Sample records for common equity securities

  1. 76 FR 46603 - Security Ratings

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-03

    ... impact of the amendments. (b) $1 Billion of Non-Convertible Securities (Other Than Common Equity) Issued... contracts to continue to be able to use Form S-3 and Form F- 3, which would reduce the negative impact the... does not appear to significantly impact the eligibility of WKSI subsidiaries currently eligible to use...

  2. OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and

    Science.gov Websites

    Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Development Human Rights I Indigenous Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and Technology cooperation among states and advance a common regional agenda on democratic governance, human rights

  3. Equity - some theory and its policy implications

    PubMed Central

    Culyer, A.

    2001-01-01

    This essay seeks to characterise the essential features of an equitable health care system in terms of the classical Aristotelian concepts of horizontal and vertical equity, the common (but ill-defined) language of "need" and the economic notion of cost-effectiveness as a prelude to identifying some of the more important issues of value that policy-makers will have to decide for themselves; the characteristics of health (and what determines it) that can cause policy to be ineffective (or have undesired consequences); the information base that is required to support a policy directed at securing greater equity, and the kinds of research (theoretical and empirical) that are needed to underpin such a policy. Key Words: Health care systems • equity • horizontal equity • vertical equity • cost-effectiveness PMID:11479360

  4. 76 FR 21086 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-14

    ... other things, the issuer of the debt security must have at least one class of common or preferred equity... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-64287; File No. SR-NYSE-2011-15] Self... 1401 To Modify the Initial Trading Market Value for Debt Securities April 8, 2011. Pursuant to Section...

  5. 75 FR 6596 - Purchases of Certain Equity Securities by the Issuer and Others; Correction

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-10

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 17 CFR Part 240 [Release No. 34-61414A; File No. S7-04-10] RIN 3235-AK54 Purchases of Certain Equity Securities by the Issuer and Others; Correction AGENCY..., ``Purchases of Certain Equity Securities by the Issuer and Others.'' The proposed rule was published with an...

  6. 76 FR 75922 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-05

    ... portfolios holding equity securities will bear an external cost burden of $1,000 per portfolio to prepare and... a small business investment company registered on Form N-5 (``Funds''), to file Form N- PX not later... comprised of 6,200 portfolios holding equity securities and 3,800 portfolios holding no equity securities...

  7. 7 CFR 4290.800 - Financings in the form of Equity Securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...-COOPERATIVE SERVICE AND RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RURAL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANY...-Types of Financings § 4290.800 Financings in the form of Equity Securities. You may purchase the Equity...

  8. Equity - some theory and its policy implications.

    PubMed

    Culyer, A J

    2001-08-01

    This essay seeks to characterise the essential features of an equitable health care system in terms of the classical Aristotelian concepts of horizontal and vertical equity, the common (but ill-defined) language of "need" and the economic notion of cost-effectiveness as a prelude to identifying some of the more important issues of value that policy-makers will have to decide for themselves; the characteristics of health (and what determines it) that can cause policy to be ineffective (or have undesired consequences); the information base that is required to support a policy directed at securing greater equity, and the kinds of research (theoretical and empirical) that are needed to underpin such a policy.

  9. 17 CFR 210.3-04 - Changes in stockholders' equity and noncontrolling interests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM AND CONTENT OF AND REQUIREMENTS FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, SECURITIES... General Instructions As to Financial Statements § 210.3-04 Changes in stockholders' equity and noncontrolling interests. An analysis of the changes in each caption of stockholders' equity and noncontrolling...

  10. 17 CFR 245.103 - Issuer right of recovery; right of action by equity security owner.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., conversion or termination of a derivative security) in violation of section 306(a)(1) of that Act of an... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Issuer right of recovery; right of action by equity security owner. 245.103 Section 245.103 Commodity and Securities Exchanges...

  11. 77 FR 26056 - LocatePlus Holdings Corporation; Order of Suspension of Trading

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-02

    ... Suspension of Trading April 30, 2012. It appears to the Securities and Exchange Commission that there is a... trading in the securities of the above-listed company, and any equity securities of any entity purporting..., that trading in the securities of the above-listed company, and any equity securities of any entity...

  12. Cost of equity in homeland security resource allocation in the face of a strategic attacker.

    PubMed

    Shan, Xiaojun; Zhuang, Jun

    2013-06-01

    Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent in homeland security since September 11, 2001. Many mathematical models have been developed to study strategic interactions between governments (defenders) and terrorists (attackers). However, few studies have considered the tradeoff between equity and efficiency in homeland security resource allocation. In this article, we fill this gap by developing a novel model in which a government allocates defensive resources among multiple potential targets, while reserving a portion of defensive resources (represented by the equity coefficient) for equal distribution (according to geographical areas, population, density, etc.). Such a way to model equity is one of many alternatives, but was directly inspired by homeland security resource allocation practice. The government is faced with a strategic terrorist (adaptive adversary) whose attack probabilities are endogenously determined in the model. We study the effect of the equity coefficient on the optimal defensive resource allocations and the corresponding expected loss. We find that the cost of equity (in terms of increased expected loss) increases convexly in the equity coefficient. Furthermore, such cost is lower when: (a) government uses per-valuation equity; (b) the cost-effectiveness coefficient of defense increases; and (c) the total defense budget increases. Our model, results, and insights could be used to assist policy making. © 2012 Society for Risk Analysis.

  13. Advancing Equity in Illinois's ESSA Plan

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ostro, Ginger

    2017-01-01

    Advance Illinois is an independent, objective voice for a healthy public education system that prepares all students in Illinois for success in college, careers, and civic life. Advocacy efforts have focused on securing equitable funding for schools, Common Core State Standards, high-quality assessments, and teacher quality efforts. As advocates…

  14. 17 CFR 1.21 - Care of money and equities accruing to customers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Care of money and equities... COMMISSION GENERAL REGULATIONS UNDER THE COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT Customers' Money, Securities, and Property § 1.21 Care of money and equities accruing to customers. All money received directly or indirectly by...

  15. 76 FR 58849 - Legg Mason Partners Equity Trust, et al.;

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-22

    ...] Legg Mason Partners Equity Trust, et al.; Notice of Application September 15, 2011. AGENCY: Securities... Trust (``LMP Equity Trust''), Legg Mason Partners Variable Equity Trust (``LMP Variable Equity Trust'' and together with LMP Equity Trust, the ``Trusts''), Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC (``LMPFA...

  16. The 1983 Amendments to the Social Security Act: The Issue of Intergenerational Equity.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ozawa, Martha N.

    1984-01-01

    Reviews the conditions that prevailed before the passage of the 1983 amendments to the Social Security Act, the probable effects of the amendments, and the future direction of social security. Questions whether the amendments have in reality rescued social security from financial insolvency and discusses the concept of intergenerational equity.…

  17. 75 FR 7530 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-19

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-61510; File No. SR-FINRA-2010-003] Self... Change, as Modified by Amendment No. 1, Relating to Trade Reporting of OTC Equity Securities and Restricted Equity Securities February 5, 2010. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of...

  18. 17 CFR 230.405 - Definitions of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... purchased for the account of plan participants, at prices not in excess of current market prices at the time... specified in the plan and based upon average or current market prices at the time of purchase. Electronic... maintain a market for the registrant's securities. Equity security. The term equity security means any...

  19. 17 CFR 230.405 - Definitions of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... purchased for the account of plan participants, at prices not in excess of current market prices at the time... specified in the plan and based upon average or current market prices at the time of purchase. Electronic... maintain a market for the registrant's securities. Equity security. The term equity security means any...

  20. 17 CFR 230.405 - Definitions of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... purchased for the account of plan participants, at prices not in excess of current market prices at the time... specified in the plan and based upon average or current market prices at the time of purchase. Electronic... maintain a market for the registrant's securities. Equity security. The term equity security means any...

  1. 75 FR 23316 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-03

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-61979; File No. SR-FINRA-2010-003] Self..., as Modified by Amendment Nos. 1 and 2, Relating to Trade Reporting of OTC Equity Securities and Restricted Equity Securities April 23, 2010. I. Introduction On January 15, 2010, Financial Industry...

  2. 22 CFR 1203.735-205 - Financial interests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ..., or other corporate securities under the trust will be exempt to the same extent as provided in... of investing in equity or debt securities: Provided, That the fair value of the interest involved... the purpose of investing in equity or debt securities, the interest of the employee in any enterprise...

  3. 22 CFR 1203.735-205 - Financial interests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ..., or other corporate securities under the trust will be exempt to the same extent as provided in... of investing in equity or debt securities: Provided, That the fair value of the interest involved... the purpose of investing in equity or debt securities, the interest of the employee in any enterprise...

  4. 22 CFR 1203.735-205 - Financial interests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ..., or other corporate securities under the trust will be exempt to the same extent as provided in... of investing in equity or debt securities: Provided, That the fair value of the interest involved... the purpose of investing in equity or debt securities, the interest of the employee in any enterprise...

  5. 22 CFR 1203.735-205 - Financial interests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ..., or other corporate securities under the trust will be exempt to the same extent as provided in... of investing in equity or debt securities: Provided, That the fair value of the interest involved... the purpose of investing in equity or debt securities, the interest of the employee in any enterprise...

  6. Home equity conversion plans as a source of retirement income.

    PubMed

    Springer, P B

    1985-09-01

    This article describes in detail a variety of home equity conversion plans and discusses their relevance for social security beneficiaries, as well as for the aged in general. Under these plans, a dormant asset--accumulated home equity--is converted into current retirement income. The plans vary: Some are debt instruments; others involve the sale and leaseback of the residence. Some provide income for a fixed term; others offer a lifetime annuity. Some include a public subsidy; others are free of governmental involvement. The advantages and disadvantages of these plans, as well as examples of how they operate and their respective income potential, are discussed in this article. The relevance of home equity conversion plans for social security beneficiaries is illustrated by means of data from the Retirement History Study. These data allow comparison of various demographic groups in terms of their dependence on social security benefits. Each group is examined in terms of available home equity and home equity potential under several conversion plans.

  7. 78 FR 57921 - Municipal Mortgage & Equity LLC, Prolink Holdings Corp., RPM Technologies, Inc., SARS Corp...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-20

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [File No. 500-1] Municipal Mortgage & Equity LLC, Prolink Holdings Corp., RPM Technologies, Inc., SARS Corp., Secured Digital Storage Corp., Siboney Corp., SiriCOMM... securities of SARS Corp. because it has not filed any periodic reports since the period ended June 30, 2008...

  8. 76 FR 20744 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-13

    ...-Transaction Fees for Executions Against a Public Quotation in an OTC Equity Security April 8, 2011. On... disclose on its website any fees imposed against its published quotation in any OTC Equity Security...

  9. 78 FR 10655 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-14

    ... occurred or is ongoing that has had a material effect on the market for the OTC Equity Security or has... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68874; File No. SR-FINRA-2012-010] Self... Change To Amend FINRA Rule 6440 (Trading and Quotation Halt in OTC Equity Securities) February 8, 2013. I...

  10. 20 CFR 408.914 - When would overpayment recovery be against equity and good conscience?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... equity and good conscience? 408.914 Section 408.914 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Svb Overpayments § 408.914 When would overpayment recovery be against equity and good conscience? We... would be against equity and good conscience. Recovery would be against equity and good conscience if you...

  11. 76 FR 53004 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change by NYSE...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-24

    ... approximately 75.4% of the global equity market. The Index includes the largest securities in the Russell... Index represents approximately 75.4% of the global equity market and includes the largest securities in...

  12. Food sovereignty, food security and health equity: a meta-narrative mapping exercise.

    PubMed

    Weiler, Anelyse M; Hergesheimer, Chris; Brisbois, Ben; Wittman, Hannah; Yassi, Annalee; Spiegel, Jerry M

    2015-10-01

    There has been growing policy interest in social justice issues related to both health and food. We sought to understand the state of knowledge on relationships between health equity--i.e. health inequalities that are socially produced--and food systems, where the concepts of 'food security' and 'food sovereignty' are prominent. We undertook exploratory scoping and mapping stages of a 'meta-narrative synthesis' on pathways from global food systems to health equity outcomes. The review was oriented by a conceptual framework delineating eight pathways to health (in)equity through the food system: 1--Multi-Scalar Environmental, Social Context; 2--Occupational Exposures; 3--Environmental Change; 4--Traditional Livelihoods, Cultural Continuity; 5--Intake of Contaminants; 6--Nutrition; 7--Social Determinants of Health and 8--Political, Economic and Regulatory context. The terms 'food security' and 'food sovereignty' were, respectively, paired with a series of health equity-related terms. Combinations of health equity and food security (1414 citations) greatly outnumbered pairings with food sovereignty (18 citations). Prominent crosscutting themes that were observed included climate change, biotechnology, gender, racialization, indigeneity, poverty, citizenship and HIV as well as institutional barriers to reducing health inequities in the food system. The literature indicates that food sovereignty-based approaches to health in specific contexts, such as advancing healthy school food systems, promoting soil fertility, gender equity and nutrition, and addressing structural racism, can complement the longer-term socio-political restructuring processes that health equity requires. Our conceptual model offers a useful starting point for identifying interventions with strong potential to promote health equity. A research agenda to explore project-based interventions in the food system along these pathways can support the identification of ways to strengthen both food sovereignty and health equity. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine © The Author 2014; all rights reserved.

  13. 7 CFR 4290.850 - Restrictions on redemption of Equity Securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE AND RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RURAL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANY (âRBICâ) PROGRAM Financing of Enterprises by RBICs Structuring Rbic Financing of Eligible Enterprises-Types of Financings § 4290.850 Restrictions on redemption of Equity Securities. (a) Restriction on...

  14. Reviving Pay Equity: New Strategies for Attacking the Wage Gap.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kahn, Peggy; Figart, Deborah M.

    1998-01-01

    Pay equity remains a problem linked to the problem of low pay. Pay equity must be understood as one solution to the problem of securing a living wage for women and men in the restructuring economy as well as a means for challenging gender equity. (JOW)

  15. 12 CFR 998.2 - Registration and periodic disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Section 998.2 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK DISCLOSURES REGISTRATION OF FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK EQUITY SECURITIES § 998.2 Registration and periodic disclosures. (a... class of its equity securities pursuant to the provisions of section 12(g)(1) of the 1934 Act. Each Bank...

  16. 77 FR 65244 - In the Matter of Fearless International, Inc., Glassmaster Company, Global Entertainment Holdings...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-25

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [File No. 500-1] In the Matter of Fearless International, Inc., Glassmaster Company, Global Entertainment Holdings/Equities, Inc., Global Realty Development Corp., Global... concerning the securities of Global Entertainment Holdings/Equities, Inc. because it has not filed any...

  17. 78 FR 48729 - Aspiriant Global Equity Trust and Aspiriant, LLC; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-09

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Investment Company Act Release No. 30640; File No. 812-14155] Aspiriant Global Equity Trust and Aspiriant, LLC; Notice of Application August 5, 2013. AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission''). ACTION: Notice of an application under section 6(c) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (``Act'')...

  18. 17 CFR 245.101 - Prohibition of insider trading during pension fund blackout periods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... equity securities in connection with a merger, acquisition, divestiture or similar transaction occurring... from section 306(a)(1) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: (1) Any acquisition of equity securities... acquisition is made pursuant to a plan providing for the regular reinvestment of dividends or interest and the...

  19. 77 FR 38690 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-28

    ... rule change relating to FINRA's Trading Activity Fee (``TAF'') rate for transactions in covered equity... the FINRA By-Laws to adjust the rate of FINRA's TAF for transactions in Covered Securities that are equity securities.\\6\\ The TAF, along with the Personnel Assessment and the Gross Income Assessment fees...

  20. 75 FR 54671 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-08

    ... Supplemental Liquidity Providers Pilot (``SLP Pilot'' or ``Pilot'') (See Rule 107B-- NYSE Amex Equities... 15, 2010) (SR-NYSEAmex-2009-98) (establishing the NYSE Amex Equities SLP Pilot). See also Securities...) (extending the operation of the SLP Pilot to September 30, 2010). See also Securities Exchange Act Release No...

  1. 76 FR 61429 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-04

    ... Volatility) (i) To reflect changes to market-wide circuit breaker triggers for NMS stocks, and (ii) amend... trading in all OTC Equity Securities when a market-wide circuit breaker is in effect for NMS stocks. The... Equity Securities pursuant to its authority under Rule 6440(a)(3) \\3\\ until the market-wide circuit...

  2. 76 FR 34579 - Beneficial Ownership Reporting Requirements and Security-Based Swaps

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-14

    ... beneficial ownership of the equity securities underlying derivative securities exercisable or convertible... exercise or conversion of any derivative security, whether or not presently exercisable.'' \\40\\ ``Derivative securities'' are ``any option, warrant, convertible security, stock appreciation right, or similar...

  3. 77 FR 23534 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-19

    ... NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.31(h)(4) to make Passive Liquidity Orders (``PL Orders'') in Exchange-listed.... Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.31(h)(4) to make PL Orders in Exchange-listed securities available to all Users, regardless of whether an LMM is assigned to the security. A PL...

  4. The Political Is Personal: Measurement and Application of Nation-Level Indicators of Gender Equity in Psychological Research

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Else-Quest, Nicole M.; Grabe, Shelly

    2012-01-01

    Consistent with the dictum, "the personal is political," feminist scholars have maintained that gender equity in security, access to education, economic opportunity, and property ownership are central to women's well-being. Empirical research evaluating this thesis can include nation-level indicators of gender equity, such as the United Nation…

  5. 17 CFR 210.6A-04 - Statements of income and changes in plan equity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Statements of income and..., Savings and Similar Plans § 210.6A-04 Statements of income and changes in plan equity. Statements of income and changes in plan equity filed under this rule shall comply with the following provisions: 1...

  6. 17 CFR 210.6A-04 - Statements of income and changes in plan equity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Statements of income and..., Savings and Similar Plans § 210.6A-04 Statements of income and changes in plan equity. Statements of income and changes in plan equity filed under this rule shall comply with the following provisions: 1...

  7. 17 CFR 240.3a11-1 - Definition of the term “equity security.”

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... joint venture, or certificate of interest in a business trust; any security future on any such security..., call, straddle, or other option or privilege of buying such a security from or selling such a security...

  8. 12 CFR 220.12 - Supplement: margin requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... security, except for an exempted security, money market mutual fund or exempted securities mutual fund... occurs, whichever is greater. (b) Exempted security, non-equity security, money market mutual fund or exempted securities mutual fund: The margin required by the creditor in good faith or the percentage set by...

  9. Social Security reform: evaluating current proposals. Latest results of the EBRI-SSASIM2 policy simulation model.

    PubMed

    Copeland, C; VanDerhei, J; Salisbury, D L

    1999-06-01

    The present Social Security program has been shown to be financially unsustainable in the future without modification to the current program. The purpose of this Issue Brief, EBRI's fourth in a series on Social Security reform, is threefold: to illustrate new features of the EBRI-SSASIM2 policy simulation model not available in earlier EBRI publications, to expand quantitative analysis to specific proposals, and to evaluate the uncertainty involved in proposals that rely on equity investment. This analysis compares the Gregg/Breaux-Kolbe/Stenholm (GB-KS) and Moynihan/Kerrey proposals with three generic or "traditional" reforms: increasing taxes, reducing benefits, and/or increasing the retirement age. Both proposals would create individual accounts by "carving out" funds from current Social Security payroll taxes. This analysis also examines other proposed changes that would "add on" to existing Social Security funds through the use of general revenue transfers and/or investment in the equities market. President Clinton has proposed a general revenue transfer and the collective investment of some of the OASDI trust fund assets in equities. Reps. Archer and Shaw have proposed a general revenue tax credit to establish individual accounts that would be invested partially in the equities markets. When comparing Social Security reform proposals that would specifically alter benefit levels, the Moynihan/Kerrey bill compares quite favorably with the other proposals in both benefit levels and payback ratios, when individuals elect to use the individual account option. In contrast, the GB-KS bills do not compare quite as favorably for their benefit levels, but do compare favorably in terms of payback ratios. An important comparison in these bills is the administrative costs of managing the individual accounts, since benefits can be lowered by up to 23 percent when going from the assumed low to high administrative costs. Moreover, allowing individuals to decide whether to save the 2 percent of their OASDI taxable income or to receive higher takehome pay, as would be allowed in Moynihan/Kerrey, could lead to substantial differences in ultimate retirement income. Allowing for individual investment choices and using actual 401(k) participant allocation data, as opposed to an assumed average allocation for everyone, results in substantial differences in account balances. The Archer/Shaw approach mandates a 60 percent/40 percent equity/bond split specifically to avoid the variations in returns that arise from individual investment allocation decisions. Although there are greater chances for higher returns for equity investment in the president's proposal, there are also greater chances for worse outcomes. This is also true for other reforms that would invest Social Security assets in equities.

  10. 17 CFR 229.201 - (Item 201) Market price of and dividends on the registrant's common equity and related...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... dividends on the registrant's common equity and related stockholder matters. 229.201 Section 229.201... the registrant's common equity and related stockholder matters. (a) Market information. (1)(i) Identify the principal United States market or markets in which each class of the registrant's common...

  11. 17 CFR 229.201 - (Item 201) Market price of and dividends on the registrant's common equity and related...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... dividends on the registrant's common equity and related stockholder matters. 229.201 Section 229.201... the registrant's common equity and related stockholder matters. (a) Market information. (1)(i) Identify the principal United States market or markets in which each class of the registrant's common...

  12. 26 CFR 1.1092(c)-2 - Equity options with flexible terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Equity options with flexible terms. 1.1092(c)-2...) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Wash Sales of Stock Or Securities § 1.1092(c)-2 Equity options with... straddle exists if a taxpayer holds stock and writes a call option on that stock. Under section 1092(c)(4...

  13. FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) issues new accounting rules for debt and equity securities.

    PubMed

    Reinstein, A; Bayou, M E

    1994-10-01

    The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) recently issued a new statement that requires all companies to change their methods of accounting for debt and equity securities. Rather than allowing organizations to use a historical cost approach in accounting for such financial instruments, FASB Statement No. 115 requires organizations to adopt a market value approach. The provisions of this statement will affect significantly organizations in the healthcare industry that have large investment portfolios.

  14. 12 CFR 220.12 - Supplement: margin requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... current market value of the security or the percentage set by the regulatory authority where the trade... security, except for a non-equity security: (1) 150 percent of the current market value of the security; or (2) 100 percent of the current market value if a security exchangeable or convertible within 90...

  15. 17 CFR 245.100 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... a management employee of the issuer. (d) The term derivative security has the meaning set forth in... security of the issuer means any equity security or derivative security relating to an issuer, whether or... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Definitions. 245.100 Section...

  16. Health equity in humanitarian emergencies: a role for evidence aid.

    PubMed

    Pottie, Kevin

    2015-02-01

    Humanitarian emergencies require a range of planned and coordinated actions: security, healthcare, and, as this article highlights, health equity responses. Health equity is an evidence-based science that aims to address unfair and unjust health inequality outcomes. New approaches are using health equity to guide the development of community programs, equity methods are being used to identify disadvantaged groups that may face health inequities in a humanitarian emergency, and equity is being used to prevent unintended harms and consequences in interventions. Limitations to health equity approaches include acquiring sufficient data to make equity interpretations, integrating disadvantage populations in to the equity approach, and ensuring buy-in from decision-makers. This article uses examples from World Health Organization, Refugee Health Guidelines and Health Impact Assessment to demonstrate the emerging role for health equity in humanitarian emergencies. It is based on a presentation at the Evidence Aid Symposium, on 20 September 2014, at Hyderabad, India. © 2015 Chinese Cochrane Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

  17. Food sovereignty, food security and health equity: a meta-narrative mapping exercise

    PubMed Central

    Weiler, Anelyse M.; Hergesheimer, Chris; Brisbois, Ben; Wittman, Hannah; Yassi, Annalee; Spiegel, Jerry M.

    2015-01-01

    There has been growing policy interest in social justice issues related to both health and food. We sought to understand the state of knowledge on relationships between health equity—i.e. health inequalities that are socially produced—and food systems, where the concepts of ‘food security’ and ‘food sovereignty’ are prominent. We undertook exploratory scoping and mapping stages of a ‘meta-narrative synthesis’ on pathways from global food systems to health equity outcomes. The review was oriented by a conceptual framework delineating eight pathways to health (in)equity through the food system: 1—Multi-Scalar Environmental, Social Context; 2—Occupational Exposures; 3—Environmental Change; 4—Traditional Livelihoods, Cultural Continuity; 5—Intake of Contaminants; 6—Nutrition; 7—Social Determinants of Health and 8—Political, Economic and Regulatory context. The terms ‘food security’ and ‘food sovereignty’ were, respectively, paired with a series of health equity-related terms. Combinations of health equity and food security (1414 citations) greatly outnumbered pairings with food sovereignty (18 citations). Prominent crosscutting themes that were observed included climate change, biotechnology, gender, racialization, indigeneity, poverty, citizenship and HIV as well as institutional barriers to reducing health inequities in the food system. The literature indicates that food sovereignty-based approaches to health in specific contexts, such as advancing healthy school food systems, promoting soil fertility, gender equity and nutrition, and addressing structural racism, can complement the longer-term socio-political restructuring processes that health equity requires. Our conceptual model offers a useful starting point for identifying interventions with strong potential to promote health equity. A research agenda to explore project-based interventions in the food system along these pathways can support the identification of ways to strengthen both food sovereignty and health equity. PMID:25288515

  18. 17 CFR 402.2 - Capital requirements for registered government securities brokers and dealers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...) Options on those futures contracts described in paragraph (e)(1)(vii) of this section, settled on a cash... determining net worth, all long and short positions in unlisted options that are Treasury market risk... securities, debt instruments, and derivative instruments: (i) Government securities, except equity securities...

  19. 17 CFR 245.102 - Exceptions to definition of blackout period.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Exceptions to definition of blackout period. 245.102 Section 245.102 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE... not purchase, sell or otherwise acquire or transfer an interest in any equity security of an issuer...

  20. 75 FR 2896 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change Relating to...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-19

    ... and Annual Fee Applicable to Derivative Securities Products January 12, 2010. On November 24, 2009... Services (``Fee Schedule'') to revise the listing and annual fees applicable to Derivative Securities... Schedule, the term ``Derivative Securities Products'' includes securities described in NYSE Arca Equities...

  1. 13 CFR 107.800 - Financings in the form of Equity Securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Financing of Small Businesses by Licensees Structuring Licensee's Financing of Eligible Small Businesses: Types of Financing § 107.800 Financings in the form of Equity... partnership, membership interests in a limited liability company, or joint venture interests. If the Financing...

  2. 7 CFR 1735.18 - Additional equity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE GENERAL POLICIES, TYPES OF LOANS, LOAN REQUIREMENTS-TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM Loan Purposes and Basic Policies § 1735.18 Additional equity. If determined by the Administrator to be necessary for loan security, a borrower applying for an initial loan shall increase its net worth as a percentage of assets to...

  3. Organizing Equity Exchanges

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schaper, Torsten

    In the last years equity exchanges have diversified their operations into business areas such as derivatives trading, post-trading services, and software sales. Securities trading and post-trading are subject to economies of scale and scope. The integration of these functions into one institution ensures efficiency by economizing on transactions costs.

  4. 17 CFR 240.16b-5 - Bona fide gifts and inheritance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Bona fide gifts and inheritance. 240.16b-5 Section 240.16b-5 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION... gifts and inheritance. Both the acquisition and the disposition of equity securities shall be exempt...

  5. 76 FR 10073 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-23

    ... not invest in non-U.S. equity securities. The Fund intends to invest in Money Market Securities in... investments in derivative instruments. For these purposes, Money Market Securities include: short-term, high..., agencies and instrumentalities; repurchase agreements backed by U.S. government securities; money market...

  6. 77 FR 74520 - Encore Clean Energy, Inc., Energy & Engine Technology Corp., Equity Media Holdings Corporation...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-14

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [File No. 500-1] Encore Clean Energy, Inc., Energy & Engine Technology Corp., Equity Media Holdings Corporation, eTotalSource, Inc., Extensions, Inc., Firepond, Inc., and GNC Energy Corporation; Order Withdrawing Trading Suspension as to Extensions, Inc. December 12...

  7. 78 FR 38416 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Miami International Securities Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-26

    ..., without limitation, options, equities, futures, derivatives, indexes, exchange traded funds, exchange...., equity and ETF, index, derivatives, futures, foreign currency, and even commodities products... low as $0.05).\\13\\ \\13\\ As an example, per the CME Web site, strike prices for options on futures may...

  8. 17 CFR 3.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... officer, the manager, managing member or those members vested with the management authority for the entity... otherwise, is either the owner of ten percent or more of the outstanding shares of any class of equity... of ten percent or more of the outstanding shares of any class of equity securities, other than non...

  9. 17 CFR 3.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... officer, the manager, managing member or those members vested with the management authority for the entity... otherwise, is either the owner of ten percent or more of the outstanding shares of any class of equity... of ten percent or more of the outstanding shares of any class of equity securities, other than non...

  10. 78 FR 32287 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; ICE Clear Europe Limited; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-29

    ... other things, clarify the scope of products proposed to be cleared, add new Rule 207(f) prohibiting FCM.... securities laws (i.e., LIFFE futures and options on equity securities) (the ``LIFFE securities products... facility for purposes of trading such products. In addition, only certain LIFFE securities products are...

  11. 77 FR 33809 - Survey of Foreign Ownership of U.S. Securities as of June 30, 2012

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-07

    ... government, and any agency, corporation, financial institution, or other entity or instrumentality thereof... equities, short-term debt securities (including selected money market instruments), and long-term debt...

  12. 78 FR 18678 - Survey of Foreign Ownership of U.S. Securities as of June 30, 2013

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-27

    ... government, and any agency, corporation, financial institution, or other entity or instrumentality thereof... equities, short-term debt securities (including selected money market instruments), and long-term debt...

  13. 76 FR 37888 - Survey of Foreign Ownership of U.S. Securities as of June 30, 2011

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-28

    ... government, and any agency, corporation, financial institution, or other entity or instrumentality thereof... equities, short-term debt securities (including selected money market instruments), and long-term debt...

  14. 12 CFR 220.5 - Special memorandum account.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... may be effected by an increase or reduction in the entry. When computing the equity in a margin...) Proceeds of a sale of securities or cash no longer required on any expired or liquidated security position...

  15. 75 FR 4713 - Purchases of Certain Equity Securities by the Issuer and Others

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-29

    ... Stock Repurchases?,'' 13 Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, pp. 31-51 (2000) (noting issuers... Price Discovery,'' Journal of Empirical Finance 15, 839-849 (2008). \\45\\ See, e.g., Security Traders...

  16. 7 CFR 764.104 - General real estate security requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false General real estate security requirements. 764.104....104 General real estate security requirements. (a) Agency lien position requirements. If real estate... Agency; and (4) Equity in the collateral exists. (b) Real estate held under a purchase contract. If the...

  17. 7 CFR 764.104 - General real estate security requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false General real estate security requirements. 764.104....104 General real estate security requirements. (a) Agency lien position requirements. If real estate... Agency; and (4) Equity in the collateral exists. (b) Real estate held under a purchase contract. If the...

  18. 7 CFR 764.104 - General real estate security requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General real estate security requirements. 764.104....104 General real estate security requirements. (a) Agency lien position requirements. If real estate... Agency; and (4) Equity in the collateral exists. (b) Real estate held under a purchase contract. If the...

  19. 7 CFR 764.104 - General real estate security requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false General real estate security requirements. 764.104....104 General real estate security requirements. (a) Agency lien position requirements. If real estate... Agency; and (4) Equity in the collateral exists. (b) Real estate held under a purchase contract. If the...

  20. 7 CFR 764.104 - General real estate security requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false General real estate security requirements. 764.104....104 General real estate security requirements. (a) Agency lien position requirements. If real estate... Agency; and (4) Equity in the collateral exists. (b) Real estate held under a purchase contract. If the...

  1. 20 CFR 410.561d - Against equity and good conscience; defined.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Against equity and good conscience; defined. 410.561d Section 410.561d Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL COAL MINE HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT OF 1969, TITLE IV-BLACK LUNG BENEFITS (1969- ) Payment of Benefits § 410.561d Against...

  2. 20 CFR 410.561d - Against equity and good conscience; defined.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Against equity and good conscience; defined. 410.561d Section 410.561d Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL COAL MINE HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT OF 1969, TITLE IV-BLACK LUNG BENEFITS (1969- ) Payment of Benefits § 410.561d Against...

  3. 76 FR 65307 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-20

    ... Equity Security would fall into one of six tiers rather than nine tiers. Specifically, for OTC Equity... proposing changes to the minimum quotation sizes to, among other things, simplify the tier structure... quotations in this lower- priced tier should result in more substantive dollar-value commitments to the...

  4. The Health Equity Leadership Institute (HELI): Developing workforce capacity for health disparities research.

    PubMed

    Butler, James; Fryer, Craig S; Ward, Earlise; Westaby, Katelyn; Adams, Alexandra; Esmond, Sarah L; Garza, Mary A; Hogle, Janice A; Scholl, Linda M; Quinn, Sandra C; Thomas, Stephen B; Sorkness, Christine A

    2017-06-01

    Efforts to address health disparities and achieve health equity are critically dependent on the development of a diverse research workforce. However, many researchers from underrepresented backgrounds face challenges in advancing their careers, securing independent funding, and finding the mentorship needed to expand their research. Faculty from the University of Maryland at College Park and the University of Wisconsin-Madison developed and evaluated an intensive week-long research and career-development institute-the Health Equity Leadership Institute (HELI)-with the goal of increasing the number of underrepresented scholars who can sustain their ongoing commitment to health equity research. In 2010-2016, HELI brought 145 diverse scholars (78% from an underrepresented background; 81% female) together to engage with each other and learn from supportive faculty. Overall, scholar feedback was highly positive on all survey items, with average agreement ratings of 4.45-4.84 based on a 5-point Likert scale. Eighty-five percent of scholars remain in academic positions. In the first three cohorts, 73% of HELI participants have been promoted and 23% have secured independent federal funding. HELI includes an evidence-based curriculum to develop a diverse workforce for health equity research. For those institutions interested in implementing such an institute to develop and support underrepresented early stage investigators, a resource toolbox is provided.

  5. 77 FR 6850 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-09

    ... securities. The Fund may purchase or sell debt and equity securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery, or... the securities in which it primarily invests by entering into a series of purchase and sale contracts... time to time. The Fund may not, with respect to 75% of the Fund's total assets, purchase the securities...

  6. Generational equity and the politics of the welfare state.

    PubMed

    Quadagno, J

    1990-01-01

    The concept of generational equity--that the nation is squandering its wealth on entitlements to the elderly while children remain impoverished--has received considerable media attention. The author traces the source of that message to an organization, Americans for Generational Equity, which is dedicated to restructuring the Social Security system along the lines of a social assistance program: reduced benefits available at later ages only to those who qualify through means tests. The impact of this agenda would be to increase the labor force participation of older people, particularly women and minorities, those presently without private pension coverage and already heavily represented in that sector of the economy where labor shortage is developing. Defining national spending priorities in terms of intergenerational conflict obscures the fact that Social Security is the only U.S. welfare program that has been successful in reducing poverty levels.

  7. 77 FR 71846 - In the Matter of Encore Clean Energy, Inc., Energy & Engine Technology Corp., Equity Media...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-04

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [ File No. 500-1] In the Matter of Encore Clean Energy, Inc., Energy & Engine Technology Corp., Equity Media Holdings Corporation, eTotalSource, Inc., Extensions, Inc., Firepond, Inc., and GNC Energy Corporation; Order of Suspension of Trading November 29, 2012. It appears to...

  8. 76 FR 39455 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-06

    ... Liquidity Providers Pilot (``SLP Pilot'' or ``Pilot'') (See Rule 107B-- NYSE Amex Equities), currently... NYSE Amex Equities SLP Pilot). See also Securities Exchange Act Release Nos. 61841 (April 5, 2010), 75 FR 18560 (April 12, 2010) (SR-NYSEAmex-2010-33) (extending the operation of the SLP Pilot to...

  9. 78 FR 70602 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-26

    ... receivables, student loans, auto loans, etc.).\\7\\ Also, in FINRA Rule 6710, FINRA proposes to add three new... financial asset, such as a consumer or student loan, a lease, or a secured or unsecured receivable, but...; automobile loans and leases; student loans; home equity loans and home equity lines of credit; aircraft...

  10. 77 FR 8315 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-14

    ... information such as the Index value and intraday indicative value, the rules governing the trading of equity... value and intraday indicative value, the rules governing the trading of equity securities, trading hours... accordance with Exchange Rules. The grounds for a halt include a halt because the intraday indicative value...

  11. 76 FR 65247 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-20

    ... B[ouml]rse''). NYSE Euronext owns 100% of the equity interest of NYSE Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation (``NYSE Group''), which in turn directly or indirectly owns (1) 100% of the equity interest of... together with its related persons, from having voting control over more than 20% of the outstanding capital...

  12. 12 CFR 563g.20 - Form for securities sale report.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... each purpose for which the proceeds will be used: ______ State the number of purchasers of each class of securities sold and the number of owners of record of each class of the issuer's equity securities... should be filed, including one copy manually signed, as required under 12 CFR 563g.5. Attention...

  13. 12 CFR 563g.20 - Form for securities sale report.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... each purpose for which the proceeds will be used: ______ State the number of purchasers of each class of securities sold and the number of owners of record of each class of the issuer's equity securities... should be filed, including one copy manually signed, as required under 12 CFR 563g.5. Attention...

  14. 77 FR 77162 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-31

    ... globalization of securities markets, cross-border coordination of trading and quotation halts is important to... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68526; File No. SR-FINRA-2012-010] Self... Change To Amend FINRA Rule 6440 (Trading and Quotation Halt in OTC Equity Securities) December 21, 2012...

  15. 77 FR 29416 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-17

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66965; File No. SR-NYSEARCA-2012-38] Self... Change To Amend NYSE Arca Equities Rule 5.2(j)(1), the Exchange's ``Other Securities'' Listing Standard, To Delete a Provision Providing That If a Security Listed Under the Rule Contains Redemption...

  16. 77 FR 61620 - Privacy Act of 1974; Home Equity Reverse Mortgage Information Technology (HERMIT)-Notice of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-10

    ... borrowers who participate in the HECM program: Name, title, property addresses, birthdates, Social Security... submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and... addresses, birthdates, Social Security Numbers, phone numbers and dates of death; case-level details on the...

  17. 75 FR 33885 - Office of International Affairs; Survey of Foreign Ownership of U.S. Securities as of June 30, 2010

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-15

    ... any agency, corporation, financial institution, or other entity or instrumentality thereof, including... equities, short-term debt securities (including selected money market instruments), and long-term debt...

  18. 77 FR 3297 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; International Securities...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-23

    ... limitations would apply only for so long as NYSE Group directly or indirectly controls any NYSE U.S. Regulated... (``Deutsche B[ouml]rse''). NYSE Euronext owns 100% of the equity interest of NYSE Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation (``NYSE Group''), which in turn directly or indirectly owns (1) 100% of the equity interest of the...

  19. 76 FR 12202 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-04

    ...\\ during a period when a restriction on the prices at which covered securities may be sold short is in effect (``Short Sale Price Test'') under NYSE Amex Equities Rule 440B \\5\\ (which implements the... Rule 13. \\5\\ Amendments to NYSE Amex Equities Rule 440B to implement the short sale price test...

  20. 77 FR 2583 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-18

    ..., other than a single equity option or a security futures product, whose value is based, in whole or in... Change To Amend its Fee Schedule To Assess Fees for Derivative Securities Products January 11, 2012..., effective January 9, 2012, to create a separate fee and rebate structure for Derivative Securities Products...

  1. Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB): The Equity of ASVAB Form 14 in the Prediction of High School Course Grades

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-08-01

    differential validity 612 ASVAB test constru~tion, 16 .PRIC’E CODE bias 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION jig. SECURITY CLAS...15 Juniors 1985-86 .............................. 15 Seniors 1984-85 .............................. 16 Algebra... 16 Freshmen 1984-85 ............................. 16 Freshmen 1 85-86 ............................. 16 Sophomores 1984-85

  2. 75 FR 76759 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-09

    ... To Eliminate Market and Stop Orders in Nasdaq-Listed Securities Traded on the Exchange December 2...--NYSE Amex Equities to eliminate Market and Stop Orders in Nasdaq-listed securities traded on the... eliminate Market and Stop Orders in Nasdaq-listed securities traded on the Exchange. Background Rules 500...

  3. 76 FR 5225 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-28

    ... change from interested persons. \\1\\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1). \\2\\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4. I. Self-Regulatory... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-63758; File No. SR-ISE-2011-05] Self-Regulatory... Purchase of Equity Interests by International Securities Exchange Holdings, Inc. in Ballista Holdings LLC...

  4. 76 FR 11829 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-03

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-63960; File No. SR-FINRA-2011-008] Self... Public Quotation in an OTC Equity Security February 24, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (``Exchange Act'') \\1\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ notice is hereby given...

  5. 77 FR 72429 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Designation of Longer Period for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-05

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68319; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2012-109] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Designation of Longer Period for Commission Action on Proposed Rule Change Relating to the Listing and Trading of Shares of the U.S. Equity High Volatility Put Write Index Fund Under NYSE Arca Equitie...

  6. 75 FR 20401 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change, and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-19

    ... Nasdaq Securities within the existing DMM and SLP framework used to trade its listed securities. The... substantially similar to the Exchange's current SLP procedures in Rule 107B--NYSE Amex Equities. See proposed..., reassign one or more Nasdaq Securities to a different DMM Unit or to a different SLP or SLPs. a. Assignment...

  7. 75 FR 11583 - The Chile Fund, Inc.; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-11

    ... in Chilean equity and debt securities. Applicant states that under normal circumstances it invests at...'') on an in-kind basis with a pro rata distribution of the Fund's portfolio securities (with exceptions... Fund to avoid a cascade of distributions, required to preserve its tax status, that would reduce the...

  8. 76 FR 62100 - Approval of Filing Fees for Exempt Reporting Advisers and Private Fund Advisers

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-06

    ... fund assets, combined liquidity fund and registered money market fund assets or private equity fund... Fees for Exempt Reporting Advisers and Private Fund Advisers AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission... fund advisers filing Form PF. SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission'') is...

  9. 17 CFR 200.80a - Appendix A-Documentary materials available to the public.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., directors and principal stockholders of issuers having listed equity securities; and changes in such... executed by financial institution authorizing representative to serve as officer or director of holding... securities filed by officers and directors of registered public utility holding companies, and changes in...

  10. 75 FR 20649 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-20

    ..., stock index futures contracts, options on futures, options on securities and indexes, equity caps... holding and/ or managing portfolios or baskets of securities, commodity futures contracts, options on commodity futures contracts, swaps, forward contracts and/or options on physical commodities and/or non-U.S...

  11. OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and

    Science.gov Websites

    Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Development Human Rights I Indigenous Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and Technology Social Development Summits of the Americas Sustainable Development T Telecommunications Terrorism Tourism

  12. Accounting Issues: An Essay Series Part VI--Investments in Securities

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Laux, Judy

    2008-01-01

    The sixth in a series of theory-based essays, this article presents accounting for investments in debt and equity securities along with some related conceptual and measurement issues. Additional coverage is devoted to potential ethical dilemmas and both theoretical and empirical literature related to this asset. (Contains 1 footnote.)

  13. Security: An Emerging Fundamental Value in Educational Policy Making?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    DeMitchell, Todd A.

    1994-01-01

    Education, like other governmental activities, is characterized by a competition for scarce resources. Security, whether in the form of metal detectors or condom availability, is an additional fundamental value that has grabbed center stage in the struggle among competing fundamental values (efficiency, equity, liberty, and quality) in educational…

  14. 78 FR 53509 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change, as...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-29

    ... for the following securities: Index-Linked Exchangeable Notes; Equity Gold Shares; Trust Certificates; Commodity-Based Trust Shares; Currency Trust Shares; Commodity Index Trust Shares; Commodity Futures Trust Shares; Partnership Units; Trust Units; Managed Trust Securities; and Currency Warrants (together with...

  15. Women's Career Choice Equity Legislation. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Social Security and Income Maintenance Programs of the Committee on Finance. United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Finance.

    These Congressional hearings contain testimony pertaining to the passage of women's career choice equity legislation. The hearings were convened to determine whether federal law, either directly or indirectly, regulates economic opportunities for women in such a way as to alter their career choice between paid employment and homemaking. During the…

  16. 17 CFR 240.10b-18 - Purchases of certain equity securities by the issuer and others.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... authorize Rule 10b-18 purchases by or on behalf of the issuer. (4) Agent independent of the issuer has the... trading volume for that security or, in the event that trading volume data are unavailable, is at least 20... of the security, exclusive of any shares owned by any affiliate; Provided, however, That a block...

  17. Assessing First- and Second-Order Equity for the Common-Item Nonequivalent Groups Design Using Multidimensional IRT

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Andrews, Benjamin James

    2011-01-01

    The equity properties can be used to assess the quality of an equating. The degree to which expected scores conditional on ability are similar between test forms is referred to as first-order equity. Second-order equity is the degree to which conditional standard errors of measurement are similar between test forms after equating. The purpose of…

  18. 75 FR 9629 - Millington Securities, Inc. and Millington Unit Investment Trusts; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-03

    ... for certificates representing units of fractional undivided interest in the Series' portfolio (``Units... offering price plus a front-end sales charge. If such a market is not maintained at any time for any Series... Equity Series will not restrict their portfolio investments to ``eligible trust securities.'' D. Capital...

  19. 78 FR 21657 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange LLC; Order Approving, on an...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-11

    ... securities suddenly declining by significant amounts in a very short time period before suddenly reversing to... circuit breaker pilot program, which was implemented through a series of rule filings by the equity exchanges and by FINRA.\\9\\ The single-stock circuit breaker was designed to reduce extraordinary market...

  20. Research in DRM architecture based on watermarking and PKI

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Ligang; Chen, Xiaosu; Xiao, Dao-ju; Yi, Miao

    2005-02-01

    Analyze the virtue and disadvantage of the present digital copyright protecting system, design a kind of security protocol model of digital copyright protection, which equilibrium consider the digital media"s use validity, integrality, security of transmission, and trade equity, make a detailed formalize description to the protocol model, analyze the relationship of the entities involved in the digital work copyright protection. The analysis of the security and capability of the protocol model shows that the model is good at security and practicability.

  1. Promoting Health Equity Research: Insights from a Canadian Initiative.

    PubMed

    Stewart, Miriam J; Kushner, Kaysi Eastlick

    2014-03-01

    In 2002 the Canadian Institutes of Health Research launched a national initiative to promote health equity research reflecting the World Health Organization imperative of investment in health equity research. Funded researchers and teams have investigated health disparities faced by vulnerable populations, analyzed interactions of health determinants, and tested innovative interventions. Strategies for building research capacity have supported students, postdoctoral fellows, new investigators, and interdisciplinary research teams. Partnerships have been created with 10 national and 7 international organizations. Strategies used to secure and sustain this research initiative could be adapted to other contexts. Nurse scholars led the launch and have sustained the legacy of this national research initiative. Moreover, nurse researchers and research trainees, supported by the initiative, have contributed to the expansion and translation of the health equity knowledge base. Copyright© by Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University.

  2. Neoliberalism and Justice in Education for Sustainable Development: A Call for Inclusive Pluralism

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kopnina, Helen; Cherniak, Brett

    2016-01-01

    Commonly conceived, sustainable development is concerned with social and economic equity and maintenance of ecological stability for future generations. The Brundtland Report addresses the ethical principles of intragenerational and intergenerational equity as fundamental pillars of sustainable development. This equity is often defined in economic…

  3. Employment Opportunities

    Science.gov Websites

    Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  4. Valuing Equal Protection in Aviation Security Screening.

    PubMed

    Nguyen, Kenneth D; Rosoff, Heather; John, Richard S

    2017-12-01

    The growing number of anti-terrorism policies has elevated public concerns about discrimination. Within the context of airport security screening, the current study examines how American travelers value the principle of equal protection by quantifying the "equity premium" that they are willing to sacrifice to avoid screening procedures that result in differential treatments. In addition, we applied the notion of procedural justice to explore the effect of alternative selective screening procedures on the value of equal protection. Two-hundred and twenty-two respondents were randomly assigned to one of three selective screening procedures: (1) randomly, (2) using behavioral indicators, or (3) based on demographic characteristics. They were asked to choose between airlines using either an equal or a discriminatory screening procedure. While the former requires all passengers to be screened in the same manner, the latter mandates all passengers undergo a quick primary screening and, in addition, some passengers are selected for a secondary screening based on a predetermined selection criterion. Equity premiums were quantified in terms of monetary cost, wait time, convenience, and safety compromise. Results show that equity premiums varied greatly across respondents, with many indicating little willingness to sacrifice to avoid inequitable screening, and a smaller minority willing to sacrifice anything to avoid the discriminatory screening. The selective screening manipulation was effective in that equity premiums were greater under selection by demographic characteristics compared to the other two procedures. © 2017 Society for Risk Analysis.

  5. [Equity issues in health care reform in Argentina].

    PubMed

    Belmartino, Susana

    2002-01-01

    This article analyzes the historical and contemporary development of the Argentine health care system from the viewpoint of equity, a principle which is not explicitly mentioned in the system's founding documents. However, other values can be identified such as universal care, accessibility, and solidarity, which are closely related to equity. Nevertheless, the political dynamics characterizing the development of the country's health care system led to the suppression of more universalistic approaches, with group solidarity the only remaining principle providing structure to the system. The 1980s financial crisis highlighted the relative value of this principle as the basis for an equitable system. The authors illustrate the current situation with data on coverage under the medical social security system.

  6. 17 CFR 240.12b-2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... non-voting common equity held by its non-affiliates of $75 million or more, but less than $700 million... value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by its non-affiliates of $700 million or more, as... issuer's fiscal year for whether a non-accelerated filer becomes an accelerated filer, or whether a non...

  7. 17 CFR 240.12b-2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... non-voting common equity held by its non-affiliates of $75 million or more, but less than $700 million... value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by its non-affiliates of $700 million or more, as... issuer's fiscal year for whether a non-accelerated filer becomes an accelerated filer, or whether a non...

  8. 17 CFR 240.12b-2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... non-voting common equity held by its non-affiliates of $75 million or more, but less than $700 million... value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by its non-affiliates of $700 million or more, as... issuer's fiscal year for whether a non-accelerated filer becomes an accelerated filer, or whether a non...

  9. Foregrounding Issues of Equity and Diversity in Educational Leadership

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Niesche, Richard; Keddie, Amanda

    2011-01-01

    This article documents the leadership practices within one secondary school in Queensland, Australia that uses equity as a central philosophy. Drawing on specific elements of productive leadership as defined by Hayes et al., the article draws attention to how the school's common equity agenda, its supportive social relations, and its dispersed…

  10. 17 CFR 240.10b-10 - Confirmation of transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... transaction in any NMS stock as defined in § 242.600 of this chapter or a security authorized for quotation on... as defined by § 242.600 of this chapter, or an equity security that is traded on a national... may be extended by the issuer thereof, with a variable interest payable thereon; or (B) Is an asset...

  11. 75 FR 18560 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-12

    ... proposes to extend the operation of its Supplemental Liquidity Providers Pilot (``SLP Pilot'' or ``Pilot...) (SR-NYSEAmex-2009-98) (establishing the NYSE Amex Equities SLP Pilot). See also Securities Exchange...) (establishing the SLP Pilot). See also Securities Exchange Act Release No. 59869 (May 6, 2009), 74 FR 22796 (May...

  12. 77 FR 76116 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-26

    ... and cost associated with the Exchange's review of an initial application for listing an equity..., regardless of security type or issuer, the Exchange believes that its costs associated with processing and... higher than the costs associated with other types of securities, such that it is equitable and not...

  13. 77 FR 47140 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-07

    ... Extraordinary Market Volatility, To Extend the Effective Date of the Pilot, Until February 4, 2013 August 1...--Equities, which provides for trading pauses in individual securities due to extraordinary market volatility... securities due to extraordinary market volatility, to extend the effective date of the pilot by which such...

  14. 77 FR 3515 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Instituting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-24

    ... quotations into any inter-dealer quotation system that permits quotation updates on a real-time basis to... particular OTC Equity Security in any inter-dealer quotation system, including any system that the SEC has... Securities in which it displays market making interest via an inter-dealer quotation system.'' See FINRA Rule...

  15. 78 FR 12110 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change, as...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-21

    ... calculated; and (2) stated that quotation and last-sale information for many securities held by the Cambria... causing dissemination of inaccurate market information; or force majeure type events such as systems... purchases and sales. While the Fund will invest in approximately 100 of the top equity securities as...

  16. 76 FR 39457 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-06

    ...% of the investable U.S. equity market. \\10\\ The Russell 3000 Value Index measures the performance of... largest securities based on a combination of their market cap and current index membership. The Russell... approximately 200 of the largest securities based on a combination of their market cap and current index...

  17. 77 FR 5613 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-03

    ... proposed rule change to increase FINRA's Trading Activity Fee (``TAF'') rate for transactions in covered... would amend Section 1 of Schedule A to the FINRA By-Laws to adjust the rate of FINRA's TAF for transactions in Covered Securities that are equity securities.\\4\\ The rules governing the TAF also include a...

  18. Cross-border Portfolio Investment Networks and Indicators for Financial Crises

    PubMed Central

    Joseph, Andreas C.; Joseph, Stephan E.; Chen, Guanrong

    2014-01-01

    Cross-border equity and long-term debt securities portfolio investment networks are analysed from 2002 to 2012, covering the 2008 global financial crisis. They serve as network-proxies for measuring the robustness of the global financial system and the interdependence of financial markets, respectively. Two early-warning indicators for financial crises are identified: First, the algebraic connectivity of the equity securities network, as a measure for structural robustness, drops close to zero already in 2005, while there is an over-representation of high-degree off-shore financial centres among the countries most-related to this observation, suggesting an investigation of such nodes with respect to the structural stability of the global financial system. Second, using a phenomenological model, the edge density of the debt securities network is found to describe, and even forecast, the proliferation of several over-the-counter-traded financial derivatives, most prominently credit default swaps, enabling one to detect potentially dangerous levels of market interdependence and systemic risk. PMID:24510060

  19. Cross-border Portfolio Investment Networks and Indicators for Financial Crises

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Joseph, Andreas C.; Joseph, Stephan E.; Chen, Guanrong

    2014-02-01

    Cross-border equity and long-term debt securities portfolio investment networks are analysed from 2002 to 2012, covering the 2008 global financial crisis. They serve as network-proxies for measuring the robustness of the global financial system and the interdependence of financial markets, respectively. Two early-warning indicators for financial crises are identified: First, the algebraic connectivity of the equity securities network, as a measure for structural robustness, drops close to zero already in 2005, while there is an over-representation of high-degree off-shore financial centres among the countries most-related to this observation, suggesting an investigation of such nodes with respect to the structural stability of the global financial system. Second, using a phenomenological model, the edge density of the debt securities network is found to describe, and even forecast, the proliferation of several over-the-counter-traded financial derivatives, most prominently credit default swaps, enabling one to detect potentially dangerous levels of market interdependence and systemic risk.

  20. Cross-border portfolio investment networks and indicators for financial crises.

    PubMed

    Joseph, Andreas C; Joseph, Stephan E; Chen, Guanrong

    2014-02-10

    Cross-border equity and long-term debt securities portfolio investment networks are analysed from 2002 to 2012, covering the 2008 global financial crisis. They serve as network-proxies for measuring the robustness of the global financial system and the interdependence of financial markets, respectively. Two early-warning indicators for financial crises are identified: First, the algebraic connectivity of the equity securities network, as a measure for structural robustness, drops close to zero already in 2005, while there is an over-representation of high-degree off-shore financial centres among the countries most-related to this observation, suggesting an investigation of such nodes with respect to the structural stability of the global financial system. Second, using a phenomenological model, the edge density of the debt securities network is found to describe, and even forecast, the proliferation of several over-the-counter-traded financial derivatives, most prominently credit default swaps, enabling one to detect potentially dangerous levels of market interdependence and systemic risk.

  1. Home Modifications

    MedlinePlus

    ... income and ability to pay. Public and private financing options may also be available. Sources of support ... Learn more by visiting https://www.ncoa.org/economic-security/home-equity/ . Search for additional resources in ...

  2. Civil Society

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  3. OAS :: Title

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  4. OAS :: Accountability :: Procurement

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  5. OAS :: Office of Protocol

    Science.gov Websites

    Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  6. Racial and ethnic differences in wealth and asset choices.

    PubMed

    Choudhury, S

    White households in the United States are far wealthier than black or Hispanic households, a disparity that remains unexplained even after taking into account income and demographic factors. This article uses data from the Health and Retirement Study to examine various components of aggregate wealth, including housing equity, nonhousing equity, financial assets in general, and risky assets in particular. It inspects asset choices by race and ethnicity and assesses whether differences in saving behavior--and, consequently, in rates of return on assets--are possible sources of the wealth gap. It also demonstrates the equalizing effect of pension wealth and Social Security wealth on total wealth. Racial and ethnic differences in housing equity narrow among households in the higher income quartiles, whereas differences in nonhousing equity generally widen as income increases. The widening gap in nonhousing equity stems from differences in financial asset holdings, particularly risky assets. At every income quartile and educational level, the percentage of black and Hispanic households that own risky, higher-yielding assets in considerably smaller than the percentage of white households. Thus, some of the wealth gap appears to be attributable to differences in saving behavior. Understanding how people save--in particular, knowing whether certain people will be more vulnerable financially because of their saving choices--helps policymakers assess older Americans' financial preparedness for retirement and anticipate their economic well-being thereafter. Lower rates of investment in the financial market will probably result in slower wealth creation in minority households. Recognizing this, some organizations are trying to open opportunities for minority households to invest in the financial market. This is a positive step toward narrowing the wealth divide. Such efforts will become even more critical if Social Security reform places increased responsibility on individuals to manage personal accounts.

  7. 12 CFR 627.2750 - Priority of claims-banks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... expenses incurred for services actually provided by accountants, attorneys, appraisers, examiners, or...) All claims for taxes. (f) All claims of creditors which are secured by specific assets or equities of...

  8. OAS :: Accountability :: Human Resources

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  9. OAS :: Upcoming Live Webcasts

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  10. OAS :: Accountability :: External Audit

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  11. 75 FR 63870 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-18

    .... The proposed rule would allow financial products such as securities index options, index futures, and options on index futures to be included along with the ETF in an equity option's net delta calculation. So... S&P 500 options, S&P 500 futures, options on S&P 500 futures or any other instrument that tracks the...

  12. 76 FR 36604 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-22

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-64692; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2011-37] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending Rules 5.30 and 5.32 To Permit the Exchange To List Flexible Exchange Options on Index and Equity Securities That Are Eligible for...

  13. 76 FR 36598 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-22

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-64693; File No. SR-NYSEAmex-2011-38] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending Rule 903G To Permit the Exchange To List Flexible Exchange Options on Index and Equity Securities That Are Eligible for Non-FLEX Option...

  14. 77 FR 65030 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-24

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68066; File No. SR-NYSEMKT-2012-52] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending Rule 17-- Equities To Add a New Paragraph (c)(3) Addressing the Authority of the Exchange or Archipelago Securities LLC To Cancel Orders...

  15. 77 FR 28919 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change To Amend...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-16

    ... be made in a nondiscriminatory fashion.\\14\\ \\14\\ See NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.45(d)(3). NYSE Arca... Securities will be required to establish and enforce policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to... other things, that the rules of a national securities exchange be designed to prevent fraudulent and...

  16. United States Postal Service Shipping Equity Act

    THOMAS, 113th Congress

    Rep. Speier, Jackie [D-CA-14

    2013-04-24

    House - 06/14/2013 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  17. Trends in Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    School Planning & Management, 2002

    2002-01-01

    Several architects, planners, administrators, and contractors answer questions about trends related to school construction, interior design, business, security, and technology. Trends concern funding issues, specialized designs, planning for safety, technological integration, and equity in services. (EV)

  18. OAS :: SER :: DIA :: Institutional Relations

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  19. 12 CFR 627.2752 - Priority of claims-other Farm Credit institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... services actually provided by accountants, attorneys, appraisers, examiners, or management companies, or... taxes. (f) All claims of creditors which are secured by specific assets or equities of the institution...

  20. 42 CFR 420.201 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... claimed by the entity under any plan or program established under title V of the Social Security Act or...; or (3) A Medicaid fiscal agent. Ownership interest means the possession of equity in the capital, the...

  1. Locality Pay Equity Act of 2011

    THOMAS, 112th Congress

    Sen. Casey, Robert P., Jr. [D-PA

    2011-07-21

    Senate - 07/21/2011 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  2. 10 CFR 15.35 - Payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... are free and clear of liens or security interests, or assets in which the debtor owns an equity, the..., credit card, or money order and should be payable to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission...

  3. OAS :: Accountability :: Program and Project Evaluation Reports

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  4. Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN)

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and

  5. 42 CFR 420.201 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... claimed by the entity under any plan or program established under title V of the Social Security Act or...; or (3) A Medicaid fiscal agent. Ownership interest means the possession of equity in the capital, the...

  6. 76 FR 53511 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-26

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-65184; File No. SR-NYSEAmex-2011-63] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE Amex Equities Rule 17(c)(2)(B) To Make Permanent the Pilot Program that Permits the Exchange To Accept Inbound Orders Routed by Archipelago Securities LLC in...

  7. 77 FR 19401 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-30

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66656; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2012-22] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.45 Adding a New Paragraph (d) That Addresses the Authority of the Exchange or Archipelago Securities LLC To Cancel Orders When a...

  8. 75 FR 34504 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-17

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-62281; File No. SR-NYSEARCA-2010-52] Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change by NYSE Arca US LLC Amending NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.11 To Set Forth How the Exchange Will Handle Order Flow During a Trading Pause for a Security Listed on...

  9. Law Enforcement Officers Retirement Equity Act of 2013

    THOMAS, 113th Congress

    Sen. Mikulski, Barbara A. [D-MD

    2013-06-18

    Senate - 06/18/2013 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  10. Law Enforcement Officers Retirement Equity Act of 2010

    THOMAS, 111th Congress

    Sen. Mikulski, Barbara A. [D-MD

    2010-11-15

    Senate - 11/15/2010 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  11. Law Enforcement Officers Retirement Equity Act of 2011

    THOMAS, 112th Congress

    Sen. Mikulski, Barbara A. [D-MD

    2011-05-12

    Senate - 05/12/2011 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  12. Retirement Equity for Pentagon Police Heroes Act of 2011

    THOMAS, 112th Congress

    Sen. Akaka, Daniel K. [D-HI

    2011-09-12

    Senate - 09/12/2011 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  13. [Deregulation and equity: the Obras Sociales reconversion process in Argentina].

    PubMed

    Findling, Liliana; Arrunada, María; Klimovsky, Ezequiel

    2002-01-01

    The health care services managed by trade unions and known as "Obras Sociales" form the groundwork for Argentina's Social Security and Health system. However, far from taking an equitable approach, these institutions highlight the country's prevailing income disparities, which in turn lead to major differences in access to care. The main focus of this study was the reformulation of social security health policies within the framework of deregulation from 1998 to 2000, analyzing the effects on availability of health care services from an equity perspective. The methodology used two related analytical levels: (1) a macro level viewing the process from the various players' strategies and (2) a micro level featuring the changes within a well-known trade union social security organization during its reconversion process, emphasizing its institutional scope and the opinions of its membership. The results thus pointed to the slow implementation of reforms initiated by the public sector, hindered by constant negotiations among the main corporate actors seeking to serve their particular interests, along with increased inequity and fragmentation due to the limited opening of free choice by members.

  14. PV Project Finance in the United States, 2016

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Feldman, David; Lowder, Travis; Schwabe, Paul

    This brief is a compilation of data points and market insights that reflect the state of the project finance market for solar photovoltaic (PV) assets in the United States as of the third quarter of 2016. This information can generally be used as a simplified benchmark of the costs associated with securing financing for solar PV as well as the cost of the financing itself (i.e., the cost of capital). Three sources of capital are considered -- tax equity, sponsor equity, and debt -- across three segments of the PV marketplace.

  15. Public social monitoring reports and their effect on a policy programme aimed at addressing the social determinants of health to improve health equity in New Zealand.

    PubMed

    Pega, Frank; Valentine, Nicole B; Matheson, Don; Rasanathan, Kumanan

    2014-01-01

    The important role that monitoring plays in advancing global health is well established. However, the role of social monitoring as a tool for addressing social determinants of health (SDH) and health equity-focused policies remains under-researched. This paper assesses the extent and ways in which New Zealand's (NZ) Social Reports (SRs) supported a SDH- and health equity-oriented policy programme nationally over the 2000-2008 period by documenting the SRs' history and assessing its impact on policies across sectors in government and civil society. We conducted key-informant interviews with five senior policy-makers and an e-mail survey with 24 government and civil society representatives on SRs' history and policy impact. We identified common themes across these data and classified them accordingly to assess the intensity of the reports' use and their impact on SDH- and health equity-focused policies. Bibliometric analyses of government publications and media items were undertaken to empirically assess SRs' impact on government and civil society. SRs in NZ arose out of the role played by government as the "benevolent social welfare planner" and an understanding of the necessity of economic and social security for "progress". The SRs were linked to establishing a government-wide programme aimed at reducing inequalities. They have been used moderately to highly in central and local government and in civil society, both within and outside the health sector, but have neither entered public treasury and economic development departments nor the commercial sector. The SRs have not reached the more universal status of economic indicators. However, they have had some success at raising awareness of, and have stimulated isolated action on, SDH. The NZ case suggests that national-level social monitoring provides a valuable tool for raising awareness of SDH across government and civil society. A number of strategies could improve social reports' effectiveness in stimulating action on SDH. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. Rethinking Leadership and Whole of Government National Security Reform: Problems, Progress, and Prospects

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-05-01

    functional organiza- tions that control policy implementation. Although the National Security Advisor ( NSA ) is institutionally positioned to promote...directions substantially affect their orga- nizational equities. Former NSA Zbigniew Brzezinski observed that: 38 Integration is needed, but this cannot...cooperative structures that benefit most of the people most of the time. Neurosci - ence is beginning to show us that the “will to power” may have a

  17. Understanding transformations in agriculture in south India through the quantification of productivity, equity, and resilience

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Penny, G.; Srinivasan, V.; Thompson, S. E.

    2017-12-01

    Rapid acceleration of human-water interactions have been identified in many regions of the world, often resulting in reduced water security. In the Arkavathy watershed adjacent to Bangalore, India, environmental and human systems have collectively experienced major transformations since the initiation of sustainable agriculture near the beginning of the Holocene. We reconstruct a narrative history of water security in the Arkavathy, focusing on quantitative metrics of productivity, equity, and resilience. Over this time period, the system can be separated into multiple distinct eras characterized by the dominant practices of agriculture and water management, including the unmanaged (natural) plant ecology of the region, followed by subsistence farming, tank irrigation, construction of large reservoirs, groundwater depletion, and decentralized adaptation. Each of these eras was initiated by a combination of external drivers (e.g., climate, technology) and internal drivers (e.g., demand for food and water). The last fifty years have been characterized by rapid increase in productivity largely sustained by expansion of groundwater irrigation and increasing demand from the rapidly urbanizing Bangalore. Equity initially increased with the introduction of groundwater irrigation and the increased access to irrigation supply. As the water table declined and groundwater irrigation became less affordable, resilience of the system decreased and was followed by a decrease in equity and productivity, with wealthier farmers reaping the benefits and poorer farmers unable to afford access to groundwater. Absent meaningful changes to water rights policy, the system appears to be trending towards a new, undesirable equilibrium characterized by high inequality, moderate productivity (concentrated among the wealthiest farmers), and low resilience.

  18. Examining Equity Sensitivity: An Investigation Using the Big Five and HEXACO Models of Personality.

    PubMed

    Woodley, Hayden J R; Bourdage, Joshua S; Ogunfowora, Babatunde; Nguyen, Brenda

    2015-01-01

    The construct of equity sensitivity describes an individual's preference about his/her desired input to outcome ratio. Individuals high on equity sensitivity tend to be more input oriented, and are often called "Benevolents." Individuals low on equity sensitivity are more outcome oriented, and are described as "Entitleds." Given that equity sensitivity has often been described as a trait, the purpose of the present study was to examine major personality correlates of equity sensitivity, so as to inform both the nature of equity sensitivity, and the potential processes through which certain broad personality traits may relate to outcomes. We examined the personality correlates of equity sensitivity across three studies (total N = 1170), two personality models (i.e., the Big Five and HEXACO), the two most common measures of equity sensitivity (i.e., the Equity Preference Questionnaire and Equity Sensitivity Inventory), and using both self and peer reports of personality (in Study 3). Although results varied somewhat across samples, the personality variables of Conscientiousness and Honesty-Humility, followed by Agreeableness, were the most robust predictors of equity sensitivity. Individuals higher on these traits were more likely to be Benevolents, whereas those lower on these traits were more likely to be Entitleds. Although some associations between Extraversion, Openness, and Neuroticism and equity sensitivity were observed, these were generally not robust. Overall, it appears that there are several prominent personality variables underlying equity sensitivity, and that the addition of the HEXACO model's dimension of Honesty-Humility substantially contributes to our understanding of equity sensitivity.

  19. Examining Equity Sensitivity: An Investigation Using the Big Five and HEXACO Models of Personality

    PubMed Central

    Woodley, Hayden J. R.; Bourdage, Joshua S.; Ogunfowora, Babatunde; Nguyen, Brenda

    2016-01-01

    The construct of equity sensitivity describes an individual's preference about his/her desired input to outcome ratio. Individuals high on equity sensitivity tend to be more input oriented, and are often called “Benevolents.” Individuals low on equity sensitivity are more outcome oriented, and are described as “Entitleds.” Given that equity sensitivity has often been described as a trait, the purpose of the present study was to examine major personality correlates of equity sensitivity, so as to inform both the nature of equity sensitivity, and the potential processes through which certain broad personality traits may relate to outcomes. We examined the personality correlates of equity sensitivity across three studies (total N = 1170), two personality models (i.e., the Big Five and HEXACO), the two most common measures of equity sensitivity (i.e., the Equity Preference Questionnaire and Equity Sensitivity Inventory), and using both self and peer reports of personality (in Study 3). Although results varied somewhat across samples, the personality variables of Conscientiousness and Honesty-Humility, followed by Agreeableness, were the most robust predictors of equity sensitivity. Individuals higher on these traits were more likely to be Benevolents, whereas those lower on these traits were more likely to be Entitleds. Although some associations between Extraversion, Openness, and Neuroticism and equity sensitivity were observed, these were generally not robust. Overall, it appears that there are several prominent personality variables underlying equity sensitivity, and that the addition of the HEXACO model's dimension of Honesty-Humility substantially contributes to our understanding of equity sensitivity. PMID:26779102

  20. [Health and justice in Germany].

    PubMed

    Rosenbrock, R

    2007-12-01

    "What do we owe each other?" Variously grounded postulates and theories of social justice try to answer this question with regard to health. Equality of opportunity is widely acclaimed and in Germany also anchored in social security laws. From the perspective of equal opportunity, the author examines the state of affairs and the perspectives of equity in health. Although the deficiencies with regard to access and quality of health care are significant, but relatively moderate, they present serious threats to equity and fairness for the future. Regarding non-medical primary prevention, the reduction of inequality in health has barely begun. The largest obstacles to equity in health are to be found in the distribution and dynamics of opportunities for education, work and income. One of the tasks of public health professionals is to place the health consequences of existing policies on the political agenda.

  1. 12 CFR 998.1 - Purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... institutions who raise funds in the global debt markets. ... EQUITY SECURITIES § 998.1 Purpose. The purposes of this part are to enhance the quality of the financial... disclosures from Bank to Bank, to provide a greater degree of transparency regarding the financial condition...

  2. Transitional Justice and National Reconciliation

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-01-01

    reform of the state “security services” requires the reform of the army, police, judiciary, customs, immigration control, intelligence services, and...Committee in South Africa, the Equity and Reconciliation Committee in Morocco, and similar entities in Chile and Peru. 3. Achieving community dialogue

  3. Abraham Guillen: A Relevant Theory for Contemporary Guerrilla Warfare

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-05-23

    cannot win popular support in the struggle against a dehumanized tyranny.”60 56 Guillén...equity, liberty and security, cannot win popular support in the struggle against a dehumanized tyranny.”105 Throughout his writing, Guillén

  4. 77 FR 38125 - Emergence Capital Partners SBIC, L.P.; Notice Seeking Exemption Under Section 312 of the Small...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-26

    .../equity security financing to Fox Run Holdings, Inc., 1907 Stout Drive, Warminster, PA 18974 (``Fox Run... of Fox Run, and therefore this transaction is considered a financing of an Associate requiring prior...

  5. The relationship between demographic characteristics and motivational factors in the employees of social security hospitals in Mazandaran.

    PubMed

    Heidarian, Ali Reza; Jafari Kelarijani, Seyed Ebrahim; Jamshidi, Reza; Khorshidi, Mohamad

    2015-01-01

    Health worker motivation has the potential to have a large impact on health system performance, and this depends on some factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting this motivation. From Winter 2013 to Spring 2014, 1046 employees and physicians (439 males and 607 females) with a mean age of 36 and 37.2 years in men and women, respectively were chosen in selected hospitals of Social Security Organization (SSO). They were randomly categorized into six different classes of service record, age education class of hiring (permanent and contractual), marital status, and gender. The variables assessed via the classification groups were as follows: interpersonal relations, working conditions, equity, pay, job security, supervision, advancement, recognition, responsibility, and attractiveness of job, educational and organizational policies. Bachelor's degree (65%) or higher were the education degrees of most participants. Significant relations were observed regarding age, marital status, hiring, gender and years of service with promotion, recognition, responsibility, attractiveness of job, education, relations, working condition, equity, salary, job security, supervision and organizational policies. There were significant relations with hire status and degree with advancement and other variables. There were significant relations between marital status, gender, years of service and age with the above variables. The results show that the important variables that influence motivational factors are academic degree, hire status, marital status, gender, age and years of service.

  6. Urban Green Space and the Pursuit of Health Equity in Parts of the United States.

    PubMed

    Jennings, Viniece; Baptiste, April Karen; Osborne Jelks, Na'Taki; Skeete, Renée

    2017-11-22

    Research has demonstrated that inequitable access to green space can relate to health disparities or inequalities. This commentary aims to shift the dialogue to initiatives that have integrated green spaces in projects that may promote health equity in the United States. Specifically, we connect this topic to factors such as community revitalization, affordable housing, neighborhood walkability, food security, job creation, and youth engagement. We provide a synopsis of locations and initiatives in different phases of development along with characteristics to support effectiveness and strategies to overcome challenges. The projects cover locations such as Atlanta (GA), Los Angeles (CA), the District of Columbia (Washington D.C.), South Bronx (NY), and Utica (NY). Such insight can develop our understanding of green space projects that support health equity and inform the dialogue on this topic in ways that advance research and advocacy.

  7. Urban Green Space and the Pursuit of Health Equity in Parts of the United States

    PubMed Central

    Jennings, Viniece; Baptiste, April Karen; Osborne Jelks, Na’Taki; Skeete, Renée

    2017-01-01

    Research has demonstrated that inequitable access to green space can relate to health disparities or inequalities. This commentary aims to shift the dialogue to initiatives that have integrated green spaces in projects that may promote health equity in the United States. Specifically, we connect this topic to factors such as community revitalization, affordable housing, neighborhood walkability, food security, job creation, and youth engagement. We provide a synopsis of locations and initiatives in different phases of development along with characteristics to support effectiveness and strategies to overcome challenges. The projects cover locations such as Atlanta (GA), Los Angeles (CA), the District of Columbia (Washington D.C.), South Bronx (NY), and Utica (NY). Such insight can develop our understanding of green space projects that support health equity and inform the dialogue on this topic in ways that advance research and advocacy. PMID:29165367

  8. Some thoughts on estimating the cost of common equity for a regulated business

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Malko, J. Robert; Swensen, Philip R.; Monteleone, Joseph A.

    2007-06-15

    While mathematical models are useful in establishing a zone of reasonableness for a determination of allowed return on equity, it is important to consider the results of several models. Also key is to consider whether the analysis appropriately reflects longer-term market conditions. (author)

  9. 17 CFR 229.505 - (Item 505) Determination of offering price.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 1934 AND ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT OF 1975-REGULATION S-K Registration Statement and... equity is being registered for which there is no established public trading market for purposes of... the offering price of the common equity being registered and the market price of outstanding shares of...

  10. 45 CFR 30.18 - Interest, penalties, and administrative costs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... equity and good conscience. (2) The Secretary also may waive interest, penalties, and administrative... determination by the Secretary that collection of these charges is: (A) Against equity and good conscience; or... consideration of waiver if statute prohibits collection of the debt during this period. (i) Common law or other...

  11. Toward a research and action agenda on urban planning/design and health equity in cities in low and middle-income countries.

    PubMed

    Smit, Warren; Hancock, Trevor; Kumaresen, Jacob; Santos-Burgoa, Carlos; Sánchez-Kobashi Meneses, Raúl; Friel, Sharon

    2011-10-01

    The importance of reestablishing the link between urban planning and public health has been recognized in recent decades; this paper focuses on the relationship between urban planning/design and health equity, especially in cities in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The physical urban environment can be shaped through various planning and design processes including urban planning, urban design, landscape architecture, infrastructure design, architecture, and transport planning. The resultant urban environment has important impacts on the health of the people who live and work there. Urban planning and design processes can also affect health equity through shaping the extent to which the physical urban environments of different parts of cities facilitate the availability of adequate housing and basic infrastructure, equitable access to the other benefits of urban life, a safe living environment, a healthy natural environment, food security and healthy nutrition, and an urban environment conducive to outdoor physical activity. A new research and action agenda for the urban environment and health equity in LMICs should consist of four main components. We need to better understand intra-urban health inequities in LMICs; we need to better understand how changes in the built environment in LMICs affect health equity; we need to explore ways of successfully planning, designing, and implementing improved health/health equity; and we need to develop evidence-based recommendations for healthy urban planning/design in LMICs.

  12. 78 FR 26727 - Pension Benefit Statements

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-08

    ... Consensus Estimate for the Equity Premium by Academic Financial Economists in December 2008, Social Sciences... Labor Statistics. Furthermore, the trustees of the Social Security Trust Fund assume that cost of living... either monthly or annual payments. The second method is the annuitization approach. This approach, for...

  13. 12 CFR 347.102 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... of business transaction. (f) Equity security means voting or nonvoting shares, stock, investment... extent in the regular course of its business; and (3) Has the power to accept demand deposits. (i...) Foreign branch means an office or place of business located outside the United States, its territories...

  14. [The latest reform of the Colombian healthcare-related social security system].

    PubMed

    Franco-Giraldo, Álvaro

    2012-10-01

    This essay was aimed at exploring and analysing the challenges and opportunities arising from reforming Colombian law 1438/2011 dealing with the healthcare-related social security system. Some outstanding issues from the reform introduced by Law 100/1993 were reviewed and then compared to the 2011 regulations; they were also contrasted (in market model conditions) with some public health strategies which were inoperative during the reform stage. This second reform phase was discussed in relation to the scope of the right to health, access and overall equity. Progress regarding important issues such as benefit package equalisation, primary healthcare attention, integrated healthcare service networks was recognised; however, its failure to change core aspects of the system was discussed, i.e. financial sustainability and the economic rationale imposed on the aforementioned strategies which curtailed its responsiveness to keep the model introduced by law 100/1993 intact. The crucial points necessary for major structural reform of the Colombian healthcare system based on the right to health and equity were then outlined.

  15. Equity in access to health care provision under the medicare security for small scale entrepreneurs in Dar es Salaam.

    PubMed

    Urassa, J A E

    2012-03-01

    The main objective of this study was to assess equity in access to health care provision under the Medicare Security for Small Scale Entrepreneurs (SSE). Methodological triangulation was used to an exploratory and randomized cross- sectional study in order to supplement information on the topic under investigation. Questionnaires were administered to 281 respondents and 6 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held with males and females. Documentary review was also used. For quantitative aspect of the study, significant associations were measured using confidence intervals (95% CI) testing. Qualitative data were analyzed with assistance of Open code software. The results show that inequalities in access to health care services were found in respect to affordability of medical care costs, distance from home to health facilities, availability of drugs as well as medical equipments and supplies. As the result of existing inequalities some of clients were not satisfied with the provided health services. The study concludes by drawing policy and research implications of the findings.

  16. Post-conflict health reconstruction: search for a policy.

    PubMed

    Rubenstein, Leonard S

    2011-10-01

    Despite increasing experience in health reconstruction in societies emerging from conflict, the policy basis for investing in the development of equitable and effective health systems in the wake of war remains unsettled. Consideration of post-conflict health reconstruction is almost entirely absent in donor policies on global health. Practically by default, health programmes are seen increasingly as an element of stabilisation and security interventions in the aftermath of armed conflict. That perspective, however, lacks an evidence base and can skew health programmes towards short-term security and stabilisation goals that have a marginal impact and violate the principles of equity, non-discrimination, and quality, which are central to sound health systems and public acceptance of them. A better approach is to ground policy in legitimacy, viewing health both as a core social institution and one that, if developed according to human rights principles, including equity, non-discrimination, participation and accountability, can advance the effectiveness and the quality of governance in the emerging state. © 2011 The Author(s). Disasters © Overseas Development Institute, 2011.

  17. Climate smart agriculture, farm household typologies and food security: An ex-ante assessment from Eastern India.

    PubMed

    Lopez-Ridaura, Santiago; Frelat, Romain; van Wijk, Mark T; Valbuena, Diego; Krupnik, Timothy J; Jat, M L

    2018-01-01

    One of the great challenges in agricultural development and sustainable intensification is the assurance of social equity in food security oriented interventions. Development practitioners, researchers, and policy makers alike could benefit from prior insight into what interventions or environmental shocks might differentially affect farmers' food security status, in order to move towards more informed and equitable development. We examined the food security status and livelihood activities of 269 smallholder farm households (HHs) in Bihar, India. Proceeding with a four-step analysis, we first applied a multivariate statistical methodology to differentiate five primary farming system types. We next applied an indicator of food security in the form of HH potential food availability (PFA), and examined the contribution of crop, livestock, and on- and off-farm income generation to PFA within each farm HH type. Lastly, we applied scenario analysis to examine the potential impact of the adoption of 'climate smart' agricultural (CSA) practices in the form of conservation agriculture (CA) and improved livestock husbandry, and environmental shocks on HH PFA. Our results indicate that compared to livestock interventions, CA may hold considerable potential to boost HH PFA, though primarily for wealthier and medium-scale cereal farmers. These farm HH types were however considerably more vulnerable to food insecurity risks resulting from simulated drought, while part-time farmers and resource-poor agricultural laborers generating income from off-farm pursuits were comparatively less vulnerable, due in part to their more diversified income sources and potential to migrate in search of work. Our results underscore the importance of prior planning for development initiatives aimed at increasing smallholder food security while maintaining social equity, while providing a robust methodology to vet the implications of agricultural interventions on an ex ante basis.

  18. How does India’s Energy Security Affect her National Security?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-12-01

    these are referred to as biogases . Sources of biogas include swamps, marshes, and landfills  as well as sewage sludge and manure by way of anaerobic...along with the acquisition of equity shares in oil and gas reserves overseas.6 The two most attractive sources of energy for India are Iran and the...jointly bidding for oil exploration rights in some regions like Africa and Siberia. On the other hand, the same two companies have bid against each

  19. 38 CFR 36.4209 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... and Department of Veterans Affairs regulations. (A) If the assumption is approved and the transfer of... of the executed deed, bill of sale, transfer of equity agreement, and/or assumption agreement as... disapproval decision. If the application for assumption is approved and the transfer of the security is...

  20. 7 CFR 662.1 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General. 662.1 Section 662.1 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF... use to implement the Regional Equity provision of the Food Security Act of 1985, 16 U.S.C. 3841(d). ...

  1. 13 CFR 107.1500 - General description of Participating Securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... in Equity Capital Investments, as defined in § 107.50. (c) Special features of Participating... SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES SBA Financial Assistance for Licensees (Leverage) Participating... rules on: (1) Minimum capital (see § 107.210). (2) Liquidity (see § 107.1505). (3) Non-SBA borrowing...

  2. 8 CFR 245a.21 - Confidentiality.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Confidentiality. 245a.21 Section 245a.21 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization Provisions § 245a.21...

  3. 8 CFR 245a.21 - Confidentiality.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Confidentiality. 245a.21 Section 245a.21 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization Provisions § 245a.21...

  4. 8 CFR 245a.21 - Confidentiality.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Confidentiality. 245a.21 Section 245a.21 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization Provisions § 245a.21...

  5. 26 CFR 1.1092(c)-4 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Exchange Act Release No. 34-36841 (Feb. 21, 1996); or (ii) Self-Regulatory Organizations; Order Approving... 27, 1996); or (iii) Self-Regulatory Organizations; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change and Notice of... equity option— (1) That is described in any of the following Securities Exchange Act Releases— (i) Self...

  6. 78 FR 28904 - CPG Carlyle Private Equity Fund, LLC, et al.; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-16

    ... shareholder reports); and Disclosure of Breakpoint Discounts by Mutual Funds, Investment Company Act Release... of Sale Disclosure Requirements for Transactions in Certain Mutual Funds and Other Securities, and Other Confirmation Requirement Amendments, and Amendments to the Registration Form for Mutual Funds...

  7. 13 CFR 107.850 - Restrictions on redemption of Equity Securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Financing of Small Businesses by Licensees Structuring Licensee's Financing of An Eligible Small Business: Terms and Conditions of Financing § 107.850 Restrictions on... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Restrictions on redemption of...

  8. 14 CFR Section 03 - Definitions for Purposes of This System of Accounts and Reports

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... equipment, land, structures, and other tangible property; extensions of fuel, water, and oil distribution equipment; additions to buildings and other structures; and additional safety devices applied to equipment.... Equipment. Tangible property other than land, structures, and improvements. Equity security. Any instrument...

  9. 76 FR 75920 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-05

    ... (1,230 blackout period x 5 notices x 5 minutes) for a total reporting burden of 512 hours. The... Management and Budget for extension and approval. Regulation Blackout Trade Restriction (``Regulation BTR..., selling or otherwise acquiring or transferring any equity security of the issuer during any blackout...

  10. What Are the Professional, Political, and Ethical Challenges of Co-Creating Health Care Systems?

    PubMed

    Singh, Guddi; Owens, John; Cribb, Alan

    2017-11-01

    Co-creation is seen by many as a means of meeting the multiple challenges facing contemporary health care systems by involving institutions, professionals, patients, and stakeholders in new roles, relationships, and collaborative practices. While co-creation has the potential to positively transform health care systems, it generates a number of political and ethical challenges that should not be overlooked. We suggest that those involved in envisioning and implementing co-creation initiatives pay close attention to significant questions of equity, power, and justice and to the fundamental challenge of securing a common vision of the aims of and agendas for health care systems. While such initiatives present significant opportunities for improvement, they need to be viewed in light of their accompanying professional, political, and ethical challenges. © 2017 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.

  11. 12 CFR 362.3 - Activities of insured State banks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... State Banks § 362.3 Activities of insured State banks. (a) Equity investments—(1) Prohibited equity...) Grandfathered investments in common or preferred stock; shares of investment companies. (A) General. An insured... investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq.) (registered...

  12. Issues of Power, Masculinity, and Gender Justice: Sally's Story of Teaching Boys

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Keddie, Amanda

    2007-01-01

    Despite calls for a more nuanced approach to issues of gender and equity that recognizes how broader relations of gender and power continue to produce injustices for many females, essentialized accounts expressing concern about boys' poor educational performance remain the most common refrain in dominant equity discourses across Western contexts.…

  13. Global Equity Gauge Alliance: reflections on early experiences.

    PubMed

    McCoy, David; Bambas, Lexi; Acurio, David; Baya, Banza; Bhuiya, Abbas; Chowdhury, A Mushtaque R; Grisurapong, Siriwan; Liu, Yuanli; Ngom, Pierre; Ngulube, Thabale J; Ntuli, Antoinette; Sanders, David; Vega, Jeanette; Shukla, Abhay; Braveman, Paula A

    2003-09-01

    The paper traces the evolution and working of the Global Equity Gauge Alliance (GEGA) and its efforts to promote health equity. GEGA places health equity squarely within a larger framework of social justice, linking findings on socioeconomic and health inequalities with differentials in power, wealth, and prestige in society. The Alliance's 11 country-level partners, called Equity Gauges, share a common action-based vision and framework called the Equity Gauge Strategy. An Equity Gauge seeks to reduce health inequities through three broad spheres of action, referred to as the 'pillars' of the Equity Gauge Strategy, which define a set of interconnected and overlapping actions. Measuring and tracking the inequalities and interpreting their ethical import are pursued through the Assessment and Monitoring pillar. This information provides an evidence base that can be used in strategic ways for influencing policy-makers through actions in the Advocacy pillar and for supporting grassroots groups and civil society through actions in the Community Empowerment pillar. The paper provides examples of strategies for promoting pro-equity policy and social change and reviews experiences and lessons, both in terms of technical success of interventions and in relation to the conceptual development and refinement of the Equity Gauge Strategy and overall direction of the Alliance. To become most effective in furthering health equity at both national and global levels, the Alliance must now reach out to and involve a wider range of organizations, groups, and actors at both national and international levels. Sustainability of this promising experiment depends, in part, on adequate resources but also on the ability to attract and develop talented leadership.

  14. 77 FR 65917 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The Options Clearing Corporation; Order Granting Accelerated...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-31

    ... Organizations; The Options Clearing Corporation; Order Granting Accelerated Approval of Proposed Rule Change To Accommodate Equity Options That Have a Unit of Trading of 10 Shares October 25, 2012. I. Introduction On September 12, 2012, the Options Clearing Corporation (``OCC'') filed with the Securities and Exchange...

  15. 77 FR 76326 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To List...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-27

    ... sold at a deep discount to their face value. Pay-in-kind securities pay interest through the issuance...) NYSE Arca Equities Rule 9.2(a), which imposes a duty of due diligence on its ETP Holders to learn the...

  16. 12 CFR 567.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... assets means: (1) A savings association's total assets as that term is defined in this section; (2) Plus... advances as defined in this section are not direct credit substitutes; (7) Clean-up calls on third party...) The term equity securities does not include investments in a subsidiary as that term is defined in...

  17. 76 FR 81793 - Net Worth Standard for Accredited Investors

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-29

    ... the information requirements of Rule 502(b) if sales are made only to accredited investors; and sales... incurred by the investor is the most appropriate value to use in determining accredited investor status... practice of advising investors to use equity in their primary residence to purchase securities less...

  18. Demystifying Organizational Transformation: A Poetical Look at "Tomorrow's Schools".

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mitchell, Brad; Varner, Donna

    It is widely assumed that empowerment represents the organizational transformation strategy to help schools fulfill a broad array of announced goals, such as academic excellence, economic prosperity, military security, and social equity. This paper directs a demystifying light on the rhetoric and rationality of organizational transformation theory…

  19. 76 FR 60567 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-29

    ...-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Create an Exemption From Certain Reporting Obligations Under the Equity Trade Reporting Rules... September 16, 2011, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (``FINRA'') filed with the Securities...

  20. 1973 Rural Manpower Report. [North Dakota]. ES-225F.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    North Dakota State Employment Security Bureau, Bismarck. Employment Service Div.

    The Rural Manpower Service's objective is to provide the State's rural people "equity of access" to all programs administered by the North Dakota Employment Security Bureau. It provides services to agriculture, business, government, and workers in meeting their employment and manpower needs. Functional supervision and direction to the…

  1. 17 CFR 242.204 - Close-out requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... clearing agency in any equity security that is attributable to bona fide market making activities by a registered market maker, options market maker, or other market maker obligated to quote in the over-the-counter market, the participant shall by no later than the beginning of regular trading hours on the third...

  2. 17 CFR 242.204 - Close-out requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... clearing agency in any equity security that is attributable to bona fide market making activities by a registered market maker, options market maker, or other market maker obligated to quote in the over-the-counter market, the participant shall by no later than the beginning of regular trading hours on the third...

  3. 17 CFR 242.204 - Close-out requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... clearing agency in any equity security that is attributable to bona fide market making activities by a registered market maker, options market maker, or other market maker obligated to quote in the over-the-counter market, the participant shall by no later than the beginning of regular trading hours on the third...

  4. 17 CFR 242.204 - Close-out requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... clearing agency in any equity security that is attributable to bona fide market making activities by a registered market maker, options market maker, or other market maker obligated to quote in the over-the-counter market, the participant shall by no later than the beginning of regular trading hours on the third...

  5. 17 CFR 242.204 - Close-out requirement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... clearing agency in any equity security that is attributable to bona fide market making activities by a registered market maker, options market maker, or other market maker obligated to quote in the over-the-counter market, the participant shall by no later than the beginning of regular trading hours on the third...

  6. 8 CFR 245a.17 - Citizenship skills.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Citizenship skills. 245a.17 Section 245a.17 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization Provisions § 245a.17...

  7. 8 CFR 245a.17 - Citizenship skills.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Citizenship skills. 245a.17 Section 245a.17 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization Provisions § 245a.17...

  8. 8 CFR 245a.17 - Citizenship skills.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Citizenship skills. 245a.17 Section 245a.17 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization Provisions § 245a.17...

  9. 8 CFR 245a.23-245a.29 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false [Reserved] 245a.23-245a.29 Section 245a.23-245a.29 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF... OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization...

  10. 8 CFR 245a.23-245a.29 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false [Reserved] 245a.23-245a.29 Section 245a.23-245a.29 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF... OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization...

  11. 12 CFR 998.3 - Reservation of authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reservation of authority. 998.3 Section 998.3 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK DISCLOSURES REGISTRATION OF FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK EQUITY SECURITIES § 998.3 Reservation of authority. The requirements of this part...

  12. 31 CFR 226.4 - Adequacy of security-how computed.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... TREASURY TAX AND LOAN DEPOSITARIES § 226.4 Adequacy of security—how computed. (a) In qualifying Insurance... the value of such assets may be deducted from equity in making the computation. The Secretary of the Treasury may value the assets and liabilities in his discretion. (c) An Insurance Organization's...

  13. 31 CFR 226.4 - Adequacy of security-how computed.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... TREASURY TAX AND LOAN DEPOSITARIES § 226.4 Adequacy of security—how computed. (a) In qualifying Insurance... the value of such assets may be deducted from equity in making the computation. The Secretary of the Treasury may value the assets and liabilities in his discretion. (c) An Insurance Organization's...

  14. 31 CFR 226.4 - Adequacy of security-how computed.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... TREASURY TAX AND LOAN DEPOSITARIES § 226.4 Adequacy of security—how computed. (a) In qualifying Insurance... the value of such assets may be deducted from equity in making the computation. The Secretary of the Treasury may value the assets and liabilities in his discretion. (c) An Insurance Organization's...

  15. 31 CFR 226.4 - Adequacy of security-how computed.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... TREASURY TAX AND LOAN DEPOSITARIES § 226.4 Adequacy of security—how computed. (a) In qualifying Insurance... the value of such assets may be deducted from equity in making the computation. The Secretary of the Treasury may value the assets and liabilities in his discretion. (c) An Insurance Organization's...

  16. 31 CFR 226.4 - Adequacy of security-how computed.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... TREASURY TAX AND LOAN DEPOSITARIES § 226.4 Adequacy of security—how computed. (a) In qualifying Insurance... the value of such assets may be deducted from equity in making the computation. The Secretary of the Treasury may value the assets and liabilities in his discretion. (c) An Insurance Organization's...

  17. OAS :: SEDI :: Department of Sustainable Development

    Science.gov Websites

    Disarmament Drugs E e-Government Education Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Management Public Security R Racism and Intolerance Refugees S Scholarships School of Governance Science and Back to SEDI Programmatic Areas Sustainable Energy Environmental Law, Policy and Good Governance Risk

  18. 17 CFR 245.100 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... BLACKOUT TRADING RESTRICTION § 245.100 Definitions. As used in Regulation BTR (§§ 245.100 through 245.104... blackout period: (1) With respect to the equity securities of any issuer (other than a foreign private... temporary suspension exceeds 15% of the total number of employees of the issuer and its consolidated...

  19. 75 FR 3593 - Concept Release on Equity Market Structure

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-21

    ..., market data linkages, and undisplayed, or ``dark,'' liquidity. The Commission intends to use the public's... Centers 1. Registered Exchanges 2. ECNs 3. Dark Pools 4. Broker-Dealer Internalization B. Linkages 1... Handling Rules Release''). \\3\\ See, e.g., In the Matter of National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc...

  20. The Role of Advocacy in Shaping Immigrant Education: A California Case Study

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Olsen, Laurie

    2009-01-01

    Background Context: Throughout United States history, immigrant education has been shaped and defined by political struggles over immigration, language rights, national security, and educational equity and access. Bilingual education has become the contemporary battleground for these struggles. In 1996, in California, a struggle ensued between…

  1. Strategies for promoting equity: experience with community financing in three African countries.

    PubMed

    Gilson, L; Kalyalya, D; Kuchler, F; Lake, S; Oranga, H; Ouendo, M

    2001-10-01

    Although the need for a pro-poor health reform agenda in low and middle income countries is increasingly clear, implementing such policy change is always difficult. This paper seeks to contribute to thinking about how to take forward such an agenda by reflection on the community financing activities of the UNICEF/WHO Bamako Initiative. It presents findings from a three-country study, undertaken in Benin, Kenya and Zambia in 1994/95, which was initiated in order to better understand the nature of the equity impact of community financing activities as well as the factors underlying this impact. The sustained relative affordability gains achieved in Benin emphasise the importance of ensuring that financing change is used as a policy lever for strengthening health service management in support of quality of care improvements. All countries, however, failed in protecting the most poor from the burden of payment, benefiting this group preferentially and ensuring that their views were heard in decision-making. Tackling these problems requires, amongst other things, an appropriate balance between central and local-level decision-making as well as the creation of local decision-making structures which have representation from civil society groups that can voice the needs of the most poor. Leadership, strategy and tactics are also always important in securing any kind of equity gain-such as establishing equity goals to drive implementation. In the experiences examined, the dominance of the goal of financial sustainability contributed to their equity failures. Further research is required to understand what equity goals communities themselves would prefer to guide financing policy.

  2. The relationship between demographic characteristics and motivational factors in the employees of social security hospitals in Mazandaran

    PubMed Central

    Heidarian, Ali Reza; Jafari Kelarijani, Seyed Ebrahim; Jamshidi, Reza; Khorshidi, Mohamad

    2015-01-01

    Background: Health worker motivation has the potential to have a large impact on health system performance, and this depends on some factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting this motivation. Methods: From Winter 2013 to Spring 2014, 1046 employees and physicians (439 males and 607 females) with a mean age of 36 and 37.2 years in men and women, respectively were chosen in selected hospitals of Social Security Organization (SSO). They were randomly categorized into six different classes of service record, age education class of hiring (permanent and contractual), marital status, and gender. The variables assessed via the classification groups were as follows: interpersonal relations, working conditions, equity, pay, job security, supervision, advancement, recognition, responsibility, and attractiveness of job, educational and organizational policies. Results: Bachelor’s degree (65%) or higher were the education degrees of most participants. Significant relations were observed regarding age, marital status, hiring, gender and years of service with promotion, recognition, responsibility, attractiveness of job, education, relations, working condition, equity, salary, job security, supervision and organizational policies. There were significant relations with hire status and degree with advancement and other variables. There were significant relations between marital status, gender, years of service and age with the above variables. Conclusion: The results show that the important variables that influence motivational factors are academic degree, hire status, marital status, gender, age and years of service. PMID:26644886

  3. A comparative study of financial data sources for critical access hospitals: audited financial statements, the Medicare cost report, and the Internal Revenue Service form 990.

    PubMed

    Ozmeral, Alisha Bhadelia; Reiter, Kristin L; Holmes, George M; Pink, George H

    2012-01-01

    Medicare cost reports (MCR), Internal Revenue Service form 990s (IRS 990), and audited financial statements (AFS) vary in their content, detail, purpose, timeliness, and certification. The purpose of this study was to compare selected financial data elements and characterize the extent of differences in financial data and ratios across the MCR, IRS 990, and AFS for a sample of nonprofit critical access hospitals (CAHs). Line items from AFS of 47 CAHs were compared to data reported in the hospitals' MCR and IRS 990s. Line items were based on 9 financial indicators commonly used to assess hospital financial performance. Of the indicators examined, the equity financing ratio most frequently matched between the 3 reports, while salaries and benefits to total expenses and debt service coverage were often different. Variances were driven by differences in individual account balances used to construct the ratios. Relative to AFS, cash was frequently lower on the IRS 990 while marketable securities and unrestricted investments were often higher. Other revenue and net income were consistently lower on the MCR and IRS 990, and depreciation was often higher on the MCR. The majority of total assets and fund balance (equity) values matched across the 3 reports, suggesting differences in classification among detailed accounts were more common than variances between the component totals (total assets, total liabilities, and fund balance). Health policy researchers should consider the impact of these variances on study results and consider ways to improve the availability and quality of financial accounting information. © 2012 National Rural Health Association.

  4. Equity-focused health impact assessment: A tool to assist policy makers in addressing health inequalities

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Simpson, Sarah; Mahoney, Mary; Harris, Elizabeth

    2005-10-15

    In Australasia (Australia and New Zealand) the use of health impact assessment (HIA) as a tool for improved policy development is comparatively new. The public health workforce do not routinely assess the potential health and equity impacts of proposed policies or programs. The Australasian Collaboration for Health Equity Impact Assessment was funded to develop a strategic framework for equity-focused HIA (EFHIA) with the intent of strengthening the ways in which equity is addressed in each step of HIA. The collaboration developed a draft framework for EFHIA that mirrored, but modified the commonly accepted steps of HIA; tested the draft frameworkmore » in six different health service delivery settings; analysed the feedback about application of the draft EFHIA framework and modified it accordingly. The strategic framework shows promise in providing a systematic process for identifying potential differential health impacts and assessing the extent to which these are avoidable and unfair. This paper presents the EFHIA framework and discusses some of the issues that arose in the case study sites undertaking equity-focused HIA.« less

  5. Exploring Access and Equity in Higher Education: Policy and Performance in a Comparative Perspective

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Clancy, Patrick; Goastellec, Gaele

    2007-01-01

    A comparative analysis of how access and equity are defined and how policies have evolved reveals a number of commonalities and differences between countries. The overall trend is a movement from the priority given to "inherited merit" in the admission process through a commitment to formal equality, towards the application of some modes of…

  6. [Primary health care in Ecuador: services provided by the Ministry of Health and Rural Social security Services].

    PubMed

    Robertson, R L; Castro, C E; Gómez, L C; Gwynne, G; Tinajero Baca, C L; Zschock, D K

    1991-10-01

    The present study will examine three common premises in the field of international public health: that the primary care services offered by agencies of the Ministries of Health (MH) are less costly than those offered by Social Security institutions, that the former services are inferior to the latter, and that funds are distributed more equitably by the MH centers among their various recipient populations. The 1986 study compared the costs, quality, and equity of the services in 15 primary care centers in Ecuador--eight Ministry of Health centers and seven rural Social Security (RSS) centers--examining budgetary data from 1985 and obtaining information through a questionnaire and interviews with the personnel at those centers. Average costs were calculated by standardized accounting techniques, and it was confirmed that for several important services, especially medical consultations, these costs were much lower in the Ministry centers than in the Social Security centers. However, no differences in the cost of dental care were detected. The evaluation of quality, based on an analysis of the production structure and process, did not yield uniform results. On the one hand, the distribution of personnel and the allocation of funds for drugs and other supplies indicated that the RSS agencies provided better quality services. On the other hand, a questionnaire revealed that the MH health workers' knowledge of various principles of primary care was superior to that of the RSS workers. Upon comparing the per capita budget of the two types of entities, it was confirmed that the Ministry of Health had more equitable per capita coverage than rural Social Security. The implications of these findings for Ecuador and other developing countries are discussed and several recommendations made.

  7. 77 FR 68877 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-16

    ... pricing for NASDAQ members using the NASDAQ Options Market (``NOM''), NASDAQ's facility for executing and... recoup costs that the Exchange incurs for routing and executing certain orders in equity options to the International Securities Exchange, LLC (``ISE''). The Exchange's Pricing Schedule at Chapter XV, Section 2(4...

  8. Gender Equity in Australian Universities: The Many Paradoxes of Securing Senior Leadership Positions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Noble, Carolyn

    2014-01-01

    To date western feminist scholarship on gender and work has primarily focused on women providing valuable information as to their discrimination and invisibility, especially in the echelons of power and in senior decision-making positions. Feminist scholars have needed to explore women's under representation in senior leadership positions because…

  9. Securing Equal Educational Opportunity: Report to the President and Secretary of Education, Fiscal Year 2016

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Office for Civil Rights, US Department of Education, 2016

    2016-01-01

    In FY 2016, the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) promoted equity and excellence in education through conducting investigations and monitoring schools under resolution agreements, promoting greater understanding of how OCR interprets and enforces civil rights laws through the release of policy guidance, providing technical assistance and outreach to…

  10. 20 CFR 404.509 - Against equity and good conscience; defined.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    .... 404.509 Section 404.509 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS.... Example 2. After being awarded old-age insurance benefits, an individual resigned from employment on the... insured status. Due to his age, the individual was unable to get his job back and could not get any other...

  11. 20 CFR 404.509 - Against equity and good conscience; defined.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    .... 404.509 Section 404.509 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS.... Example 2. After being awarded old-age insurance benefits, an individual resigned from employment on the... insured status. Due to his age, the individual was unable to get his job back and could not get any other...

  12. 78 FR 4524 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-22

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68658; File No. SR-NYSE-2013-01] Self... the Exchange's Equity Ownership Interest in BIDS Holdings L.P. January 15, 2013. Pursuant to Section... is publishing this notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule change from interested persons. \\1...

  13. 17 CFR 190.07 - Calculation of allowed net equity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... computing, with respect to such account, the sum of: (i) The ledger balance; (ii) The open trade balance... purposes of this paragraph (b)(1), the open trade balance of a customer's account shall be computed by... ledger balance or open trade balance of any customer, exclude any security futures products, any gains or...

  14. 17 CFR 190.07 - Calculation of allowed net equity.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... computing, with respect to such account, the sum of: (i) The ledger balance; (ii) The open trade balance... purposes of this paragraph (b)(1), the open trade balance of a customer's account shall be computed by... ledger balance or open trade balance of any customer, exclude any security futures products, any gains or...

  15. 78 FR 70989 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-27

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-70916; File No. SR-NYSEARCA-2013-124] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change to Amend the NYSE Arca Options Fee Schedule and the NYSE Arca Equities Schedule of Fees and...

  16. 78 FR 71016 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-27

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-70912; File No. SR-NYSEARCA-2013-128] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Amend the NYSE Arca Equities Schedule of Fees and Charges for Exchange Services To Specify the...

  17. 8 CFR 245a.11 - Eligibility to adjust to LPR status.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Eligibility to adjust to LPR status. 245a.11 Section 245a.11 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS... 245A OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization...

  18. 8 CFR 245a.11 - Eligibility to adjust to LPR status.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Eligibility to adjust to LPR status. 245a.11 Section 245a.11 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS... 245A OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization...

  19. 8 CFR 245a.18 - Ineligibility and applicability of grounds of inadmissibility.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Ineligibility and applicability of grounds of inadmissibility. 245a.18 Section 245a.18 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY... STATUS UNDER SECTION 245A OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE...

  20. 8 CFR 245a.23-245a.29 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false [Reserved] 245a.23-245a.29 Section 245a.23-245a.29 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization Provisions §§ 245a.23...

  1. 8 CFR 245a.18 - Ineligibility and applicability of grounds of inadmissibility.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Ineligibility and applicability of grounds of inadmissibility. 245a.18 Section 245a.18 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY... STATUS UNDER SECTION 245A OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE...

  2. 8 CFR 245a.23-245a.29 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false [Reserved] 245a.23-245a.29 Section 245a.23-245a.29 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization Provisions §§ 245a.23...

  3. 8 CFR 245a.11 - Eligibility to adjust to LPR status.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Eligibility to adjust to LPR status. 245a.11 Section 245a.11 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS... SECTION 245A OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act...

  4. 8 CFR 245a.18 - Ineligibility and applicability of grounds of inadmissibility.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Ineligibility and applicability of grounds of inadmissibility. 245a.18 Section 245a.18 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY... STATUS UNDER SECTION 245A OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE...

  5. 8 CFR 245a.11 - Eligibility to adjust to LPR status.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Eligibility to adjust to LPR status. 245a.11 Section 245a.11 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS... 245A OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization...

  6. 8 CFR 245a.23-245a.29 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false [Reserved] 245a.23-245a.29 Section 245a.23-245a.29 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Legalization Provisions §§ 245a.23...

  7. Framing a South Africa Policy Statement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Murray, Roger F.

    1978-01-01

    A model position statement for the college trustee is presented that deals with the management of and decision-making for corporate equity securities. Neither selling the stock nor leaving decisions on social issues, such as the apartheid one, to corporate management is seen as a satisfactory alternative. Adoption of a position statement can guide…

  8. 78 FR 60005 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-30

    ...-Regulatory Organizations; the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of a... 12, 2013, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (``NASDAQ'' or ``Exchange'') filed with the Securities and... compute the numerator in the calculation of percentage of total industry customer equity and ETF option...

  9. 78 FR 23611 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-19

    ... simultaneously trade different asset classes within the same strategy. Because cash equities and options markets...-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of a... April 1, 2013, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (``NASDAQ'' or ``Exchange'') filed with the Securities and...

  10. Securing Quality and Equity in Education: Lessons from PISA

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schleicher, Andreas

    2009-01-01

    Results from PISA show that strong educational performance, and indeed significant improvement over short periods of time, is possible. Whether in Asia (e.g., Japan and Korea), in Europe (e.g., Finland) or in North America (Canada), many countries display strong overall learning outcomes; equally important, they show that poor performance in…

  11. 75 FR 16529 - Legg Mason Partners Equity Trust, et al.; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-01

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Investment Company Act Release No. 29192; File No. 812-13681...) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (``Act'') for an exemption from sections 12(d)(1)(A) and (B) of... open-end management investment companies to acquire shares of other registered open-end management...

  12. 78 FR 6152 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-29

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68710; File No. SR-NYSEMKT-2013-02] Self... Amending Rule 107C-- Equities To Allow Retail Liquidity Providers To Enter Retail Price Improvement Orders... I and II below, which Items have been prepared by the self-regulatory organization. The Commission...

  13. 77 FR 27256 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-09

    ... general matter, the changes will result in fee increases and rebate reductions that reflect the persistent... the orders of institutional investors are executed in dark pools. Securities Exchange Act Release No... trading and un- displayed, or ``dark,'' liquidity. See also Mary L. Schapiro, Strengthening Our Equity...

  14. 78 FR 21642 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-11

    ... securities suddenly declining by significant amounts in a very short time period before suddenly reversing to... circuit breaker pilot program, which was implemented through a series of rule filings by the equity exchanges and by FINRA.\\8\\ The single-stock circuit breaker was designed to reduce extraordinary market...

  15. 76 FR 1201 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of a Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-07

    ... institutional investors are executed in dark pools. Securities Exchange Act Release No. 61358 (January 14, 2010...- displayed, or ``dark,'' liquidity. See also Mary L. Schapiro, Strengthening Our Equity Market Structure... Web site)(comments of Commission Chairman on what she viewed as a troubling trend of reduced...

  16. 78 FR 3940 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-17

    ... Report regarding a Nasdaq security through the NasdaqTrader.com Web site shall be determined in... improvement of web functionality and the inclusion of supplementary equity information, but has not increased... dark pools and electronic communication networks (``ECNs''). Each SRO market competes to produce...

  17. 77 FR 42347 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-18

    ... Change Amending the NYSE Arca Equities Schedule of Fees and Charges for Exchange Services July 12, 2012... Arca'') filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the ``Commission'') the proposed rule change... organization. The Commission is publishing this notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule change from...

  18. 78 FR 68893 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-15

    ... the minimum quotation sizes (or ``tier sizes'') for OTC equity securities \\4\\ to, among other things... depth (dollar value of shares) at the inside. Amendment No. 2 specified, among other things, that: (1...\\ which requires, among other things, that FINRA rules must be designed to prevent fraudulent and...

  19. The pervasive triad of food security, gender inequity and women's health: exploratory research from sub-Saharan Africa.

    PubMed

    Hyder, Adnan A; Maman, Suzanne; Nyoni, Joyce E; Khasiani, Shaniysa A; Teoh, Noreen; Premji, Zul; Sohani, Salim

    2005-12-01

    This study was designed to explore the interactions between food securing activities, health and gender equity from the perspective of rural east African women. The specific objectives were to document the critical interaction among these three issues-food security, gender inequity, women's health within the context of sub-Saharan Africa; to describe the nature of this triad from the perspective of women farmers in Africa; and to propose a framework for linking available interventions to the vicious nature of this triad. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with rural women farmers in Kwale District, Kenya and Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. A total of 12 in-depth interviews and 4 focus group discussions have been included in this analysis. Transcribed text from interviews and focus group discussions were coded and thematic conceptual matrices were developed to compare dimensions of common themes across interviews and settings. A thematic analysis was then performed and a framework developed to understand the nature of the triad and explore the potential for interventions within the interactions. The vicious cycle of increasing work, lack of time, and lack of independent decision making for women who are responsible for food production and health of their families, has health and social consequences. Food securing activities have negative health consequences for women, which are further augmented by issues of gender inequity. The African development community must respond by thinking of creative solutions and appropriate interventions for the empowerment of women farmers in the region to ensure their health.

  20. Diversify your sources of capital through debt offerings

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Burkhardt, D.A.; Soucy, S.T.

    1993-09-01

    Despite the trend toward diversification in many areas of the utility industry, most utility executives have yet to realize that many of the benefits derived from diversifying equity ownership can also be gained through a similar approach to their debt securities. Although institutional investors have long been regarded as the exclusive market for utility debt securities, individuals are an increasingly important component of this market. The factors that motivate individuals to purchase utility debt securities are the same as those that influence purchases of utility stocks: safety and dependable income. The benefits of retail ownership of utility debt securities domore » not, however, accrue exclusively to the investor. Utility companies that actively market debt offerings to individual investors also can expect to enjoy a number of tangible benefits. Nowhere are these benefits more obvious than in the area of tax-exempt utility securities.« less

  1. Leading the Common Core State Standards: From Common Sense to Common Practice

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dunkle, Cheryl A.

    2012-01-01

    Many educators agree that we already know how to foster student success, so what is keeping common sense from becoming common practice? The author provides step-by-step guidance for overcoming the barriers to adopting the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and achieving equity and excellence for all students. As an experienced teacher and…

  2. Evaluating Equity at the Local Level Using Bootstrap Tests. Research Report 2016-4

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kim, YoungKoung; DeCarlo, Lawrence T.

    2016-01-01

    Because of concerns about test security, different test forms are typically used across different testing occasions. As a result, equating is necessary in order to get scores from the different test forms that can be used interchangeably. In order to assure the quality of equating, multiple equating methods are often examined. Various equity…

  3. 7 CFR 1951.230 - Transfer of security and assumption of loans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... maintenance, and any other project account, including supervised bank accounts. (7) When the property to be... transferor from receiving equity payments when the full account of the FmHA or its successor agency under... Public Law 103-354 442-3, “Balance Sheet,” and budget and cash flow information using Form FmHA or its...

  4. 77 FR 57602 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The Options Clearing Corporation; Notice of Filing of Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-18

    ... options on other indices and on individual equity securities in the future, subject to Commission approval... ``OTC index option'' generically in order to simplify future amendments to provide for additional... proposed Section 6 of Article XVII of the By-Laws. With respect to future OTC options accepted for clearing...

  5. 77 FR 3026 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-20

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66062; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2011-98] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Deleting NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.31(w)(1) To Remove the PNP Plus Order Type December 28, 2011...

  6. 75 FR 51134 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-18

    ... Wertpapierb[ouml]rse (Frankfurt Stock Exchange) and traded on the Xetra trading system operated by Deutsche B[ouml]rse AG (``DBAG''). DBAG is regulated by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (``Ba.... \\7\\ See ``Guide to the Equity Indices of Deutsche B[ouml]rse,'' at http://www.deutsche-boerse.com for...

  7. 75 FR 500 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Order Approving a Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-05

    ..., one of its members could raise a potential conflict of interest and impede its self- regulatory... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-61257; File No. SR-NYSE-2009-116] Self... Ceiling on Its Equity Ownership Interest in BIDS Holdings L.P. to Less Than 10% December 30, 2009. On...

  8. 75 FR 52380 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-25

    ... Change Relating to the Expansion of the Order Audit Trail System to All NMS Stocks August 18, 2010... of the Proposed Rule Change FINRA is proposing to amend the Order Audit Trail System (``OATS'') rules... information for all U.S. equity securities, which would significantly enhance the scope of the order audit...

  9. 76 FR 79741 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Relating...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-22

    ... Change The Exchange proposes to list and trade the following under NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.600... for, the Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to list and trade the following Managed... used generally in the Registration Statement, in which the Fund will focus: Debt securities issued or...

  10. 78 FR 79534 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; NYSE MKT LLC; Order Approving...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-30

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-71175; File Nos. SR-NYSE-2013-21; SR-NYSEMKT... Proposed Rule Changes Amending NYSE Rule 104 and NYSE MKT Rule 104--Equities, Each as Modified by an... Floor Brokers, and To Make Conforming Amendments to Other Rules December 23, 2013. I. Introduction On...

  11. 78 FR 71000 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-27

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-70914; File No. SR-NYSEMKT-2013-93] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Amend the NYSE MKT Equities Price List and the NYSE Amex Options Fee Schedule Related to Co...

  12. OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and

    Science.gov Websites

    Elections Environment Equity G General Assembly Governance H Human Development Human Rights I Indigenous Quarterly Reports of the General Secretariat Procurement Human Resources Evaluation Internal Audit Real programmatic results. The full texts may be found here. Here you will find data on the Human Resources of the

  13. 75 FR 47333 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-05

    ... 100 shares) orders in a separate, dedicated system, but will trade them on the Display Book system... Rule 501(a)--NYSE Amex Equities, the Exchange proposes to amend the definition of the term ``Closing... proposes to add language to conform the definition of a ``Stop Order'' for Nasdaq Securities with that for...

  14. 78 FR 69470 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-19

    ... in BATS Rule 11.13(a)(3)(H). Modifications to Definitions Used for Equities Pricing Tiers The... change to its definitions of ADV and TCV for purposes of BYX tiered pricing.\\13\\ \\12\\ Securities Exchange... strategies at the Exchange's affiliate, BATS Y-Exchange, Inc. (``BYX''); and (2) modify the way that, for...

  15. The Social Impact of Research at the University for Peace

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rodriguez, Dina

    2008-01-01

    The University for Peace (UPEACE) was established in 1980 within the UN framework, with the mission to undertake postgraduate education, training and research on issues related to conflict prevention, security and peace. The Department for Gender and Peace Studies at UPEACE is motivated by the idea that peace, gender equality and gender equity are…

  16. 77 FR 6161 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-07

    ... amendments to the Trading Activity Fee (``TAF'') in SR-FINRA-2011-071 approved by the Commission on January... December 14, 2011, FINRA filed a proposed rule change to increase FINRA's TAF rate for transactions in... firms with adequate time to prepare for the change in the TAF rate for covered equity securities. FINRA...

  17. 26 CFR 1.1092(c)-3 - Qualifying over-the-counter options.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Qualifying over-the-counter options. 1.1092(c)-3...-counter options. (a) In general. Under section 1092(c)(4)(B)(i), an equity option is not a qualified covered call option unless it is traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the...

  18. Construction and Evolution of a Multidimensional Well-Being Index for the Spanish Regions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jurado, Antonio; Perez-Mayo, Jesus

    2012-01-01

    The study presented here is an attempt to calculate a comparative multidimensional index of economic well-being for the Spanish Autonomous Communities. Based on the dimensions of adjusted consumption, real wealth, equity and economic security per inhabitant, we obtain one relative index using a system of uniform weightings, a second resulting from…

  19. 77 FR 47899 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change to...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-10

    ... national securities exchanges and alternative market centers for intraday equities order flow has resulted... infra at footnotes 14 and 18). For most exchanges, however, the ``cost of match'' for intraday matches... daily volume of ``on close'' orders is 14 million shares or more. Relative to intraday matches or...

  20. 78 FR 62862 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-22

    ... count information for equity securities publicly available on its Web site. The text of the proposed rule change is available on FINRA's Web site at http://www.finra.org , at the principal office of FINRA... basis.\\15\\ Under the proposed rule change, FINRA would publish on its Web site the reported information...

  1. 75 FR 33875 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-15

    ... membership in the Exchange. The text of the proposed rule change is available at the Exchange's Web site at http://www.batstrading.com , on the Commission's Web site at http://www.sec.gov , at the principal... for its equity securities market with respect to Modified Destination Specific Orders routed to a dark...

  2. 77 FR 36310 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-18

    ... Select Symbols and Multiply Listed Options June 12, 2012. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities... and Fees for Adding and Removing Liquidity in Select Symbols'' and Section II, entitled ``Equity... Liquidity in Select Symbols The Exchange proposes to amend the categories of market participants, as...

  3. Fairness opinions in health care transactions--cause and effect: the emergence of private equity funds as a driving force in big and small transactions and the resulting increased use of fairness opinions.

    PubMed

    Becker, Scott; Lundeen, Ron

    2007-01-01

    The use of fairness opinions has become increasingly common with respect to the sale or merger of any company or division in a private equity funded or sponsored deal. The fairness opinion is often used to demonstrate that the value at which the transaction took place was a fair value to the selling company and thus did not improperly or unfairly leave the common holders with little consideration. This article covers rules and guidelines that should be adhered to in the issuance and review of fairness opinions.

  4. Variation within the "New Latino Diaspora": A Decade of Changes across the United States in the Equitable Participation of Latina/os in Higher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hatch, Deryl K.; Mardock Uman, Naomi; Garcia, Crystal E.

    2016-01-01

    This study problematizes the common discourse that rapid and widespread Latina/o demographic growth in the United States is a driving force in realizing higher education equity gains. Using equity indices for students, faculty, and administrative leaders at the state level, we present a portrait of changes in Latina/o participation in higher…

  5. Public offerings of securities by petroleum industry: methods and costs of raising capital

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Siemon, D.

    1978-01-01

    This study examines public securities offerings by the petroleum industry and the flotation costs associated with raising capital through offerings to the public. Descriptive material is presented on an aggregate basis for the industry and also by selected company characteristics. Data were obtained from the Securities and Exchange Commission's records of registration statements for public offerings and include all public offerings registered with the SEC during the period January 1970 through October 1975. The petroleum industry issued 101 debt offerings and 1058 equity offerings during the time period. The total number of offerings for all industries was estimated to bemore » 20,000, so the petroleum industry accounted for roughly 5% of the total volume.« less

  6. You have more capital than you think.

    PubMed

    Merton, Robert C

    2005-11-01

    Senior executives typically delegate the responsibility for managing a firm's derivatives portfolio to in-house financial experts and the company's financial advisers. That's a strategic blunder, argues this Nobel laureate, because the inventiveness of modern financial markets makes it possible for companies to double or even triple their capacity to invest in their strategic assets and competencies. Risks fall into two categories: either a company adds value by assuming them on behalf of its shareholders or it does not. By hedging or insuring against non-value-adding risks with derivative securities and contracts, thereby removing them from what the author calls the risk balance sheet, managers can release equity capital for assuming more value-adding risk. This is not just a theoretical possibility. One innovation-the interest rate swap, introduced about 20 years ago-has already enabled the banking industry to dramatically increase its capacity for adding value to each dollar of invested equity capital. With the range of derivative instruments growing, there is no reason why other companies could not similarly remove strategic risks, potentially creating billions of dollars in shareholder value. The possibilities are especially important for private companies that have no access to public equity markets and therefore cannot easily increase their equity capital by issuing more shares. The author describes how derivative contracts of various kinds are already being employed strategically to mitigate or eliminate various risks. He also shows how companies can use the risk balance sheet to identify risks they should not bear directly and to determine how much equity capacity they can release for assuming more value-adding risk.

  7. No Equity, No Triple Aim: Strategic Proposals to Advance Health Equity in a Volatile Policy Environment

    PubMed Central

    Sager, Alan; Selig, Sara; Antonelli, Richard; Morton, Samantha; Hirsch, Gail; Lee, Celeste Reid; Ortiz, Abigail; Fox, Durrell; Lupi, Monica Valdes; Acuff, Cecilia; Wachman, Madeline

    2017-01-01

    Health professionals, including social workers, community health workers, public health workers, and licensed health care providers, share common interests and responsibilities in promoting health equity and improving social determinants of health—the conditions in which people live, work, play, and learn. We summarize the underlying causes of health inequity and comparatively poor health outcomes in the United States. We describe barriers to realizing the hope embedded in the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, that moving away from fee-for-service payments will naturally drive care upstream as providers respond to greater financial risk by undertaking greater prevention efforts for the health of their patients. We assert that health equity should serve as the guiding framework for achieving the Triple Aim of health care reform and outline practical opportunities for improving care and promoting stronger efforts to address social determinants of health. These proposals include developing a dashboard of measures to assist providers committed to health equity and community-based prevention and to promote institutional accountability for addressing socioeconomic factors that influence health. PMID:29236539

  8. US Carrier Strike and the Mediterranean, 1970-89 - Lessons in Littoral Crisis Response for the United Kingdom’s Joint Expeditionary Force

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-03-27

    east of Suez could apply equally to her heightened interest in the Mediterranean: 29 See Stephen C. Calleya,”Bridging History and Future Security...diplomacy and military effort in the Libyan crisis.4 Rising to that ambition, the carriers - a joint force in steel, treasure and equities - have the

  9. The Canadian Human Rights Commission and Issues of Concern for Aboriginal Women. Notes for Remarks, by the Deputy Chief Commissioner.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Falardeau-Ramsay, Michelle

    This speech by the deputy chief commissioner of the Canadian Human Rights Commission discusses human rights, employment security, and pay-equity issues for Native Canadian women. The speech, offered in both English and French, calls the inequality of opportunity for Native Canadians a "national tragedy." It describes efforts to bring…

  10. 17 CFR 249.240f - Form 40-F, for registration of securities of certain Canadian issuers pursuant to section 12(b...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... obligations; and (4) The aggregate market value of the public float of the registrant's outstanding equity... of Canada or a Province or Territory of Canada. 3. For purposes of this Form, the “public float” of... reporting history calculation if the reporting histories of predecessors whose assets and gross revenues...

  11. Gender Studies Course at UG/PG Levels and Gender Awareness Training to Teachers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kuruvilla, Moly

    2014-01-01

    While the UGC is committed to the cause of promoting gender equity through higher education and is in the process of reviewing the existing arrangements in the campuses of higher learning to ensure the freedom, safety and security of girls and women, the proactive role of teachers in solving the problems of gender based violence and other…

  12. Equity for Cities in School Finance Reform: A Case for an "Equal Educational Offering" Standard in Public Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Silard, John; And Others

    In this study, focus is upon the question of the standard for educational expenditure rather than on the alternative taxing methods for securing school district funding equalization. Chapter I begins by examining the major issues vital to urban education which the "Serrano" principle leaves unresolved. Then in Chapter II, particular elements of…

  13. 75 FR 1094 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-08

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-61265; File No. SR-NYSEAmex-2009-96) Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE Amex Equities Rule 123C(8)(a)(1) To Extend the Operation of the Extreme Order Imbalances Pilot December 31, 2009. Pursuant to...

  14. 78 FR 56249 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-12

    ... executing certain trades that either add liquidity to or remove liquidity from the Exchange's order book in... adopted its fees, it set its fee levels appropriate to the start-up nature of the Exchange's new equities... to perform at a high level of responsiveness and efficiency. \\5\\ Securities Exchange Act Release No...

  15. 77 FR 145 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-03

    ... interested persons. \\1\\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1). \\2\\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4. I. Self-Regulatory Organization's... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66059; File No. SR-NYSE-2011-67] Self... NYSE Rule 2B by Permitting the Exchange's Equity Ownership Interest in BIDS Holdings L.P. December 27...

  16. 78 FR 19340 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-29

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-69225; File No. SR-NYSE-2013-22] Self... Exchange's Equity Ownership Interest in BIDS Holdings L.P. March 25, 2013. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of... notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule change from interested persons. \\1\\ 15 U.S.C.78s(b)(1...

  17. 78 FR 36290 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Designation of a Longer Period for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-17

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-69733; File No. SR-NYSEMKT-2013-25] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Designation of a Longer Period for Commission Action on Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE MKT Rule 104--Equities To Codify Certain Traditional Trading Floor Functions That May Be Performed by Designated...

  18. 78 FR 48510 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-08

    ... Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the ``Act'').\\3\\ The Plan is primarily designed to, among other things... primarily designed for equity markets, the Exchange believed it would impact the options markets as well... the type of order described in Exchange Rule 6.12(h), ``No-Bid Series'' orders, from a previous day...

  19. 77 FR 31060 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; the Options Clearing Corporation; Notice of Filing and of Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-24

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-67021; File No. SR-OCC-2012-07] Self-Regulatory... from interested persons. \\1\\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1). \\2\\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4. I. Self-Regulatory Organization... equity options. II. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and Statutory Basis for...

  20. 78 FR 77761 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change To List...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-24

    ... through purchases and short sales of U.S. and international equity securities. To achieve its investment... systems failure, natural or man-made disaster, act of God, armed conflict, act of terrorism, riot or labor... free and open market and a national market system, and, in general, to protect investors and the public...

  1. Some Systems Thinking Concepts for Environmental Educators during the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cloud, Jaimie P.

    2005-01-01

    The goal of education for sustainability (EFS) is "to develop in young people and adults new knowledge and new ways of thinking needed to achieve economic prosperity, participate democratically, secure justice and equity, and all the while regenerate the health of the ecosystems, the gift upon which all life and all production depend." The…

  2. State of Texas Children 2016: Race and Equity in Fort Worth

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lee, Jennifer; Sohn, Bo La

    2016-01-01

    Fort Worth is a city that prides itself on its heritage, resiliency and growth, from its birth as a small military outpost to the global city it is today. Despite the area's economic resources, the data also show gaps in children's health, education and financial security across race and ethnicity. In order to "raise the bar" in child…

  3. 76 FR 18276 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-01

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-64133; File No. SR-NYSEAmex-2011-19] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE Amex Equities Rule 440B To Modify the Exchange's Procedures for Handling Short Sale Orders During a Period When the Short Sale...

  4. 78 FR 41154 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-09

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-69926; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2013-67] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending the NYSE Arca Equities Schedule of Fees and Charges for Exchange Services To Modify the Credits for Certain Mid-Point Passive...

  5. A case at last for age-phased reduction in equity.

    PubMed Central

    Samuelson, P A

    1989-01-01

    Maximizing expected utility over a lifetime leads one who has constant relative risk aversion and faces random-walk securities returns to be "myopic" and hold the same fraction of portfolio in equities early and late in life--a defiance of folk wisdom and casual introspection. By assuming one needs to assure at retirement a minimum ("subsistence") level of wealth, the present analysis deduces a pattern of greater risk-taking when young than when old. When a subsistence minimum is needed at every period of life, the rentier paradoxically is least risk tolerant in youth--the Robert C. Merton paradox that traces to the decline with age of the present discounted value of the subsistence-consumption requirements. Conversely, the decline with age of capitalized human capital reverses the Merton effect. PMID:2813438

  6. From blockchain technology to global health equity: can cryptocurrencies finance universal health coverage?

    PubMed

    Till, Brian M; Peters, Alexander W; Afshar, Salim; Meara, John

    2017-01-01

    Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies could remake global health financing and usher in an era global health equity and universal health coverage. We outline and provide examples for at least four important ways in which this potential disruption of traditional global health funding mechanisms could occur: universal access to financing through direct transactions without third parties; novel new multilateral financing mechanisms; increased security and reduced fraud and corruption; and the opportunity for open markets for healthcare data that drive discovery and innovation. We see these issues as a paramount to the delivery of healthcare worldwide and relevant for payers and providers of healthcare at state, national and global levels; for government and non-governmental organisations; and for global aid organisations, including the WHO, International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group.

  7. Critical considerations for the practical utility of health equity tools: a concept mapping study.

    PubMed

    Pauly, Bernadette; Martin, Wanda; Perkin, Kathleen; van Roode, Thea; Kwan, Albert; Patterson, Tobie; Tong, Samantha; Prescott, Cheryl; Wallace, Bruce; Hancock, Trevor; MacDonald, Marjorie

    2018-04-23

    Promoting health equity within health systems is a priority and challenge worldwide. Health equity tools have been identified as one strategy for integrating health equity considerations into health systems. Although there has been a proliferation of health equity tools, there has been limited attention to evaluating these tools for their practicality and thus their likelihood for uptake. Within the context of a large program of research, the Equity Lens in Public Health (ELPH), we conducted a concept mapping study to identify key elements and themes related to public health leaders and practitioners' views about what makes a health equity tool practical and useful. Concept mapping is a participatory mixed-method approach to generating ideas and concepts to address a common concern. Participants brainstormed responses to the prompt "To be useful, a health equity tool should…" After participants sorted responses into groups based on similarity and rated them for importance and feasibility, the statements were analyzed using multidimensional scaling, then grouped using cluster analysis. Pattern matching graphs were constructed to illustrate the relationship between the importance and feasibility of statements, and go-zone maps were created to guide subsequent action. The process resulted in 67 unique statements that were grouped into six clusters: 1) Evaluation for Improvement; 2) User Friendliness; 3) Explicit Theoretical Background; 4) Templates and Tools 5) Equity Competencies; and 6) Nothing about Me without Me- Client Engaged. The result was a set of concepts and themes describing participants' views of the practicality and usefulness of health equity tools. These thematic clusters highlight the importance of user friendliness and having user guides, templates and resources to enhance use of equity tools. Furthermore, participants' indicated that practicality was not enough for a tool to be useful. In addition to practical characteristics of the tool, a useful tool is one that encourages and supports the development of practitioner competencies to engage in equity work including critical reflections on power and institutional culture as well as strategies for the involvement of community members impacted by health inequities in program planning and delivery. The results of this study will be used to inform the development of practical criteria to assess health equity tools for application in public health.

  8. Equity under the knife: justice and evidence in surgery.

    PubMed

    Rogers, Wendy; Degeling, Christopher; Townley, Cynthia

    2014-03-01

    Surgery is an increasingly common and expensive mode of medical intervention. The ethical dimensions of the surgeon-patient relationship, including respect for personal autonomy and informed consent, are much discussed; but broader equity issues have not received the same attention. This paper extends the understanding of surgical ethics by considering the nature of evidence in surgery and its relationship to a just provision of healthcare for individuals and their populations. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  9. Will the struggle for health equity and social justice be best served by a Framework Convention on Global Health?

    PubMed

    Haynes, Leigh; Legge, David; London, Leslie; McCoy, David; Sanders, David; Schuftan, Claudio

    2013-06-14

    The idea of a Framework Convention for Global Health (FCGH), using the treaty-making powers of the World Health Organization (WHO), has been promoted as an opportunity to advance global health equity and the right to health. The idea has promise, but needs more thought regarding risks, obstacles, and strategies. The reform of global health governance must be based on a robust analysis of the political economy out of which the drivers of inequality and the denial of the right to health arise. Some of the published commentary has focused on using the proposed FCGH to institutionalize a paradigm change regarding international aid for health care, i.e., reconceptualizing such aid as obligatory, based on human solidarity rather than strategic considerations, based on global stability and national security. We warn against limiting the project to questions of inter-governmental financial transfers because of the risk of neglecting the underlying structural determinants of health injustice. Such neglect would help to legitimize an unjust and unsustainable global economic regime. We raise further questions about the strategic logic informing any campaign for a FCGH. The governments of the United States and Europe have put considerable effort into weakening WHO through tight donor controls, and it would require heavy pressure to persuade them to sign on to a FCGH. Generating such pressure would require strong popular mobilization around the local and diverse priorities of different communities across the globe, and recognition of a common need for effective regulation at the global level. We argue for a broad-based campaign from which the need for more effective global health regulation (and a FCGH) would emerge as a common theme arising from myriad more specific claims. This type of campaign would respond to local needs, and would also be understood within a global, political, and economic perspective. Copyright © 2013 Haynes, Legge, McCoy, Sanders, Schuftan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

  10. 75 FR 8164 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Relating...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-23

    ...Tree Real Return Fund February 16, 2010. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of... proposes to list and trade the shares of the following fund of the WisdomTree Trust (the ``Trust'') under NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.600: WisdomTree Real Return Fund (the ``Fund''). The shares of the Fund are...

  11. 76 FR 27127 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To List...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-10

    ... WisdomTree Global Real Return Fund May 5, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange... Exchange proposes to list and trade the shares (``Shares'') of the following series of the WisdomTree Trust (``Trust'') under NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.600: WisdomTree Global Real Return Fund (``Fund''). The text of...

  12. 77 FR 72429 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Designation of Longer Period for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-05

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68320; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2012-108] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Designation of Longer Period for Commission Action on Proposed Rule Change, as Modified by Amendment No. 1 Thereto, Relating to the Listing and Trading of Shares of the NYSE Arca U.S. Equity Synthetic...

  13. 77 FR 3829 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order Granting Accelerated...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-25

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66192; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2012-02] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order Granting Accelerated Approval of a Proposed Rule Amendments to NYSE Arca Rule 9.4 and NYSE Equities Inc. Rules 5.3(d) and 9.4 Relating to Discretionary Proxy Voting on Executive...

  14. 76 FR 76802 - Riverside Micro-Cap Fund II, L.P.; Notice Seeking Exemption Under Section 312 of the Small...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-08

    ... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [License No. 02/02-0646] Riverside Micro-Cap Fund II, L.P.; Notice... hereby given that Riverside Micro-Cap Fund II, L.P., 45 Rockefeller Center, New York, NY 10111, a Federal... Regulations (13 CFR 107.730). Riverside Micro-Cap Fund II, L.P. proposes to provide equity security financing...

  15. 77 FR 7655 - Riverside Micro-Cap Fund II, L.P.; Notice Seeking Exemption Under Section 312 of the Small...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-13

    ... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [License No. 02/02-0646] Riverside Micro-Cap Fund II, L.P.; Notice... hereby given that Riverside Micro-Cap Fund II, L.P., 45 Rockefeller Center, New York, NY 10111, a Federal... Regulations (13 CFR 107.730). Riverside Micro-Cap Fund II, L.P. proposes to provide equity security financing...

  16. 77 FR 57635 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-18

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-67841; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2012-99] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.31(d) To Provide That an Inside Limit Order Designated as a Primary Until 9:45 Order or a Primary After 3:5...

  17. Financing Opportunity for Post-Secondary Education in the U.S.: The Equity Investment in America Program.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bluestone, Barry; And Others

    A proposal written by a group of economists suggests investing a portion of the Social Security surplus in a revolving loan fund designed to enable American students and workers to finance their own post-secondary education, vocational training, or re-training. The plan would make available to every American a line of credit to finance the costs…

  18. 75 FR 12584 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-16

    ... at $.90, the commenter states that a market maker could cross the market in the Pink Sheets by posting a bid of $.9001. If the market maker's bid is hit in the Pink Sheets, it will be able to buy the... Trading in the Market for OTC Equity Securities March 9, 2010. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the...

  19. 77 FR 75239 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change, as...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-19

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68430; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2012-111] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change, as Modified by Amendment No. 1, To List and Trade Units of the Sprott Physical Platinum and Palladium Trust Pursuant to NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.201 December 13, 2012. I...

  20. 77 FR 77152 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Designation of a Longer Period for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-31

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68521; File No. SR-NYSEMKT-2012-58] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Designation of a Longer Period for Commission Action on Proposed Rule Change Deleting NYSE MKT Rules 95(c) and (d)--Equities and Related Supplementary Material December 21, 2012. On October 26, 2012, NYSE...

  1. 78 FR 48920 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-12

    ... amendment is consistent with Section 6(b)(1) of the Act in that it simply clarifies the framework under... the purpose of, and basis for, the proposed rule change and discussed any comments it received on the... consisting of a contract to purchase equity and/or debt securities at a specified time. It is the Exchange's...

  2. 76 FR 56823 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-14

    ..., Washington, DC 20549-0213. Extension: Form N-54A, SEC File No. 270-182, OMB Control No. 3235-0237. Notice is.... 80a-53(a)), any company defined in Section 2(a)(48)(A) and (B) may elect to be subject to the... class of equity securities. The Commission has adopted Form N-54A (17 CFR 274.53) as the form for...

  3. Evaluating Equating Results in the Non-Equivalent Groups with Anchor Test Design Using Equipercentile and Equity Criteria

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Duong, Minh Quang

    2011-01-01

    Testing programs often use multiple test forms of the same test to control item exposure and to ensure test security. Although test forms are constructed to be as similar as possible, they often differ. Test equating techniques are those statistical methods used to adjust scores obtained on different test forms of the same test so that they are…

  4. 77 FR 74528 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-14

    ... Equities Rule 7.31(h)(7) To Permit PL Select Orders To Interact With Incoming Orders Larger Than the Size of the PL Select Order December 7, 2012. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) \\1\\ of the Securities Exchange... permit PL Select Orders to interact with incoming orders larger than the size of the PL Select Order. The...

  5. Implications of deregulation in natural gas industry on utility risks and returns

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Addepalli, Rajendra P.

    This thesis examines the changes in risk and required return on capital for local distribution utility companies in the increasingly competitive natural gas industry. The deregulation in the industry impacts the LDCs in several ways. First, with the introduction of competition consumers have been given choices among suppliers besides the traditional monopoly, the local utility, for purchasing their natural gas supply needs. Second, with the introduction of competition, some of the interstate pipelines were stuck with 'Take Or Pay' contracts and other costs that resulted in 'stranded costs', which have been passed on to customers of the pipeline including the LDCs. Third, the new obligation for the LDCs to purchase gas from the market, as opposed to buying it from pipelines and passing on the costs to its customers, brought opportunities and risks as well. Finally, with the introduction of competition, in some states LDCs have been allowed to enter into unregulated ventures to increase their profits. In the thesis we first develop a multifactor model (MFM) to explain historical common stock returns of individual utilities and of utility portfolios. We use 'rolling regression' analysis to analyze how different variables explain the variation in stock returns over time. Second, we conduct event studies to analyze the events in the deregulation process that had significant impacts on the LDC returns. Finally we assess the changes in risk and required return on capital for the LDCs over a 15 year time frame, covering the deregulation period. We employ four aspects in the examination of risk and return profile of the utilities: measuring (a) changes in required return on common equity and Weighted Average Cost of Capital, (b) changes in risk premium (WACC less an interest rate proxy), (c) changes in utility bond ratings, and (d) changes in dividend payments, new debt and equity issuances. We perform regression analysis to explain the changes in the required WACC using new security issuances, dividend payments and revenues of the companies.

  6. [Occupational disability in epilepsy. The assessment criteria].

    PubMed

    Vicente-Herrero, M T; Terradillos García, M J; Capdevila García, L; Ramírez Iñiguez de la Torre, M V; López-González, Á A; Aguilar Jiménez, E

    2016-03-01

    Epilepsy is a chronic disease cursing with recurrent and paroxysmal crises due to anomalies in the electrical activity of brain, and is controllable in most of the patients by using antiepileptic drugs, in single or combination therapy. Probably one of the most complex aspects of epilepsy is the assessment of disability for work of the affected person. For this purpose, multiple factors need to be taken into account for homogeneous decision-making, and according to criteria of approval and within the principle of equity inherent in the granting of Social Security disability benefits. This requires the cooperation of all professionals involved in the different specialties, with reports using common criteria and taking into account the disease itself, as well as the effects of the prescribed treatments, the effects of which can contribute to the limitations in the performance of certain professions of risk. Copyright © 2014 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

  7. From blockchain technology to global health equity: can cryptocurrencies finance universal health coverage?

    PubMed Central

    Till, Brian M; Peters, Alexander W; Afshar, Salim; Meara, John G

    2017-01-01

    Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies could remake global health financing and usher in an era global health equity and universal health coverage. We outline and provide examples for at least four important ways in which this potential disruption of traditional global health funding mechanisms could occur: universal access to financing through direct transactions without third parties; novel new multilateral financing mechanisms; increased security and reduced fraud and corruption; and the opportunity for open markets for healthcare data that drive discovery and innovation. We see these issues as a paramount to the delivery of healthcare worldwide and relevant for payers and providers of healthcare at state, national and global levels; for government and non-governmental organisations; and for global aid organisations, including the WHO, International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group. PMID:29177101

  8. Linkages between gender equity and intimate partner violence among urban Brazilian youth.

    PubMed

    Gomez, Anu Manchikanti; Speizer, Ilene S; Moracco, Kathryn E

    2011-10-01

    Gender inequity is a risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV), although there is little research on this relationship that focuses on youth or males. Using survey data collected from 240 male and 198 female youth aged 15-24 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, we explore the association between individual-level support for gender equity and IPV experiences in the past 6 months and describe responses to and motivations for IPV. Factor analysis was used to construct gender equity scales for males and females. Logistic and multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between gender equity and IPV. About half of female youth reported some form of recent IPV, including any victimization (32%), any perpetration (40%), and both victimization and perpetration (22%). A total of 18% of male youth reported recently perpetrating IPV. In logistic regression models, support for gender equity had a protective effect against any female IPV victimization and any male IPV perpetration and was not associated with female IPV perpetration. Female victims reported leaving the abusive partner, but later returning to him as the most frequent response to IPV. Male perpetrators said the most common response of their victims was to retaliate with violence. Jealousy was the most frequently reported motivation of females perpetrating IPV. Gender equity is an important predictor of IPV among youth. Examining the gendered context of IPV will be useful in the development of targeted interventions to promote gender equity and healthy relationships and to help reduce IPV among youth. Copyright © 2011 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  9. Human Rights and the Political Economy of Universal Health Care: Designing Equitable Financing.

    PubMed

    Rudiger, Anja

    2016-12-01

    Health system financing is a critical factor in securing universal health care and achieving equity in access and payment. The human rights framework offers valuable guidance for designing a financing strategy that meets these goals. This article presents a rights-based approach to health care financing developed by the human right to health care movement in the United States. Grounded in a human rights analysis of private, market-based health insurance, advocates make the case for public financing through progressive taxation. Financing mechanisms are measured against the twin goals of guaranteeing access to care and advancing economic equity. The added focus on the redistributive potential of health care financing recasts health reform as an economic policy intervention that can help fulfill broader economic and social rights obligations. Based on a review of recent universal health care reform efforts in the state of Vermont, this article reports on a rights-based public financing plan and model, which includes a new business tax directed against wage disparities. The modeling results suggest that a health system financed through equitable taxation could produce significant redistributive effects, thus increasing economic equity while generating sufficient funds to provide comprehensive health care as a universal public good.

  10. Human Rights and the Political Economy of Universal Health Care

    PubMed Central

    2016-01-01

    Abstract Health system financing is a critical factor in securing universal health care and achieving equity in access and payment. The human rights framework offers valuable guidance for designing a financing strategy that meets these goals. This article presents a rights-based approach to health care financing developed by the human right to health care movement in the United States. Grounded in a human rights analysis of private, market-based health insurance, advocates make the case for public financing through progressive taxation. Financing mechanisms are measured against the twin goals of guaranteeing access to care and advancing economic equity. The added focus on the redistributive potential of health care financing recasts health reform as an economic policy intervention that can help fulfill broader economic and social rights obligations. Based on a review of recent universal health care reform efforts in the state of Vermont, this article reports on a rights-based public financing plan and model, which includes a new business tax directed against wage disparities. The modeling results suggest that a health system financed through equitable taxation could produce significant redistributive effects, thus increasing economic equity while generating sufficient funds to provide comprehensive health care as a universal public good. PMID:28559677

  11. Financial Assessment for Senior Military Officers

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-03-30

    CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE U.S. Army War College April 1990 Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5050 13. NUMBEROF PAGES 97 14. MONITORING...AGENCY NAME & AOORESS(If different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified ISa. DECL ASSI FICATI ON/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE...Equity. Since it is usually difficult to obtain second mortgages on non -residential property the second way of calculating the ’net value increase

  12. 77 FR 44702 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-30

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-67490; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2012-75] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.37(c) To Provide That the Tracking Order Process Is Available Only for Orders That Are Eligible To Route to an Away Market July 24, 201...

  13. 77 FR 43879 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Designation of a Longer Period for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-26

    ... Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.31(h) To Add a PL Select Order Type July 20, 2012...(h) to add a PL Select Order type. The proposed rule change was published for comment in the Federal... security at a specified, undisplayed price. The PL Select Order would be a subset of the PL Order that...

  14. The European Union Joint Procurement Agreement for cross-border health threats: what is the potential for this new mechanism of health system collaboration?

    PubMed

    Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha; Schroder-Bäck, Peter; Brand, Helmut

    2017-01-01

    The Joint Procurement Agreement (JPA) is an innovative instrument for multi-country procurement of medical countermeasures against cross-border health threats. This paper aims to assess its potential performance. A literature review was conducted to identify key features of successful joint procurement programmes. Documentary analysis and a key informants' interview were carried out to analyse the European Union (EU) JPA. Ownership, equity, transparency, stable central financing, standardisation, flexibility and gradual development were identified as important prerequisites for successful establishment of multi-country joint procurement programmes in the literature while security of supply, favourable prices, reduction of operational costs and administrative burden and creation of professional expert networks were identified as desirable outcomes. The EU JPA appears to fulfil the criteria of ownership, transparency, equity, flexibility and gradual development. Standardisation is only partly fulfilled and central EU level financing is not provided. Security of supply is an important outcome for all EU Member States (MS). Price savings, reduction in administrative burden and creation of professional networks may be particularly attractive for the smaller MS. The JPA has the potential to increase health system collaboration and efficiency at EU level provided that the incentives for sustained commitment of larger MS are sufficiently attractive.

  15. Equity in the financing of social security for health in Chile.

    PubMed

    Bitran, R; Mu?oz, J; Aguad, P; Navarrete, M; Ubilla, G

    2000-01-01

    Real public health spending has more than doubled since 1990, raising concerns about the targeting of public subsidies. This study examined the degree of equity in the financing of FONASA, the public insurer, which in 1995 covered 8.6 million beneficiaries, or 62% of the country's population. Study results, covering calendar year 1995, indicated that (1) government health subsidies were well-targeted, with about 90% reaching the indigent and 8% going to other, low-income beneficiaries; (2) only 2.5% of government subsidies leaked to higher-income, non-beneficiaries of FONASA (people covered by private insurers known as ISAPRES, otherwise covered, or without any coverage); (3) overall, FONASA's contributing beneficiaries (i.e. the indigent aside) self-financed their health benefits, although higher-income beneficiaries were providing significant cross-subsidies to low-income ones, making the internal financing of FONASA somewhat progressive; (4) the indigent received the highest amount of annual net benefits per capita, followed by low-income beneficiaries; and (5) the evasion of FONASA's payroll tax was pervasive, although public providers delivered care on an equal basis irrespective of the patients' contributions to FONASA. FONASA's finances would improve significantly if affiliation to health social security by both dependent and independent workers was made compulsory.

  16. 12 CFR 325.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... which the FDIC is the appropriate federal banking agency pursuant to section 3(q) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(q)). (d) Common stockholders' equity means the sum of common stock and related surplus... conditions, limitations, and restrictions described in § 325.5 (f). (q) Noncumulative perpetual preferred...

  17. 12 CFR 325.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... which the FDIC is the appropriate federal banking agency pursuant to section 3(q) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(q)). (d) Common stockholders' equity means the sum of common stock and related surplus... conditions, limitations, and restrictions described in § 325.5 (f). (q) Noncumulative perpetual preferred...

  18. 12 CFR 325.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... which the FDIC is the appropriate federal banking agency pursuant to section 3(q) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(q)). (d) Common stockholders' equity means the sum of common stock and related surplus... conditions, limitations, and restrictions described in § 325.5 (f). (q) Noncumulative perpetual preferred...

  19. 12 CFR 325.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... which the FDIC is the appropriate federal banking agency pursuant to section 3(q) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(q)). (d) Common stockholders' equity means the sum of common stock and related surplus... conditions, limitations, and restrictions described in § 325.5 (f). (q) Noncumulative perpetual preferred...

  20. Colombian health care system: results on equity for five health dimensions, 2003-2008.

    PubMed

    Ruiz Gómez, Fernando; Zapata Jaramillo, Teana; Garavito Beltrán, Liz

    2013-02-01

    To assess the change in five health equity dimensions for the Colombian health system: health condition, social health insurance coverage, health services utilization, quality, and health expenditure. A common standardization methodology was used to assess equity in countries in the western hemisphere. Data come from the Colombian Life Quality Survey. After indirect standardization, concentration indices and horizontal inequity were estimated. A decomposition analysis was developed. Aggregate household monthly expenditure per equivalent adult was considered as the standard of living. Results show important progress in equity with regard to social health insurance affiliation, access to medicine and curative services, and perception of the quality of health care service. Important gaps persist, which affect poorer populations, especially their perception of having a bad health condition and their access to preventive medical and dental services. The Colombian model needs to advance in implementing preventive public health strategies to cope with increasing demand concomitant with increased social insurance coverage. The population's access to total services in cases of chronic illness and oral health services must increase and benefit plans must be integrated while preserving the recorded achievements in equity. Decomposition of the concentration index shows that inequities are mostly explained by socioeconomic variables and not by health-related factors.

  1. Health policy in times of austerity-A conceptual framework for evaluating effects of policy on efficiency and equity illustrated with examples from Europe since 2008.

    PubMed

    Wenzl, Martin; Naci, Huseyin; Mossialos, Elias

    2017-09-01

    The objective of this paper is to provide a framework for evaluation of changes in health policy against overarching health system goals. We propose a categorisation of policies into seven distinct health system domains. We then develop existing analytical concepts of insurance coverage and cost-effectiveness further to evaluate the effects of policies in each domain on equity and efficiency. The framework is illustrated with likely effects of policy changes implemented in a sample of European countries since 2008. Our illustrative analysis suggests that cost containment has been the main focus and that countries have implemented a mix of measures that are efficient or efficiency neutral. Similarly, policies are likely to have mixed effects on equity. Additional user charges were a common theme but these were frequently accompanied by additional exemptions, making their likely effects on equity difficult to evaluate. We provide a framework for future, and more detailed, evaluations of changes in health policy. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  2. New Research on Securing Educational Excellence & Equity for English Language Learners in Texas Secondary Schools. IDRA Jose A. Cardenas School Finance Fellows Program 2015 Symposium Proceedings (San Antonio, Texas, February 2, 2015)

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Intercultural Development Research Association, 2015

    2015-01-01

    English language learners make up the fastest growing segment of the student population, but they are one of the lowest academically performing groups of students and the achievement gap widens as students progress through school. Dr. Oscar Jimenez-Castellanos, the Intercultural Development Research Association's (IDRA's) inaugural Jose A.…

  3. Social security politics: ideology and reform.

    PubMed

    Svihula, Judie; Estes, Carroll L

    2007-03-01

    The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of dominant values, actors, and ideological advocacy coalitions influencing the Social Security debate across two presidential administrations. Through content and cluster analyses, we analyzed federal legislative hearing testimonies on Social Security reform spanning 11 years. Witnesses consistently expressed six dominant values: (a) advancing the market, (b) self-interest, (c) generational equity, (d) belief in market activity, (e) recommendations for market solutions, and (f) favoring the replacement of Social Security with private accounts. We identified three advocacy coalitions: conservative, progressive, and nonaligned. Conservatives dominated the hearings and were more consistent in their expression of market values when compared to progressives, who expressed social contract values less frequently. Congressional Democrats were inconsistent in upholding Social Security's social contract values. The distribution of testimonies paralleled historical, political, and economic events. Our research indicates that one can interpret social policies as well as policy options as sets of values, and these as ideological models. We anticipate that the coherence on one political ideological view (market) and the relative lack of consistency in another (social contract) will be highly consequential for the future of Social Security, U.S. politics, and the public.

  4. Determinants and Equity Evaluation for Health Expenditure Among Patients with Rare Diseases in China.

    PubMed

    Xin, Xiao-Xiong; Zhao, Liang; Guan, Xiao-Dong; Shi, Lu-Wen

    2016-06-20

    China has not established social security system for rare diseases. Rare diseases could easily impoverish patients and their families. Little research has studied the equity and accessibility of health services for patients with rare diseases in China. This study aimed to explore the factors that influence health expenditure of rare diseases and evaluate its equity. Questionnaire survey about living conditions and cost burden of patients with rare diseases was conducted. Individual and family information, health expenditure and reimbursement in 2014 of 982 patients were collected. The impact of medical insurance, individual sociodemographic characteristics, family characteristics, and healthcare need on total and out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures was analyzed through the generalized linear model. Equity of health expenditure was evaluated by both concentration index and Lorenz curve. Of all the surveyed patients, 11.41% had no medical insurance and 92.10% spent money to seek medical treatment in 2014. It was suggested female (P = 0.048), over 50 years of age (P = 0.062), high-income group (P = 0.021), hospitalization (P = 0.000), and reimbursement ratio (RR) (P = 0.000) were positively correlated with total health expenditure. Diseases not needing long-term treatment (P = 0.000) was negatively correlated with total health expenditure. Over 50 years of age (P = 0.065), high-income group (P = 0.018), hospitalization (P = 0.000) and having Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) (P = 0.022) were positively correlated with OOP health expenditure. Patient or the head of the household having received higher education (P = 0.044 and P = 0.081) and reimbursement ratio (P = 0.078) were negatively correlated with OOP health expenditure. The equity evaluation found concentration indexes of health expenditure before and after reimbursement were 0.0550 and 0.0539, respectively. OOP health expenditure of patients with UEBMI was significantly more than that of patients without medical insurance. However, for any other medical insurance, there was no difference between OOP health expenditure of the insured patients and patients without insurance. The current reimbursement policies have increased the equity of health expenditure, but are biased toward high-income people.

  5. The Impact of Test Dimensionality, Common-Item Set Format, and Scale Linking Methods on Mixed-Format Test Equating

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Öztürk-Gübes, Nese; Kelecioglu, Hülya

    2016-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of dimensionality, common-item set format, and different scale linking methods on preserving equity property with mixed-format test equating. Item response theory (IRT) true-score equating (TSE) and IRT observed-score equating (OSE) methods were used under common-item nonequivalent groups design.…

  6. Funding the Formula Adequately in Oklahoma

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hancock, Kenneth

    2015-01-01

    This report is a longevity, simulational study that looks at how the ratio of state support to local support effects the number of school districts that breaks the common school's funding formula which in turns effects the equity of distribution to the common schools. After nearly two decades of adequately supporting the funding formula, Oklahoma…

  7. 26 CFR 25.2701-3 - Determination of amount of gift.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    .... For purposes of paragraph (c)(1) of this section, junior equity interest means common stock or, in the... to the rights of all other classes of partnership interests. Common stock means the class or classes... payments are considered full and adequate consideration if a good faith effort is made to determine the...

  8. 26 CFR 25.2701-3 - Determination of amount of gift.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    .... For purposes of paragraph (c)(1) of this section, junior equity interest means common stock or, in the... to the rights of all other classes of partnership interests. Common stock means the class or classes... payments are considered full and adequate consideration if a good faith effort is made to determine the...

  9. Entropy-based financial asset pricing.

    PubMed

    Ormos, Mihály; Zibriczky, Dávid

    2014-01-01

    We investigate entropy as a financial risk measure. Entropy explains the equity premium of securities and portfolios in a simpler way and, at the same time, with higher explanatory power than the beta parameter of the capital asset pricing model. For asset pricing we define the continuous entropy as an alternative measure of risk. Our results show that entropy decreases in the function of the number of securities involved in a portfolio in a similar way to the standard deviation, and that efficient portfolios are situated on a hyperbola in the expected return-entropy system. For empirical investigation we use daily returns of 150 randomly selected securities for a period of 27 years. Our regression results show that entropy has a higher explanatory power for the expected return than the capital asset pricing model beta. Furthermore we show the time varying behavior of the beta along with entropy.

  10. Entropy-Based Financial Asset Pricing

    PubMed Central

    Ormos, Mihály; Zibriczky, Dávid

    2014-01-01

    We investigate entropy as a financial risk measure. Entropy explains the equity premium of securities and portfolios in a simpler way and, at the same time, with higher explanatory power than the beta parameter of the capital asset pricing model. For asset pricing we define the continuous entropy as an alternative measure of risk. Our results show that entropy decreases in the function of the number of securities involved in a portfolio in a similar way to the standard deviation, and that efficient portfolios are situated on a hyperbola in the expected return – entropy system. For empirical investigation we use daily returns of 150 randomly selected securities for a period of 27 years. Our regression results show that entropy has a higher explanatory power for the expected return than the capital asset pricing model beta. Furthermore we show the time varying behavior of the beta along with entropy. PMID:25545668

  11. Women and social security: social policy adjusts to social change.

    PubMed

    Kahne, H

    1981-01-01

    Women age sixty-five and over now constitute about three fifths of the elderly population. They live longer than men and over time that longevity gap is increasing. Yet their income in later years is woefully inadequate. Poverty status is greater for elderly women than for elderly men; over half of aged women in poverty are widows. This paper describes the social security program, the cornerstone of our retirement income, and the lack of congruence of its provisions with contemporary social roles of women. It analyzes alternative proposals of two-tier, double decker and homemaker benefits, and earnings sharing, and their possible impact on women's economic status. It recommends improvements for this transition period while more basic structural reform is under discussion. Reform based on societal consensus could increase equity of treatment and adequacy of benefits for women. It is an essential prelude to consideration of long range financing needs of social security.

  12. Imagining Global Health with Justice: In Defense of the Right to Health.

    PubMed

    Friedman, Eric A; Gostin, Lawrence O

    2015-12-01

    The singular message in Global Health Law is that we must strive to achieve global health with justice--improved population health, with a fairer distribution of benefits of good health. Global health entails ensuring the conditions of good health--public health, universal health coverage, and the social determinants of health--while justice requires closing today’s vast domestic and global health inequities. These conditions for good health should be incorporated into public policy, supplemented by specific actions to overcome barriers to equity. A new global health treaty grounded in the right to health and aimed at health equity--a Framework Convention on Global Health (FCGH)--stands out for its possibilities in helping to achieve global health with justice. This far-reaching legal instrument would establish minimum standards for universal health coverage and public health measures, with an accompanying national and international financing framework, require a constant focus on health equity, promote Health in All Policies and global governance for health, and advance the principles of good governance, including accountability. While achieving an FCGH is certainly ambitious, it is a struggle worth the efforts of us all. The treaty’s basis in the right to health, which has been agreed to by all governments, has powerful potential to form the foundation of global governance for health. From interpretations of UN treaty bodies to judgments of national courts, the right to health is now sufficiently articulated to serve this role, with the individual’s right to health best understood as a function of a social, political, and economic environment aimed at equity. However great the political challenge of securing state agreement to the FCGH, it is possible. States have joined other treaties with significant resource requirements and limitations on their sovereignty without significant reciprocal benefits from other states, while important state interests would benefit from the FCGH. And from integrating the FCGH into the existing human rights system to creative forms of compliance and enforcement and strengthened domestic legal and political accountability mechanisms, the treaty stands to improve right to health compliance. The potential for the FCGH to bring the right to health nearer universal reality calls for us to embark on the journey towards securing this global treaty.

  13. Health equity in the New Zealand health care system: a national survey.

    PubMed

    Sheridan, Nicolette F; Kenealy, Timothy W; Connolly, Martin J; Mahony, Faith; Barber, P Alan; Boyd, Mary Anne; Carswell, Peter; Clinton, Janet; Devlin, Gerard; Doughty, Robert; Dyall, Lorna; Kerse, Ngaire; Kolbe, John; Lawrenson, Ross; Moffitt, Allan

    2011-10-20

    In all countries people experience different social circumstances that result in avoidable differences in health. In New Zealand, Māori, Pacific peoples, and those with lower socioeconomic status experience higher levels of chronic illness, which is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity and inequitable health outcomes. Whilst the health system can enable a fairer distribution of good health, limited national data is available to measure health equity. Therefore, we sought to find out whether health services in New Zealand were equitable by measuring the level of development of components of chronic care management systems across district health boards. Variation in provision by geography, condition or ethnicity can be interpreted as inequitable. A national survey of district health boards (DHBs) was undertaken on macro approaches to chronic condition management with detail on cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, stroke and diabetes. Additional data from expert informant interviews on program reach and the cultural needs of Māori and Pacific peoples was sought. Survey data were analyzed on dimensions of health equity relevant to strategic planning and program delivery. Results are presented as descriptive statistics and free text. Interviews were transcribed and NVivo 8 software supported a general inductive approach to identify common themes. Survey responses were received from the majority of DHBs (15/21), some PHOs (21/84) and 31 expert informants. Measuring, monitoring and targeting equity is not systematically undertaken. The Health Equity Assessment Tool is used in strategic planning but not in decisions about implementing or monitoring disease programs. Variable implementation of evidence-based practices in disease management and multiple funding streams made program implementation difficult. Equity for Māori is embedded in policy, this is not so for other ethnic groups or by geography. Populations that conventional practitioners find hard to reach, despite recognized needs, are often underserved. Nurses and community health workers carried a disproportionate burden of care. Cultural and diversity training is not a condition of employment. There is a struggle to put equity principles into practice, indicating will without enactment. Equity is not addressed systematically below strategic levels and equity does not shape funding decisions, program development, implementation and monitoring. Equity is not incentivized although examples of exceptional practice, driven by individuals, are evident across New Zealand.

  14. Health equity in the New Zealand health care system: a national survey

    PubMed Central

    2011-01-01

    Introduction In all countries people experience different social circumstances that result in avoidable differences in health. In New Zealand, Māori, Pacific peoples, and those with lower socioeconomic status experience higher levels of chronic illness, which is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity and inequitable health outcomes. Whilst the health system can enable a fairer distribution of good health, limited national data is available to measure health equity. Therefore, we sought to find out whether health services in New Zealand were equitable by measuring the level of development of components of chronic care management systems across district health boards. Variation in provision by geography, condition or ethnicity can be interpreted as inequitable. Methods A national survey of district health boards (DHBs) was undertaken on macro approaches to chronic condition management with detail on cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, stroke and diabetes. Additional data from expert informant interviews on program reach and the cultural needs of Māori and Pacific peoples was sought. Survey data were analyzed on dimensions of health equity relevant to strategic planning and program delivery. Results are presented as descriptive statistics and free text. Interviews were transcribed and NVivo 8 software supported a general inductive approach to identify common themes. Results Survey responses were received from the majority of DHBs (15/21), some PHOs (21/84) and 31 expert informants. Measuring, monitoring and targeting equity is not systematically undertaken. The Health Equity Assessment Tool is used in strategic planning but not in decisions about implementing or monitoring disease programs. Variable implementation of evidence-based practices in disease management and multiple funding streams made program implementation difficult. Equity for Māori is embedded in policy, this is not so for other ethnic groups or by geography. Populations that conventional practitioners find hard to reach, despite recognized needs, are often underserved. Nurses and community health workers carried a disproportionate burden of care. Cultural and diversity training is not a condition of employment. Conclusions There is a struggle to put equity principles into practice, indicating will without enactment. Equity is not addressed systematically below strategic levels and equity does not shape funding decisions, program development, implementation and monitoring. Equity is not incentivized although examples of exceptional practice, driven by individuals, are evident across New Zealand. PMID:22014211

  15. Welfare and Generational Equity in Sustainable Unfunded Pension Systems

    PubMed Central

    Auerbach, Alan J.; Lee, Ronald

    2011-01-01

    Using stochastic simulations we analyze how public pension structures spread the risks arising from demographic and economic shocks across generations. We consider several actual and hypothetical sustainable PAYGO pension structures, including: (1) versions of the US Social Security system with annual adjustments of taxes or benefits to maintain fiscal balance; (2) Sweden’s Notional Defined Contribution system and several variants developed to improve fiscal stability; and (3) the German system, which also includes annual adjustments to maintain fiscal balance. For each system, we present descriptive measures of uncertainty in representative outcomes for a typical generation and across generations. We then estimate expected utility for generations based on simplifying assumptions and incorporate these expected utility calculations in an overall social welfare measure. Using a horizontal equity index, we also compare the different systems’ performance in terms of how neighboring generations are treated. While the actual Swedish system smoothes stochastic fluctuations more than any other and produces the highest degree of horizontal equity, it does so by accumulating a buffer stock of assets that alleviates the need for frequent adjustments. In terms of social welfare, this accumulation of assets leads to a lower average rate of return that more than offsets the benefits of risk reduction, leaving systems with more frequent adjustments that spread risks broadly among generations as those most preferred. PMID:21818166

  16. 47 CFR 1.992 - How to calculate indirect equity and voting interests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... PROCEDURE Grants by Random Selection Wireless Radio Services Applications and Proceedings Foreign Ownership of Common Carrier, Aeronautical En Route, and Aeronautical Fixed Radio Station Licensees § 1.992 How...

  17. 47 CFR 1.992 - How to calculate indirect equity and voting interests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... PROCEDURE Grants by Random Selection Wireless Radio Services Applications and Proceedings Foreign Ownership of Common Carrier, Aeronautical En Route, and Aeronautical Fixed Radio Station Licensees § 1.992 How...

  18. Health Sector Evolution Plan in Iran; Equity and Sustainability Concerns.

    PubMed

    Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Vosoogh-Moghaddam, Abbas

    2015-08-31

    In 2014, a series of reforms, called as the Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP), was launched in the health system of Iran in a stepwise process. HSEP was mainly based on the fifth 5-year health development national strategies (2011-2016). It included different interventions to: increase population coverage of basic health insurance, increase quality of care in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) affiliated hospitals, reduce out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for inpatient services, increase quality of primary healthcare, launch updated relative value units (RVUs) of clinical services, and update tariffs to more realistic values. The reforms resulted in extensive social reaction and different professional feedback. The official monitoring program shows general public satisfaction. However, there are some concerns for sustainability of the programs and equity of financing. Securing financial sources and fairness of the financial contribution to the new programs are the main concerns of policy-makers. Healthcare providers' concerns (as powerful and influential stakeholders) potentially threat the sustainability and efficiency of HSEP. Previous experiences on extending health insurance coverage show that they can lead to a regressive healthcare financing and threat financial equity. To secure financial sources and to increase fairness, the contributions of people to new interventions should be progressive by their income and wealth. A specific progressive tax would be the best source, however, since it is not immediately feasible, a stepwise increase in the progressivity of financing must be followed. Technical concerns of healthcare providers (such as nonplausible RVUs for specific procedures or nonefficient insurance-provider processes) should be addressed through proper revision(s) while nontechnical concerns (which are derived from conflicting interests) must be responded through clarification and providing transparent information. The requirements of HSEP and especially the key element of progressive tax should be considered properly in the coming sixth national development plan (2016-2021). © 2015 by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.

  19. Health Sector Evolution Plan in Iran; Equity and Sustainability Concerns

    PubMed Central

    Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Vosoogh-Moghaddam, Abbas

    2015-01-01

    In 2014, a series of reforms, called as the Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP), was launched in the health system of Iran in a stepwise process. HSEP was mainly based on the fifth 5-year health development national strategies (2011-2016). It included different interventions to: increase population coverage of basic health insurance, increase quality of care in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) affiliated hospitals, reduce out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for inpatient services, increase quality of primary healthcare, launch updated relative value units (RVUs) of clinical services, and update tariffs to more realistic values. The reforms resulted in extensive social reaction and different professional feedback. The official monitoring program shows general public satisfaction. However, there are some concerns for sustainability of the programs and equity of financing. Securing financial sources and fairness of the financial contribution to the new programs are the main concerns of policy-makers. Healthcare providers’ concerns (as powerful and influential stakeholders) potentially threat the sustainability and efficiency of HSEP. Previous experiences on extending health insurance coverage show that they can lead to a regressive healthcare financing and threat financial equity. To secure financial sources and to increase fairness, the contributions of people to new interventions should be progressive by their income and wealth. A specific progressive tax would be the best source, however, since it is not immediately feasible, a stepwise increase in the progressivity of financing must be followed. Technical concerns of healthcare providers (such as nonplausible RVUs for specific procedures or nonefficient insurance-provider processes) should be addressed through proper revision(s) while nontechnical concerns (which are derived from conflicting interests) must be responded through clarification and providing transparent information. The requirements of HSEP and especially the key element of progressive tax should be considered properly in the coming sixth national development plan (2016-2021). PMID:26673172

  20. 2007 Report to Congress of the U.S.- China Economic and Security Review Commission

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-11-01

    the $3 billion stake it took in the New York-based private equity firm The Blackstone Group. Some worry that the new fund may be used to capture more...pollution of surrounding riverbanks and other ecological harm. Pollution from Coal Mining Air pollution is not the only environmental consequence of Chi...technology firms and human rights organizations was formed to discuss the establishment of an international code of ethics on issues related to

  1. Research Commentary: Educational Technology--An Equity Challenge to the Common Core

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kitchen, Richard; Berk, Sarabeth

    2016-01-01

    The implementation of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (National Governors Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers, 2010) has the potential to move forward key features of standards-based reforms in mathematics that have been promoted in the United States for more than 2 decades (e.g.,…

  2. Operations research in global health: a scoping review with a focus on the themes of health equity and impact.

    PubMed

    Bradley, Beverly D; Jung, Tiffany; Tandon-Verma, Ananya; Khoury, Bassem; Chan, Timothy C Y; Cheng, Yu-Ling

    2017-04-18

    Operations research (OR) is a discipline that uses advanced analytical methods (e.g. simulation, optimisation, decision analysis) to better understand complex systems and aid in decision-making. Herein, we present a scoping review of the use of OR to analyse issues in global health, with an emphasis on health equity and research impact. A systematic search of five databases was designed to identify relevant published literature. A global overview of 1099 studies highlights the geographic distribution of OR and common OR methods used. From this collection of literature, a narrative description of the use of OR across four main application areas of global health - health systems and operations, clinical medicine, public health and health innovation - is also presented. The theme of health equity is then explored in detail through a subset of 44 studies. Health equity is a critical element of global health that cuts across all four application areas, and is an issue particularly amenable to analysis through OR. Finally, we present seven select cases of OR analyses that have been implemented or have influenced decision-making in global health policy or practice. Based on these cases, we identify three key drivers for success in bridging the gap between OR and global health policy, namely international collaboration with stakeholders, use of contextually appropriate data, and varied communication outlets for research findings. Such cases, however, represent a very small proportion of the literature found. Poor availability of representative and quality data, and a lack of collaboration between those who develop OR models and stakeholders in the contexts where OR analyses are intended to serve, were found to be common challenges for effective OR modelling in global health.

  3. Sustainable Development in Surgery: The Health, Poverty, and Equity Impacts of Charitable Surgery in Uganda

    PubMed Central

    Shrime, Mark G.; Sekidde, Serufusa; Linden, Allison; Cohen, Jessica L.; Weinstein, Milton C.; Salomon, Joshua A.

    2016-01-01

    Background The recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals call for the end of poverty and the equitable provision of healthcare. These goals are often at odds, however: health seeking can lead to catastrophic spending, an outcome for which cancer patients and the poor in resource-limited settings are at particularly high risk. How various health policies affect the additional aims of financial wellbeing and equity is poorly understood. This paper evaluates the health, financial, and equity impacts of governmental and charitable policies for surgical oncology in a resource-limited setting. Methods Three charitable platforms for surgical oncology delivery in Uganda were compared to six governmental policies aimed at improving healthcare access. An extended cost-effectiveness analysis using an agent-based simulation model examined the numbers of lives saved, catastrophic expenditure averted, impoverishment averted, costs, and the distribution of benefits across the wealth spectrum. Findings Of the nine policies and platforms evaluated, two were able to provide simultaneous health and financial benefits efficiently and equitably: mobile surgical units and governmental policies that simultaneously address surgical scaleup, the cost of surgery, and the cost of transportation. Policies that only remove user fees are dominated, as is the commonly employed short-term “surgical mission trip”. These results are robust to scenario and sensitivity analyses. Interpretation The most common platforms for increasing access to surgical care appear unable to provide health and financial risk protection equitably. On the other hand, mobile surgical units, to date an underutilized delivery platform, are able to deliver surgical oncology in a manner that meets sustainable development goals by improving health, financial solvency, and equity. These platforms compare favorably with policies that holistically address surgical delivery and should be considered as countries strengthen health systems. PMID:28036357

  4. Sustainable Development in Surgery: The Health, Poverty, and Equity Impacts of Charitable Surgery in Uganda.

    PubMed

    Shrime, Mark G; Sekidde, Serufusa; Linden, Allison; Cohen, Jessica L; Weinstein, Milton C; Salomon, Joshua A

    2016-01-01

    The recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals call for the end of poverty and the equitable provision of healthcare. These goals are often at odds, however: health seeking can lead to catastrophic spending, an outcome for which cancer patients and the poor in resource-limited settings are at particularly high risk. How various health policies affect the additional aims of financial wellbeing and equity is poorly understood. This paper evaluates the health, financial, and equity impacts of governmental and charitable policies for surgical oncology in a resource-limited setting. Three charitable platforms for surgical oncology delivery in Uganda were compared to six governmental policies aimed at improving healthcare access. An extended cost-effectiveness analysis using an agent-based simulation model examined the numbers of lives saved, catastrophic expenditure averted, impoverishment averted, costs, and the distribution of benefits across the wealth spectrum. Of the nine policies and platforms evaluated, two were able to provide simultaneous health and financial benefits efficiently and equitably: mobile surgical units and governmental policies that simultaneously address surgical scaleup, the cost of surgery, and the cost of transportation. Policies that only remove user fees are dominated, as is the commonly employed short-term "surgical mission trip". These results are robust to scenario and sensitivity analyses. The most common platforms for increasing access to surgical care appear unable to provide health and financial risk protection equitably. On the other hand, mobile surgical units, to date an underutilized delivery platform, are able to deliver surgical oncology in a manner that meets sustainable development goals by improving health, financial solvency, and equity. These platforms compare favorably with policies that holistically address surgical delivery and should be considered as countries strengthen health systems.

  5. Indo-Russian Military and Nuclear Cooperation: Implications for U.S. Security Interests

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1999-12-01

    India’s quest for global status and equity. The rise of the BJP has resulted in a new approach to international nuclear politics in New Delhi. India has...normative advantages afforded to India by the acquisition of nuclear arms. These polar views result in a "chicken or the egg scenario" in which one side...decisions by its leadership could result in the first bilateral nuclear exchange in history (with Pakistan or China) or lead to direct conflict with the

  6. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    NONE

    Topics covered include: energy security; clean energy and low carbon; energy for growth and poverty reduction in Africa; financing of energy efficiency; SMEs for decentralised energy service provision; potential for biofuels in developing countries; clean energy and sustainable development; clean energy finance and private equity funds; power generation and low carbon technologies; beyond traditional finance; rehabilitation and emission control in thermal power plants; and carbon finance. The presentations are mainly in ppt (Power Point) or pdf (Acrobat) format. Some videos of the conference are also available on the website.

  7. An Examination of United States Navy Leasing: Lessons from the MPS/T-5 Experience

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2004-12-01

    issued by the FFB to the Deal’s special purpose entities. These bonds were not callable -- the FFB required that if the bonds were redeemed early, they...year) bonds purchased by the FFB. All debt funds flowed directly to the FFB, which held a mortgage on the vessel to secure the debt. • Delivery...debt/Owner-Participant equity ratio applied. Used 6% based on the average yield on 20-year Treasury bonds . Discount Rate Used 10% based on DoD

  8. Farmland Tenure Security in China: Influencing Factors of Actual and Perceived Farmland Tenure Security

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ren, Guangcheng; Zhu, Xueqin; Heerink, Nico; van Ierland, Ekko; Feng, Shuyi

    2017-04-01

    Tenure security plays an important role in farm households' investment, land renting and other decisions. Recent literature distinguishes between actual farmland tenure security (i.e. farm households' actual control of farmland) and perceived farmland tenure security (i.e. farm households' subjective understanding of their farmland tenure situation and expectation regarding government enforcement and equality of the law). However little is known on what factors influence the actual and perceived farmland tenure security in rural China. Theoretically, actual farmland tenure security is related to village self-governance as a major informal governance rule in rural China. Both economic efficiency and equity considerations are likely to play a role in the distribution of land and its tenure security. Household perceptions of farmland tenure security depend not only on the actual farmland tenure security in a village, but may also be affected by households' investment in and ability of changing social rules. Our study examines what factors contribute to differences in actual and perceived farmland tenure security between different villages and farm households in different regions of China. Applying probit models to the data collected from 1,485 households in 124 villages in Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning and Chongqing, we find that development of farmland rental market and degree of self-governance of a village have positive impacts, and development of labour market has a negative effect on actual farmland tenure security. Household perceptions of tenure security depend not only on actual farmland tenure security and on households' investment in and ability of changing social rules, but also on risk preferences of households. This finding has interesting policy implications for future land reforms in rural China.

  9. Equity in health care financing: The case of Malaysia.

    PubMed

    Yu, Chai Ping; Whynes, David K; Sach, Tracey H

    2008-06-09

    Equitable financing is a key objective of health care systems. Its importance is evidenced in policy documents, policy statements, the work of health economists and policy analysts. The conventional categorisations of finance sources for health care are taxation, social health insurance, private health insurance and out-of-pocket payments. There are nonetheless increasing variations in the finance sources used to fund health care. An understanding of the equity implications would help policy makers in achieving equitable financing. The primary purpose of this paper was to comprehensively assess the equity of health care financing in Malaysia, which represents a new country context for the quantitative techniques used. The paper evaluated each of the five financing sources (direct taxes, indirect taxes, contributions to Employee Provident Fund and Social Security Organization, private insurance and out-of-pocket payments) independently, and subsequently by combined the financing sources to evaluate the whole financing system. Cross-sectional analyses were performed on the Household Expenditure Survey Malaysia 1998/99, using Stata statistical software package. In order to assess inequality, progressivity of each finance sources and the whole financing system was measured by Kakwani's progressivity index. Results showed that Malaysia's predominantly tax-financed system was slightly progressive with a Kakwani's progressivity index of 0.186. The net progressive effect was produced by four progressive finance sources (in the decreasing order of direct taxes, private insurance premiums, out-of-pocket payments, contributions to EPF and SOCSO) and a regressive finance source (indirect taxes). Malaysia's two tier health system, of a heavily subsidised public sector and a user charged private sector, has produced a progressive health financing system. The case of Malaysia exemplifies that policy makers can gain an in depth understanding of the equity impact, in order to help shape health financing strategies for the nation.

  10. For Women and Girls, the Common Core Is a Step toward Greater Equity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Center for American Progress, 2014

    2014-01-01

    More engaging and challenging standards build a strong academic foundation for all students. Girls--and in particular, girls of color--have a lot to gain from more rigorous learning standards that better prepare them for college and career success. This fact sheet explores the positive effect the Common Core State Standards can have on gender…

  11. Reframing Equity under Common Core: A Commentary on the Text Exemplar List for Grades 9-12

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schieble, Melissa

    2013-01-01

    This article provides a commentary on the text exemplar list for Grade bands 9-12 included in the Common Core documents in the United States. It is argued that a critical literacy perspective supports ELA teachers to assert a professional voice when making complex text selections based on diverse students' needs and interests. Implications…

  12. Policies and Practices on a Slippery Terrain: Lessons from Latin America and Africa in Educational Gender Equity.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stromquist, Nelly P.

    This paper compares and contrasts educational and gender experiences in Latin America and Africa. It provides a brief background for each area and addresses some commonly recognized issues, such as access to schooling and dropping out. The article discusses educational policies and examines some less-commonly recognized issues in higher education,…

  13. 10 CFR 15.37 - Interest, penalties, and administrative costs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... collection proceedings; or (4) Collection would be against equity and good conscience or not in the best... not subject to 31 U.S.C. 3717, in accordance with common law. [55 FR 32380, Aug. 9, 1990, as amended...

  14. Trends affecting power company securities

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Rakes, G.K.

    1978-08-31

    Amid signals that could be interpreted as meaning that the quality of earnings in the electric utility industry was declining, and strong assertions by some authorities that this was the case, it seemed desirable to the author to examine some of the basic values involved in electric utility securities. His goal was to see if recent power companies' debt and issues of equity can justifiably be viewed as having declining investment value. The basic concept for the undertaking was that the financial strength of a firm depends on its relative ability to generate sufficient funds to meet necessary outflows. Themore » author concludes that, unless utility companies can improve the inflow and outflow balance, adequate capital cannot be raised for expansion without raising interest rates and stock dividends.« less

  15. Topological structures in the equities market network

    PubMed Central

    Leibon, Gregory; Pauls, Scott; Rockmore, Daniel; Savell, Robert

    2008-01-01

    We present a new method for articulating scale-dependent topological descriptions of the network structure inherent in many complex systems. The technique is based on “partition decoupled null models,” a new class of null models that incorporate the interaction of clustered partitions into a random model and generalize the Gaussian ensemble. As an application, we analyze a correlation matrix derived from 4 years of close prices of equities in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ). In this example, we expose (i) a natural structure composed of 2 interacting partitions of the market that both agrees with and generalizes standard notions of scale (e.g., sector and industry) and (ii) structure in the first partition that is a topological manifestation of a well-known pattern of capital flow called “sector rotation.” Our approach gives rise to a natural form of multiresolution analysis of the underlying time series that naturally decomposes the basic data in terms of the effects of the different scales at which it clusters. We support our conclusions and show the robustness of the technique with a successful analysis on a simulated network with an embedded topological structure. The equities market is a prototypical complex system, and we expect that our approach will be of use in understanding a broad class of complex systems in which correlation structures are resident.

  16. Draft secure medical database standard.

    PubMed

    Pangalos, George

    2002-01-01

    Medical database security is a particularly important issue for all Healthcare establishments. Medical information systems are intended to support a wide range of pertinent health issues today, for example: assure the quality of care, support effective management of the health services institutions, monitor and contain the cost of care, implement technology into care without violating social values, ensure the equity and availability of care, preserve humanity despite the proliferation of technology etc.. In this context, medical database security aims primarily to support: high availability, accuracy and consistency of the stored data, the medical professional secrecy and confidentiality, and the protection of the privacy of the patient. These properties, though of technical nature, basically require that the system is actually helpful for medical care and not harmful to patients. These later properties require in turn not only that fundamental ethical principles are not violated by employing database systems, but instead, are effectively enforced by technical means. This document reviews the existing and emerging work on the security of medical database systems. It presents in detail the related problems and requirements related to medical database security. It addresses the problems of medical database security policies, secure design methodologies and implementation techniques. It also describes the current legal framework and regulatory requirements for medical database security. The issue of medical database security guidelines is also examined in detailed. The current national and international efforts in the area are studied. It also gives an overview of the research work in the area. The document also presents in detail the most complete to our knowledge set of security guidelines for the development and operation of medical database systems.

  17. It's Not Education by Zip Code Anymore--But What is It? Conceptions of Equity under the Common Core

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kornhaber, Mindy L.; Griffith, Kelly; Tyler, Alison

    2014-01-01

    The Common Core State Standards Initiative is a standards-based reform in which 45 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have agreed to participate. The reform seeks to anchor primary and secondary education across these states in one set of demanding, internationally benchmarked standards. Thereby, all students will be prepared for further…

  18. The Importance of the Act of Going: Towards Gender Inclusive Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rowan, Leonie

    1997-01-01

    Reviews factors influencing the desire for gender-inclusive educational environments; identifies common responses (token equity, homogenization of women, arguments that women are the same as/different from men). Gives examples of obstacles encountered by profeminist educators. (SK)

  19. Interregional sharing of energy conservation targets in China: Efficiency and equity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wei, Dan

    Energy conservation is a long-term strategic policy in China to support its economic and social development. This policy strategy is important for saving resources, protecting the environment, and ensuring the secure supply of energy to all economic activities. However, energy conservation often involves large amounts of investment and may also have dampening impacts on some local and regional economies. Moreover, energy conservation and efficiency improvement have many features of a public good. Therefore, government policy and intervention play a strong role to foster regional efforts and cooperative interregional actions on this issue. This dissertation introduces and analyzes a promising policy instrument---an interregional energy conservation-quota trading system---to help China fulfill its national energy conservation objective in an efficient and equitable way. To analyze the workings of the energy conservation-quota trading system, trading entities are first determined. In this study, statistical analyses (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) are applied to identify regional aggregations of provinces of China to act as the trading units. The marginal energy conservation cost curves of these regions are developed using engineering-economic methods and regression analysis. Simulations of interregional conservation-quota trading are undertaken after China's conservation goals in 2010 are allocated among regions according to several equity criteria. Various equity criteria are applied and analyzed in this study because of the philosophical differences in the appropriate definition of the concept. The trading simulations yield several important findings. First, the introduction of an interregional quota trading system can minimize both regional net compliance costs and national total conservation costs, irrespective of how the conservation tasks are initially allocated among regions according to different equity rules. Second, regional welfare implications differ across the applications of various equity criteria. However, for the energy production-based sovereignty and egalitarian equity criteria, the poorest region (in terms of per capita gross regional product) can enjoy net profits from trading, while the clustered region of wealthy coastal provinces shoulders the highest cost. This indicates that a conservation-quota trading system applying these two equity criteria is consistent with the national strategy in China to reduce regional income disparities and to develop the interior and western less-developed regions of the country. Third, compared with trading among conventional regions, trading among statistically clustered regions can more sharply apply the equity criteria to burden sharing and utilize larger differences in marginal conservation costs between regions to achieve a lower total net cost for the country as a whole. In sum, this research develops a useful methodology and identifies an operational way to attain energy conservation targets in China. It offers insights for similar interregional burden-sharing or benefit-sharing policies for China in the future, such as greenhouse gas emission trading, which is closely related to the energy conservation issue.

  20. A Food in Health Security (FIHS) platform in the Asia-Pacific Region: the way forward.

    PubMed

    Wahlqvist, Mark L; Keatinge, John Donough H; Butler, Colin D; Friel, Sharon; McKay, John; Easdown, Warwick; Kuo, Ken N; Huang, Ching-jang; Pan, Wen-Harn; Yang, Ray-Yu; Lee, Meei-Shyuan; Chang, Hsing-Yi; Chiu, Ya-Wen; Jaron, Dov; Krawinkel, Michael; Barlow, Snow; Walsh, Greg; Chiang, Tung-liang; Huang, Po-Chao; Li, Duo

    2009-01-01

    The advent of multiple global crises, especially those of climate change, economics, energy, water, food and health evident in 2008, is of considerable moment to those who are suffering their consequences and for those with responsibility and interest in the systems affected. A coalition of parties in the Asia Pacific Region who work in the food and health systems met in August, 2009 in Taiwan and instigated a Food in Health Security (FIHS) Network which might join with other like-minded networks in and beyond the region. Sustainable health has many dimensions, among which food and nutrition is often neglected; there is a wide spectrum of nutritionally-related disorders. Malnutrition remains the global concern for agricultural research and development scientists and linkage with the health sector is key to progress. The disconnect between agricultural and health sectors negatively impacts consumer nutrition and health. Ethical and equity affect food and health systems. Food and health security is attainable only when the underlying social inequities are addressed; it is an ethical issue as reflected in the UN Universal declaration of Human Rights which includes the right to food for health and well-being. Food and health security are part of the larger security agenda and merit corresponding attention. Policy recommendations with immediacy are greater investment in combined food and health research; an Asia Pacific security agenda which emphasizes planetary, human, health and food security as relevant to traditional defence security; and community and household security measures which include maternal literacy, communication technology and entrepreneurial opportunity.

  1. The War Crimes Act: Current Issues

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-10-02

    divided into three overlapping categories: (1) defense of entrapment by estoppel , available when a defendant is informed by a government official that...defenses, the defense of entrapment by estoppel stems from the due process notions of fairness, rather than from common law concerning contract, equity

  2. 10 CFR 609.6 - Submission of Applications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... checklist for the equity and debt to the extent available; (16) Applicant's business plan on which the project is based and Applicant's financial model presenting project pro forma statements for the proposed... backing, together with business and financial interests of controlling or commonly controlled...

  3. Mapping environmental injustices: pitfalls and potential of geographic information systems in assessing environmental health and equity.

    PubMed Central

    Maantay, Juliana

    2002-01-01

    Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used increasingly to map instances of environmental injustice, the disproportionate exposure of certain populations to environmental hazards. Some of the technical and analytic difficulties of mapping environmental injustice are outlined in this article, along with suggestions for using GIS to better assess and predict environmental health and equity. I examine 13 GIS-based environmental equity studies conducted within the past decade and use a study of noxious land use locations in the Bronx, New York, to illustrate and evaluate the differences in two common methods of determining exposure extent and the characteristics of proximate populations. Unresolved issues in mapping environmental equity and health include lack of comprehensive hazards databases; the inadequacy of current exposure indices; the need to develop realistic methodologies for determining the geographic extent of exposure and the characteristics of the affected populations; and the paucity and insufficiency of health assessment data. GIS have great potential to help us understand the spatial relationship between pollution and health. Refinements in exposure indices; the use of dispersion modeling and advanced proximity analysis; the application of neighborhood-scale analysis; and the consideration of other factors such as zoning and planning policies will enable more conclusive findings. The environmental equity studies reviewed in this article found a disproportionate environmental burden based on race and/or income. It is critical now to demonstrate correspondence between environmental burdens and adverse health impacts--to show the disproportionate effects of pollution rather than just the disproportionate distribution of pollution sources. PMID:11929725

  4. Determinants of health: a progressive political platform.

    PubMed

    Terris, M

    1994-01-01

    This paper is based on the statement in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion that "The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic prerequisites." It attempts to formulate a progressive political platform for a number of these prerequisites, offering a series of recommendations regarding education, employment, income, and housing, and urging that the proposed programs be funded by progressive taxation and major reductions in the military budget.

  5. Consumer product branding strategy and the marketing of physicians' services.

    PubMed

    Friedrich, H; Witt, J

    1995-01-01

    Hospitals have traditionally maintained physician referral programs as a means of attracting physicians to their network of affiliated providers. The advent of managed care and impending healthcare reform has altered the relationship of hospitals and physicians. An exploratory study of marketing approaches used by twelve healthcare organizations representing twenty-five hospitals in a large city was conducted. Strategies encountered in the study ranged from practice acquisition to practice promotion. This study suggests that healthcare providers might adopt consumer product branding strategies to secure market-share, build brand equity, and improve profitability.

  6. Obligations of low income countries in ensuring equity in global health financing.

    PubMed

    Barugahare, John; Lie, Reidar K

    2015-09-08

    Despite common recognition of joint responsibility for global health by all countries particularly to ensure justice in global health, current discussions of countries' obligations for global health largely ignore obligations of developing countries. This is especially the case with regards to obligations relating to health financing. Bearing in mind that it is not possible to achieve justice in global health without achieving equity in health financing at both domestic and global levels, our aim is to show how fulfilling the obligation we propose will make it easy to achieve equity in health financing at both domestic and international levels. Achieving equity in global health financing is a crucial step towards achieving justice in global health. Our general view is that current discussions on global health equity largely ignore obligations of Low Income Country (LIC) governments and we recommend that these obligations should be mainstreamed in current discussions. While we recognise that various obligations need to be fulfilled in order to ultimately achieve justice in global health, for lack of space we prioritise obligations for health financing. Basing on the evidence that in most LICs health is not given priority in annual budget allocations, we propose that LIC governments should bear an obligation to allocate a certain minimum percent of their annual domestic budget resources to health, while they await external resources to supplement domestic ones. We recommend and demonstrate a mechanism for coordinating this obligation so that if the resulting obligations are fulfilled by both LIC and HIC governments it will be easy to achieve equity in global health financing. Although achieving justice in global health will depend on fulfillment of different categories of obligations, ensuring inter- and intra-country equity in health financing is pivotal. This can be achieved by requiring all LIC governments to allocate a certain optimal per cent of their domestic budget resources to health while they await external resources to top up in order to cover the whole cost of the minimum health opportunities for LIC citizens.

  7. Ethical management of food systems: plant based diet as a holistic approach.

    PubMed

    Chiu, Tina H T; Lin, Chin-Lon

    2009-01-01

    While improvement in agricultural technology had enabled the production of abundant food, it has thus far failed to eliminate hunger. Malnutrition is expected to reach an all time high. Evidences have suggested that animal based diet has put immense pressure on the already fragile food system, contributing to problems in terms of global food security, health security, and environmental sustainability. Plant based dietary approaches may therefore, target some of these problems from the roots, and may be a solution to improving ethical issues and equity in the current food system. This paper examines how meat production and consumption contributed to the current crises in the food system through the lens of ethics--the moral compass--to find directions on how the present generation should eat, and how the food system could be maintained for a better future.

  8. What the 2008 stock market crash means for retirement security.

    PubMed

    Butrica, Barbara A; Smith, Karen E; Toder, Eric J

    2010-10-01

    The 2008 stock market crash raises concerns about retirement security, especially since the increased prevalence of 401(k) and similar retirement saving plans means that more Americans are now stakeholders in the equity market than in the past. Using a dynamic microsimulation model, this paper explores the ability of alternate future stock market scenarios to restore retirement assets. The authors find that those near retirement could fare the worst because they have no time to recoup their losses. Mid-career workers could fare better because they have more time to rebuild their wealth. They may even gain income if they buy stocks at low prices and get above-average rates of return. High-income groups will be the most affected because they are most likely to have financial assets and to be invested in the stock market.

  9. Financing Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development in Alaska

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ardani, K.; Hillman, D.; Busche, S.

    2013-04-01

    This technical report provides an overview of existing and potential financing structures for renewable energy project development in Alaska with a focus on four primary sources of project funding: government financed or supported (the most commonly used structure in Alaska today), developer equity capital, commercial debt, and third-party tax-equity investment. While privately funded options currently have limited application in Alaska, their implementation is theoretically possible based on successful execution in similar circumstances elsewhere. This report concludes that while tax status is a key consideration in determining appropriate financing structure, there are opportunities for both taxable and tax-exempt entities to participatemore » in renewable energy project development.« less

  10. A Lens for Evaluating Genetic Information Governance Models: Balancing Equity, Efficiency and Sustainability.

    PubMed

    Skorve, Espen; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Aanestad, Margunn; Grünfeld, Thomas

    2017-01-01

    This paper draws from the literature on collective action and the governance of the commons to address the governance of genetic data on variants of specific genes. Specifically, the data arrangements under study relate to the BRCA genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) which are linked to breast and ovarian cancer. These data are stored in global genetic data repositories and accessed by researchers and clinicians, from both public and private institutions. The current BRCA data arrangements are fragmented and politicized as there are multiple tensions around data ownership and sharing. Three key principles are proposed for forming and evaluating data governance arrangements in the field. These principles are: equity, efficiency and sustainability.

  11. Ecology and equity: key determinants of sustainable water security.

    PubMed

    Swaminathan, M S

    2001-01-01

    Trends in water consumption indicate that demand for water for household and industrial uses in developing countries could double as a proportion of total water demand in the next 25 years. Scope for expansion of water supply will, at the same time, be limited because development of irrigation and urban water supplies is becoming increasingly expensive, and often involves high costs in terms of environmental degradation and human resettlement. Without fundamental reform of water management, the rapid growth in urban water demand will require large transfers of water from irrigated agriculture, thereby threatening food security. Hence, water supply and demand should be managed in an integrated fashion, simultaneously considering all uses and sources. This will call for the establishment of community centred food and water security systems and national water trusts. Once such systems and Trusts are established there could be a legally binding Global Water Convention on the model of the Global Convention on Climate and Biodiversity. The details of such a Global Water Conventions can be finalized at one of the future Stockholm Water Symposia. There are uncommon opportunities today for a water-secure world through synergy between technology, public policy and peoples' participation.

  12. The War Crimes Act: Current Issues

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-01-22

    defense of entrapment by estoppel , available when a defendant is informed by a government official that certain conduct is legal, and thereafter...entrapment by estoppel stems from the due process notions of fairness, rather than from common law concerning contract, equity, or agency. United States v

  13. Influential Factors and Equity Issues in Divorce Settlements.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Buehler, Cheryl

    1989-01-01

    Outlines common custody, visitation, child and spousal support, and property arrangements and identifies factors which correlate with various arrangements. Based on review, questions are raised that family life educators, therapists, and policy advocates should consider when planning and implementing their interventions, and possible program…

  14. 25 CFR 513.5 - What is the Commission's policy on interest, penalty charges, and administrative costs?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... not subject to 31 U.S.C. 3717 to the extent authorized under common law or other applicable statutory... these charges would be against equity and good conscience or not in the Commission's best interest. (2...

  15. 25 CFR 513.5 - What is the Commission's policy on interest, penalty charges, and administrative costs?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... not subject to 31 U.S.C. 3717 to the extent authorized under common law or other applicable statutory... these charges would be against equity and good conscience or not in the Commission's best interest. (2...

  16. 76 FR 63668 - Omaha Public Power District; Fort Calhoun Station, Unit 1; Exemption

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-13

    ... health and safety, and are consistent with the common defense and security; and (2) special circumstances.... Consistent With Common Defense and Security The proposed exemption would allow FCS to reschedule its biennial... schedule has no relation to security issues. Therefore, the common defense and security is not impacted by...

  17. Equity Sensitivity in Illinois Public School Teachers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Grossi, Robert G.

    2013-01-01

    Research supports the importance of teacher quality on effective student learning. School districts recognize this fact and focus extensively on hiring quality teachers and improving teaching skills through professional development programs. Amazingly, despite common sense and a vast amount of research that reflects that employee performance is a…

  18. Seven Things a Principal Should Know about School Finance.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sharp, William L.

    1994-01-01

    Secondary school principals should understand school finance basics, including property tax components (tax base, assessment practice, and tax rate); allowable tax reductions and exemptions; common arguments against the property tax; cost and valuation per pupil formulas; educational equity arguments; state foundation programs; and various types…

  19. Equity and Access: All Students Are Mathematical Problem Solvers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Franz, Dana Pompkyl; Ivy, Jessica; McKissick, Bethany R.

    2016-01-01

    Often mathematical instruction for students with disabilities, especially those with learning disabilities, includes an overabundance of instruction on mathematical computation and does not include high-quality instruction on mathematical reasoning and problem solving. In fact, it is a common misconception that students with learning disabilities…

  20. The role and uptake of private health insurance in different health care systems: are there lessons for developing countries?

    PubMed

    Odeyemi, Isaac Ao; Nixon, John

    2013-01-01

    Social and national health insurance schemes are being introduced in many developing countries in moving towards universal health care. However, gaps in coverage are common and can only be met by out-of-pocket payments, general taxation, or private health insurance (PHI). This study provides an overview of PHI in different health care systems and discusses factors that affect its uptake and equity. A representative sample of countries was identified (United States, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, France, Australia, and Latvia) that illustrates the principal forms and roles of PHI. Literature describing each country's health care system was used to summarize how PHI is utilized and the factors that affect its uptake and equity. In the United States, PHI is a primary source of funding in conjunction with tax-based programs to support vulnerable groups; in the UK and Latvia, PHI is used in a supplementary role to universal tax-based systems; in France and Latvia, complementary PHI is utilized to cover gaps in public funding; in The Netherlands, PHI is supplementary to statutory private and social health insurance; in Australia, the government incentivizes the uptake of complementary PHI through tax rebates and penalties. The uptake of PHI is influenced by age, income, education, health care system typology, and the incentives or disincentives applied by governments. The effect on equity can either be positive or negative depending on the type of PHI adopted and its role within the wider health care system. PHI has many manifestations depending on the type of health care system used and its role within that system. This study has illustrated its common applications and the factors that affect its uptake and equity in different health care systems. The results are anticipated to be helpful in informing how developing countries may utilize PHI to meet the aim of achieving universal health care.

  1. Assessment of systems for paying health care providers in Vietnam: implications for equity, efficiency and expanding effective health coverage.

    PubMed

    Phuong, Nguyen Khanh; Oanh, Tran Thi Mai; Phuong, Hoang Thi; Tien, Tran Van; Cashin, Cheryl

    2015-01-01

    Provider payment arrangements are currently a core concern for Vietnam's health sector and a key lever for expanding effective coverage and improving the efficiency and equity of the health system. This study describes how different provider payment systems are designed and implemented in practice across a sample of provinces and districts in Vietnam. Key informant interviews were conducted with over 100 health policy-makers, purchasers and providers using a structured interview guide. The results of the different payment methods were scored by respondents and assessed against a set of health system performance criteria. Overall, the public health insurance agency, Vietnam Social Security (VSS), is focused on managing expenditures through a complicated set of reimbursement policies and caps, but the incentives for providers are unclear and do not consistently support Vietnam's health system objectives. The results of this study are being used by the Ministry of Health and VSS to reform the provider payment systems to be more consistent with international definitions and good practices and to better support Vietnam's health system objectives.

  2. Addressing health inequalities by using Structural Funds. A question of opportunities.

    PubMed

    Neagu, Oana Maria; Michelsen, Kai; Watson, Jonathan; Dowdeswell, Barrie; Brand, Helmut

    2017-03-01

    Making up a third of the EU budget, Structural and Investment Funds can provide important opportunities for investing in policies that tackle inequalities in health. This article looks back and forward at the 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 financial periods in an attempt to inform the development of health equity as a strand of policy intervention under regional development. It combines evidence from health projects funded through Structural Funds and a document analyses that locates interventions for health equity under the new regulations. The map of opportunities has changed considerably since the last programming period, creating more visibility for vulnerable groups, social determinants of health and health systems sustainability. As the current programming period is progressing, this paper contributes to maximizing this potential but also identifying challenges and implementation gaps for prospective health system engagement in pursuing health equity as part of Structural Funds projects. The austerity measures and their impact on public spending, building political support for investments as well as the difficulties around pursuing health gains as an objective of other policy areas are some of the challenges to overcome. European Structural and Investment Funds could be a window of opportunity that triggers engagement for health equity if sectors adopt a transformative approach and overcome barriers, cooperate for common goals and make better use of the availability of these resources. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Research review of nongovernmental organizations' security policies for humanitarian programs in war, conflict, and postconflict environments.

    PubMed

    Rowley, Elizabeth; Burns, Lauren; Burnham, Gilbert

    2013-06-01

    To identify the most and least commonly cited security management messages that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are communicating to their field staff, to determine the types of documentation that NGOs most often use to communicate key security messages, and to distinguish the points of commonality and divergence across organizations in the content of key security messages. The authors undertook a systematic review of available security policies, manuals, and training materials from 20 international humanitarian NGOs using the InterAction Minimum Operating Security Standards as the basis for a review framework. The most commonly cited standards include analytical security issues such as threat and risk assessment processes and guidance on acceptance, protection, and deterrence approaches. Among the least commonly cited standards were considering security threats to national staff during staffing decision processes, incorporating security awareness into job descriptions, and ensuring that national staff security issues are addressed in trainings. NGO staff receive security-related messages through multiple document types, but only 12 of the 20 organizations have a distinct security policy document. Points of convergence across organizations in the content of commonly cited standards were found in many areas, but differences in security risk and threat assessment guidance may undermine communication between aid workers about changes in local security environments. Although the humanitarian community has experienced significant progress in the development of practical staff security guidance during the past 10 years, gaps remain that can hinder efforts to garner needed resources, clarify security responsibilities, and ensure that the distinct needs of national staff are recognized and addressed.

  4. Evolutionary psychology is compatible with equity feminism, but not with gender feminism: a reply to Eagly and Wood (2011).

    PubMed

    Kuhle, Barry X

    2012-01-11

    I comment on Eagly and Wood's biosocial constructionist evolutionary theory (2011; DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-9949-9). Although this gender feminist theory allows for evolved physical differences between men and women and evolved psychological similarities for men and women, it fails to consider evolutionary accounts of psychological sex differences. I hypothesize that gender feminists' reluctance to acknowledge that evolution has left different fingerprints on men's and women's bodies and brains stems from two common misunderstandings of evolutionary psychology: the myth of immutability and the naturalistic fallacy. I conclude that although evolutionary psychology is eminently compatible with equity feminism, evolutionary psychology and feminist psychology will conflict as long as the latter adheres to gender feminism and its unwillingness to acknowledge the evidence for evolved psychological sex differences.  Gender feminism's dualistic view of evolution hinders the search for and understanding of the proximate and ultimate causes of inequality. Feminist psychology needs to evolve by embracing equity feminism, which has no a priori stance on the origin or existence of differences between the sexes.

  5. Gender equity and sexual and reproductive health in Eastern and Southern Africa: a critical overview of the literature.

    PubMed

    MacPherson, Eleanor E; Richards, Esther; Namakhoma, Ireen; Theobald, Sally

    2014-01-01

    Gender inequalities are important social determinants of health. We set out to critically review the literature relating to gender equity and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in Eastern and Southern Africa with the aim of identifying priorities for action. During November 2011, we identified studies relating to SRH and gender equity through a comprehensive literature search. We found gender inequalities to be common across a range of health issues relating to SRH with women being particularly disadvantaged. Social and biological determinants combined to increase women's vulnerability to maternal mortality, HIV, and gender-based violence. Health systems significantly disadvantaged women in terms of access to care. Men fared worse in relation to HIV testing and care with social norms leading to men presenting later for treatment. Gender inequity in SRH requires multiple complementary approaches to address the structural drivers of unequal health outcomes. These could include interventions that alter the structural environment in which ill-health is created. Interventions are required both within and beyond the health system.

  6. Assessing Social – Ecological Trade-Offs to Advance Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management

    PubMed Central

    Voss, Rudi; Quaas, Martin F.; Schmidt, Jörn O.; Tahvonen, Olli; Lindegren, Martin; Möllmann, Christian

    2014-01-01

    Modern resource management faces trade-offs in the provision of various ecosystem goods and services to humanity. For fisheries management to develop into an ecosystem-based approach, the goal is not only to maximize economic profits, but to consider equally important conservation and social equity goals. We introduce such a triple-bottom line approach to the management of multi-species fisheries using the Baltic Sea as a case study. We apply a coupled ecological-economic optimization model to address the actual fisheries management challenge of trading-off the recovery of collapsed cod stocks versus the health of ecologically important forage fish populations. Management strategies based on profit maximization would rebuild the cod stock to high levels but may cause the risk of stock collapse for forage species with low market value, such as Baltic sprat (Fig. 1A). Economically efficient conservation efforts to protect sprat would be borne almost exclusively by the forage fishery as sprat fishing effort and profits would strongly be reduced. Unless compensation is paid, this would challenge equity between fishing sectors (Fig. 1B). Optimizing equity while respecting sprat biomass precautionary levels would reduce potential profits of the overall Baltic fishery, but may offer an acceptable balance between overall profits, species conservation and social equity (Fig. 1C). Our case study shows a practical example of how an ecosystem-based fisheries management will be able to offer society options to solve common conflicts between different resource uses. Adding equity considerations to the traditional trade-off between economy and ecology will greatly enhance credibility and hence compliance to management decisions, a further footstep towards healthy fish stocks and sustainable fisheries in the world ocean. PMID:25268117

  7. Action Monitoring for Equity and Gender in Health

    PubMed Central

    Bhuiya, Abbas; Hanifi, S.M.A.; Mahmood, Shehrin Shaila

    2008-01-01

    Equity and gender, despite being universal concerns for all health programmes in Bangladesh, are often missing in many of the health agenda. The health programmes fail to address these important dimensions unless these are specifically included in the planning stage of a programme and are continually monitored for progress. This paper presents the situation of equity in health in Bangladesh, innovations in monitoring equity in the use of health services in general and by the poor in particular, and impact of targeted non-health interventions on health outcomes of the poor. It was argued that an equitable use of health services might also result in enhanced overall coverage of the services. The findings show that government services at the upazila level are used by the poor proportionately more than they are in the community, while at the private facilities, the situation is reverse. Commonly-used monitoring tools, at times, are not very useful for the programme managers to know how well they are doing in reaching the poor. Use of benefit-incidence ratio may provide a quick feedback to the health facility managers about their extent of serving the poor. Similarly, Lot Quality Assurance Sampling can be an easy-to-use tool for monitoring coverage at the community level requiring a very small sample size. Although health problems are biomedical phenomena, their solutions may include actions beyond the biomedical framework. Studies have shown that non-health interventions targeted towards the poor improve the use of health services and reduce mortality among children in poor households. The study on equity and health deals with various interlocking issues, and the examples and views presented in this paper intend to introduce their importance in designing and managing health and development programmes. PMID:18831232

  8. Action monitoring for equity and gender in health.

    PubMed

    Bhuiya, Abbas; Hanifi, S M A; Mahmood, Shehrin Shaila

    2008-09-01

    Equity and gender, despite being universal concerns for all health programmes in Bangladesh, are often missing in many of the health agenda. The health programmes fail to address these important dimensions unless these are specifically included in the planning stage of a programme and are continually monitored for progress. This paper presents the situation of equity in health in Bangladesh, innovations in monitoring equity in the use of health services in general and by the poor in particular, and impact of targeted non-health interventions on health outcomes of the poor. It was argued that an equitable use of health services might also result in enhanced overall coverage of the services. The findings show that government services at the upazila level are used by the poor proportionately more than they are in the community, while at the private facilities, the situation is reverse. Commonly-used monitoring tools, at times, are not very useful for the programme managers to know how well they are doing in reaching the poor. Use of benefit-incidence ratio may provide a quick feedback to the health facility managers about their extent of serving the poor. Similarly, Lot Quality Assurance Sampling can be an easy-to-use tool for monitoring coverage at the community level requiring a very small sample size. Although health problems are biomedical phenomena, their solutions may include actions beyond the biomedical framework. Studies have shown that non-health interventions targeted towards the poor improve the use of health services and reduce mortality among children in poor households. The study on equity and health deals with various interlocking issues, and the examples and views presented in this paper intend to introduce their importance in designing and managing health and development programmes.

  9. Equity in health care financing: The case of Malaysia

    PubMed Central

    Yu, Chai Ping; Whynes, David K; Sach, Tracey H

    2008-01-01

    Background Equitable financing is a key objective of health care systems. Its importance is evidenced in policy documents, policy statements, the work of health economists and policy analysts. The conventional categorisations of finance sources for health care are taxation, social health insurance, private health insurance and out-of-pocket payments. There are nonetheless increasing variations in the finance sources used to fund health care. An understanding of the equity implications would help policy makers in achieving equitable financing. Objective The primary purpose of this paper was to comprehensively assess the equity of health care financing in Malaysia, which represents a new country context for the quantitative techniques used. The paper evaluated each of the five financing sources (direct taxes, indirect taxes, contributions to Employee Provident Fund and Social Security Organization, private insurance and out-of-pocket payments) independently, and subsequently by combined the financing sources to evaluate the whole financing system. Methods Cross-sectional analyses were performed on the Household Expenditure Survey Malaysia 1998/99, using Stata statistical software package. In order to assess inequality, progressivity of each finance sources and the whole financing system was measured by Kakwani's progressivity index. Results Results showed that Malaysia's predominantly tax-financed system was slightly progressive with a Kakwani's progressivity index of 0.186. The net progressive effect was produced by four progressive finance sources (in the decreasing order of direct taxes, private insurance premiums, out-of-pocket payments, contributions to EPF and SOCSO) and a regressive finance source (indirect taxes). Conclusion Malaysia's two tier health system, of a heavily subsidised public sector and a user charged private sector, has produced a progressive health financing system. The case of Malaysia exemplifies that policy makers can gain an in depth understanding of the equity impact, in order to help shape health financing strategies for the nation. PMID:18541025

  10. Tenure security, social relations and contract choice: Endogenous matching in the Chinese land rental market

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, Xianlei; Zhou, Yuepeng; Shi, Xiaoping

    2017-04-01

    In China, land rental transactions have increased considerably since the 1990s, but there exists a high degree of segmentation and informal features. The rental transactions between partners with close social relations and the use of informal contracts remain a common phenomenon in many regions, which strongly reduce the potential of the land rental market to enhance productivity and equity. The current literature postulates that the insecurity of land property rights may restrict land transactions between members of same social relations. Studies conducted in China show that the land rentals between partners with closer social relations prefer informal contracts because these contracts are self-enforced based on trust and reputation. However, little literature has jointly examined the effect of land tenure security and social relations on joint decisions of partner and contract choice in the Chinese land rental market. Based on household data collected in Jiangxi and Liaoning provinces in 2015, this paper aims to examine the relationship between land tenure security perceptions, social relation and land rental contract choices in China. We differentiate between formal and informal contracts of land rental activities because they have different enforcement mechanisms and thus different risk-sharing strategy. With regards to social relations, we differ among relatives, villagers living in the same village and strangers according to social distance. In order to reduce estimation bias without accounting for endogenous matching between landlords and tenants, we investigate the joint partner and contract choices in the land rental market using a nested logit framework. The paper contributes to the literature on the effect of tenure security and social relations on land rental contracts by (i) taking into account endogenous matching between landlords and tenants, and estimating the joint decisions of partner and contract choice, and (ii) examining the effect of perceived tenure security, instead of de jure rights, on households' contract choice. The empirical results show that landlords are more likely to rent out land to tenants who live in the same village, instead of relatives and strangers. This kind of partner matching is based on consideration of both land tenure security and flexibility of rental relationships. Insecure land tenure encourages landlords to select informal contracts, because informal contracts seem to protect better protection than formal contracts as landlords are willing to match villagers. Policy implications are twofold based on our findings: 1) Land tenure reforms should put more emphasis on enhancing households' perception on tenure security and further reducing land market segmentation; 2) Measures that may be taken to stabilize rental contractual relationships may focus on the improvement of rural pension system and unemployment insurance for rural-urban migrants. Key Words: land rental market; contract choice; tenure security, social relations

  11. Health services reforms in revolutionary Nicaragua.

    PubMed Central

    Garfield, R M; Taboada, E

    1984-01-01

    Before the Nicaraguan revolution of 1979, access to health services was largely limited to the affluent sectors of the urban population and the minority of workers with social security coverage. Repeated attempts at reform by organized medicine were ineffective. Since the revolution, a tremendous expansion in health services has occurred. The national health system receives approximately one-third of its funds from the social security system. Steadily increasing equity in access is a result of the promotion of primary care, health campaigns involving up to 10 per cent of the general population as volunteers, the use of paramedical aides, and foreign assistance. Private practice nevertheless remains strong. In the coming years, several complex issues must be examined, including: a balance in the number of nurses and doctors trained, the role of private practice, and the relationship of the Ministry of Health to the social security system. Further progress in health reforms may be delayed by the defensive war which Nicaragua is fighting on its northern and southern borders. Despite emergent health problems in the war zones, most of the innovative aspects of the health system remain intact as of this writing. PMID:6476169

  12. Departmental Dialogues: Facilitating Positive Academic Climates to Improve Equity in STEM Disciplines

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Holmes, Maja Husar; Jackson, J. Kasi; Stoiko, Rachel

    2016-01-01

    This exploratory qualitative study examined faculty responses to a collegiality-building process called Dialogues. The process used a series of discussions and activities to guide faculty members toward a common, mutually beneficially goal, while changing patterns of interaction. The responses revealed how faculty members experienced…

  13. Systemic Reform: Defining Education in the '90s.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wasser, Judith Davidson

    1998-01-01

    Focuses on systemic reform with regard to standards and equity. Emphasizes the places of technology and curriculum in this reform. Concludes that bringing together different players in the educational system to help change practice and support new educational goals is a common goal of many reform efforts. (ASK)

  14. The Importance of At-Risk Funding. Policy Analysis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Parker, Emily; Griffith, Michael

    2016-01-01

    In recent decades, states and districts have moved toward making education more equitable. A key component of equity in education is providing additional funds for economically disadvantaged students, commonly referred to as "at-risk students." At-risk students are most often defined as students who qualify for free or reduced priced…

  15. 75 FR 76725 - Combined Notice of Filings No. 1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-09

    ... Through Foreclosure of the Indirect Common Equity Ownership of a Power Plant and Request for an Order...: Docket Numbers: EC11-25-000. Applicants: MILFORD POWER CO LLC, EquiPower Resources Corp. Description: Joint Application of Milford Power Company, LLC and EquiPower Resources Corp. for Authorization of...

  16. 36 CFR 1201.18 - What interest, penalty charges, and administrative costs will I have to pay on a debt owed to NARA?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to 31 U.S.C. 3717 to the extent authorized under common law or other applicable statutory authority... collection of these charges would be against equity and good conscience or not in the best interest of NARA...

  17. Conversation Interrupted

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mayfield, Vernita

    2016-01-01

    The author, a consultant on school equity, describes a common situation: teachers try to discuss the issue of inequitable outcomes for students of color, and all of a sudden, the conversation stalls. Such discussions are not the norm for educators. They often shut down or disengage emotionally because of various fears. When schools realize that…

  18. Nuclear power and the market value of the shares of electric utilities

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lyons, Joseph T.

    The most basic principle of security valuation is that market prices are determined by investors' expectations of the firm's performance in the future. These expectations are generally understood to be related to the risk that investors will bear by holding the firm's equity. There is considerable evidence that financial statements prepared in accordance with accrual-based accounting standards consistent with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) have information content relevant to the establishment of market prices. In 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 143, "Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations," changing the accounting standards that must be used to prepare financial statements. This paper investigates the effect that investment in nuclear power has on the market value of electric utilities and the impact on the securities markets of the significant changes in financial statement presentation mandated by this new standard.

  19. [Organization and functioning of health services of the IMSS-Solidaridad program].

    PubMed

    Velázquez-Díaz, G

    1992-01-01

    In this report the organization and performance of the IMSS-Solidaridad Program of Mexico is described. This program is managed by the Mexican Institute for Social Security, which services 10.5 million inhabitants of the rural underserved areas, with federal government resources in 18 states. This study compares the structure and functioning of the IMSS-Solidaridad Program with Local Health Systems, as they have been proposed by the Panamerican Health Organization for country members and by the Ministry of Health of Mexico, particularly in relation to the decision-making process at local level. Some assets and limitations of the IMSS-Solidaridad Program are analyzed and, finally, concrete procedures to improve coordination between the IMSS-Solidaridad Program and other health services for similar populations (populations without social security protection) in Mexico are suggested, with the purpose of using resources more adequately and succeed in the national goal to achieve equity in health.

  20. Comprehensive review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community–based primary health care in improving maternal, neonatal and child health: 5. equity effects for neonates and children

    PubMed Central

    Schleiff, Meike; Kumapley, Richard; Freeman, Paul A; Gupta, Sundeep; Rassekh, Bahie M; Perry, Henry B

    2017-01-01

    Background The degree to which investments in health programs improve the health of the most disadvantaged segments of the population—where utilization of health services and health status is often the worst—is a growing concern throughout the world. Therefore, questions about the degree to which community–based primary health care (CBPHC) can or actually does improve utilization of health services and the health status of the most disadvantaged children in a population is an important one. Methods Using a database containing information about the assessment of 548 interventions, projects or programs (referred to collectively as projects) that used CBPHC to improve child health, we extracted evidence related to equity from a sub–set of 42 projects, identified through a multi–step process, that included an equity analysis. We organized our findings conceptually around a logical framework matrix. Results Our analysis indicates that these CBPHC projects, all of which implemented child health interventions, achieved equitable effects. The vast majority (87%) of the 82 equity measurements carried out and reported for these 42 projects demonstrated “pro–equitable” or “equitable” effects, meaning that the project’s equity indicator(s) improved to the same degree or more in the disadvantaged segments of the project population as in the more advantaged segments. Most (78%) of the all the measured equity effects were “pro–equitable,” meaning that the equity criterion improved more in the most disadvantaged segment of the project population than in the other segments of the population. Conclusions Based on the observation that CBPHC projects commonly provide services that are readily accessible to the entire project population and that even often reach down to all households, such projects are inherently likely to be more equitable than projects that strengthen services only at facilities, where utilization diminishes greatly with one’s distance away. The decentralization of services and attention to and tracking of metrics across all phases of project implementation with attention to the underserved, as can be done in CBPHC projects, are important for reducing inequities in countries with a high burden of child mortality. Strengthening CBPHC is a necessary strategy for reducing inequities in child health and for achieving universal coverage of essential services for children. PMID:28685043

  1. Comprehensive review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community-based primary health care in improving maternal, neonatal and child health: 5. equity effects for neonates and children.

    PubMed

    Schleiff, Meike; Kumapley, Richard; Freeman, Paul A; Gupta, Sundeep; Rassekh, Bahie M; Perry, Henry B

    2017-06-01

    The degree to which investments in health programs improve the health of the most disadvantaged segments of the population-where utilization of health services and health status is often the worst-is a growing concern throughout the world. Therefore, questions about the degree to which community-based primary health care (CBPHC) can or actually does improve utilization of health services and the health status of the most disadvantaged children in a population is an important one. Using a database containing information about the assessment of 548 interventions, projects or programs (referred to collectively as projects) that used CBPHC to improve child health, we extracted evidence related to equity from a sub-set of 42 projects, identified through a multi-step process, that included an equity analysis. We organized our findings conceptually around a logical framework matrix. Our analysis indicates that these CBPHC projects, all of which implemented child health interventions, achieved equitable effects. The vast majority (87%) of the 82 equity measurements carried out and reported for these 42 projects demonstrated "pro-equitable" or "equitable" effects, meaning that the project's equity indicator(s) improved to the same degree or more in the disadvantaged segments of the project population as in the more advantaged segments. Most (78%) of the all the measured equity effects were "pro-equitable," meaning that the equity criterion improved more in the most disadvantaged segment of the project population than in the other segments of the population. Based on the observation that CBPHC projects commonly provide services that are readily accessible to the entire project population and that even often reach down to all households, such projects are inherently likely to be more equitable than projects that strengthen services only at facilities, where utilization diminishes greatly with one's distance away. The decentralization of services and attention to and tracking of metrics across all phases of project implementation with attention to the underserved, as can be done in CBPHC projects, are important for reducing inequities in countries with a high burden of child mortality. Strengthening CBPHC is a necessary strategy for reducing inequities in child health and for achieving universal coverage of essential services for children.

  2. 76 FR 43534 - Alternative to Minimum Days Off Requirements

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-21

    ... fatigue does not adversely affect public health and safety and the common defense and security. Among... health and safety and the common defense and security by establishing clear and enforceable requirements... public health and safety and common defense and security. B. Alternative to the Minimum Days Off...

  3. [Evaluation of health system decentralization and reform of the Social Security system in Colombia].

    PubMed

    Jaramillo, I

    2002-01-01

    The aim of this study is to present the results of the reforms in the health sector that have taken place in Colombia since 1990. These reforms replaced the previous national health system and the so-called Bismarkian social security system. The new system has three basic characteristics: a) the public subsidies are decentralized in the municipalities and territorial departments; b) the public hospitals have been converted into state social enterprises, which has led them towards a management model, and c) the health and social security system monopoly has been abolished and a system of health subsidies has been created for the poorest citizens. This article systematically collects secondary information extracted from the most important studies evaluating the health sector reforms in Colombia. The present author participated in some of these studies. The reforms have increased financial resources, which, has led to an increase in public system staff and their salaries. The availability of hospitals' budgetary resources has increased and the social security system has become wider, including 20% of the poorest population who have benefited from subsidies on demand. Ease of access and equity in the health system have significantly improved. However, indicators of public health have fallen and health professionals are critical of a system based on mediation, which increases transaction costs.

  4. Use of Security Officers on Inpatient Psychiatry Units.

    PubMed

    Lawrence, Ryan E; Perez-Coste, Maria M; Arkow, Stan D; Appelbaum, Paul S; Dixon, Lisa B

    2018-04-02

    Violent and aggressive behaviors are common among psychiatric inpatients. Hospital security officers are sometimes used to address such behaviors. Research on the role of security in inpatient units is scant. This study examined when security is utilized and what happens when officers arrive. The authors reviewed the security logbook and the medical records for all patients discharged from an inpatient psychiatry unit over a six-month period. Authors recorded when security calls happened, what behaviors triggered security calls, what outcomes occurred, and whether any patient characteristics were associated with security calls. A total of 272 unique patients were included. A total of 49 patients (18%) generated security calls (N=157 calls). Security calls were most common in the first week of hospitalization (N=45 calls), and roughly half of the patients (N=25 patients) had only one call. The most common inciting behavior was "threats to persons" (N=34 calls), and the most common intervention was intramuscular antipsychotic injection (N=49 calls). The patient variables associated with security calls were having more than one prior hospitalization (odds ratio [OR]=4.56, p=.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.80-11.57), involuntary hospitalization (OR=5.09, p<.001, CI=2.28-11.33), and going to court for any reason (OR=5.80, p=.004, CI=1.75-19.15). Security officers were often called for threats of violence and occasionally called for actual violence. Patient variables associated with security calls are common among inpatients, and thus clinicians should stay attuned to patients' moment-to-moment care needs.

  5. Measuring the distribution of equity in terms of energy, environmental, and economic costs in the fuel cycles of alternative fuel vehicles with hydrogen pathway scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meyer, Patrick E.

    Numerous analyses exist which examine the energy, environmental, and economic tradeoffs between conventional gasoline vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen produced from a variety of sources. These analyses are commonly referred to as "E3" analyses because of their inclusion of Energy, Environmental, and Economic indicators. Recent research as sought a means to incorporate social Equity into E3 analyses, thus producing an "E4" analysis. However, E4 analyses in the realm of energy policy are uncommon, and in the realm of alternative transportation fuels, E4 analyses are extremely rare. This dissertation discusses the creation of a novel E4 simulation tool usable to weigh energy, environmental, economic, and equity trade-offs between conventional gasoline vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles, with specific application to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The model, dubbed the F uel Life-cycle Analysis of Solar Hydrogen -- Energy, Environment, Economic & Equity model, or FLASH-E4, is a total fuel-cycle model that combines energy, environmental, and economic analysis methodologies with the addition of an equity analysis component. The model is capable of providing results regarding total fuel-cycle energy consumption, emissions production, energy and environmental cost, and level of social equity within a population in which low-income drivers use CGV technology and high-income drivers use a number of advanced hydrogen FCV technologies. Using theories of equity and social indicators conceptually embodied in the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index, the equity of the distribution of societal energy and environmental costs are measured for a population in which some drivers use CGVs and other drivers use FCVs. It is found, based on baseline input data representative of the United States (US), that the distribution of energy and environmental costs in a population in which some drivers use CGVs and other drivers use natural gas-based hydrogen FCVs can be moderately inequitable. However, the distribution of energy and environmental costs in a population in which some drivers use CGVs and other drivers use solar-electrolysis-based FCVs can be extremely inequitable. Further, it is found that the method of production and delivery of hydrogen (i.e. centralized production or refueling station-based production) can have an impact on the equity of energy and environmental costs. The implications of these results are interesting, in that wealthy people purchase FCVs that have high upfront costs and very low societal energy and environmental costs. Simultaneously, however, low-income people purchase CGVs that have low upfront costs and very high societal energy and environmental costs. In this situation, due to the high-polluting nature of CGV technology in relation to FCV technology, CGV drivers account for more than their equitable share of energy and environmental costs. Scenarios are conducted which explore modifications of assumptions, such as the price of oil, price of natural gas, cost to offset emissions, consumer purchase price of FCVs, and the level of taxation on the cost streams. Among other findings, it is found that altering the purchase price of an FCV has the greatest impact on social equity whereas altering the cost to offset fuel-cycle emissions has the least impact, indicating that policy mechanisms aimed at incentivizing FCVs may have a more positive impact on social equity than policies aimed at mitigating emissions. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, policy recommendations are formulated which seek to maximize social equity in populations in which not all drivers use the same vehicular technology. The policies, if implemented as a single portfolio, would assist a systematic deviation away from the fossil fuel energy economy while ensuring that social equity is preserved to the greatest degree possible. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

  6. The Elusiveness of Equity: Evolution of Instructional Rounds in a Superintendent's Network

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Roegman, Rachel; Allen, David; Hatch, Thomas

    2017-01-01

    The practice of instructional rounds is a recent innovation in educational administration, intended to support administrators' understanding of instruction through the development of common language. This longitudinal study examines the rounds practice of a network of superintendents over 6 years to understand how rounds serves as a vehicle for…

  7. 47 CFR 1.990 - Citizenship and filing requirements under the Communications Act of 1934.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ....S.-organized entity that itself directly or indirectly controls a common carrier, aeronautical en... controls the licensee or spectrum lessee. Such controlling interests are subject to section 310(b)(4) and....-organized entities that hold non-controlling equity and/or voting interests in the licensee, along with any...

  8. 47 CFR 1.990 - Citizenship and filing requirements under the Communications Act of 1934.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ....S.-organized entity that itself directly or indirectly controls a common carrier, aeronautical en... controls the licensee or spectrum lessee. Such controlling interests are subject to section 310(b)(4) and....-organized entities that hold non-controlling equity and/or voting interests in the licensee, along with any...

  9. 17 CFR 240.12b-2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... the end of its fiscal year: (i) The issuer had an aggregate worldwide market value of the voting and... following conditions as of the end of its fiscal year: (i) The issuer had an aggregate worldwide market... worldwide market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the issuer was...

  10. AIM for Digital Equity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bowser, Gayl; Zabala, Joy Smiley

    2012-01-01

    In a 2011 segment on CNN "Headline News," Doug Levin, CEO of the State Educational Technology Director's Association, asserted that the shift to Common Core State Standards, the prevalence of open content, and the rapid increase in the availability of mobile technology will soon make paper textbooks a thing of the past in U.S. schools. He predicts…

  11. Education "Can" Compensate for Society--A Bit

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gorard, Stephen

    2010-01-01

    In this paper I reflect on the findings of a number of loosely related research projects undertaken with colleagues over the last ten years. Their common theme is equity, in formal education and beyond, in wider family and social settings, and with inequity expressed as the stratification of a variety of educational outcomes. The projects are…

  12. Tying up Some Loose Ends: A Rejoinder's Rejoinder

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Carey, Timothy A.; Rickwood, Debra J.; Baker, Keith

    2010-01-01

    This article presents the authors' response to a comment made by O'Kearney and Wilmoth on their article. The authors mention that O'Kearney and Wilmoth's rejoinder contained many positive features and supported the common aim of delivering best practice, improved access and equity, and cost efficiency in psychological therapies. They added that it…

  13. Pathways of Knowing: Integrating Citizen Science and Critical Thinking in the Adult ELL Classroom

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Basham, Melody

    2012-01-01

    This action research study examines what common perceptions and constructs currently exist in educating adult immigrants in Arizona and considers how might the integration of citizen science with the current English curriculum promote higher order thinking and educational equity in this population. A citizen science project called the Mastodon…

  14. Finding Common Language around Educational Equity in a Neoliberal Context

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bierbaum, Lauren

    2014-01-01

    Since 2005, New Orleans has proved fertile ground for the most extensive education reform movement in the United States. As such, the educational landscape in New Orleans is a highly contested space. Yet stakeholders across the pro/anti-charter divide lack a fully developed language that accommodates the multi-vocality of participants contributing…

  15. 45 CFR 1150.7 - What interest, penalty charges, and administrative costs will I have to pay on a debt owed to the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... administrative costs on debts that are not subject to 31 U.S.C. 3717 to the extent authorized under common law or... costs, if he or she determines that collection of these charges would be against equity and good...

  16. Assisting Parents of Bilingual Students to Achieve Equity in Public Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ochoa, Salvador Hector; Rhodes, Robert L.

    2005-01-01

    This article provides school-based consultants with an overview of the English language learner (ELL) student population and common programs available to ELL students (such as English-only programs, pull-out English as a second language [ESL], content-based ESL, transitional bilingual programs, maintenance bilingual programs, and two-way or dual…

  17. 18 CFR 2.15 - Specified reasonable rate of return.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... average cost of long-term debt and preferred stock for the year, and the cost of common equity shall be... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Specified reasonable rate of return. 2.15 Section 2.15 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY...

  18. Targeting Resources to Students with Special Educational Needs: National Differences in Policy and Practice

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Deluca, Marcella; Stillings, Cara

    2008-01-01

    Multiple policy strategies exist to promote equity and inclusion in education and training systems. Across countries, the provision of additional resources to students with special educational needs is a common strategy; previous research indicates that providing extra resources to students with special educational needs can help those students…

  19. The impact of federalism on the healthcare system in terms of efficiency, equity, and cost containment: the case of Switzerland.

    PubMed

    Crivelli, Luca; Salari, Paola

    2014-01-01

    According to the economic theory of federalism (Oates 1999), a decentralized decision to collectively fund and supply the quantity and quality of public services will increase economic welfare as long as three conditions are fulfilled: preferences and production costs of the different local constituencies are heterogeneous; local governments are better informed than the central agency because of their proximity to the citizens; and the competition between local governments exerts a significant impact on the performance of the local administration and on the ability of public agencies to implement policy innovation. Federalism also presents some negative aspects, including the opportunity costs of decentralization, which materialize in terms of unexploited economies of scale; the emergence of spillover effects among jurisdictions; and the risk of cost-shifting exercises from one layer of the government to the other. Finally, competition between fiscal regimes can affect the level of equity. The literature considers fiscal federalism as a mechanism for controlling the size of the public sector and for constraining the development of redistributive measures. The present paper reviews the impact that federalism has on the efficiency, equity, and cost containment of the healthcare system in Switzerland, a country with a strongly decentralized political system that is based on federalism and the institutions of direct democracy, a liberal economic culture, and a well-developed tradition of mutualism and social security (generous social expenditure and welfare system). By analyzing the empirical evidence available for Switzerland, we expect to draw some general policy lessons that might also be useful for other countries.

  20. Protocol for the development of a CONSORT-equity guideline to improve reporting of health equity in randomized trials.

    PubMed

    Welch, Vivian; Jull, J; Petkovic, J; Armstrong, R; Boyer, Y; Cuervo, L G; Edwards, Sjl; Lydiatt, A; Gough, D; Grimshaw, J; Kristjansson, E; Mbuagbaw, L; McGowan, J; Moher, D; Pantoja, T; Petticrew, M; Pottie, K; Rader, T; Shea, B; Taljaard, M; Waters, E; Weijer, C; Wells, G A; White, H; Whitehead, M; Tugwell, P

    2015-10-21

    Health equity concerns the absence of avoidable and unfair differences in health. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can provide evidence about the impact of an intervention on health equity for specific disadvantaged populations or in general populations; this is important for equity-focused decision-making. Previous work has identified a lack of adequate reporting guidelines for assessing health equity in RCTs. The objective of this study is to develop guidelines to improve the reporting of health equity considerations in RCTs, as an extension of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). A six-phase study using integrated knowledge translation governed by a study executive and advisory board will assemble empirical evidence to inform the CONSORT-equity extension. To create the guideline, the following steps are proposed: (1) develop a conceptual framework for identifying "equity-relevant trials," (2) assess empirical evidence regarding reporting of equity-relevant trials, (3) consult with global methods and content experts on how to improve reporting of health equity in RCTs, (4) collect broad feedback and prioritize items needed to improve reporting of health equity in RCTs, (5) establish consensus on the CONSORT-equity extension: the guideline for equity-relevant trials, and (6) broadly disseminate and implement the CONSORT-equity extension. This work will be relevant to a broad range of RCTs addressing questions of effectiveness for strategies to improve practice and policy in the areas of social determinants of health, clinical care, health systems, public health, and international development, where health and/or access to health care is a primary outcome. The outcomes include a reporting guideline (CONSORT-equity extension) for equity-relevant RCTs and a knowledge translation strategy to broadly encourage its uptake and use by journal editors, authors, and funding agencies.

  1. Assessing the impact of natural policy experiments on socioeconomic inequalities in health: how to apply commonly used quantitative analytical methods?

    PubMed

    Hu, Yannan; van Lenthe, Frank J; Hoffmann, Rasmus; van Hedel, Karen; Mackenbach, Johan P

    2017-04-20

    The scientific evidence-base for policies to tackle health inequalities is limited. Natural policy experiments (NPE) have drawn increasing attention as a means to evaluating the effects of policies on health. Several analytical methods can be used to evaluate the outcomes of NPEs in terms of average population health, but it is unclear whether they can also be used to assess the outcomes of NPEs in terms of health inequalities. The aim of this study therefore was to assess whether, and to demonstrate how, a number of commonly used analytical methods for the evaluation of NPEs can be applied to quantify the effect of policies on health inequalities. We identified seven quantitative analytical methods for the evaluation of NPEs: regression adjustment, propensity score matching, difference-in-differences analysis, fixed effects analysis, instrumental variable analysis, regression discontinuity and interrupted time-series. We assessed whether these methods can be used to quantify the effect of policies on the magnitude of health inequalities either by conducting a stratified analysis or by including an interaction term, and illustrated both approaches in a fictitious numerical example. All seven methods can be used to quantify the equity impact of policies on absolute and relative inequalities in health by conducting an analysis stratified by socioeconomic position, and all but one (propensity score matching) can be used to quantify equity impacts by inclusion of an interaction term between socioeconomic position and policy exposure. Methods commonly used in economics and econometrics for the evaluation of NPEs can also be applied to assess the equity impact of policies, and our illustrations provide guidance on how to do this appropriately. The low external validity of results from instrumental variable analysis and regression discontinuity makes these methods less desirable for assessing policy effects on population-level health inequalities. Increased use of the methods in social epidemiology will help to build an evidence base to support policy making in the area of health inequalities.

  2. Providers' perspectives on inbound medical tourism in Central America and the Caribbean: factors driving and inhibiting sector development and their health equity implications.

    PubMed

    Johnston, Rory; Crooks, Valorie A; Cerón, Alejandro; Labonté, Ronald; Snyder, Jeremy; Núñez, Emanuel O; Flores, Walter G

    2016-01-01

    Many governments and health care providers worldwide are enthusiastic to develop medical tourism as a service export. Despite the popularity of this policy uptake, there is relatively little known about the specific local factors prospectively motivating and informing development of this sector. To identify common social, economic, and health system factors shaping the development of medical tourism in three Central American and Caribbean countries and their health equity implications. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in Mexico, Guatemala, and Barbados with 150 health system stakeholders. Participants were recruited from private and public sectors working in various fields: trade and economic development, health services delivery, training and administration, and civil society. Transcribed interviews were coded using qualitative data management software, and thematic analysis was used to identify cross-cutting issues regarding the drivers and inhibitors of medical tourism development. Four common drivers of medical tourism development were identified: 1) unused capacity in existing private hospitals, 2) international portability of health insurance, vis-a-vis international hospital accreditation, 3) internationally trained physicians as both marketable assets and industry entrepreneurs, and 4) promotion of medical tourism by public export development corporations. Three common inhibitors for the development of the sector were also identified: 1) the high expense of market entry, 2) poor sector-wide planning, and 3) structural socio-economic issues such as insecurity or relatively high business costs and financial risks. There are shared factors shaping the development of medical tourism in Central America and the Caribbean that help explain why it is being pursued by many hospitals and governments in the region. Development of the sector is primarily being driven by public investment promotion agencies and the private health sector seeking economic benefits with limited consideration and planning for the health equity concerns medical tourism raises.

  3. Providers’ perspectives on inbound medical tourism in Central America and the Caribbean: factors driving and inhibiting sector development and their health equity implications

    PubMed Central

    Johnston, Rory; Crooks, Valorie A.; Cerón, Alejandro; Labonté, Ronald; Snyder, Jeremy; Núñez, Emanuel O.; Flores, Walter G.

    2016-01-01

    Background Many governments and health care providers worldwide are enthusiastic to develop medical tourism as a service export. Despite the popularity of this policy uptake, there is relatively little known about the specific local factors prospectively motivating and informing development of this sector. Objective To identify common social, economic, and health system factors shaping the development of medical tourism in three Central American and Caribbean countries and their health equity implications. Design In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in Mexico, Guatemala, and Barbados with 150 health system stakeholders. Participants were recruited from private and public sectors working in various fields: trade and economic development, health services delivery, training and administration, and civil society. Transcribed interviews were coded using qualitative data management software, and thematic analysis was used to identify cross-cutting issues regarding the drivers and inhibitors of medical tourism development. Results Four common drivers of medical tourism development were identified: 1) unused capacity in existing private hospitals, 2) international portability of health insurance, vis-a-vis international hospital accreditation, 3) internationally trained physicians as both marketable assets and industry entrepreneurs, and 4) promotion of medical tourism by public export development corporations. Three common inhibitors for the development of the sector were also identified: 1) the high expense of market entry, 2) poor sector-wide planning, and 3) structural socio-economic issues such as insecurity or relatively high business costs and financial risks. Conclusion There are shared factors shaping the development of medical tourism in Central America and the Caribbean that help explain why it is being pursued by many hospitals and governments in the region. Development of the sector is primarily being driven by public investment promotion agencies and the private health sector seeking economic benefits with limited consideration and planning for the health equity concerns medical tourism raises. PMID:27876457

  4. Social determinants of health and health equity policy research: exploring the use, misuse, and nonuse of policy analysis theory.

    PubMed

    Embrett, Mark G; Randall, G E

    2014-05-01

    Despite a dramatic growth in SDH/HE (social determinants of health/health equity) public policy research and demonstrated government interest in promoting equity in health policies, health inequities are actually growing among some populations and there is little evidence that "healthy public policies" are being adopted and implemented. Moreover, these issues are typically failing to even reach governments' policy agendas, which is a critical step towards serious debate and the identification of policy options. This systematic review pursues three main objectives. First, is to identify barriers to SDH/HE issues reaching the government policy agenda. Second, to evaluate the characteristics of peer-reviewed research articles that utilize common policy analysis theories. And third, to determine the extent to which the SDH/HE literature utilizes common policy analysis theories. Our systematic review, conducted in June 2012, identified 6200 SDH/HE related articles in the peer-reviewed literature; however, only seven articles explicitly used a commonly recognized policy analysis theory to inform their analysis. Our analysis revealed that the SDH/HE policy literature appears to be focused on advocacy rather than analysis and that the use of policy analysis theory is extremely limited. Our results also suggest that when such theories are incorporated into an analysis they are often not comprehensively employed. We propose explanations for this non-use and misuse of policy analysis theory, and conclude that researchers may have greater influence in helping to get SDH/HE issues onto government policy agendas if they gain a greater understanding of the policy process and the value of incorporating policy analysis theories into their research. Using a policy analysis lens to help identify why healthy public policies are typically not being adopted is an important step towards moving beyond advocacy to understanding and addressing some of the political barriers to reforms. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Equity Index in the School Systems of Selected OECD Countries

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ozmusul, Mustafa

    2013-01-01

    The purpose of this study is to analysis the equity in the school systems of selected OECD countries. For this purpose, the international data for selected OECD countries was analyzed in terms of four dimensions of equity as learning equity, school resource equity, participating in education, and digital equity. When analyzing data, the equity…

  6. Personality correlates of equity sensitivity for samples of Canadian, Bulgarian, and Mexican business people.

    PubMed

    Mintu-Wimsatt, Alma; Madjourova-Davri, Anna; Lozada, Héctor R

    2008-02-01

    Equity sensitivity concerns perceptions of what is or is not equitable. Previous studies have shown that equity sensitivity is associated with one's relationship orientation. Relationships are also influenced by personality variables. As both personality and equity sensitivity influence relationships, equity sensitivity and personality may be correlated also; so, this study examined that possibility. The relations of equity sensitivity with 3 personality variables were explored across three culturally different samples. This allowed validation across cultures of the proposed equity-personality relationship which has traditionally been assessed in a U.S. setting. In general, personality-equity sensitivity relationship was not supported across the samples.

  7. Why food in health security (FIHS)?

    PubMed

    Wahlqvist, Mark L

    2009-01-01

    Health is intrinsic to human security (HumS) although it is somewhat anthropocentric and about our own psychosocial and biomedical status more than various external threats. The 1994 United Nations Development Program definition of HumS includes economic, food, environmental, personal, community and political security with freedom from fear and want. Environmental factors are critical for health security (HealS), especially with widespread socio-economic difficulty, and health systems less affordable or accessible. The nexus between nutritionally-related disorders and infectious disease is the most pervasive world health problem. Most if not all of the Millennium Development Goals are food-linked. Maternal nutrition has life-long health effects on the yet-to-be born child. The mix of essential nutrient deprivation and energy imbalance is rife across many societies. Food systems require deeper understanding and governance to overcome these food-related health risks which are matters of food security (FoodS). Nutritionally-related Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYS) are improving markedly in many parts of the world, along with poverty and hunger reduction and health system advances. But recent economic, energy, food, water, climate change and health crises along with conflict are limiting. It is time for international and regional understanding of how households and communities can collectively manage these threats in affordable and sustainable ways. There is untapped problem-solving capacity at the international local level if supported by combined food--health systems expertise, innovation, infrastructure and governance. Principles of equity and ethics must apply. The Food in Health Security (FIHS) roundtable aims to develop a Network to facilitate this process.

  8. Rethinking Equity--There Are Alternatives.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Picus, Lawrence O.

    1998-01-01

    Defines "equity" in terms of three concepts (horizontal equity, vertical equity, and fiscal neutrality), summarizes school finance litigation history, and presents alternative distribution formats to improve student achievement. Enhancing equity and efficiency requires reallocation of existing resources, incentives for improved performance, a more…

  9. Privacy and security in teleradiology.

    PubMed

    Ruotsalainen, Pekka

    2010-01-01

    Teleradiology is probably the most successful eHealth service available today. Its business model is based on the remote transmission of radiological images (e.g. X-ray and CT-images) over electronic networks, and on the interpretation of the transmitted images for diagnostic purpose. Two basic service models are commonly used teleradiology today. The most common approach is based on the message paradigm (off-line model), but more developed teleradiology systems are based on the interactive use of PACS/RIS systems. Modern teleradiology is also more and more cross-organisational or even cross-border service between service providers having different jurisdictions and security policies. This paper defines the requirements needed to make different teleradiology models trusted. Those requirements include a common security policy that covers all partners and entities, common security and privacy protection principles and requirements, controlled contracts between partners, and the use of security controls and tools that supporting the common security policy. The security and privacy protection of any teleradiology system must be planned in advance, and the necessary security and privacy enhancing tools should be selected (e.g. strong authentication, data encryption, non-repudiation services and audit-logs) based on the risk analysis and requirements set by the legislation. In any case the teleradiology system should fulfil ethical and regulatory requirements. Certification of the whole teleradiology service system including security and privacy is also proposed. In the future, teleradiology services will be an integrated part of pervasive eHealth. Security requirements for this environment including dynamic and context aware security services are also discussed in this paper. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  10. Ottawa 25 years on: a more radical agenda for health equity is still required.

    PubMed

    Baum, Frances Elaine; Sanders, David M

    2011-12-01

    This article revisits our 1995 assessment of the international health promotion agenda. Then we concluded that a more radical agenda for change was required in which responses were both technically sound and infused with an appreciation of the imperative for a change in politics and power. We conclude that this message is even more relevant in 2011 in an era when the continuing rise of transnational corporations (TNCs) poses a major threat to achieving improved and more equitable health. We support and illustrate this claim through the example of food and agriculture TNCs where the combination of producer subsidies, global trade liberalization and strengthened property rights has given increasing power to the corporate food industry and undermined national food security in many countries. We argue that a Health in All Policies approach should be used to monitor and enforce TNC accountability for health. Part of this process should include the use of a form of health impact assessment and health equity impact assessment on their activities. Civil society groups such as the People's Health Movement have a central role to play in monitoring the impacts of TNCs.

  11. Balancing Quality and Equity. Toward a Grantmaking Program in Pre-Collegiate Public Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, Los Angeles, CA.

    Focusing on pre-collegiate public education in the United States, this working paper seeks to develop a common knowledge base, design a grantmaking strategy in the field, and inform educators and other grantmakers about the interests of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. The document contains six major sections covering the following: (1) a brief…

  12. Implications of Current and Proposed Funding Plans for Oklahoma Common Schools. Research Report P-748.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lowrance, Danny; Tweeten, Luther

    Utilizing data from the 1973-1974 school year, the study analyzed and compared the educational funding system presently used by Oklahoma with other school funding plans on the basis of economic efficiency and social equity. Funding plans used for comparison included Flat Grants, Minimum Foundation, Percentage Equalizing, Guaranteed Tax Base, Full…

  13. Educational Equity and Adequacy for Disadvantaged Minority Students: School and Teacher Resource Gaps toward National Mathematics Proficiency Standard

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lee, Jaekyung

    2012-01-01

    This study addresses the issue of educational inadequacy and inequity for disadvantaged minority students. It estimates desired national standards and examines interrelated gaps in key school-teacher resources and mathematics achievement by linking national education data sets (National Assessment of Educational Progress [NAEP], Common Core of…

  14. A Graphical Approach to Evaluating Equating Using Test Characteristic Curves

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wyse, Adam E.; Reckase, Mark D.

    2011-01-01

    An essential concern in the application of any equating procedure is determining whether tests can be considered equated after the tests have been placed onto a common scale. This article clarifies one equating criterion, the first-order equity property of equating, and develops a new method for evaluating equating that is linked to this…

  15. A Choice of a New Funding Formula

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hancock, Kenneth

    2008-01-01

    This report examines the fiscal neutrality of three funding formulas that have been proposed to replace the current funding formula for Oklahoma's common schools in an attempt to have greater equity in the distribution of funds to the various districts. Using data from SY-03 to SY-07, calculations of state aid for the 540- districts and fiscal…

  16. A Global Effort for Educational Equity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dzulkifli, Dzameer

    2015-01-01

    A look at Teach For All's global work through the lens of Teach For Malaysia one of several dozen organizations around the world inspired by Teach For America and Teach First to share solutions as they adapt a common approach to tackle education inequality in their home countries. A deeper look at Malaysian education brought Teach For Malaysia to…

  17. New Metaphors about Culture: Implications for Research in Science Teacher Preparation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Seiler, Gale

    2013-01-01

    Culture has been commonly used in science education research, in particular to examine issues of equity for students from low-income, racial, and ethnic minority communities. It has provided a lens with which to appreciate science classrooms as cultural places and to recognize the importance of students' cultural ways of being as resources for…

  18. 7 CFR 1717.860 - Lien accommodations and subordinations under section 306E of the RE Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... (Continued) RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POST-LOAN POLICIES AND PROCEDURES COMMON TO... Regulatory Study Costs, and account 182.3, Other Regulatory Assets, as defined in 7 CFR part 1767. (c... § 1717.858, if requested by a borrower that meets the 110 percent equity test and all other applicable...

  19. 13 CFR 121.702 - What size and eligibility standards are applicable to the SBIR and STTR programs?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... concern's voting equity. However, SBA may find a concern an affiliate of an individual, concern, or entity... circumstances. If no individual, concern, or entity is found to control, SBA will deem the Board of Directors to... to avoid a finding of affiliation. (3) Affiliation based on common management. Affiliation arises...

  20. Restructuring High Schools for All Students: Taking Inclusion to the Next Level.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jorgensen, Cheryl M.

    The ten papers in this collection present practical examples of the inclusion of students with disabilities in restructured high schools. The papers are: (1) "Preparing the Ground for What Is To Come: A Rationale for Inclusive High Schools" (Susan Shapiro-Barnard); (2) "Equity and Excellence: Finding Common Ground between Inclusive Education and…

  1. Excellence, Reform and Equity in Education: An International Perspective. Occasional Papers Series, Number 13.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Deem, Rosemary; And Others

    The five papers presented in this monograph deal with the implications of the criticisms of education and the calls for excellence now evident in a number of industrialized nations. While the issues discussed vary, there is a common concern to understand how current changes in educational policy may affect educational practice. "Women, Educational…

  2. Comparison of Normalized Gain and Cohen's "d" for Analyzing Gains on Concept Inventories

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nissen, Jayson M.; Talbot, Robert M.; Thompson, Amreen Nasim; Van Dusen, Ben

    2018-01-01

    Measuring student learning is a complicated but necessary task for understanding the effectiveness of instruction and issues of equity in college science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses. Our investigation focused on the implications on claims about student learning that result from choosing between one of two commonly used…

  3. 78 FR 42807 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-17

    ... I, II, and III below, which Items have been prepared by the Exchange. The Commission is publishing..., 2013.\\4\\ \\3\\ The Exchange has a Common Customer Gateway (``CCG'') that accesses the equity trading... of the Exchange's Risk Management Gateway service (``RMG'') are not charged for order/ quote entry...

  4. Domestic water and sanitation as water security: monitoring, concepts and strategy

    PubMed Central

    Bradley, David J.; Bartram, Jamie K.

    2013-01-01

    Domestic water and sanitation provide examples of a situation where long-term, target-driven efforts have been launched with the objective of reducing the proportion of people who are water-insecure, most recently through the millennium development goals (MDGs) framework. Impacts of these efforts have been monitored by an increasingly evidence-based system, and plans for the next period of international policy, which are likely to aim at universal coverage with basic water and sanitation, are being currently developed. As distinct from many other domains to which the concept of water security is applied, domestic or personal water security requires a perspective that incorporates the reciprocal notions of provision and risk, as the current status of domestic water and sanitation security is dominated by deficiency This paper reviews the interaction of science and technology with policies, practice and monitoring, and explores how far domestic water can helpfully fit into the proposed concept of water security, how that is best defined, and how far the human right to water affects the situation. It is considered that they fit well together in terms both of practical planning of targets and indicators and as a conceptual framework to help development. The focus needs to be broad, to extend beyond households, to emphasize maintenance as well as construction and to increase equity of access. International and subnational monitoring need to interact, and monitoring results need to be meaningful to service providers as well as users. PMID:24080628

  5. Intelligent Sensors Security

    PubMed Central

    Bialas, Andrzej

    2010-01-01

    The paper is focused on the security issues of sensors provided with processors and software and used for high-risk applications. Common IT related threats may cause serious consequences for sensor system users. To improve their robustness, sensor systems should be developed in a restricted way that would provide them with assurance. One assurance creation methodology is Common Criteria (ISO/IEC 15408) used for IT products and systems. The paper begins with a primer on the Common Criteria, and then a general security model of the intelligent sensor as an IT product is discussed. The paper presents how the security problem of the intelligent sensor is defined and solved. The contribution of the paper is to provide Common Criteria (CC) related security design patterns and to improve the effectiveness of the sensor development process. PMID:22315571

  6. Yes we can! The Raffles Dialogue on Human Wellbeing and Security.

    PubMed

    Pang, Tikki; Chong, Yap Seng; Fong, Hildy; Harris, Eva; Horton, Richard; Lee, Kelley; Liu, Eugene; Mahbubani, Kishore; Pangestu, Mari; Yeoh, Khay Guan; Wong, John Eu-Li

    2015-08-01

    The future of human wellbeing and security depends on our ability to deal with the multiple effects of globalisation and on adoption of a new paradigm and philosophy for living and for health that emphasises people's wellbeing and social justice. Such was the topic of the inaugural Raffles Dialogue on Human Wellbeing and Security held in Singapore on Feb 2-3, 2015. Participants agreed that, to achieve these goals, four conditions must be met. First, equity must be integral to the implementation of technology. Second, there is an urgent need for innovations within our global institutions to make them "fit for purpose" in a rapidly changing world. Third, we must find the right balance between the roles of government and markets so that all those in need can access affordable medicine and health care. Finally, we must realise that we live in a small and interdependent "global village", where Asian countries need to assume greater leadership of our global village councils. This is the great imperative of our times. Copyright © 2015 Pang et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

  7. How Do Patients and Providers React to Different Incentives in the Chinese Multiple Health Security Systems?

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Chun-Yu; Hashimoto, Hideki

    2015-01-01

    Background: China has achieved universal health insurance coverage. This study examined how patients and hospitals react to the different designs of the plans and to monitoring of patients by the local authority in the Chinese multiple health security schemes. Methods: The sample for analysis consisted of 1006 orthopedic inpatients who were admitted between January and December 2011 at a tertiary teaching hospital located in Beijing. We conducted general linear regression analyses to investigate whether medical expenditure and length of stay differed according to the different incentives. Results: Patients under plans with lower copayment rates consumed significantly more medication compared with those under plans with higher copayment rates. Under plans with an annual ceiling for insurance coverage, patients spent significantly more in the second half of the year than in the first half of the year. The length of stay was shorter among patients when there were government monitoring and a penalty to the hospital service provider. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the different designs and monitoring of the health security systems in China cause opportunistic behavior by patients and providers. Reformation is necessary to reduce those incentives, and improve equity and efficiency in healthcare use. PMID:25698195

  8. How do patients and providers react to different incentives in the Chinese multiple health security systems?

    PubMed

    Zhang, Chun-Yu; Hashimoto, Hideki

    2015-03-05

    China has achieved universal health insurance coverage. This study examined how patients and hospitals react to the different designs of the plans and to monitoring of patients by the local authority in the Chinese multiple health security schemes. The sample for analysis consisted of 1006 orthopedic inpatients who were admitted between January and December 2011 at a tertiary teaching hospital located in Beijing. We conducted general linear regression analyses to investigate whether medical expenditure and length of stay differed according to the different incentives. Patients under plans with lower copayment rates consumed significantly more medication compared with those under plans with higher copayment rates. Under plans with an annual ceiling for insurance coverage, patients spent significantly more in the second half of the year than in the first half of the year. The length of stay was shorter among patients when there were government monitoring and a penalty to the hospital service provider. Our results indicate that the different designs and monitoring of the health security systems in China cause opportunistic behavior by patients and providers. Reformation is necessary to reduce those incentives, and improve equity and efficiency in healthcare use.

  9. Equity trade-offs in conservation decision making.

    PubMed

    Law, Elizabeth A; Bennett, Nathan J; Ives, Christopher D; Friedman, Rachel; Davis, Katrina J; Archibald, Carla; Wilson, Kerrie A

    2018-04-01

    Conservation decisions increasingly involve multiple environmental and social objectives, which result in complex decision contexts with high potential for trade-offs. Improving social equity is one such objective that is often considered an enabler of successful outcomes and a virtuous ideal in itself. Despite its idealized importance in conservation policy, social equity is often highly simplified or ill-defined and is applied uncritically. What constitutes equitable outcomes and processes is highly normative and subject to ethical deliberation. Different ethical frameworks may lead to different conceptions of equity through alternative perspectives of what is good or right. This can lead to different and potentially conflicting equity objectives in practice. We promote a more transparent, nuanced, and pluralistic conceptualization of equity in conservation decision making that particularly recognizes where multidimensional equity objectives may conflict. To help identify and mitigate ethical conflicts and avoid cases of good intentions producing bad outcomes, we encourage a more analytical incorporation of equity into conservation decision making particularly during mechanistic integration of equity objectives. We recommend that in conservation planning motivations and objectives for equity be made explicit within the problem context, methods used to incorporate equity objectives be applied with respect to stated objectives, and, should objectives dictate, evaluation of equity outcomes and adaptation of strategies be employed during policy implementation. © 2017 Society for Conservation Biology.

  10. Prioritizing action on health inequities in cities: An evaluation of Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART) in 15 cities from Asia and Africa.

    PubMed

    Prasad, Amit; Kano, Megumi; Dagg, Kendra Ann-Masako; Mori, Hanako; Senkoro, Hawa Hamisi; Ardakani, Mohammad Assai; Elfeky, Samar; Good, Suvajee; Engelhardt, Katrin; Ross, Alex; Armada, Francisco

    2015-11-01

    Following the recommendations of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008), the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (HEART) to support local stakeholders in identifying and planning action on health inequities. The objective of this report is to analyze the experiences of cities in implementing Urban HEART in order to inform how the future development of the tool could support local stakeholders better in addressing health inequities. The study method is documentary analysis from independent evaluations and city implementation reports submitted to WHO. Independent evaluations were conducted in 2011-12 on Urban HEART piloting in 15 cities from seven countries in Asia and Africa: Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Mongolia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. Local or national health departments led Urban HEART piloting in 12 of the 15 cities. Other stakeholders commonly engaged included the city council, budget and planning departments, education sector, urban planning department, and the Mayor's office. Ten of the 12 core indicators recommended in Urban HEART were collected by at least 10 of the 15 cities. Improving access to safe water and sanitation was a priority equity-oriented intervention in 12 of the 15 cities, while unemployment was addressed in seven cities. Cities who piloted Urban HEART displayed confidence in its potential by sustaining or scaling up its use within their countries. Engagement of a wider group of stakeholders was more likely to lead to actions for improving health equity. Indicators that were collected were more likely to be acted upon. Quality of data for neighbourhoods within cities was one of the major issues. As local governments and stakeholders around the world gain greater control of decisions regarding their health, Urban HEART could prove to be a valuable tool in helping them pursue the goal of health equity. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  11. How to design a targeted agricultural subsidy system: efficiency or equity?

    PubMed

    Cong, Rong-Gang; Brady, Mark

    2012-01-01

    In this paper we appraise current agricultural subsidy policy in the EU. Several sources of its inefficiency are identified: it is inefficient for supporting farmers' incomes or guaranteeing food security, and irrational transfer payments decoupled from actual performance that may be negative for environmental protection, social cohesion, etc. Based on a simplified economic model, we prove that there is "reverse redistribution" in the current tax-subsidy system, which cannot be avoided. To find a possible way to distribute subsidies more efficiently and equitably, several alternative subsidy systems (the pure loan, the harvest tax and the income contingent loan) are presented and examined.

  12. [Information, knowledge and healthcare practice: professionals participation as the key element of the gear].

    PubMed

    Adam, Paula; Permanyer-Miralda, Gaietà; Solà-Morales, Oriol; Canela-Soler, Jaume

    2010-02-01

    This article analyzes the role of ICT within the complicated gear between information, knowledge and healthcare practices, which particular focus on two specific cases: the digitalization process of the healthcare system and the application of knowledge into the healthcare practices. In both cases, international and local experiences suggest, and sometimes demonstrate the importance of the participation, capacity-building and empowerment of healthcare practitioners for the generation, transfer and use of information and knowledge empowered by the digital tools which should bring into the system better performance, more efficacy, efficiency, equity, equality, security, quality. 2010 Elsevier España S.L. All rights reserved.

  13. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Promulgation) Decree 1989 (No. 12 of 1989).

    PubMed

    1989-01-01

    This document contains major provisions of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria which was promulgated by decree in 1989. The Constitution guarantees every citizen equality under the law. Opportunities to secure employment without discrimination are protected; working conditions are to be safe and humane; adequate medical and health facilities are to be available; pay equity is assured; vulnerable groups (children, the aged, and the disabled) are to receive social protection; and the free movement of citizens is assured. The third part of the constitution establishes a national population census which is to be submitted to the President of the country for acceptance.

  14. How to Design a Targeted Agricultural Subsidy System: Efficiency or Equity?

    PubMed Central

    Cong, Rong-Gang; Brady, Mark

    2012-01-01

    In this paper we appraise current agricultural subsidy policy in the EU. Several sources of its inefficiency are identified: it is inefficient for supporting farmers’ incomes or guaranteeing food security, and irrational transfer payments decoupled from actual performance that may be negative for environmental protection, social cohesion, etc. Based on a simplified economic model, we prove that there is “reverse redistribution” in the current tax-subsidy system, which cannot be avoided. To find a possible way to distribute subsidies more efficiently and equitably, several alternative subsidy systems (the pure loan, the harvest tax and the income contingent loan) are presented and examined. PMID:22876283

  15. [Chemical safety, health, and environment: prospects for governance in the Brazilian context].

    PubMed

    Freitas, Carlos Machado de; Porto, Marcelo Firpo S; Moreira, Josino Costa; Pivetta, Fatima; Machado, Jorge M Huet; Freitas, Nilton B B de; Arcuri, Arline S

    2002-01-01

    Chemical safety is acknowledged by Agenda 21 as one of the most serious problems worldwide, involving governance at the national and international levels. In Brazil, chemical safety problems have increased in intensity and extent, far beyond the capacity to deal with them. The problems are all the more serious in Brazil because issues of democracy, security, sustainability, and equity, all fundamental to governance, are still incipient and still far from being solved. New societal arrangements and a new, contextualized and more participatory science form the basis for developing and expanding strategies for governance to deal with the problem of chemical safety.

  16. Confronting the Equity "Learning Problem" through Practitioner Inquiry

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ching, Cheryl D.

    2018-01-01

    This study examined how participation in an inquiry-based workshop on assessing course syllabi for equity-mindedness and cultural inclusivity fostered community college math faculty learning about racial/ethnic equity and equity-mindedness. Findings show that the workshop prompted reflection on what equity means and how participants' teaching…

  17. GRADE equity guidelines 4: considering health equity in GRADE guideline development: evidence to decision process.

    PubMed

    Pottie, Kevin; Welch, Vivian; Morton, Rachael; Akl, Elie A; Eslava-Schmalbach, Javier H; Katikireddi, Vittal; Singh, Jasvinder; Moja, Lorenzo; Lang, Eddy; Magrini, Nicola; Thabane, Lehana; Stanev, Roger; Matovinovic, Elizabeth; Snellman, Alexandra; Briel, Matthias; Shea, Beverly; Tugwell, Peter; Schunemann, Holger; Guyatt, Gordon; Alonso-Coello, Pablo

    2017-10-01

    The aim of this paper is to provide detailed guidance on how to incorporate health equity within the GRADE (Grading Recommendations Assessment and Development Evidence) evidence to decision process. We developed this guidance based on the GRADE evidence to decision framework, iteratively reviewing and modifying draft documents, in person discussion of project group members and input from other GRADE members. Considering the impact on health equity may be required, both in general guidelines and guidelines that focus on disadvantaged populations. We suggest two approaches to incorporate equity considerations: (1) assessing the potential impact of interventions on equity and (2) incorporating equity considerations when judging or weighing each of the evidence to decision criteria. We provide guidance and include illustrative examples. Guideline panels should consider the impact of recommendations on health equity with attention to remote and underserviced settings and disadvantaged populations. Guideline panels may wish to incorporate equity judgments across the evidence to decision framework. This is the fourth and final paper in a series about considering equity in the GRADE guideline development process. This series is coming from the GRADE equity subgroup. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  18. A Racial Equity Toolkit for Midwifery Organizations.

    PubMed

    Gordon, Wendy M

    2016-11-01

    Midwifery associations are increasing awareness and commitment to racial equity in the profession and in the communities we serve. Moving these commitments from words into action may be facilitated by a racial equity toolkit to help guide midwifery organizations to consider all policies, initiatives, and actions with a racial equity lens. Racial equity impact analyses have been used in recent years by various governmental agencies in the United States and abroad with positive results, and emerging literature indicates that nonprofit organizations are having similarly positive results. This article proposes a framework for midwifery organizations to incorporate a racial equity toolkit, starting with explicit intentions of the organization with regard to racial equity in the profession. Indicators of success are elucidated as the next step, followed by the use of a racial equity impact analysis worksheet. This worksheet is applied by teams or committees when considering new policies or initiatives to examine those actions through a racial equity lens. An organizational change team and equity advisory groups are essential in assisting organizational leadership to forecast potential negative and positive impacts. Examples of the components of a midwifery-specific racial equity toolkit are included. © 2016 by the American College of Nurse-Midwives.

  19. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lamorgese, Lydia, E-mail: lydial@tin.it; Geneletti, Davide, E-mail: davide.geneletti@unitn.it

    This paper presents a framework for analysing the degree of consideration of sustainability principles in Strategic environmental assessment (SEA), and demonstrates its application to a sample of SEA of Italian urban plans. The framework is based on Gibson's (2006) sustainability principles, which are linked to a number of guidance criteria and eventually to review questions, resulting from an extensive literature review. A total of 71 questions are included in the framework, which gives particular emphasis to key concepts, such as intragenerational and intergenerational equity. The framework was applied to review the Environmental Report of the urban plans of 15 majormore » Italian cities. The results of this review show that, even if sustainability is commonly considered as a pivotal concept, there is still work to be done in order to effectively integrate sustainability principles into SEA. In particular, most of the attention is given to mitigation and compensation measures, rather than to actual attempts to propose more sustainable planning decisions in the first place. Concerning the proposed framework of analysis, further research is required to clarify equity concerns and particularly to identify suitable indicators for operationalizing the concepts of intra/inter-generational equity in decision-making. -- Highlights: ► A framework was developed in order to evaluate planning against sustainability criteria. ► The framework was applied to analyse how sustainable principles are addressed in 15 Italian SEA reports. ► Over 85% of the reports addressed, to some extent, at least 40% of the framework questions. ► Criteria explicitly linked to intra and inter-generational equity are rarely addressed.« less

  20. Housing equity for health equity: a rights-based approach to the control of Lassa fever in post-war Sierra Leone.

    PubMed

    Kelly, J Daniel; Barrie, M Bailor; Ross, Rachel A; Temple, Brian A; Moses, Lina M; Bausch, Daniel G

    2013-01-02

    Poor quality housing is an infringement on the rights of all humans to a standard of living adequate for health. Among the many vulnerabilities of those without adequate shelter is the risk of disease spread by rodents and other pests. One such disease is Lassa fever, an acute and sometimes severe viral hemorrhagic illness endemic in West Africa. Lassa virus is maintained in the rodent Mastomys natalensis, commonly known as the "multimammate rat," which frequently invades the domestic environment, putting humans at risk of Lassa fever. The highest reported incidence of Lassa fever in the world is consistently in the Kenema District of Sierra Leone, a region that was at the center of Sierra Leone's civil war in which tens of thousands of lives were lost and hundreds of thousands of dwellings destroyed. Despite the end of the war in 2002, most of Kenema's population still lives in inadequate housing that puts them at risk of rodent invasion and Lassa fever. Furthermore, despite years of health education and village hygiene campaigns, the incidence of Lassa fever in Kenema District appears to be increasing. We focus on Lassa fever as a matter of human rights, proposing a strategy to improve housing quality, and discuss how housing equity has the potential to improve health equity and ultimately economic productivity in Sierra Leone. The manuscript is designed to spur discussion and action towards provision of housing and prevention of disease in one of the world's most vulnerable populations.

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