Sample records for collodion

  1. Scanning electron microscopy of the collodion membrane from a self-healing collodion baby*

    PubMed Central

    de Almeida Jr., Hiram Larangeira; Isaacsson, Henrique; Guarenti, Isabelle Maffei; Silva, Ricardo Marques e; de Castro, Luis Antônio Suita

    2015-01-01

    Abstract Self-healing collodion baby is a well-established subtype of this condition. We examined a male newborn, who was covered by a collodion membrane. The shed membrane was examined with scanning electron microscopy. The outer surface showed a very compact keratin without the normal elimination of corneocytes. The lateral view of the specimen revealed a very thick, horny layer. The inner surface showed the structure of lower corneocytes with polygonal contour. With higher magnifications villous projections were seen in the cell membrane. PMID:26375232

  2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR

    PubMed Central

    Sollner, Karl; Carr, Charles W.; Abrams, Irving

    1942-01-01

    1. Theoretical considerations lead to the conclusion that dissociable acidic groups present to a varying extent in different collodion preparations determine the electrochemical behavior of membranes cast from these preparations. It is further reasoned that the base exchange capacity of the collodion surfaces is the true quantitative measure of the abundance of the dissociable groups. 2. The concept of base exchange capacity and the base exchange method are discussed. The conditions which allow a purposeful application of the latter are stated. 3. The base exchange properties of a number of fibrous collodion preparations of different origins and after various types of treatment, having widely varying electrochemical activities, are determined. 4. With the chemical (titration) and physical (electrometric) methods employed, no regular correlation can be found between electrochemical activity and base exchange. The base exchange capacity which is necessary to cause even great electrochemical activity of collodion is extremely small. 5. Measurable to high base exchange capacity always seems to be associated with good or high electrochemical activity; but base exchange capacity too low to be definitely measurable with the available methods may be found with collodion preparations of high as well as with preparations of low electrochemical activity. 6. The bearing of these results upon the problem of the spatial and electrical structure of the collodion membrane is indicated briefly. PMID:19873284

  3. Lamellar ichthyosis in a female neonate without a collodion membrane.

    PubMed

    Chao, Kevin; Aleshin, Maria; Goldstein, Zachary; Worswick, Scott; Hogeling, Marcia

    2018-02-15

    The term, autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), describes a group of rare genetic skin diseases of cornification involving hyperkeratotic scaling at birth. The defective skin barrier function may lead to dehydration, body temperature instability, and high susceptibility to infections. In most cases of ARCI, neonates are born with a collodion membrane covering the body, often presenting with ectropion and eclabium. We report a premature female neonate presenting with hyperkeratotic scaling at birth without a collodion membrane. She was managed with placement in a humidified isolette, prophylactic antibiotics, dilute bleach baths, petrolatum ointment, and artificial eye drops. By the fourth week of life, there was marked improvement in her skin with the large, brown, plate-like scales on the trunk and extremities becoming lighter in color and finer in appearance. The ichthyosis genetic panel showed mutations in the ABCA12 gene resulting in the lamellar ichthyosis phenotype of ARCI. Our literature review revealed at least 28 patients with ARCI who were not born as collodion babies. Although collodion babies are a hallmark of most ARCI cases, clinicians should be aware of neonates with ARCI born without a collodion membrane and expedite appropriate workup and treatment.

  4. Safety Assessment of Nitrocellulose and Collodion as Used in Cosmetics.

    PubMed

    Fiume, Monice M; Bergfeld, Wilma F; Belsito, Donald V; Hill, Ronald A; Klaassen, Curtis D; Liebler, Daniel C; Marks, James G; Shank, Ronald C; Slaga, Thomas J; Snyder, Paul W; Andersen, F Alan

    2016-07-01

    The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (the Panel) assessed the safety of nitrocellulose and collodion as used in cosmetics, concluding that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetic formulations. Both ingredients are used almost exclusively in nail product formulations. The maximum concentration of use of nitrocellulose in nail polish and enamels is 22%; for collodion, the maximum reported concentration of use in nail polish and enamel is 14%. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data in making its determination of safety. © The Author(s) 2016.

  5. Effects of Head-Supported Devices on Female Aviators during Simulated Helicopter Missions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1998-05-01

    gram Plexiglas mounts. These mounts will be attached to the skin using tincture of benzoin , collodion, and sticky pads (to hold the mount in place...and sternum, a technician will vigorously rub the areas with an alcohol pad and then with tincture of benzoin . Collodion, an adhesive substance, will

  6. Reducing motion artifacts for long-term clinical NIRS monitoring using collodion-fixed prism-based optical fibers

    PubMed Central

    Yücel, Meryem A.; Selb, Juliette; Boas, David A.; Cash, Sydney S.; Cooper, Robert J.

    2013-01-01

    As the applications of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) continue to broaden and long-term clinical monitoring becomes more common, minimizing signal artifacts due to patient movement becomes more pressing. This is particularly true in applications where clinically and physiologically interesting events are intrinsically linked to patient movement, as is the case in the study of epileptic seizures. In this study, we apply an approach common in the application of EEG electrodes to the application of specialized NIRS optical fibers. The method provides improved optode-scalp coupling through the use of miniaturized optical fiber tips fixed to the scalp using collodion, a clinical adhesive. We investigate and quantify the performance of this new method in minimizing motion artifacts in healthy subjects, and apply the technique to allow continuous NIRS monitoring throughout epileptic seizures in two epileptic in-patients. Using collodion-fixed fibers reduces the percent signal change of motion artifacts by 90 % and increases the SNR by 6 and 3 fold at 690 and 830 nm wavelengths respectively when compared to a standard Velcro-based array of optical fibers. The change in both HbO and HbR during motion artifacts is found to be statistically lower for the collodion-fixed fiber probe. The collodion-fixed optical fiber approach has also allowed us to obtain good quality NIRS recording of three epileptic seizures in two patients despite excessive motion in each case. PMID:23796546

  7. Failure of the Nernst-Einstein equation to correlate electrical resistances and rates of ionic self-exchange across certain fixed charge membranes.

    PubMed

    Gottlieb, M H; Sollner, K

    1968-05-01

    The electrical resistances and rates of self-exchange of univalent critical ions across several types of collodion matrix membranes of high ionic selectivity were studied over a wide range of conditions. The relationship which was observed between these quantities with membranes of a certain type, namely those activated with poly-2-vinyl-N-methyl pyridinium bromide, cannot be explained on the basis of current concepts of the movement of ions across ion exchange membranes. Rates of self-exchange across these membranes were several times greater than those calculated from the electrical resistances of the membranes on the basis of an expression derived by the use of the Nernst-Einstein equation. The magnitude of the discrepancy was greatest at low concentrations of the ambient electrolyte solution and was independent of the species of both critical and noncritical ions. The data obtained with other types of collodion matrix membranes were, at least approximately, in agreement with the predictions based on the Nernst-Einstein equation. Self-exchange rates across the anion permeable protamine collodion membranes, and across the cation permeable polystyrene sulfonic acid collodion membranes, were about 20% less than those calculated from the electrical resistances. The direction and magnitude of these differences, also observed by other investigators, are qualitatively understood as an electroosmotic effect. With cation permeable membranes prepared by the oxidation of preformed collodion membranes, almost exact agreement was obtained between measured and calculated self-exchange rates; the cause of the apparent absence of an electroosmotic effect with these membranes is unknown.

  8. Failure of the Nernst-Einstein Equation to Correlate Electrical Resistances and Rates of Ionic Self-Exchange across Certain Fixed Charge Membranes

    PubMed Central

    Gottlieb, Melvin H.; Sollner, Karl

    1968-01-01

    The electrical resistances and rates of self-exchange of univalent critical ions across several types of collodion matrix membranes of high ionic selectivity were studied over a wide range of conditions. The relationship which was observed between these quantities with membranes of a certain type, namely those activated with poly-2-vinyl-N-methyl pyridinium bromide, cannot be explained on the basis of current concepts of the movement of ions across ion exchange membranes. Rates of self-exchange across these membranes were several times greater than those calculated from the electrical resistances of the membranes on the basis of an expression derived by the use of the Nernst-Einstein equation. The magnitude of the discrepancy was greatest at low concentrations of the ambient electrolyte solution and was independent of the species of both critical and noncritical ions. The data obtained with other types of collodion matrix membranes were, at least approximately, in agreement with the predictions based on the Nernst-Einstein equation. Self-exchange rates across the anion permeable protamine collodion membranes, and across the cation permeable polystyrene sulfonic acid collodion membranes, were about 20% less than those calculated from the electrical resistances. The direction and magnitude of these differences, also observed by other investigators, are qualitatively understood as an electroosmotic effect. With cation permeable membranes prepared by the oxidation of preformed collodion membranes, almost exact agreement was obtained between measured and calculated self-exchange rates; the cause of the apparent absence of an electroosmotic effect with these membranes is unknown. PMID:5699793

  9. CATAPHORETIC CHARGES OF COLLODION PARTICLES AND ANOMALOUS OSMOSIS THROUGH COLLODION MEMBRANES FREE FROM PROTEIN

    PubMed Central

    Loeb, Jacques

    1922-01-01

    1. It had been shown in previous papers that when a salt solution is separated from pure water by a collodion membrane, water diffuses through the membrane as if it were positively charged and as if it were attracted by the anion of the salt in solution and repelled by the cation with a force increasing with the valency. In this paper, measurements of the P.D. across the membrane (E) are given, showing that when an electrical effect is added to the purely osmotic effect of the salt solution in the transport of water from the side of pure water to the solution, the latter possesses a considerable negative charge which increases with increasing valency of the anion of the salt and diminishes with increasing valency of the cation. It is also shown that a similar valency effect exists in the diffusion potentials between salt solutions and pure water without the interposition of a membrane. 2. This makes it probable that the driving force for the electrical transport of water from the side of pure water into solution is primarily a diffusion potential. 3. It is shown that the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution affects the transport curves and the diffusion potentials in a similar way. 4. It is shown, however, that the diffusion potential without interposition of the membrane differs in a definite sense from the P.D. across the membrane and that therefore the P.D. across the membrane (E) is a modified diffusion potential. 5. Measurements of the P.D. between collodion particles and aqueous solutions (ε) were made by the method of cataphoresis, which prove that water in contact with collodion particles free from protein practically always assumes a positive charge (except in the presence of salts with trivalent and probably tetravalent cations of a sufficiently high concentration). 6. It is shown that an electrical transport of water from the side of water into the solution is always superposed upon the osmotic transport when the sign of charge of the solution in the potential across the membrane (E) is opposite to that of the water in the P.D. between collodion particle and water (ε); supporting the theoretical deductions made by Bartell. 7. It is shown that the product of the P.D. across the membrane (E) into the cataphoretic P.D. between collodion particles and aqueous solution (ε) accounts in general semiquantitatively for that part of the transport of water into the solution which is due to the electrical forces responsible for anomalous osmosis. PMID:19871981

  10. Reducing motion artifacts for long-term clinical NIRS monitoring using collodion-fixed prism-based optical fibers.

    PubMed

    Yücel, Meryem A; Selb, Juliette; Boas, David A; Cash, Sydney S; Cooper, Robert J

    2014-01-15

    As the applications of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) continue to broaden and long-term clinical monitoring becomes more common, minimizing signal artifacts due to patient movement becomes more pressing. This is particularly true in applications where clinically and physiologically interesting events are intrinsically linked to patient movement, as is the case in the study of epileptic seizures. In this study, we apply an approach common in the application of EEG electrodes to the application of specialized NIRS optical fibers. The method provides improved optode-scalp coupling through the use of miniaturized optical fiber tips fixed to the scalp using collodion, a clinical adhesive. We investigate and quantify the performance of this new method in minimizing motion artifacts in healthy subjects, and apply the technique to allow continuous NIRS monitoring throughout epileptic seizures in two epileptic in-patients. Using collodion-fixed fibers reduces the percent signal change of motion artifacts by 90% and increases the SNR by 6 and 3 fold at 690 and 830 nm wavelengths respectively when compared to a standard Velcro-based array of optical fibers. The SNR has also increased by 2 fold during rest conditions without motion with the new probe design because of better light coupling between the fiber and scalp. The change in both HbO and HbR during motion artifacts is found to be statistically lower for the collodion-fixed fiber probe. The collodion-fixed optical fiber approach has also allowed us to obtain good quality NIRS recording of three epileptic seizures in two patients despite excessive motion in each case. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  11. 27 CFR 21.141 - List of products and processes using specially denatured alcohol and rum, and formulas authorized...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    .... Collodions, industrial 034 1, 3-A, 3-C, 13-A, 19, 23-A, 32. Collodion, U.S.P. 241 13-A, 19, 32. Colognes 122.... Detergents, household 450 1, 3-A, 3-C, 23-A, 23-H, 30, 36, 39-B, 40, 40-A, 40-B, 40-C. Detergents, industrial..., 38-C, 38-D, 38-F. Organo-silicone products 576 2-B, 3-A, 3-C, 30. Pectin (processing) 331 1, 2-B, 3-A...

  12. 27 CFR 21.141 - List of products and processes using specially denatured alcohol and rum, and formulas authorized...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    .... Collodions, industrial 034 1, 3-A, 3-C, 13-A, 19, 23-A, 32. Collodion, U.S.P. 241 13-A, 19, 32. Colognes 122.... Detergents, household 450 1, 3-A, 3-C, 23-A, 23-H, 30, 36, 39-B, 40, 40-A, 40-B, 40-C. Detergents, industrial..., 38-C, 38-D, 38-F. Organo-silicone products 576 2-B, 3-A, 3-C, 30. Pectin (processing) 331 1, 2-B, 3-A...

  13. 27 CFR 21.141 - List of products and processes using specially denatured alcohol and rum, and formulas authorized...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    .... Collodions, industrial 034 1, 3-A, 3-C, 13-A, 19, 23-A, 32. Collodion, U.S.P. 241 13-A, 19, 32. Colognes 122.... Detergents, household 450 1, 3-A, 3-C, 23-A, 23-H, 30, 36, 39-B, 40, 40-A, 40-B, 40-C. Detergents, industrial..., 38-C, 38-D, 38-F. Organo-silicone products 576 2-B, 3-A, 3-C, 30. Pectin (processing) 331 1, 2-B, 3-A...

  14. 27 CFR 21.141 - List of products and processes using specially denatured alcohol and rum, and formulas authorized...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    .... Collodions, industrial 034 1, 3-A, 3-C, 13-A, 19, 23-A, 32. Collodion, U.S.P. 241 13-A, 19, 32. Colognes 122.... Detergents, household 450 1, 3-A, 3-C, 23-A, 23-H, 30, 36, 39-B, 40, 40-A, 40-B, 40-C. Detergents, industrial..., 38-C, 38-D, 38-F. Organo-silicone products 576 2-B, 3-A, 3-C, 30. Pectin (processing) 331 1, 2-B, 3-A...

  15. 27 CFR 21.141 - List of products and processes using specially denatured alcohol and rum, and formulas authorized...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    .... Collodions, industrial 034 1, 3-A, 3-C, 13-A, 19, 23-A, 32. Collodion, U.S.P. 241 13-A, 19, 32. Colognes 122.... Detergents, household 450 1, 3-A, 3-C, 23-A, 23-H, 30, 36, 39-B, 40, 40-A, 40-B, 40-C. Detergents, industrial..., 38-C, 38-D, 38-F. Organo-silicone products 576 2-B, 3-A, 3-C, 30. Pectin (processing) 331 1, 2-B, 3-A...

  16. Collodion-reinforcement and plasma-cleaning of target foils

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stoner, John O.

    2002-03-01

    The preparation of evaporated target foils can often be facilitated by use of collodion coatings either on the substrate sides or on the exterior surfaces of the foils. Later, such coatings must usually be removed. Cleaning of a foil is necessary if thin layers of adhesives have crept onto the foil. Removal and/or cleaning can often be done satisfactorily with an oxygen plasma. Apparatus and procedures used for this are described. Foils that were cleaned successfully, and some that were incompatible with the cleaning process are listed.

  17. TARGETED PRINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS: A NEW MOTION ARTIFACT CORRECTION APPROACH FOR NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

    PubMed Central

    YÜCEL, MERYEM A.; SELB, JULIETTE; COOPER, ROBERT J.; BOAS, DAVID A.

    2014-01-01

    As near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) broadens its application area to different age and disease groups, motion artifacts in the NIRS signal due to subject movement is becoming an important challenge. Motion artifacts generally produce signal fluctuations that are larger than physiological NIRS signals, thus it is crucial to correct for them before obtaining an estimate of stimulus evoked hemodynamic responses. There are various methods for correction such as principle component analysis (PCA), wavelet-based filtering and spline interpolation. Here, we introduce a new approach to motion artifact correction, targeted principle component analysis (tPCA), which incorporates a PCA filter only on the segments of data identified as motion artifacts. It is expected that this will overcome the issues of filtering desired signals that plagues standard PCA filtering of entire data sets. We compared the new approach with the most effective motion artifact correction algorithms on a set of data acquired simultaneously with a collodion-fixed probe (low motion artifact content) and a standard Velcro probe (high motion artifact content). Our results show that tPCA gives statistically better results in recovering hemodynamic response function (HRF) as compared to wavelet-based filtering and spline interpolation for the Velcro probe. It results in a significant reduction in mean-squared error (MSE) and significant enhancement in Pearson’s correlation coefficient to the true HRF. The collodion-fixed fiber probe with no motion correction performed better than the Velcro probe corrected for motion artifacts in terms of MSE and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Thus, if the experimental study permits, the use of a collodion-fixed fiber probe may be desirable. If the use of a collodion-fixed probe is not feasible, then we suggest the use of tPCA in the processing of motion artifact contaminated data. PMID:25360181

  18. Passive Films, Surface Structure and Stress Corrosion and Crevice Corrosion Susceptibility. Part I. A Qualitative Ellipsometric-Electrochemical Approach for the Study of Film Growth under Organic Coatings. Part II. Hydrogen Interactions with Stressed Titanium-Palladium Alloys and Stressed Vanadium Explored with Field Ion Microscopy.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-08-01

    vs. time for Fe with collodion in 0.05 N NaCl. 8. A, 6 p, pH and 0Fe vs. time for Fe with collodion and CrO 4 " 2 islands in 0.05 N NaCl. REFERENCES...hydrogen embrittlement with the field ion microscope, and to compare the results with those previously obtained with pure titanium [ 4 ]. 2.2. Specimen...percent pure, and was used in the previous field ion microscopy study of titanium [ 4 ], where it was found that strain annealing titanium wire markedly

  19. Controlled long-term release of small peptide hormones using a new microporous polypropylene polymer: its application for vasopressin in the Brattleboro rat and potential perinatal use

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kruisbrink, J.; Boer, G.J.

    1984-12-01

    Based on drug release by microporous hollow fibers and the recent introduction of microporous polymers, a new technique was developed for controlled delivery of peptides. Small-diameter microporous polypropylene tubing, lumen-loaded with microgram quantities of vasopressin, and coated with collodion, releases vasopressin after in vitro immersion slowly (1-100 ng/d) and constantly for months. The mechanism of pseudo-zero-order delivery is based on high adsorption of vasopressin, keeping the void volume concentration of dissolved vasopressin constant, which is consequently a constant driving force of outward diffusion. The collodion coating prevents the entry of proteinaceous compounds which would result in rapid desorption of vasopressin.more » The present delivery module provides a lasting release for other peptides as well (lysine-vasopressin, oxytocin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and, to a lesser extent, Met-enkephalin). The microporous polymer-collodion device is biocompatible and, loaded with vasopressin, successfully alleviates the diabetes insipidus of Brattleboro rats deficient for vasopressin. Subcutaneous implantation normalized diuresis for a period of 60 d and constant urine vasopressin excretion is observed. When the commercially available osmotic minipump is too large for implantation, the small size of the present controlled-delivery system allows peptide treatment of young and immature laboratory rats, even if located in utero.« less

  20. 27 CFR 21.59 - Formula No. 32.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ....Cellulose intermediates and industrial collodions. 052.Inks (not including meat branding inks). 241.... 523.Other ethyl esters. 561.Ethyl ether. 562.Other ethers. 571.Ethylene dibromide. 572.Ethylene gas...

  1. 27 CFR 21.59 - Formula No. 32.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ....Collodion, U.S.P. 311.Ethyl cellulose compounds (dehydration). 332.Processing miscellaneous food products... solutions. 481.Photoengraving and rotogravure solutions and dyes. (2) As a raw material: 522.Ethyl chloride...

  2. 27 CFR 21.59 - Formula No. 32.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ....Collodion, U.S.P. 311.Ethyl cellulose compounds (dehydration). 332.Processing miscellaneous food products... solutions. 481.Photoengraving and rotogravure solutions and dyes. (2) As a raw material: 522.Ethyl chloride...

  3. 27 CFR 21.59 - Formula No. 32.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ....Collodion, U.S.P. 311.Ethyl cellulose compounds (dehydration). 332.Processing miscellaneous food products... solutions. 481.Photoengraving and rotogravure solutions and dyes. (2) As a raw material: 522.Ethyl chloride...

  4. 27 CFR 21.41 - Formula No. 13-A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ...). 241.Collodion, U.S.P. 331.Processing pectin. 332.Processing other food products. 342.Processing... and preserving solutions. 481.Photoengraving and rotogravure solutions and dyes. (2) As a raw material...

  5. 27 CFR 21.41 - Formula No. 13-A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ...). 241.Collodion, U.S.P. 331.Processing pectin. 332.Processing other food products. 342.Processing... and preserving solutions. 481.Photoengraving and rotogravure solutions and dyes. (2) As a raw material...

  6. 27 CFR 21.37 - Formula No. 3-C.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 043.Solvents, special... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  7. 27 CFR 21.37 - Formula No. 3-C.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 043.Solvents, special... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  8. 27 CFR 21.37 - Formula No. 3-C.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 043.Solvents, special... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  9. 27 CFR 21.35 - Formula No. 3-A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 041.Proprietary solvents... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  10. 27 CFR 21.35 - Formula No. 3-A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 041.Proprietary solvents... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  11. 27 CFR 21.37 - Formula No. 3-C.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 043.Solvents, special... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  12. 27 CFR 21.37 - Formula No. 3-C.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 043.Solvents, special... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  13. 27 CFR 21.35 - Formula No. 3-A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 041.Proprietary solvents... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  14. 27 CFR 21.35 - Formula No. 3-A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 041.Proprietary solvents... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  15. 27 CFR 21.35 - Formula No. 3-A.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... intermediates and industrial collodions. 035.Soldering flux. 036.Adhesives and binders. 041.Proprietary solvents... solutions. 440.Industrial detergents and soaps. 450.Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). 470...: 530.Ethylamines. 540.Dyes and intermediates. 575.Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576.Organo-silicone...

  16. Electroencephalography leads placed by nontechnologists using a template system produce signals equal in quality to technologist-applied, collodion disk leads.

    PubMed

    Kolls, Brad J; Olson, Daiwai M; Gallentine, William B; Skeen, Mark B; Skidmore, Christopher T; Sinha, Saurabh R

    2012-02-01

    The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of the electroencephalographic (EEG) data obtained with a BraiNet template in a practical use setting, to that obtained with standard 10/20 spaced, technologist-applied, collodion-based disk leads. Pairs of 8-hour blocks of EEG data were prospectively collected from 32 patients with a Glasgow coma score of ≤9 and clinical concern for underlying nonconvulsive status epilepticus over a 6-month period in the Neurocritical Care Unit at the Duke University Medical Center. The studies were initiated with the BraiNet template system applied by critical care nurse practitioners or physicians, followed by standard, collodion leads applied by registered technologists using the 10/20 system of placement. Impedances were measured at the beginning and end of each block recorded and variance in impedance, mean impedance, and the largest differences in impedances found within a given lead set were compared. Physicians experienced in reading EEG performed a masked review of the EEG segments obtained to assess the subjective quality of the recordings obtained with the templates. We found no clinically significant differences in the impedance measures. There was a 3-hour reduction in the time required to initiate EEG recording using the templates (P < 0.001). There was no difference in the overall subjective quality distributions for template-applied versus technologist-applied EEG leads. The templates were also found to be well accepted by the primary users in the intensive care unit. The findings suggest that the EEG data obtained with this approach are comparable with that obtained by registered technologist-applied leads and represents a possible solution to the growing clinical need for continuous EEG recording availability in the critical care setting.

  17. Conservation of Photographic Print Collections.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Swan, Alice

    1981-01-01

    Provides specific information on varying photographic materials and processes to aid archivists and curators in preserving photograph collections. Preservation problems related to major types of silver prints on paper (salt, albumen, collodion, gelatin) and to the silver image (oxidation, silver sulfide) are covered. Twenty references are cited.…

  18. Preventing Cauliflower Ear with a Modified Tie-Through Technique.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dimeff, Robert J.; Hough, David O.

    1989-01-01

    Describes a quick, simple tie-through suture technique (in which a collodion packing is secured to the auricle with two buttons) for preventing cauliflower ear following external ear trauma in wrestlers and boxers. The technique ensures constant compression; multiple treatments for fluid reaccumulation are rarely necessary. (SM)

  19. A System Approach to Navy Medical Education and Training. Appendix 40. Competency Curricula for Pharmacy Assistant and Pharmacy Technician.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1974-08-31

    Procedures and techniques for compounding syrups, collodion, waters, spirits, liniments Use and maintenance of automatic liquid prepacker IIi [ o [ I... liniments , glycerites, elixirs Use and maintenance of automatic liquid prepacker 31 J ] Competency: PHARMACY TECHNICIAN (PHT) Unit II: Compounding

  20. Koraxitrachitic syndrome: a syndromic form of self-healing collodion baby with residual dappled atrophy of the derma.

    PubMed

    Verloes, A; Hermanns-Lê, T; Lesenfants, S; Lombet, J; Lamotte, P J; Crèvecoeur-Liégeois, C; Duchesne, B; Piérard, G E

    1999-10-29

    We report on a child with a generalized skin disorder associated with other minor anomalies. At birth, the child presented as a collodion baby, with patchy erythema, generalized irregular dermal atrophy, alopecia, absent eyelashes and eyebrows, and conjunctival pannus. He also had hypertelorism, prominent nasal root, large mouth, micrognathia, brachydactyly, syndactyly involving all interdigital spaces, and camptodactyly of fingers III-V. The hyperkeratotic membrane thinned progressively, leaving a mottled reticulated skin atrophy, with patchy areas of yellowish hyperpigmentation and papyraceous areas. Hair and nails were dystrophic. Mental development was borderline normal. The histological hallmarks of the skin manifestations combined orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and marked atrophy of the dermis. The dermal extracellular matrix was immature, and factor XIII-a positive dendrocytes were rare and globular rather than dendritic. We frame as a hypothesis that the disease is due to or associated with a defect in maturation of a subset of dermal dendrocytes during fetal life. This entity may be designed as the koraxitrachitic syndrome (kappaomicronrhoalphaxi:grapnel- taurhoalphachiiotatauepsilonsigma: roughness) Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  1. 21 CFR 358.150 - Labeling of wart remover drug products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... any product formulated in a collodion-like vehicle. (i) “If product gets into the eye, flush with... minutes.”) “Dry area thoroughly.” (If appropriate: “Cut plaster to fit wart.”) “Apply medicated plaster... water for 5 minutes.”) “Dry area thoroughly. Apply” (select one of the following, as appropriate: “one...

  2. 21 CFR 358.150 - Labeling of wart remover drug products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... any product formulated in a collodion-like vehicle. (i) “If product gets into the eye, flush with... minutes.”) “Dry area thoroughly.” (If appropriate: “Cut plaster to fit wart.”) “Apply medicated plaster... water for 5 minutes.”) “Dry area thoroughly. Apply” (select one of the following, as appropriate: “one...

  3. 21 CFR 358.150 - Labeling of wart remover drug products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... any product formulated in a collodion-like vehicle. (i) “If product gets into the eye, flush with... minutes.”) “Dry area thoroughly.” (If appropriate: “Cut plaster to fit wart.”) “Apply medicated plaster... water for 5 minutes.”) “Dry area thoroughly. Apply” (select one of the following, as appropriate: “one...

  4. 21 CFR 358.150 - Labeling of wart remover drug products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... any product formulated in a collodion-like vehicle. (i) “If product gets into the eye, flush with... minutes.”) “Dry area thoroughly.” (If appropriate: “Cut plaster to fit wart.”) “Apply medicated plaster... water for 5 minutes.”) “Dry area thoroughly. Apply” (select one of the following, as appropriate: “one...

  5. 21 CFR 358.550 - Labeling of corn and callus remover drug products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... formulated in a collodion-like vehicle. (i) “If product gets into the eye, flush with water for 15 minutes...(a). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly.” (If appropriate: “Cut plaster to fit corn/callus... in § 358.510(b). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly. Apply” (select one of the following, as...

  6. 21 CFR 358.550 - Labeling of corn and callus remover drug products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... formulated in a collodion-like vehicle. (i) “If product gets into the eye, flush with water for 15 minutes...(a). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly.” (If appropriate: “Cut plaster to fit corn/callus... in § 358.510(b). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly. Apply” (select one of the following, as...

  7. 21 CFR 358.550 - Labeling of corn and callus remover drug products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... formulated in a collodion-like vehicle. (i) “If product gets into the eye, flush with water for 15 minutes...(a). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly.” (If appropriate: “Cut plaster to fit corn/callus... in § 358.510(b). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly. Apply” (select one of the following, as...

  8. 21 CFR 358.550 - Labeling of corn and callus remover drug products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... formulated in a collodion-like vehicle. (i) “If product gets into the eye, flush with water for 15 minutes...(a). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly.” (If appropriate: “Cut plaster to fit corn/callus... in § 358.510(b). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly. Apply” (select one of the following, as...

  9. 21 CFR 358.550 - Labeling of corn and callus remover drug products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... formulated in a collodion-like vehicle. (i) “If product gets into the eye, flush with water for 15 minutes...(a). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly.” (If appropriate: “Cut plaster to fit corn/callus... in § 358.510(b). “Wash affected area and dry thoroughly. Apply” (select one of the following, as...

  10. Water Quality Criteria for Nitrocellulose

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-06-01

    38 . 6. REFERENCES. .................................................... 40 ’ 7. GLOSSARY...Flexible "collodion, FM--NIS, Guncotton, IX 3/5, Kodak Li 115, LR 115, Nitrocel- lulose E950, Nitrocotton, Nitron , Nixon N/C, NTs 62, Nrs 218, Nrs 222...0OCf 38.79 15.8 40 ,827h 24 mo 1 42.69 6.5 1,526 24 mo 3 NAI 6.7 NDJ 24 mo 10 38.35 13.8 36,031k Mouse 24 mo 0 37 6.2 0 (female) 24 ma 1of 34.2 12.8

  11. Final Report for X-ray Diffraction Sample Preparation Method Development

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ely, T. M.; Meznarich, H. K.; Valero, T.

    WRPS-1500790, “X-ray Diffraction Saltcake Sample Preparation Method Development Plan/Procedure,” was originally prepared with the intent of improving the specimen preparation methodology used to generate saltcake specimens suitable for XRD-based solid phase characterization. At the time that this test plan document was originally developed, packed powder in cavity supports with collodion binder was the established XRD specimen preparation method. An alternate specimen preparation method less vulnerable, if not completely invulnerable to preferred orientation effects, was desired as a replacement for the method.

  12. Preventing Cauliflower Ear With a Modified Tie-Through Technique.

    PubMed

    Dimeff, R J; Hough, D O

    1989-03-01

    In brief: Hematoma following trauma to the external ear is a common problem among wrestlers and boxers. If the hematoma is not treated promptly, infection, fibrosis, scarring, and calcification may develop, leading to the gross deformity known as cauliflower ear or wrestler's ear. Evacuation of the hematoma followed by compression of the auricle is commonly regarded as the treatment of choice. However, fluid frequently reaccumulates after this procedure. The authors describe a tie-through suture technique in which a collodion packing is secured to the auricle with two buttons. Multiple treatments for fluid reaccumulation are rarely necessary when this technique is used.

  13. COLONIAL GROWTH OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM OBSERVED WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

    PubMed Central

    Shifrine, Moshe; Pangborn, Jack; Adler, Henry E.

    1962-01-01

    Shifrine, Moshe (University of California, Davis), Jack Pangborn, and Henry E. Adler. Colonial growth of Mycoplasma gallisepticum observed with the electron microscope. J. Bacteriol. 83:187–192. 1962.—Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain S6 was grown on collodion film on solid medium. Samples were removed every few hours, fixed, washed, shadowed, and observed with the electron microscope. Three distinct forms of growth were observed: elementary cells (hexagonally shaped), platycytes, and exoblasts. A tentative mode of growth was postulated. The significance of the angular morphology to the relation between mycoplasmas and L-forms of bacteria is discussed. Images PMID:13911868

  14. Epicuticular wax on cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) leaves does not constitute the cuticular transpiration barrier.

    PubMed

    Zeisler, Viktoria; Schreiber, Lukas

    2016-01-01

    Epicuticular wax of cherry laurel does not contribute to the formation of the cuticular transpiration barrier, which must be established by intracuticular wax. Barrier properties of cuticles are established by cuticular wax deposited on the outer surface of the cuticle (epicuticular wax) and in the cutin polymer (intracuticular wax). It is still an open question to what extent epi- and/or intracuticular waxes contribute to the formation of the transpiration barrier. Epicuticular wax was mechanically removed from the surfaces of isolated cuticles and intact leaf disks of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) by stripping with different polymers (collodion, cellulose acetate and gum arabic). Scanning electron microscopy showed that two consecutive treatments with all three polymers were sufficient to completely remove epicuticular wax since wax platelets disappeared and cuticle surfaces appeared smooth. Waxes in consecutive polymer strips and wax remaining in the cuticle after treatment with the polymers were determined by gas chromatography. This confirmed that two treatments of the polymers were sufficient for selectively removing epicuticular wax. Water permeability of isolated cuticles and cuticles covering intact leaf disks was measured using (3)H-labelled water before and after selectively removing epicuticular wax. Cellulose acetate and its solvent acetone led to a significant increase of cuticular permeability, indicating that the organic solvent acetone affected the cuticular transpiration barrier. However, permeability did not change after two subsequent treatments with collodion and gum arabic or after treatment with the corresponding solvents (diethyl ether:ethanol or water). Thus, in the case of P. laurocerasus the epicuticular wax does not significantly contribute to the formation of the cuticular transpiration barrier, which evidently must be established by the intracuticular wax.

  15. THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF SOLID PARTICLES ON THEIR CATAPHORETIC P.D. IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

    PubMed Central

    Loeb, Jacques

    1923-01-01

    1. The effect of eight salts, NaCl, Na2SO4, Na4Fe(CN)6, CaCl2, LaCl3, ThCl4, and basic and acid fuchsin on the cataphoretic P.D. between solid particles and aqueous solutions was measured near the point of neutrality of water (pH 5.8). It was found that without the addition of electrolyte the cataphoretic P.D. between particles and water is very minute near the point of neutrality (pH 5.8), often less than 10 millivolts, if care is taken that the solutions are free from impurities. Particles which in the absence of salts have a positive charge in water near the point of neutrality (pH 5.8) are termed positive colloids and particles which have a negative charge under these conditions are termed negative colloids. 2. If care is taken that the addition of the salt does not change the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution (which in these experiments was generally pH 5.8) it can be said in general, that as long as the concentration of salts is not too high, the anions of the salt have the tendency to make the particles more negative (or less positive) and that cations have the opposite effect; and that both effects increase with the increasing valency of the ions. As soon as a maximal P.D. is reached, which varies for each salt and for each type of particles, a further addition of salt depresses the P.D. again. Aside from this general tendency the effects of salts on the P.D. are typically different for positive and negative colloids. 3. Negative colloids (collodion, mastic, Acheson's graphite, gold, and metal proteinates) are rendered more negative by low concentrations of salts with monovalent cation (e.g. Na) the higher the valency of the anion, though the difference in the maximal P.D. is slight for the monovalent Cl and the tetravalent Fe(CN)6 ions. Low concentrations of CaCl2 also make negative colloids more negative but the maximal P.D. is less than for NaCl; even LaCl3 increases the P.D. of negative particles slightly in low concentrations. ThCl4 and basic fuchsin, however, seem to make the negative particles positive even in very low concentrations. 4. Positive colloids (ferric hydroxide, calcium oxalate, casein chloride—the latter at pH 4.0) are practically not affected by NaCl, are rendered slightly negative by high concentrations of Na2SO4, and are rendered more negative by Na4Fe(CN)6 and acid dyes. Low concentrations of CaCl2 and LaCl3 increase the positive charge of the particles until a maximum is reached after which the addition of more salt depresses the P.D. again. 5. It is shown that alkalies (NaOH) act on the cataphoretic P.D. of both negative and positive particles as Na4Fe(CN)6 does at the point of neutrality. 6. Low concentrations of HCl raise the cataphoretic P.D. of particles of collodion, mastic, graphite, and gold until a maximum is reached, after which the P.D. is depressed by a further increase in the concentration of the acid. No reversal in the sign of charge of the particle occurs in the case of collodion, while if a reversal occurs in the case of mastic, gold, and graphite, the P.D. is never more than a few millivolts. When HCl changes the chemical nature of the colloid, e.g. when HCl is added to particles of amphoteric electrolytes like sodium gelatinate, a marked reversal will occur, on account of the transformation of the metal proteinate into a protein-acid salt. 7. A real reversal in the sign of charge of positive particles occurs, however, at neutrality if Na4Fe(CN)6 or an acid dye is added; and in the case of negative colloids when low concentrations of basic dyes or minute traces of ThCl4 are added. 8. Flocculation of the suspensions by salts occurs when the cataphoretic P.D. reaches a critical value which is about 14 millivolts for particles of graphite, gold, or mastic or denatured egg albumin; while for collodion particles it was about 16 millivolts. A critical P.D. of about 15 millivolts was also observed by Northrop and De Kruif for the flocculation of certain bacteria. PMID:19872064

  16. Physical and visual state of 100-year-old Lippman color photographs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alschuler, William R.

    1998-02-01

    In 1891 Gabriel Lippmann demonstrated a photographic process which records full color images on black and white emulsions. It is closely related to Denisyuk's reflection holography technique, which he named after Lippmann. After a historical introduction I will speak on the physical state and visual appearance of Lippmann-process color images produced at the turn of the century by Lippmann and a limited number of other practitioners. Images made on albumin, collodion and gelatine will be discussed, based on my examination of more than 400 images held in public and private collections. Examples of old original images (and some new work) will be shown. It is possible to conclude that, if properly excited, such images will be stable in their beautiful rendition of color and extremely high resolution almost indefinitely.

  17. STUDIES ON THE PURIFICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE

    PubMed Central

    Kalmanson, G.; Bronfenbrenner, J.

    1939-01-01

    A simple method of concentrating and purifying bacteriophage has been described. The procedure consisted essentially in collecting the active agent on a reinforced collodion membrane of a porosity that would just retain all the active agent and permit extraneous material to pass through. Advantage was taken of the fact that B. coli will proliferate and regenerate bacteriophage in a completely diffusible synthetic medium with ammonia as the only source of nitrogen, which permitted the purification of the bacteriophage by copious washing. The material thus obtained was concentrated by suction and after thorough washing possessed all the activity of the original filtrate. It was labile, losing its activity in a few days on standing, and was quickly and completely inactivated upon drying. This material contained approximately 15 per cent of nitrogen and with 2 or 3 mg. samples of inactive dry residue it was possible to obtain positive protein color tests. The concentrated and purified bacteriophage has about 10–14 mg. of nitrogen, or 6 x 10–17 gm. of protein per unit of lytic activity. Assuming that each unit of activity represents a molecule, the calculated maximum average molecular weight would be approximately 36,000,000, and on the assumption of a spherical shape of particles and a density of 1.3, the calculated radius would be about 22 millimicra. By measurement of the diffusion rate, the average radius of particle of the fraction of the purified bacteriophage which diffuses most readily through a porous plate was found to be of the order of magnitude of 9 millimicra, or of a calculated molecular weight of 2,250,000. Furthermore, when this purified bacteriophage was fractionated by forcing it through a thin collodion membrane, which permits the passage of only the smaller particles, it was possible to demonstrate in the ultrafiltrate active particles of about 2 millimicra in radius, and of a calculated molecular weight of 25,000. It was of interest to apply this method of purification to a staphylococcus bacteriophage. Since this organism does not readily grow in synthetic medium, a diffusate of yeast extract medium was employed. The better of two preparations contained about 10–12 mg. of nitrogen per unit of lytic activity. Although this is about one hundred times the amount of nitrogen found in an active unit of B. coli bacteriophage, nevertheless, the diffusion rate experiments gave results which paralleled those obtained with the coliphage. The diffusible particles of the crude staphylococcus bacteriophage had a radius of about 7 millimicra, and a calculated molecular weight of about 1,000,000, while the particles of the same phage which appeared in the ultrafiltrate through a thin collodion membrane had a radius of about 2.4 millimicra and a calculated molecular weight of about 45,000. It appears, therefore, that the active principle is distributed as particles of widely different sizes. However, since the smaller particles have all the properties of bacteriophage, the larger particles probably do not represent free molecules, but either are aggregates, or more likely, inactive colloids to which the active agent is adsorbed. The protein isolated, which bears the phage activity, is capable of stimulating the production of antilytic antibodies on parenteral injection into rabbits or guinea pigs. It retains its specific antigenicity when inactivated by formalin, but not when inactivated by drying. PMID:19873149

  18. Case Report: Whole exome sequencing helps in accurate molecular diagnosis in siblings with a rare co-occurrence of paternally inherited 22q12 duplication and autosomal recessive non-syndromic ichthyosis.

    PubMed Central

    Gupta, Aayush; Sharma, Yugal; Deo, Kirti; Vellarikkal, Shamsudheen; Jayarajan, Rijith; Dixit, Vishal; Verma, Ankit; Scaria, Vinod; Sivasubbu, Sridhar

    2015-01-01

    Lamellar ichthyosis (LI), considered an autosomal recessive monogenic genodermatosis, has an incidence of approximately 1 in 250,000. Usually associated with mutations in the transglutaminase gene ( TGM1), mutations in six other genes have, less frequently, been shown to be causative. Two siblings, born in a collodion membrane, presented with fish like scales all over the body. Karyotyping revealed duplication of the chromosome arm on 22q12+ in the father and two siblings. Whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous p.Gly218Ser variation in TGM1; a variation reported earlier in an isolated Finnish population in association with autosomal recessive non-syndromic ichthyosis. This concurrence of a potentially benign 22q12+ duplication and LI, both rare individually, is reported here likely for the first time. PMID:26594337

  19. Fundamental and methodological investigations for the improvement of elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass soectrometry

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ebert, Christopher Hysjulien

    This dissertation describes a variety of studies meant to improve the analytical performance of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and laser ablation (LA) ICP-MS. The emission behavior of individual droplets and LA generated particles in an ICP is studied using a high-speed, high frame rate digital camera. Phenomena are observed during the ablation of silicate glass that would cause elemental fractionation during analysis by ICP-MS. Preliminary work for ICP torch developments specifically tailored for the improvement of LA sample introduction are presented. An abnormal scarcity of metal-argon polyatomic ions (MAr{sup +}) is observed during ICP-MS analysis. Evidence shows thatmore » MAr{sup +} ions are dissociated by collisions with background gas in a shockwave near the tip of the skimmer cone. Method development towards the improvement of LA-ICP-MS for environmental monitoring is described. A method is developed to trap small particles in a collodion matrix and analyze each particle individually by LA-ICP-MS.« less

  20. Rediscovering Ducos du Hauron's Color Photography through a Review of His Three-Color Printing Processes and Synchrotron Microanalysis of His Prints.

    PubMed

    Cotte, Marine; Fabris, Tiphaine; Langlois, Juliette; Bellot-Gurlet, Ludovic; Ploye, Françoise; Coural, Natalie; Boust, Clotilde; Gandolfo, Jean-Paul; Galifot, Thomas; Susini, Jean

    2018-06-18

    Louis Ducos du Huron (1837-1920) dedicated his entire life to the elaboration of physical-chemical processes for color photography. This study aimed at highlighting his unique contribution to three-color printing through 1) an in-depth review of the many protocols he published and 2) the synchrotron-based IR and X-ray microanalysis of fragments sampled in three artworks. Ducos du Hauron's method relied on the preparation and assembly of three monochromes (red, blue, yellow). This study brings to light complex multistep recipes based on photochemistry (carbon print), organic, and inorganic chemistry. The various ingredients involved (e.g., pigments, dichromate gelatin, collodion, resin) were identified and localized through their spectroscopic signature, confirming the relevance of synchrotron spectromicroscopy for the characterization of historical photographs. The impressive correlation between texts and chemical analyses calls for a wider application to the history of photography. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  1. Cold-stage microscopy system for fast-frozen liquids.

    PubMed

    Talmon, Y; Davis, H T; Scriven, L E; Thomas, E L

    1979-06-01

    The least artifact-laden fixation technique for examining colloidal suspensions, microemulsions, and other microstructured liquids in the electron microscope appears to be thermal fixation, i.e., ultrafast freezing of the liquid specimen. For rapid-enough cooling and for observation in TEM/STEM a thin sample is needed. The need is met by trapping a thin layer ( approximately 100 nm) of liquid between two polyimide films ( approximately 40 nm thickness) mounted on copper grids and immersing the resulting sandwich in liquid nitrogen at its melting point. For liquids containing water, polyimides films are used since this polymer is far less susceptible to the electron beam damage observed for the commonly used polymer films such as Formvar and collodion in contact with ice. Transfer of the frozen sample into the microscope column without deleterious frost deposition and warming is accomplished with a new transfer module for the cooling stage of the JEOL JEM-100CX microscope, which makes a true cold stage out of a device originally intended for cooling specimens inside the column. Sample results obtained with the new fast-freeze, cold-stage microscopy system are given.

  2. Lamellar ichthyosis maps to chromosome 14q11

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Russell, L.J.; Compton, J.G.; Bale, S.J.

    1994-09-01

    Lamellar ichthyosis (LI) is a serious skin disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and characterized by large, brown plate-like scales covering the body. Skin involvement is apparent at birth, often as a collodion membrane. Scarring alopecia, ectropion, and secondary hypohidrosis are frequent. We used a panel of candidates genes that are expressed in the epidermis to study seven multiplex Caucasian families in the U.S. and six inbred (multiplex and simplex) families in Egypt. We find no recombination (Z=9.11 at {theta}=0) in either set of families with transglutaminse 1 (TGM1), the gene encoding the enzyme responsible for cross-linking proteins tomore » the cell envelope in the upper-most layer of the epidermis. In addition, striking homozygosity is observed in the inbred families for markers neighboring TGM1, defining a 9.3 cM candidate region which is bounded by MYH7 and D14S275. This is the first report of linkage in LI and suggests that further study of the TGM1 gene may identify the underlying pathogenesis of this severe, disfiguring disorder. Linkage-based genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis is now available for informative at-risk families.« less

  3. Determination of the chemical properties of residues retained in individual cloud droplets by XRF microprobe at SPring-8

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, C.-J.; Tohno, S.; Kasahara, M.; Hayakawa, S.

    2004-06-01

    To determine the chemical properties of residue retained in individual cloud droplets is primarily important for the understanding of rainout mechanism and aerosol modification in droplet. The sampling of individual cloud droplets were carried out on the summit of Mt. Taiko located in Tango peninsula, Kyoto prefecture, during Asian dust storm event in March of 2002. XRF microprobe system equipped at SPring-8, BL-37XU was applied to the subsequent quantification analysis of ultra trace elements in residues of individual cloud droplets. It was possible to form the replicas of separated individual cloud droplets on the thin collodion film. The two dimensional XRF maps for the residues in individual cloud droplets were clearly drawn by scanning of micro-beam. Also, XRF spectra of trace elements in residues were well resolved. From the XRF spectra for individual residues, the chemical mixed state of residues could be assumed. The chemical forms of Fe (Fe +++) and Zn (Zn +) could be clearly characterized by their K-edge micro-XANES spectra. By comparison of Z/Si mass ratios of residues in cloud droplets and those of the original sands collected in desert areas in China, the aging of ambient dust particles and their in cloud modification were indirectly assumed.

  4. Intercomparison between Individual Particles Scavenged as CCN and Those Collected at Ground-based Site on West Coast of Japan During Asian Dust Storm

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, C. J.; Tohno, S.; Kasahara, M.; Hayakawa, S.

    2002-12-01

    Asian dust storm particles can affect precipitation composition because they are either incorporated into cloud via condensation of water vapour (nucleation) or due to the uptake of particles by existing droplets. And subsequently they affect aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In order to study the intercorrelation between the chemical natures of both the particles collected at ground-based site and those scavenged as CCN, the intensive field measurement was carried out on west coast of Japan (Yasaka, Tango Peninsula, 35.62°N; 135.07°E) during dense Asian dust storm event on March 22, 2002. Due to the size dependence of the chemical composition of aerosol particle, size-segregated aerosol particles were collect using Low pressure Andersen impactor sampler. Also, to collect cloud droplets individually, a particular method for the cloud droplet replication was newly applied using collodion (nitrocellulose) film. Sampling of cloud droplets was performed at summit of a mountain (680 m) in Yasaka. To analyze the ambient individual aerosol particles and individual retained particles in cloud droplet, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analytical method set at SPring-8 on BL39XU was applied. Analytical result enables us not only to compare the characteristics of individual particles scavenged as CCN and those collected at ground-based site, but also to estimate the influence of long-range transport.

  5. The release profiles of intact and enzymatically digested hyaluronic acid from semisolid formulations using multi-layer membrane system.

    PubMed

    Alkrad, Jamal Alyoussef; Mrestani, Yahya; Neubert, Reinhard H H

    2003-07-01

    A multi-layer membrane system was used to measure in vitro release of hydrophilic macromolecules such as hyaluronic acid (HA) from semisolid formulations. One enzymatically digested HA-derivative with molecular mass of 22 kDa (HA-D) and 1200 kDa intact HA (HA) were incorporated into three semisolid formulations: water-containing hydrophilic ointment (WHO), amphiphilic cream (AC) and water-containing wool wax alcohol ointment (WWO). Because of the high hydrophilic properties of HA-D and HA, the artificial model membranes consisted of collodion as the matrix and glycerol as the hydrophilic acceptor phase. The area under the concentration-time curve and the mean dissolution time were used as a quantitative parameter to characterise the rate and extent of release in vitro. This study showed that the HA-D and HA release as hydrophilic substances from WHO was higher than both from AC and WWO. It was observed that 83% of HA-D1 was released from WHO after 2 h; in contrast, only 10% was released from 2% HA from the same vehicle during the same time. In conclusion, the in vitro availability of enzymatically digested HA-D was higher for WHO than for the other formulations, AC and WWO. Similarly, the availability of HA-D was higher than that of HA from the same formulations.

  6. Sex difference in human fingertip recognition of micron-level randomness as unpleasant.

    PubMed

    Nakatani, M; Kawasoe, T; Denda, M

    2011-08-01

    We investigated sex difference in evaluation, using the human fingertip, of the tactile impressions of three different micron-scale patterns laser-engraved on plastic plates. There were two ordered (periodical) patterns consisting of ripples on a scale of a few micrometres and one pseudo-random (non-periodical) pattern; these patterns were considered to mimic the surface geometry of healthy and damaged human hair, respectively. In the first experiment, 10 women and 10 men ran a fingertip over each surface and determined which of the three plates felt most unpleasant. All 10 female participants reported the random pattern, but not the ordered patterns, as unpleasant, whereas the majority of the male participants did not. In the second experiment, 9 of 10 female participants continued to report the pseudo-random pattern as unpleasant even after their fingertip had been coated with a collodion membrane. In the third experiment, participants were asked to evaluate the magnitude of the tactile impression for each pattern. The results again indicated that female participants tend to report a greater magnitude of unpleasantness than male participants. Our findings indicate that the female participants could readily detect microgeometric surface characteristics and that they evaluated the random pattern as more unpleasant. Possible physical and perceptual mechanisms involved are discussed. © 2011 The Authors. ICS © 2011 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.

  7. Otologic Manifestations of Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis in Children.

    PubMed

    Martín-Santiago, A; Rodríguez-Pascual, M; Knöpfel, N; Hernández-Martín, Á

    2015-11-01

    Few studies have investigated ear involvement in nonsyndromic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI). To assess the type and frequency of otologic manifestations of ARCI in patients under follow-up at the pediatric dermatology department of our hospital. We prospectively studied the presence of ear pain, ear itching, tinnitus, otitis, cerumen impaction, accumulation of epithelial debris, and hearing loss. Daily hygiene measures, topical treatments, medical-surgical interventions, and frequency of visits to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist were noted in the patients' medical records. Ear examination and hearing tests were performed in all cases. Ten patients were studied: 2 had a self-healing collodion baby phenotype and 8 had ichthyosis. There was mention of otologic manifestations in the records of all 8 patients with ichthyosis (100%); 6 of these patients (75%) had abnormalities in the external auditory canal examination and 2 (25%) had conductive hearing loss. Our findings are limited by the small number of patients studied, all of whom were younger than 19 years. The involvement of both dermatologists and ENT specialists in the management of patients with ichthyosis is crucial to ensure the application of the best therapeutic and preventive measures. More studies are needed to assess the prevalence and impact on quality of life of ear involvement in patients with ichthyosis and to determine the optimal interval between ENT visits for these patients. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV. All rights reserved.

  8. The wonderful apparatus of John Jacob Abel called the "artificial kidney".

    PubMed

    Eknoyan, Garabed

    2009-01-01

    Hemodialysis, which now provides life-saving therapy to millions of individuals, began as an exploratory attempt to sustain the lives of selected patients in the 1950s. That was a century after the formulation of the concept and determination of the laws governing dialysis. The first step in the translation of the laboratory principles of dialysis to living animals was the "vividiffusion" apparatus developed by John Jacob Abel (1859-1938), dubbed the "artificial kidney" in the August 11, 1913 issue of The Times of London reporting the demonstration of vividiffusion by Abel at University College. The detailed article in the January 18, 1914 of the New York Times, reproduced here, is based on the subsequent medical reports published by Abel et al. Tentative attempts of human dialysis in the decade that followed based on the vividiffusion apparatus of Abel and his materials (collodion, hirudin, and glass) met with failure and had to be abandoned. Practical dialysis became possible in the 1940s and thereafter after cellophane, heparin, and teflon became available. Abel worked in an age of great progress and experimental work in the basic sciences that laid the foundations of science-driven medicine. It was a "Heroic Age of Medicine," when medical discoveries and communicating them to the public were assuming increasing importance. This article provides the cultural, social, scientific, and medical background in which Abel worked, developed and reported his wonderful apparatus called the "artificial kidney."

  9. [Anatomical and computed tomographic analysis of the interaction between uncinate process and agger nasi cells].

    PubMed

    Zhang, Luo; Han, De-min; Ge, Wen-tong; Zhou, Bing; Xian, Jun-fang; Liu, Zhong-yan; Wang, Kui-ji; He, Fei

    2005-12-01

    To investigate the anatomical interaction between uncinate process and agger nasi cell to better understand the anatomy of the frontal sinus drainage pathway by endoscopy, spiral computed tomography (CT) and sectioning. Twenty-one skeletal skulls (forty-two sides) and one cadaver head (two sides) were studied by spiral CT together with endoscopy and collodion embedded thin sectioning at coronal plane. The sections with the thickness of 100 microm were stained with hemotoxylin and eosin. Under endoscopy, a leaflet of bone to the middle turbinate, which is given off by uncinate process, forms the anterior insertion of the middle turbinate onto the lateral nasal wall. The middle portion of the uncinate process attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in all of the skeletal nasal cavities, as well as the lacrimal bone in 78.6% of the skeletal nasal cavities. On CT scans, the agger nasi cell is present in 90.5% of the skeletal nasal cavities. While the lateral wall of the agger nasi cell is formed by lacrimal bone, the medial wall of the agger nasi cell is formed by uncinate process. And the anterior wall is formed by the frontal process of the maxilla. The superior portion of the uncinate process forms the medial, posterior and top wall of the agger nasi cells. The superior portion of the uncinate extends into the frontal recess and may insert into lamina papyracea (33.3%), skull base (9.5%), middle turbinate, combination of these (57.2%). The agger nasi cell is the key that unlocks the frontal recess.

  10. Oil refinery dusts: morphological and size analysis by TEM.

    PubMed

    Sielicki, Przemysław; Janik, Helena; Guzman, Agnieszka; Broniszewski, Mieczysław; Namieśnik, Jacek

    2011-03-01

    The objectives of this work were to develop a means of sampling atmospheric dusts on the premises of an oil refinery for electron microscopic study to carry out preliminary morphological analyses and to compare these dusts with those collected at sites beyond the refinery limits. Carbon and collodion membranes were used as a support for collection of dust particles straight on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids. Micrographs of the dust particles were taken at magnifications from ×4,000 to ×80,000 with a Tesla BS500 transmission electron microscope. Four parameters were defined on the basis of the micrographs: surface area, Feret diameter, circumference, and shape coefficient. The micrographs and literature data were used to classify the atmospheric dusts into six groups: particles with an irregular shape and rounded edges; particles with an irregular shape and sharp edges; soot and its aggregates; spherical particles; singly occurring, ultrafine dust particles; and particles not allocated to any of the previous five groups. The types of dusts found in all the samples were similar, although differences did exist between the various morphological parameters. Dust particles with the largest Feret diameter were present in sample 3 (mean, 0.739 μm)-these were collected near the refinery's effluent treatment plant. The particles with the smallest diameter were found in the sample that had been intended to be a reference sample for the remaining results (mean, 0.326 μm). The dust particles collected in the refinery had larger mean Feret diameters, even 100% larger, than those collected beyond it. Particles with diameters from 0.1 to 0.2 μm made up the most numerous group in all the samples collected in the refinery.

  11. Hemodynamic Response to Interictal Epileptiform Discharges Addressed by Personalized EEG-fNIRS Recordings

    PubMed Central

    Pellegrino, Giovanni; Machado, Alexis; von Ellenrieder, Nicolas; Watanabe, Satsuki; Hall, Jeffery A.; Lina, Jean-Marc; Kobayashi, Eliane; Grova, Christophe

    2016-01-01

    Objective: We aimed at studying the hemodynamic response (HR) to Interictal Epileptic Discharges (IEDs) using patient-specific and prolonged simultaneous ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG) and functional Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (fNIRS) recordings. Methods: The epileptic generator was localized using Magnetoencephalography source imaging. fNIRS montage was tailored for each patient, using an algorithm to optimize the sensitivity to the epileptic generator. Optodes were glued using collodion to achieve prolonged acquisition with high quality signal. fNIRS data analysis was handled with no a priori constraint on HR time course, averaging fNIRS signals to similar IEDs. Cluster-permutation analysis was performed on 3D reconstructed fNIRS data to identify significant spatio-temporal HR clusters. Standard (GLM with fixed HRF) and cluster-permutation EEG-fMRI analyses were performed for comparison purposes. Results: fNIRS detected HR to IEDs for 8/9 patients. It mainly consisted oxy-hemoglobin increases (seven patients), followed by oxy-hemoglobin decreases (six patients). HR was lateralized in six patients and lasted from 8.5 to 30 s. Standard EEG-fMRI analysis detected an HR in 4/9 patients (4/9 without enough IEDs, 1/9 unreliable result). The cluster-permutation EEG-fMRI analysis restricted to the region investigated by fNIRS showed additional strong and non-canonical BOLD responses starting earlier than the IEDs and lasting up to 30 s. Conclusions: (i) EEG-fNIRS is suitable to detect the HR to IEDs and can outperform EEG-fMRI because of prolonged recordings and greater chance to detect IEDs; (ii) cluster-permutation analysis unveils additional HR features underestimated when imposing a canonical HR function (iii) the HR is often bilateral and lasts up to 30 s. PMID:27047325

  12. Lewis M. Rutherfurd and the First Photograph of Solar Granulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Harvey, J. W.; Briggs, John W.; Prosser, Sian

    2017-08-01

    A major astronomical controversy of the mid-19th century was discordant descriptions of the small scale structure of the solar surface. Visual observers contradicted each other by describing the surface as consisting of “corrugations”, “willow leaves”, “rice grains”, “cumuli”, “thatch”, “granules”, etc. Early photographs of the solar surface were not good enough to settle the controversy. The French astronomer Jules Janssen is credited with the first 1876 photographs that clearly showed what we now call solar granulation (1876, CRAS 82, 1363). Upon seeing these images, New Yorker Lewis M. Rutherfurd (1878, MNRAS 38, 410) praised the high quality of Janssen’s images but asserted that he had also photographed granulation as early as 1871 using collodion wet plates. He sent copies of his best photograph to the Royal Astronomical Society to support his assertion. Curious about his claim, Briggs and Harvey set up Rutherfurd’s 13-inch achromatic refractor on Kitt Peak and found that it easily showed well-resolved solar granulation, so his claim might well have been justified. But without his plates we could not confirm the claim. For 140 years the copies of Rutherfurd’s best solar photograph remained in the archives of the Royal Astronomical Society and were recently discovered by Prosser (RAS Photographs A3/001B and A3/002). By coincidence a few days later, Briggs found the original August 11, 1871 plate. Despite poor condition these photographs show solar granulation. There are at least two other possible early claimants (Reade; Vogel) but their plates are almost certainly lost. Rutherfurd was a master of astronomical instrumentation and photography. He was reticent about his work, letting results speak for themselves, so it is satisfying to find that he was justified in making his claim of priority.

  13. Direct Compositional Characterization of (U,Th)O2 Powders, Microspheres, and Pellets Using TXRF.

    PubMed

    Dhara, Sangita; Prabhat, Parimal; Misra, N L

    2015-10-20

    A total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis method for direct compositional characterization of sintered and green (U,Th)O2 samples in different forms (e.g., pellets, powders, and microspheres) without sample dissolution has been developed for the first time. The methodology involves transfer of only a few nanograms of the sample on the TXRF sample support by gently rubbing the samples on supports or taking their tiny uniform slurry in collodion on the sample support, drying them to make thin film, and measuring the TXRF spectra of the specimens thus prepared. This approach minimizes the matrix effects. Uranium determinations from the TXRF spectra of such specimens were made with respect to thorium, considering it as an internal standard. Samples having uranium atom percent (at%) from 0 to 100 in (U,Th)O2 were analyzed for uranium in comparison to thorium. The results showed an average precision of 2.6% (RSD, 2σ, n = 8). The TXRF-determined results deviated from expected values within 5%. The TXRF results were compared with those of biamperometry with good agreement. The lattice parameters of the solid solutions were calculated using their XRD patterns. A good correlation between lattice parameters and TXRF-determined U at% and between TXRF-determined U at% and expected U at%, calculated on the basis of preparation of (U,Th)O2 solid solutions, was obtained. The developed method is capable of analyzing (U,Th)O2 samples directly with almost negligible sample preparation and is well suited for radioactive samples. The present study suggests that this method can be extended for the determination of U,Th and Pu in other nuclear fuel materials (e.g., nitrides, carbides, etc.) in the form of pellets, powders, and microspheres after suitable modifications in sample handling procedure.

  14. Advanced thermopower wave in novel ZnO nanostructures/fuel composite.

    PubMed

    Lee, Kang Yeol; Hwang, Hayoung; Choi, Wonjoon

    2014-09-10

    Thermopower wave is a new concept of energy conversion from chemical to thermal to electrical energy, produced from the chemical reaction in well-designed hybrid structures between nanomaterials and combustible fuels. The enhancement and optimization of energy generation is essential to make it useful for future applications. In this study, we demonstrate that simple solution-based synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures, such as nanorods and nanoparticles are capable of generating high output voltage from thermopower waves. In particular, an astonishing improvement in the output voltage (up to 3 V; average 2.3 V) was achieved in a ZnO nanorods-based composite film with a solid fuel (collodion, 5% nitrocellulose), which generated an exothermic chemical reaction. Detailed analyses of thermopower waves in ZnO nanorods- and cube-like nanoparticles-based hybrid composites have been reported in which nanostructures, output voltage profile, wave propagation velocities, and surface temperature have been characterized. The average combustion velocities for a ZnO nanorods/fuel and a ZnO cube-like nanoparticles/fuel composites were 40.3 and 30.0 mm/s, while the average output voltages for these composites were 2.3 and 1.73 V. The high output voltage was attributed to the amplified temperature in intermixed composite of ZnO nanostructures and fuel due to the confined diffusive heat transfer in nanostructures. Moreover, the extended interfacial areas between ZnO nanorods and fuel induced large amplification in the dynamic change of the chemical potential, and it resulted in the enhanced output voltage. The differences of reaction velocity and the output voltage between ZnO nanorods- and ZnO cube-like nanoparticles-based composites were attributed to variations in electron mobility and grain boundary, as well as thermal conductivities of ZnO nanorods and particles. Understanding this astonishing increase and the variation of the output voltage and reaction velocity, precise ZnO nanostructures, will help in formulating specific strategies for obtaining enhanced energy generation from thermopower waves.

  15. Elemental and Isotopic Analysis of Uranium Oxide an NIST Glass Standards by FEMTOSECOND-LA-ICP-MIC-MS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ebert, Chris; Zamzow, Daniel S.; McBay, Eddie H.

    2009-06-01

    The objective of this work was to test and demonstrate the analytical figures of merit of a femtosecond-laser ablation (fs-LA) system coupled with an inductively coupled plasma-multi-ion collector-mass spectrometer (ICP-MIC-MS). The mobile fs-LA sampling system was designed and assembled at Ames Laboratory and shipped to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), where it was integrated with an ICP-MIC-MS. The test period of the integrated systems was February 2-6, 2009. Spatially-resolved analysis of particulate samples is accomplished by 100-shot laser ablation using a fs-pulsewidth laser and monitoring selected isotopes in the resulting ICP-MS transient signal. The capability of performing high sensitivity, spatiallymore » resolved, isotopic analyses with high accuracy and precision and with virtually no sample preparation makes fs-LA-ICP-MIC-MS valuable for the measurement of actinide isotopes at low concentrations in very small samples for nonproliferation purposes. Femtosecond-LA has been shown to generate particles from the sample that are more representative of the bulk composition, thereby minimizing weaknesses encountered in previous work using nanosecond-LA (ns-LA). The improvement of fs- over ns-LA sampling arises from the different mechanisms for transfer of energy into the sample in these two laser pulse-length regimes. The shorter duration fs-LA pulses induce less heating and cause less damage to the sample than the longer ns pulses. This results in better stoichiometric sampling (i.e., a closer correlation between the composition of the ablated particles and that of the original solid sample), which improves accuracy for both intra- and inter-elemental analysis. The primary samples analyzed in this work are (a) solid uranium oxide powdered samples having different {sup 235}U to {sup 238}U concentration ratios, and (b) glass reference materials (NIST 610, 612, 614, and 616). Solid uranium oxide samples containing {sup 235}U in depleted, natural, and enriched abundances were analyzed as particle aggregates immobilized in a collodion substrate. The uranium oxide samples were nuclear reference materials (CRMs U0002, U005-A, 129-A, U015, U030-A, and U050) obtained from New Brunswick Laboratory-USDOE.« less

  16. X-ray powder data for uranium and thorium minerals

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Frondel, Clifford; Riska, Daphne; Frondel, Judith Weiss

    1956-01-01

    The U.S. Geological Survey has in preparation a comprehensive volume on the mineralogy of uranium and thorium. This work has been done as part of a continuing systematic survey of data on uranium and thorium minerals on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Pending publication of this volume and in response to a widespread demand among workers in uranium and thorium mineralogy, the X-ray powder diffraction data for the known minerals that contain uranium or thorium as an essential constituent are presented here. The coverage is complete except for a few minerals for which there are no reliable data owing to lack of authentic specimens. With the exception of that for ianthinite, the new data either originated in the Geological Survey or in the Mineralogical Laboratory of Harvard University. Data from the literature or other sources were cross-checked against the files of standard patterns of these laboratories; the sources are indicated in the references. Data not accompanied by a reference were obtained from films in the Harvard Standard File and cross-checked as to the identity of the film with the Geological Survey's file. Minor differences can be expected in the d-spacings reported for the same specimens by different investigators because of the manner of preparation of the mount, the conditions of X-ray irradiation, and the method of photography and measurement of the film or chart. The Harvard and Geological Survey data all were obtained from films taken in 114-mm diameter cameras, using either ethyl cellulose and toluene or collodion spindle mounts and Straumanis-type film mounting. Unless otherwise indicated all patterns were taken with copper radiation (Kα 1.5418 A.) and nickel filter and data are given in Angstrom units. The d-spacings are not corrected for film shrinkage. The correction ordinarily is small and in general is less than either the variation in spacing arising from differences in experimental technique of different investigators, including the varying absorption of samples of different thickness and concentration, or the variation attending slight changes in the chemical composition of the mineral. Some uranium minerals give poor diffraction patterns. The best results are generally obtained by using relatively small diameter spindles and long exposures, with a take-off angle from teh X-ray tube of about 4°. It is sometimes advantageous to shield the film from fluorescence in the visible region excited by X-ray irradiation. Copper radiation is preferable. The patterns of a few uranium minerals are greatly impaired by heavy grinding of the sample. Light crushing of the coarse sample after mixing with about one-third its volume of coarsely powdered low-absorption glass is helpful. Many uranium minerals, such as the members of the torbernite group, readily lose zeolithic water or transform to lower hydrates at or near ordinary conditions of temperature and humidity and care should be taken to control this in the manner of preservation and preparation of the sample.

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