimi, Fatemeh, E-mail: F.Ebrahimi@ma.iut.ac.ir; Bakhshi, Saeed Reza; Ashrafizadeh, Fakhreddin

Highlights: • Dip coating method was used to synthesize strontium ferrite nanowires in template. • Size of nanowires was controlled via anodization parameters. • Fe/Sr ratio was optimized in precursor. • Magnetic properties of nanowires and nanopowders were compared. - Abstract: High aspect ratio strontium hexaferrite nanowires were fabricated by dip coating in alumina template. Fe/Sr ratio was changed from 10 to 12 in precursor, and the samples were annealed at a range of temperatures 500–900 °C in order to optimize the magnetic properties of strontium ferrite in the form of nanowires. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) proved themore » formation of nanowires in the templates, while TEM images revealed a high degree of crystallinity. The ferrites were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Magnetic properties of the specimens were studied by a SQUID at 10–300 K. The results showed that the coercivity of packed density nanowires in the template was much less than that of the nanopowders. On the other hand, the coercivity of nanowires at ambient temperature was less than low temperature coercivity.« less

Magnetic Properties and Microstructure of Some 2:17 High Temperature Magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng-Burany, X.; Hadjipanayis, George C.; Chui, S. T.

1997-03-01

Recent DOD demands for electric vehicle/plane applications require the use of magnets with operating temperatures > 450^circ C . Of existing high performance magnets, only the Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z precipitation--hardened magnets have an operating temperature (300^circ C) which is close to the desired temperature and this makes these magnets potential candidates for further optimization studies. We have started a systematic study and modeling of the high temperature magnetic properties of several commercial magnets and other specially designed magnets supplied to us by Crucible Research. All the samples studied had a room temperature coercivity above 15 kOe. The coercivity was found to decrease with increasing temperature, with values of less than 4 kOe at 450^circ C , except for one sample which had a better temperature dependence with a coercivity above 6 kOe. TEM studies showed a cellular microstructure in all samples. The sample with better temperature properties had a smaller cell size but thicker cell walls. Lorentz electron microscopy studies are underway to image the domain walls and study their interaction with the cellular structure. The results of these studies will hopefully help us to understand the composition--microstructure--property relation in these magnets.

The influence of parenting style on health related behavior of children: findings from the ChiBS study.

PubMed

Philips, Nele; Sioen, Isabelle; Michels, Nathalie; Sleddens, Ester; De Henauw, Stefaan

2014-07-23

Exploring associations between parenting behavior and children's health related behavior including physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet and sleep. We recruited 288 parents and their children (6-12y old). Children's weight and height were measured. Fat percentage was determined by air displacement plethysmography. Parents reported socio-demographic data, sleep information, physical activity and sedentary behavior of their child and completed the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire (CGPQ) and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Children completed the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Associations between parenting behavior (CGPQ) and children's health related behavior were assessed with univariate and multiple regression analyses. A small positive correlation was found between sweet food consumption frequency and "coercive control" (r = 0.139) and a small negative correlation between fruit and vegetables consumption frequency and "overprotection" (r = -0.151). Children consumed more frequently soft drinks when their parents scored lower on "structure" (r = -0.124) and higher on "overprotection" (r = 0.123); for the light soft drinks separately, a small positive correlation with "behavioral control" was found (r = 0.172). A small negative correlation was found between "emotional eating" and "structure" (r = -0.172) as well as "behavioral control" (r = -0.166). "Coercive control" was negatively correlated with the child's sleep duration (r = -0.171). After correction for confounding factors, the following significant associations were found: (1) a small negative association between "structure" and soft drinks consumption (β = -0.17 for all soft drinks and -0.22 for light soft drinks), (2) a small positive association between "behavioral control" and light soft drinks (β = 0.34), (3) a small positive association of "nurturance" and "coercive control" with sedentary behavior (β = 0.16 for both parent constructs) and (4) a small negative association between the parenting construct "coercive control" and sleep duration (β = -0.23). The significant but small associations between parenting constructs and the investigated variables suggest that different aspects of parenting style play an important role in the genesis of the health related behavior of children. Overall, our findings suggest that health professionals should encourage parents to apply the more positive parenting constructs i.e., more "structure" and "behavioral control", and less "coercive control". They could, for instance, supervise and manage their child's activities and help their child to achieve certain goals.

Uses of research evidence among US state legislators who prioritize behavioral health issues

PubMed Central

Purtle, Jonathan; Dodson, Elizabeth A.; Brownson, Ross C.

2016-01-01

Objective Disseminating behavioral health (BH) research to legislators (i.e., elected policy makers) is widely acknowledged as a priority, but little is known about how research evidence is used and sought by this audience. The primary aim of this exploratory study was to identify the research dissemination preferences and research seeking practices of legislators who prioritize BH issues and describe the role research plays in determining their policy priorities. The secondary aim was to assess if these legislators differ from legislators who do not prioritize BH issues. Methods A telephone-based survey was conducted with 862 US state legislators (response rate 50%). A validated survey instrument was used to assess legislators’ priorities and the factors that determine them, research dissemination preferences, and research seeking practices. Bivariate analyses were conducted to characterize the study population and compare legislators who prioritized BH issues to legislators who did not. Results Legislators who prioritized BH issues were significantly more likely to identify research evidence as a factor that determined policy priorities than legislators who did not prioritize these issues (odds ratio=1.91, 95% CI=1.25–2.90, p=.002). Legislators who prioritized BH issues also attributed more importance to 10-of-12 features of disseminated research (e.g., research being unbiased [p=.014], research telling a story [p=.033]) and engaged in 8-of-11 research seeking and utilization practices (e.g., attending research presentations [p=.012]) more often. Conclusions Legislators who prioritize BH issues actively seek, have distinct preferences for, and are particularly influenced by research evidence. Testing legislator-focused BH research dissemination strategies is an area for future research. PMID:27364817

A review of state legislation and a state legislator survey related to not-for-profit hospital tax exemption and health care for the indigent.

PubMed

Jervis, Kathryn J

2005-01-01

This study examines recent states' legislation related to the not-for-profit (NFP) hospital tax exemption and care to the uninsured and underinsured, and compares these legislative provisions to a past survey of state legislators' opinions about appropriate criteria for the NFP hospital tax exemption. To be tax-exempt, hospitals need to provide services that benefit the community. The problem lies in the ambiguous nature of the community benefits standard and the type of information required for compliance with the standard. As a consequence, NFP hospital tax-exemption challenges have occurred across the nation, resulting most recently in a federal class action lawsuit against NFP hospitals across several states. Empirical research has examined whether the NFP hospital tax exemption is justified based on the amount of community benefits and charitable care provided, without examining the type of policy alternatives that might be proposed by legislators who are responsible to change and create tax-exemption regulations. This article surveys state legislators and examines state legislation. The survey reveals that legislators from states with tax-exempt challenge activity focus more narrowly on the provision of charitable care and that state legislators consider quantitative information to be as important as qualitative information for the tax-exemption decision. Essentially, the survey predicts that state legislation would focus primarily on charitable care policy and indigent care guidelines, which is confirmed by the review of recent state legislation; however, there is still much variation in tax-exemption legislation between states. More standardization is needed to address the needs of indigent patients equitably.

Students' Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Smoke-Free Universities: Changes Since Enactment of Vietnamese Tobacco Control Legislation.

PubMed

Bich, Nguyen Ngoc; Cook, Margaret; Johnstone, Kelly; Capra, Mike; Lan, Vu Thi Hoang

2016-01-01

In 2013, legislation in Vietnam regulated smoking in public areas. Included was a ban on indoor smoking at universities. Since awareness and attitude are moderators of the effectiveness of smokefree policy, ou aim was to assess changes in students' knowledge and attitude tosecond hand smoke (SHS) and awareness and support of smoke-free legislation at four Vietnamese universities, one year after legislative changes. A two-phase cross sectional study of undergraduate students using self-administered questionnaires (based on the Global Adult Tobacco Survey and the Thrasher survey) was conducted at the introduction of the legislation and one year thereafter. One-year post legislation there were significant increases in knowledge of smoke-free legislation and awareness of universities as smoke-free environments. There was a significant increase in knowledge of harmful effects of SHS on diseases such as examples in the heart and lung, including lung cancer, and miscarriage. Students expressed strong support of smoke-free environments in universities, hospitals, schools, workplaces, public transport, libraries, cinemas and theatres; support was also increased post legislation. Changes were seen in attitude to SHS, and rights of non-smokers and smokers. Positive changes have occurred in knowledge and attitude toward smoke-free environments and SHS in universities since enactment of Vietnamese tobacco control legislation.

Has Childhood Smoking Reduced Following Smoke-Free Public Places Legislation? A Segmented Regression Analysis of Cross-Sectional UK School-Based Surveys.

PubMed

Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Der, Geoff; Roberts, Chris; Haw, Sally

2016-07-01

Smoke-free legislation has been a great success for tobacco control but its impact on smoking uptake remains under-explored. We investigated if trends in smoking uptake amongst adolescents differed before and after the introduction of smoke-free legislation in the United Kingdom. Prevalence estimates for regular smoking were obtained from representative school-based surveys for the four countries of the United Kingdom. Post-intervention status was represented using a dummy variable and to allow for a change in trend, the number of years since implementation was included. To estimate the association between smoke-free legislation and adolescent smoking, the percentage of regular smokers was modeled using linear regression adjusted for trends over time and country. All models were stratified by age (13 and 15 years) and sex. For 15-year-old girls, the implementation of smoke-free legislation in the United Kingdom was associated with a 4.3% reduction in the prevalence of regular smoking (P = .029). In addition, regular smoking fell by an additional 1.5% per annum post-legislation in this group (P = .005). Among 13-year-old girls, there was a reduction of 2.8% in regular smoking (P = .051), with no evidence of a change in trend post-legislation. Smaller and nonsignificant reductions in regular smoking were observed for 15- and 13-year-old boys (P = .175 and P = .113, respectively). Smoke-free legislation may help reduce smoking uptake amongst teenagers, with stronger evidence for an association seen in females. Further research that analyses longitudinal data across more countries is required. Previous research has established that smoke-free legislation has led to many improvements in population health, including reductions in heart attack, stroke, and asthma. However, the impacts of smoke-free legislation on the rates of smoking amongst children have been less investigated. Analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys across the four countries of the United Kingdom shows smoke-free legislation may be associated with a reduction in regular smoking among school-aged children. If this association is causal, comprehensive smoke-free legislation could help prevent future generations from taking up smoking. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

Algae-based Renewable Fuel Promotion Act of 2010

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Teague, Harry [D-NM-2

2009-12-01

Senate - 11/15/2010 Read the second time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 639. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Passed HouseHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Interpretations of legal criteria for involuntary psychiatric admission: a qualitative analysis.

PubMed

Feiring, Eli; Ugstad, Kristian N

2014-10-25

The use of involuntary admission in psychiatry may be necessary to enable treatment and prevent harm, yet remains controversial. Mental health laws in high-income countries typically permit coercive treatment of persons with mental disorders to restore health or prevent future harm. Criteria intended to regulate practice leave scope for discretion. The values and beliefs of staff may become a determinating factor for decisions. Previous research has only to a limited degree addressed how legal criteria for involuntary psychiatric admission are interpreted by clinical decision-makers. We examined clinicians' interpretations of criteria for involuntary admission under the Norwegian Mental Health Care Act. This act applies a status approach, whereby involuntary admission can be used at the presence of mental disorder and need for treatment or perceived risk to the patient or others. Further, best interest assessments carry a large justificatory burden and open for a range of extra-legislative factors to be considered. Deductive thematic analysis was used. Three ideal types of attitudes-to-coercion were developed, denoted paternalistic, deliberative and interpretive. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 10 Norwegian clinicians with experience from admissions to psychiatric care were carried out. Data was fit into the preconceived analytical frame. We hypothesised that the data would mirror the recent shift from paternalism towards a more human rights focused approach in modern mental health care. The paternalistic perspective was, however, clearly expressed in the data. Involuntary admission was considered to be in the patient's best interest, and patients suffering from serious mental disorder were assumed to lack decision-making capacity. In addition to assessment of need, outcome effectiveness and risk of harm, extra-legislative factors such as patients' functioning, experience, resistance, networks, and follow-up options were told to influence decisions. Variation in how these multiple factors were taken into consideration was found. Some of the participants' statements could be attributed to the deliberative perspective, most of which concerned participants' beliefs about an ideal decision-making situation. Our data suggest how a deliberative-oriented ideal of reasoning about legal criteria for involuntary admission lapses into paternalism in clinical decision-making. Supplementary professional guidelines should be developed.

Overview of the gaps in the health care legislation in Georgia: short-, medium-, and long-term priorities.

PubMed

Kiknadze, Nino; Beletsky, Leo

2013-12-12

After gaining independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Georgia has aspired to become the region's leader in progressive legal reform. Particularly in the realm of health care regulation, Georgia has proceeded with extensive legislative reforms intended to modernize its health care system, and bring it in line with international standards. As part of a larger project to improve human rights in patient care, we conducted a study designed to identify gaps in the current Georgian health care legislation. Using a cross-site research framework based on the European Charter of Patients’ Rights, an interdisciplinary working group oversaw a comprehensive review of human rights legislation pertinent to health care settings using various sources, such as black letter law, expert opinions, court cases, research papers, reports, and complaints. The study identified a number of serious inconsistencies, gaps, and conflicts in the definition and coverage of terms used in the national legislative canon pertinent to human rights in patient care. These include inconsistent definitions of key terms "informed consent" and "medical malpractice" across the legislative landscape. Imprecise and overly broad drafting of legislation has left concepts like patient confidentiality and implied consent wide open to abuse. The field of health care provider rights was entirely missing from existing Georgian legislation. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in Georgia. Gaps and inconsistencies uncovered were categorized based on a short-, medium-, and long-term action framework. Results were presented to key decision makers in Georgian ministerial and legislative institutions. Several of the major recommendations are currently being considered for inclusion into future legal reform. Copyright © 2013 Kiknadze and Beletsky. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

The Influence of "No Child Left Behind" Legislation on Drug Prevention in U.S. Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cho, Hyunsan; Hallfors, Denise Dion; Iritani, Bonita J.; Hartman, Shane

2009-01-01

This study examines prevention practices and perceptions in U.S. schools since passage of federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation, using survey data from state education agencies (SEA) and a population-based sample of school districts. Only one third of U.S. public school districts rely on evidence-based prevention curriculum in middle…

Anti-bullying Policies and Disparities in Bullying: A State-Level Analysis.

PubMed

Hatzenbuehler, Mark L; Flores, Javier E; Cavanaugh, Joseph E; Onwuachi-Willig, Angela; Ramirez, Marizen R

2017-08-01

Recent research suggests that anti-bullying laws may be effective in reducing risk of bullying victimization among youth, but no research has determined whether these laws are also effective in reducing disparities in bullying. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-bullying legislation in reducing disparities in sex- and weight-based bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Data on anti-bullying legislation were obtained from the U.S. Department of Education, which commissioned a systematic review of 16 key components of state laws in 2011. States were also categorized based on whether their legislation enumerated protected groups and, if so, which groups were enumerated. These policy variables from 28 states were linked to individual-level data on bullying and cyberbullying victimization from students in 9th through 12th grade participating in the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System study (N=79,577). Analyses were conducted in 2016. There was an absence of any kind of moderating effect of anti-bullying legislation on weight-based disparities in bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Only state laws with high compliance to Department of Education enumeration guidelines were associated with lower sex-based disparities in bullying victimization. Anti-bullying policies were not associated with lower weight-based disparities in bullying and cyberbullying victimization among youth, and only one form of policies (high compliance to Department of Education enumeration guidelines) was associated with lower sex-based disparities in bullying victimization. Results therefore suggest that anti-bullying legislation requires further refinement to protect youth who are vulnerable to bullying victimization. Copyright © 2017 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The role of economic factors on women's risk for intimate partner violence: a cross-national comparison of Canada and the United States.

PubMed

Kaukinen, Catherine Elizabeth; Powers, Ráchael A

2015-02-01

National data from Canada and the United States are used to examine the connection between women's economic contributions to the family and their risk for physical and emotional abuse. Analyses show that American women are at a twofold greater risk; however, the relationship between economic variables and the risk of both physical violence and coercive control are more complex. Income serves to reduce the risk of both violence and coercive control for both Canadian and American women, whereas education serves as a clear protective factor for American women, but does not provide the same benefit for Canadian women. © The Author(s) 2014.

Magnetic Behavior of Ni-Fe Core-Shell and Alloy Nanowires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tripathy, Jagnyaseni; Vargas, Jose; Spinu, Leonard; Wiley, John

2013-03-01

Template assisted synthesis was used to fabricate a series of Ni-Fe core-shell and alloy nanowires. By controlling reaction conditions as well as pore structure, both systems could be targeted and magnetic properties followed as a function of architectures. In the core-shell structure coercivity increases with decrease in shell thickness while for the alloys, coercivity squareness improve with increase pore diameter. Details on the systematic studies of these materials will be presented in terms of hysteretic measurements, including first order reversal curves (FORC), and FMR data. Magnetic variation as a function of structure and nanowire aspect ratios will be presented and the origins of these behaviors discussed. Advanced Material Research Institute

Coercivity of domain wall motion in thin films of amorphous rare earth-transition metal alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mansuripur, M.; Giles, R. C.; Patterson, G.

1991-01-01

Computer simulations of a two dimensional lattice of magnetic dipoles are performed on the Connection Machine. The lattice is a discrete model for thin films of amorphous rare-earth transition metal alloys, which have application as the storage media in erasable optical data storage systems. In these simulations, the dipoles follow the dynamic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation under the influence of an effective field arising from local anisotropy, near-neighbor exchange, classical dipole-dipole interactions, and an externally applied field. Various sources of coercivity, such as defects and/or inhomogeneities in the lattice, are introduced and the subsequent motion of domain walls in response to external fields is investigated.

[Seclusion and mechanical restraints in psychiatric care: Prescriptions procedures, pharmacological management, and monitoring].

PubMed

Tezenas du Montcel, Chloé; Kowal, Célia; Leherle, Audrey; Kabbaj, Soraya; Frajerman, Ariel; Le Guen, Emmanuel; Hamdani, Nora; Schürhoff, Franck; Leboyer, Marion; Pelissolo, Antoine; Pignon, Baptiste

2018-04-18

We will briefly summarize the French recommendations concerning the use of seclusion and mechanical restraint. Acute agitation and aggression or self-injurious activity during psychotic and manic episodes are the main indication of prescription of the coercive measures. Their prescriptions respect specific modalities that will be explained. Although they proved to be efficient, seclusion and restrain need to stay a last resort option, considering the risk of physical complications and psychological consequences. Specific pharmacological prescription will necessarily be associated with coercive measures and we present prescription guidelines. Finally, physical complications need to be prevented and we submit specific protocol concerning constipation and thromboembolic risk management. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

The Role of Ethics in Reducing and Improving the Quality of Coercion in Mental Health Care.

PubMed

Norvoll, Reidun; Hem, Marit Helene; Pedersen, Reidar

2017-03-01

Coercion in mental health care gives rise to many ethical challenges. Many countries have recently implemented state policy programs or development projects aiming to reduce coercive practices and improve their quality. Few studies have explored the possible role of ethics (i.e., ethical theory, moral deliberation and clinical ethics support) in such initiatives. This study adds to this subject by exploring health professionals' descriptions of their ethical challenges and strategies in everyday life to ensure morally justified coercion and best practices. Seven semi-structured telephone interviews were carried out in 2012 with key informants in charge of central development projects and quality-assurance work in mental health services in Norway. No facilities used formal clinical ethics support. However, the informants described five areas in which ethics was of importance: moral concerns as implicit parts of local quality improvement initiatives; moral uneasiness and idealism as a motivational source of change; creating a normative basis for development work; value-based leadership; and increased staff reflexivity on coercive practices. The study shows that coercion entails both individual and institutional ethical aspects. Thus, various kinds of moral deliberation and ethics support could contribute to addressing coercion challenges by offering more systematic ways of dealing with moral concerns. However, more strategic use of implicit and institutional ethics is also needed.

Characterizing the magnetic memory signals on the surface of plasma transferred arc cladding coating under fatigue loads

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Haihong; Han, Gang; Qian, Zhengchun; Liu, Zhifeng

2017-12-01

The metal magnetic memory signals were measured during dynamic tension tests on the surfaces of the cladding coatings by plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding and the 0.45% C steel. Results showed that the slope of the normal component Hp(y) of magnetic signal and the average value of the tangential component Hp(x) reflect the magnetization of the specimens. The signals increased sharply in the few initial cycles; and then fluctuated around a constant value during fatigue process until fracture. For the PTA cladding coating, the slope of Hp(y) was steeper and the average of Hp(x) was smaller, compared with the 0.45% C steel. The hysteresis curves of cladding layer, bonding layer and substrate were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer testing, and then saturation magnetization, initial susceptibility and coercivity were further calculated. The stress-magnetization curves were also plotted based on the J-A model, which showed that the PTA cladding coating has smaller remanence and coercivity compared with the 0.45% C steel. The microstructures of cladding coating confirmed that the dendritic structure and second-phase of alloy hinder the magnetic domain motion, which was the main factor influencing the variation of magnetic signal during the fatigue tests.

Antidot patterned single and bilayer thin films based on ferrimagnetic Tb-Co alloy with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kulesh, N. A.; Vázquez, M.; Lepalovskij, V. N.; Vas'kovskiy, V. O.

2018-02-01

Hysteresis properties and magnetization reversal in TbCo(30 nm) and FeNi(10 nm)/TbCo(30 nm) films with nanoscale antidot lattices are investigated to test the effect of nanoholes on the perpendicular anisotropy in the TbCo layer and the induced exchange bias in the FeNi layer. The antidots are introduced by depositing the films on top of hexagonally ordered porous anodic alumina substrates with pore diameter and interpore distance fixed to 75 nm and 105 nm, respectively. The analysis of combined vibrating sample magnetometry, Kerr microscopy and magnetic force microscopy imaging measurements has allowed us to link macroscopic and local magnetization reversal processes. For magnetically hard TbCo films, we demonstrate the tunability of magnetic anisotropy and coercive field (i.e., it increases from 0.2 T for the continuous film to 0.5 T for the antidot film). For the antidot FeNi/TbCo film, magnetization of FeNi is confirmed to be in plane. Although an exchange bias has been locally detected in the FeNi layer, the integrated hysteresis loop has increased coercivity and zero shift along the field axis due to the significantly decreased magnetic anisotropy of TbCo layer.

Characterization facility for magneto-optic media and systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mansuripur, M.; Fu, H.; Gadetsky, S.; Sugaya, S.; Wu, T. H.; Zambuto, J.; Gerber, R.; Goodman, T.; Erwin, J. K.

1993-01-01

Objectives of this research are: (1) to measure the hysteresis loop, Kerr rotation angle, anisotropy energy profile, Hall voltage, and magnetoresistance of thin-film magneto-optic media using our loop-tracer; (2) measure the wavelength-dependence of the Kerr rotation angle, Theta(sub k), and ellipticity, epsilon(sub k), for thin-film media using our magneto-optic Kerr spectrometer (MOKS); (3) measure the dielectric tensor of thin-film and multilayer samples using our variable-angle magneto-optic ellipsometer (VAMOE); (4) measure the hysteresis loop, coercivity, remanent magnetization, saturation magnetization, and anisotropy energy constant for thin film magnetic media using vibrating sample magnetometry; (5) observe small magnetic domains and investigate their interaction with defects using magnetic force microscopy; (6) perform static read/write/erase experiments on thin-film magneto-optic media using our static test station; (7) integrate the existing models of magnetization, magneto-optic effects, coercivity, and anisotropy in an interactive and user-friendly environment, and analyze the characterization data obtained in the various experiments, using this modeling package; (8) measure focusing- and tracking-error signals on a static testbed, determine the 'feedthrough' for various focusing schemes, investigate the effects of polarization and birefringence, and compare the results with diffraction-based calculations; and (9) measure the birefringence of optical disk substrates using two variable angle ellipsometers.

Searching for justice for body and self in a coercive environment: sex work in Kerala, India.

PubMed

Jayasree, A K

2004-05-01

Sex workers in Kerala, India, live in a coercive environment and face violence from the police and criminals, lack of shelter, lack of childcare support and have many physical and mental health problems. This paper documents the environment in which women have been selling sex in Kerala since 1995, and their efforts to claim their rights. It is based on sex workers' own reports and experiences, a situation analysis and a needs assessment study by the Foundation for Integrated Research in Mental Health. Involvement in HIV/AIDS prevention projects first gave sex workers in Kerala an opportunity to come together. Some have become peer educators and distribute condoms but they continue to be harassed by police. Most anti-trafficking interventions, including rescue and rehabilitation, either criminalise or victimise sex workers, and sex workers reject them as a solution to sex work. They understand that the lack of sexual fulfillment in other relationships and their own lack of access to other work and resources are the reasons why commercial sex flourishes. Sex workers are not mere victims without agency. They have a right to bodily integrity, pleasure, livelihood, self-determination and a safe working environment. Sex workers are organising themselves for these objectives and demand decriminalisation of sex work.

[Polish legal terms of animal-based research - selected aspects].

PubMed

Poznański, Paweł; Niedźwiecki, Sławomir

2014-01-01

Animal-based models used in biomedical sciences allow to perform research that, conducted on humans, would be highly problematic because of bioethical and technical issues. Contemporary researchers race can lead to abuse, hence the need for special law regulations regarding this subject. This necessity reflected both in the EU and Polish legislation, and is rooted in the philosophical and moral achievements of Europe. EU legislation in this case takes the form of directives implemented in the legal systems of the member states. Polish tradition of legislative approach to animal-based research is long. In 1959 the wide attempt to regulate this matter was undertaken. Until 2005, the nature of the matter had been regulated by the Polish animal protection law. Currently, details concerning animal-based-research are regulated by the animal experiments law (2005). The elapsed time since enactment allowed doctrine and judicature to reveal capabilities and vulnerabilities of the law.

Public health law for the collection and reporting of health care-associated infections.

PubMed

Meier, Benjamin Mason; Stone, Patricia W; Gebbie, Kristine M

2008-10-01

State-based laws for reporting of health care-associated infections (HAI) have developed and changed dramatically in recent years, affecting the costs of reporting and impact on infection rates. It is necessary for practitioners of infection control to understand these changing legal frameworks and their application to practice. Employing systematic state-based research, the researchers have documented legislation and administrative regulations for institution-specific HAI reporting, using this information to create a comprehensive resource on state-based laws for mandatory HAI reporting. As of August 27, 2007, 24 states have adopted laws requiring reporting of HAI rates, with an additional 7 states currently considering legislation that would require HAI reporting and 19 states employing detailed regulation in the absence of any current legislative authorization specific to HAI. This study documents (1) which states require reporting of HAI and, if so, whether this is done by legislation or administrative regulation; (2) whether the specific HAIs to be reported are identified in state law or codified generally as "diseases of public health importance," with reporting specified by administrative regulation; and (3) what reporting policies and procedures are detailed in law. Through analysis of the collected information, the researchers have examined the degree to which states have modernized their respective public health laws to approach mandatory reporting by way of general legislation regarding "matters of public health importance" and subsequent detailed administrative regulation to specify those matters.

Magnetic and Dielectric Investigations of Mn-Doped Ba Hexaferrite Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adeela, N.; Khan, U.; Iqbal, M.; Riaz, S.; Ali, H.; Maaz, K.; Naseem, S.

2016-11-01

A hydrothermal method followed by heat treatment was used to synthesize Mn-substituted Ba2Co2- x Mn x Fe12O22 nanoparticles with a nominal chemical composition of 0 ≤ x < 1 and step gap of 0.3. In this study, the effect of Mn substitution on Co2Y-type barium hexaferrite is investigated after employing x-ray diffraction for crystal structure, field emission scanning electron microscopy for morphology, energy dispersive analysis of x-ray spectroscopy for elemental composition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm bond modes, and vibrating sample magnetometry for magnetic measurements. It was found that the sample at x = 0.9 is of particular interest due to its large coercivity and anisotropy. Later on, for x = 0.9, temperature-dependent magnetic analyses including hysteresis loops, zero-field-cooled, and field-cooled at a particular field of 100 Oe were performed. The decreasing trend in saturation magnetization with increase in temperature was estimated. On the other hand, first an increase and then decrease in coercivity values were observed. These loops also revealed dependence of coercivity on magneto-crystalline anisotropy and average crystallite size of nanoparticles. Dielectric measurements at x = 0.9 make it suitable for high frequency applications.

Spin reorientation transition and hard magnetic properties of MnBi intermetallic compound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suzuki, K.; Wu, X.; Ly, V.; Shoji, T.; Kato, A.; Manabe, A.

2012-04-01

The effects of mechanical grinding (MG) on the crystallite size, the spin reorientation transition temperature (TSR) and the hard magnetic properties in melt-spun low temperature phase (LTP) MnBi have been investigated in order to understand the origin of magnetic hardening induced by MG. The room-temperature coercive field (μ0Hcj) is enhanced dramatically from 0.08 T before MG to 1.5 T after MG for 43.2 ks while TSR is concurrently suppressed from 110 to 38 K. The coercive force exhibits positive temperature dependence approximately 50-60 K above TSR and the lowered TSR after MG could result in magnetic hardening at room temperature. The room-temperature coercive force of LTP-MnBi is highly dependent on the crystallite size (D) and is found to be described phenomenologically by the following relationship: μ0Hcj = μ0Ha(δ/D)n, where μ0Ha is ˜ 4 T, the Bloch wall width δ is 7 nm, and the exponent n is approximately 0.7. Our results suggest that the grain refinement is the primary origin of the hardening effect induced by MG with a possible minor hardening effect due to the suppression of the spin reorientation transition temperature.

Phase transformation in rapidly quenched Fe-Cr-Co-Mo-Ti-Si-B alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhukov, D. G.; Shubakov, V. S.; Zhukova, E. Kh; Gorshenkov, M. V.

2018-03-01

The research results of phase transformations in Fe-24Cr-16Co-3Mo-0.2Ti-1Si-B alloys (with a boron content of 1 to 3% by mass) obtained by rapid quenching are presented. The structure formation regularities during the melt spinning and during the subsequent crystallization annealing in rapidly quenched bands of the Fe-Cr-Co-Mo-Ti-Si-B system alloys were studied. The changes in the phase composition of the rapidly quenched Fe-Cr-Co-Mo-Ti- Si-B system alloys after quenching at various quench rates and at different boron concentrations in the alloys are studied. It is shown that during crystallization from an amorphous state, at temperatures above 570 °C, in addition to the α-phase, the σ-phase appears first, followed by the γ-phase. Heat treatment of rapidly quenched bands to high-coercive state was carried out. A qualitative assessment of magnetic properties in a high-coercivity state was carried out. An evaluation of the level of magnetic properties in a high-coercivity state allows us to conclude that the application of a magnetic field during crystallization from an amorphous state leads to anisotropy of the magnetic properties, that is, an anisotropic effect of thermo-magnetic treatment is detected.

Mental Health Nursing, Mechanical Restraint Measures and Patients’ Legal Rights

PubMed Central

Birkeland, Soren; Gildberg, Frederik A.

2016-01-01

Coercive mechanical restraint (MR) in psychiatry constitutes the perhaps most extensive exception from the common health law requirement for involving patients in health care decisions and achieving their informed consent prior to treatment. Coercive measures and particularly MR seriously collide with patient autonomy principles, pose a particular challenge to psychiatric patients’ legal rights, and put intensified demands on health professional performance. Legal rights principles require rationale for coercive measure use be thoroughly considered and rigorously documented. This article presents an in-principle Danish Psychiatric Complaint Board decision concerning MR use initiated by untrained staff. The case illustrates that, judicially, weight must be put on the patient perspective on course of happenings and especially when health professional documentation is scant, patients’ rights call for taking notice of patient evaluations. Consequently, if it comes out that psychiatric staff failed to pay appropriate consideration for the patient’s mental state, perspective, and expressions, patient response deviations are to be judicially interpreted in this light potentially rendering MR use illegitimated. While specification of law criteria might possibly improve law use and promote patients’ rights, education of psychiatry professionals must address the need for, as far as possible, paying due regard to meeting patient perspectives and participation principles as well as formal law and documentation requirements. PMID:27123152

The comprehensiveness of environmental management systems: The influence of institutional pressures and the impact on environmental performance.

PubMed

Phan, Thanh Nguyet; Baird, Kevin

2015-09-01

This study contributes to the EMS literature by providing a more detailed insight into the comprehensiveness of environmental management systems (EMSs) by focusing on the intensity of use of environmental management practices. In addition, the study examines the influence of institutional pressures (coercive, mimetic and normative) on the comprehensiveness of environmental management systems (EMSs), and the impact of EMS comprehensiveness on environmental performance. A mail survey questionnaire was used to collect data from a random sample of Australian senior managers across various industries. Both coercive and normative pressures were found to influence the comprehensiveness of EMSs. Specifically, the pressure exerted by the government, through the creation of appropriate regulatory pressures and public incentives, and by employees, customers, professional groups, the media, and community, influenced the comprehensiveness of the EMS. In addition, organisations with more comprehensive EMSs were found to experience higher levels of environmental performance. With more than 300,000 organisations worldwide adopting EMSs (ISO, 2013), the findings provide an important insight into the relevance of EMSs. In particular, it is suggested that organisations should endeavour to implement a more comprehensive EMS and be conscious of the role that coercive and normative pressures play in influencing the comprehensiveness of their EMSs. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of patch borders on coercivity in amorphous rare earth-transition metal thin films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patterson, G.; Fu, H.; Giles, R. C.; Mansuripur, M.

1991-01-01

The coercivity at the micron scale is a very important property of magneto-optical media. It is a key factor that determines the magnetic domain wall movement and domain reversal. How the coercivity is influenced by a special type of patch borders is discussed. Patch formation is a general phenomenon in growth processes of amorphous rare earth transition metal thin films. Different patches may stem from different seeds and the patch borders are formed when they merge. Though little is known about the exact properties of the borders, we may expect that the exchange interaction at the patch border is weaker than that within a patch, since there is usually a spatial gap between two patches. Computer simulations were performed on a 2-D hexagonal lattice consisting of 37 complete patches with random shape and size. From the series of simulations we may conclude that the domain in the patch with borders of 30 percent exchange strength can expand most easily to the whole lattice, because the exchange strength can expand most easily to the whole lattice, because the exchange strength of the border is not too high to prevent the domain from growing within the patch and it is not too low to prevent the domain from expanding beyond the patch.

South African women's conceptualisations of and responses to sexual coercion in relation to hegemonic masculinities.

PubMed

Stern, Erin; Buikema, Rosemarie; Cooper, Diane

2016-01-01

Despite the documented relationship between hegemonic norms of masculinities and South African men's use of sexual violence, less is known about how women's engagement with norms of masculinity influences their agency in sexually coercive experiences. This study applied a narrative approach to assess how women's understandings of hegemonic male norms affected their perceptions of and responses to sexually coercive experiences. Twenty-five sexual history narrative interviews were conducted with women across five South African provinces representing a range of ages, language and sociocultural backgrounds. Interviews elicited stories of first experiences of sex and the range of sexual relationships through adulthood. Data were analysed using principles of thematic and narrative analysis. Coercive sexual experiences informed many women's normative ideas about men's sexuality including being impulsive, controlling and aggressive. This could underpin women's limited ability to exercise agency and their increased vulnerability to sexual abuse. Some women reported levels of trust and respect in subsequent relationships, which typically involved deconstructing norms of men's use of coercion and moving beyond self-blame and guilt. The findings highlight the need to appreciate the fluid and situated nature of women's agency from a relational perspective in terms of how women condone and challenge gender norms that support men's use of sexual violence in their relationships.

Micromagnetic simulation and the angular dependence of coercivity and remanence for array of polycrystalline nickel nanowires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fuentes, G. P.; Holanda, J.; Guerra, Y.; Silva, D. B. O.; Farias, B. V. M.; Padrón-Hernández, E.

2017-02-01

We present here our experimental results for the preparation and characterization of nanowires of nickel and the analysis of the angular dependence of coercivity and remanence using experimental data and micromagnetic simulation. The fabrication was made by using aluminum oxide membranes as templates and deposited nickel by an electrochemical route. The magnetic measurements showed that coercivity and remanence are dependent of the angle of application of the external magnetic field. Our results are different than that expected for the coherent, vortex and transversal modes of the reversion for the magnetic moments. According to the transmission electron microscopy analysis we can see that our nanowires have not a perfect cylindrical format. That is why we have used the ellipsoids chain model for better understanding the real structure of wires and its relation with the magnetic behavior. In order to generate theoretical results for this configuration we have made micromagnetic simulation using Nmag code. Our numerical results for the realistic distances are in correspondence with the magnetic measurements and we can see that there are contradictions if we assume the transverse reversal mode. Then, we can conclude that structure of nanowires should be taken into account to understand the discrepancies reported in the literature for the reversion mechanism in arrays of nickel nanowires.

Magnetic properties of Sm2(Fe0.95M0.05)17Nx (M=Cr and Mn) anisotropic coarse powders with high coercivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ito, Mikio; Majima, Kazuhiko; Shimuta, Toru; Katsuyama, Shigeru; Nagai, Hiroshi

2002-09-01

Sm2(Fe0.95Cr0.05)17Nx and Sm2(Fe0.95Mn0.05)17Nx coarse powders 10-70 mum in size were synthesized by crushing mother alloy ingots into 32-74 mum in particle size and subsequent nitrogenation at 748 K in a flowing mixed gas of 60 vol % H2+40 vol % NH3. The effects of Cr or Mn substitution for Fe on the nitrogenation rate, magnetic properties, and microstructure of the Sm2Fe17Nx hard magnetic material were investigated. Cr and Mn substitution was quite effective for accelerating nitrogenation. When the powders were nitrogenated beyond x=3, amorphous phase formation was observed as the x value increased. The magnetic properties of the nitrogenated powders were significantly improved by Cr and Mn substitution, and these powders also possessed a satisfactory magnetic anisotropy. The maximum coercivity in this study, 0.59 MA/m, was obtained for the Sm2(Fe0.95Mn0.05)17N5.0 powder in spite of its large particle size. The high coercivity of the coarse powders was caused by a cell-like microstructure composed of fine 2-17 crystalline grains 20-30 nm in size surrounded by an amorphous phase.

Hydrothermally-induced changes in mineralogy and magnetic properties of oxidized A-type granites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nédélec, Anne; Trindade, Ricardo; Peschler, Anne; Archanjo, Carlos; Macouin, Mélina; Poitrasson, Franck; Bouchez, Jean-Luc

2015-01-01

The changes in magnetic mineralogy due to the hydrothermal alteration of A-type granitic rocks have been thoroughly investigated in samples from the granite of Tana (Corsica, France), and compared with other A-type granites: Meruoca (NE Brazil), Bushveld (South Africa), Mount Scott (Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma, USA) and the stratoid hypersolvus granites of Madagascar. The altered red-colored samples and their non-altered equivalents were magnetically characterized by means of magnetic susceptibility measurements, hysteresis loops, remanent coercivity spectra, and Lowrie test. It is shown that hydrothermalization in magnetite-bearing granites is related to the formation of fine-grained magnetite and hematite, and to coeval depletion in the content of primary low-coercive coarse-grained magnetite. These mineralogical changes give typical rock magnetic signatures, namely lower susceptibility magnitudes and anisotropy degrees, prolate AMS (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) fabrics and increased coercivities. Optical microscopy and SEM (scanning electronic microscopy) images suggest that the orientation of the secondary magnetic minerals is related to fluid-pathways and micro-fractures formed during the hydrothermal event and therefore may be unrelated to magma emplacement and crystallization fabrics. Changes in magnetic mineralogy and grain-size distribution have also to be considered for any paleomagnetic and iron isotope studies in granites.

Unraveling the origins of electromechanical response in mixed-phase Bismuth Ferrite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vasudevan, Rama K; Okatan, M. B.; Liu, Y. Y.

The origin of giant electromechanical response in a mixed-phase rhombohedral-tetragonal BiFeO3 thin film is probed using sub-coercive scanning probe microscopy based multiple-harmonic measurements. Significant contributions to the strain arise from a second-order harmonic response localized at the phase boundaries. Strain and dissipation data, backed by thermodynamic calculations suggest that the source of the enhanced electromechanical response is the motion of phase boundaries. These findings elucidate the key role of labile phase boundaries, both natural and artificial, in achieving thin films with giant electromechanical properties.

Domain switching kinetics in ferroelectric-resistive BiFeO3 thin film memories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Jianwei; Jiang, Jun; Geng, Wenping; Chen, Zhihui; Zhang, Wei; Jiang, Anquan

2015-02-01

We fabricated (00l) BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films in different growth modes on SrRuO3/SrTiO3 substrates using a pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction patterns show an out-of-plane lattice constant of 4.03 Å and ferroelectric polarization of 82 µC/cm2 for the BFO thin film in a layer-by-layer growth mode (2D-BFO), larger than 3.96 Å and 51 µC/cm2 for the thin film in the 3D-island formation growth mode (3D-BFO). The 2D-BFO thin film at 300 K shows switchable on/off diode currents upon polarization flipping near a negative coercive voltage, which is nevertheless absent from the above 3D-BFO thin film. From a positive-up-negative-down pulse characterization technique, we measured domain switching current transients as well as polarization-voltage (Pf-Vf) hysteresis loops in both semiconducting thin films. Pf-Vf hysteresis loops after 1 µs-retention time show the preferred domain orientation pointing to bottom electrodes in a 3D-BFO thin film. The poor retention of the domains pointing to top electrodes can be improved considerably in a 2D-BFO thin film. From these measurements, we extracted domain switching time dependence of coercive voltage at temperatures of 78-300 K. From these dependences, we found coercive voltages in semiconducting ferroelectric thin films much higher than those in insulating thin films, disobeying the traditional Merz equation. Finally, an equivalent resistance model in description of free-carrier compensation of the front domain boundary charge is developed to interpret this difference. This equivalent resistance can be coincidently extracted either from domain switching time dependence of coercive voltage or from applied voltage dependence of domain switching current, which drops almost linearly with the temperature until down to 0 in a ferroelectric insulator at 78 K.

Putting the Nation on Notice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, Richard E.; Davis, Dwight E.

1982-01-01

Calls for federal legislation to support the role of community colleges in adult employment development. Advocates legislative support of private sector and community college cooperation and broad-based business/industry tax incentives. Identifies human resource development concerns; economic recovery and defense trends; areas for increased…

Stabilization of the high coercivity {epsilon}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase in the CeO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}/SiO{sub 2} nanocomposites

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mantlikova, A., E-mail: mantlikova@fzu.cz; Poltierova Vejpravova, J.; Bittova, B.

2012-07-15

We have investigated the processes leading to the formation of the Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} and CeO{sub 2} nanoparticles in the SiO{sub 2} matrix in order to stabilize the {epsilon}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} as the major phase. The samples with two different concentrations of the Fe were prepared by sol-gel method, subsequently annealed at different temperatures up to 1100 Degree-Sign C, and characterized by the Moessbauer spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and magnetic measurements. The evolution of the different Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} phases under various conditions of preparation was investigated, starting with themore » preferential appearance of the {gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase for the sample with low Fe concentration and low annealing temperature and stabilization of the major {epsilon}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase for high Fe concentration and high annealing temperature, coexisting with the most stable {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase. A continuous increase of the particle size of the CeO{sub 2} nanocrystals with increasing annealing temperature was also observed. - Graphical abstract: The graphical abstract displays the most important results of our work. The significant change of the phase composition due to the variation of preparation conditions is demonstrated. As a result, significant change of the magnetic properties from superparamagnetic {gamma}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase with negligible coercivity to the high coercivity {epsilon}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase has been observed. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Research of the stabilization of the high coercivity {epsilon}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} in CeO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}/SiO{sub 2}. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Samples with two different concentrations of Fe and three annealing temperatures. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Phase transition {gamma}{yields}{epsilon}{yields}({beta}){yields}{alpha} with increasing annealing temperature and particle size. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Elimination of the superparamagnetic phases in samples with higher content of Fe. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Best conditions for high coercivity {epsilon}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-higher Fe content and T{sub A}=1100 Degree-Sign C.« less

Rock magnetic properties estimated from coercivity - blocking temperature diagram: application to recent volcanic rocks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Terada, T.; Sato, M.; Mochizuki, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Tsunakawa, H.

2013-12-01

Magnetic properties of ferromagnetic minerals generally depend on their chemical composition, crystal structure, size, and shape. In the usual paleomagnetic study, we use a bulk sample which is the assemblage of magnetic minerals showing broad distributions of various magnetic properties. Microscopic and Curie-point observations of the bulk sample enable us to identify the constituent magnetic minerals, while other measurements, for example, stepwise thermal and/or alternating field demagnetizations (ThD, AFD) make it possible to estimate size, shape and domain state of the constituent magnetic grains. However, estimation based on stepwise demagnetizations has a limitation that magnetic grains with the same coercivity Hc (or blocking temperature Tb) can be identified as the single population even though they could have different size and shape. Dunlop and West (1969) carried out mapping of grain size and coercivity (Hc) using pTRM. However, it is considered that their mapping method is basically applicable to natural rocks containing only SD grains, since the grain sizes are estimated on the basis of the single domain theory (Neel, 1949). In addition, it is impossible to check thermal alteration due to laboratory heating in their experiment. In the present study we propose a new experimental method which makes it possible to estimate distribution of size and shape of magnetic minerals in a bulk sample. The present method is composed of simple procedures: (1) imparting ARM to a bulk sample, (2) ThD at a certain temperature, (3) stepwise AFD on the remaining ARM, (4) repeating the steps (1) ~ (3) with ThD at elevating temperatures up to the Curie temperature of the sample. After completion of the whole procedures, ARM spectra are calculated and mapped on the HC-Tb plane (hereafter called HC-Tb diagram). We analyze the Hc-Tb diagrams as follows: (1) For uniaxial SD populations, theoretical curve for a certain grain size (or shape anisotropy) is drawn on the Hc-Tb diagram. The curves are calculated using the single domain theory, since coercivity and blocking temperature of uniaxial SD grains can be expressed as a function of size and shape. (2) Boundary between SD and MD grains are calculated and drawn on the Hc-Tb diagram according to the theory by Butler and Banerjee (1975). (3) Theoretical predictions by (1) and (2) are compared with the obtained ARM spectra to estimate quantitive distribution of size, shape and domain state of magnetic grains in the sample. This mapping method has been applied to three samples: Hawaiian basaltic lava extruded in 1995, Ueno basaltic lava formed during Matsuyama chron, and Oshima basaltic lava extruded in 1986. We will discuss physical states of magnetic grains (size, shape, domain state, etc.) and their possible origins.

Perspectives on Global and Regional Security and Implications of Nuclear and Space Technologies: U.S.-Brazil Strategic Dialogue, Phase 2 Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-01

its leadership of the regional opposition to the U.S.- Colombian anti-drug trafficking and terrorism partnership. Brazil has been critical of U.S... legislative action. There is no system for the President to push through legislation , as there is in the United States. All bills must go through both...the development of the defense industry. The political implications are that legislation can easily be halted or speeded along, based on the

Air pollution legislation and regulation in the european community: A review essay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Riordan, Timothy

Pollution control generally is moving from the specific to the general, from the local to the international, from reactive measures to foresight management, from emission based to technology forced, and from single media managed to integrated. These are trends only, but there is a persistence behind these trends. This suggests that air pollution legislation and regulation will be driven more by international protocols and commitments than by national interests. Since enforcement will remain primarily a national responsibility because individual countries vary in their enthusiasm to meet externally imposed air pollution legislation, the weak link in the regulatory chain may well prove to be practical implementation of legislative intent.

Finance Project. Agenda Item 8.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McIntyre, Chuck

Based on an examination of the socioeconomic factors likely to affect community college financing in California from 1980 to 1985, this report presents recommendations for community college fiscal legislation during the state's 1981-82 legislative session. The report first outlines 17 assumptions concerning future trends in community college…

JPRS Report, Supplement, East Europe, Recent Legislation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-02

value of the designated land corre- damage shall be determined based on the cadastral net sponds with the average Gold Crown value of the coop- income...Republic of Croatia appoints chiefs Cultural- informational centers of the Republic of of consular representations based on the recommenda- Croatia abroad...Europe Recent Legislation 19980202 134/ rI QUALI•TST•O•ED a REPRODUCED BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE SPRINGFIELD

Structure and magnetic properties of Sm{sub 3}(Fe{sub 0.85}Cr{sub 0.15}){sub 29}N{sub y} alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Suzuki, Shunji; Suzuki, Shinya; Kawasaki, Masahito

1995-11-01

The structure and magnetic properties of Sm{sub 3}(Fe{sub 0.85}Cr{sub 0.15}){sub 29}N{sub y} alloy were investigated. It was found that the alloy had the R{sub 3}(Fe,M){sub 29}-type structure and absorbed 4--5 wt.% of nitrogen which exceeds 4 nitrogen atoms per unit formula. The coercivity of the powder was greatly influenced by the nitrogen content and annealing. The Sm{sub 3}(Fe{sub 0.85}Cr{sub 0.15}){sub 29}N{sub y} alloy powder with 4.1 wt.% of nitrogen showed a high coercivity of 552 kA/m without fine grinding.

Templated assembly of Co-Pt nanoparticles via thermal and laser-induced dewetting of bilayer metal films.

PubMed

Oh, Yong-Jun; Kim, Jung-Hwan; Thompson, Carl V; Ross, Caroline A

2013-01-07

Templated dewetting of a Co/Pt metal bilayer film on a topographic substrate was used to assemble arrays of Co-Pt alloy nanoparticles, with highly uniform particle size, shape and notably composition compared to nanoparticles formed on an untemplated substrate. Solid-state and liquid-state dewetting processes, using furnace annealing and laser irradiation respectively, were compared. Liquid state dewetting produced more uniform, conformal nanoparticles but they had a polycrystalline disordered fcc structure and relatively low magnetic coercivity. In contrast, solid state dewetting enabled formation of magnetically hard, ordered L1(0) Co-Pt single-crystal particles with coercivity >12 kOe. Furnace annealing converted the nanoparticles formed by liquid state dewetting into the L1(0) phase.

Effect of finite size in magnetic properties of BaFe12O19

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, A. Sendil; Bhatnagar, Anil K.

2018-05-01

BaFe12O19 Nanoparticles are prepared through auto ignition method and structure, microstructure and magnetic properties are characterized. Samples having spherical shapes and elongated nanorods are chosen to investigate the role of finite size effect in magnetic properties. Magnetization studies show superparamagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic behaviors depending on the size and shape. Very small coercive field of around 200 Oe is observed for spherical nanoparticles and a large coercive field of around 7000 Oe for nanorods is found. The shape and size plays an important role in magnetic properties of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles. Shape anisotropy has significant value compared to other anisotropies. Therefore shape of nanoparticles influences the magnetic order.

Atomic-Resolution X-ray Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy Chemical Mapping of Substitutional Dy Atoms in a High-Coercivity Neodymium Magnet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Itakura, Masaru; Watanabe, Natsuki; Nishida, Minoru; Daio, Takeshi; Matsumura, Syo

2013-05-01

We have investigated local element distributions in a Dy-doped Nd2Fe14B hot-deformed magnet by atomic-column resolution chemical mapping using an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (XEDS) attached to an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (Cs-corrected STEM). The positions of the Nd and Dy atomic columns were visualized in the XEDS maps. The substitution of Dy was limited to a surface layer 2-3 unit cells thick in the Nd2Fe14B grains, and the Dy atoms preferentially occupied the 4f-Nd sites of Nd2Fe14B. These results provide further insights into the principal mechanism governing the coercivity enhancement due to Dy doping.

Coercive versus cooperative pollution control: Comparative study of state programs to reduce erosion and sedimentation pollution in urban areas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burby, Raymond J.

1995-05-01

This article examines coercive and cooperative approaches to implementing state urban erosion and sedimentation pollution control programs. State administrators report serious shortfalls in their ability to control sources of pollution, but comparison of more and less successful programs provides evidence of what states can do to make programs more effective. Key ingredients for a successful state effort include the use of coercion with both the private sector and local government, adequate staffing, application of severe sanctions when violations of state standards are detected, and provision of technical assistance. Many state programs lack one or more of those elements, which explains their inability to adequately control urban erosion and sedimentation pollution.

One-step solution combustion synthesis of pure Ni nanopowders with enhanced coercivity: The fuel effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khort, Alexander; Podbolotov, Kirill; Serrano-García, Raquel; Gun'ko, Yurii K.

2017-09-01

In this paper, we report a new modified one-step combustion synthesis technique for production of Ni metal nanoparticles. The main unique feature of our approach is the use of microwave assisted foam preparation. Also, the effect of different types of fuels (urea, citric acid, glycine and hexamethylenetetramine) on the combustion process and characteristics of resultant solid products were investigated. It is observed that the combination of microwave assisted foam preparation and using of hexamethylenetetramine as a fuel allows producing pure ferromagnetic Ni metal nanoparticles with enhanced coercivity (78 Oe) and high value of saturation magnetization (52 emu/g) by one-step solution combustion synthesis under normal air atmosphere without any post-reduction processing.

Mapping the phase inhomogeneity across first order spin flop transition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tripathi, Malvika; Majumder, Supriyo; Choudhary, R. J.; Phase, D. M.

2018-04-01

As a consequence of spin reorientation phase transition (SRPT, TSRPT = 34K) in SmCrO3, the two phases, high temperature uncompensated anti-ferromagnetic Γ4 configuration and low temperature collinear anti-ferromagnetic phase Γ1 coexist in the vicinity of transition. The observed unexpectedly huge coercivity (Hc ˜2T) below SRPT at 25K questions on the behavior of two co-existing phases. In the present study, we have used the FORC diagrams to monitor the distribution of clusters related to different phases and to understand the nature of interaction among the clusters of distinct phases. We observed that the nature of interaction has indeed magnetic effect and the pining across phase boundaries may cause the enhancement of coercivity at 25K.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Singleton, John; Kim, Jae Wook; Topping, Craig V.

Here, we report extraordinarily large magnetic hysteresis loops in the iridates Sr 3NiIrO 5 and Sr 3CoIrO 6. We find coercive magnetic fields of up to 55 T with switched magnetic moments ≈1μ B per formula unit in Sr 3NiIrO 6 and coercive fields of up to 52 T with switched moments ≈3μ B per formula unit in Sr 3CoIrO 6. We propose that the magnetic hysteresis involves the field-induced evolution of quasi-one-dimensional chains in a frustrated triangular configuration. In conclusion, the striking magnetic behavior is likely to be linked to the unusual spin-orbit-entangled local state of the Ir 4+more » ion and its potential for anisotropic exchange interactions.« less

Genetic Discrimination: A Case for a European Legislative Response?

PubMed

de Paor, Aisling

2017-04-01

With rapid scientific and technological advances, a new genetic era is emerging. However, these advances raise ethical and legal issues, particularly genetic discrimination, that may threaten advancing science in the absence of appropriate regulation. There is currently no concrete legislative position in this area at EU level, but rather a patchwork of diverging legislative approaches amongst Member States. Genetic discrimination has been singled out as an area of reform in Europe as evidenced, for example in EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, Article 21.1 prohibiting discrimination based on ‘genetic features.’ The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also informs this debate and may spur legislative action. From a transatlantic perspective, the United States’ federal legislation (Genetic Information Non Discrimination Act) is noteworthy. Considering scientific and technological developments, the rights at stake and the various regulatory benchmarks, this paper explores the regulation of genetic information in the EU.

Socioeconomic Patterning in Changes in Child Exposure to Secondhand Smoke After Implementation of Smoke-Free Legislation in Wales

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Introduction: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is higher among children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) households. Legislation banning smoking in public places has been linked with reduced SHS exposure in children. However, socioeconomic patterning in responses to legislation has been little explored. Methods: A total of 3,083 children aged 10–11 years, within 75 Welsh primary schools, completed questionnaires either before legislation or 1 year later. Saliva samples were provided by 2,787 of these children for cotinine assay. Regression analyses assessed socioeconomic differences in SHS exposure, and associations of legislation with exposure among children from low, medium, and high SES households. Changes in parental smoking in the home, car-based exposure, and perceived norms were assessed. Results: SHS exposure was highest among children from lower SES households. The likelihood of providing a sample containing an undetectable level of cotinine increased significantly after legislation among children from high [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.04–2.00] and medium SES households (RRR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.20–2.30), while exposure among children from lower SES households remained unchanged. Parental smoking in the home, car-based SHS exposure, and perceived smoking prevalence were highest among children from low SES households. Parental smoking in the home and children’s estimates of adult smoking prevalence declined only among children from higher SES households. Conclusions: Post-legislation reductions in SHS exposure were limited to children from higher SES households. Children from lower SES households continue to have high levels of exposure, particularly in homes and cars, and to perceive that smoking is the norm among adults. PMID:21571691

Magnetic Properties and Phase Composition of Metamaterials Based on an Opal Matrix with 3 d-Transition Metal Particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rinkevich, A. B.; Korolev, A. V.; Samoilovich, M. I.; Perov, D. V.; Nemytova, O. V.

2018-02-01

The magnetic properties of metamaterials based on an opal matrix with transition-metal (iron, nickel, cobalt) particles have been studied. Magnetization curves and magnetic hysteresis loops have been measured and the dependences of real and imaginary parts of magnetization have been determined using the dynamic ac susceptibility measuring procedure. Structural studies of metamaterials have been performed. The saturation magnetization and coercive force of the studied metamaterials have been found to depend weakly on the temperature. The temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility at a temperature above 30 K can be described adequately by Curie-Weiss law and, at lower temperature, deviates from the law.

Structural and magnetic studies of half-metallic Heusler alloy Cr2CoSi nanoparticle synthesized by mechanical-alloying method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saravanan, G.; Asvini, V.; Kalaiezhily, R. K.; Ravichandran, K.

2018-05-01

Heusler Alloy based Cr2CoSi nanoparticles were synthesized by using ball milling. X-ray diffractions studies were used to characterize the crystal structure of Cr2CoSi nanoparticles and magnetic properties were studied using VSM. XRD data analysis confirms the Heusler alloy phase showing the L21 structure. Magnetic properties are measured for synthesized samples having coercivity Hc = 389 Oe, with high saturation magnetization value Ms = 8.64 emu/g and remenance value Mr = 2.93 emu/g. Synthesized Heusler alloy Cr2CoSi nanoparticles can be potential materials for use in Spin polarized based spin sensors, spin devices, magnetic sensors and transducer applications.

Enabling eParticipation of the Youth in the Public Debate on Legislation in Austria: A Critical Reflection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scherer, Sabrina; Neuroth, Christoph; Schefbeck, Günther; Wimmer, Maria A.

Legislation formation is an area of democracy, in which participation of target groups (citizens, companies, interest groups, experts) plays a crucial role. With the emergence of the Internet and the growing maturity of more recent technologies a new potential emerged for supporting participation in the legislation process. The use of ICT does, however, not automatically enhance the participation in democratic processes and may even impose new [technically based] barriers. Therefore, software development of legislative eParticipation applications should carefully investigate and bear in mind the specific targeted users. It is not feasible to just provide the necessary ICT and the legislative documents in order to start a consultation, especially with young citizens. When introducing not only a new tool but even a new procedure, the whole process needs to be planned in detail and accompanied by an expert team. In this respect, the paper at hand describes the implementation of a pilot within the LEX-IS project that aimed to facilitate and enable participation of the youth in the public debate on legislation in Austria. The subject of online discussion via the platform was a ministerial draft bill and the formulation of a comment statement based on the previous discussions to be uploaded on the Austrian Parliament’s platform. The paper introduces the evaluation methodology and the results of the pilot regarding the use of the argumentation support system, participation of the youth and potential impact on the Austrian legislature. Finally, concluding remarks are provided.

European regulations on nutraceuticals, dietary supplements and functional foods: a framework based on safety.

PubMed

Coppens, Patrick; da Silva, Miguel Fernandes; Pettman, Simon

2006-04-03

This article describes the legislation that is relevant in the marketing of functional foods in the European Union (EU), how this legislation was developed as well as some practical consequences for manufacturers, marketers and consumers. It also addresses some concrete examples of how the EU's safety requirements for food products have impacted a range of product categories. In the late nineties, research into functional ingredients was showing promising prospects for the use of such ingredients in foodstuffs. Due mainly to safety concerns, these new scientific developments were accompanied by an urgent call for legislation. The European Commission 2000 White Paper on Food Safety announced some 80 proposals for new and improved legislation in this field. Among others, it foresaw the establishment of a General Food Law Regulation, laying down the principles of food law and the creation of an independent Food Authority endowed with the task of giving scientific advice on issues based upon scientific risk assessment with clearly separated responsibilities for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Since then, more than 90% of the White Paper proposals have been implemented. However, there is not, as such, a regulatory framework for 'functional foods' or 'nutraceuticals' in EU Food Law. The rules to be applied are numerous and depend on the nature of the foodstuff. The rules of the general food law Regulation are applicable to all foods. In addition, legislation on dietetic foods, on food supplements or on novel foods may also be applicable to functional foods depending on the nature of the product and on their use. Finally, the two proposals on nutrition and health claims and on the addition of vitamins and minerals and other substances to foods, which are currently in the legislative process, will also be an important factor in the future marketing of 'nutraceuticals' in Europe. The cornerstone of EU legislation on food products, including functional foods and nutraceuticals is 'safety'. Decisions on the safety-basis of legislation are based on risk analysis, in which scientific risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority and risk management is performed by the European Commission, the Member States, and in case of legislation, together with the European Parliament. In the risk management phase, both the precautionary principle and other legitimate factors may be considered in choosing the best way of dealing with an issue. Due to the numerous pieces of legislation applying and to the different procedures to be followed, the process of having 'functional foods' ready for the market is certainly a costly and time-consuming task. However, it may also be clearly worth it in terms of market success and improved consumer health.

Public health law for the collection and reporting of health care–associated infections

PubMed Central

Meier, Benjamin Mason; Stone, Patricia W.; Gebbie, Kristine M.

2015-01-01

Background State-based laws for reporting of health care-associated infections (HAI) have developed and changed dramatically in recent years, affecting the costs of reporting and impact on infection rates. It is necessary for practitioners of infection control to understand these changing legal frameworks and their application to practice. Methods Employing systematic state-based research, the researchers have documented legislation and administrative regulations for institution-specific HAI reporting, using this information to create a comprehensive resource on state-based laws for mandatory HAI reporting. Results As of August 27, 2007, 24 states have adopted laws requiring reporting of HAI rates, with an additional 7 states currently considering legislation that would require HAI reporting and 19 states employing detailed regulation in the absence of any current legislative authorization specific to HAI. This study documents (1) which states require reporting of HAI and, if so, whether this is done by legislation or administrative regulation; (2) whether the specific HAIs to be reported are identified in state law or codified generally as “diseases of public health importance,” with reporting specified by administrative regulation; and (3) what reporting policies and procedures are detailed in law. Conclusion Through analysis of the collected information, the researchers have examined the degree to which states have modernized their respective public health laws to approach mandatory reporting by way of general legislation regarding “matters of public health importance” and subsequent detailed administrative regulation to specify those matters. PMID:18926306

Systematic review of qualitative literature on occupational health and safety legislation and regulatory enforcement planning and implementation.

PubMed

MacEachen, Ellen; Kosny, Agnieszka; Ståhl, Christian; O'Hagan, Fergal; Redgrift, Lisa; Sanford, Sarah; Carrasco, Christine; Tompa, Emile; Mahood, Quenby

2016-01-01

The ability of occupational health and safety (OHS) legislation and regulatory enforcement to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses is contingent on political, economic, and organizational conditions. This systematic review of qualitative research articles considers how OHS legislation and regulatory enforcement are planned and implemented. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed, English-language articles published between 1990 and 2013 yielded 11 947 articles. We identified 34 qualitative articles as relevant, 18 of which passed our quality assessment and proceeded to meta-ethnographic synthesis. The synthesis yielded four main themes: OHS regulation formation, regulation challenges, inspector organization, and worker representation in OHS. It illuminates how OHS legislation can be based on normative suppositions about worker and employer behavior and shaped by economic and political resources of parties. It also shows how implementation of OHS legislation is affected by "general duty" law, agency coordination, resourcing of inspectorates, and ability of workers to participate in the system. The review identifies methodological gaps and identifies promising areas for further research in "grey" zones of legislation implementation.

Starting a hospital-based home health agency: Part II--Key success factors.

PubMed

Montgomery, P

1993-09-01

In Part II of a three-part series, the financial, technological and legislative issues of a hospital-based home health-agency are discussed. Beginning a home healthcare service requires intensive research to answer key environmental and operational questions--need, competition, financial projections, initial start-up costs and the impact of delayed depreciation. Assessments involving technology, staffing, legislative and regulatory issues can help project service volume, productivity and cost-control.

Public Health Professionals as Policy Entrepreneurs: Arkansas's Childhood Obesity Policy Experience

PubMed Central

Craig, Rebekah L.; Felix, Holly C.; Phillips, Martha M.

2010-01-01

In response to a nationwide rise in obesity, several states have passed legislation to improve school health environments. Among these was Arkansas's Act 1220 of 2003, the most comprehensive school-based childhood obesity legislation at that time. We used the Multiple Streams Framework to analyze factors that brought childhood obesity to the forefront of the Arkansas legislative agenda and resulted in the passage of Act 1220. When 3 streams (problem, policy, and political) are combined, a policy window is opened and policy entrepreneurs may advance their goals. We documented factors that produced a policy window and allowed entrepreneurs to enact comprehensive legislation. This historical analysis and the Multiple Streams Framework may serve as a roadmap for leaders seeking to influence health policy. PMID:20864715

Women’s Empowerment in Iran: A Review Based on the Related Legislations

PubMed Central

Janghorban, Roksana; Taghipour, Ali; Roudsari, Robab Latifnejad; Abbasi, Mahmoud

2014-01-01

Women’s empowerment can be defined as a change in the circumstances of a woman’s life, which enables her to raise her capacity to manage more enriched and rewarding life. Improvement in women’s empowerment is a salient issue to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. National laws are influential factors in promoting women’s empowerment. Lack of awareness of legal and constitutional provisions and failure to recognize it, is a factor that hinders the process of empowerment. This paper provides a review based on Iranian legislations which have considered various aspects of women’s empowerment. Although this work has specifically dealt with women’s needs, it encompasses a right–based approach to women’s empowerment suggested by the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. However, there is still a great need for further inquiries in the area of legislations concerning women’s empowerment around the world in general and Iran in particular. PMID:24999125

Women's empowerment in Iran: a review based on the related legislations.

PubMed

Janghorban, Roksana; Taghipour, Ali; Latifnejad Roudsari, Robab; Abbasi, Mahmoud

2014-04-20

Women's empowerment can be defined as a change in the circumstances of a woman's life, which enables her to raise her capacity to manage more enriched and rewarding life. Improvement in women's empowerment is a salient issue to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. National laws are influential factors in promoting women's empowerment. Lack of awareness of legal and constitutional provisions and failure to recognize it, is a factor that hinders the process of empowerment. This paper provides a review based on Iranian legislations which have considered various aspects of women's empowerment. Although this work has specifically dealt with women's needs, it encompasses a right-based approach to women's empowerment suggested by the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. However, there is still a great need for further inquiries in the area of legislations concerning women's empowerment around the world in general and Iran in particular.

Certain aspects on medical devices software law regulation.

PubMed

Pashkov, Vitalii; Harkusha, Andrii

some kind of easiness of entry in creating software products on various computing platforms has led to such products being made available perhaps without due consideration of potential risks to users and patients and the most valuable reason for this have been lack of regulatory clarity. Some key points on legal regulation of abovementioned sphere is a base of this study. Ukrainian legislation, European Union`s Guidelines on the qualification and classification of standalone software; Guidance for the Content of Premarket Submissions for Software Contained in Medical Devices that works in United States of America. Article is based on dialectical, comparative, analytic, synthetic and comprehensive research methods. in accordance with Ukrainian legislation, software that has a medical purpose could be a medical device. Ukrainian legislation which is established on European Union Medical Devices Directives divide all medical devices on classes. But there aren't any special recommendations or advices on classifications for software medical devices in Ukraine. It is necessary to develop and adopt guidelines on the qualification and classification of medical device software in Ukraine especially considering the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with the EU legislation, develop special rules for the application of the national mark of conformity for medical device software and defined the « responsible organization » for the medical device software approval process.

Becoming Educational Advocates: Experience-Based Tips

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dresser, Rocío; Mathur, Ravisha

2015-01-01

This article deals with the importance of building partnerships between legislators and educators in order to impact educational legislation. To this end, the faculty in the college of education at a large, urban university made institutional changes to establish a proactive relationship amongst stakeholders. As a result of this exchange, we were…

Federal Legislative Policy of the American Library Association.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Library Association, Chicago, IL. Legislation Committee.

The American Library Association's policy on federal legislation is based on its objectives of promoting and improving library service and librarianship. Representing those who use libraries as well as those who operate them, the Association is a source of information on libraries and information services for those concerned with formulating and…

Equal Opportunity for Children (A Proposal for Licensed Parenthood).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rogers, Cosby S.; Hicks, Mary W.

A theoretical proposal for a government-sponsored system of licensed parenthood is suggested, based on the premise that overpopulation, child abuse, and emotional, intellectual, and physical handicaps in children could be controlled through legislation. The three-part legislative proposal for licensed parenthood outlined would include: (1)…

Equal Employment Legislation: Alternative Means of Compliance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Daum, Jeffrey W.

Alternative means of compliance available to organizations to bring their manpower uses into line with existing equal employment legislation are discussed in this paper. The first area addressed concerns the classical approach to selection and placement based on testing methods. The second area discussed reviews various nontesting techniques, such…

A bill to prohibit the Department of the Treasury from assigning tax statuses to organizations based on their political beliefs and activities.

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Sen. Cruz, Ted [R-TX

2014-02-27

Senate - 03/03/2014 Read the second time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 312. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

What has Reform of Rape Legislation Wrought?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loh, Wallace D.

1981-01-01

Compares the impact of common law and reform rape legislation on prosecution based on analysis of 445 forcible and statutory rape cases in King County, Washington. Concludes that the impact of the statutory reform has been mainly symbolic and educative for society at large, rather than instrumental for law enforcement. (Author/MJL)

The Need for Federal Legislation and Regulation Prohibiting Telecommunications and Information Services Discrimination

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Strauss, Karen Peltz

2006-01-01

This paper explores the need to adopt legislative and regulatory safeguards to guarantee equal access by people with disabilities to evolving high speed broadband, wireless and Internet-based technologies. Recommendations include: (1) Communications Access--FCC or Congress: Extend the telecommunications accessibility requirements of Section 255 of…

Synthesis, structural and magnetic behavior studies of Zn-Al substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zare, Samad; Ati, Ali A.; Dabagh, Shadab; Rosnan, R. M.; Othaman, Zulkafli

2015-06-01

A series of nano-sized Zn-Al substituted cobalt ferrite Co(1-x)Zn(x)Fe2-xAlxO4 with 0.0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.0 have been synthesized by chemical co-precipitation technique. The XRD spectra revealed the single phase spinel structure of Co(1-x)Zn(x)Fe2-xAlxO4 with average size of nanoparticles are estimated to be 17-30 nm. These are small enough to achieve the suitable signal to noise ratio, which is important in the high-density recording media. The FTIR spectra show the characteristic of two strong absorption bands at 560-600 cm-1 corresponds to the intrinsic stretching vibrations of the metal at the tetrahedral site and lowest band is observed at 370-410 cm-1 corresponds to octahedral site. The crystalline structures of nanoparticles composite were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization, remanence magnetization, and coercivity were calculated from the hysteresis loops. Saturation magnetization were found to increase up to x = 0.4 while remanence magnetization and coercivity continuously decrease with increasing Zn-Al concentration. The stability in coercivity while increase in saturation magnetization confirms that the Co0.6Zn0.4Fe1.6Al0.4O4 ferrite sample is suitable for applications in high-density recording media.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jiang, X., E-mail: Xiujuan.jiang@pnnl.gov

Soft magnetic materials are often limited in scalability due to conventional processes that do not retain beneficial microstructures, and their associated physical properties, during densification. In this work, friction consolidation (FC) has been studied to fabricate Fe−Si soft magnetic materials from gas-atomized powder precursors. Fe−Si powder is consolidated using variable pressure and tool rotation speed in an effort to evaluate this unique densification approach for potential improvements in magnetic properties. FC, due to the high shear deformation involved, is shown to result in uniform gradual grain structure refinement across the consolidated workpiece from the center nearest the tool to themore » edge. Magnetic properties along different orientations indicate little, if any, textural orientation in the refined grain structure. The effect of annealing on the magnetic properties is evaluated and shown to decrease coercivity. FC processing was able to retain the magnetization of the original gas-atomized powders but further process optimization is needed to reach the optimal coercivity for the soft magnetic materials applications. - Highlights: •Friction stir processing was utilized to consolidate Fe−Si soft magnetic powders. •The resultant microstructure and magnetic properties were correlated to the processing conditions. •Friction consolidation refined the grain size of the materials by ~ 40%. •Annealing successfully reduced the coercivity induced by the stress during processing. •The results shine light on the possible scaling up of nanostructured materials.« less

Heterogeneity Within Domestic Violence Exposure: Young Adults' Retrospective Experiences.

PubMed

Haselschwerdt, Megan L; Hlavaty, Kathleen; Carlson, Camille; Schneider, Mallory; Maddox, Lauren; Skipper, Megan

2016-06-01

Using Holden's taxonomy of domestic violence (DV) exposure as a guiding framework, the current study examined young adults' diverse DV exposure experiences. Twenty-five young adults (ages 19-25) exposed to father-perpetrated DV during their childhood and adolescence were interviewed using a qualitative descriptive design. Data analyses focused on coercive control exposure through reports of non-physical abuse tactics, types of exposure (e.g., direct, indirect), physical violence exposure (e.g., severity, frequency), and child abuse and harsh parenting practices. DV-exposed young adults were directly and indirectly exposed to physical violence and an array of non-physical abuse tactics toward their mothers. Young adults categorized as having been exposed to coercive controlling violence reported exposure to ongoing, non-physical abuse tactics and more frequent and severe physical violence. These young adults were also more likely to intervene and become victimized during physical violence and reported repeated episodes of child abuse and harsh parenting. Although coercive control appeared to be associated with physical violence and child abuse, generalizations should be made with caution as a few participants exposed to situational conflict were exposed to frequent and severe DV. The findings suggest that DV exposure should be measured in methodologically sophisticated ways to capture the heterogeneity in experiences, with the goal of promoting empirically driven intervention and prevention initiatives that are tailored to individual and family needs. © The Author(s) 2016.

Nanocomposite Nd-Y-Fe-B-Mo bulk magnets prepared by injection casting technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tao, Shan; Ahmad, Zubair; Zhang, Pengyue; Yan, Mi; Zheng, Xiaomei

2017-09-01

The phase composition, magnetic and microstructural properties of Nd2Fe14B/(α-Fe, Fe3B) nanocomposite magnets produced by injection casting technique have been studied. Magnetic hysteresis loop of the Nd7Y6Fe61B22Mo4 permanent magnet demonstrates the coercivity as high as 1289 kA/m. Electron microscopy elucidates a microstructure composed of magnetically soft α-Fe, Fe3B and hard Nd2Fe14B/Y2Fe14B nanograins (20-50 nm) separated by ultra-thin grain boundary layer. The Henkel plot curve of the Nd7Y6Fe61B22Mo4 magnet yields the existence of exchange coupling interactions between soft and hard phases. Macroscopically large size sheet magnet is obtained due to high glass forming ability of the Nd7Y6Fe61B22Mo4 alloy derived from large atomic radius mismatch and negative enthalpy of alloy constituent elements. The high coercivity of the magnet is attributed to the magnetically hard phase increment, nucleation of reverse domains and the presence of thin grain boundary phase. Good magnetic properties such as remanence of 0.51 T, coercivity of 1289 kA/m and maximum energy product of 46.2 kJ/m3 are obtained in directly casted Nd7Y6Fe61B22Mo4 sheet magnets.

Magnetic properties of the surface layer and its magnetic interaction with the interior of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kobayashi, Kurima; Nakamura, Michi-hide; Urushibata, Kimiko

2015-05-01

The magnetization and demagnetization mechanisms in the mechanically polished surface layers (SL) of the c-plane and a-b plane of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets were investigated. The magnetic interaction between the SL and the interior of the magnet was clarified by using vibrating sample magnetometer measurements of a whole sample and magneto-force microscopy observations of the domain structure of the SL layer. The polishing eliminated the Nd-rich grain boundary phases, which was only about 2 nm thick, from the SL crystal grains in the sintered magnets. The a-b plane polishing caused the independent magnetic reversal of the a-b plane SL, which was about 5.5 μm thick, as in the platy samples. The coercivities (μ0Hc) of the SL were less than 0.3 T. In contrast, the c-plane polishing did not produce independent magnetic reversal of the SL, although the coercivity of bulk samples was clearly decreased by the formation of the c-plane SL. The grains in the SL should form clusters that alter the demagnetizing factors, depending on the shape of cluster as a magnetic unit. The magnetic interaction among the SL crystal grains is expected to play an important role in the coercivity mechanism of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets.

Parenting and the Family Check-Up: Changes in Observed Parent-Child Interaction Following Early Childhood Intervention

PubMed Central

Sitnick, Stephanie L.; Shaw, Daniel S.; Gill, Anne; Dishion, Thomas; Winter, Charlotte; Waller, Rebecca; Gardner, Frances; Wilson, Melvin

2016-01-01

Coercion theory posits a cyclical relationship between harsh and coercive parent–child interactions and problem behavior beginning in early childhood. As coercive interactions have been theorized and found to facilitate the development and growth of early conduct problems, early interventions often target parenting to prevent or reduce early disruptive problem behavior. This study utilizes direct observations of parent–child interactions from the Early Steps Multisite study (N = 731; 369 boys) to examine the effect of the Family Check-Up, a family-centered intervention program, on measures of parent–child positive engagement and coercion from age 2 through 5, as well as on childhood problem behavior at age 5. Results indicate that high levels of parent–child positive engagement were associated with less parent–child coercion the following year, but dyadic coercion was unrelated to future levels of positive engagement. In addition, families assigned to the Family Check-Up showed increased levels of positive engagement at ages 3 and 5, and the association between positive engagement at age 3 and child problem behavior at age 5 was mediated by reductions in parent–child coercion at age 4. These findings provide longitudinal confirmation that increasing positive engagement in parent–child interaction can reduce the likelihood of coercive family dynamics in early childhood and growth in problem behavior. PMID:25133754

Parenting and the Family Check-Up: Changes in Observed Parent-Child Interaction Following Early Childhood Intervention.

PubMed

Sitnick, Stephanie L; Shaw, Daniel S; Gill, Anne; Dishion, Thomas; Winter, Charlotte; Waller, Rebecca; Gardner, Frances; Wilson, Melvin

2015-01-01

Coercion theory posits a cyclical relationship between harsh and coercive parent-child interactions and problem behavior beginning in early childhood. As coercive interactions have been theorized and found to facilitate the development and growth of early conduct problems, early interventions often target parenting to prevent or reduce early disruptive problem behavior. This study utilizes direct observations of parent-child interactions from the Early Steps Multisite study (N = 731; 369 boys) to examine the effect of the Family Check-Up, a family-centered intervention program, on measures of parent-child positive engagement and coercion from age 2 through 5, as well as on childhood problem behavior at age 5. Results indicate that high levels of parent-child positive engagement were associated with less parent-child coercion the following year, but dyadic coercion was unrelated to future levels of positive engagement. In addition, families assigned to the Family Check-Up showed increased levels of positive engagement at ages 3 and 5, and the association between positive engagement at age 3 and child problem behavior at age 5 was mediated by reductions in parent-child coercion at age 4. These findings provide longitudinal confirmation that increasing positive engagement in parent-child interaction can reduce the likelihood of coercive family dynamics in early childhood and growth in problem behavior.

Relative Employment, Gender Beliefs, and Intimate Partner Coercion and Violence Against New Mothers Across Marital and Residential Contexts.

PubMed

Zito, Rena C

2017-06-01

This research builds on prior studies of intimate partner victimization by examining the impact of women's and men's relative employment, gender traditionalism, and gender distrust on coercive control and physical victimization among married, cohabiting, and noncohabiting couples with infants. It merges feminist approaches that emphasize the gendered meaning of work, power, and violence with prior insights regarding differences in levels of intimate violence across family forms. Specifically, this research recognizes that there is variation across married, cohabiting, and dating contexts in the symbolic meaning of work, the salience of traditionalism, and the tenuous status of relationships that may activate gender distrust in the production of compensatory violence and control. Logistic regression models using baseline and Year 1 Fragile Families and Child Well-Being data ( n = 2,337) indicate that the predictors of coercive control differ across couple types, with the relative odds of coercion higher among couples in which only the woman is employed, but only when cohabiting. Consistent with expectations, men's gender traditionalism increases coercive control, but only in the context of marriage. Relative employment and gender beliefs did not predict physical victimization among any couple types, but a moderating effect of men's gender distrust on women's sole employment was identified, such that status inconsistency in employment increases the relative odds of physical victimization only when the male partner is distrustful of women.

Prevalence and risk factors for the use of restraint in psychiatry: a systematic review.

PubMed

Beghi, Massimiliano; Peroni, Federica; Gabola, Piera; Rossetti, Aurora; Cornaggia, Cesare Maria

2013-01-01

Despite the poor evidence supporting the use of coercive procedures in psychiatry wards and their "psychological damage" on patients, the practice of restraint is still frequent (6-17%) and varies 10-20 times among centers. We searched the PubMed, Embase, and PsychInfo databases for papers published between January 1 1990 and March 31 2010 using the key words "restraint", "constraint", "in-patient" and "psychiatry wards" and the inclusion criteria of adult samples (studies of selected samples such as a specific psychiatric diagnosis other than psychosis, adolescence or the elderly, men/women only, personality disorders and mental retardation were excluded), the English, French, Italian or German languages, and an acute setting. The prevalence of the use of restraint was 3.8-20% (not different from previous data), despite the attempts to reduce the use of restraint. The variables most frequently associated with the use of coercive measures in the 49 studies included in this review were male gender, young adult age classes, foreign ethnicity, schizophrenia, involuntary admission, aggression or trying to abscond, and the presence of male staff. Coercive measures are still widely used in many countries (albeit to a greater or lesser extent) despite attempts to introduce alternatives (introduction of special protocols and nurses' training courses) in some centers that should really be tested in large-scale multicenter studies in order to verify their efficacy.

The effect of temperature on the structure and magnetic properties of Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 spinel nanoferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdallah, Hafiz M. I.; Moyo, Thomas; Ngema, Nokwanda

2015-11-01

Nanocrystalline Co0.5Ni05Fe2O4 ferrite with average crystallite size of 7.6 nm and lattice constant of 0.8372 nm was synthesized via a glycol-thermal process. The structure parameters and morphology of the as-synthesized sample and annealed samples were characterized by XRD, EDX, FTIR, HRSEM and HRTEM. The hyperfine interactions, iron distribution on the tetrahedral and octahedral sites for the as-synthesized sample and samples annealed at 500 °C were deduced by Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements at 300 K. The magnetization measurements for the as-synthesized and annealed samples (300-900 °C) were obtained by a vibrating sample magnetometer on a cryogen free measurement system at different isothermal temperatures (4-300 K) in external applied magnetic fields of ±5 T. The temperature dependence of the magnetic properties such as coercive field, saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization and squareness of hysteresis loops were investigated. The sample transformed from single-domain to multi-domain configuration at particle size of about 31 nm. At 300 K, the sample annealed at 700 °C exhibits a maximum coercivity. The as-prepared sample shows a substantial increase in coercivity from 0.182 kOe at 300 K to 6.018 kOe at 4 K.

Relationship between nurses' leadership styles and power bases.

PubMed

García García, Inmaculada; Santa-Bárbara, Emilio Sánchez

2009-01-01

This quantitative study aimed to empirically evidence the relationship between the power bases of the leader and the leadership styles of nurses. The random sample consisted of 204 nursing professionals from a public hospital. The following measurement instruments were used: the SBDQ (Supervisory Behavior Description Questionnaire) to identify leadership styles and the Power Perception Profile to determine the types of power used by leaders. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. Based on the results, two relationships proposed by the SLT (Situational Leadership Theory) were verified: between coercive power and S1 leadership style (telling), and between referent power and S3 leadership style (participating). In other cases, results have been opposite to expectations: the use of power proposed by the model decreases the probability of performing the prescribed leadership style.

Magnetic nanostructuring and overcoming Brown's paradox to realize extraordinary high-temperature energy products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balasubramanian, Balamurugan; Mukherjee, Pinaki; Skomski, Ralph; Manchanda, Priyanka; Das, Bhaskar; Sellmyer, David J.

2014-09-01

Nanoscience has been one of the outstanding driving forces in technology recently, arguably more so in magnetism than in any other branch of science and technology. Due to nanoscale bit size, a single computer hard disk is now able to store the text of 3,000,000 average-size books, and today's high-performance permanent magnets--found in hybrid cars, wind turbines, and disk drives--are nanostructured to a large degree. The nanostructures ideally are designed from Co- and Fe-rich building blocks without critical rare-earth elements, and often are required to exhibit high coercivity and magnetization at elevated temperatures of typically up to 180 °C for many important permanent-magnet applications. Here we achieve this goal in exchange-coupled hard-soft composite films by effective nanostructuring of high-anisotropy HfCo7 nanoparticles with a high-magnetization Fe65Co35 phase. An analysis based on a model structure shows that the soft-phase addition improves the performance of the hard-magnetic material by mitigating Brown's paradox in magnetism, a substantial reduction of coercivity from the anisotropy field. The nanostructures exhibit a high room-temperature energy product of about 20.3 MGOe (161.5 kJ/m3), which is a record for a rare earth- or Pt-free magnetic material and retain values as high as 17.1 MGOe (136.1 kJ/m3) at 180°C.

"Forgotten" Chapters in the History of Transcervical Sterilization: Carl Clauberg and Hans-Joachim Lindemann.

PubMed

Hildebrandt, Sabine; Benedict, Susan; Miller, Erin; Gaffney, Michael; Grodin, Michael A

2017-07-01

Transcervical sterilization is a non-surgical method of permanent female sterilization that is widely used and critically discussed. A review of the historiography of the method reveals that instances of its coercive use are not included in the historical account. This study offers a reexamination of the work of Carl Clauberg and Hans-Joachim Lindemann, to more deeply contextualize within the framework of current usage the coercive use of transcervical sterilization during the Third Reich and in postwar Germany. This inquiry is based on postwar criminal trial records on Clauberg, and on archival documents detailing Lindemann's activities in 1979. A comparative analysis examines arguments by medical historian Karl-Heinz Roth, and identifies shared characteristics and differences between Clauberg and Lindemann, their methods and scientific connections. The results demonstrate that the technique of transcervical sterilization has an abusive potential that may be explained as a function of the person of the physician, of the scientific method itself, and of societal and political influences. The analysis supports the argument that insights from the cases of Clauberg and Lindemann are transferrable geographically and over time, and have the potential to inform current medical practice, such as transcervical sterilization with the Essure device, whose historiographic exploration remains a desideratum. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Overview of rehabilitative efforts in understanding and managing sexually coercive behaviors.

PubMed

Schwartz, Barbara K

2003-06-01

In reviewing approaches to rehabilitative efforts in understanding and managing sexually coercive behaviors within the past two decades, one is struck by the development of two totally divergent paths. In 1971, there were a few civil commitment programs operated by mental health departments-most notably were the Sexual Psychopath Program at Western State Hospital in Fort Steilacoom, Washington, and the Massachusetts Treatment Center for Sexually Dangerous Persons. There were a few programs in prisons started by therapists who were interested in this population but given little recognition and even fewer resources. Additionally there were a handful of community-based programs including the J.J. Peters Institute in Philadelphia and PASO (Positive Approaches to Sex Offenders) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Today there are thousands of specialized sexual offender treatment programs treating sexual abusers of every age, gender, ethnicity, and with a wide range of comorbid conditions. They are treated in the community, prisons, mental hospitals, residential facilities, and private practices. There is an international organization, a specialized research journal, and a specialized branch of the Department of Justice, the Center for Sex Offender Management. This chapter will provide an overview of the developments in the field, primarily covering the last 25 years. It will look at the evolution of theoretical approaches, the development of specialized approaches for subpopulations, significant landmarks, and possible future trends.

Magnetic and optical properties of Zn2+ ion substituted barium hexaferrites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baykal, A.; Auwal, I. A.; Güner, S.; Sözeri, H.

2017-05-01

Ba1-xZnxFe12O19 (0.0≤x≤0.3) hexaferrites were produced via sol-gel auto combustion technique. XRD patterns show that all the samples are single-phase M-type barium hexaferrite (BaM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that grains have a size range of 0.5-2 μm. The magnetic hysteresis (σ-H) loops revealed the ferromagnetic nature of NPs. The average crystallite sizes were calculated by applying Scherrer equation on the base of XRD powder patterns of all samples and found to be in the range of 16.78-48.34 nm. In particular, Ba1-xZnxFe12O19 (0.0≤x≤0.3) hexaferrites have suitable magnetic characteristics (saturation magnetization in a range of 63.00-67.70 emu/g and coercive field in a range of 822-1275 Oe) for magnetic recording and permanent magnets. Effective crystalline anisotropy constants (Keff) are between 4.20×105 and 4.84×105 Erg/g. Magnetic moment increased by the substitution of non-magnetic Zn2+ ions. The anisotropy field (Ha) or intrinsic coercivity values above 13255 Oe reveals that all samples are magnetically hard materials. Tauc plots were drawn to specify the direct optical energy band gap (Eg) of NPs. The Eg values are in a narrow range between 1.69 eV and 1.76 eV.

Structure and magnetic properties of mechanically alloyed Co and Co-Ni

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guessasma, S.; Fenineche, N.

The influence of milling process on magnetic properties of Co and Co-Ni materials is studied. Coercivity, squareness ratio and crystallite size of mechanically alloyed Co-Ni material were related to milling time. For Co material, coercivity, cubic phase ratio and crystallite size were related to milling energy considering the vial and plateau rotation velocities. An artificial neural network (ANN) combining the parameters for both materials is used to predict magnetic and structure results versus milling conditions. Predicted results showed that milling energy is mostly dependent on the ratio vial to plateau rotation velocities and that milling times larger than 40 h do not add significant change to both structure and magnetic responses. Magnetic parameters were correlated to crystallite size and the D 6 law was only valid for small sizes.

Grain boundary diffusion behaviors in hot-deformed Nd2Fe14B magnets by PrNd-Cu low eutectic alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Xu; Chen, Renjie; Li, Ming; Jin, Chaoxiang; Yin, Wenzong; Lee, Don; Yan, Aru

2018-01-01

High coercivity of hot-deformed Nd2Fe14B magnets was obtained by grain boundary diffusion. Comparable squareness and similar magnetic properties for samples diffusing from side and pole surfaces show little discrepancies if quantities of the infiltrated PrNd-Cu low eutectic alloys is enough to obtain sufficient diffusion. However, the microstructures and higher characteristic peak ratios show preferable orientation of grains near surfaces of the sample diffused from side surfaces than that from pole surfaces. Amorphous Nd-rich phases and crystal Fe-rich phases were both observed in the diffused magnets. The enhancement of coercivity is considered to be resulted from grain boundary optimization and magnetic isolation which is caused by the thickened nonmagnetic intergranular phases.

Evolutionary instability of zero-determinant strategies demonstrates that winning is not everything.

PubMed

Adami, Christoph; Hintze, Arend

2013-01-01

Zero-determinant strategies are a new class of probabilistic and conditional strategies that are able to unilaterally set the expected payoff of an opponent in iterated plays of the Prisoner's Dilemma irrespective of the opponent's strategy (coercive strategies), or else to set the ratio between the player's and their opponent's expected payoff (extortionate strategies). Here we show that zero-determinant strategies are at most weakly dominant, are not evolutionarily stable, and will instead evolve into less coercive strategies. We show that zero-determinant strategies with an informational advantage over other players that allows them to recognize each other can be evolutionarily stable (and able to exploit other players). However, such an advantage is bound to be short-lived as opposing strategies evolve to counteract the recognition.

Energy barrier analysis of Nd-Fe-B thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goto, R.; Okamoto, S.; Kikuchi, N.; Kitakami, O.

2015-05-01

The magnetization reversal mechanism of a permanent magnet has long been a controversial issue, which is closely related to the so-called coercivity problem. It is well known that the energy barrier for magnetization reversal contains essential information on reversal process. In this study, we propose a method to analyze the energy barrier function for the magnetization reversal. Preferentially (001) oriented Nd-Fe-B films with and without a Nd overlayer are used as model magnets. By combining the magnetic viscosity and time dependent coercivity measurements, the barrier function has been successfully evaluated. As a result, although the Nd-Fe-B films with and without Nd overlayer exhibit different magnetic behaviors, the power indices for their energy barrier are almost the same, suggesting that the magnetization reversal proceeds in a similar mode.

Magnetization reversal and coercivity of Fe3Se4 nanowire arrays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, D.; Li, S. J.; Zhou, Y. T.; Bai, Y.; Zhu, Y. L.; Ren, W. J.; Long, G.; Zeng, H.; Zhang, Z. D.

2015-05-01

The microstructure and magnetic properties of Fe3Se4 nanowire (NW) arrays in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) porous membrane are studied. Cross-sectional SEM and plane-view TEM images show that the mean wire diameter (dw) and the center-to-center spacing (D) of Fe3Se4 nanowires are about 220 nm and 330 nm, respectively. The field-cooled magnetization dependent on the temperature indicates a Curie temperature around 334 K for the Fe3Se4 nanowires. The coercivities of Fe3Se4 nanowires at 10 K, obtained from the in-plane and out-of-plane hysteresis loops, are as high as 22.4 kOe and 23.3 kOe, which can be understood from the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the magnetization reversal process.

Structure and magnetic properties of Co2FeSi film deposited on Si/SiO2 substrate with Cr buffer layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chatterjee, Payel; Basumatary, Himalay; Raja, M. Manivel

2018-05-01

Co2FeSi thin films of 25 nm thickness with 50 nm thick Cr buffer layer was deposited on thermally oxidized Si substrates. Structural and magnetic properties of the films were studied as a function of annealing temperature and substrate temperatures. While the coercivity increases with increase in annealing temperature, it is found to decrease with increase in substrate temperature. A minimum coercivity of 18 Oe has been obtained for the film deposited at 550°C substrate temperature. This was attributed to the formation of L12 phase as observed from the GIXRD studies. The films with a good combination of soft magnetic properties and L21 crystal structure are suitable for spintronic applications.

Roughness-Induced Magnetic Domain in Fe Thin Films on Land-and-Groove Structures Studied by Spin-Polarized Secondary Electron Microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ueda, Shigenori; Iwasaki, Yoh; Ushioda, Sukekatsu

2003-10-01

The magnetic domain structures of Fe thin films on two-dimensionally arranged land-and-groove structures have been studied by spin-polarized secondary electron microscopy (SP-SEM) under an applied dc field. The coercive force on the land area was found to be higher than that on the groove area under magnetization reversal. The surface roughness measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) was greater on the land area than on the groove area. The roughness-induced high-coercivity on the land prevented the reversed magnetic domain on the groove from spreading over the land in the initial magnetization reversal. This result indicates that surface roughness is an important factor in domain size control of thin magnetic films.

Microstructure Evolution and Related Magnetic Properties of Cu-Zr-Al-Gd Phase-Separating Metallic Glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Sang Jun; Kim, Jinwoo; Park, Eun Soo

2018-04-01

We carefully investigated the correlation between microstructures and magnetic properties of Cu-Zr-Al-Gd phase-separating metallic glasses (PSMGs). The saturation magnetizations of the PSMGs were determined by total Gd contents of the alloys, while their coercivity exhibits a large deviation by the occurrence of phase separation due to the boundary pinning effect of hierarchically separated amorphous phases. Especially, the PSMGs containing Gd-rich amorphous nanoparticles show the highest coercivity which can be attributed to the size effect of the ferromagnetic amorphous phase. Furthermore, the selective crystallization of ferromagnetic amorphous phases can affect the magnetization behavior of the PSMGs. Our results could provide a novel strategy for tailoring unique soft magnetic properties of metallic glasses by introducing hierarchically separated amorphous phases and controlling their crystallinity.

"Priority of liberty" and the design of a two-tier health care system.

PubMed

Breyer, Friedrich; Kliemt, Hartmut

2015-04-01

Libertarian views on rights tend to rule out coercive redistribution for purposes of public health care guarantees, whereas liberal conceptions support coercive funding of potentially unlimited access to medical services in the name of medical needs. Taking the "priority of liberty" seriously as supreme political value, a plausible prudential argument can avoid these extremes by providing systematic reasons for both delivering and limiting publicly financed guarantees. Given impending demographic change and rapid technical progress in medicine, only a two-tier system with explicitly limited public guarantees and optional privately financed health services seems acceptable. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Inc. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Coercivity enhancement in Mn-Al-Cu flakes produced by surfactant-assisted milling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saravanan, P.; Hsu, Jen-Hwa; Vinod, V. T. P.; Černík, Miroslav; Kamat, S. V.

2015-11-01

We herein report the achievement of exceptionally high coercivity (Hc) values: 9.92 and 5.86 kOe at 5 and 300 K, respectively, for Mn55Al43Cu2 flakes produced by surfactant-assisted milling process without employing any heat-treatment. The use of surfactants such as oleic acid and oleylamine during milling yielded high-aspect ratio flakes for the Mn-Al-Cu alloy. Structural studies confirmed the presence of τ- and β-phases as the major constituents in the Mn-Al-Cu flakes. The observed Hc enhancement is due to the increase in anisotropy field and structural defects, which is hypothesized to originate from the domain-wall pinning as a consequence of precipitation of fine Cu-particles present at the grain boundaries.

High discharge efficiency of (Sr, Pb, Bi) TiO3 relaxor ceramics for energy-storage application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chao, Mingming; Liu, Jingsong; Zeng, Mengshi; Wang, Debin; Yu, Hongtao; Yuan, Ying; Zhang, Shuren

2018-05-01

We report herein on the energy storage and discharge properties of the relaxor ferroelectric ceramic Sr0.8Pb0.1Bi0.1TiO3 (SPBT). This material has a slanted hysteresis loop, and all samples show low remnant polarization and low coercive field, which leads to a high discharge efficiency. The maximum polarization is 10.1 μC/cm2, the minimum coercive field is 0.229 kV/cm, and the maximum efficiency is 94.2%. The discharge current waveforms are sinusoidal, the first discharge period is 140 ns, and the power density is approximately 4.2 × 107 W/kg. The high discharge speed and high discharge power density indicate that SPBT ceramics are very promising materials for energy storage applications.

Magnetic properties of carbon-coated, ferromagnetic nanoparticles produced by a carbon-arc method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brunsman, E. M.; Sutton, R.; Bortz, E.; Kirkpatrick, S.; Midelfort, K.; Williams, J.; Smith, P.; McHenry, M. E.; Majetich, S. A.; Artman, J. O.; De Graef, M.; Staley, S. W.

1994-05-01

The Krätschmer-Huffman carbon-arc method of preparing fullerenes has been used to generate carbon-coated transition metal (TM) and TM-carbide nanocrystallites. The magnetic nanocrystallites were extracted from the soot with a magnetic gradient field technique. For TM=Co the majority of nanocrystals exist as nominally spherical particles, 0.5-5 nm in radius. Hysteretic and temperature-dependent magnetic response, in randomly and magnetically aligned powder samples frozen in epoxy, correspond to fine particle magnetism associated with monodomain TM particles. The magnetization exhibits a unique functional dependence on H/T, and hysteresis below a blocking temperature TB. Below TB, the temperature dependence of the coercivity can be expressed as Hc=Hc0[1-(T/TB)1/2], where Hc0 is the 0 K coercivity.

Microstructure Evolution and Related Magnetic Properties of Cu-Zr-Al-Gd Phase-Separating Metallic Glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Sang Jun; Kim, Jinwoo; Park, Eun Soo

2018-06-01

We carefully investigated the correlation between microstructures and magnetic properties of Cu-Zr-Al-Gd phase-separating metallic glasses (PSMGs). The saturation magnetizations of the PSMGs were determined by total Gd contents of the alloys, while their coercivity exhibits a large deviation by the occurrence of phase separation due to the boundary pinning effect of hierarchically separated amorphous phases. Especially, the PSMGs containing Gd-rich amorphous nanoparticles show the highest coercivity which can be attributed to the size effect of the ferromagnetic amorphous phase. Furthermore, the selective crystallization of ferromagnetic amorphous phases can affect the magnetization behavior of the PSMGs. Our results could provide a novel strategy for tailoring unique soft magnetic properties of metallic glasses by introducing hierarchically separated amorphous phases and controlling their crystallinity.

Multiferroic properties and frequency dependent coercive field in BiFeO3-LaMn0.5Co0.5O3 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lahmar, Abdelilah

2017-10-01

The effect of LaMn0.5Co0.5O3 (LMCO) adding on structural, magnetic, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties of BiFeO3 is presented. X ray diffraction and Raman investigation allowed the identification of a structural transition and permitted to shed more light on the influence of LCMO addition. By varying LMCO concentration, highest remnant polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) with a likely square hysteresis loop are obtained for 10 mol% addition. With increasing concentration to 20 mol%, a change of P-E shape, a decrease of both Pr and Ec, and a frequency dependence of Ec are observed. The results are approached with both Ishibashi-Orihara and Du-Chen models.

Strong coercivity reduction and high initial permeability in NiCoP coated BaFe12O19-polystyrene bilayer composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamad, Mahmoud A.; El-Sayed, Adly H.; Hemeda, O. M.; Tawfik, A.

2016-03-01

Soft-magnetic NiCoP coated hard-magnetic M-type ferrite BaFe12O19 (BaM)-polystyrene (PS) bilayer composite film was successfully synthesized. X-ray diffraction peaks exhibited no change in the structure of BaM after coating with PS. The NiCoP coated BaM-PS composite exhibited a wasp-waisted magnetic hysteretic loop with remarkable reduction in the coercivity, remanence and squareness with respect to BaM-PS, which is useful for the core of a magnetic switching device to control currents so large that they are unmanageable. Moreover, the initial permeability measurement exhibits initial permeability of around 100 000 and thermal stability up to 558 K, which is good for flux-amplifying components of smaller inductors.

Enhanced magnetic hysteresis in Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal and its influence on magnetic shape memory effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heczko, O.; Drahokoupil, J.; Straka, L.

2015-05-01

Enhanced magnetic hysteresis due to boron doping in combination with magnetic shape memory effect in Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal results in new interesting functionality of magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys such as mechanical demagnetization. In Ni50.0Mn28.5Ga21.5 single crystal, the boron doping increased magnetic coercivity from few Oe to 270 Oe while not affecting the transformation behavior and 10 M martensite structure. However, the magnetic field needed for MSM effect also increased in doped sample. The magnetic behavior is compared to undoped single crystal of similar composition. The evidence from the X-ray diffraction, magnetic domain structure, magnetization loops, and temperature evolution of the magnetic coercivity points out that the enhanced hysteresis is caused by stress-induced anisotropy.

Nonthermal Photocoercivity Effect in a Low-Doped (Ga,Mn)As Ferromagnetic Semiconductor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Astakhov, G. V.; Hoffmann, H.; Korenev, V. L.; Kiessling, T.; Schwittek, J.; Schott, G. M.; Gould, C.; Ossau, W.; Brunner, K.; Molenkamp, L. W.

2009-05-01

We report a photoinduced change of the coercive field, i.e., a photocoercivity effect (PCE), under very low intensity illumination of a low-doped (Ga,Mn)As ferromagnetic semiconductor. We find a strong correlation between the PCE and the sample resistivity. Spatially resolved dynamics of the magnetization reversal rule out any role of thermal heating in the origin of this PCE, and we propose a mechanism based on the light-induced lowering of the domain wall pinning energy. The PCE is local and reversible, allowing writing and erasing of magnetic images using light.

Nonthermal photocoercivity effect in a low-doped (Ga,Mn)As ferromagnetic semiconductor.

PubMed

Astakhov, G V; Hoffmann, H; Korenev, V L; Kiessling, T; Schwittek, J; Schott, G M; Gould, C; Ossau, W; Brunner, K; Molenkamp, L W

2009-05-08

We report a photoinduced change of the coercive field, i.e., a photocoercivity effect (PCE), under very low intensity illumination of a low-doped (Ga,Mn)As ferromagnetic semiconductor. We find a strong correlation between the PCE and the sample resistivity. Spatially resolved dynamics of the magnetization reversal rule out any role of thermal heating in the origin of this PCE, and we propose a mechanism based on the light-induced lowering of the domain wall pinning energy. The PCE is local and reversible, allowing writing and erasing of magnetic images using light.

Graded bit patterned magnetic arrays fabricated via angled low-energy He ion irradiation.

PubMed

Chang, L V; Nasruallah, A; Ruchhoeft, P; Khizroev, S; Litvinov, D

2012-07-11

A bit patterned magnetic array based on Co/Pd magnetic multilayers with a binary perpendicular magnetic anisotropy distribution was fabricated. The binary anisotropy distribution was attained through angled helium ion irradiation of a bit edge using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist as an ion stopping layer to protect the rest of the bit. The viability of this technique was explored numerically and evaluated through magnetic measurements of the prepared bit patterned magnetic array. The resulting graded bit patterned magnetic array showed a 35% reduction in coercivity and a 9% narrowing of the standard deviation of the switching field.

A comparative study of a (0-3) connectivity type composite and core-shell structure of CoFe2O4 - BaTiO3 based on microstructure and magnetic property

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Avisek; Gorige, Venkataiah

2018-04-01

In this work CoFe2O4 (CFO)-BaTiO3 (BTO) composite and core-shell CFO-BTO have been prepared to investigate the effect of microstructure on the magnetic properties. Detailed microstructure analysis has been carried out using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Although uniform distribution of CFO is found in BTO matrix for the composite sample, magnetization and coercivity values are more enhanced in core-shell CFO-BTO.

Management of surface water and groundwater withdrawals to maintain environmental stream flows in Michigan

USGS Publications Warehouse

Reeves, Howard W.; Seelbach, Paul W.; Nicholas, James R.; Hamilton, David A.; Potter, Kenneth W.; Frevert, Donald K.

2010-01-01

In 2008, the State of Michigan enacted legislation requiring that new or increased high-capacity withdrawals (greater than 100,000 gallons per day) from either surface water or groundwater be reviewed to prevent Adverse Resource Impacts (ARI). Science- based guidance was sought in defining how groundwater or surface-water withdrawals affect streamflow and in quantifying the relation between reduced streamflow and changes in stream ecology. The implementation of the legislation led to a risk-based system based on a gradient of risk, ecological response curves, and estimation of groundwater-surface water interaction. All Michigan streams are included in the legislation, and, accordingly, all Michigan streams were classified into management types defined by size of watershed, stream-water temperature, and predicted fish assemblages. Different streamflow removal percentages define risk-based thresholds allowed for each type. These removal percentages were informed by ecological response curves of characteristic fish populations and finalized through a legislative workgroup process. The assessment process includes an on-line screening tool that may be used to evaluate new or increased withdrawals against the risk-based zones and allows withdrawals that are not likely to cause an ARI to proceed to water-use registration. The system is designed to consider cumulative impacts of high-capacity withdrawals and to promote user involvement in water resource management by the establishment of water-user committees as cumulative withdrawals indicate greater potential for ARI in the watershed.

The Phenomenon of Legislative Advocacy among Parents of Children with Disabilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burke, Meghan M.; Sandman, Linda; Perez, Beatrize; O'Leary, Meghann

2018-01-01

Although parents of children with disabilities have forged systemic changes for individuals with disabilities, little is known about the phenomenon of legislative advocacy (LA) including methods and barriers. In this United States-based study, 49 parents of individuals with disabilities participated in focus groups about LA reporting both positive…

Education Rights and Classroom-Based Litigation: Shifting the Boundaries of Evidence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Welner, Kevin

2010-01-01

The call for American students to meet world-class standards in the federal Goals 2000: Education America Act (1994) and No Child Left Behind legislation, as well as state standards and accountability legislation, has been explicitly inclusive: All students must be held to these high standards. Litigation offers the potential to leverage…

Supervising Snowsport Activities: A Reflection upon Legislation, Policies, Guidelines and Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dickson, Tracey J.; Terwiel, F. Anne

2013-01-01

This paper explores on-snow supervision in school-based snowsport excursions by investigating snowsport participation and safety data and relevant legislation and policies that form the framework for practice. Snowsports may present a more complex environment for managing of participants than many other outdoor environments and provide a valuable…

Identification, assessment and management of "endocrine disruptors" in wildlife in the EU substance legislation--discussion paper from the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA).

PubMed

Frische, Tobias; Bachmann, Jean; Frein, Daniel; Juffernholz, Tanja; Kehrer, Anja; Klein, Anita; Maack, Gerd; Stock, Frauke; Stolzenberg, Hans-Christian; Thierbach, Claudia; Walter-Rohde, Susanne

2013-12-16

A discussion paper was developed by a panel of experts of the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA) contributing to the on-going debate on the identification, assessment and management of endocrine disruptors with a view to protect wildlife according to the EU substance legislation (plant protection products, biocides, industrial chemicals). Based on a critical synthesis of the state-of-the-art regarding regulatory requirements, testing methods, assessment schemes, decision-making criteria and risk management options, we advise an appropriate and consistent implementation of this important subject into existing chemicals legislation in Europe. Our proposal for a balanced risk management of endocrine disruptors essentially advocates transparent regulatory decision making based on a scientifically robust weight of evidence approach and an adequate risk management consistent across different legislations. With respect to the latter, a more explicit consideration of the principle of proportionality of regulatory decision making and socio-economic benefits in the on-going debate is further encouraged. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Use of Research Evidence in State Policymaking for Childhood Obesity Prevention in Minnesota

PubMed Central

Kite, Hanna A.; Benning, Sara J.; Callanan, Rachel A.; Weisman, Susan R.; Nanney, Marilyn S.

2014-01-01

Objectives. We describe how scientific evidence about obesity has been used in Minnesota legislative materials to understand how research evidence might more effectively be translated into policymaking. Methods. We selected 13 obesity-related bills introduced from 2007 to 2011 in Minnesota. Using state archives, we collected all legislative committee meeting materials and floor testimony related to each bill. We used a coding instrument to systematically analyze the content of a sample of 109 materials for their use of research evidence and non–research-based information. Results. Research evidence was mentioned in 41% of all legislative materials. Evidence was often used to describe the prevalence or consequences of obesity or policy impacts but not to describe health disparities. In 45% of materials that cited evidence, no source of evidence was indicated. By contrast, 92% of materials presented non–research-based information, such as expert beliefs, constituent opinion, political principles, and anecdotes. Conclusions. Despite an abundance of available research evidence on obesity, less than half of legislative materials cited any such evidence in discussions around obesity-related bills under consideration in Minnesota. PMID:25122015

Use of research evidence in state policymaking for childhood obesity prevention in Minnesota.

PubMed

Gollust, Sarah E; Kite, Hanna A; Benning, Sara J; Callanan, Rachel A; Weisman, Susan R; Nanney, Marilyn S

2014-10-01

We describe how scientific evidence about obesity has been used in Minnesota legislative materials to understand how research evidence might more effectively be translated into policymaking. We selected 13 obesity-related bills introduced from 2007 to 2011 in Minnesota. Using state archives, we collected all legislative committee meeting materials and floor testimony related to each bill. We used a coding instrument to systematically analyze the content of a sample of 109 materials for their use of research evidence and non-research-based information. Research evidence was mentioned in 41% of all legislative materials. Evidence was often used to describe the prevalence or consequences of obesity or policy impacts but not to describe health disparities. In 45% of materials that cited evidence, no source of evidence was indicated. By contrast, 92% of materials presented non-research-based information, such as expert beliefs, constituent opinion, political principles, and anecdotes. Despite an abundance of available research evidence on obesity, less than half of legislative materials cited any such evidence in discussions around obesity-related bills under consideration in Minnesota.

The influence of parenting style on health related behavior of children: findings from the ChiBS study

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Objective Exploring associations between parenting behavior and children’s health related behavior including physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet and sleep. Methods We recruited 288 parents and their children (6-12y old). Children’s weight and height were measured. Fat percentage was determined by air displacement plethysmography. Parents reported socio-demographic data, sleep information, physical activity and sedentary behavior of their child and completed the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire (CGPQ) and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Children completed the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Associations between parenting behavior (CGPQ) and children’s health related behavior were assessed with univariate and multiple regression analyses. Results A small positive correlation was found between sweet food consumption frequency and “coercive control” (r = 0.139) and a small negative correlation between fruit and vegetables consumption frequency and “overprotection” (r = −0.151). Children consumed more frequently soft drinks when their parents scored lower on “structure” (r = −0.124) and higher on “overprotection” (r = 0.123); for the light soft drinks separately, a small positive correlation with “behavioral control” was found (r = 0.172). A small negative correlation was found between “emotional eating” and “structure” (r = −0.172) as well as “behavioral control” (r = −0.166). “Coercive control” was negatively correlated with the child’s sleep duration (r = −0.171). After correction for confounding factors, the following significant associations were found: (1) a small negative association between “structure” and soft drinks consumption (β = −0.17 for all soft drinks and −0.22 for light soft drinks), (2) a small positive association between “behavioral control” and light soft drinks (β = 0.34), (3) a small positive association of “nurturance” and “coercive control” with sedentary behavior (β = 0.16 for both parent constructs) and (4) a small negative association between the parenting construct “coercive control” and sleep duration (β = −0.23). Conclusion The significant but small associations between parenting constructs and the investigated variables suggest that different aspects of parenting style play an important role in the genesis of the health related behavior of children. Overall, our findings suggest that health professionals should encourage parents to apply the more positive parenting constructs i.e., more “structure” and “behavioral control”, and less “coercive control”. They could, for instance, supervise and manage their child’s activities and help their child to achieve certain goals. PMID:25052905

Dental students--dental advocates.

PubMed

Bensch, Brittany

2010-01-01

Student advocacy and involvement in the political process is built into the structure of the American Student Dental Association (ASDA), especially in its Legislative Grassroots Network and an internal communication network among students to ensure political awareness. Students are concerned with such issues as a universally accepted, non-patient-based licensure process, mid-level providers, loan availability and tax deductibility, financial support for schools, and service early in one's professional career (giving forward rather than giving back). Through collaboration with the American Dental Education Association and with many state associations, students participate in lobbying, awareness campaigns, and behind the scenes as legislative aids. Although students share the same love for the profession that animates established practitioners, they are perceived by legislators as being different. Students are involved in the legislative process because it represents their future.

The Impact of State Legislation and Model Policies on Bullying in Schools.

PubMed

Terry, Amanda

2018-04-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the coverage of state legislation and the expansiveness ratings of state model policies on the state-level prevalence of bullying in schools. The state-level prevalence of bullying in schools was based on cross-sectional data from the 2013 High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Multiple regression was conducted to determine whether the coverage of state legislation and the expansiveness rating of a state model policy affected the state-level prevalence of bullying in schools. The purpose and definition category of components in state legislation and the expansiveness rating of a state model policy were statistically significant predictors of the state-level prevalence of bullying in schools. The other 3 categories of components in state legislation-District Policy Development and Review, District Policy Components, and Additional Components-were not statistically significant predictors in the model. Extensive coverage in the purpose and definition category of components in state legislation and a high expansiveness rating of a state model policy may be important in efforts to reduce bullying in schools. Improving these areas may reduce the state-level prevalence of bullying in schools. © 2018, American School Health Association.

Cyberpower as a Coercive Instrument

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

weaknesses. Members 10 Lech Janczewski and Andrew M. Colarik, Cyber Warfare and Cyber Terrorism, (Idea...Polity Press, 2004. 66 Freedman, Lawrence. Strategic Coercion: Concepts and Cases, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Janczewski, Lech

Discrimination of Thermal versus Mechanical Effects of Shock on Rock Magnetic Properties of Spherically Shocked up to 10-160 GPa Basalt and Diabase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bezaeva, N. S.; Swanson-Hysell, N.; Tikoo, S.; Badyukov, D. D.; Kars, M. A. C.; Egli, R.; Chareev, D. A.; Fairchild, L. M.

2016-12-01

Understanding how shock waves generated during hypervelocity impacts affect rock magnetic properties is key for interpreting the paleomagnetic records of lunar rocks, meteorites, and cratered planetary surfaces. Laboratory simulations of impacts show that ultra-high shocks may induce substantial post-shock heating of the target material. At high pressures (>10 GPa), shock heating occurs in tandem with mechanical effects, such as grain fracturing and creation of crystallographic defects and dislocations within magnetic grains. This makes it difficult to conclude whether shock-induced changes in the rock magnetic properties of target materials are primarily associated with mechanical or thermal effects. Here we present novel experimental methods to discriminate between mechanical and thermal effects of shock on magnetic properties and illustrate it with two examples of spherically shocked terrestrial basalt and diabase [1], which were shocked to pressures of 10 to >160 GPa, and investigate possible explanations for the observed shock-induced magnetic hardening (i.e., increase in remanent coercivity Bcr). The methods consist of i) conducting extra heating experiments at temperatures resembling those experienced during high-pressure shock events on untreated equivalents of shocked rocks (with further comparison of Bcr of shocked and heated samples) and ii) quantitative comparison of high-resolution first-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams (field step: 0.5-0.7 mT) for shocked, heated and untreated specimens. Using this approach, we demonstrated that the shock-induced coercivity hardening in our samples is predominantly due to solid-state, mechanical effects of shock rather than alteration associated with shock heating. Indeed, heating-induced changes in Bcr in the post-shock temperature range were minor. Visual inspection of FORC contours (in addition to detailed analyses) reveals a stretching of the FORC distribution of shocked sample towards higher coercivities, consistent with shock-induced hardening. However, shock does not alter the intrinsic shape of coercivity and the shape of FORC contours (apart from field scaling) while heating does, which is seen as a significant alteration of FORC contours. Reference: [1] Swanson-Hysell N. L. et al. 2014. G3 15:2039-2047.

Paleomagnetic and Rock Magnetic Study of Oligocene-Holocene Sedimentary Rocks from Northern Dominican Republic: Evidence of Vertical Axis Rotations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anson Sanchez, M.; Kodama, K. P.; Pueyo, E. L.; Soto, R.; Garcia-Senz, J.; Escuder-Viruete, J.; Pastor-Galan, D.

2017-12-01

A paleomagnetic and rock magnetic study was conducted in the northern Dominican Republic to detect vertical axis rotations in an active left-lateral, strike slip fault zone. 191 samples from 21 sites were collected from a variety of lithologies including limestones, conglomerates, calcarenites and marls that ranged in age from the Oligocene to the Holocene. The rock magnetic portion of the study focused on the identification of magnetic minerals using coercivity, and Curie temperature (c vs temperature) measurement, modeling of IRM acquisition curves, and thermal demagnetization of IRMs (Lowrie, 19901). In the paleomagnetic portion of the study characteristic remanences (ChRMs) were isolated using thermal demagnetization (19 steps up to 680ºC) and alternating field (AF) demagnetization (17 steps up to 100 mT). In most cases the characteristic remanence is carried by magnetite, with peak unblocking temperatures of 575ºC. This interpretation was supported by c vs. T results that yielded Curie temperatures of 580˚C. In only a few cases (7 samples) higher unblocking temperatures suggested hematite as the magnetic carrier. The modeling of IRM acquisition curves, that shows two coercivity components, further supports the presence of magnetite. 75% of the IRM is carried by the low-coercivity component (100-300 mT, magnetite). 25% of the IRM is carried by the high-coercivity component (1.2-1.6T) characteristic of hematite. The IRM acquisition data was collected from 24 samples (3-4 from each of the lithologies sampled). IRMs were acquired in fields from 4mT to 1T in 23 steps. The paleomagnetic results show a grouping by tectonic blocks with one group having westerly ChRM declinations (268˚-295˚) and a second group having northerly ChRM declinations (357˚-035˚). In most cases, inclinations are intermediate ( 35˚), in agreement with the 24˚-31˚ expected inclinations for Dominican Republic in the period Oligocene to Holocene. The rotation of the tectonic blocks, as detected by the declinations, is consistent with a left-lateral strike-slip motion across the main fault in the area. 1Lowrie, 1990, GRL, 17, 159-162

The roles of federal legislation and evolving health care systems in promoting medical-dental collaboration.

PubMed

Edelstein, Burton L

2014-01-01

Recent federal health care legislation contains explicit and implicit drivers for medical-dental collaboration. These laws implicitly promote health care evolution through value-based financing, "big data" and health information technology, increased number of care providers and a more holistic approach. Additional changes--practice aggregation, consumerism and population health perspectives--may also influence dental care. While dentistry will likely lag behind medicine toward value-based and accountable care organizations, dentists will be affected by changing consumer expectations.

The relationship between structure and magnetic properties in ultra-fine grained/nanostructured FePd alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okumura, Hideyuki

In this study, the magnetic behavior including coercivity and the magnetic phase transition (ferromagnetic ↔ paramagnetic) and related phenomena were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated in ultra-fine grained/nanostructured FePd permanent magnet alloys, in relation to the microstructure and defect structure, and the results were compared with bulk FePd. Most of the alloy specimens investigated were in the form of epoxybonded magnets or isostatically-pressed pellets, formed from powders which were produced with high energy ball milling. Some results of thin films and ribbons produced with sputtering and melt-spinning, respectively, are also included in this thesis. Characterization of the materials was performed by using X-ray diffraction techniques with texture measurement, transmission electron microscopy with Lorentz microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with EDS analysis, optical microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. X-ray line broadening analysis was utilized for the quantitative characterization of the nanoscale microstructure, and it was found that the Cauchy-Gaussian profile assumption best describes the broadening data. Enhanced coercivities ˜10 times those of the bulk FePd obtained using conventional heat treatments were explained as the result of statistical (stochastic) unpinning of interaction domain walls out of the potential well at the grain boundary, and there is also an additional effect ascribed to an increase of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which is mainly due to the metastable c/a ratio of the nanostructured ordered phase and possibly to stress anisotropy. At the same time, there is also a decrease of the coercivity for smaller grain sizes because of the "magnetically soft" grain boundary phase. A semi-quantitative theoretical model is proposed, which includes the effect of exchange coupling between the ordered grains. The so-called Kronmuller analysis based on the wall pinning model was self-consistent, supporting the notion that wall pinning by grain boundary is the dominant mechanism controlling the coercivity in the nanostructured aggregates in which the magnetic structure is comprised of interaction domains. Furthermore, conventionally structure-insensitive, intrinsic properties such as the saturation magnetization and Curie temperature were found to become structure-sensitive in these materials. The results were semi-quantitatively explained by consideration of the extraordinary microstructure and defect structure involving the high and complex strain fields, metastable tetragonalities, nonequilibrium grain boundaries, extremely high surface-to-volume ratios and perturbed coordination spheres. The possible change in the atomic bond character particularly around grain boundaries is also briefly discussed. It seems that there is a significant fluctuation in exchange couplings at the grain boundary volume, causing the variation of the saturation magnetization, while for the variation of the Curie temperature the powder surface instead of the grain boundary is more important. A modified localized moment model and thus Hund's rules seem applicable to the FePd alloy systems, and the spin density fluctuations seem small in the FePd alloys.

Elementary Teachers' Knowledge of Legislative and Policy Duties for Reporting Child Sexual Abuse

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walsh, Kerryann; Mathews, Ben; Rassafiani, Mehdi; Farrell, Ann; Butler, Des

2013-01-01

This study examined elementary school teachers' knowledge of their legislative and policy-based reporting duties with respect to child sexual abuse. Data were collected from 470 elementary school teachers from urban and rural government and nongovernment schools in 3 Australian states, which at the time of the study had 3 different legislative…

From LAMP to Koha: Case Study of the Pakistan Legislative Assembly Libraries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shafi-Ullah, Farasat; Qutab, Saima

2012-01-01

Purpose: This paper aims to elaborate the library data migration process from LAMP (Library Automation Management Program) to the open source software Koha's (2.2.8 Windows based) Pakistani flavour PakLAG-Koha in six legislative assembly libraries of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: The paper explains different steps of the data migration…

To amend the executive compensation provisions of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 to prohibit unreasonable and excessive compensation and compensation not based on performance standards.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Grayson, Alan [D-FL-8

2009-03-23

Senate - 04/23/2009 Read the second time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 50. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Passed HouseHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

A Child's Right to Human Dignity: Reforming Anti-Bullying Laws in the United States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dayton, John; Dupre, Anne Proffitt

2009-01-01

This article presents the findings of research into the bullying laws in the United States. Against the backdrop of international law, it addresses children's rights to protection from bullying in US schools. It includes recommendations for improving anti-bullying legislation based on state anti-bullying legislation in the United States, and…

National and International Disability Rights Legislation: A Qualitative Account of Its Enactment in Australia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whitburn, Ben

2015-01-01

In this paper, a detailed analysis based on the lived experiences of the study participants and the researcher (each with vision impairment) in education, post school and in the pursuit for employment is developed. The policy discourses of disability legislation--both at national and international levels--are explored with particular reference to…

An Analysis of 1926 Inspection Legislation Document, Named: "Law about Inspectors of Education Ministry and Their Authorization"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Usta, Mehmet Emin

2018-01-01

In this study, 1926 official legislation document was analyzed taking the role and duties of inspectors at that time in mind. These roles and duties were explained based on the authorization, investigation, interrogation methodology, and employment of inspectors. This study was carried out by implementing documentary research methods. Like other…

Electric-Field Induced Reversible Switching of the Magnetic Easy Axis in Co/BiFeO3 on SrTiO3.

PubMed

Gao, Tieren; Zhang, Xiaohang; Ratcliff, William; Maruyama, Shingo; Murakami, Makoto; Varatharajan, Anbusathaiah; Yamani, Zahra; Chen, Peijie; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Huairuo; Shull, Robert; Bendersky, Leonid A; Unguris, John; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Takeuchi, Ichiro

2017-05-10

Electric-field (E-field) control of magnetism enabled by multiferroic materials has the potential to revolutionize the landscape of present memory devices plagued with high energy dissipation. To date, this E-field controlled multiferroic scheme has only been demonstrated at room temperature using BiFeO 3 films grown on DyScO 3 , a unique and expensive substrate, which gives rise to a particular ferroelectric domain pattern in BiFeO 3 . Here, we demonstrate reversible electric-field-induced switching of the magnetic state of the Co layer in Co/BiFeO 3 (BFO) (001) thin film heterostructures fabricated on (001) SrTiO 3 (STO) substrates. The angular dependence of the coercivity and the remanent magnetization of the Co layer indicates that its easy axis reversibly switches back and forth 45° between the (100) and the (110) crystallographic directions of STO as a result of alternating application of positive and negative voltage pulses between the patterned top Co electrode layer and the (001) SrRuO 3 (SRO) layer on which the ferroelectric BFO is epitaxially grown. The coercivity (H C ) of the Co layer exhibits a hysteretic behavior between two states as a function of voltage. A mechanism based on the intrinsic magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic BFO involving projection of antiferromagnetic G-type domains is used to explain the observation. We have also measured the exact canting angle of the G-type domain in strained BFO films for the first time using neutron diffraction. These results suggest a pathway to integrating BFO-based devices on Si wafers for implementing low power consumption and nonvolatile magnetoelectronic devices.

Cobalt-based multilayers with ultrathin seedlayers for perpendicular magnetic recording media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Wenbin

With the rapid increase in areal density in longitudinal magnetic recording, it is widely believed that the superparamagnetic limit will soon be reached. Perpendicular magnetic recording is now being seriously considered to be a candidate for the replacement. Co/Pd and Co/Pt multilayers are promising candidates because of their high anisotropy, high coercivity, high remanent squareness, and high negative nucleation field. However, Co/Pd and Co/Pt multilayers usually require thick seed layers to promote perpendicular anisotropies, which leads to large "spacing loss". In this work, different seed layers were studied and it showed that an amorphous indium tin oxide (ITO) seed layer as thin as 2nm could promote good perpendicular anisotropy. The processing parameters for Co-based multilayers such as deposition pressure, temperature, individual layer thickness, and number of bilayers were optimized to obtain better interfaces, higher coercivity, and higher anisotropies. Boron was added as dopants into Co layers to obtain better intergranular segregation and reduce the grain growth during the thin film deposition. The substrates were heated to promote the migration of boron atoms. It was proved that the addition of boron has successfully reduced the magnetic domain sizes as well as the media noise. Spin stand test showed that the CoB/Pd multilayers with 2nm ITO seed layer and 6mum thick NiFe soft underlayers deposited at 230°C gave a D50 of 340 kfci for differentiated output signals and an areal density of 11 Gb/in2 at a bit-error-rate of 10 -7. Given narrower heads, better soft underlayer, and lower flying height, the media can reach a much higher recording density.

Evidence based policy making in the European Union: the role of the scientific community.

PubMed

Majcen, Špela

2017-03-01

In the times when the acquis of the European Union (EU) has developed so far as to reach a high level of technical complexity, in particular in certain policy fields such as environmental legislation, it is important to look at what kind of information and data policy decisions are based on. This position paper looks at the extent to which evidence-based decision-making process is being considered in the EU institutions when it comes to adopting legislation in the field of environment at the EU level. The paper calls for closer collaboration between scientists and decision-makers in view of ensuring that correct data is understood and taken into consideration when drafting, amending, negotiating and adopting new legal texts at all levels of the EU decision-making process. It concludes that better awareness of the need for such collaboration among the decision-makers as well as the scientific community would benefit the process and quality of the final outcomes (legislation).

Obstetricians and violence against women.

PubMed

Charles, Sonya

2011-12-01

I argue that the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), as an organization and through its individual members, can and should be a far greater ally in the prevention of violence against women. Specifically, I argue that we need to pay attention to obstetrical practices that inadvertently contribute to the problem of violence against women. While intimate partner violence is a complex phenomenon, I focus on the coercive control of women and adherence to oppressive gender norms. Using physician response to alcohol use during pregnancy and court-ordered medical treatment as examples, I show how some obstetrical practices mirror the attitudes of abusive men insofar as they try to coercively control women's behavior through manipulation and violence. To be greater allies in the prevention of violence against women, obstetricians should stop participating in practices that inadvertently perpetuate violence against women.

Exploring the link between institutional pressures and environmental management systems effectiveness: An empirical study.

PubMed

Daddi, Tiberio; Testa, Francesco; Frey, Marco; Iraldo, Fabio

2016-12-01

Institutional theory has been widely debated by scholars. A part of literature examines how institutional pressures act on company choices regarding proactive environmental strategies. However, the institutional perspective has still not completely clarified the influence of these pressures on the effectiveness of environmental management systems (EMSs) in achieving goals in terms of eco-innovation, competitiveness and corporate reputation. This paper analyses the role played by coercive, mimetic and normative forces in stimulating innovative and competitive responses by firms with an environmental certification. Using the results of a survey on 242 European EMAS-registered organisations, the paper highlights the more positive influence of mimetic and normative pressures than coercive ones. The paper contributes to the literature debate on EMSs analysed through the lens of institutional theory. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

How Power Mechanism Influence Channel Bilateral Opportunism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Yu; Chen, Shaodan

In the background of marketing channel power asymmetry structure, this article discuss the relation between power dominant member’s use of power mechanism and the opportunism behavior of both Power disadvantage member and the power dominant member itself, and test whether distributive fairness perception and procedural fairness perception have moderate effects on this relation. The result shows that, the power dominant member’s use of coercive power will increase the opportunistic tendency of both sides; in contrast, the power dominant member’s use of noncorecive power will inhibit such tendency. Distributive fairness perception and procedural fairness perception negatively moderate the relation between power dominant member’s use of noncorecive power and power disadvantage member’s opportunism. Procedural fairness perception also negatively moderates the relation between power dominant member’s use of coercive power and the other side’s opportunism.

Effects of post-deposition magnetic field annealing on magnetic properties of NiO/Co90Fe10 bilayers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Chao; Su, Shan; Chiu, Chun-Cheng; Skoropata, Elizabeth; Desautels, Ryan D.; van Lierop, Johan; Lin, Ko-Wei; Pong, Philip W. T.

2018-01-01

The ferromagnetic (FM)/antiferromagnetic (AF) bilayer structures have drawn intensive attention because of their wide applications in modern spintronic devices. While abundant published works have been reported on the interface effects of the FM/AF bilayers caused by the magnetic field annealing (MFA) process, the volume effects caused by the MFA treatment have been rarely considered. In this work, the microstructural and magnetic properties of the NiO/CoFe bilayers with various CoFe thicknesses were investigated under different annealing temperatures. At high annealing temperature, the interlayer mixing and exchange coupling between NiO and CoFe layers were promoted and consequently the interface effects were facilitated. The interfacial oxides acted as pinning centers and randomly pinned the FM domains, leading to an increase of coercivity and a considerable degradation of uniaxial anisotropy. The increase of coercivity was also contributed by the enhancement of the interfacial exchange coupling between the NiO and CoFe layers after MFA. As the CoFe thickness increased, the volume effects tended to dominate over the interface effects, resulting in the preservation the uniaxially anisotropic features of CoFe. These results indicate that both the coercivity and anisotropic features of the NiO/CoFe bilayers can be directly affected by the MFA process, opening up the possibility of modifying the magnetism in the NiO/CoFe bilayers and offering an effective way to improve the performance of modern spintronic devices.

Effect of Nb doping on the microstructure and magnetic properties of Nd-Ce-Fe-B alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quan, Qichen; Zhang, Lili; Jiang, Qingzheng; Lei, Weikai; Zeng, Qingwen; Hu, Xianjun; Wang, Lei; Yu, Xi; Du, Junfeng; Fu, Gang; Liu, Renhui; Zhong, Minglong; Zhong, Zhenchen

2017-11-01

With the intention to reduce the Nd content in Nd2Fe14B-type alloys, 20 at.% Ce and 0.5 at.% Nb substituting Nd and Fe in the Nd13Fe82B5 alloys were previously employed to improve successfully the coercivity and the thermal stability without the energy product reduction. In this study, a light increase of the remnant polarization Jr was observed in (Nd0.8Ce0.2)13Fe82-xNbxB5 alloy at x = 0.5 and x = 1.0, resulting from the increasing amount of α-Fe phase. The optimum magnetic properties obtained with 0.5 at.% Nb doping are Hcj = 13.1 kOe, Jr = 0.79 T, (BH)max = 13.3 MGOe, respectively. Besides, the coercivity Hcj and maximum energy product (BH)max for the melt-spun ribbons with 0.5 at.% Nb addition are higher than those of the Nb-free ribbons in the temperature range of 300-450 K. Both the variations of Curie temperature Tc and a increase of lattice constants a and c of the hard magnetic phase with Nb addition imply that some of Nb atoms may directly enter into the hard magnetic phase, occupying the Fe sites. With the analysis on the demagnetization curve, Henkel curve and the observation of transmission electron microscope (TEM), the results indicate that a small amount of Nb can enhance the coercivity and exchange coupling though improving the microstructure of alloys.

Artificial multiferroic structures using soft magnetostrictive bilayers on Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-PbTiO3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miskevich, E.; Alshammari, F. K.; Yang, W.-G.; Sharp, J.; Baco, S.; Leong, Z.; Abbas, Q. A.; Morley, N. A.

2018-02-01

Artificial multiferroic structures are of great interest as they combine two or more functionalities together. One example of these structures is magnetostrictive films grown on top of piezoelectric substrates; allowing the magnetisation hysteresis loop of the magnetostrictive film to be manipulated using an electric field across the structure rather than a magnetic field. In this paper, we have studied the multiferroic structure NiFe/FeCo/Ti/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) as a function of the electric and magnetic field. Soft magnetostrictive bilayer films (NiFe/FeCo) are studied, as often applications require soft magnetic properties (small coercive and anisotropy fields) combined with larger magnetostrictive constants. Unfortunately, FeCo films can have coercive fields that are too large, while NiFe films’ magnetostriction constants are almost zero; thus, combining the two together should produce the ‘ideal’ soft magnetostrictive film. It was found that the addition of a thin NiFe film onto the FeCo film reduced the coercive field and remnant magnetisation on the application of an applied voltage in comparison to just the FeCo film. It was also determined that for the NiFe/FeCo bilayer the magnetisation switchability was ~100% on the application of 8 kV cm-m, which was higher than the monolayer FeCo films at the same applied field, demonstrating improvement of the multiferroic behaviour by the soft magnetic/magnetostrictive bilayer.

Magnetization reversal of in-plane uniaxial Co films and its dependence on epitaxial alignment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Idigoras, O., E-mail: o.idigoras@nanogune.eu; Suszka, A. K.; Berger, A.

2014-02-28

This work studies the influence of crystallographic alignment onto magnetization reversal in partially epitaxial Co films. A reproducible growth sequence was devised that allows for the continuous tuning of grain orientation disorder in Co films with uniaxial in-plane anisotropy by the controlled partial suppression of epitaxy. While all stable or meta-stable magnetization states occurring during a magnetic field cycle exhibit a uniform magnetization for fully epitaxial samples, non-uniform states appear for samples with sufficiently high grain orientation disorder. Simultaneously with the occurrence of stable domain states during the magnetization reversal, we observe a qualitative change of the applied field anglemore » dependence of the coercive field. Upon increasing the grain orientation disorder, we observe a disappearance of transient domain wall propagation as the dominating reversal process, which is characterized by an increase of the coercive field for applied field angles away from the easy axis for well-ordered epitaxial samples. Upon reaching a certain disorder threshold level, we also find an anomalous magnetization reversal, which is characterized by a non-monotonic behavior of the remanent magnetization and coercive field as a function of the applied field angle in the vicinity of the nominal hard axis. This anomaly is a collective reversal mode that is caused by disorder-induced frustration and it can be qualitatively and even quantitatively explained by means of a two Stoner-Wohlfarth particle model. Its predictions are furthermore corroborated by Kerr microscopy and by Brillouin light scattering measurements.« less

Nano spin-diodes using FePt-NDs with huge on/off current ratio at room temperature

PubMed Central

Makihara, Katsunori; Kato, Takeshi; Kabeya, Yuuki; Mitsuyuki, Yusuke; Ohta, Akio; Oshima, Daiki; Iwata, Satoshi; Darma, Yudi; Ikeda, Mitsuhisa; Miyazaki, Seiichi

2016-01-01

Spin transistors have attracted tremendous interest as new functional devices. However, few studies have investigated enhancements of the ON/OFF current ratio as a function of the electron spin behavior. Here, we found a significantly high spin-dependent current ratio—more than 102 at 1.5 V—when changing the relative direction of the magnetizations between FePt nanodots (NDs) and the CoPtCr-coated atomic force microscope (AFM) probe at room temperature. This means that ON and OFF states were achieved by switching the magnetization of the FePt NDs, which can be regarded as spin-diodes. The FePt magnetic NDs were fabricated by exposing a bi-layer metal stack to a remote H2 plasma (H2-RP) on ~1.7 nm SiO2/Si(100) substrates. The ultrathin bi-layers with a uniform surface coverage are changed drastically to NDs with an areal density as high as ~5 × 1011 cm−2. The FePt NDs exhibit a large perpendicular anisotropy with an out-of-plane coercivity of ~4.8 kOe, reflecting the magneto-crystalline anisotropy of (001) oriented L10 phase FePt. We also designed and fabricated double-stacked FePt-NDs with low and high coercivities sandwiched between an ultra-thin Si-oxide interlayer, and confirmed a high ON/OFF current ratio when switching the relative magnetization directions of the low and high coercivity FePt NDs. PMID:27615374

Textured Nd2Fe14B flakes with enhanced coercivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cui, B. Z.; Zheng, L. Y.; Marinescu, M.; Liu, J. F.; Hadjipanayis, G. C.

2012-04-01

Morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of the [001] textured Nd2Fe14B nanocrystalline flakes prepared by surfactant-assisted high energy ball milling (HEBM) and subsequent annealing were studied. These flakes have a thickness of 80-200 nm, a length of 0.5-10 μm, and an average grain size of 10-14 nm. The addition of some amount of Dy, Nd70Cu30 alloy, and an appropriate post annealing increased the coercivity iHc of the Nd2Fe14B flakes. iHc was 3.7, 4.3, and 5.7 kOe for the Nd15.5Fe78.5B6, Nd14Dy1.5Fe78.5B6 and 83.3 wt.% Nd14Dy1.5Fe78.5B6 + 16.7 wt.% Nd70Cu30 flakes prepared by HEBM for 5 h in heptane with 20 wt.% oleylamine, respectively. After annealing at 450 °C for 0.5 h, their iHc increased to 5.1, 6.2, and 7.0 kOe, respectively. Anisotropic magnetic behavior was found in all of the as-milled and annealed flakes. Both, the thickening of Nd-rich phase at grain boundaries via diffusion of Nd70Cu30 and the surface modification of the Nd2Fe14B flake could be the main reasons for the coercivity enhancement in the as-milled and annealed Nd70Cu30-added Nd2Fe14B flakes.

Coercive Family Process and Early-Onset Conduct Problems From Age 2 to School Entry

PubMed Central

Smith, Justin D.; Dishion, Thomas J.; Shaw, Daniel S.; Wilson, Melvin N.; Winter, Charlotte C.; Patterson, Gerald R.

2013-01-01

The emergence and persistence of conduct problems during early childhood is a robust predictor of behavior problems in school and future maladaptation. In this study we examined the reciprocal influences between observed coercive interactions between children and caregivers, oppositional and aggressive behavior, and growth in parent report of early childhood (ages 2–5) and school-age conduct problems (age 7.5 and 8.5). Participants were drawn from the Early Steps multisite randomized prevention trial that includes an ethnically diverse sample of male and female children and their families (N = 731). A parallel process growth model combining latent trajectory and cross-lagged approaches revealed the amplifying effect of observed coercive caregiver–child interactions on children's noncompliance, whereas child oppositional and aggressive behaviors did not consistently predict increased coercion. The slope and initial levels of child oppositional and aggressive behaviors and the stability of caregiver–child coercion were predictive of teacher-reported oppositional behavior at school age. Families assigned to the Family Check-Up condition had significantly steeper declines in child oppositional and aggressive behavior and moderate reductions in oppositional behavior in school and in coercion at age 3. Results were not moderated by child gender, race/ethnicity, or assignment to the intervention condition. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to understanding the early development of conduct problems and to designing optimal strategies for reducing problem behavior in early childhood with families most in need. PMID:24690305

Reproduced multi-domain regions during demagnetization in Nd2Fe14B sintered magnets with different average grain sizes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kobayashi, Kurima; Nimura, You-ta; Urushibata, Kimiko; Hayakawa, Kazuo

2018-04-01

We prepared five Nd2Fe14B sintered magnets with similar saturation polarizations (Js) of 1.38-1.43 T and anisotropy fields (Ha) of 6.76-8.52 T, but different grain sizes (DAV) of 3.1-8.4 μm in diameter and obviously different coercivities (μ0Hc) of 0.8-1.6 T. The observed difference in coercivity could not be explained by the Kronmüller equation, because of the similar Ha values and similar chemical compositions and microstructures resulting from similar preparation method except DAV. The Hc values themselves, however, are inversely proportional to DAV. During demagnetization after magnetization in a 5 T pulse field, domain wall motion (DWM) was observed except in the sample with μ0Hc = 1.6 T by using our step method. The DWM was also confirmed by susceptibility measurements using a custom-built vibrating sample magnetometer, and DWM was generated in the reproduced multi-domain regions (RMDR) during demagnetization. The magnitude of DWM as a polarization change in the RMDR was inversely proportional to the coercivities of the samples. Therefore, it should be considered that the propagation of the nucleated region through the grain boundary, which corresponds to the expansion process in previous studies, was different caused by, first, the difference in DAV, and, second, in grain boundary state which was varied by difference in final annealing temperature.

[Extralegal coercive measures in psychiatric wards-- patients' perspectives].

PubMed

Jensen, Hans Mørch; Poulsen, Henrik Day

2006-02-06

A revision of the Danish Mental Health Act is planned to take place in 2005-2006. The Ministry of Health requires investigation into whether extralegal coercive measures take place in psychiatric wards. Extralegal coercion refers to restrictions and rules not included in the current Mental Health Act and considered by patients to be coercion. Twenty-two psychiatric patients participated in four group interviews directed by two physicians at four University Hospitals in Copenhagen, Denmark. The patients were asked to define what they perceived as extralegal coercion, house rules and psychiatric treatment. The majority of patients perceived lack of single rooms, restrictions on leaving the ward and shielding, i.e., being confined to one's room, to be extralegal coercion. A few also found the pressure to take medication and collection of clothes items to be extralegal coercion. Rules on smoking, clothing, day and night routines, the use of radio and TV, drugs, alcohol, visits, eating and the use of telephones were considered not extralegal coercion but necessary house rules. House rules should be clear and stated in writing. Restrictions on the use of money and locking of the front door at night were accepted in certain situations, hence not considered to be extralegal coercion. Extralegal coercion does occur in psychiatric wards but in certain situations is accepted if documented. House rules are considered to be necessary and not extralegal coercion. Increased use of compulsory protocols for documenting coercive measures was not considered to be necessary, but documentation in patients' files was useful alternative.

High energy product permanent magnet having improved intrinsic coercivity and method of making same

DOEpatents

Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Thomas, Gareth

1990-01-01

A high energy rare earth-ferromagnetic metal permanent magnet is disclosed which is characterized by improved intrinsic coercivity and is made by forming a particulate mixture of a permanent magnet alloy comprising one or more rare earth elements and one or more ferromagnetic metals and forming a second particulate mixture of a sintering alloy consisting essentially of 92-98 wt. % of one or more rare earth elements selected from the class consisting of Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and mixtures of two or more of such rare earth elements, and 2-8 wt. % of one or more alloying metals selected from the class consisting of Al, Nb, Zr, V, Ta, Mo, and mixtures of two or more of such metals. The permanent magnet alloy particles and sintering aid alloy are mixed together and magnetically oriented by immersing the mixture in an axially aligned magnetic field while cold pressing the mixture. The compressed mixture is then sintered at a temperature above the melting point of the sintering aid and below the melting point of the permanent magnet alloy to thereby coat the particle surfaces of the permanent magnetic alloy particles with the sintering aid while inhibiting migration of the rare earth element in the sintering aid into the permanent magnet alloy particles to thereby raise the intrinsic coercivity of the permanent magnet alloy without substantially lowering the high energy of the permanent magnet alloy.

Coercive family process and early-onset conduct problems from age 2 to school entry.

PubMed

Smith, Justin D; Dishion, Thomas J; Shaw, Daniel S; Wilson, Melvin N; Winter, Charlotte C; Patterson, Gerald R

2014-11-01

The emergence and persistence of conduct problems (CPs) during early childhood is a robust predictor of behavior problems in school and of future maladaptation. In this study we examined the reciprocal influences between observed coercive interactions between children and caregivers, oppositional and aggressive behavior, and growth in parent report of early childhood (ages 2-5) and school-age CPs (ages 7.5 and 8.5). Participants were drawn from the Early Steps multisite randomized prevention trial that includes an ethnically diverse sample of male and female children and their families (N = 731). A parallel-process growth model combining latent trajectory and cross-lagged approaches revealed the amplifying effect of observed coercive caregiver-child interactions on children's noncompliance, whereas child oppositional and aggressive behaviors did not consistently predict increased coercion. The slope and initial levels of child oppositional and aggressive behaviors and the stability of caregiver-child coercion were predictive of teacher-reported oppositional behavior at school age. Families assigned to the Family Check-Up condition had significantly steeper declines in child oppositional and aggressive behavior and moderate reductions in oppositional behavior in school and in coercion at age 3. Results were not moderated by child gender, race/ethnicity, or assignment to the intervention condition. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to understanding the early development of CPs and to designing optimal strategies for reducing problem behavior in early childhood with families most in need.

A case study: The original intentions of the designers of the science content standards

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eucker, Penelope Hudson

This case study research examined the original intentions of the designers of the science content standards in the historical context of educational reforms and legislation. The content standards are the keystone of standards-based education. Originally, national science content standards were part of a cohesive program to increase the occurrence of quality science K--12. Through assessment policies set into motion by state and federal legislation, science curriculum is increasingly fixed and standardized. Scripting teachers is becoming more common. Unintended outcomes of standards-based education are prevalent in all classrooms. Recording the original intentions of the designers of the science content standards in a historical context is significant to document their beliefs and purposes. The shared beliefs of the six scholars included: (a) science had become overstuffed curriculum with students learning very few concepts; (b) science teachers required assistance to decide which concepts are most important for students to learn; (c) standards-based education will most likely endure for a very long time; (d) science is a specific way of knowing and inquiry must be part of science instruction; (e) few teachers teach to the science content standards. The scholars disagreed about whether the power to decide what to teach had moved from the classroom to the legislators and if standards-based education has preferentially helped some groups of students while diminishing the science education of others. Implications from the findings reveal the tension between a defined science content and the resultant assessment template that further trims the instructional range offered. Foreshadowing of increasing trend toward profits made from testing companies as state and federal legislation increase mandated assessments. Significantly, the educational research that clearly demonstrate many pathways lead to educated students such as the Eight-Year Study were suppressed in favor of the bi-partisan supported standards-based education. One of the stated goals of standards-based education was equity. With documented corrupted curriculum sometimes devoid of all science, equity remains an elusive goal. This research documents the original intentions of the designers of the science content standards. The story continues to unfold with new state and federal legislation as teachers attempt to teach the mandated content standards.

Effectiveness of bicycle helmet legislation to increase helmet use: a systematic review

PubMed Central

Karkhaneh, M; Kalenga, J‐C; Hagel, B E; Rowe, B H

2006-01-01

Background Head injuries related to bicycle use are common and can be serious. They can be prevented or reduced in severity with helmet use; however, education has resulted in modest helmet use in most developed countries. Helmet legislation has been proposed as a method to increase helmet wearing; while this social intervention is thought to be effective, no systematic review has been performed. Objectives This review evaluates the scientific evidence for helmet use following legislation to identify the effectiveness of legislative interventions to increase bicycle helmet use among all age groups. Search strategy Comprehensive searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, British Education Index, LILACS Database, TRIS (Transport Research Information Service), the grey literature, reference lists, and communication with authors was performed to identify eligible studies. Selection criteria Eligible studies for this review were community based investigations including cohort studies, controlled before‐after studies, interrupted time series studies, non‐equivalent control group studies Data collection and analysis Two reviewers extracted the data regarding the percentage of helmet use before and after legislation from each study. Individual and pooled odds ratios were calculated along with 95% confidence intervals. Main results Out of 86 prescreened articles, 25 were potentially relevant to the topic and 11 were finally included in the review. Of 11 studies, eight were published articles, two were published reports, and one was an unpublished article. One additional survey was incorporated following personal communication with the author. While the baseline rate of helmet use among these studies varied between 4% and 59%, after legislation this range changed to 37% and 91%. Helmet wearing proportions increased less than 10% in one study, 10–30% in four studies, and more than 30% in seven studies. While the effectiveness of bicycle helmet legislation varied (n = 11 studies; OR range: 1.2–22), all studies demonstrated higher proportions of helmet use following legislation, particularly when the law was targeted to a specific age group. Conclusions Legislation increased helmet use among cyclists, particularly younger age groups and those with low pre‐intervention helmet wearing proportions. These results support legislative interventions in populations without helmet legislation. PMID:16595420

Minors and euthanasia: a systematic review of argument-based ethics literature.

PubMed

Cuman, Giulia; Gastmans, Chris

2017-07-01

Euthanasia was first legalised in the Netherlands in 2002, followed by similar legislation in Belgium the same year. Since the beginning, however, only the Netherlands included the possibility for minors older than 12 years to request euthanasia. In 2014, the Belgian Act legalising euthanasia was amended to include requests by minors who possess the capacity of discernment. This amendment sparked great debate, and raised difficult ethical questions about when and how a minor can be deemed competent. We conducted a systematic review of argument-based literature on euthanasia in minors. The search process followed PRISMA guidelines. Thirteen publications were included. The four-principle approach of medical ethics was used to organise the ethical arguments underlying this debate. The justification for allowing euthanasia in minors is buttressed mostly by the principles of beneficence and respect for autonomy. Somewhat paradoxically, both principles are also used in the literature to argue against the extension of legislation to minors. Opponents of euthanasia generally rely on the principle of non-maleficence. The present analysis reveals that the debate surrounding euthanasia in minors is at an early stage. In order to allow a more in-depth ethical discussion, we suggest enriching the four-principle approach by including a care-ethics approach. What is Known: • The Netherlands and Belgium are the only two countries in the world with euthanasia legislation making it possible for minors to receive euthanasia. • This legislation provoked great debate globally, with ethical arguments for and against this legislation. What is New: • A systematic description of the ethical concepts and arguments grounding the debate on euthanasia in minors, as reported in the argument-based ethics literature. • A need has been identified to enrich the debate with a care-ethics approach to avoid oversimplifying the ethical decision-making process.

High temperature (NaBi)0.48□0.04Bi2Nb2O9-based piezoelectric ceramics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gai, Zhi-Gang; Wang, Jin-Feng; Zhao, Ming-Lei; Wang, Chun-Ming; Zang, Guo-Zhong; Ming, Bao-Quan; Qi, Peng; Zhang, Shujun; Shrout, Thomas R.

2006-07-01

The effect of (LiCe) substitution for A site on the properties of (NaBi)0.48◻0.04Bi2Nb2O9 (NB◻N)-based ceramics was investigated. The coercive fields (EC) of NB◻N)-based ceramics were significantly decreased from 61.0to32.5kV/cm and the Curie temperature (TC) gradually decreases from 820to803°C with increasing the (LiCe) modification. The piezoelectric coefficient d33, planar coupling factor kp, and mechanical quality factor Q of (NaBi)0.38(LiCe)0.05◻0.14Bi2Nb2O9 ceramic were found to be 27pC/N, 11.2%, and 2600, respectively, together with the high TC (˜809°C) and stable piezoelectric properties, demonstrating that the (LiCe) modified NB◻N-based material a promising candidate for high temperature applications.

Data Base Legislation in the Digital Age: Balancing the Public Good and the Owners' Rights

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Lynn M.

2013-01-01

This dissertation is a study of the impact of federal legislative proposals considered between 1997 and 2004 that offer protection to databases. It investigates the effect that the proposals had on the balance between the economic interests of owners and the right of the public to unfettered access to information. This identified legislation…

The Decline and Fall of English in Hong Kong's Legislative Council

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Evans, Stephen

2014-01-01

This article presents the findings of a corpus-based study of the use of English vis-à-vis Cantonese and Putonghua in Hong Kong's Legislative Council in the past four decades. The objective of the study was to track the changing fortunes of the three languages in a key government institution during a period of unprecedented political, economic and…

Overview of Training Practices Incorporating Adult Learning. Selected Federal Legislation and Programs Relating to Adult Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Univ., Washington, DC. Adult Learning Potential Inst.

This document--a survey identifying federal legislation and programs that in some way address the adult learner--is one in a series of four developed to provide a comprehensive overview of the scope of training practices relating to adult learning. It provides a panoramic view of adult learning in response to national priorities based upon…

Report on Legislative and Funding Recommendations, DoDDS Comprehensive Study [of Dependents Schools].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bartell, Ted; LeBlanc, Linda

The final volume of a comprehensive study of the Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS), this report consists of a brief background description of the DoDDS system, followed by 10 legislative and funding recommendations based on the findings of the study: (1) increase funding in fiscal year 1984 and beyond to accommodate anticipated…