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Sample records for complementary relationship cr

Reply to comment by Ma and Zhang on "Rescaling the complementary relationship for land surface evaporation"

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crago, Richard; Qualls, Russell; Szilagyi, Jozsef; Huntington, Justin

2017-07-01

Ma and Zhang (2017) note a concern they have with our rescaled Complementary Relationship (CR) for land surface evaporation when daily average wind speeds are very low (perhaps less than 1 m/s). We discuss conditions and specific formulations that lead to this concern, but ultimately argue that under these conditions, a key assumption behind the CR itself may not be satisfied at the daily time scale. Thus, careful consideration of the reliability of the CR is needed when wind speeds are very low.
An evaluation of complementary relationship assumptions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pettijohn, J. C.; Salvucci, G. D.

2004-12-01

Complementary relationship (CR) models, based on Bouchet's (1963) somewhat heuristic CR hypothesis, are advantageous in their sole reliance on readily available climatological data. While Bouchet's CR hypothesis requires a number of questionable assumptions, CR models have been evaluated on variable time and length scales with relative success. Bouchet's hypothesis is grounded on the assumption that a change in potential evapotranspiration (Ep}) is equal and opposite in sign to a change in actual evapotranspiration (Ea), i.e., -dEp / dEa = 1. In his mathematical rationalization of the CR, Morton (1965) similarly assumes that a change in potential sensible heat flux (Hp) is equal and opposite in sign to a change in actual sensible heat flux (Ha), i.e., -dHp / dHa = 1. CR models have maintained these assumptions while focusing on defining Ep and equilibrium evapotranspiration (Epo). We question Bouchet and Morton's aforementioned assumptions by revisiting CR derivation in light of a proposed variable, φ = -dEp/dEa. We evaluate φ in a simplified Monin Obukhov surface similarity framework and demonstrate how previous error in the application of CR models may be explained in part by previous assumptions that φ =1. Finally, we discuss the various time and length scales to which φ may be evaluated.
Rescaling the complementary relationship for land surface evaporation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crago, R.; Szilagyi, J.; Qualls, R.; Huntington, J.

2016-11-01

Recent research into the complementary relationship (CR) between actual and apparent potential evaporation has resulted in numerous alternative forms for the CR. Inspired by Brutsaert (2015), who derived a general CR in the form y = function (x), where x is the ratio of potential evaporation to apparent potential evaporation and y is the ratio of actual to apparent potential evaporation, an equation is proposed to calculate the value of x at which y goes to zero, denoted xmin. The value of xmin varies even at an individual observation site, but can be calculated using only the data required for the Penman (1948) equation as expressed here, so no calibration of xmin is required. It is shown that the scatter in x-y plots using experimental data is reduced when x is replaced by X = (x - xmin)/(1 - xmin). This rescaling results in data falling along the line y = X, which is proposed as a new version of the CR. While a reinterpretation of the fundamental boundary conditions proposed by Brutsaert (2015) is required, the physical constraints behind them are still met. An alternative formulation relating y to X is also discussed.
Modeling actual evapotranspiration with routine meteorological variables in the data-scarce region of the Tibetan Plateau: Comparisons and implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Ning; Zhang, Yinsheng; Xu, Chong-Yu; Szilagyi, Jozsef

2015-08-01

Quantitative estimation of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) by in situ measurements and mathematical modeling is a fundamental task for physical understanding of ETa as well as the feedback mechanisms between land and the ambient atmosphere. However, the ETa information in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been greatly impeded by the extremely sparse ground observation network in the region. Approaches for estimating ETa solely from routine meteorological variables are therefore important for investigating spatiotemporal variations of ETa in the data-scarce region of the TP. Motivated by this need, the complementary relationship (CR) and Penman-Monteith approaches were evaluated against in situ measurements of ETa on a daily basis in an alpine steppe region of the TP. The former includes the Nonlinear Complementary Relationship (Nonlinear-CR) as well as the Complementary Relationship Areal Evapotranspiration (CRAE) models, while the latter involves the Katerji-Perrier and the Todorovic models. Results indicate that the Nonlinear-CR, CRAE, and Katerji-Perrier models are all capable of efficiently simulating daily ETa, provided their parameter values were appropriately calibrated. The Katerji-Perrier model performed best since its site-specific parameters take the soil water status into account. The Nonlinear-CR model also performed well with the advantage of not requiring the user to choose between a symmetric and asymmetric CR. The CRAE model, even with a relatively low Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) value, is also an acceptable approach in this data-scarce region as it does not need information of wind speed and ground surface conditions. In contrast, application of the Todorovic model was found to be inappropriate in the dry regions of the TP due to its significant overestimation of ETa as it neglects the effect of water stress on the bulk surface resistance. Sensitivity analysis of the parameter values demonstrated the relative importance of each parameter in the corresponding model. Overall, the Nonlinear-CR model is recommended in the absence of measured ETa for local calibration of the model parameter values.
Can the complementary relationship between actual and potential evaporation be used to quantify heatwaves?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aminzadeh, Milad; Or, Dani

2017-04-01

Extreme climate events such as heatwaves with prolonged periods of high air temperatures have large environmental, social, and economic impacts ranging from crop failure to health and desiccation damages. Periods of low precipitation with high temperatures decrease soil moisture storage and thus affect surface energy partitioning. The heuristic concepts in the basis of the Complementary Relationship (CR) suggest that a fraction of radiative energy not used for evaporation contributes to increased sensible heat flux thus heats near-surface atmosphere. We have recently generalized the CR framework for spatially heterogeneous landscapes thereby enable prediction of actual evapotranspiration (ET) from routine atmospheric measurements. Capitalizing on the coupling between moisture availability, actual ET and sensible heat flux we propose using the CR to predict conditions conducive to rapid increase in regional sensible heat flux associated with the onset of extreme heatwaves. The proposed framework is evaluated using satellite surface temperature and FLUXNET data with newly derived metrics for the onset of heatwaves. The concepts could be extended to obtain new insights into the dynamics of more persistent climate extremes such as regional droughts.
A calibration-free formulation of the complementary relationship of evaporation for continental-scale hydrology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szilagyi, Jozsef; Crago, Richard; Qualls, Russell

2017-01-01

An important scaling consideration is introduced into the formulation of the complementary relationship (CR) of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) by specifying the maximum possible evaporation rate (Epmax) of a small water body (or wet patch) as a result of adiabatic drying from the prevailing near-neutral atmospheric conditions. In dimensionless form the CR therefore becomes yB = f(Epmax-EpEpmax-EwxB) = f(X) = 2X2 - X3, where yB = ET/Ep, xB = Ew/Ep. Ew is the wet-environment evaporation rate as given by the Priestley-Taylor equation, Ep is the evaporation rate of the same small wet surface for which Epmax is specified and estimated by the Penman equation. With the help of North American Regional Reanalysis data, the CR this way yields better continental-scale performance than earlier, calibrated versions of it and is on par with current land surface model results, the latter requiring vegetation, soil information and soil moisture bookkeeping. Validation has been performed by Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model precipitation and United States Geological Survey runoff data. A novel approach is also introduced to calculate the value of the Priestley-Taylor parameter to be used with continental-scale data, making the new formulation of the CR completely calibration free.
Understanding the relationship between actual and potential evapotranspirations from long- term water balance analysis and flux observation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, D.; Yang, H.; Sun, F.

2007-12-01

Increase in air temperature and decrease in pan evaporation was found to be common worldwide during the past half century. This results in controversy in view of the changes to the hydrological cycle. Increases in precipitation have been expected due to the Clausius¡§CClapyeron relation in that the specific humidity increases exponentially with the greenhouse-gas induced temperature increasing and confirmed by measurements over northern extratropical land areas. The hydrologic cycle is expected to be intensified (or accelerated). However, the decreased pan evaporation is found to be well related to the global dimming, i.e., the decreased solar radiation induced by the pollution increasing, thus evaporation (i.e., the latent heat flux) should be steadily decreasing from the energy balance perspective. Many researchers explained that the potential evaporation (usually measured by pan) is decreased with increasing of precipitation; however, the increased soil moisture (due to precipitation increasing) can be evaporated because of extra energy available. Therefore, the actual and potential evaporation are in complementary relationship, which is expected to unify the controversy between global warming and dimming. This means that pan evaporation decrease implicates acceleration of the global hydrologic cycle, i.e., increase in the terrestrial evaporation. Based on the complementary theory, many operational formulae have been introduced to estimated actual evaporation from the potential evaporation. Our recent water balance analysis of 108 catchments in non-humid regions of China has shown that there are no general opposite trends between potential and actual evaporation in the same period. A novel phenomenon has been found that the complementary relationships in evaporation are distinctly confirmed when the annual actual and potential evaporation are plotted against annual precipitation; However, complementary relationships disappear in many catchments when actual and potential evaporations are plotted against the time (year) during the same period. This means that complementary idea cannot provide universally correct predictions on the trend of actual evaporation only from the potential one. In this research, we examine the coupled water-energy balance based on Budyko hypothesis and proposed a conceptual model for predicting the inter-annual variability of annual water balance, and the change trends of water balances due to climate changes. The wet environment evaporation was defined as the boundary condition in the Bouchet hypothesis and introduced into complementary relationship (CR), which combined the actual evaporation with potential evaporation in an equation. However, the CR was derived in a closed system where no horizontal energy advection existed. The effect of the horizontal advection on the CR in a real open system was also analyzed in this study. Using the long-term water balance analysis in the 108 study catchments and flux observation at 7 sites in Asia monsoon region, the regional and seasonal variability of the complementary relationship was examined. Key Words: climate change, evapotranspiration, water balance, flux observation, Budyko hypothesis, Bouchet hypothesis
Testing the Bouchet-Morton Complementary Hypothesis at Harvard Forest using Sap Flux Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pettijohn, J. C.; Salvucci, G. D.; Phillips, N. G.; Daley, M. J.

2005-12-01

The Bouchet-Morton Complementary Relationship (CR) states that at a given surface moisture availability (MA), changes in actual evapotranspiration (ETa) are reflected in changes in potential evapotranspiration (ETp) such that ETa + ETp = 2ET0, where ET0 is an assumed equilibrium evaporation condition at which ETa = ETp = ET0 at maximum MA. Whereas ETp conceptually includes a potential transpiration component, existing CR model estimates of ET_ {p are based upon the Penman combination equation for open water evaporation (ETp,Pen). Recent CR investigations for a temperate grassland at FIFE suggest, however, that the convergence between ETa and ETp,Pen will only occur if a maximum canopy conductance is included in the estimation of ETp. The purpose of this study was to conduct a field investigation at Harvard Forest to test the hypothesis that a CR-type relationship should occur between red maple ( Acer rubrum L.) actual transpiration and red maple potential transpiration, i.e., transpiration given unlimited root- zone MA via localized irrigation. Just as pan evaporation (ETp,Pen) is a physical gauge of ETp, we therefore question whether a well- irrigated maple is a potential transpirator. Daily averages of whole-tree transpiration for our co- occurring irrigated red maple network and reference network were calculated using high-frequency constant-heat sap flux sensor (i.e., Granier-type) measurements. Soil moisture, temperature and matric potential parameters were measured using Campbell Scientific sensors. Preliminary results suggest that the relationship between potential and actual transpiration differs significantly from ETa and ETp,Pen in the context of CR, adding useful insight into both ETp estimation and the understanding of physiological response to MA variability.
Evaluating the complementary relationship of evapotranspiration in an arid shrublands, Heihe river basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Zhongbo; Xu, Shiqin; Ji, Xibin; Sudicky, Edward A.

2018-06-01

Accurate estimates of evapotranspiration and its components are essential for quantifying the water and energy fluxes and water resources management in arid regions. To this end, daily actual evapotranspiration (ETa), pan evaporation, and concurrent microclimate from an arid shrublands were measured over two growing seasons (2014-2015) to determine water budgets and to test the validity of the complementary relationship (CR) at this temporal scale. The average ETa is 229.32 ± 45.86 mm during two growing seasons, while canopy transpiration, soil evaporation, and interception accounted for 68.1 ± 16.5%, 29.1 ± 2.5% and 2.8 ± 0.6%, respectively. Actual evapotranspiration and Penman potential evapotranspiration, or pan evaporation exhibit complementary behavior, where the complementary relationship is asymmetric. Daily ETa rates are significantly overestimated by the symmetric Advection-Aridity (AA) model. Employing the modified AA model, where parameters are calibrated locally and wet environment evapotranspiration is evaluated at wet environment air temperature as opposed to the measured air temperature, the prediction accuracy of ETa is dramatically improved. With calibrated parameters, the E601B sunken pan can satisfactorily describe the dynamics of daily ETa, while the D20 aboveground pan underestimates it to some extent. Moreover, the modified AA model is able to capture the dynamics of groundwater usage by vegetation during dry summer. These findings gain our new knowledge on the capability of CR theory to resolve special issue occurred in phreatophytic shrublands, and can also provide beneficial reference to water resource and eco-environment management in arid regions.
Towards prediction of heatwaves based on the complementary relationship between actual and potential evaporation - energy partitioning and hydrologic attributes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Or, D.; Aminzadeh, M.; Roderick, M. L.

2017-12-01

Prediction of extreme climate events such as heatwaves that are characterized by prolonged periods of high air temperatures (accompanied by low precipitation and high radiation) provides an opportunity to potentially mitigate the associated environmental, social and economic impacts. Vegetation may respond to these extreme conditions by reducing evaporative flux either due to soil water depletion or inability to meet the atmospheric evaporative demand (high canopy resistance). We implement a newly generalized Complementary Relationship (CR) for spatially heterogeneous land surfaces to predict the actual evaporation from drying landscapes covered by different vegetation types (i.e., grassland and forest). A strong correlation between air temperature and sensible heat flux anomalies identified from FLUXNET network data suggests that abrupt changes in sensible heat flux above climatological means can serve as indicators for predicting the onset of a heatwave. We thus capitalize on the inherent coupling between evaporative and sensible heat fluxes linked to moisture availability within the CR framework to predict rapid increase in regional sensible heat flux associated with soil drying (low precipitation) or with extreme evaporative demand (high radiation) while soil moisture is not limiting. The proposed approach evaluated using FLUXNET datasets provides an energy constraint framework based on the CR concept to obtain new insights into the onset of heatwaves and climate extremes such as regional droughts.
Vegetative and Atmospheric Controls on the Bouchet-Morton Complementary Relationship Hypothesis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pettijohn, J. C.; Salvucci, G. D.; Phillips, N. G.; Daley, M. J.

2006-12-01

The Bouchet-Morton Complementary Relationship (CR) hypothesis is a potentially-powerful analytic tool to help understand the feedback between evapotranspiring land surfaces and the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and how potential evaporation reflects this coupling on multiple time and length scales. In spite of advances in our ability to measure and model these processes, the heuristic CR hypothesis remains an unsolved, first-order problem. The leading theoretical models, i.e., Morton, Granger, and Szilagyi, of the coupled land surface atmosphere mechanisms responsible for CR focus primarily on vertical humidity (vapor pressure) profiles while assuming that vegetative and/or atmospheric diffusivities play an insignificant role in regulating CR. Further, whereas Granger and Szilagyi assume almost opposite vertical temperature profile boundary conditions, both derivations appear to validate CR. Contrary to these multiple working hypotheses' assumptions, our recent CR evaluation of 147 days (1987-1989) at the FIFE temperate grassland discovered that canopy conductance was an essential forcing variable in complementarity, and thus improved CR in application when included in the definition of potential evaporation. To isolate the exact forcing mechanisms of canopy and ABL conductances to complementarity, we evaluated CR in a mixed-deciduous forest at Harvard Forest (summers 2005-2006) by comparing daily averaged water-stressed (non-irrigated, regionally stressed soil moisture) and water-unstressed (irrigated, `potential') transpiration. Root-zone soil moisture of a red maple (Acer rubrum L.) sample set was elevated using a pulse-irrigation system. Whole-tree transpiration of the `potential` (water-unstressed) and a reference (water-stressed) set of maples was monitored at high frequency using heat-dissipation Granier-type sap flux sensors. To isolate physiological and/or atmospheric forcing of CR, we estimated isothermal Penman-Monteith transpiration models of both irrigated and non-irrigated time series using a Jarvis type multiplicative stress model of scaled canopy conductance to water vapor transport. Poorly-constrained model parameters (e.g., environmental stress boundary conditions) were estimated using a grid search routine; further, parameter confidence limits were inferred using bootstrap replacement sampling. Preliminary results suggest the following: (1) the absence of an unstressed canopy conductance in the Penman equation results in violation of fundamental CR assumptions (similar to FIFE); and (2) unlimited root-zone water availability does not reduce the leaf-level stomatal resistance enough to yield complementarity, i.e., the typical CR potential signal is also a function of other environmental stresses, e.g., vapor pressure deficit. In summary, our results yield valuable insight into the role of vertical atmospheric and vegetative conductances in CR.
The complementary relationship (CR) approach aids evapotranspiration estimation in the data scarce region of Tibetan Plateau: symmetric and asymmetric perspectives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, N.; Zhang, Y.; Szilagyi, J.; Xu, C. Y.

2015-12-01

While the land surface latent and sensible heat release in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) could greatly influence the Asian monsoon circulation, the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) information in the TP has been largely hindered by its extremely sparse ground observation network. Thus the complementary relationship (CR) theory lends great potential in estimating the ETa since it relies on solely routine meteorological observations. With the in-situ energy/water flux observation over the highest semiarid alpine steppe in the TP, the modifications of specific components within the CR were first implemented. We found that the symmetry of the CR could be achieved for dry regions of TP when (i) the Priestley-Taylor coefficient, (ii) the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve and (iii) the wind function were locally calibrated by using the ETa observations in wet days, an estimate of the wet surface temperature and the Monin-Obukhov Similarity (MOS) theory, respectively. In this way, the error of the simulated ETa by the symmetric AA model could be decreased to a large extent. Besides, the asymmetric CR was confirmed in TP when the D20 above-ground and/or E601B sunken pan evaporation (Epan) were used as a proxy of the ETp. Thus daily ETa could also be estimated by coupling D20 above-ground and/or E601B sunken pans through CR. Additionally, to overcome the modification of the specific components in the CR, we also evaluated the Nonlinear-CR model and the Morton's CRAE model. The former does not need the pre-determination of the asymmetry of CR, while the latter does not require the wind speed data as input. We found that both models are also able to simulate the daily ETa well provided their parameter values have been locally calibrated. The sensitivity analysis shows that, if the measured ETa data are absence to calibrate the models' parameter values, the Nonlinear-CR model may be a particularly good way for estimating ETabecause of its mild sensitivity to the parameter values making possible to employ published parameter values derived under similar climatic and land cover conditions. The CRAE model should also be highlighted in the TP since the special topography make the wind speed data suffer large uncertainties when the advanced geo-statistical method was used to spatially interpolate the point-based meteorological records.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the CRISPR-Cas RNA-silencing Cmr complex.

PubMed

Osawa, Takuo; Inanaga, Hideko; Numata, Tomoyuki

2015-06-01

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-derived RNA (crRNA) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute a prokaryotic adaptive immune system (CRISPR-Cas system) that targets and degrades invading genetic elements. The type III-B CRISPR-Cas Cmr complex, composed of the six Cas proteins (Cmr1-Cmr6) and a crRNA, captures and cleaves RNA complementary to the crRNA guide sequence. Here, a Cmr1-deficient functional Cmr (CmrΔ1) complex composed of Pyrococcus furiosus Cmr2-Cmr3, Archaeoglobus fulgidus Cmr4-Cmr5-Cmr6 and the 39-mer P. furiosus 7.01-crRNA was prepared. The CmrΔ1 complex was cocrystallized with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) complementary to the crRNA guide by the vapour-diffusion method. The crystals diffracted to 2.1 Å resolution using synchrotron radiation at the Photon Factory. The crystals belonged to the triclinic space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 75.5, b = 76.2, c = 139.2 Å, α = 90.3, β = 104.8, γ = 118.6°. The asymmetric unit of the crystals is expected to contain one CmrΔ1-ssDNA complex, with a Matthews coefficient of 2.03 Å(3) Da(-1) and a solvent content of 39.5%.
A new two-Dimensional Physical Basis for the Complementary Relation Between Terrestrial and pan Evaporation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pettijohn, J. C.; Salvucci, G. D.

2008-12-01

Archived global measurements of water loss from evaporation pans constitute an important indirect measure of evaporative flux. Historical data from evaporation pans shows a decreasing trend over the last half century, but the relationship between pan evaporation and moisture-limited terrestrial evaporation is complex, leading to ambiguities in the interpretation of this data. Under energy-limited conditions, pan evaporation (Epan) and moisture-limited terrestrial evaporation (E) increase or decrease together, while in moisture- limited conditions these fluxes form a complementary relation in which increases in one rate accompany decreases in the other. This has lead to debate about the meaning of the observed trends in the context of changing climate. Here a two-dimensional numerical model of a wet pan in a drying landscape is used to demonstrate that, over a wide range of realistic atmospheric and surface conditions, the influence that changes in E have on Epan (1) are complementary and linear, (2) do not depend upon surface wind speed, and (3) are strikingly asymmetrical, in that a unit decrease in E causes approximately a five-fold increase in Epan, as found in a recent analysis of daily evaporation from US grasslands (Kahler and Brutsaert, 2006). Previous attempts to explain the CR have been based on one dimensional diffusion and energy balance arguments, leading to analytic solutions based on Penman-type bulk difference equations. But without acknowledging the spatially complex multidimensional humidity and temperature field around the pan, and specifically how these fields change as the contrast between the wet pan and the drying land surface increases, such integrated bulk difference equations are a priori incomplete (they ignore important divergence terms), and thus these explanations must be considered physically incomplete. Results of the present study improve the theoretical foundation of the CR, thus increasing the reliability with which it can be applied to estimate water balance and to understand the pan evaporation record of climate change.
Sleep Disorders and Complementary Health Approaches

MedlinePlus

... for sleep disturbances in older adults. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine . 2008;24(1):121–138. Gross CR, ... Hachul H, Goto V, et al. Effect of therapeutic massage on insomnia and climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal ...
Land Based Anti-Ship Missiles: A Complementary Capability for Maintaining Access in an Anti-Access/Area Denial Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

while underway. From S. Chandrashekar, N. Genesh, C.R. Raghunath , Rajaram Nagappa, N. Ramani and Lalitha Sundaresan, China’s Anti-Ship Ballistic...Chandrashekar, Genesh, Raghunath , Nagappa, Ramani and Sundaresan, China’s Anti- Ship Ballistic Missile Game Changer in the Pacific Ocean. International Strategic...Complete, ebscohost (accessed august 15, 2014). Chandrashekar, S., N. Genesh, C.R. Raghunath , Rajaram Nagappa, N. Ramani, and Lalitha Sundaresan
Morphological and transcriptional responses of Lycopersicon esculentum to hexavalent chromium in agricultural soil.

PubMed

Li, Shi-Guo; Hou, Jing; Liu, Xin-Hui; Cui, Bao-Shan; Bai, Jun-Hong

2016-07-01

The carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects of hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) on living organisms through the food chain raise the immediate need to assess the potential toxicological impacts of Cr(VI) on human health. Therefore, the concentration-dependent responses of 12 Cr(VI)-responsive genes selected from a high-throughput Lycopersicon esculentum complementary DNA microarray were examined at different Cr concentrations. The results indicated that most of the genes were differentially expressed from 0.1 mg Cr/kg soil, whereas the lowest-observable-adverse-effect concentrations of Cr(VI) were 1.6 mg Cr/kg soil, 6.4 mg Cr/kg soil, 3.2 mg Cr/kg soil, and 0.4 mg Cr/kg soil for seed germination, root elongation, root biomass, and root morphology, respectively, implying that the transcriptional method was more sensitive than the traditional method in detecting Cr(VI) toxicity. Dose-dependent responses were observed for the relative expression of expansin (p = 0.778), probable chalcone-flavonone isomerase 3 (p = -0.496), and 12S seed storage protein CRD (p = -0.614); therefore, the authors propose the 3 genes as putative biomarkers in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1751-1758. © 2015 SETAC. © 2015 SETAC.
Electrochromic material and electro-optical device using same

DOEpatents

Cogan, Stuart F.; Rauh, R. David

1992-01-01

An oxidatively coloring electrochromic layer of composition M.sub.y CrO.sub.2+x (0.33.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.2.0 and x.ltoreq.2) where M=Li, Na or K with improved transmittance modulation, improved thermal and environmental stability, and improved resistance to degradation in organic liquid and polymeric electrolytes. The M.sub.y CrO.sub.2+x provides complementary optical modulation to cathodically coloring materials in thin-film electrochromic glazings and electrochromic devices employing polymeric Li.sup.+ ion conductors.
Electrochromic material and electro-optical device using same

DOEpatents

Cogan, S.F.; Rauh, R.D.

1992-01-14

An oxidatively coloring electrochromic layer of composition M[sub y]CrO[sub 2+x] (0.33[le]y[le]2.0 and x[le]2) where M=Li, Na or K with improved transmittance modulation, improved thermal and environmental stability, and improved resistance to degradation in organic liquid and polymeric electrolytes. The M[sub y]CrO[sub 2+x] provides complementary optical modulation to cathodically coloring materials in thin-film electrochromic glazings and electrochromic devices employing polymeric Li[sup +] ion conductors. 12 figs.
Cimicifugamide from Cimicifuga rhizomes functions as a nonselective β-AR agonist for cardiac and sudorific effects.

PubMed

Wang, ZengYong; Wang, Qian; Zhang, Man; Hu, XueYan; Ding, GuoYu; Jiang, Min; Bai, Gang

2017-06-01

Cimicifuga rhizomes (CR) are used in the treatment of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in traditional Chinese medicine, but their key effective components and mechanism of action have not yet been reported. In this study, the cardiac, antipyretic and sudorific effects of CR were evaluated using the toad heart failure in vitro model and mice fever and sweating in vivo models. Moreover, the UPLC/Q-TOF-MS-integrated β2-AR luciferase reporter gene assay system was used to screen the bioactive ingredients from CR extract, and the activity of this ingredient were verified using the above-mentioned in vitro and vivo models. Our results showed that CR had anti-heart failure, antipyretic and sweating effects, which could be antagonized by propranolol. On the other hand, cimicifugamide was screened as β2-AR agonist from CR and cimicifugamide could activate β1, 2-ARs more significantly than β3-AR in β-ARs selectivity assessment. The results not only revealed the key effective components and mechanism of CR in traditional use but also supplied a characteristic complementary ingredient for quality control of CR. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Cosmic rays, gamma rays and synchrotron radiation from the Galaxy

DOE PAGES

Orlando, Elena

2012-07-30

Galactic cosmic rays (CR), interstellar gamma-ray emission and synchrotron radiation are related topics. CR electrons propagate in the Galaxy and interact with the interstellar medium, producing inverse-Compton emission measured in gamma rays and synchrotron emission measured in radio. I present an overview of the latest results with Fermi/LAT on the gamma-ray diffuse emission induced by CR nuclei and electrons. Then I focus on the recent complementary studies of the synchrotron emission in the light of the latest gamma-ray results. Relevant observables include spectral indices and their variations, using surveys over a wide range of radio frequencies. As a result, thismore » paper emphasizes the importance of using the parallel study of gamma rays and synchrotron radiation in order to constrain the low-energy interstellar CR electron spectrum, models of propagation of CRs, and magnetic fields.« less
Should Bouchet's hypothesis be taken into account in rainfall-runoff modelling? An assessment over 308 catchments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oudin, Ludovic; Michel, Claude; Andréassian, Vazken; Anctil, François; Loumagne, Cécile

2005-12-01

An implementation of the complementary relationship hypothesis (Bouchet's hypothesis) for estimating regional evapotranspiration within two rainfall-runoff models is proposed and evaluated in terms of streamflow simulation efficiency over a large sample of 308 catchments located in Australia, France and the USA. Complementary relationship models are attractive approaches to estimating actual evapotranspiration because they rely solely on climatic variables. They are even more interesting since they are supported by a conceptual description underlying the interactions between the evapotranspirating surface and the atmospheric boundary layer, which was highlighted by Bouchet (1963). However, these approaches appear to be in contradiction with the methods prevailing in rainfall-runoff models, which compute actual evapotranspiration using soil moisture accounting procedures. The approach adopted in this article is to introduce the estimation of actual evapotranspiration provided by complementary relationship models (complementary relationship for areal evapotranspiration and advection aridity) into two rainfall-runoff models. Results show that directly using the complementary relationship approach to estimate actual evapotranspiration does not give better results than the soil moisture accounting procedures. Finally, we discuss feedback mechanisms between potential evapotranspiration and soil water availability, and their possible impact on rainfall-runoff modelling. Copyright
Exploration of Individual and Family Factors Related to Community Reintegration in Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury.

PubMed

Moriarty, Helene; Winter, Laraine; Robinson, Keith; True, Gala; Piersol, Catherine; Vause-Earland, Tracey; Iacovone, Dolores Blazer; Holbert, Laura; Newhart, Brian; Fishman, Deborah; Short, Thomas H

2015-01-01

Community reintegration (CR) poses a major problem for military veterans who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Factors contributing to CR after TBI are poorly understood. To address the gap in knowledge, an ecological framework was used to explore individual and family factors related to CR. Baseline data from an intervention study with 83 veterans with primarily mild to moderate TBI were analyzed. Instruments measured CR, depressive symptoms, physical health, quality of the relationship with the family member, and sociodemographics. Posttraumatic stress disorder and TBI characteristics were determined through record review. Five variables that exhibited significant bivariate relationships with CR (veteran rating of quality of relationship, physical functioning, bodily pain, posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis, and depressive symptoms) were entered into hierarchical regression analysis. In the final analysis, the five variables together accounted for 35% of the variance, but only depression was a significant predictor of CR, with more depressed veterans exhibiting lower CR. Efforts to support CR of Veterans with TBI should carefully assess and target depression, a modifiable factor. © The Author(s) 2015.
Study of the Au-Cr bilayer system using X-ray reflectivity, GDOES, and ToF-SIMS

DOE PAGES

Jonnard, Philippe; Modi, Mohammed H.; Le Guen, Karine; ...

2018-04-17

Here, we study a Au (25 nm)/Cr (10 nm) bilayer system as a model of mirror for the soft X–ray energy range. The Au and Cr thin films are a few nanometer thick and are deposited on a float glass substrate. The sample is characterized by using 3 complementary techniques: soft X–ray reflectivity, glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES), and time–of–flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF–SIMS). Soft X–ray reflectivity provides information about the thickness and roughness of the different layers, while GDOES is used to obtain the elemental depth profile of the stack and ToF–SIMS to obtain the elemental andmore » chemical depth profiles. GDOES and ToF–SIMS have both a nanometer depth resolution. A coherent description of the bilayer stack is obtained through the combination of these techniques. It consists in 5 layers namely a surface contamination layer, a principal gold layer, a Au–Cr mixed layer, a Cr layer, and another contamination layer at the top of the substrate.« less
Study of the Au-Cr bilayer system using X-ray reflectivity, GDOES, and ToF-SIMS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jonnard, Philippe; Modi, Mohammed H.; Le Guen, Karine

Here, we study a Au (25 nm)/Cr (10 nm) bilayer system as a model of mirror for the soft X–ray energy range. The Au and Cr thin films are a few nanometer thick and are deposited on a float glass substrate. The sample is characterized by using 3 complementary techniques: soft X–ray reflectivity, glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES), and time–of–flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF–SIMS). Soft X–ray reflectivity provides information about the thickness and roughness of the different layers, while GDOES is used to obtain the elemental depth profile of the stack and ToF–SIMS to obtain the elemental andmore » chemical depth profiles. GDOES and ToF–SIMS have both a nanometer depth resolution. A coherent description of the bilayer stack is obtained through the combination of these techniques. It consists in 5 layers namely a surface contamination layer, a principal gold layer, a Au–Cr mixed layer, a Cr layer, and another contamination layer at the top of the substrate.« less
Clinical utility of urine kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the diagnosis of canine acute kidney injury.

PubMed

Lippi, Ilaria; Perondi, F; Meucci, V; Bruno, B; Gazzano, V; Guidi, G

2018-06-01

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of urine KIM-1 and urine GGT for the detection of naturally-occurring AKI, compared to healthy control dogs, dogs with stable chronic kidney disease (CKD), and dogs with lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD). The study included AKI grade 1 (n = 21), AKI grade 2 to 5 (n = 11), stable CKD (n = 11), LUTD (n = 15), and healthy dogs (n = 37). Urine KIM-1 (ng/mg) and GGT (U/l) were normalized to urine creatinine (uCr). Statistically significant difference in KIM/uCr (p = 0.0007) and GGT/uCr (p < 0.0001) was found among the study groups. Area under the curve (AUC) for KIM-1/uCr and GGT/uCr as predictors of AKI was 0.81 and 0.91 respectively. Values of KIM-1/uCr of 0.73 ng/mg and of GGT/uCr of 54.33 showed the best combination of sensitivity and specificity (75% and 75.6%; 85.7% and 89.1% respectively). A significant positive correlation (p < 0.0001) between KIM-1/uCr and GGT/uCr was found. Both urine KIM-1/uCr and GGT/uCr seemed to be potentially good markers for the diagnosis of AKI. Dogs with AKI showed significantly higher levels of urine KIM-1/uCr and urine GGT/uCr, compared with healthy dogs. Caution should be used in the evaluation of elevated urine KIM-1/uCr and GGT/uCr in dogs with pre-existing CKD and/or LUTD. Urine KIM-1/uCr and GGT/uCr might have a significant clinical utility, as complementary test, particularly in diagnosis early, non-azotemic stages of AKI.
Predictors of College Students' Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chng, Chwee Lye; Neill, Kweethai; Fogle, Peggy

2003-01-01

This study assessed the use of complementary and alternative medicine among college students (N=913), the relationships between health locus of control with use of complementary and alternative medicine, and health local of control with attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine and what predicts their use. A majority (66%, n-913) of…
Probing the Origin of Interfacial Carriers in SrTiO 3$-$LaCrO 3 Superlattices

DOE PAGES

Comes, Ryan B.; Spurgeon, Steven R.; Kepaptsoglou, Despoina M.; ...

2017-01-13

Emergent phenomena at complex oxide interfaces could provide the basis for a wide variety of next-generation devices, including photovoltaics and spintronics. To date, detailed characterization and computational modeling of interfacial defects, cation intermixing, and film stoichiometry have helped to explain many of the novel behaviors observed at a single heterojunction. Unfortunately, many of the techniques employed to characterize a single heterojunction are less effective for a superlattice made up of a repeating series of interfaces that induce collective interfacial phenomena throughout a film. These repeating interfaces present an untapped opportunity to introduce an additional degree of complexity, such as confinedmore » electric fields, that cannot be realized in a single heterojunction. In this work, we explore the properties of SrTiO 3–LaCrO 3 superlattices to understand the role of defects, including variations in cation stoichiometry of individual layers of the superlattice, intermixing across interfaces, and interfacial oxygen vacancies. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy electron energy-loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS), we quantify the stoichiometry of individual layers of the superlattice and determine the degree of intermixing in these materials. By comparing these results to both density functional theory (DFT) models and STEM-EELS measurements of the Ti and Cr valence in each layer of the superlattice, we correlate different types of defects with the associated materials properties of the superlattice. In conclusion, we show that a combination of ab initio modeling and complementary structural characterization methods can offer unique insight into structure–property relationships in many oxide superlattice systems.« less
Two binuclear cyanide-bridged Cr(III)-Mn(III) complexes based-on [Cr(2,2'-bipy)(CN)4]- building block: synthesis, crystal structures and magnetic properties.

PubMed

Zhanga, Daopeng; Kong, Lingqian; Zhang, Hongyan

2015-01-01

Tetracyanide building block [Cr(2,2'-bipy)(CN)(4)]- and two bicompartimental Schiff-base based manganese(III) compounds have been employed to assemble cyanide-bridged heterometallic complexes, resulting in two cyanide-bridged CrIII-MnIII complexes: [Mn(L(1))(H(2)O)][Cr(2,2'-bipy)(CN)(4)]·CH(3)OH·2.5H(2)O (1) and [Mn(L(2))(H(2)O)][Cr(2,2'-bipy)(CN)(4)]·CH(3)OH·(3)H(2)O (2) (L1 = N,N'-(1,3-propylene)-bis(3-methoxysalicylideneiminate), L2 = N,N'-ethylene-bis(3-ethoxysalicylideneiminate)). Single X-ray diffraction analysis shows their similar cyanide-bridged binuclear structures, in which the cyanide precursor acting as monodentate ligand connects the manganese(III) ion. The binuclear complexes are self-complementary through coordinated aqua ligand and the free O4 compartment from the neighboring complex, giving H-bond linking dimer structure. Investigation over magnetic properties reveals the antiferromagnetic magnetic coupling between the cyanide-bridged Cr(III) and Mn(III) ions. A best-fit to the magnetic susceptibilities of these two complexes leads to the magnetic coupling constants J = -5.95 cm(-1), j = -0.61 cm(-1) (1) and J = -4.15 cm(-1), j = -0.57 cm(-1) (2), respectively.
[Comparison among three translucency parameters].

PubMed

Fang, Xiong; Hui, Xia

2017-06-01

This study aims to compare the three commonly used translucency parameters in prosthodontics: transmittance (T), contrast ratio (CR), and translucency parameter (TP). Six platelet specimens were composed of Vita enamel and dental porcelain. The initial thickness was 1.2 mm. The specimens were gradually ground to 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2 mm. T, color parameters, and reflection were measured by a spectrocolorimeter for each corresponding thickness. T, CR and TP were calculated and compared. TP increased, whereas CR decreased, with decreasing thickness. Moreover,  T increased with decreasing thickness, and exponential relationships were found. Two-way ANOVA showed statistical significance between T and thickness, except between T and the 1.2 mm and 1.0 mm enamel porcelain groups. No difference was found among the coefficient variations (CV) of T, CR and TP. Curve fitting indicated the existence of exponential relationships between T and CR and between T and TP. The values for goodness of fit with statistical significance were 0.951 and 0.939, respectively (P<0.05). Under the experimental conditions, T, TP and CR achieved the same CV. T and TP, as well as T and CR, were found with exponential relationships. The value of CR and TP could not represent the translucency precisely, especially when comparing the changing ratios.
Using Flow-Ecology Relationships to Evaluate Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs and Complementarities in the Nation's Largest River Swamp.

PubMed

Kozak, Justin P; Bennett, Micah G; Hayden-Lesmeister, Anne; Fritz, Kelley A; Nickolotsky, Aaron

2015-06-01

Large river systems are inextricably linked with social systems; consequently, management decisions must be made within a given ecological, social, and political framework that often defies objective, technical resolution. Understanding flow-ecology relationships in rivers is necessary to assess potential impacts of management decisions, but translating complex flow-ecology relationships into stakeholder-relevant information remains a struggle. The concept of ecosystem services provides a bridge between flow-ecology relationships and stakeholder-relevant data. Flow-ecology relationships were used to explore complementary and trade-off relationships among 12 ecosystem services and related variables in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana. Results from Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration were reduced to four management-relevant hydrologic variables using principal components analysis. Multiple regression was used to determine flow-ecology relationships and Pearson correlation coefficients, along with regression results, were used to determine complementary and trade-off relationships among ecosystem services and related variables that were induced by flow. Seven ecosystem service variables had significant flow-ecology relationships for at least one hydrologic variable (R (2) = 0.19-0.64). River transportation and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) landings exhibited a complementary relationship mediated by flow; whereas transportation and crawfish landings, crawfish landings and crappie (Pomoxis spp.) abundance, and blue crab landings and blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) abundance exhibited trade-off relationships. Other trade-off and complementary relationships among ecosystem services and related variables, however, were not related to flow. These results give insight into potential conflicts among stakeholders, can reduce the dimensions of management decisions, and provide initial hypotheses for experimental flow modifications.
Using Flow-Ecology Relationships to Evaluate Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs and Complementarities in the Nation's Largest River Swamp

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kozak, Justin P.; Bennett, Micah G.; Hayden-Lesmeister, Anne; Fritz, Kelley A.; Nickolotsky, Aaron

2015-06-01

Large river systems are inextricably linked with social systems; consequently, management decisions must be made within a given ecological, social, and political framework that often defies objective, technical resolution. Understanding flow-ecology relationships in rivers is necessary to assess potential impacts of management decisions, but translating complex flow-ecology relationships into stakeholder-relevant information remains a struggle. The concept of ecosystem services provides a bridge between flow-ecology relationships and stakeholder-relevant data. Flow-ecology relationships were used to explore complementary and trade-off relationships among 12 ecosystem services and related variables in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana. Results from Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration were reduced to four management-relevant hydrologic variables using principal components analysis. Multiple regression was used to determine flow-ecology relationships and Pearson correlation coefficients, along with regression results, were used to determine complementary and trade-off relationships among ecosystem services and related variables that were induced by flow. Seven ecosystem service variables had significant flow-ecology relationships for at least one hydrologic variable ( R 2 = 0.19-0.64). River transportation and blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus) landings exhibited a complementary relationship mediated by flow; whereas transportation and crawfish landings, crawfish landings and crappie ( Pomoxis spp.) abundance, and blue crab landings and blue catfish ( Ictalurus furcatus) abundance exhibited trade-off relationships. Other trade-off and complementary relationships among ecosystem services and related variables, however, were not related to flow. These results give insight into potential conflicts among stakeholders, can reduce the dimensions of management decisions, and provide initial hypotheses for experimental flow modifications.
Level crossings and zero-field splitting in the {Cr8}-cubane spin cluster studied using inelastic neutron scattering and magnetization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vaknin, D.; Garlea, V. O.; Demmel, F.; Mamontov, E.; Nojiri, H.; Martin, C.; Chiorescu, I.; Qiu, Y.; Kögerler, P.; Fielden, J.; Engelhardt, L.; Rainey, C.; Luban, M.

2010-11-01

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) in variable magnetic field and high-field magnetization measurements in the millikelvin temperature range were performed to gain insight into the low-energy magnetic excitation spectrum and the field-induced level crossings in the molecular spin cluster {Cr8}-cubane. These complementary techniques provide consistent estimates of the lowest level-crossing field. The overall features of the experimental data are explained using an isotropic Heisenberg model, based on three distinct exchange interactions linking the eight CrIII paramagnetic centers (spins s = 3/2), that is supplemented with a relatively large molecular magnetic anisotropy term for the lowest S = 1 multiplet. It is noted that the existence of the anisotropy is clearly evident from the magnetic field dependence of the excitations in the INS measurements, while the magnetization measurements are not sensitive to its effects.
Level crossings and zero-field splitting in the {Cr8}-cubane spin-cluster studied using inelastic neutron scattering and magnetization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vaknin, D.; Garlea, Vasile O; Demmel, F.

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) in variable magnetic field and high-field magnetization measurements in the millikelvin temperature range were performed to gain insight into the low-energy magnetic excitation spectrum and the field-induced level crossings in the molecular spin cluster {Cr8}-cubane. These complementary techniques provide consistent estimates of the lowest level-crossing field. The overall features of the experimental data are explained using an isotropic Heisenberg model, based on three distinct exchange interactions linking the eight CrIII paramagnetic centers (spins s = 3/2), that is supplemented with a relatively large molecular magnetic anisotropy term for the lowest S = 1 multiplet. It ismore » noted that the existence of the anisotropy is clearly evident from the magnetic field dependence of the excitations in the INS measurements, while the magnetization measurements are not sensitive to its effects.« less
Structural Basis for the Altered PAM Recognition by Engineered CRISPR-Cpf1.

PubMed

Nishimasu, Hiroshi; Yamano, Takashi; Gao, Linyi; Zhang, Feng; Ishitani, Ryuichiro; Nureki, Osamu

2017-07-06

The RNA-guided Cpf1 nuclease cleaves double-stranded DNA targets complementary to the CRISPR RNA (crRNA), and it has been harnessed for genome editing technologies. Recently, Acidaminococcus sp. BV3L6 (AsCpf1) was engineered to recognize altered DNA sequences as the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), thereby expanding the target range of Cpf1-mediated genome editing. Whereas wild-type AsCpf1 recognizes the TTTV PAM, the RVR (S542R/K548V/N552R) and RR (S542R/K607R) variants can efficiently recognize the TATV and TYCV PAMs, respectively. However, their PAM recognition mechanisms remained unknown. Here we present the 2.0 Å resolution crystal structures of the RVR and RR variants bound to a crRNA and its target DNA. The structures revealed that the RVR and RR variants primarily recognize the PAM-complementary nucleotides via the substituted residues. Our high-resolution structures delineated the altered PAM recognition mechanisms of the AsCpf1 variants, providing a basis for the further engineering of CRISPR-Cpf1. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Examination of oxide scales in the SEM using backscattered electron images

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Price, C. W.; Wright, I. G.; Wallwork, G. R.

1973-01-01

The complementary use of the scanning electron microscope in the backscattered electron mode with the more usual secondary electron mode results in a significant increase in the versatility of the instrument, since regions of different chemical composition can be readily detected, and their morphology examined. The use of this technique to examine complex oxide scales formed on heat-resistant alloys is described, and in particular the location of thoria particles in the scale formed on a Ni-20 wt pct Cr-2.3 wt pct ThO2 alloy, and the examination of the behavior of yttrium during the high-temperature oxidation of a Co-Cr-Al-Y alloy are discussed.
Reciprocal and Complementary Sibling Interactions, Relationship Quality and Socio-Emotional Problem Solving

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Karos, Leigh Karavasilis; Howe, Nina; Aquan-Assee, Jasmin

2007-01-01

Associations between reciprocal and complementary sibling interactions, sibling relationship quality, and children's socio-emotional problem solving were examined in 40 grade 5-6 children (M age = 11.5 years) from middle class, Caucasian, Canadian families using a multi-method approach (i.e. interviews, self-report questionnaires, daily diary…
Homeostasis of Complementary Pair Theory: Ecological Comparisons in Diverse Universal Design for Learning Environments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ianneo, Brittany

2014-01-01

Accommodation~assimilation relations were theorized by Kelso and Engstrom (2006) as independent and dependent complementary pairs. This study defined relationships between organisms that experienced complementary interactions of accommodation~assimilation in diverse ecologies designed with universal design for learning environments (UDLE) compared…
Catalytic Silylation of N 2 and Synthesis of NH 3 and N 2H 4 by Net Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions Using a Chromium P 4 Macrocycle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kendall, Alexander J.; Johnson, Samantha I.; Bullock, R. Morris

We report the first discrete molecular Cr-based catalysts for the reduction of N2. This study is focused on the reactivity of the Cr-N2 complex, trans-[Cr(N2)2(PPh4NBn4)] P4Cr(N2)2, bearing a 16-membered tetraphosphine macrocycle. The architecture of the [16]-PPh4NBn4 ligand is critical to preserve the structural integrity of the catalyst. P4Cr(N2)2 was found to mediate the reduction of N2 by three complementary reaction pathways: (1) Cr-catalyzed reduction of N2 to N(SiMe3)3 by Na and Me3SiCl affording up to 34 equiv N(SiMe3)3; (2) stoichiometric reduction of N2 by protons and electrons. For example, the reaction of cobaltocene (CoCp2) and collidinium triflate (ColH[OTf]) at roommore » temperature to afforded 1.9 equiv of NH3, or at -78 °C to afforded a mixture of NH3 and N2H4; (3) the first example of NH3 formation from the reaction of a terminally bound N2 ligand with a traditional H atom source, TEMPOH, (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-ol). We found that trans-[Cr(15N2)2(PPh4NBn4)] reacts with excess TEMPOH to afford a 1.4 equiv of 15NH3.« less
Charge-Disproportionation Symmetry Breaking Creates a Heterodimeric Myoglobin Complex with Enhanced Affinity and Rapid Intracomplex Electron Transfer

PubMed Central

Trana, Ethan N; Nocek, Judith M; Woude, Jon Vander; Span, Ingrid; Smith, Stephen M; Rosenzweig, Amy C; Hoffman, Brian M

2016-01-01

We report rapid photo-initiated intra-complex electron transfer (ET) within a `charge-disproportionated' myoglobin (Mb) dimer with greatly enhanced affinity. Two mutually supportive Brownian Dynamics (BD) interface redesign strategies, one a new `heme-filtering' approach, were employed to `break the symmetry' of a Mb homodimer by pairing Mb constructs with complementary highly positive and highly negative net surface charges, introduced through D/E → K and K → E mutations, respectively. BD simulations using a previously developed positive mutant, Mb(+6) = Mb(D44K/D60K/E85K) led to construction of the complementary negative mutant Mb(−6) = Mb(K45E, K63E, K95E). Simulations predict the pair will form a well-defined complex comprising a tight ensemble of conformations with nearly parallel hemes, at a metal-metal distance ~ 18-19 Å. Upon expression and X-ray characterization of the partners, BD predictions were verified through ET photocycle measurements enabled by Zn-Deutoroporphyrin substitution, forming the [ZnMb(−6), Fe3+Mb(+6)] complex. Triplet ET quenching shows charge disproportionation increases the binding constant by no less than ~ 5 orders of magnitude relative to wild-type Mb values. All progress curves for charge separation (CS) and charge recombination (CR) are reproduced by a generalized kinetic model for the inter-protein ET photocycle. The intracomplex ET rate constants for both CS and CR are increased by over 5 orders of magnitude, and their viscosity independence is indicative of true inter-protein ET, rather than dynamic gating as seen in previous studies. The complex displays an unprecedented timecourse for CR of the CS intermediate I. After a laser flash, I forms through photo-induced CS, accumulates to a maximum concentration, then dies away through CR. However, before completely disappearing, I re-appears without another flash and reaches a second maximum before disappearing completely. PMID:27646786

Observational evidence of the complementary relationship in regional evaporation lends strong support for Bouchet's hypothesis

Treesearch

Jorge A. Ramirez; Michael T. Hobbins; Thomas C. Brown

2005-01-01

Using independent observations of actual and potential evapotranspiration at a wide range of spatial scales, we provide direct observational evidence of the complementary relationship in regional evapotranspiration hypothesized by Bouchet in 1963. Bouchet proposed that, for large homogeneous surfaces with minimal advection of heat and moisture, potential and actual...
Brain metabolic correlates of decision making in amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

PubMed

Griffith, H Randall; Okonkwo, Ozioma C; den Hollander, Jan A; Belue, Katherine; Copeland, Jacqueline; Harrell, Lindy E; Brockington, John C; Clark, David G; Marson, Daniel C

2010-01-01

Persons with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have subtle impairments in medical decision-making capacity (MDC). We examined the relationship between proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and MDC in MCI. Twenty-nine MCI patients and 42 controls underwent MRS to obtain ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Creatine (Cr), Choline (Cho)/Cr, and myo-Inositol (mI)/Cr of the posterior cingulate. They also completed the Capacity to Consent to Treatment Instrument (CCTI), a vignette-based instrument measuring decisional standards of expressing choice, appreciating consequences of choice, providing rational reasons for choice, and understanding treatment choices. Patients showed abnormal MRS ratios of mI/Cr and Cho/Cr compared to controls, and impairments on the CCTI understanding and reasoning Standards. Performance on the reasoning standard of the CCTI was correlated with NAA/Cr (r = .46, p < .05). The relationship of NAA/Cr with decision-making suggests a role for posterior cortical neuronal functioning in performance of complex IADLs in MCI.
The influence of Cr content on the mechanical properties of ODS ferritic steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shaofu; Zhou, Zhangjian; Jang, Jinsung; Wang, Man; Hu, Helong; Sun, Hongying; Zou, Lei; Zhang, Guangming; Zhang, Liwei

2014-12-01

The present investigation aimed at researching the mechanical properties of the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels with different Cr content, which were fabricated through a consolidation of mechanical alloyed (MA) powders of 0.35 wt.% nano Y2O3 dispersed Fe-12.0Cr-0.5Ti-1.0W (alloy A), Fe-16.0Cr-0.5Ti-1.0W (alloy B), and Fe-18.0Cr-0.5Ti-1.0W (alloy C) alloys (all in wt.%) by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) with 100 MPa pressure at 1150 °C for 3 h. The mechanical properties, including the tensile strength, hardness, and impact fracture toughness were tested by universal testers, while Young's modulus was determined by ultrasonic wave non-destructive tester. It was found that the relationship between Cr content and the strength of ODS ferritic steels was not a proportional relationship. However, too high a Cr content will cause the precipitation of Cr-enriched segregation phase, which is detrimental to the ductility of ODS ferritic steels.
Impact of heat stress on conception rate of dairy cows in the moderate climate considering different temperature-humidity index thresholds, periods relative to breeding, and heat load indices.

PubMed

Schüller, L K; Burfeind, O; Heuwieser, W

2014-05-01

The objectives of this retrospective study were to investigate the relationship between temperature-humidity index (THI) and conception rate (CR) of lactating dairy cows, to estimate a threshold for this relationship, and to identify periods of exposure to heat stress relative to breeding in an area of moderate climate. In addition, we compared three different heat load indices related to CR: mean THI, maximum THI, and number of hours above the mean THI threshold. The THI threshold for the influence of heat stress on CR was 73. It was statistically chosen based on the observed relationship between the mean THI at the day of breeding and the resulting CR. Negative effects of heat stress, however, were already apparent at lower levels of THI, and 1 hour of mean THI of 73 or more decreased the CR significantly. The CR of lactating dairy cows was negatively affected by heat stress both before and after the day of breeding. The greatest negative impact of heat stress on CR was observed 21 to 1 day before breeding. When the mean THI was 73 or more in this period, CR decreased from 31% to 12%. Compared with the average maximum THI and the total number of hours above a threshold of more than or 9 hours, the mean THI was the most sensitive heat load index relating to CR. These results indicate that the CR of dairy cows raised in the moderate climates is highly affected by heat stress. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Relationships Between Cognitive Reserve and Creativity. A Study on American Aging Population.

PubMed

Colombo, Barbara; Antonietti, Alessandro; Daneau, Brendan

2018-01-01

The Cognitive Reserve (CR) hypothesis suggests that the brain actively attempts to cope with neural damages by using pre-existing cognitive processing approaches or by enlisting compensatory approaches. This would allow an individual with high CR to better cope with aging than an individual with lower CR. Many of the proxies used to assess CR indirectly refer to the flexibility of thought. The present paper aims at directly exploring the relationships between CR and creativity, a skill that includes flexible thinking. We tested a sample of 72 adults (aged between 45 and 78) assessing both their level of CR and their creativity. To evaluate CR we used the proxies commonly used in literature, namely, three subtests from the WAIS (vocabulary, similarities, and digit span) and the years of education. We also used an ad-hoc test asking people to report how frequently they tend to perform activities that are believed to increase CR. We used verbal creativity tasks (alternative uses and generation of acronyms) to assess individual levels of creativity. We asked participants to describe their main occupation (present or past) and coded each occupation as creative or not creative. Results (controlling for age-related differences) showed that scores from the WAIS correlated positively with creativity performance, even though correlations varied across the subtests. Focusing on the frequency and type of activities that people perform, and comparing individuals who have or had a creative job to those with a routine job, a clear relationship between creativity and CR emerged. This effect was more relevant than the level of job complexity. Implications for the study of CR and aging are discussed.
The Relationships Between Cognitive Reserve and Creativity. A Study on American Aging Population

PubMed Central

Colombo, Barbara; Antonietti, Alessandro; Daneau, Brendan

2018-01-01

The Cognitive Reserve (CR) hypothesis suggests that the brain actively attempts to cope with neural damages by using pre-existing cognitive processing approaches or by enlisting compensatory approaches. This would allow an individual with high CR to better cope with aging than an individual with lower CR. Many of the proxies used to assess CR indirectly refer to the flexibility of thought. The present paper aims at directly exploring the relationships between CR and creativity, a skill that includes flexible thinking. We tested a sample of 72 adults (aged between 45 and 78) assessing both their level of CR and their creativity. To evaluate CR we used the proxies commonly used in literature, namely, three subtests from the WAIS (vocabulary, similarities, and digit span) and the years of education. We also used an ad-hoc test asking people to report how frequently they tend to perform activities that are believed to increase CR. We used verbal creativity tasks (alternative uses and generation of acronyms) to assess individual levels of creativity. We asked participants to describe their main occupation (present or past) and coded each occupation as creative or not creative. Results (controlling for age-related differences) showed that scores from the WAIS correlated positively with creativity performance, even though correlations varied across the subtests. Focusing on the frequency and type of activities that people perform, and comparing individuals who have or had a creative job to those with a routine job, a clear relationship between creativity and CR emerged. This effect was more relevant than the level of job complexity. Implications for the study of CR and aging are discussed. PMID:29875716
The CRISPR RNA-guided surveillance complex in Escherichia coli accommodates extended RNA spacers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Luo, Michelle L.; Jackson, Ryan N.; Denny, Steven R.

Bacteria and archaea acquire resistance to foreign genetic elements by integrating fragments of foreign DNA into CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) loci. In Escherichia coli, CRISPR-derived RNAs (crRNAs) assemble with Cas proteins into a multi-subunit surveillance complex called Cascade (CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense). Cascade recognizes DNA targets via protein-mediated recognition of a protospacer adjacent motif and complementary base pairing between the crRNA spacer and the DNA target. Previously determined structures of Cascade showed that the crRNA is stretched along an oligomeric protein assembly, leading us to ask how crRNA length impacts the assembly and function of thismore » complex. We found that extending the spacer portion of the crRNA resulted in larger Cascade complexes with altered stoichiometry and preserved in vitro binding affinity for target DNA. Longer spacers also preserved the in vivo ability of Cascade to repress target gene expression and to recruit the Cas3 endonuclease for target degradation. Lastly, longer spacers exhibited enhanced silencing at particular target locations and were sensitive to mismatches within the extended region. These findings demonstrate the flexibility of the Type I-E CRISPR machinery and suggest that spacer length can be modified to fine-tune Cascade activity.« less
The CRISPR RNA-guided surveillance complex in Escherichia coli accommodates extended RNA spacers

DOE PAGES

Luo, Michelle L.; Jackson, Ryan N.; Denny, Steven R.; ...

2016-05-12

Bacteria and archaea acquire resistance to foreign genetic elements by integrating fragments of foreign DNA into CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) loci. In Escherichia coli, CRISPR-derived RNAs (crRNAs) assemble with Cas proteins into a multi-subunit surveillance complex called Cascade (CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense). Cascade recognizes DNA targets via protein-mediated recognition of a protospacer adjacent motif and complementary base pairing between the crRNA spacer and the DNA target. Previously determined structures of Cascade showed that the crRNA is stretched along an oligomeric protein assembly, leading us to ask how crRNA length impacts the assembly and function of thismore » complex. We found that extending the spacer portion of the crRNA resulted in larger Cascade complexes with altered stoichiometry and preserved in vitro binding affinity for target DNA. Longer spacers also preserved the in vivo ability of Cascade to repress target gene expression and to recruit the Cas3 endonuclease for target degradation. Lastly, longer spacers exhibited enhanced silencing at particular target locations and were sensitive to mismatches within the extended region. These findings demonstrate the flexibility of the Type I-E CRISPR machinery and suggest that spacer length can be modified to fine-tune Cascade activity.« less
Comparison of the Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of As-Cast Cu-17%Cr and Cu-17%Cr-5%Al. Part 1; Oxidation Kinetics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raj. Sai V.

2008-01-01

The isothermal oxidation kinetics of as-cast Cu-17%Cr and Cu-17%Cr-5%Al in air were studied between 773 and 1173 K under atmospheric pressure. These observations reveal that Cu- 17%Cr-5%Al oxidizes at significantly slower rates than Cu-17%Cr. The rate constants for the alloys were determined from generalized analyses of the data without an a priori assumption of the nature of the oxidation kinetics. Detailed analyses of the isothermal thermogravimetric weight change data revealed that Cu-17%Cr exhibited parabolic oxidation kinetics with an activation energy of 165.9 +/- 9.5 kJ/mol. In contrast, the oxidation kinetics for the Cu-17%Cr- 5%Al alloy exhibited a parabolic oxidation kinetics during the initial stages followed by a quartic relationship in the later stages of oxidation. Alternatively, the oxidation behavior of Cu-17%CR- 5%Al could be better represented by a logarithmic relationship. The parabolic rate constants and activation energy data for the two alloys are compared with literature data to gain insights on the nature of the oxidation mechanisms dominant in these alloys.
Comparison of the Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of As-Cast Cu-17%Cr and Cu-17%Cr-5%Al. Part 1; Oxidation Kinetics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raj. Sai V.

2008-01-01

The isothermal oxidation kinetics of as-cast Cu-17%Cr and Cu-17%Cr-5%Al in air were studied between 773 and 1173 K under atmospheric pressure. These observations reveal that Cu- 17%Cr-5%Al oxidizes at significantly slower rates than Cu-17%Cr. The rate constants for the alloys were determined from generalized analyses of the data without an a priori assumption of the nature of the oxidation kinetics. Detailed analyses of the isothermal thermogravimetric weight change data revealed that Cu-17%Cr exhibited parabolic oxidation kinetics with an activation energy of 165.9 9.5 kJ mol-1. In contrast, the oxidation kinetics for the Cu-17%Cr- 5%Al alloy exhibited a parabolic oxidation kinetics during the initial stages followed by a quartic relationship in the later stages of oxidation. Alternatively, the oxidation behavior of Cu-17%CR- 5%Al could be better represented by a logarithmic relationship. The parabolic rate constants and activation energy data for the two alloys are compared with literature data to gain insights on the nature of the oxidation mechanisms dominant in these alloys.
Comparison of the Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of As-Cast Cu-17 Percent Cr and Cu-17 Percent Cr-5 Percent Al. Part 1; Oxidation Kinetics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raj, S. V.

2008-01-01

The isothermal oxidation kinetics of as-cast Cu-17%Cr and Cu-17%Cr-5%Al in air were studied between 773 and 1173 K under atmospheric pressure. These observations reveal that Cu-17%Cr-5%Al oxidizes at significantly slower rates than Cu-17%Cr. The rate constants for the alloys were determined from generalized analyses of the data without an a priori assumption of the nature of the oxidation kinetics. Detailed analyses of the isothermal thermogravimetric weight change data revealed that Cu-17%Cr exhibited parabolic oxidation kinetics with an activation energy of 165.9+/-9.5 kJ/mol. In contrast, the oxidation kinetics for the Cu-17%Cr-5%Al alloy exhibited a parabolic oxidation kinetics during the initial stages followed by a quartic relationship in the later stages of oxidation. Alternatively, the oxidation behavior of Cu-17%CR-5%Al could be better represented by a logarithmic relationship. The parabolic rate constants and activation energy data for the two alloys are compared with literature data to gain insights on the nature of the oxidation mechanisms dominant in these alloys.
Complementary effect of patient volume and quality of care on hospital cost efficiency.

PubMed

Choi, Jeong Hoon; Park, Imsu; Jung, Ilyoung; Dey, Asoke

2017-06-01

This study explores the direct effect of an increase in patient volume in a hospital and the complementary effect of quality of care on the cost efficiency of U.S. hospitals in terms of patient volume. The simultaneous equation model with three-stage least squares is used to measure the direct effect of patient volume and the complementary effect of quality of care and volume. Cost efficiency is measured with a data envelopment analysis method. Patient volume has a U-shaped relationship with hospital cost efficiency and an inverted U-shaped relationship with quality of care. Quality of care functions as a moderator for the relationship between patient volume and efficiency. This paper addresses the economically important question of the relationship of volume with quality of care and hospital cost efficiency. The three-stage least square simultaneous equation model captures the simultaneous effects of patient volume on hospital quality of care and cost efficiency.
Environmental Controls on the Carbon Isotope Composition of Ecosystem Respired Carbon Dioxide in Contrasting Forest Ecosystems in Canada and USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alstad, K.; Lai, C.; Flanagan, L. B.; Ehleringer, J. R.

2006-12-01

Our objective was to compare the carbon isotope composition of respired CO2 (δ13CR) from 11 forest ecosystems in Canada and USA and to examine differences among forests in their response to seasonal variation in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), soil and air temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), precipitation, and soil moisture during May-October 2004. We proposed that variations in δ13CR can be used as a proxy for short-term changes in photosynthetic discrimination and associated shifts in integrated ecosystem-level ci/ca. Our analyses included comparisons of δ13CR responses for three functional groups: deciduous, boreal, and coastal forests. The δ13CR values were well predicted for each group based on the six environmental variables considered, where the highest R2 values determined for the coastal, deciduous, and boreal groups were 0.81, 0.80, and 0.56, respectively. Consistent with several previous studies, the highest correlations between δ13CR and shifts in environmental conditions were achieved when the environmental variables were averaged for 2-, 3- or 4-days previous to δ13CR sample collection. The relationships we observed between δ13CR and environmental factors were consistent with known leaf-level responses, and this was especially apparent within each functional group. However, there were differences among the functional groups for the strength and/or significance of the relationships between δ13CR and particular environmental factors. For example, while VPD and soil temperature were significant determinants of variation in δ13CR in the boreal group, PPFD was not a significant factor and there was only a weak relationship observed between δ13CR and changes in soil moisture. By contrast, in the coastal group, variation in δ13CR was very strongly correlated with changes in PPFD, and there was no significant relationship with VPD. At a single site comparisons made between years suggested the potential application of δ13CR values to assess year-to-year variation in ecosystem physiological responses to changing environmental conditions, but also showed that all environmental factors influencing carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthetic gas exchange need to be considered in such an analysis.
MRI as a tool for evaluation of oral controlled release dosage forms.

PubMed

Dorożyński, Przemysław P; Kulinowski, Piotr; Młynarczyk, Anna; Stanisz, Greg J

2012-02-01

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of controlled-release (CR) dosage forms can be roughly divided into two groups. The first comprises studies performed in static conditions (small solvent volumes and ambient temperature). Such studies have provided insight into molecular phenomena in hydrating polymeric matrices. The second group covers research performed in dynamic conditions (medium flow or stirring) related to drug dissolution. An important issue is supplementation of the MRI results with data obtained by complementary techniques, such as X-ray microtomography (μCT). As we discuss here, an understanding of the mechanism underlying the release of the drug from the dosage form will lead to the development of detailed, molecularly defined, CR dosage forms. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Timing of the introduction of complementary feeding and risk of childhood obesity: a systematic review.

PubMed

Pearce, J; Taylor, M A; Langley-Evans, S C

2013-10-01

The World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age and continued breastfeeding until 2 years of age or beyond. Appropriate complementary foods should be introduced in a timely fashion, beginning when the infant is 6 months old. In developing countries, early or inappropriate complementary feeding may lead to malnutrition and poor growth, but in countries such as the United Kingdom and United States of America, where obesity is a greater public health concern than malnutrition, the relationship to growth is unclear. We conducted a systematic review of the literature that investigated the relationship between the timing of the introduction of complementary feeding and overweight or obesity during childhood. Electronic databases were searched from inception until 30 September 2012 using specified keywords. Following the application of strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, 23 studies were identified and reviewed by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted and aspects of quality were assessed using an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Twenty-one of the studies considered the relationship between the time at which complementary foods were introduced and childhood body mass index (BMI), of which five found that introducing complementary foods at <3 months (two studies), 4 months (2 studies) or 20 weeks (one study) was associated with a higher BMI in childhood. Seven of the studies considered the association between complementary feeding and body composition but only one study reported an increase in the percentage of body fat among children given complementary foods before 15 weeks of age. We conclude that there is no clear association between the timing of the introduction of complementary foods and childhood overweight or obesity, but some evidence suggests that very early introduction (at or before 4 months), rather than at 4-6 months or >6 months, may increase the risk of childhood overweight.
Corrosion of Alloy 690 process pot by sulfate containing high level radioactive waste at feed stage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sengupta, P.; Soudamini, N.; Kaushik, C. P.; Jagannath; Mishra, R. K.; Kale, G. B.; Raj, K.; Das, D.; Sharma, B. P.

2008-02-01

Prolonged exposure of Alloy 690 process pot to sulfate containing high level radioactive waste leads to (a) depletion of Cr from the alloy, (b) intergranular attack and (c) building up of Cr 2O 3-Ni 2O 3-Fe 2O 3 mixed oxide surface layer containing Na and Cs sulfate precipitates. Time dependence of material loss from Alloy 690 is found to follow a linear relationship of the type Δ w (material loss) = -7.05 + 0.05 t. Corrosion rate calculated for 2400 h exposure is 3.66 mpy. Cr and Ni leach rates obtained for the same sample are 1.61 g m -2 d -1 and 2.52 g m -2 d -1, respectively. Ni leach rates followed a linear time dependence relationship of the type dNL Ni/d t (leach rate) = -0.09 + 0.027 t, whereas Cr leach rates obeyed a non-linear relationship of the type dNL Cr/d t (leach rate) = 0.241 + 0.027 t - 1.33 × 10 -4t1/2.
Strong spin-lattice coupling in CrSiTe 3

DOE PAGES

Casto, L. D.; Clune, A. J.; Yokosuk, M. O.; ...

2015-03-19

CrSiTe 3 has attracted recent interest as a candidate single-layer ferromagnetic semiconductor, but relatively little is known about the bulk properties of this material. Here, we report single-crystal X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties, thermal conductivity, vibrational, and optical spectroscopies and compare our findings with complementary electronic structure and lattice dynamics principles calculations. The high temperature paramagnetic phase is characterized by strong spin-lattice interactions that give rise to glassy behavior, negative thermal expansion, and an optical response that reveals that CrSiTe 3 is an indirect gap semiconductor with indirect and direct band gaps at 0.4 and 1.2 eV, respectively. Measurements of themore » phonons across the 33 K ferromagnetic transition provide additional evidence for strong coupling between the magnetic and lattice degrees of freedom. In conclusion, the Si-Te stretching and Te displacement modes are sensitive to the magnetic ordering transition, a finding that we discuss in terms of the superexchange mechanism. Lastly, spin-lattice coupling constants are also extracted.« less
[Acid volatile sulfide and bioaccumulation of Cr in sediments from a municipal polluted river].

PubMed

Li, Feng; Wen, Yan-Mao; Zhu, Ping-Ting; Jin, Hui; Song, Wei-Wei; Dai, Rui-Zhi

2009-03-15

Samples of sediment, overlying water, pore water, and benthic invertebrate were collected at 13 stations along a typical municipal polluted river in the Pearl River Delta. The samples were analyzed to study relationships between acid volatile sulfide (AVS) versus Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in sediment, overlying water, and pore water as well as Cr in Limnodrilus sp.. Based on the "Cr hypothesis", the relationship between AVS and bioavailability of Cr in heavily polluted areas was explored to extend the utility of AVS measurements as sediment assessments. The mean value of total Cr in sediment was 329.57 mg/kg, which was 9.4 times of background value (35 mg/kg). The result indicated that the study area has been seriously polluted by Cr. The concentrations of Cr(VI) in sediment and overlying water were low, indicating that most of Cr was in the form of Cr(III). In the study area, the value of AVS was relatively high with an average value of 650.38 mg/kg, while Cr in the pore water was low with the average of 68.42 microg/L. Cr(VI) in the pore water was below the detection limit except at Z1 station. The range of Cr concentrations in Limnodrilus sp. was from 12.46 mg/kg to 38.99 mg/kg of dried weight, with the average of 25.85 mg/kg, which was higher than other similar results in the literature. The result showed that the amount of Cr accumulation in Limnodrilus sp. was significant. A further analysis showed a significant correlation between Cr in Limnodrilus sp. and Cr in the pore water (r = 0.614, p < 0.05). Since most of Cr in pore water was in the form of Cr(III), the toxicity of Cr(III) in pore water to organism can not be neglected in the heavily polluted river.
Marine sponges with contrasting life histories can be complementary biomonitors of heavy metal pollution in coastal ecosystems.

PubMed

Batista, Daniela; Muricy, Guilherme; Rocha, Rafael Chávez; Miekeley, Norbert F

2014-05-01

In this study, we compared the usefulness of a long-living sponge (Hymeniacidon heliophila, Class Demospongiae) and a short-living one (Paraleucilla magna, Class Calcarea) as biomonitors of metallic pollution. The concentrations of 16 heavy metals were analyzed in both species along a gradient of decreasing pollution from the heavily polluted Guanabara Bay to the less impacted coastal islands in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil (SW Atlantic). The levels of most elements analyzed were higher in H. heliophila (Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Hg, Ni, and Sn) and P. magna (Ni, Cu, Mn, Al, Ti, Fe, Pb, Co, Cr, Zn, and V) collected from the heavily polluted bay when compared with the cleanest sites. Hymeniacidon heliophila accumulates 11 elements more efficiently than P. magna. This difference may be related to their skeleton composition, histological organization, symbiont bacteria and especially to their life cycle. Both species can be used as a biomonitors of metallic pollution, but while Hymeniacidon heliophila was more effective in concentrating most metals, Paraleucilla magna is more indicated to detect recent pollutant discharges due to its shorter life cycle. We suggest that the complementary use of species with contrasting life histories can be an effective monitoring strategy of heavy metals in coastal environments.
Essential and toxic elements in infant foods from Spain, UK, China and USA.

PubMed

Carbonell-Barrachina, Ángel A; Ramírez-Gandolfo, Amanda; Wu, Xiangchun; Norton, Gareth J; Burló, Francisco; Deacon, Claire; Meharg, Andrew A

2012-09-01

Spanish gluten-free rice, cereals with gluten, and pureed baby foods were analysed for essential macro-elements (Ca and Na), essential trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Cr, Co and Ni) and non-essential trace elements (As, Pb, Cd and Hg) using ICP-MS and AAS. Baby cereals were an excellent source of most of the essential elements (Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn). Sodium content was high in pureed foods to improve their flavour; fish products were also rich in Se. USA pure baby rice samples had the highest contents of all studied essential elements, showing a different nutrient pattern compared to those of other countries. Mineral fortification was not always properly stated in the labelling of infant foods. Complementary infant foods may also contain significant amounts of contaminants. The contents of Hg and Cd were low enough to guarantee the safety of these infant foods. However, it will be necessary to identify the source and reduce the levels of Pb, Cr and As in Spanish foods. Pure baby rice samples contained too much: Pb in Spain; As in UK; As, Cr and Ni in USA; and Cr and Cd in China.

Assessing the pollution risk of soil Chromium based on loading capacity of paddy soil at a regional scale

PubMed Central

Qu, Mingkai; Li, Weidong; Zhang, Chuanrong; Huang, Biao; Zhao, Yongcun

2015-01-01

The accumulation of a trace metal in rice grain is not only affected by the total concentration of the soil trace metal, but also by crop variety and related soil properties, such as soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM) and so on. However, these factors were seldom considered in previous studies on mapping the pollution risk of trace metals in paddy soil at a regional scale. In this study, the spatial nonstationary relationships between rice-Cr and a set of perceived soil properties (soil-Cr, soil pH and SOM) were explored using geographically weighted regression; and the relationships were then used for calculating the critical threshold (CT) of soil-Cr concentration that may ensure the concentration of rice-Cr being below the permissible limit. The concept of “loading capacity” (LC) for Cr in paddy soil was then defined as the difference between the CT and the real concentration of Cr in paddy soil, so as to map the pollution risk of soil-Cr to rice grain and assess the risk areas in Jiaxing city, China. Compared with the information of the concentration of the total soil-Cr, such results are more valuable for spatial decision making in reducing the accumulation of rice-Cr at a regional scale. PMID:26675587
Assessing the pollution risk of soil Chromium based on loading capacity of paddy soil at a regional scale.

PubMed

Qu, Mingkai; Li, Weidong; Zhang, Chuanrong; Huang, Biao; Zhao, Yongcun

2015-12-17

The accumulation of a trace metal in rice grain is not only affected by the total concentration of the soil trace metal, but also by crop variety and related soil properties, such as soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM) and so on. However, these factors were seldom considered in previous studies on mapping the pollution risk of trace metals in paddy soil at a regional scale. In this study, the spatial nonstationary relationships between rice-Cr and a set of perceived soil properties (soil-Cr, soil pH and SOM) were explored using geographically weighted regression; and the relationships were then used for calculating the critical threshold (CT) of soil-Cr concentration that may ensure the concentration of rice-Cr being below the permissible limit. The concept of "loading capacity" (LC) for Cr in paddy soil was then defined as the difference between the CT and the real concentration of Cr in paddy soil, so as to map the pollution risk of soil-Cr to rice grain and assess the risk areas in Jiaxing city, China. Compared with the information of the concentration of the total soil-Cr, such results are more valuable for spatial decision making in reducing the accumulation of rice-Cr at a regional scale.
Microstructure/Oxidation/Microhardness Correlations in Gamma-Based and Tau-Based Al-Ti-Cr Alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brady, Michael P.; Smialek, J. L.; Humphrey, D. L.

1994-01-01

The relationships between alloy microstructure and air oxidation kinetics and alloy microstructure and microhardness in the Al-Ti-Cr system for exposures at 800 C and 1000 C were investigated. The relevant phases were identified as tau (Ll2), gamma (LIO), r-Al2Ti, TiCrAl (laves), and Cr2AI. Protective alumina formation was associated with tau, Al-rich TiCrAl, and gamma/TiCrAl mixtures. Brittleness was associated with the TiCrAl phase and tau decomposition to A12Ti + Cr2AI. It was concluded that two-phase gamma + TiCrAl alloys offer the greatest potential for oxidation resistance and room temperature ductility in the Al-Ti-Cr system.
RNA and DNA Targeting by a Reconstituted Thermus thermophilus Type III-A CRISPR-Cas System.

PubMed

Liu, Tina Y; Iavarone, Anthony T; Doudna, Jennifer A

2017-01-01

CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated) systems are RNA-guided adaptive immunity pathways used by bacteria and archaea to defend against phages and plasmids. Type III-A systems use a multisubunit interference complex called Csm, containing Cas proteins and a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) to target cognate nucleic acids. The Csm complex is intriguing in that it mediates RNA-guided targeting of both RNA and transcriptionally active DNA, but the mechanism is not well understood. Here, we overexpressed the five components of the Thermus thermophilus (T. thermophilus) Type III-A Csm complex (TthCsm) with a defined crRNA sequence, and purified intact TthCsm complexes from E. coli cells. The complexes were thermophilic, targeting complementary ssRNA more efficiently at 65°C than at 37°C. Sequence-independent, endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) by TthCsm was triggered by recognition of a complementary ssRNA, and required a lack of complementarity between the first 8 nucleotides (5' tag) of the crRNA and the 3' flanking region of the ssRNA. Mutation of the histidine-aspartate (HD) nuclease domain of the TthCsm subunit, Cas10/Csm1, abolished DNA cleavage. Activation of DNA cleavage was dependent on RNA binding but not cleavage. This leads to a model in which binding of an ssRNA target to the Csm complex would stimulate cleavage of exposed ssDNA in the cell, such as could occur when the RNA polymerase unwinds double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) during transcription. Our findings establish an amenable, thermostable system for more in-depth investigation of the targeting mechanism using structural biology methods, such as cryo-electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography.
Evaluation of a modified cleaning procedure in the prevention of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal spread in a burn intensive care unit using a high-sensitivity luminometer.

PubMed

Casini, B; Selvi, C; Cristina, M L; Totaro, M; Costa, A L; Valentini, P; Barnini, S; Baggiani, A; Tagliaferri, E; Privitera, G

2017-01-01

Enhanced environmental cleaning practices are among the most accepted measures for controlling the spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-Ab). To evaluate the impact of heightened cleaning on an ongoing CR-Ab outbreak in a burn intensive care unit (BICU) of an Italian teaching hospital, where chlorhexidine-60% isopropyl alcohol was applied as a complementary disinfectant on high-touch surfaces. Compliance with the microbial limit proposed for the BICU by AFNOR-NF-S90-351 (20 colony-forming units/100cm 2 ) was assessed by plate count, and compared with the results obtained with intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection. Genotyping was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. During the standard cleaning regimen, three out of 23 samples (13%) gave results over the AFNOR limit and five (21.7%) showed unacceptable ATP levels with 100 relative light units/100cm 2 as the benchmark limit (sensibility 86.4%, specificity 92.2%). Following improvement of the cleaning procedure, only two samples out of 50 (4%) did not satisfy the microbiological criteria and seven (14%) exceeded the ATP limit. In a successive phase, eight of 30 samples collected showed unacceptable results (27%). Adding chlorhexidine-60% isopropyl alcohol as complementary disinfectant proved to be effective for reducing environmental microbial contamination, ATP levels and CR-Ab infection/colonization in patients admitted to the BICU. Real-time monitoring by ATP assay was useful for managing the cleaning schedule and reducing hospital infections, although the calculated values must be interpreted as cleanliness indicators rather than risk indicators. Copyright © 2016 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biomonitoring of two types of chromium exposure in an electroplating shop.

PubMed

Pierre, Francis; Diebold, François; Baruthio, François

2008-01-01

This study is concerned with two specific chromium (Cr) exposure situations at a hard-process electroplating company. Its aims are to define variations in urinary Cr concentration and to clarify their exposure relationships. Airborne chromium exposure and urinary excretion were measured for a-one week period. The majority of the exposed population was divided into two groups distinguishing chromium plating and polishing functions. Analysis of airborne Cr distinguished water soluble Cr(VI), water total soluble Cr and water insoluble Cr. Volunteers provided 6-7 urine samples per day for a monitoring period of 7 days. Differences between the two groups appear in relation to the type of exposure. Low concentration water soluble Cr(VI) (5.3 microg/m3 maximum) in electroplating shops is practically undetected in other workshops. Water insoluble Cr present in low concentration in electroplating exceeds 1 mg/m3 in polishing shops. Total soluble Cr concentrations are similar in these two activities (3-10 microg/m3). In polishing, 0.4% of the Cr aerosol comprises soluble Cr. Urinary Cr varied according to a 24 h cycle in similar manner in both groups throughout the monitoring week. Minimum values (3-10 microg/g crea) occurred when starting a work shift, following by a rapid rise as soon as exposure commenced, whilst maximum values (12-30 microg/g crea) were recorded towards the end of the work shift. Although uncorrelated with soluble Cr(VI), urinary Cr (24 h) is effectively related to the soluble fraction of airborne chromium. In the case of chromium electroplating, correspondence between exposure and excretion appears to be governed by relationships different to those emerging from stainless steel welding, from which current biological limit values have been derived.
Comparative study of circumferential clasp retention force for titanium and cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures.

PubMed

Rodrigues, Renata Cristina Silveira; Ribeiro, Ricardo Faria; de Mattos, Maria da Gloria Chiarello; Bezzon, Osvaldo Luiz

2002-09-01

The interest in using titanium to fabricate removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks has increased, but there are few studies to support its use. The objective of this study was to compare circumferential RPD clasps made of commercially pure titanium and identical clasps made of 2 different cobalt (Co)-chromium (Cr) alloys by testing insertion/removal and radiographically inspecting the casts for defects. On refractory casts that represent a partially edentulous mandibular right hemi-arch segment, 36 frameworks were cast from commercially pure titanium (n = 12) and 2 Co-Cr alloys (n = 12 each) with identical prefabricated patterns and the manufacturer-designated investment and casting technique. Each group was divided into 2 subgroups, corresponding to .25-mm and .50-mm undercuts, respectively. No polishing procedures were performed to ensure uniformity. Only nodules and burs were carefully removed with tungsten burs under magnification when necessary. The specimens were radiographed and subjected to an insertion/removal test simulating 5 years of framework use. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the Tukey complementary test (P<.01) to compare the retentive forces of RPDs made with the different materials. The Student t test (P<.01) was used to compare the retentive forces of RPDs fabricated with the same alloy with different undercuts. A total of 20% of the titanium specimens demonstrated porosity, showing casting difficulties, and any defect detected on the clasps determined the sample replacement. For Co-Cr alloys, casting difficulties were not found. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the Tukey complementary test to compare materials for the same undercut. For the .25-mm undercut, no significant difference was found between Magnum and Rematitan alloys; they were both different from the Remanium alloy (P<.01). For the.50-mm undercut, no significant difference was found between Co-Cr alloys; they were both different from Rematitan alloy (P<.01). The Student t test used to compare the same alloys with different undercuts showed no significant difference between Remanium with .25-mm and .50-mm undercuts. For Magnum and Rematitan alloys, there was a significant difference between different undercuts (P=.01). Within the limitations of this simulation study, the results suggest that commercially pure titanium clasps maintained retention over a simulated 5-year period, with lower retention force than identical Co-Cr clasps.
Meta-analysis on the association between pathologic complete response and triple-negative breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

PubMed

Wu, Kunpeng; Yang, Qiaozhu; Liu, Yi; Wu, Aibing; Yang, Zhixiong

2014-04-15

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a special subtype of breast cancer that is characterized by poor prognosis, strong tumor invasion and a high pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The pCR rate is a prognostic factor for TNBC. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between pCR and TNBC after NAC and originally tried to identify factors related to achieving pCR for TNBC using a meta-analysis. We systematically searched the literature for pCR and breast cancer after NAC and carefully identified eligibility criteria. The association between pCR and breast cancer subtypes was estimated using Review Manager, while pCR rates for TNBC and non-TNBC were determined using Meta-Analyst. This analysis included a total of 9,460 cases from 27 studies. The summary odds ratio estimating the relationship between pCR and breast cancer subtypes (TNBC vs non-TNBC) was 3.02 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.66 to 3.42). The TNBC pCR rate was 28.9% (95% CI, 27.0 to 30.8%) and the non-TNBC was 12.5% (95% CI, 11.7 to 13.4%). From subgroup analyses, we identified the factors associated with the highest pCR rates for TNBC. TNBC has a higher pCR rate than non-TNBC. In the NAC setting, these factors of platinum-containing, more than six cycles, four kinds of drugs, 16 weeks' treatment duration and sequential chemotherapy may contribute to increasing the pCR rate.
Relationships between astrogliosis and 1H MR spectroscopic measures of brain choline/creatine and myo-inositol/creatine in a primate model.

PubMed

Kim, John P; Lentz, Margaret R; Westmoreland, Susan V; Greco, Jane B; Ratai, Eva M; Halpern, Elkan; Lackner, Andrew A; Masliah, Eliezer; González, R Gilberto

2005-04-01

In vivo 1H MR spectroscopy demonstrates elevated choline (Cho)/creatine (Cr) and myo-inositol (MI)/Cr in many neurologic diseases that has been ascribed to gliosis. We tested the hypotheses that in vivo Cho/Cr and/or MI/Cr levels are correlated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostains and that the changes are water-soluble metabolites. We performed postmortem 1H MR spectroscopy and GFAP immunohistochemistry in brains from seven rhesus macaques acutely infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and in four controls and compared the findings with previous in vivo MR spectroscopic results. Changes in neuropathologic and MR spectroscopic markers after infection and relationships among plasma viral load, GFAP immunostaining results, and ex vivo and in vivo MR spectroscopic measures were statistically evaluated. On GFAP immunostaining and in vivo MR spectroscopy, GFAP, Cho/Cr and MI/Cr were highest near the time of peak plasma viral load at 11 days postinfection (dpi). Immunostains returned to baseline by 14 dpi, whereas Cho/Cr and MI/Cr had different time courses, with the former dropping below baseline and the latter remaining elevated. Viral load and immunostains were significantly correlated. No correlation was found between ex vivo Cho/Cr or MI/Cr and viral load or between metabolite ratios from in vivo and ex vivo MR spectroscopy. In acute SIV infection, plasma viral load was significantly correlated with brain GFAP immunostains and in vivo 1H MR spectroscopic Cho/Cr. In vivo changes in Cho/Cr and MI/Cr were principally due to contributions other than those of low-molecular-weight water-soluble metabolites.
Factors influencing change in walking ability in patients with heart failure undergoing exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation.

PubMed

Sutherland, Natasha; Harrison, Alexander; Doherty, Patrick

2018-05-17

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an effective intervention for patients with heart failure (HF), in which one of the main targets is to increase physical capacity. In the HF population this is traditionally assessed using distance covered during a walking test. This study aims to establish the extent to which change in walking ability, in HF patients attending CR, is determined by patient characteristics and service provision. The study utilised routine clinical data from the National Audit of Cardiac Rehabilitation to perform a robust analysis. Change, in metres, between pre- and post-CR six-minute walk tests was calculated. Multivariate linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between patient characteristics, service-level variables, and change in metres walked. Complete and valid data from 633 patients was analysed, and a mean change of 51.30 m was calculated. Female gender (-34.13 m, p = 0.007), being retired (-36.41 m, p = 0.001) and being married/in a relationship (-32.54 m, p = 0.023) were all significant negative predictors of change. There was an additional negative relationship with body mass index (BMI) whereby for every unit increase in BMI, predicted change reduces by 2.48 m (p = 0.006). This study identified significant patient-level characteristics strongly associated with limited improvement in walking ability following CR. Improving physical capacity is a core component of CR, therefore services should aim to account for baseline characteristics identified in this study as part of tailoring the CR intervention around the individual. Pre- and post-CR physical capacity assessments, which constitute minimum standards for CR, are worryingly low and should be given high priority. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Role of diffusion tensor imaging or magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis and disability assessment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PubMed

Liu, Chanchan; Jiang, Rifeng; Yi, Xiyan; Zhu, Wenzhen; Bu, Bitao

2015-01-15

To compare the results of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Nineteen ALS patients and thirteen age-matched healthy controls underwent MRS and DTI between October 2013 and July 2014. Fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) were collected as the quantitative results of the imaging study. The ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R) and disease progression rate were evaluated to assess patients' disability. The imaging study results were compared between ALS patients and healthy controls. The relationship between disability assessment and imaging study results was analyzed. NAA/Cr in the motor cortex and FA in the corticospinal tract (CST) of both sides were significantly lower in patients than controls. There was no significant difference between the two groups in Cho/Cr, tract length, tract volume, ADC or NAA. No relationship was found between ALSFRS-R and FA (r=0.243, p=0.316) in the right CST; NAA (r=0.095, p=0.699) or NAA/Cr (r=0.172, p=0.481) in the left motor cortex; or NAA (r=0.320, p=0.182) or NAA/Cr (r=0.193, p=0.492) in the right motor cortex. There was no relationship between the disease progression rate and FA, NAA, or NAA/Cr on either side. NAA/Cr and FA can help diagnose ALS. Regional brain NAA/Cr and FA values could not assess the ALSFRS-R or disease progression rate. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nitrification inhibition by hexavalent chromium Cr(VI)--Microbial ecology, gene expression and off-gas emissions.

PubMed

Kim, Young Mo; Park, Hongkeun; Chandran, Kartik

2016-04-01

The goal of this study was to investigate the responses in the physiology, microbial ecology and gene expression of nitrifying bacteria to imposition of and recovery from Cr(VI) loading in a lab-scale nitrification bioreactor. Exposure to Cr(VI) in the reactor strongly inhibited nitrification performance resulting in a parallel decrease in nitrate production and ammonia consumption. Cr(VI) exposure also led to an overall decrease in total bacterial concentrations in the reactor. However, the fraction of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) decreased to a greater extent than the fraction of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). In terms of functional gene expression, a rapid decrease in the transcript concentrations of amoA gene coding for ammonia oxidation in AOB was observed in response to the Cr(VI) shock. In contrast, transcript concentrations of the nxrA gene coding for nitrite oxidation in NOB were relatively unchanged compared to Cr(VI) pre-exposure levels. Therefore, Cr(VI) exposure selectively and directly inhibited activity of AOB, which indirectly resulted in substrate (nitrite) limitation to NOB. Significantly, trends in amoA expression preceded performance trends both during imposition of and recovery from inhibition. During recovery from the Cr(VI) shock, the high ammonia concentrations in the bioreactor resulted in an irreversible shift towards AOB populations, which are expected to be more competitive in high ammonia environments. An inadvertent impact during recovery was increased emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO), consistent with recent findings linking AOB activity and the production of these gases. Therefore, Cr(VI) exposure elicited multiple responses on the microbial ecology, gene expression and both aqueous and gaseous nitrogenous conversion in a nitrification process. A complementary interrogation of these multiple responses facilitated an understanding of both direct and indirect inhibitory impacts on nitrification. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Interplay of electronic, structural and magnetic properties as the driving feature of high-entropy CoCrFeNiPd alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Calvo-Dahlborg, M.; Cornide, J.; Tobola, J.; Nguyen-Manh, D.; Wróbel, J. S.; Juraszek, J.; Jouen, S.; Dahlborg, U.

2017-05-01

The structural and magnetic properties of CoCrFe y Ni and CoCrFeNi-Pd x alloys earlier investigated experimentally by x-ray and neutron diffraction techniques and magnetometry have been theoretically reproduced using two complementary approaches for electronic structure calculations, i.e. the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method with the coherent potential approximation (KKR-CPA) and implemented in the ab initio framework of density functional theory and the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) for supercell models of high-entropy alloy (HEA) structures. The comparison between experimental results and calculations of the lattice constants by both calculation methods indicate that the structure of CoCrFe y Ni is well described by ordered fcc configurations. The values of local magnetic moments on Fe, Co, Cr, and Ni atoms depend not only on the Pd concentration but on chemical disordering. In the case of the CoCrFeNi-Pd x alloys, the KKR-CPA and the VASP calculations of disordered configurations reproduce the experimental values at 5 K up to equimolar composition and at 300 K above. The experimental values above the equimolar composition at 5 K are not satisfactorily reproduced by any of the calculations. The divergence between the experimental and calculated values is related to the variation of the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition temperature as a function of palladium content and to the existence of several phases, FeCoCr-rich above room temperature and FeCrPd-rich below, observed by diffraction and detected by microscopy and atom probe investigations. VASP calculations of a FeCrPd-rich phase effectively reproduced both the lattice constant and magnetization of the alloy above equimolar composition. An important conclusion of this work is that the combined analysis of the electronic, structural, and magnetic properties plays an important role in understanding the complexity of magnetic HEAs.
Mindfulness and reduced cognitive reactivity to sad mood: evidence from a correlational study and a non-randomized waiting list controlled study.

PubMed

Raes, Filip; Dewulf, David; Van Heeringen, Cees; Williams, J Mark G

2009-07-01

Cognitive Reactivity (CR) refers to the degree to which a mild dysphoric state reactivates negative thinking patterns, and it has been found to play a key causal role in depressive relapse. Although Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) directly aims to address this mechanism of CR, the relationship between mindfulness and CR has not been tested to date. Using a cross-sectional design (Study 1; n = 164) and a non-randomized waiting list controlled design (Study 2; MBCT [n = 18] vs. waiting list [n = 21]), the authors examined the relationship between naturally occurring levels of mindfulness (Study 1) and MBCT (Study 2) on the one hand, and CR on the other hand. In line with predictions, it was found that (a) trait mindfulness is significantly negatively correlated with CR, even when controlled for current depressive symptoms and prior history of depression (Study 1), and that (b) MBCT, compared to a matched control group, significantly reduces CR, and that this effect of MBCT on reduction of CR is mediated by a positive change in mindfulness skills (Study 2). Results provide first evidence for the claim that mindfulness practices in MBCT are designed to address the process of CR.
Catalytic Silylation of N2 and Synthesis of NH3 and N2H4 by Net Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions Using a Chromium P4 Macrocycle.

PubMed

Kendall, Alexander J; Johnson, Samantha I; Bullock, R Morris; Mock, Michael T

2018-02-21

We report the first discrete molecular Cr-based catalysts for the reduction of N 2 . This study is focused on the reactivity of the Cr-N 2 complex, trans-[Cr(N 2 ) 2 (P Ph 4 N Bn 4 )] (P 4 Cr(N 2 ) 2 ), bearing a 16-membered tetraphosphine macrocycle. The architecture of the [16]-P Ph 4 N Bn 4 ligand is critical to preserve the structural integrity of the catalyst. P 4 Cr(N 2 ) 2 was found to mediate the reduction of N 2 at room temperature and 1 atm pressure by three complementary reaction pathways: (1) Cr-catalyzed reduction of N 2 to N(SiMe 3 ) 3 by Na and Me 3 SiCl, affording up to 34 equiv N(SiMe 3 ) 3 ; (2) stoichiometric reduction of N 2 by protons and electrons (for example, the reaction of cobaltocene and collidinium triflate at room temperature afforded 1.9 equiv of NH 3 , or at -78 °C afforded a mixture of NH 3 and N 2 H 4 ); and (3) the first example of NH 3 formation from the reaction of a terminally bound N 2 ligand with a traditional H atom source, TEMPOH (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-ol). We found that trans-[Cr( 15 N 2 ) 2 (P Ph 4 N Bn 4 )] reacts with excess TEMPOH to afford 1.4 equiv of 15 NH 3 . Isotopic labeling studies using TEMPOD afforded ND 3 as the product of N 2 reduction, confirming that the H atoms are provided by TEMPOH.
Chemical properties and biotoxicity of several chromium picolinate derivatives.

PubMed

Liu, Bin; Liu, Yanfei; Chai, Jie; Hu, Xiangquan; Wu, Duoming; Yang, Binsheng

2016-11-01

As a man-made additive, chromium picolinate Cr(pic) 3 has become a popular dietary supplement worldwide. In this paper Cr(pic) 3 and its new derivatives Cr(6-CH 3 -pic) 3 (1), [Cr(6-NH 2 -pic) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ]NO 3 (2) and Cr(3-NH 2 -pic) 3 (3) were synthesized, and complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by X-ray crystal structure (where pic=2-carboxypyridine). The relationship between the chemical properties and biotoxicity of these complexes was fully discussed: (1) The dynamics stability of chromium picolinate complexes mainly depends on the CrN bonds length. (2) There is a positive correlation between the dynamics stability, electrochemical potentials and generation of reactive oxygen species through Fenton-like reaction. (3) However, no biological toxicity was observed through MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and sub-chronic oral toxicity study for these chromium picolinate compounds. Together, our findings establish a framework for understanding the structure-property-toxicity relationships of the chromium picolinate complexes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
GABA content within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is related to trait anxiety.

PubMed

Delli Pizzi, Stefano; Padulo, Caterina; Brancucci, Alfredo; Bubbico, Giovanna; Edden, Richard A; Ferretti, Antonio; Franciotti, Raffaella; Manippa, Valerio; Marzoli, Daniele; Onofrj, Marco; Sepede, Gianna; Tartaro, Armando; Tommasi, Luca; Puglisi-Allegra, Stefano; Bonanni, Laura

2016-05-01

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays a key role in emotion processing and regulation. vmPFC dysfunction may lead to disinhibition of amygdala causing high anxiety levels. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) inter-neurons within vmPFC shape the information flow to amygdala. Thus, we hypothesize that GABA content within vmPFC could be relevant to trait anxiety. Forty-three healthy volunteers aged between 20 and 88 years were assessed for trait anxiety with the Subscale-2 of the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y2) and were studied with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate GABA and Glx (glutamate+glutamine) contents within vmPFC. Total creatine (tCr) was used as internal reference. Partial correlations assessed the association between metabolite levels and STAI-Y2 scores, removing the effect of possible nuisance factors including age, educational level, volumes of gray matter and white matter within magnetic resonance spectroscopy voxel. We observed a positive relationship between GABA/tCr and STAI-Y2 scores. No significant relationships were found between Glx/tCr and STAI-Y2 and between tCr/water and STAI-Y2. No differences were found between males and females as regards to age, STAI-Y2, GABA/tCr, Glx/tCr, tCr/water, gray matter and white matter volumes. We suggest a close relationship between GABA content within vmPFC and trait anxiety providing new insights in the physiology of emotional brain. © The Author (2015). Published by Oxford University Press. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
A detailed study of the magnetism of chiral {Cr₇M} rings: an investigation into parametrization and transferability of parameters.

PubMed

Garlatti, Elena; Albring, Morten A; Baker, Michael L; Docherty, Rebecca J; Mutka, Hannu; Guidi, Tatiana; Garcia Sakai, Victoria; Whitehead, George F S; Pritchard, Robin G; Timco, Grigore A; Tuna, Floriana; Amoretti, Giuseppe; Carretta, Stefano; Santini, Paolo; Lorusso, Giulia; Affronte, Marco; McInnes, Eric J L; Collison, David; Winpenny, Richard E P

2014-07-09

Compounds of general formula [Cr7MF3(Etglu)(O2C(t)Bu)15(Phpy)] [H5Etglu = N-ethyl-d-glucamine; Phpy = 4-phenylpyridine; M = Zn (1), Mn (2), Ni (3)] have been prepared. The structures contain an irregular octagon of metal sites formed around the penta-deprotonated Etglu(5-) ligand; the chirality of N-ethyl-d-glucamine is retained in the final product. The seven Cr(III) sites have a range of coordination environments, and the divalent metal site is crystallographically identified and has a Phpy ligand attached to it. By using complementary experimental techniques, including magnetization and specific heat measurements, inelastic neutron scattering, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we have investigated the magnetic features of this family of {Cr7M} rings. Microscopic parameters of the spin Hamiltonian have been determined as a result of best fits of the different experimental data, allowing a direct comparison with corresponding parameters found in the parent compounds. We examine whether these parameters can be transferred between compounds and compare them with those of an earlier family of heterometallic rings.
Modulation of hexavalent chromium-induced genotoxic damage in peripheral blood of mice by epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and its relationship to the apoptotic activity.

PubMed

García-Rodríguez, María Del Carmen; Montaño-Rodríguez, Ana Rosa; Altamirano-Lozano, Mario Agustín

2016-01-01

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between modulation of genotoxic damage and apoptotic activity in Hsd:ICR male mice treated with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Four groups of 5 mice each were treated with (i) control vehicle only, (ii) EGCG (10 mg/kg) by gavage, (iii) Cr(VI) (20 mg/kg of CrO3) intraperitoneally (ip), and (iv) EGCG in addition to CrO3 (EGCG-CrO3). Genotoxic damage was evaluated by examining presence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) obtained from peripheral blood of the caudal vein at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. Induction of apoptosis and cell viability were assessed by differential acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. EGCG treatment produced no significant changes in frequency of MN-PCE. However, CrO3 treatment significantly increased number of MN-PCE at 24 and 48 h post injection. Treatment with EGCG prior to CrO3 injection decreased number of MN-PCE compared to CrO3 alone. The MN-PCE reduction was greater than when EGCG was administered ip. The frequency of early apoptotic cells was elevated at 48 h following EGCG, CrO3, or EGCG-CrO3 exposure, with highest levels observed in the combined treatment group, while the frequencies of late apoptotic cells and necrotic cells were increased only in EGCG-CrO3 exposure. Our findings support the view that EGCG is protective against genotoxic damage induced by Cr(VI) and that apoptosis may contribute to elimination of DNA-damaged cells (MN-PCE) when EGCG was administered prior to CrO3. Further, it was found that the route of administration of EGCG plays an important role in protection against CrO3-induced genotoxic damage.
Effect of free Cr content on corrosion behavior of 3Cr steels in a CO2 environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Wei; Xu, Lining; Qiao, Lijie; Li, Jinxu

2017-12-01

The corrosion behavior of 3Cr steels with three microstructures (martensite, bainite, combined ferrite and pearlite) in simulated oil field formation water with a CO2 partial pressure of 0.8 MPa was investigated. The relationships between Cr concentrations in corrosion scales and corrosion rates were studied. The precipitated phases that contained Cr were observed in steels of different microstructures, and free Cr content levels were compared. The results showed that steel with the martensite microstructure had the highest free Cr content, and thus had the highest corrosion resistance. The free Cr content of bainite steel was lower than that of martensite steel, and the corrosion rate of bainite steel was higher than that of martensite steel. Because large masses of Cr were combined in ferrite and pearlite steel, the corrosion rates of ferrite and pearlite steel were the highest. Free Cr content in steel affects its corrosion behavior greatly.

THE IMPACT OF LATE-LIFE ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION ON COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY AND COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING SKILL ACQUISITION.

PubMed

Johnco, Carly; Wuthrich, Viviana M; Rapee, Ronald M

2015-10-01

Studies examining treatment moderators and mediators in late-life anxiety and depression are sparse. Executive functioning skills decrease with age, and are poorer in the context of anxiety and depression. One of the key cognitive behavioral therapy techniques for anxiety and depression is cognitive restructuring (CR), which teaches people to identify and dispute maladaptive thoughts. There is evidence that cognitive flexibility (CF), one aspect of executive functioning, has a negative impact on CR skill acquisition in nonclinical older adults, and this warrants extension in a clinical sample. This study assessed CR skill acquisition in a clinical sample of 47 older adults with anxiety and depression and 53 nonclinical controls during an experimental paradigm, and investigated the influence of CF on this relationship. A battery of neuropsychological tests assessing CF were administered and CR was learned during a brief intervention. The clinical sample showed poorer CF on some measures, as well as poorer CR quality and efficacy (reduction in subjective distress). CF partially mediated the relationship between clinical status and CR quality, and between clinical status and CR efficacy. These results provide preliminary evidence that older adults with anxiety and depression are worse at learning and benefiting from CR with a brief intervention and this is partially due to having poorer CF skills. These findings warrant further examination in a treatment context to assess whether CR skill acquisition improves over treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inter-relationships of paclitaxel disposition, infusion duration and cremophor EL kinetics in cancer patients.

PubMed

van Zuylen, L; Gianni, L; Verweij, J; Mross, K; Brouwer, E; Loos, W J; Sparreboom, A

2000-06-01

Cremophor EL (CrEL) is a castor oil surfactant used as a vehicle for formulation of a variety of poorly water-soluble agents, including paclitaxel. Recently, we found that CrEL can influence the in vitro blood distribution of paclitaxel by reducing the free drug fraction, thereby altering drug accumulation in erythrocytes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical pharmacokinetics of CrEL, and to examine inter-relationships of paclitaxel disposition, infusion duration and CrEL kinetics. The CrEL plasma clearance, studied in 17 patients for a total of 28 courses, was time dependent and increased significantly with prolongation of the infusion duration from 1 to 3 to 24 h (p<0.03). An indirect response model, applied based on use of a Hill function for CrEL concentration-dependent alteration of in vivo blood distribution of paclitaxel, was used to fit experimental data of the 3 h infusion (r2=0.733; p=0.00001). Simulations for 1 and 24 h infusions using predicted parameters and CrEL kinetic data revealed that both short and prolonged administration schedules induce a low relative net change in paclitaxel blood distribution. Our pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model demonstrates that CrEL causes disproportional accumulation of paclitaxel in plasma in a 3 h schedule, but is unlikely to affect drug pharmacokinetics in this manner with alternative infusion durations.
Evaluation of chromium in red blood cells as an indicator of exposure to hexavalent chromium: An in vitro study.

PubMed

Devoy, Jérôme; Géhin, Antoine; Müller, Samuel; Melczer, Mathieu; Remy, Aurélie; Antoine, Guillaume; Sponne, Isabelle

2016-07-25

Chromium(VI) compounds are classified as carcinogenic to humans. Whereas chromium measurements in urine and whole blood (i.e., including plasma) are indicative of recent exposure, chromium in red blood cells (RBC) is attributable specifically to Cr(VI) exposure. Before recommending Cr in RBC as a biological indicator of Cr(VI) exposure, in-vitro studies must be undertaken to assess its reliability. The present study examines the relationship between the chromium added to a blood sample and that subsequently found in the RBC. After incubation of total blood with chromium, RBC were isolated, counted and their viability assessed. Direct analysis of chromium in RBC was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Hexavalent, but not trivalent Cr, was seen to accumulate in the RBC and we found a strong correlation between the Cr(VI) concentration added to a blood sample and the amount of Cr in RBC. This relationship appears to be independent of the chemical properties of the human blood samples (e.g., different blood donors or different reducing capacities). Even though in-vivo studies are still needed to integrate our understanding of Cr(VI) toxicokinetics, our findings reinforce the idea that a single determination of the chromium concentration in RBC would enable biomonitoring of critical cases of Cr(VI) exposure. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Does laboratory cue reactivity correlate with real-world craving and smoking responses to cues?

PubMed

Shiffman, Saul; Li, Xiaoxue; Dunbar, Michael S; Tindle, Hilary A; Scholl, Sarah M; Ferguson, Stuart G

2015-10-01

Laboratory cue reactivity (CR) assessments are used to assess smokers' responses to cues. Likewise, EMA recording is used to characterize real-world response to cues. Understanding the relationship between CR and EMA responses addresses the ecological validity of CR. In 190 daily smokers not currently quitting, craving and smoking responses to cues were assessed in laboratory CR and by real-world EMA recording. Separate CR sessions involved 5 smoking-relevant cues (smoking, alcohol, negative affect, positive affect, smoking prohibitions), and a neutral cue. Subjects used EMA to monitor smoking situations for 3 weeks, completing parallel situational assessments (presence of others smoking, alcohol consumption, negative affect, positive affect, and smoking prohibitions, plus current craving) in smoking and non-smoking occasions (averaging 70 and 60 occasions each). Analyses correlated CR craving and smoking cue responses with EMA craving and smoking correlations with similar cues. Although some cues did not show main effects on average craving or smoking, a wide range of individual differences in response to cues was apparent in both CR and EMA data, providing the necessary context to assess their relationship. Laboratory CR measures of cue response were not correlated with real-world cue responses assessed by EMA. The average correlation was 0.03; none exceeded 0.32. One of 40 correlations examined was significantly greater than 0. Laboratory CR measures do not correlate with EMA-assessed craving or smoking in response to cues, suggesting that CR measures are not accurate predictors of how smokers react to relevant stimuli in the real world. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cognitive reactivity, self-depressed associations, and the recurrence of depression.

PubMed

Elgersma, Hermien J; de Jong, Peter J; van Rijsbergen, Gerard D; Kok, Gemma D; Burger, Huibert; van der Does, Willem; Penninx, Brenda W J H; Bockting, Claudi L H

2015-09-01

Mixed evidence exists regarding the role of cognitive reactivity (CR; cognitive responsivity to a negative mood) as a risk factor for recurrences of depression. One explanation for the mixed evidence may lie in the number of previous depressive episodes. Heightened CR may be especially relevant as a risk factor for the development of multiple depressive episodes and less so for a single depressive episode. In addition, it is theoretically plausible but not yet tested that the relationship between CR and number of episodes is moderated by the strength of automatic depression-related self-associations. To investigate (i) the strength of CR in remitted depressed individuals with a history of a single vs. multiple episodes, and (ii) the potentially moderating role of automatic negative self-associations in the relationship between the number of episodes and CR. Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained in a cohort study (Study 1) and during baseline assessments in two clinical trials (Study 2). Study 1 used data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) and compared never-depressed participants (n=901) with remitted participants with either a single (n=336) or at least 2 previous episodes (n=273). Study 2 included only remitted participants with at least two previous episodes (n=273). The Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity Revised (LEIDS-R) was used to index CR and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-associations. In Study 1, remitted depressed participants with multiple episodes had significantly higher CR than those with a single or no previous episode. The remitted individuals with multiple episodes of Study 2 had even higher CR scores than those of Study 1. Within the group of individuals with multiple episodes, CR was not heightened as a function of the number of episodes, even if individual differences in automatic negative self-associations were taken into account. The study employed a cross-sectional design, which precludes a firm conclusion with regard to the direction of this relationship. The findings are consistent with the view that high CR puts people at risk for recurrent depression and is less relevant for the development of an incidental depressive episode. This suggests that CR is an important target for interventions that aim to prevent the recurrence of depression. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Informal Mentors and Education: Complementary or Compensatory Resources?*

PubMed Central

Erickson, Lance D.; McDonald, Steve; Elder, Glen H.

2011-01-01

Few studies have examined the impact that mentoring (i.e., developing a special relationship with a non-parental adult) has on educational achievement and attainment in the general population. In addition, prior research has yet to clarify the extent to which mentoring relationships reduce inequality by enabling disadvantaged youth to compensate for a lack of social resources or promote inequality by serving as a complementary resource for advantaged youth. Results from a nationally representative sample of youth show (1) a powerful net influence of mentors on the educational success of youth and (2) how social background, parental, peer, and personal resources condition the formation and effectiveness of mentoring relationships. The findings uncover an interesting paradox—that informal mentors may simultaneously represent compensatory and complementary resources. Youth with many resources are more likely than other young people to have mentors, but those with few resources are likely to benefit more from having a mentor—particularly teacher mentors—in their lives. PMID:21912440
Cognitive reserve and self-efficacy as moderators of the relationship between stress exposure and executive functioning among spousal dementia caregivers.

PubMed

Pertl, M M; Hannigan, C; Brennan, S; Robertson, I H; Lawlor, B A

2017-04-01

A substantial literature has reported that stress negatively impacts on cognitive processes. As dementia caregiving can be stressful, it has been hypothesized that the challenges of dementia care may increase caregivers' own vulnerability to cognitive decline. Prefrontal processes are thought to be most vulnerable to stress; however, few studies have examined whether greater caregiver stress predicts poorer executive dysfunction, and no previous research has considered potential moderators of this relationship. We examined (1) whether greater psychological stress mediated a relationship between caregiver stress exposure and executive functioning and (2) whether greater self-efficacy and cognitive reserve (CR) moderated this relationship. Spousal dementia caregivers (n = 253) completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (stress exposure), the Perceived Stress Scale, the National Adult Reading Test (CR), the Fortinsky dementia-specific caregiver self-efficacy scale, and the Color Trails Test (executive functioning). Moderated mediation was tested using the PROCESS macro. Age, gender, and dementia risk factors were included as covariates. Greater stress exposure indirectly predicted executive functioning through psychological stress. Stronger relationships between greater psychological stress and poorer executive functioning were observed among caregivers with lower CR; there was no evidence that self-efficacy moderated the relationship between stress exposure and psychological stress. Our findings are in line with the idea that greater psychological stress in response to challenges associated with dementia care predicts poorer caregiver executive functioning, particularly among caregivers with low CR. However, these findings are cross sectional; it is also possible that poorer executive functioning contributes to greater caregiver stress.
Hf-W chronology of CR chondrites: Implications for the timescales of chondrule formation and the distribution of 26Al in the solar nebula

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Budde, Gerrit; Kruijer, Thomas S.; Kleine, Thorsten

The CR chondrites are distinct from most other chondrites in having younger chondrule 26Al- 26Mg ages, but the significance of these ages and whether they reflect true formation times or a heterogeneous distribution of 26Al are not well understood. To better determine the timescales of CR chondrule formation and CR chondrite parent body accretion, we obtained Hf-W isotopic data for metal, silicate, and chondrule separates from four CR chondrites. We also obtained Mo isotopic data for the same samples, to assess potential genetic links among the components of CR chondrites, and between these components and bulk chondrites. The isotopic datamore » demonstrate that metal and silicate in CR chondrites exhibit distinct nucleosynthetic W and Mo isotope anomalies, caused by the heterogeneous distribution of a single presolar s-process carrier. These isotope signatures are akin to the complementary anomalies found previously for chondrules and matrix in CV chondrites and indicate that the major components of CR chondrites are genetically linked and formed from a common reservoir of solar nebula dust. The obtained Hf-W age of 3.6±0.6 million years (Ma) after the formation of Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) most likely dates metal-silicate separation during chondrule formation and is consistent with Al-Mg and Pb-Pb ages for CR chondrules, indicating that CR chondrules formed ~1–2 Ma later than chondrules from most other chondrite groups. Moreover, chemical, isotopic, and chronological data imply close temporal link between chondrule formation and chondrite accretion, making the CR chondrite parent body one of the youngest meteorite parent bodies. Such a late accretion at ~3.6 Ma after CAIs is consistent with isotopic composition of CR chondrites (e.g., 15N/ 14N) that is indicative of a formation at a larger heliocentric distance, probably beyond the orbit of Jupiter. As such, the accretion age of the CR parent body provides the earliest possible time at which Jupiter could have migrated inwards, leading to scattering of carbonaceous meteorite parent bodies into the inner solar system. Finally, the concordant Hf-W and Al- Mg ages for CR chondrules, combined with Hf-W and Al-Mg data for bulk CAIs, angrites, and CV chondrules, provide strong evidence for a disk-wide, homogeneous distribution of 26Al in the early solar system.« less
Hf-W chronology of CR chondrites: Implications for the timescales of chondrule formation and the distribution of 26Al in the solar nebula

DOE PAGES

Budde, Gerrit; Kruijer, Thomas S.; Kleine, Thorsten

2017-10-24

The CR chondrites are distinct from most other chondrites in having younger chondrule 26Al- 26Mg ages, but the significance of these ages and whether they reflect true formation times or a heterogeneous distribution of 26Al are not well understood. To better determine the timescales of CR chondrule formation and CR chondrite parent body accretion, we obtained Hf-W isotopic data for metal, silicate, and chondrule separates from four CR chondrites. We also obtained Mo isotopic data for the same samples, to assess potential genetic links among the components of CR chondrites, and between these components and bulk chondrites. The isotopic datamore » demonstrate that metal and silicate in CR chondrites exhibit distinct nucleosynthetic W and Mo isotope anomalies, caused by the heterogeneous distribution of a single presolar s-process carrier. These isotope signatures are akin to the complementary anomalies found previously for chondrules and matrix in CV chondrites and indicate that the major components of CR chondrites are genetically linked and formed from a common reservoir of solar nebula dust. The obtained Hf-W age of 3.6±0.6 million years (Ma) after the formation of Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) most likely dates metal-silicate separation during chondrule formation and is consistent with Al-Mg and Pb-Pb ages for CR chondrules, indicating that CR chondrules formed ~1–2 Ma later than chondrules from most other chondrite groups. Moreover, chemical, isotopic, and chronological data imply close temporal link between chondrule formation and chondrite accretion, making the CR chondrite parent body one of the youngest meteorite parent bodies. Such a late accretion at ~3.6 Ma after CAIs is consistent with isotopic composition of CR chondrites (e.g., 15N/ 14N) that is indicative of a formation at a larger heliocentric distance, probably beyond the orbit of Jupiter. As such, the accretion age of the CR parent body provides the earliest possible time at which Jupiter could have migrated inwards, leading to scattering of carbonaceous meteorite parent bodies into the inner solar system. Finally, the concordant Hf-W and Al- Mg ages for CR chondrules, combined with Hf-W and Al-Mg data for bulk CAIs, angrites, and CV chondrules, provide strong evidence for a disk-wide, homogeneous distribution of 26Al in the early solar system.« less
Relationship between Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Martensitic High Nitrogen Stainless Steel 30Cr15Mo1N at Different Austenitizing Temperatures

PubMed Central

Jiang, Zhouhua; Feng, Hao; Zhu, Hongchun; Zhang, Shucai; Zhang, Binbin; Han, Yu; Zhang, Tao; Xu, Dake

2017-01-01

The relationship between microstructure and corrosion behavior of martensitic high nitrogen stainless steel 30Cr15Mo1N at different austenitizing temperatures was investigated by microscopy observation, electrochemical measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and immersion testing. The results indicated that finer Cr-rich M2N dispersed more homogeneously than coarse M23C6, and the fractions of M23C6 and M2N both decreased with increasing austenitizing temperature. The Cr-depleted zone around M23C6 was wider and its minimum Cr concentration was lower than M2N. The metastable pits initiated preferentially around coarse M23C6 which induced severer Cr-depletion, and the pit growth followed the power law. The increasing of austenitizing temperature induced fewer metastable pit initiation sites, more uniform element distribution and higher contents of Cr, Mo and N in the matrix. In addition, the passive film thickened and Cr2O3, Cr3+ and CrN enriched with increasing austenitizing temperature, which enhanced the stability of the passive film and repassivation ability of pits. Therefore, as austenitizing temperature increased, the metastable and stable pitting potentials increased and pit growth rate decreased, revealing less susceptible metastable pit initiation, larger repassivation tendency and higher corrosion resistance. The determining factor of pitting potentials could be divided into three stages: dissolution of M23C6 (below 1000 °C), dissolution of M2N (from 1000 to 1050 °C) and existence of a few undissolved precipitates and non-metallic inclusions (above 1050 °C). PMID:28773221
Relationship between Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Martensitic High Nitrogen Stainless Steel 30Cr15Mo1N at Different Austenitizing Temperatures.

PubMed

Jiang, Zhouhua; Feng, Hao; Li, Huabing; Zhu, Hongchun; Zhang, Shucai; Zhang, Binbin; Han, Yu; Zhang, Tao; Xu, Dake

2017-07-27

The relationship between microstructure and corrosion behavior of martensitic high nitrogen stainless steel 30Cr15Mo1N at different austenitizing temperatures was investigated by microscopy observation, electrochemical measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and immersion testing. The results indicated that finer Cr-rich M₂N dispersed more homogeneously than coarse M 23 C₆, and the fractions of M 23 C₆ and M₂N both decreased with increasing austenitizing temperature. The Cr-depleted zone around M 23 C₆ was wider and its minimum Cr concentration was lower than M₂N. The metastable pits initiated preferentially around coarse M 23 C₆ which induced severer Cr-depletion, and the pit growth followed the power law. The increasing of austenitizing temperature induced fewer metastable pit initiation sites, more uniform element distribution and higher contents of Cr, Mo and N in the matrix. In addition, the passive film thickened and Cr₂O₃, Cr 3+ and CrN enriched with increasing austenitizing temperature, which enhanced the stability of the passive film and repassivation ability of pits. Therefore, as austenitizing temperature increased, the metastable and stable pitting potentials increased and pit growth rate decreased, revealing less susceptible metastable pit initiation, larger repassivation tendency and higher corrosion resistance. The determining factor of pitting potentials could be divided into three stages: dissolution of M 23 C₆ (below 1000 °C), dissolution of M₂N (from 1000 to 1050 °C) and existence of a few undissolved precipitates and non-metallic inclusions (above 1050 °C).
Alzheimer disease alters the relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness with brain activity during the stroop task.

PubMed

Vidoni, Eric D; Gayed, Matthew R; Honea, Robyn A; Savage, Cary R; Hobbs, Derek; Burns, Jeffrey M

2013-07-01

Despite mounting evidence that physical activity has positive benefits for brain and cognitive health, there has been little characterization of the relationship between cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness and cognition-associated brain activity as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The lack of evidence is particularly glaring for diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) that degrade cognitive and functional performance. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between regional brain activity during cognitive tasks and CR fitness level in people with and without AD. A case-control, single-observation study design was used. Thirty-four individuals (18 without dementia and 16 in the earliest stages of AD) completed maximal exercise testing and performed a Stroop task during fMRI. Cardiorespiratory fitness was inversely associated with anterior cingulate activity in the participants without dementia (r=-.48, P=.05) and unassociated with activation in those with AD (P>.7). Weak associations of CR fitness and middle frontal cortex were noted. The wide age range and the use of a single task in fMRI rather than multiple tasks challenging different cognitive capacities were limitations of the study. The results offer further support of the relationship between CR fitness and regional brain activity. However, this relationship may be attenuated by disease. Future work in this area may provide clinicians and researchers with interpretable and dependable regional fMRI biomarker signatures responsive to exercise intervention. It also may shed light on mechanisms by which exercise can support cognitive function.
Effect of occupational manganese exposure on the central nervous system of welders: 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI findings.

PubMed

Kim, Eun A; Cheong, Hae-Kwan; Choi, Dae Seob; Sakong, Joon; Ryoo, Jae Wook; Park, Injeong; Kang, Dong Mug

2007-03-01

This study investigated the relationship between long-term occupational manganese (Mn) exposure on the regional Mn concentration in the brain, neuronal loss, and neurobehavioral effects on welders. 1H MRS of the basal ganglia (BG) was performed on 20 male welders and 10 age- and gender-matched, non-office, control workers in a shipyard to assess the metabolic change, and the N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr), choline (Cho)/Cr and NAA/Cho ratios, by the level of Mn exposure. We also assessed the signal intensity of T1-weighted image of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on globus pallidus (GP) compared to that of the frontal white matter (pallidal index, PI). The welders had significantly higher signal intensity than the controls. PI showed a significant dose-response relationship with cumulative exposure index (CEI) (r=0.54, p=0.002). CEI and PI showed different relationships with NAA/Cr according to smoking status, and the correlation was evident only in non-smokers (r=-0.73 and -0.57, respectively). There were no significant differences between the welders and the controls in NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and NAA/Cho ratios obtained from BG. CEI was positively correlated with simple reaction time. PI was positively correlated with mean sway (MSWAY), sway area (SWAYA), and sway intensity (SWAYI), and negatively correlated with maximum frequency (MAXF). After categorizing the subjects into two groups according to NAA/Cr ratio level, the low NAA/Cr ratio group showed significantly lower score on digit span backward and significantly higher score on MSWAY, SWAYA and SWAYI in regression analysis than the high NAA/Cr ratio group. We speculated that the NAA/Cr ratio of MRS in BG seems to reflect the cumulative effect of Mn exposure on the human brain. Due to uneven distribution of smoking among the welders and the controls, in addition to the small number of subjects in our study, our findings are needed further studies with a larger number of subjects.
Tissue accumulation and urinary excretion of Cr in chromium picolinate (CrPic)-supplemented lambs.

PubMed

Dallago, Bruno Stéfano Lima; Lima, Bárbara Alcântara Ferreira; Braz, Shélida Vasconcelos; Mustafa, Vanessa da Silva; McManus, Concepta; Paim, Tiago do Prado; Campeche, Aline; Gomes, Edgard Franco; Louvandini, Helder

2016-05-01

Chromium (Cr) concentrations in liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lymph node, skeletal muscle, bone, testis and urine of lambs were measured to trace the biodistribution and bioaccumulation of Cr after oral supplementation with chromium picolinate (CrPic). Twenty-four Santa Inês lambs were treated with four different concentrations of CrPic: placebo, 0.250, 0.375 and 0.500 mg of CrPic/animal/day for 84 days. The basal diet consisted of Panicum maximum cv Massai hay and concentrate. Cr concentrations were measured by ICP-MS measuring (52)Cr as collected mass. There was a positive linear relationship between dose administered and the accumulation of Cr in the heart, lungs and testis. Urinary excretion of Cr occurred in a time and dose-dependent manner, so the longer or more dietary Cr provided, the greater excretion of the element. As some non-carcass components (such as lungs or heart) are added to bone and visceral meal to feed animals, there is a risk of bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to Cr offered as CrPic in the diet. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Decoding mobile-phone image sensor rolling shutter effect for visible light communications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yang

2016-01-01

Optical wireless communication (OWC) using visible lights, also known as visible light communication (VLC), has attracted significant attention recently. As the traditional OWC and VLC receivers (Rxs) are based on PIN photo-diode or avalanche photo-diode, deploying the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor as the VLC Rx is attractive since nowadays nearly every person has a smart phone with embedded CMOS image sensor. However, deploying the CMOS image sensor as the VLC Rx is challenging. In this work, we propose and demonstrate two simple contrast ratio (CR) enhancement schemes to improve the contrast of the rolling shutter pattern. Then we describe their processing algorithms one by one. The experimental results show that both the proposed CR enhancement schemes can significantly mitigate the high-intensity fluctuations of the rolling shutter pattern and improve the bit-error-rate performance.
Structural and Functional Characterization of an Archaeal Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-associated Complex for Antiviral Defense (CASCADE)*

PubMed Central

Lintner, Nathanael G.; Kerou, Melina; Brumfield, Susan K.; Graham, Shirley; Liu, Huanting; Naismith, James H.; Sdano, Matthew; Peng, Nan; She, Qunxin; Copié, Valérie; Young, Mark J.; White, Malcolm F.; Lawrence, C. Martin

2011-01-01

In response to viral infection, many prokaryotes incorporate fragments of virus-derived DNA into loci called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). The loci are then transcribed, and the processed CRISPR transcripts are used to target invading viral DNA and RNA. The Escherichia coli “CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense” (CASCADE) is central in targeting invading DNA. Here we report the structural and functional characterization of an archaeal CASCADE (aCASCADE) from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Tagged Csa2 (Cas7) expressed in S. solfataricus co-purifies with Cas5a-, Cas6-, Csa5-, and Cas6-processed CRISPR-RNA (crRNA). Csa2, the dominant protein in aCASCADE, forms a stable complex with Cas5a. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a helical complex of variable length, perhaps due to substoichiometric amounts of other CASCADE components. A recombinant Csa2-Cas5a complex is sufficient to bind crRNA and complementary ssDNA. The structure of Csa2 reveals a crescent-shaped structure unexpectedly composed of a modified RNA-recognition motif and two additional domains present as insertions in the RNA-recognition motif. Conserved residues indicate potential crRNA- and target DNA-binding sites, and the H160A variant shows significantly reduced affinity for crRNA. We propose a general subunit architecture for CASCADE in other bacteria and Archaea. PMID:21507944
Structural and functional characterization of an archaeal clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated complex for antiviral defense (CASCADE).

PubMed

Lintner, Nathanael G; Kerou, Melina; Brumfield, Susan K; Graham, Shirley; Liu, Huanting; Naismith, James H; Sdano, Matthew; Peng, Nan; She, Qunxin; Copié, Valérie; Young, Mark J; White, Malcolm F; Lawrence, C Martin

2011-06-17

In response to viral infection, many prokaryotes incorporate fragments of virus-derived DNA into loci called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). The loci are then transcribed, and the processed CRISPR transcripts are used to target invading viral DNA and RNA. The Escherichia coli "CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense" (CASCADE) is central in targeting invading DNA. Here we report the structural and functional characterization of an archaeal CASCADE (aCASCADE) from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Tagged Csa2 (Cas7) expressed in S. solfataricus co-purifies with Cas5a-, Cas6-, Csa5-, and Cas6-processed CRISPR-RNA (crRNA). Csa2, the dominant protein in aCASCADE, forms a stable complex with Cas5a. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a helical complex of variable length, perhaps due to substoichiometric amounts of other CASCADE components. A recombinant Csa2-Cas5a complex is sufficient to bind crRNA and complementary ssDNA. The structure of Csa2 reveals a crescent-shaped structure unexpectedly composed of a modified RNA-recognition motif and two additional domains present as insertions in the RNA-recognition motif. Conserved residues indicate potential crRNA- and target DNA-binding sites, and the H160A variant shows significantly reduced affinity for crRNA. We propose a general subunit architecture for CASCADE in other bacteria and Archaea.
VizieR Online Data Catalog: z<1 3CR radio galaxies and quasars star formation (Westhues+, 2016)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Westhues, C.; Haas, M.; Barthel, P.; Wilkes, B. J.; Willner, S. P.; Kuraszkiewicz, J.; Podigachoski, P.; Leipski, C.; Meisenheimer, K.; Siebenmorgen, R.; Chini, R.

2018-03-01

This work studies a sample of 87 sources from the 3CR catalog (Edge et al. 1959, Cat. VIII/1; Bennett 1962MNRAS.125...75B; Laing et al. 1983, J/MNRAS/204/151; Spinrad et al. 1985, J/PASP/97/932). With the Herschel Space Observatory (Pilbratt et al. 2010A&A...518L...1P) we measured the FIR/submm spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the 3CR sources in two complementary proposals: one at redshift 1
Assembly of Francisella novicida Cpf1 endonuclease in complex with guide RNA and target DNA

PubMed Central

Montoya, Guillermo; Stella, Stefano

2017-01-01

Bacteria and archaea use the CRISPR–Cas system as an adaptive response against infection by foreign nucleic acids. Owing to its remarkable flexibility, this mechanism has been harnessed and adopted as a powerful tool for genome editing. The CRISPR–Cas system includes two classes that are subdivided into six types and 19 subtypes according to conservation of the cas gene and loci organization. Recently, a new protein with endonuclease activity belonging to class 2 type V has been identified. This endonuclease, termed Cpf1, in complex with a single CRISPR RNA (crRNA) is able to recognize and cleave a target DNA preceded by a 5′-TTN-3′ protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) complementary to the RNA guide. To obtain structural insight into the inner workings of Cpf1, the crystallization of an active complex containing the full extent of the crRNA and a 31-nucleotide dsDNA target was attempted. The gene encoding Cpf1 from Francisella novicida was cloned, overexpressed and purified. The crRNA was transcribed and purified in vitro. Finally, the ternary FnCpf1–crRNA–DNA complex was assembled and purified by preparative electrophoresis before crystallization. Crystals belonging to space group C2221, with unit-cell parameters a = 85.2, b = 137.6, c = 320.5 Å, were obtained and subjected to preliminary diffraction experiments. PMID:28695850
Final Scientific/Technical Report--In-Situ Generation of Iron-Chromium Precipitates for Long Term Immobilization of Chromium at the Hanford Site

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Butler, Elizabeth C.; Krumholz, Lee R.; Madden, Andrew S.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a toxic ground water contaminant widespread at the Hanford site and many other industrial facilities. A common remediation method for Cr(VI) is in situ reduction/immobilization, in which soluble Cr(VI) is reduced to the less soluble trivalent Cr (Cr(III)). If iron (Fe) minerals are present during the process, Cr(III) precipitates as a mixed Fe(III)-Cr(III) (Fe-Cr) solid. The objective of this exploratory research was to obtain preliminary evidence about the relationships among the method of Cr(VI) reduction (i.e., abiotic or microbial), the properties of the resulting Fe-Cr precipitates, and their tendencies to release soluble Cr(VI) in the presencemore » of the common manganese oxide birnessite. The results of this exploratory research project show that the conditions of Cr(VI) reduction—specifically the ratio of Cr to Fe, and/or whether the Cr(VI) reductant is a mineral or a microorganism—can significantly affect the tendency of the resulting Fe-Cr precipitate to release Cr(VI) to the environment in the presence of birnessite. These results suggest the chosen remediation conditions have the potential to strongly influence not only the initial success of in situ Cr(VI) reduction/immobilization, but also the potential for successful long term sequestration of Cr in the form of stable soil precipitates.« less

The Prevalence of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Dermatology Outpatients in Shiraz, Iran

PubMed Central

Dastgheib, Ladan; Farahangiz, Saman; Adelpour, Zeinab; Salehi, Alireza

2017-01-01

The objective of this study was to assess complementary and alternative medicine use and its related factors among Iranian dermatology outpatients. In this cross-sectional study, a self-structured questionnaire was administered to 600 dermatology outpatients. Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression test were used. A total of 188 (31.3%) patients had used one of complementary and alternative medicine methods. The most frequent method used was herbal medicine (89.9%). The mean years of duration of the skin condition were significantly higher in complementary and alternative medicine users compared with nonusers (P = .037). Patients with acne and alopecia significantly used more complementary and alternative medicine (odds ratio: 2.48 and 3.19, respectively). There was a significant relationship between education and using complementary and alternative medicine (P < .001). Complementary and alternative medicine use is prevalent among our patients and we should think of ways of educating general population about complementary and alternative medicine methods and their potential risks and benefits and encourage our health care workers to communicate these materials with their patients. PMID:28446027
The Prevalence of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Dermatology Outpatients in Shiraz, Iran.

PubMed

Dastgheib, Ladan; Farahangiz, Saman; Adelpour, Zeinab; Salehi, Alireza

2017-10-01

The objective of this study was to assess complementary and alternative medicine use and its related factors among Iranian dermatology outpatients. In this cross-sectional study, a self-structured questionnaire was administered to 600 dermatology outpatients. Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression test were used. A total of 188 (31.3%) patients had used one of complementary and alternative medicine methods. The most frequent method used was herbal medicine (89.9%). The mean years of duration of the skin condition were significantly higher in complementary and alternative medicine users compared with nonusers ( P = .037). Patients with acne and alopecia significantly used more complementary and alternative medicine (odds ratio: 2.48 and 3.19, respectively). There was a significant relationship between education and using complementary and alternative medicine ( P < .001). Complementary and alternative medicine use is prevalent among our patients and we should think of ways of educating general population about complementary and alternative medicine methods and their potential risks and benefits and encourage our health care workers to communicate these materials with their patients.
Factors Affecting the Development of Oxide Scales on Austenitic Stainless Steels during Hot Rolling in Steckel Mills

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cobo, S. J.; Rainforth, W. M.

2008-10-01

The hot rolling of austenitic stainless steels in Steckel Mills introduces particular characteristics to the development of oxides scales and surface structures. In this work, the formation of oxide structures during multipass hot rolling of 302 steel was studied under different sets of processing parameters in a laboratory system designed for the simulation of the Steckel process. The resulting surface structures were characterized by a set of complementary techniques involving scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and glow discharge optical spectroscopy (GDOS). The surface analysis revealed two alternative surface structures: one consisting in a thin protective oxide layer rich in Cr2O3 and the other consisting in thick complex structures containing several successive nonprotective oxide scale and metal layers resulting from a cyclic oxidation pattern involving stages of protective oxidation, chemical breakaway, and duplex oxidation. The critical condition that determined the activation of one mechanism or the other was identified associated with the parabolic rate constant for Cr2O3 growth and the diffusivity of Cr in the alloy. The effects of changes in temperature, deformation, and furnace atmosphere are discussed. Alternatives for controlling scale development are presented.
Improving the complementary methods to estimate evapotranspiration under diverse climatic and physical conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anayah, F. M.; Kaluarachchi, J. J.

2014-06-01

Reliable estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is important for the purpose of water resources planning and management. Complementary methods, including complementary relationship areal evapotranspiration (CRAE), advection aridity (AA) and Granger and Gray (GG), have been used to estimate ET because these methods are simple and practical in estimating regional ET using meteorological data only. However, prior studies have found limitations in these methods especially in contrasting climates. This study aims to develop a calibration-free universal method using the complementary relationships to compute regional ET in contrasting climatic and physical conditions with meteorological data only. The proposed methodology consists of a systematic sensitivity analysis using the existing complementary methods. This work used 34 global FLUXNET sites where eddy covariance (EC) fluxes of ET are available for validation. A total of 33 alternative model variations from the original complementary methods were proposed. Further analysis using statistical methods and simplified climatic class definitions produced one distinctly improved GG-model-based alternative. The proposed model produced a single-step ET formulation with results equal to or better than the recent studies using data-intensive, classical methods. Average root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute bias (BIAS) and R2 (coefficient of determination) across 34 global sites were 20.57 mm month-1, 10.55 mm month-1 and 0.64, respectively. The proposed model showed a step forward toward predicting ET in large river basins with limited data and requiring no calibration.
Alzheimer Disease Alters the Relationship of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Brain Activity During the Stroop Task

PubMed Central

Gayed, Matthew R.; Honea, Robyn A.; Savage, Cary R.; Hobbs, Derek; Burns, Jeffrey M.

2013-01-01

Background Despite mounting evidence that physical activity has positive benefits for brain and cognitive health, there has been little characterization of the relationship between cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness and cognition-associated brain activity as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The lack of evidence is particularly glaring for diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) that degrade cognitive and functional performance. Objective The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between regional brain activity during cognitive tasks and CR fitness level in people with and without AD. Design A case-control, single-observation study design was used. Methods Thirty-four individuals (18 without dementia and 16 in the earliest stages of AD) completed maximal exercise testing and performed a Stroop task during fMRI. Results Cardiorespiratory fitness was inversely associated with anterior cingulate activity in the participants without dementia (r=−.48, P=.05) and unassociated with activation in those with AD (P>.7). Weak associations of CR fitness and middle frontal cortex were noted. Limitations The wide age range and the use of a single task in fMRI rather than multiple tasks challenging different cognitive capacities were limitations of the study. Conclusions The results offer further support of the relationship between CR fitness and regional brain activity. However, this relationship may be attenuated by disease. Future work in this area may provide clinicians and researchers with interpretable and dependable regional fMRI biomarker signatures responsive to exercise intervention. It also may shed light on mechanisms by which exercise can support cognitive function. PMID:23559521
Clinical studies on chromium picolinate supplementation in diabetes mellitus--a review.

PubMed

Broadhurst, C Leigh; Domenico, Philip

2006-12-01

Chromium (Cr) picolinate (CrPic) is a widely used nutritional supplement for optimal insulin function. A relationship among Cr status, diabetes, and associated pathologies has been established. Virtually all trials using CrPic supplementation for subjects with diabetes have demonstrated beneficial effects. Thirteen of 15 clinical studies (including 11 randomized, controlled studies) involving a total of 1,690 subjects (1,505 in CrPic group) reported significant improvement in at least one outcome of glycemic control. All 15 studies showed salutary effects in at least one parameter of diabetes management, including dyslipidemia. Positive outcomes from CrPic supplementation included reduced blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and reduced requirements for hypoglycemic medication. The greater bioavailability of CrPic compared with other forms of Cr (e.g., niacin-bound Cr or CrCl(3)) may explain its comparatively superior efficacy in glycemic and lipidemic control. The pooled data from studies using CrPic supplementation for type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects show substantial reductions in hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which equate to a reduced risk for disease complications. Collectively, the data support the safety and therapeutic value of CrPic for the management of cholesterolemia and hyperglycemia in subjects with diabetes.
Elevated cerebral glutamate and myo-inositol levels in cognitively normal middle-aged adults with metabolic syndrome.

PubMed

Haley, Andreana P; Gonzales, Mitzi M; Tarumi, Takashi; Miles, Steven C; Goudarzi, Katayoon; Tanaka, Hirofumi

2010-12-01

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and diminished cognitive function. Given that the cerebral mechanisms mediating the relationship between peripheral metabolic dysfunction and cognitive impairment are unknown, we set out to examine the relationship between diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and cerebral metabolism. Thirteen participants with MetS (aged 48 ± 6 years) and 25 healthy adults (aged 51 ± 6 years) underwent neuropsychological assessment, health screen and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) examining N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), and glutamate (Glu) concentrations in occipitoparietal grey matter. Cerebral metabolite ratios (NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, and Glu/Cr) of participants with MetS, defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria, were compared with controls matched for age, education, cognition, and emotional function. There were no significant differences in global cognitive function, memory, language, and psychomotor performance between the groups. Diagnosis of MetS was associated with significantly higher mI/Cr (F(1,36) = 5.02, p = 0.031) and Glu/Cr ratio (F(1,36) = 4.81, p = 0.035). Even in cognitively normal adults, MetS is related to cerebral metabolic disturbances, a possible indication of early brain vulnerability. Longitudinal studies that begin in mid-life can help validate the use of (1)H MRS markers as indicators of long-term cognitive outcomes.
Tracing redox processes during paleoclimatic changes in the Neoproterozoic: Stable chromium isotopic results from the Arroyo del Soldado Group (Ediacaran, Uruguay)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frei, R.; Gaucher, C.

2007-12-01

Positive δ13C carbonate values, combined with the occurrence of Fe-rich cherts (oxide-facies BIF) and organic-rich black shales within the late Ediacaran (ca. 580-560 Ma) Yerbal Fm. of the Arroyo del Soldato Group (Uruguay) are compatible with paleoclimatic models which postulate that enhanced bioproductivity due to higher availability of nutrient (P, N, Fe) was essential for controlling Neoproterozoic glaciations. Tracing of associated redox processes (f.e. linked to oxygenation of bottom waters in restricted basins) that might have been responsible for the deposition of Fe-rich cherts (BIFs) is therefore an important tool to better understand the seawater changes during cold-warm periods. Besides the traditionally used Fe and Mo isotopic systems, the redox-sensitive element Cr (Cr(III); Cr(IV)) and its stable isotopes offer another complementary system to trace paleo-redox processes. We have applied Cr stable isotope systematics to a sequence of samples from a late Ediacaran sedimentary sequence in Uruguay, using a 52Cr-54Cr double spike (Schoenberg et al., Chem..Geol., subm.). The middle Yerbal Fm. is dominated by organic-rich, black shales and black dolostones (δ53Cr = -0.05‰), followed by organic-rich cherts (δ53Cr = +1.83 - +4.49 ‰) and BIF (δ53Cr = -0.31 +0.90 ‰) gradually changing into Fe-bearing, organic-rich cherts and shales (δ53Cr = -0.28 - -0.01 ‰), and another sequence with BIF and organic-rich cherts topped by carbonates of the lower Polanco Fm. (δ53Cr = -0.17 to -0.27 ‰). The strongly positively fractionated Cr isotopic signatures in organic-rich and Fe-rich cherts in the Yerbal Fm. may point to significant oxidation processes either directly in the seawater column and/or during early diagenetic processes at the sediment-water interface. While these strongly positive δ53Cr values are the first to be reported from Neoproterozoic sedimentary sequence, the exact nature of the chemical process that produced these anomalies is not yet understood. However, the occurrence of these anomalies in organic-rich and Fe-rich chemical sediments that were deposited in a period following a glacial (Gaskiers?) event is compatible with "Snowball Earth" scenarios whereby impulsive oxidation of the upper seawater was in response to ice cover retraction which allowed booming of the biosphere and concomitant oxidation of accumulated Fe2+ and subsequent precipitation of the Fe-oxyhydroxides to form the "BIF" during such epochs. Schoenberg et al. (subm.) The stable Cr isotope inventory of solid earth reservoirs determined by double-spike MC-ICP-MS. Chemical Geology
Traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine approaches to mental health care and psychological wellbeing in India and China.

PubMed

Thirthalli, Jagadisha; Zhou, Liang; Kumar, Kishore; Gao, Jie; Vaid, Henna; Liu, Huiming; Hankey, Alex; Wang, Guojun; Gangadhar, Bangalore N; Nie, Jing-Bao; Nichter, Mark

2016-07-01

India and China face the same challenge of having too few trained psychiatric personnel to manage effectively the substantial burden of mental illness within their population. At the same time, both countries have many practitioners of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine who are a potential resource for delivery of mental health care. In our paper, part of The Lancet and Lancet Psychiatry's Series about the China-India Mental Health Alliance, we describe and compare types of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine in India and China. Further, we provide a systematic overview of evidence assessing the effectiveness of these alternative approaches for mental illness and discuss challenges in research. We suggest how practitioners of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine and mental health professionals might forge collaborative relationships to provide more accessible, affordable, and acceptable mental health care in India and China. A substantial proportion of individuals with mental illness use traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine, either exclusively or with biomedicine, for reasons ranging from faith and cultural congruence to accessibility, cost, and belief that these approaches are safe. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine find several approaches to be promising for treatment of mental illness, but most clinical trials included in these systematic reviews have methodological limitations. Contemporary methods to establish efficacy and safety-typically through randomised controlled trials-need to be complemented by other means. The community of practice built on collaborative relationships between practitioners of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine and providers of mental health care holds promise in bridging the treatment gap in mental health care in India and China. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Field Acceptability and Consumption of CR1M and Potential New Food Items during the Hot Weather Ration Trial

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-01

1x50g Krispie Biscuit Apricot Fruit Grains Shortbread Biscuit Instant Beef Noodles Apricot & Coconut Muesli Bar 1x43g 1x15g...86 Cheddar Cheese 47.7 4.5 80 Canned Pears 47.5 4.3 72 Apricot & Coconut Muesli Bar 46.0 3.8 76 20 Instant Beef Noodles 36.3 4.1...Spaghetti Bolognaise) or with complementary food items (e.g. BBQ Beef might be consumed with rice or noodles ). UNCLASSIFIED 6 UNCLASSIFIED DSTO-TN
[Age-related and menopause-related changes of urinary excretion of C- and N-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen and the relationships thereof with menopause-related bone loss].

PubMed

Liu, Shi-ping; Liao, Er-yuan; Wu, Xian-ping; Cao, Xing-zhi; Shan, Peng-fei; Su, Xin

2006-02-14

To study the age-related and menopause-related changes of urinary excretion of C- and N-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen (uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr) and the relationships thereof with menopause state, years after menopause, bone mineral density (BMD), and menopause-related bone loss in healthy women. ELISA was used to examine the uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr of 659 female volunteers aged 20 - 80 in Changsha. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure the BMD of various skeletal sites, including the lumbar vertebrae (L1 - L4) at anteroposterior (AP) position, L(2) - L(4) at lateral (LAT) position, hip, and forearm. 339 postmenopausal women among the 659 subjects were divided into 3 groups, osteoporotic, osteopenic, and normal groups according to the WHO criteria of osteoporosis diagnosis. (1) Both the curves of uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr with age were fit the best by regression analysis of cubic equation. The coefficients of determination (R(2)) were 0.139 for uCTX/Cr and 0.149 for uNTX/Cr. The levels of uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr of the women aged > 35 increased with age. (2) The values of uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr were 253 mg/mol +/- 101 mg/mol Cr and 63 nmol +/- 34 nmol BCE/mmol Cr respectively in the postmenopausal women, remarkably higher than those of the premenopausal women (149 mg/mol +/- 80 mg/mol Cr and 33 nmol +/- 17 nmol BCE/mmol Cr respectively), increased by 69.5% and 93.4% respectively. The annual change rates of uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr were the highest within the first 5 years after menopause, and these increases were in agreement with the significant decrease of BMD at most skeletal sites by 10.8% approximately 27.6%. (3) After controlled for age and body weight, both uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr showed significant negative correlation with BMD (r = -0.078 to -0.283, P < 0.05 or 0.01), and there was a significant positive correlation between uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr. (4) The elevation of the levels of uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr in the osteoporotic and osteopenic postmenopausal subgroups were significantly higher than those in the postmenopausal women with normal BMD (P < 0.05 or 0.01). For example, the uCTX/Cr levels of the osteoporotic, osteopenic, and normal BMD subgroups according to the DXA results at the anteroposterior lumbar spine were 189 +/- 87, 272 +/- 108, and 366 +/- 135 mg/mol Cr respectively, while the uNTX/Cr levels were 52 +/- 22, 68 +/- 34 and 108 +/- 41 nmol BCE/mmol Cr respectively. uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr can be used as sensitive markers to determine the bone turnover status, which is changeable with age and menopausal status in women. They present a significantly negative correlation with BMD, and increase significantly in the postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis, which indicates that measuring uCTX/Cr and uNTX/Cr can predict age-related and menopause-related bone loss in women.
Kinetics and Products of Chromium(VI) Reduction by Iron(II/III)-Bearing Clay Minerals.

PubMed

Joe-Wong, Claresta; Brown, Gordon E; Maher, Kate

2017-09-05

Hexavalent chromium is a water-soluble pollutant, the mobility of which can be controlled by reduction of Cr(VI) to less soluble, environmentally benign Cr(III). Iron(II/III)-bearing clay minerals are widespread potential reductants of Cr(VI), but the kinetics and pathways of Cr(VI) reduction by such clay minerals are poorly understood. We reacted aqueous Cr(VI) with two abiotically reduced clay minerals: an Fe-poor montmorillonite and an Fe-rich nontronite. The effects of ionic strength, pH, total Fe content, and the fraction of reduced structural Fe(II) [Fe(II)/Fe(total)] were examined. The last variable had the largest effect on Cr(VI) reduction kinetics: for both clay minerals, the rate constant of Cr(VI) reduction varies by more than 3 orders of magnitude with Fe(II)/Fe(total) and is described by a linear free energy relationship. Under all conditions examined, Cr and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra show that the main Cr-bearing product is a Cr(III)-hydroxide and that Fe remains in the clay structure after reacting with Cr(VI). This study helps to quantify our understanding of the kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II/III)-bearing clay minerals and may improve predictions of Cr(VI) behavior in subsurface environments.
Static and Dynamic Cognitive Reserve Proxy Measures: Interactions with Alzheimer’s Disease Neuropathology and Cognition

PubMed Central

Malek-Ahmadi, Michael; Lu, Sophie; Chan, YanYan; Perez, Sylvia E; Chen, Kewei; Mufson, Elliott J

2018-01-01

Objective Years of education are the most common proxy for measuring cognitive reserve (CR) when assessing the relationship between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology and cognition. However, years of education may be limited as a CR proxy given that it represents a specific timeframe in early life and is static. Studies suggest that measures of intellectual function provide a dynamic estimate of CR that is superior to years of education since it captures the effect of continued learning over time. The present study determined whether dynamic measures of CR were better predictors of episodic memory and executive function in the presence of AD pathology than a static measure of CR. Methods Subjects examined died with a pre-mortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impaired, mild cognitive impairment and mild to moderate AD. CERAD and Braak stage were used to stratify the sample by AD pathology severity. Linear regression analyses using CR by CERAD and CR by Braak stage interaction terms were used to determine whether Extended Range Vocabulary Test (ERVT) scores or years of education were significantly associated with episodic memory composite (EMC) and executive function composite (EFC) performance. All models were adjusted for clinical diagnosis, age at death, gender, APOE e4 carrier status and Braak stage. Results For episodic memory, years of education by CERAD interaction were not statistically significant (β=-0.01, SE=0.01, p=0.53). By contrast, ERVT interaction with CERAD diagnosis was statistically significant (β=-0.03, SE=0.01, p=0.004). Among the models using Braak stages, none of the CR by pathology interactions were associated with EMC or EFC. Conclusion Results suggest that a dynamic rather than a static measure is a better indicator of CR and that the relationship between CR and cognition is dependent upon the severity of select AD criteria. PMID:29423338
[Comparative analysis of 6 kinds of bacteria in the subgingival plaque in different types of patients with periodontal diseases].

PubMed

Ma, Ying-ying; Zhang, Tao-wen; Jiang, Yu-xi; Liu, Shu-tai

2015-10-01

To detect the existence of Aa,Pg,Tf,Cr,Ec and Pn in the subgingival plaque, and determine their relationships among different types of periodontal diseases. Dental plaques from 120 subjects were sampled, including 40 volunteers with health periodontal status(Group A) , forty patients with dental plaque-induced gingival diseases(Group B) and 40 patients with moderate or severe chronic periodontitis (Group C) . These samples were detected based on bacterial composition using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of 16S rRNA genes by multiple-polymerase chain reaction. The data was analysed with SPSS 13.0 software package for Chi-square test. The detection rate of Pn, Cr and Pg had significant differences between group A and B. The detection rate of Ec, Cr, Pg, Aa and Tf had significant differences between group C and B. The detection rate of Ec, Pn, Cr, Pg, Aa and Tf had significant differences between group A and C. The rate of Ec, Pn, Cr, Pg and Tf detected in moderate or patients with moderate or severe chronic periodontitis are significantly higher than that in healthy subjects, indicating that these bacteria have certain correlation with chronic periodontitis. The rate of Ec, Cr, Pg and Tf detected in severe chronic periodontitis are significantly higher than that in dental-induced gingivitis, suggesting their close relationship with the progress of periodontal disease.
Occupational exposure to Cr(VI): comparison between chromium levels in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and urine.

PubMed

Lukanova, A; Toniolo, P; Zhitkovich, A; Nikolova, V; Panev, T; Popov, T; Taioli, E; Costa, M

1996-01-01

The relationships between chromium (Cr) levels in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, urine, and ambient air were compared among 14 chrome-platers from a metallurgic plant in Bulgaria and two groups of local controls, one from the same heavily polluted industrial town as the chrome-platers (n = 11) and one from a seaside resort town 100 km away (n = 6). Among the chrome-platers, the Cr concentration in peripheral lymphocytes was positively correlated with total Cr and Cr(VI) levels in ambient air and with Cr excretion in urine. As compared to the controls, the chrome-platers had mean Cr levels in lymphocytes twice as high, in erythrocytes ninefold higher, and in urine fourfold to eightfold higher. Although Cr levels in urine and lymphocytes were similar between the two control groups, levels in erythrocytes were 3 times higher among subjects from the industrial area than among those from the seaside town. The study suggests that lymphocyte Cr could be a good indicator of the Cr body burden caused by high exposures to Cr(VI), such as in electroplating operations. In these conditions, erythrocyte Cr may be less useful, possibly owing to increased toxicity due to the high affinity of erythrocytes for Cr. However, when exposure is lower, such as in most environmental situations, erythrocyte Cr should provide a better and more sensitive index than lymphocyte Cr. By contrast, urinary Cr, which provides information on total Cr exposure, including Cr(III) from dietary and environmental sources, does not seem to be of value for studying occupational exposure to Cr(VI).
Adherence to prescribed exercise and diet regimens two months post-cardiac rehabilitation.

PubMed

Scotto, Carrie J; Waechter, Donna J; Rosneck, James

2011-01-01

Adherence to diet and exercise regimens significantly limits morbidity and mortality for cardiac patients. Research at six and 12 months post CR program indicates that healthy behaviours learned in CR are not sustained. However, little is known about the extent of adherence in the immediate program completion period. To determine CR participants' knowledge of their diet and exercise prescription and the degree of adherence two months after completing CR, and to examine demographic and clinical variables to identify relationships to adherence behaviours. Participants (n = 174) were recruited from Phase II CR over a one-year period. The Diet Habit Survey (DHS) and Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) scores were administered at admission, discharge, and two months post discharge. Structured telephone interviews were conducted to evaluate adherence behaviours. Spearman correlation was used to determine relationships between demographic and clinical variables and adherence behaviours. Repeated measures ANOVA showed DHS and DASI scores were significantly higher at discharge (p < 0.001) without significant drift at two months post program (p < 0.09). These scores were in contrast with low self-report of knowledge of dietary and exercise recommendations and adherence to dietary and exercise instructions. Lower knowledge about diet and exercise were correlated with employment (diet, p < 0.001; exercise, p < 0.025). Decreased dietary adherence was correlated with BMI (p < 0.005). Exercise adherence was correlated with gender (p < 0.021) and marital status (p < 0.042). Although CR participants gain and retain knowledge about necessary dietary changes and improve their exercise activity tolerance during CR, most fail to translate the information into health promoting behaviour changes beginning in the immediate discharge period. Research to identify methods that transform knowledge into lasting behaviour change post CR is needed.
Evaluation of the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma location and transarterial chemoembolization efficacy.

PubMed

Miki, Izumi; Murata, Satoru; Uchiyama, Fumio; Yasui, Daisuke; Ueda, Tatsuo; Sugihara, Fumie; Saito, Hidemasa; Yamaguchi, Hidenori; Murakami, Ryusuke; Kawamoto, Chiaki; Uchida, Eiji; Kumita, Shin-Ichiro

2017-09-21

To evaluate the relationship between the location of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). We evaluated 115 patients (127 nodules), excluding recurrent nodules, treated with TACE between January 2011 and June 2014. TACE efficacy was evaluated according to mRECIST. The HCC location coefficient was calculated as the distance from the central portal portion to the HCC center (mm)/liver diameter (mm) on multiplanar reconstruction images rendered (MPR) to visualize bifurcation of the right and left branches of the portal vein and HCC center. The HCC location coefficient was compared between complete response (CR) and non-CR groups in Child-Pugh grade A and B patients. The median location coefficient of HCC among all nodules, the right lobe, and the medial segment was significantly higher in the CR group than in the non-CR group in the Child-Pugh grade A patients (0.82 vs 0.62, P < 0.001; 0.71 vs 0.59, P < 0.01; 0.81 vs 0.49, P < 0.05, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the median location coefficient of the HCC in the lateral segment between in the CR and in the non-CR groups (0.67 vs 0.65, P > 0.05). On the other hand, in the Child-Pugh grade B patients, the HCC median location coefficient in each lobe and segment was not significantly different between in the CR and in the non-CR groups. Improved TACE efficacy may be obtained for HCC in the peripheral zone of the right lobe and the medial segment in Child-Pugh grade A patients.
Livestock and feed water productivity in the mixed crop-livestock system.

PubMed

Bekele, M; Mengistu, A; Tamir, B

2017-10-01

Recently with limited information from intensified grain-based farming systems in developed countries, livestock production is challenged as being huge consumer of freshwater. The smallholder mixed crop-livestock (MCL) system which is predominant in developing countries like Ethiopia, is maintained with considerable contributions of crop residues (CR) to livestock feeding. Inclusion of CR is expected to reduce the water requirement for feed production resulting improvement in livestock water productivity (LWP). This study was conducted to determine feed water productivity (FWP) and LWP in the MCL system. A multistage sampling procedure was followed to select farmers from different wealth status. Wealth status dictated by ownership of key farm resources such as size of cropland and livestock influenced the magnitude of livestock outputs, FWP and LWP. Significant difference in feed collected, freshwater evapotranspired, livestock outputs and water productivity (WP) were observed between wealth groups, where wealthier are relatively more advantaged. Water productivity of CR and grazing land (GL) analyzed separately showed contrasting differences where better-off gained more on CR, whereas vice versa on GL. These counterbalancing of variations may justify the non-significant difference in total FWP between wealth groups. Despite observed differences, low WP on GL indicates the need of interventions at all levels. The variation in WP of CR is attributed to availability of production factors which restrained the capacity of poor farmers most. A linear relationship between the proportion of CR in livestock feed and FWP was evident, but the relationship with LWP was not likely linear. As CR are inherently low in digestibility and nutritive values which have an effect on feed conversion into valuable livestock products and services, increasing share of CR beyond an optimum level is not a viable option to bring improvements in livestock productivity as expressed in terms of LWP. Ensuring land security, installing proper grazing management, improved forage seed supply and application of soil and water conservation are expected to enhance WP on GL. Given the relationship of production factors with crop biomass and associated WP, interventions targeted to improve provision of inputs, credit, extension and training support due emphasis to the poor would increase CR yield and reduce part of water use for feed production. Optimizing feed value of CR with treatment and supplementation, following water efficient forage production methods and maintenance of healthy productive animals are expected to amplify the benefits from livestock and eventually improve LWP.
Chelant-enhanced washing of CCA-contaminated soil: Coupled with selective dissolution or soil stabilization.

PubMed

Beiyuan, Jingzi; Lau, Abbe Y T; Tsang, Daniel C W; Zhang, Weihua; Kao, Chih-Ming; Baek, Kitae; Ok, Yong Sik; Li, Xiang-Dong

2018-01-15

Remediation of CCA-contaminated soil (Cr, Cu, and As) by biodegradable chelant-enhanced washing (EDDS, S,S-ethylene-diamine-disuccinic-acid) needs further enhancement. This study investigated the effectiveness of coupling with pre-treatment by selective dissolution and post-treatment by soil amendments, respectively. Three groups of reagents (reductants, alkaline solvents, and organic ligands) were adopted in the pre-treatment to dissolve the oxide minerals before EDDS extraction. In the post-treatment, soil amendments (coal fly ash (CFA), acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS), green waste compost (GWC)), and their mixtures) were used for a 2-month stabilization after 2-h EDDS washing. Multi-endpoint evaluation was performed by assessing the chemical state, leachability, mobility, bioaccessibility, and plant-availability of residual metal(loid)s as well as the cytotoxicity, enzyme activities, and available nutrients of the treated soils. Pre-treatment by dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate significantly enhanced extraction efficiency, but also increased the leachability of As and Cr and bioaccessibility of Cr in the treated soils. While sodium hydroxide removed the majority of As without increasing its leachability and bioaccessibility, it increased the cytotoxicity and inhibited the acid phosphatase activity. Post-treatment with AMDS and CFA effectively controlled the mobility and leachability of residual As and Cr after EDDS washing. However, destabilized Cu was only marginally immobilized by GWC due to strong Cu-EDDS complexation. The bioaccessibility and phytoavailability of Cu was primarily reduced by EDDS washing, while those of As and Cr could be attenuated by AMDS and CFA. This study indicates that coupling chemical extraction with subsequent soil amendment plays complementary roles in mitigating effects of residual metal(loid)s and improving environmental quality. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Room-Temperature Deformation and Martensitic Transformation of Two Co-Cr-Based Alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, S.; Schaffer, J. E.; Huang, D.; Gao, J.; Ren, Y.

2018-05-01

Deformation of two Co-Cr alloys was studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Both alloys show stress-induced martensite transformation, which is affected by phase stabilities and transformation strains. Crystal structure of WC in Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni is identified. Compared with other phases present, it is elastically isotropic, exhibits high strength, and can elastically withstand strains exceeding 1 pct. Texture change during phase transformation is explained based on the crystal orientation relationship between γ- and ɛ-phases.

Room-Temperature Deformation and Martensitic Transformation of Two Co-Cr-Based Alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, S.; Schaffer, J. E.; Huang, D.; Gao, J.; Ren, Y.

2018-07-01

Deformation of two Co-Cr alloys was studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Both alloys show stress-induced martensite transformation, which is affected by phase stabilities and transformation strains. Crystal structure of WC in Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni is identified. Compared with other phases present, it is elastically isotropic, exhibits high strength, and can elastically withstand strains exceeding 1 pct. Texture change during phase transformation is explained based on the crystal orientation relationship between γ- and ɛ-phases.
Effect of self-absorption correction on surface hardness estimation of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys via LIBS.

PubMed

Ramezanian, Zahra; Darbani, Seyyed Mohammad Reza; Majd, Abdollah Eslami

2017-08-20

The effect of self-absorption was investigated on the estimation of surface hardness of Fe-Cr-Ni metallic alloys by the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. For this purpose, the linear relationship between the ratio of chromium ionic to atomic line intensities (CrII/CrI) and surface hardness was studied, both before and after correcting the self-absorption effect. The correlation coefficient significantly increased from 47% to 90% after self-absorption correction. The results showed the measurements of surface hardness using LIBS can be more accurate and valid by correcting the self-absorption effect.
Attitudes toward and education about complementary and alternative medicine among adult patients with depression in Taiwan.

PubMed

Hsu, Mei-Chi; Moyle, Wendy; Creedy, Debra; Venturato, Lorraine; Ouyang, Wen-Chen; Sun, Gwo-Ching

2010-04-01

To investigate patients' attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine, the education nurses provided about complementary and alternative medicine for treating depression and to test whether such education mediates the effect of complementary and alternative medicine use and attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Although we know that attitudes influence behaviour, very few studies simultaneously explore the relationship between attitudes, education and complementary and alternative medicine use. Survey. This study was conducted as part of a larger survey, using face-to-face survey interviews with 206 adult patients aged 50 years or over and hospitalised in conventional hospitals in Taiwan for treatment of depression. The attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine and patient education about complementary and alternative medicine instruments were specially developed for the study. Participants expressed slightly favourable attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Many participants (50%) expressed that they were willing to try any potential treatment for depression. They believed that complementary and alternative medicine helped them to feel better and to live a happier life. However, 66.5% of participants reported that they had inadequate knowledge of complementary and alternative medicine. Participants with a higher monthly income, longer depression duration and religious beliefs hold more positive attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Most participants were not satisfied with the education they received about complementary and alternative medicine. Patient education about complementary and alternative medicine was found to be a mediator for the use of complementary and alternative medicine. Patient education from nurses may predict patients' attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Continuing nursing education is needed to enable nurses to respond knowledgeably to concerns patients may have about complementary and alternative medicine and treatment options. This study highlights the potential role of patient education about complementary and alternative medicine as an effective way of adjusting patients' attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine and to link both patients' preferences for complementary and alternative medicine and health professionals' concerns about the proper use of complementary and alternative medicine for depression management and adverse drug interactions.
Compositional analysis and depth profiling of thin film CrO{sub 2} by heavy ion ERDA and standard RBS: a comparison

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khamlich, S., E-mail: skhamlich@gmail.com; Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X 680, Pretoria, 0001; The African Laser Centre, CSIR campus, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria

2012-08-15

Chromium dioxide (CrO{sub 2}) thin film has generated considerable interest in applied research due to the wide variety of its technological applications. It has been extensively investigated in recent years, attracting the attention of researchers working on spintronic heterostructures and in the magnetic recording industry. However, its synthesis is usually a difficult task due to its metastable nature and various synthesis techniques are being investigated. In this work a polycrystalline thin film of CrO{sub 2} was prepared by electron beam vaporization of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} onto a Si substrate. The polycrystalline structure was confirmed through XRD analysis. The stoichiometry andmore » elemental depth distribution of the deposited film were measured by ion beam nuclear analytical techniques heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), which both have relative advantage over non-nuclear spectrometries in that they can readily provide quantitative information about the concentration and distribution of different atomic species in a layer. Moreover, the analysis carried out highlights the importance of complementary usage of the two techniques to obtain a more complete description of elemental content and depth distribution in thin films. - Graphical abstract: Heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) both have relative advantage over non-nuclear spectrometries in that they can readily provide quantitative information about the concentration and distribution of different atomic species in a layer. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Thin films of CrO{sub 2} have been grown by e-beam evaporation of Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} target in vacuum. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The composition was determined by heavy ion-ERDA and RBS. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer HI-ERDA and RBS provided information on the light and heavy elements, respectively.« less
A high-resolution analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy study of the early stages of spinodal decomposition in binary Fe–Cr

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Westraadt, J.E., E-mail: johan.westraadt@nmmu.ac.za; Olivier, E.J.; Neethling, J.H.

2015-11-15

Spinodal decomposition (SD) is an important phenomenon in materials science and engineering. For example, it is considered to be responsible for the 475 °C embrittlement of stainless steels comprising the bcc (ferrite) or bct (martensite) phases. Structural characterization of the evolving minute nano-scale concentration fluctuations during SD in the Fe–Cr system is, however, a notable challenge, and has mainly been considered accessible via atom probe tomography (APT) and small-angle neutron scattering. The standard tool for nanostructure characterization, viz. transmission electron microscopy (TEM), has only been successfully applied to late stages of SD when embrittlement is already severe. However, we heremore » demonstrate that the structural evolution in the early stages of SD in binary Fe–Cr, and alloys based on the binary, are accessible via analytical scanning TEM. An Fe–36 wt% Cr alloy aged at 500 °C for 1, 10 and 100 h is investigated using an aberration-corrected microscope and it is found that highly coherent and interconnected Cr-rich regions develop. The wavelength of decomposition is rather insensitive to the sample thickness and it is quantified to 2, 3 and 6 nm after ageing for 1, 10 and 100 h, which is in reasonable agreement with prior APT analysis. The concentration amplitude is more sensitive to the sample thickness and acquisition parameters but the TEM analysis is in good agreement with APT analysis for the longest ageing time. These findings open up for combinatorial TEM studies where both local crystallography and chemistry is required. - Highlights: • STEM-EELS analysis was successfully applied to resolve early stage SD in Fe–Cr. • Compositional wavelength measured with STEM-EELS compares well to previous ATP studies. • Compositional amplitude measured with STEM-EELS is a function of experimental parameters. • STEM-EELS allows for combinatorial studies of SD using complementary techniques.« less
Organization of Heterogeneous Scientific Data Using the EAV/CR Representation

PubMed Central

Nadkarni, Prakash M.; Marenco, Luis; Chen, Roland; Skoufos, Emmanouil; Shepherd, Gordon; Miller, Perry

1999-01-01

Entity-attribute-value (EAV) representation is a means of organizing highly heterogeneous data using a relatively simple physical database schema. EAV representation is widely used in the medical domain, most notably in the storage of data related to clinical patient records. Its potential strengths suggest its use in other biomedical areas, in particular research databases whose schemas are complex as well as constantly changing to reflect evolving knowledge in rapidly advancing scientific domains. When deployed for such purposes, the basic EAV representation needs to be augmented significantly to handle the modeling of complex objects (classes) as well as to manage interobject relationships. The authors refer to their modification of the basic EAV paradigm as EAV/CR (EAV with classes and relationships). They describe EAV/CR representation with examples from two biomedical databases that use it. PMID:10579606
Non-destructive three-dimensional evaluation of pores at different welded joints and their effects on joints strength.

PubMed

Nomoto, Rie; Takayama, Yasuko; Tsuchida, Fujio; Nakajima, Hiroyuki

2010-12-01

The purpose of this study was to measure the porosity in different laser welded cast alloys non-destructively using X-ray micro-focus computerized tomography (micro-CT) and to evaluate the effect of porosity on the tensile strength of the welded joints. The welding procedure was conducted in rectangular cast metals, CoCr, Ti and platinum added gold alloy (AuPt). The metal plates were butted CoCr to CoCr (CoCr/CoCr) or Ti to Ti (Ti/Ti) for welding of similar metals and Ti to AuPt (Ti/AuPt) for welding of dissimilar metals. Specimens were welded under several laser-welding conditions; with groove (normal), without groove (no groove), spatter, crack, or no overlapped welding (no overlap) (n=5). Porosity in the welded area was evaluated using a micro-CT. Tensile strength of the welded specimens was measured at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. Multiple comparisons of the group means were performed using ANOVA and Fisher's multiple comparisons test (α=.05). The relationship between the porosity and the tensile strength was investigated with a regression analysis. Three-dimensional images of Ti/AuPt could not be obtained due to metal artifacts and the tensile specimens of Ti/AuPt were debonded prior to the tensile test. All other welded specimens had porosity in the welded area and the porosities ranged from 0.01% to 0.17%. The fractures of most of the CoCr/CoCr and Ti/Ti specimens occurred in the parent metals. Joint strength had no relationship with the porosity in the welded area (R(2)=0.148 for CoCr/CoCr, R(2)=0.088 for Ti/Ti, respectively). The small amount of porosity caused by the laser-welding procedures did not affect the joint strength. The joint strength of Ti/AuPt was too weak to be used clinically. Copyright © 2010 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in tannery wastewater using low pressure ion chromatography combined with flow injection spectrophotometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Shujuan; Zhang, Xinshen; Yu, Lingyun; Wang, Li; Li, Hui

2012-03-01

Trivalent and hexavalent chromium have been successfully separated and determined using low pressure ion chromatography combined with flow injection spectrophotometric analysis (LPIC-FIA). A column packed with crosslinking starch microspheres was used for on-line separation of Cr(III) from Cr(VI) in a flow-injection system because of its absorptive effect on Cr(III). To determine the concentration of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in samples, we used 3.0 mmol/L nitric acid to elute adsorbed Cr(III) from the column and then used ceric sulfate-sulfuric acid as oxidant to convert all Cr(III) into Cr(VI). Then, Cr(VI) directly came from the samples and Cr(VI) came from Cr(III) successively formed a amaranthine complex with diphenycarbazide and the complex shows a maximum absorption at 530 nm. Analytical parameters including the concentration of eluent and oxidant solution, oxidizing temperature, length of oxidizing reaction coil, reaction coil and injection coil, interfering effects, etc., were optimized. The limit of detection was 1.25 μg/L for Cr(VI) and 3.76 μg/L for Cr(III). The linear relationship between absorption with the concentration of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) was 0.001-1.000 mg/L and 0.030-1.000 mg/L with correlation coefficients of 0.9995 and 0.9994, respectively. The relative standard deviation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) was 1.21% and 1.66%, respectively (n = 10). Major cations and anions did not show any interference. We validated this method through certified reference materials and through measuring the recovery in tannery wastewater.
Creatine metabolism: detection of creatine and guanidinoacetate in saliva of healthy subjects.

PubMed

Martínez, Lidia D; Bezard, Miriam; Brunotto, Mabel; Dodelson de Kremer, Raquel

2016-04-01

Creatine (Cr) plays an important role in storage and transmission of phosphate-bound energy. Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes comprise three inherited defects in Cr biosynthesis and transport. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Cr and Guanidinoacetate (GAA) can be detected in saliva of healthy subjects and to establish the relationship between salivary and plasma levels of these molecules. An adapted gas chromatography (GC) method is described for the quantification of Cr and GAA biomarkers in saliva. Reference values were established for GAA and Cr in saliva. These values were age dependent (p= 0.001). No difference between genders was observed. We detected a difference between GAA and Cr concentrations in saliva and in plasma. The GC method for simultaneous determination of GAA and Cr in human saliva is fast, reliable, sensitive, non-invasive and precise to use as a biochemical approach in early detection of cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes. Sociedad Argentina de Investigación Odontológica.
[Person-organization fit as a mediator of relationship between work environment and stress among social workers].

PubMed

Waszkowska, Małlgorzata; Andysz, Aleksandra; Merecz, Dorota

2014-01-01

Occupational stress of social workers is associated with various psychosocial hazards in the work environment. Some of them affect person-organization fit (P-O fit). The aim of the study was to verify a hypothesis on the mediating role of P-O fit in the relationship between work environment and stress. The research was based on a sample of 500 social workers directly involved in social work. The data were obtained using the Person-Organization Fit Questionnaire by Czarnota-Bojarska, the Work Environment Questionnaire developed by the Department of Occupational Psychology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) by Cohen et al. As revealed by the regression analysis of the 4 analyzed work environment factors, only organizational politics was significantly related with perceived stress. Complementary and supplementary dimensions of P-O fit and identification with organization were the mediators of the relationship between organizational policies and stress, but only complementary fit proved to be a total mediator. The results of the study suggest that person-organization fit, especially its complementary aspect, is an essential determinant of accomplishing the core functions of social work and good practice among social workers.
Effect of changing from first- to second-line antiretroviral therapy on renal function: a retrospective study based on data from a single health facility in Namibia.

PubMed

Kalemeera, Francis; Mbango, Christofina; Mubita, Mwangana; Naikaku, Esther; Gaida, Razia; Godman, Brian

2016-08-01

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) can cause renal impairment with this combination co-administered during second-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) potentially associated with greater risk of nephrotoxicity. As a result, the aim of this study is to assess effects of second-line cART on renal function. Retrospective longitudinal study in patients receiving cART. 71 patients received TDF, zidovudine or stavudine, each combined with 3TC/NVP or 3TC/EFV. Before second-line cART, 46.5% had abnormal kidney function. First-line cART had no relationship with calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl). During second-line cART, more males than females had abnormal renal function and more females experienced increases in CrCl. Calculated CrCl during second-line cART related strongly with CrCl during first-line cART. Time spent on cART had a weak relationship with CrCl. Patients on first-line cART for several years without renal impairment may experience new onset impairment during second line cART. Patients with pre-existing renal impairment just before switching to second-line cART may experience a further decline.
The Rod Contraction-Clock Retardation Ether Theory and the Special Theory of Relativity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Erlichson, Herman

1973-01-01

Discusses the historical rod contraction-block retardation (RC-CR) ether theory to illustrate its relationship to the special theory of relativity and the possibility of experimental differences between them. Indicates that the RC-CR theory is worthy of the attention of both physicists and science philosophers. (CC)
Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments from the Yanghe River, China

PubMed Central

Li, Jing

2014-01-01

The magnitude and ecological relevance of metal pollution from the upstream of water sources after emergency pollution events was investigated by applying a set of complementary sediment quality assessment methods: (1) geochemical assessment based on background value (the geoaccumulation index); (2) comparisons with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs); (3) an evaluation of the combined pollution according to the risk index (RI); and (4) investigation of the chemical patterns of target heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni). The geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) suggested that the magnitude of heavy metal pollution of the sediment of Yanghe River decreased in the order of Cd > Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni. Risk analysis also suggested that Cd and Zn concentrations were sufficiently elevated as to cause adverse biological effects in this study area. According to the RI values, 27% of total sampling sites showed considerable ecological risk for the water body, and 53% of total sampling sites showed very high ecological risk for the waterbody. Sediment-bound Cd was found to be predominantly associated with the exchangeable phase of the sediment (25%–68%), while Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb showed the strongest association with the residual fractions (60%–92%, 53%–67%, 24%–85% and 35%–67%, respectively). PMID:25464136
Cr(III) solubility in aqueous fluids at high pressures and temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watenphul, Anke; Schmidt, Christian; Jahn, Sandro

2014-02-01

Trivalent chromium is generally considered relatively insoluble in aqueous fluids and melts. However, numerous counterexamples in nature indicate Cr(III) mobilization by aqueous fluids during metamorphism or hydrothermal alteration of chromite-bearing rocks, or by pegmatite melts. So far, very little is known about the chromium concentrations and speciation in such fluids. In this study, the solubility of eskolaite (Cr2O3) in 1.6-4.2 m aqueous HCl solutions was determined in situ at elevated pressures up to 1 GPa and temperatures ranging between 400 and 700 °C using synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-XRF). Determined concentrations of dissolved Cr ranged between about 900-18,000 ppm, with the highest concentrations found at 500 °C and 861 MPa. The Cr(III) solubility in aqueous HCl fluids is retrograde in the studied temperature range and increases with pressure. In addition, Cr(III) complexation in these fluids was explored by Raman spectroscopy on a 12.3 mass% HCl fluid in equilibrium with eskolaite at 400 and 600 °C, 0.3-1.6 GPa. All spectra show two prominent Cr-Cl stretching bands at about 275 and 325 cm-1, which display some fine structure, and in some spectra weak bands in the region between 380 and 500 cm-1. The sum of the integrated intensities of the two dominant bands reveals qualitatively the same changes with temperature along an isochore, with pressure at constant temperature, and with the time required for equilibration as the Cr(III) concentrations in the fluid determined by μ-XRF. Complementary ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of a 4 m HCl solution at two different densities (0.8 and 0.97 g/cm3) and temperatures (427 and 727 °C) were performed to investigate the vibrational properties of various(O)y3-x and (O)y(OH)z3-x-z complexes with 3⩽x+z⩽4 and 0⩽y⩽2. Quasi-normal mode analysis reveals that both the tetrahedral symmetric and antisymmetric Cr-Cl stretching vibrations of CrCl4(H2O)0-2- have characteristic frequencies in the range of the two strongest experimentally observed Raman bands, whereas Cr-O stretching vibrations of hydroxy-chloride complexes occur at wavenumbers above 400 cm-1. Solubility and complexation of Cr(III) depend strongly on the activities of Cl- and H+. At high H+ and Cl- activity, the results are consistent with CrCl(H2O)0-2-1-0 complexes as major Cr(III) species, the Cr coordination number of which increases with pressure by becoming more aquated. At low Cl- activity, i.e. in our study at high-temperature low-pressure conditions, the data indicate mixed CrClx((OH)z3-x-z complexes with Cl-Cr ratios less than three. In situ μ-XRF solubility experiments conducted with eskolaite + (H2O + 29 mass% Na2CO3) and kosmochlor + (H2O + 44 mass% Na2Si3O7) resulted in dissolved Cr concentrations at or below the detection limit of 500 ppm. Thus, acidic chloridic fluids seem to be more efficient agents for Cr(III) mobilization and transport at crustal conditions than aqueous alkali carbonate or silicate solutions.
Development and impact of exercise self-efficacy types during and after cardiac rehabilitation.

PubMed

Rodgers, Wendy M; Murray, Terra C; Selzler, Anne-Marie; Norman, Paul

2013-05-01

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a comprehensive treatment program centered on structured exercise that has been demonstrated to achieve significant decreases in mortality and morbidity in cardiac patients, yet few patients adhere to exercise post-CR and so fail to maintain any health benefits accrued during rehabilitation. One reason for the lack of adherence might be that CR fails to address the challenges to adherence faced by patients when they no longer have the resources and structure of CR to support them. Self-efficacy (SE) is a robust predictor of behavioral persistence. This study therefore focuses on changes in different types of SE during CR and the relationship of SE to subsequent levels of physical activity. A sample of 63 CR patients completed assessments of task, scheduling and coping SE at baseline and the end of CR, as well as self-reported exercise behavior at the end of CR and 1-month post-CR. Task SE (for performing elemental aspects of the behavior) was found to be most changed type of SE during CR and was strongly related to self-reported exercise at the end of CR. However, scheduling SE (for performing the behavior regularly) was most strongly related to self-reported exercise post-CR. These results are theoretically consistent and suggest that scheduling SE should be targeted during CR to improve post-CR exercise adherence.
Hydrogen ions and organic acids secreted by ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus sp1, are involved in the efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from waste water.

PubMed

Shi, Liang; Xue, Jiawang; Liu, Binhao; Dong, Pengcheng; Wen, Zhugui; Shen, Zhenguo; Chen, Yahua

2018-06-13

Pisolithus sp1 is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that was chosen during a screening test of six strains of ECM fungi due to its ability to tolerate and remove hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). The physiological responses of Pisolithus sp1 to Cr(VI) exposure, the relationship between Pisolithus sp1 and exogenously added organic acids (EAOAs) or Na 3 VO 4 (H + -ATPase inhibitor) and the ability of Pisolithus sp1 to reduce Cr(VI) in liquid culture were also investigated. Hydrogen ions (H + ), which were produced directly by Pisolithus sp1, reduced the pH of the medium and played an important role in Cr(VI) reduction; however, Na 3 VO 4 significantly inhibited this process and resulted in a decrease in the Cr(VI) reduction rates. Organic acids were secreted after the reduction in Cr(VI) by Pisolithus sp1, and EAOAs did not significantly affect Cr(VI) reduction; those results revealed the secondary role of organic acids in Cr(VI) reduction. The Cr(VI) removal rate of Pisolithus sp1 approached 99% after Cr(VI) treatment for 12 days. Overall, 75% of the Cr(VI) removal was due to extracellular reduction and 24% was due to adsorption. The results of this study provide a strong basis for using Cr(VI)-tolerant and Cr(VI)-reducing fungi, as well as ectomycorrhiza, in the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated sites. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Creatine metabolism in urea cycle defects.

PubMed

Boenzi, Sara; Pastore, Anna; Martinelli, Diego; Goffredo, Bianca Maria; Boiani, Arianna; Rizzo, Cristiano; Dionisi-Vici, Carlo

2012-07-01

Creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine play an essential role in energy storage and transmission. Maintenance of creatine pool is provided by the diet and by de novo synthesis, which utilizes arginine, glycine and s-adenosylmethionine as substrates. Three primary Cr deficiencies exists: arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency and the defect of Cr transporter SLC6A8. Secondary Cr deficiency is characteristic of ornithine-aminotransferase deficiency, whereas non-uniform Cr abnormalities have anecdotally been reported in patients with urea cycle defects (UCDs), a disease category related to arginine metabolism in which Cr must be acquired by de novo synthesis because of low dietary intake. To evaluate the relationships between ureagenesis and Cr synthesis, we systematically measured plasma Cr in a large series of UCD patients (i.e., OTC, ASS, ASL deficiencies, HHH syndrome and lysinuric protein intolerance). Plasma Cr concentrations in UCDs followed two different trends: patients with OTC and ASS deficiencies and HHH syndrome presented a significant Cr decrease, whereas in ASL deficiency and lysinuric protein intolerance Cr levels were significantly increased (23.5 vs. 82.6 μmol/L; p < 0.0001). This trend distribution appears to be regulated upon cellular arginine availability, highlighting its crucial role for both ureagenesis and Cr synthesis. Although decreased Cr contributes to the neurological symptoms in primary Cr deficiencies, still remains to be explored if an altered Cr metabolism may participate to CNS dysfunction also in patients with UCDs. Since arginine in most UCDs becomes a semi-essential aminoacid, measuring plasma Cr concentrations might be of help to optimize the dose of arginine substitution.
[Relationship between body fat and creatinine clearence in adults with and without diabetes mellitus].

PubMed

Romero-Campos, Sandra; Viveros-Cortés, Ángel; Medina-Escobedo, Martha; Sansores-España, Delia; Villanueva-Jorge, Salha

2015-01-01

Obesity is a risk factor for renal damage. This study aimed to determine the relationship between body fat percent and creatinine clearance in adult patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An observational prospective cross-correlation study was carried out among adults with and without T2DM between 18 and 60 years of age. It was determined the time of evolution with T2DM, as well as fat percentage (FP), body mass index (BMI), creatinine clearance (Cockroft-Gault [CrCCG]), glycemia and micro/macroalbuminuria. The correlation between CrCCG and FP was determined by Spearman's test. 174 subjects were included in this study. Obesity by BMI and FP in subjects with and without T2DM was similar. Of the studied subjects, 12.6 % didn't have kidney damage and 50.7 % had increased risk of renal disease; the frequencies for stages 1-4 of kidney damage were 12.0, 20.1, 4.0 and 0.6 %, respectively. Spearman's test showed a direct relationship between FP and CrCCG, higher in diabetics (r = 0.418, p < 0.0001) than in non-diabetics (p = 0.327, p < 0.0001). The FP was correlated directly with the CrCCG in subjects with and without T2DM; therefore, we can conclude that the greater the kidney damage, the smaller the fat porcentage in the study sample.
Long and short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of the healthy aging brain.

PubMed

McIntyre, Dominick J O; Charlton, Rebecca A; Markus, Hugh S; Howe, Franklyn A

2007-12-01

To investigate the relationship between subject age and white matter brain metabolite concentrations and R(2) relaxation rates in a cross-sectional study of human brain. Long- and short-echo proton spectroscopic imaging were used to investigate concentrations and R2 relaxation rates of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) + N-acetyl aspartyl glutamate (NAAG), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and myoinositol (mI) in the white matter of the centrum semiovale of 106 healthy volunteers aged 50-90 years; usable data were obtained from 79 subjects. A major aim was to identify which parameters were most sensitive to changes with age. Spectra were analyzed using the LCModel method. The apparent R2 of NAA and the LCModel concentration of Cr at short echo time were significantly correlated with age after multiplicity correction. Large lipid resonances were observed in the brain midline of some subjects, the incidence increasing significantly with age. We believe this to result from lipid deposits in the falx cerebri. Since only short-echo spectroscopy showed a robust relationship between Cr and subject age, and detects more metabolites than long echo time, we conclude that short-echo is superior to long-echo for future aging studies. Future studies could usefully determine whether the Cr-age relationship is due to changes in concentration, T1, or both. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Artificial Neural Network-Based Three-dimensional Continuous Response Relationship Construction of 3Cr20Ni10W2 Heat-Resisting Alloy and Its Application in Finite Element Simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Le; Wang, Li-yong

2018-04-01

The application of accurate constitutive relationship in finite element simulation would significantly contribute to accurate simulation results, which plays a critical role in process design and optimization. In this investigation, the true stress-strain data of 3Cr20Ni10W2 heat-resisting alloy were obtained from a series of isothermal compression tests conducted in a wide temperature range of 1203-1403 K and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s-1 on a Gleeble 1500 testing machine. Then the constitutive relationship was modeled by an optimally constructed and well-trained back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN). The evaluation of the BP-ANN model revealed that it has admirable performance in characterizing and predicting the flow behaviors of 3Cr20Ni10W2 heat-resisting alloy. Meanwhile, a comparison between improved Arrhenius-type constitutive equation and BP-ANN model shows that the latter has higher accuracy. Consequently, the developed BP-ANN model was used to predict abundant stress-strain data beyond the limited experimental conditions and construct the three-dimensional continuous response relationship for temperature, strain rate, strain, and stress. Finally, the three-dimensional continuous response relationship was applied to the numerical simulation of isothermal compression tests. The results show that such constitutive relationship can significantly promote the accuracy improvement of numerical simulation for hot forming processes.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Associated with Atrophy in Alzheimer’s and Aging Over Two Years

PubMed Central

Vidoni, Eric D.; Honea, Robyn A.; Billinger, Sandra A.; Swerdlow, Russel H.; Burns, Jeffrey M.

2011-01-01

We sought to describe change in cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness over 2 years in those with early–stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and nondemented aging and assess the relationship of CR fitness with cognitive decline, brain atrophy and dementia progression. Individuals with early-stage AD (n=37) and without dementia (n=53) attended clinical evaluations, cognitive and exercise tests, and MRI at baseline and 2 years later. CR fitness was lower in those with AD over the study period. Lower baseline CR fitness was associated with progression of dementia severity in AD. Declining CR fitness over 2 years was associated with brain atrophy in AD, especially in the parahippocampus. In nondemented participants, there was a trend for lower baseline fitness to be related to cognitive decline. Both lower baseline CR fitness and declining CR fitness over 2 years were associated with regional brain atrophy. We conclude that CR fitness is chronically reduced in those with AD. Further in those with AD, CR fitness is associated with progression of dementia severity and brain atrophy in AD, suggesting a link between progression of dementia severity and cardiorespiratory health. PMID:21531480
Demonstration of High-Mobility Electron and Hole Transport in a Single InGaSb Well for Complementary Circuits

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Abrokwah, P.N. Parakh, T.D. Basso, S.M. Gold, S. Stetson, C.R. Gauthier, D. Foster, B. Crawforth, T. McQuire, K . Sakallah, R.J. Lomax, T.N. Mudge...IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst. 6 (1998) 47. [3] A. Leuther, A. Thiede, K . Kohler, T. Jakobus, G. Weimann, Compd. Semicond. 1999 (2000) 313. [4] J.H. Tsai, C.M...Longenbach, R. Beresford, W.I. Wang, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 37 (1990) 2265. [8] K . Yoh, H. Taniguchi, K . Kiyomi, M. Inoue, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. I 30
Complementary models of tree species-soil relationships in old-growth temperate forests

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cross, Alison; Perakis, Steven S.

2011-01-01

Ecosystem level studies identify plant soil feed backs as important controls on soil nutrient availability,particularly for nitrogen and phosphorus. Although site and species specific studies of tree species soil relationships are relatively common,comparatively fewer studies consider multiple coexisting speciesin old-growth forests across a range of sites that vary underlying soil fertility. We characterized patterns in forest floor and mineral soil nutrients associated with four common tree species across eight undisturbed old-growth forests in Oregon, USA, and used two complementary conceptual models to assess tree species soil relationships. Plant soil feedbacks that could reinforce sitelevel differences in nutrient availability were assessed using the context dependent relationships model, where by relative species based differences in each soil nutrient divergedorconvergedas nutrient status changed across sites. Tree species soil relationships that did not reflect strong feedbacks were evaluated using a site independent relationships model, where by forest floor and surface mineral soil nutrient tools differed consistently by tree species across sites,without variation in deeper mineral soils. We found that theorganically cycled elements carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus exhibited context-dependent differences among species in both forest floor and mineral soil, and most of ten followed adivergence model,where by species differences were greatest at high-nutrient sites. These patterns are consistent with the oryemphasizing biotic control of these elements through plant soil feedback mechanisms. Site independent species differences were strongest for pool so if the weather able cations calcium, magnesium, potassium,as well as phosphorus, in mineral soils. Site independent species differences in forest floor nutrients we reattributable too nespecies that displayed significant greater forest floor mass accumulation. Our finding confirmed that site-independent and context-dependent tree species-soil relationships occur simultaneouslyinold-grow the temperate forests, with context-dependent relationships strongest for organically cycled elements, and site-independent relationships strongest for weather able elements with in organic cycling phases. These models provide complementary explanations for patterns of nutrient accumulation and cycling in mixed species old-growth temperate forests.
Micromonospora cremea sp. nov. and Micromonospora zamorensis sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Pisum sativum.

PubMed

Carro, Lorena; Pukall, Rüdiger; Spröer, Cathrin; Kroppenstedt, Reiner M; Trujillo, Martha E

2012-12-01

Three actinobacterial strains, CR30(T), CR36 and CR38(T), were isolated from rhizosphere soil of Pisum sativum plants collected in Spain. The strains were filamentous, Gram-stain-positive and produced single spores. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and morphological analyses confirmed that the three strains belonged to the genus Micromonospora. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strains CR30(T) and CR36 showed a close relationship to Micromonospora coriariae NAR01(T) (99.3% similarity) while strain CR38(T) had a similarity of 99.0% with Micromonospora saelicesensis Lupac 09(T). In addition, gyrB gene phylogeny clearly differentiated the novel isolates from recognized Micromonospora species. DNA-DNA hybridization, BOX-PCR and ARDRA profiles confirmed that these strains represent novel genomic species. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strains CR30(T) and CR38(T) contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. Both strains had MK-10(H(4)) as the main menaquinone and a phospholipid type II pattern. An array of physiological tests also differentiated the isolates from their closest neighbours. Considering all the data obtained, it is proposed that strains CR30(T) and CR36 represent a novel species under the name Micromonospora cremea sp. nov. (type strain CR30(T) = CECT 7891(T) = DSM 45599(T)), whereas CR38(T) represents a second novel species, for which the name Micromonospora zamorensis sp. nov. is proposed, with CR38(T) ( = CECT 7892(T) = DSM 45600(T)) as the type strain.
Fabrication of Monolithic Sapphire Membranes for High Tc Bolometer Array Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pugel, D. E.; Lakew, B.; Aslam, S.; Wang, L.

2003-01-01

This paper examines the effectiveness of Pt/Cr thin film masks for the architecture of monolithic membrane structures in r-plane sapphire. The development of a pinhole-free Pt/Cr composite mask that is resistant to hot H2SO4:H3PO4 etchant, will lead to the fabrication of smooth sapphire membranes whose surfaces are well-suited for the growth of low-noise high Tc films. In particular, the relationship of thermal annealing conditions on the Pt/Cr composite mask system to: (1) changes in the surface morphology and elemental concentration of the Pt/Cr thin film layers and (2) etch pit formation on the sapphire surface will be presented.
Genealogy of Iron and Pallasite Meteorites as Revealed by Cr Isotopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sanborn, M.; Yin, Q. Z.; Ziegler, K. G.

2017-12-01

The parent bodies and/or chemical reservoirs from which iron and stony-iron meteorites originated are not very well understood. It is unclear if particular groups of iron or stony-iron meteorites originated from melting of already known chondritic parent bodies or are representating new chemical reservoirs. Potential connections between iron meteorites and pallasites and known parent bodies have been suggested based on oxygen isotopes. Proposed genetic relationships include the IVA irons with ordinary chondrites1 and the anomalous pallasite Eagle Station with the CV chondrites2. Here, we use the power of Cr isotopes to further resolve potential connections between IVA irons and pallasites and specific parent bodies. Our new measurements of Cr isotopic composition of silicate inclusions from two IVA irons, Steinbach and São João Nepomuceno, are shown to be indistinguishable from that of the ordinary chondrites. Coupling Cr with oxygen indicates the IVA irons likely originated from the same source as LL chondrites. In contrast with Eagle Station, the new Cr isotope measurements combined with oxygen indicates the MGP Brenham and Krasnojarsk sampled a source material similar to that of the anomalous HEDs. As with Eagle Station, the Milton pallasite exhibits a carbonaceous chondrite (CC) Cr isotope composition, indicating that Eagle Station was not the lone case of a pallasite originating from a CC reservoir. By establishing these genetic relationships using Cr isotopes, it is now evident that the differentiation activity sampled by IVA irons and pallasites represents processes occurring on a diverse set of parent bodies in the early Solar System. [1] Ruzicka and Hutson (2006) MAPS, 41, 1959. [2] Shukolyukov and Lugmair (2006) EPSL, 250, 200.
The Relationship Between Creatine and Whey Protein Supplements Consumption and Anesthesia in Rats.

PubMed

Saberi, Kianoush; Gorji Mahlabani, Mohammad Amin; Tashayoie, Mohammad; Nasiri Nejad, Farinaz

2016-02-01

Because the trend of pharmacotherapy is toward controlling diet rather than administration of drugs, in our study we examined the probable relationship between Creatine (Cr) or Whey (Wh) consumption and anesthesia (analgesia effect of ketamine). Creatine and Wh are among the most favorable supplements in the market. Whey is a protein, which is extracted from milk and is a rich source of amino acids. Creatine is an amino acid derivative that can change to ATP in the body. Both of these supplements result in Nitric Oxide (NO) retention, which is believed to be effective in N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor analgesia. The main question of this study was whether Wh and Cr are effective on analgesic and anesthetic characteristics of ketamine and whether this is related to NO retention or amino acids' features. We divided 30 male Wistar rats to three (n = 10) groups; including Cr, Wh and sham (water only) groups. Each group was administered (by gavage) the supplements for an intermediate dosage during 25 days. After this period, they became anesthetized using a Ketamine-Xylazine (KX) and their time to anesthesia and analgesia, and total sleep time were recorded. Data were analyzed twice using the SPSS 18 software with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test; first time we expunged the rats that didn't become anesthetized and the second time we included all of the samples. There was a significant P-value (P < 0.05) for total anesthesia time in the second analysis. Bonferroni multiple comparison indicated that the difference was between Cr and Sham groups (P < 0.021). The data only indicated that there might be a significant relationship between Cr consumption and total sleep time. Further studies, with rats of different gender and different dosage of supplement and anesthetics are suggested.
Is Age Just a Number? Cognitive Reserve as a Predictor of Divergent Thinking in Late Adulthood

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meléndez, Juan C.; Alfonso-Benlliure, Vicente; Mayordomo, Teresa; Sales, Alicia

2016-01-01

The purpose of the study was to test a model of causal relationships among cognitive reserve (CR), personality variables such as Neuroticism and Openness to experience, and divergent thinking (DT), independently evaluating performance in different domains (verbal and graphic). It was hypothesized that CR, Openness, and Neuroticism would each…
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, H.H.; Jin, Z.P.

Little information for the phase equilibria in the ternary system Cr-Ni-Ti is available, and the phase relationships in isothermal section are uncertain. Taylor presented two determined isothermal sections at 750 C and 1,000 C for the Ni-corner. Kornilov et al. reported the solubility of Ti in Ni varying with temperature under the condition of constant Cr content (10 at% and 20 at% Cr respectively). Gupta et al. proposed a schematic liquidus projection diagram. Kaufman calculated three isothermal sections (1,300, 1,550 and 1,625 K) of the system Cr-Ni-Ti. All in all, the experimental data for the system are rather sparse. Themore » purpose of the present work is to gain experimental information of the isothermal section at 1,200K in the system Cr-Ni-Ti by means of a diffusion triple technique.« less
Assessing the impact of case sensitivity and term information gain on biomedical concept recognition.

PubMed

Groza, Tudor; Verspoor, Karin

2015-01-01

Concept recognition (CR) is a foundational task in the biomedical domain. It supports the important process of transforming unstructured resources into structured knowledge. To date, several CR approaches have been proposed, most of which focus on a particular set of biomedical ontologies. Their underlying mechanisms vary from shallow natural language processing and dictionary lookup to specialized machine learning modules. However, no prior approach considers the case sensitivity characteristics and the term distribution of the underlying ontology on the CR process. This article proposes a framework that models the CR process as an information retrieval task in which both case sensitivity and the information gain associated with tokens in lexical representations (e.g., term labels, synonyms) are central components of a strategy for generating term variants. The case sensitivity of a given ontology is assessed based on the distribution of so-called case sensitive tokens in its terms, while information gain is modelled using a combination of divergence from randomness and mutual information. An extensive evaluation has been carried out using the CRAFT corpus. Experimental results show that case sensitivity awareness leads to an increase of up to 0.07 F1 against a non-case sensitive baseline on the Protein Ontology and GO Cellular Component. Similarly, the use of information gain leads to an increase of up to 0.06 F1 against a standard baseline in the case of GO Biological Process and Molecular Function and GO Cellular Component. Overall, subject to the underlying token distribution, these methods lead to valid complementary strategies for augmenting term label sets to improve concept recognition.
Concentration-response of short-term ozone exposure and hospital admissions for asthma in Texas.

PubMed

Zu, Ke; Liu, Xiaobin; Shi, Liuhua; Tao, Ge; Loftus, Christine T; Lange, Sabine; Goodman, Julie E

2017-07-01

Short-term exposure to ozone has been associated with asthma hospital admissions (HA) and emergency department (ED) visits, but the shape of the concentration-response (C-R) curve is unclear. We conducted a time series analysis of asthma HAs and ambient ozone concentrations in six metropolitan areas in Texas from 2001 to 2013. Using generalized linear regression models, we estimated the effect of daily 8-hour maximum ozone concentrations on asthma HAs for all ages combined, and for those aged 5-14, 15-64, and 65+years. We fit penalized regression splines to evaluate the shape of the C-R curves. Using a log-linear model, estimated risk per 10ppb increase in average daily 8-hour maximum ozone concentrations was highest for children (relative risk [RR]=1.047, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.025-1.069), lower for younger adults (RR=1.018, 95% CI: 1.005-1.032), and null for older adults (RR=1.002, 95% CI: 0.981-1.023). However, penalized spline models demonstrated significant nonlinear C-R relationships for all ages combined, children, and younger adults, indicating the existence of thresholds. We did not observe an increased risk of asthma HAs until average daily 8-hour maximum ozone concentrations exceeded approximately 40ppb. Ozone and asthma HAs are significantly associated with each other; susceptibility to ozone is age-dependent, with children at highest risk. C-R relationships between average daily 8-hour maximum ozone concentrations and asthma HAs are significantly curvilinear for all ages combined, children, and younger adults. These nonlinear relationships, as well as the lack of relationship between average daily 8-hour maximum and peak ozone concentrations, have important implications for assessing risks to human health in regulatory settings. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Motivational processes and well-being in cardiac rehabilitation: a self-determination theory perspective.

PubMed

Rahman, Rachel Jane; Hudson, Joanne; Thøgersen-Ntoumani, Cecilie; Doust, Jonathan H

2015-01-01

This research examined the processes underpinning changes in psychological well-being and behavioural regulation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) patients using self-determination theory (SDT). A repeated measures design was used to identify the longitudinal relationships between SDT variables, psychological well-being and exercise behaviour during and following a structured CR programme. Participants were 389 cardiac patients (aged 36-84 years; M(age) = 64 ± 9 years; 34.3% female) referred to a 12-week-supervised CR programme. Psychological need satisfaction, behavioural regulation, health-related quality of life, physical self-worth, anxiety and depression were measured at programme entry, exit and six month post-programme. During the programme, increases in autonomy satisfaction predicted positive changes in behavioural regulation, and improvements in competence and relatedness satisfaction predicted improvements in behavioural regulation and well-being. Competence satisfaction also positively predicted habitual physical activity. Decreases in external regulation and increases in intrinsic motivation predicted improvements in physical self-worth and physical well-being, respectively. Significant longitudinal relationships were identified whereby changes during the programme predicted changes in habitual physical activity and the mental quality of life from exit to six month follow-up. Findings provide insight into the factors explaining psychological changes seen during CR. They highlight the importance of increasing patients' perceptions of psychological need satisfaction and self-determined motivation to improve well-being during the structured component of a CR programme and longer term physical activity.
A simple measure of cognitive reserve is relevant for cognitive performance in MS patients.

PubMed

Della Corte, Marida; Santangelo, Gabriella; Bisecco, Alvino; Sacco, Rosaria; Siciliano, Mattia; d'Ambrosio, Alessandro; Docimo, Renato; Cuomo, Teresa; Lavorgna, Luigi; Bonavita, Simona; Tedeschi, Gioacchino; Gallo, Antonio

2018-05-04

Cognitive reserve (CR) contributes to preserve cognition despite brain damage. This theory has been applied to multiple sclerosis (MS) to explain the partial relationship between cognition and MRI markers of brain pathology. Our aim was to determine the relationship between two measures of CR and cognition in MS. One hundred and forty-seven MS patients were enrolled. Cognition was assessed using the Rao's Brief Repeatable Battery and the Stroop Test. CR was measured as the vocabulary subtest of the WAIS-R score (VOC) and the number of years of formal education (EDU). Regression analysis included raw score data on each neuropsychological (NP) test as dependent variables and demographic/clinical parameters, VOC, and EDU as independent predictors. A binary logistic regression analysis including clinical/CR parameters as covariates and absence/presence of cognitive deficits as dependent variables was performed too. VOC, but not EDU, was strongly correlated with performances at all ten NP tests. EDU was correlated with executive performances. The binary logistic regression showed that only the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and VOC were independently correlated with the presence/absence of CD. The lower the VOC and/or the higher the EDSS, the higher the frequency of CD. In conclusion, our study supports the relevance of CR in subtending cognitive performances and the presence of CD in MS patients.
Characteristics of Eutectic α(Cr,Fe)-(Cr,Fe)23C6 in the Eutectic Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lai, Hsuan-Han; Hsieh, Chih-Chun; Lin, Chi-Ming; Wu, Weite

2017-01-01

A specific eutectic (Cr,Fe)-(Cr,Fe)23C6 structure had been previously reported in the research studies of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys. In this study, a close observation and discussion of the eutectic (Cr,Fe)-(Cr,Fe)23C6 were conducted. The eutectic solidification occurred when the chromium content of the alloy exceeded 35 wt pct. The eutectic structure showed a triaxial radial fishbone structure which was the so called "complex regular structure." Lamellar costa plates showed local asymmetry at two sides of a spine. Individual costae were able to combine as one, and spines showed extra branches. Costae that were nearly parallel to the heat flow direction were longer than those that were vertical to the heat flow direction. The triaxial spines preferred to intersect at 120 deg, while the costae preferred to intersect the spine at 90 deg and 35.26 deg due to the lattice relationships. The solidified metal near the fusion boundary showed an irregular structure instead of a complex regular structure. The reason for the irregular morphology was the high growth rate near the fusion boundary.
Some TEM observations of Al2O3 scales formed on NiCrAl alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smialek, J.; Gibala, R.

1979-01-01

The microstructural development of Al2O3 scales on NiCrAl alloys has been examined by transmission electron microscopy. Voids were observed within grains in scales formed on a pure NiCrAl alloy. Both voids and oxide grains grew measurably with oxidation time at 1100 C. The size and amount of porosity decreased towards the oxide-metal growth interface. The voids resulted from an excess number of oxygen vacancies near the oxidemetal interface. Short-circuit diffusion paths were discussed in reference to current growth stress models for oxide scales. Transient oxidation of pure, Y-doped, and Zr-doped NiCrAl was also examined. Oriented alpha-(Al, Cr)2O3 and Ni(Al, Cr)2O4 scales often coexisted in layered structures on all three alloys. Close-packed oxygen planes and directions in the corundum and spinel layers were parallel. The close relationship between oxide layers provided a gradual transition from initial transient scales to steady state Al2O3 growth.
Working memory capacity links cognitive reserve with long-term memory in moderate to severe TBI: a translational approach.

PubMed

Sandry, Joshua; DeLuca, John; Chiaravalloti, Nancy

2015-01-01

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can have devastating negative consequences on an individuals' ability to remember information; however, there is variability among memory impairment resulting from TBI. Some individuals exhibit long-term memory (LTM) impairment while others do not. This variability has been explained, at least in part, by the theory of cognitive reserve (CR). The theory suggests that individuals who have spent significant time engaged in intellectually enriching activities (higher CR) are better able to withstand LTM impairment despite neurological injury. The cognitive mechanisms that underlie this relationship are not well-specified. Recent evidence suggests that working memory (WM) capacity may be one mediating variable that can help explain how/why cognitive reserve (CR) protects against LTM impairment. The present research tested this hypothesis in a sample of fifty moderate to severe TBI patients. Specific neuropsychological tests were administered to estimate CR, LTM and WM. The results were congruent with a recent theoretical model that implicates WM capacity as a mediating variable in the relationship between CR and LTM (Sobel's Z = 2.62, p = 0.009). These data corroborate recent findings in an alternate neurological population and suggest that WM is an underlying mechanism of CR. Additional research is necessary to establish whether (1) WM is an important individual difference variable to include in memory rehabilitation trials and (2) to determine whether rehabilitation and treatment strategies that specifically target WM may also lead to complimentary improvements on diagnostic tests of delayed LTM in TBI and other memory impaired populations.
Plasma creatinine levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate and carotid intima media thickness in middle-aged women: a population based cohort study.

PubMed

Gentile, M; Panico, S; Mattiello, A; de Michele, M; Iannuzzi, A; Jossa, F; Marotta, G; Rubba, P

2014-06-01

The relationships between high Creatinine (Cr) levels or low estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and common carotid Intima Media thickness (IMT) have been evaluated in a population-based cohort study in women, aged 30-69 (Progetto ATENA). Serum Cr and eGFR were measured in 310 women, as a part of 5.062. In this group carotid ultrasound examination (B-Mode imaging) was performed and mean max IMT was calculated. Women were classified by Cr levels >1 mg/dL or eGFR < 56 ml/min. Women with Cr > 1 mg/dL (90th percentile of creatinine distribution) or eGFR less than 56 ml/min (5th percentile of eGFR distribution) had relatively more carotid plaques as compared to the rest of the cohort. Multivariate logistic analysis, after adjustment for age, demonstrated a significant association between Cr (>1 mg/dL) and IMT (≥1.2 mm): OR 4.12 (C.I 1.22-13.86), p = 0.022; or eGFR (<56 ml/min) and IMT (≥1.2 mm): OR 4.31 (C.I 1.27-14.66), p = 0.019. These findings on an independent relationship between Cr and common carotid plaques in this population of middle aged women, independently of age, suggest the value of screening for early carotid disease in asymptomatic middle aged-women with mild renal insufficiency, in order to predict those at relatively higher risk for future cardiovascular events. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Effects of Graded Levels of Calorie Restriction: XIII. Global Metabolomics Screen Reveals Graded Changes in Circulating Amino Acids, Vitamins, and Bile Acids in the Plasma of C57BL/6 Mice.

PubMed

Green, Cara L; Soltow, Quinlyn A; Mitchell, Sharon E; Derous, Davina; Wang, Yingchun; Chen, Luonan; Han, Jing-Dong J; Promislow, Daniel E L; Lusseau, David; Douglas, Alex; Jones, Dean P; Speakman, John R

2018-04-30

Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend life span and improve health span. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach, we identified metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed in the plasma of C57BL/6 mice, fed graded levels of calorie restriction (10% CR, 20% CR, 30% CR, and 40% CR) compared with mice fed ad libitum for 12 hours a day. The differential expression of metabolites increased with the severity of CR. Pathway analysis revealed that graded CR had an impact on vitamin E and vitamin B levels, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and fatty acid pathways. The majority of amino acids correlated positively with fat-free mass and visceral fat mass, indicating a strong relationship with body composition and vitamin E metabolites correlated with stomach and colon size, which may allude to the beneficial effects of investing in gastrointestinal organs with CR. In addition, metabolites that showed a graded effect, such as the sphinganines, carnitines, and bile acids, match our previous study on liver, which suggests not only that CR remodels the metabolome in a way that promotes energy efficiency, but also that some changes are conserved across tissues.
Utility of Ochrobactrum anthropi YC152 in a Microbial Fuel Cell as an Early Warning Device for Hexavalent Chromium Determination.

PubMed

Wang, Guey-Horng; Cheng, Chiu-Yu; Liu, Man-Hai; Chen, Tzu-Yu; Hsieh, Min-Chi; Chung, Ying-Chien

2016-08-16

Fast hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) determination is important for environmental risk and health-related considerations. We used a microbial fuel cell-based biosensor inoculated with a facultatively anaerobic, Cr(VI)-reducing, and exoelectrogenic Ochrobactrum anthropi YC152 to determine the Cr(VI) concentration in water. The results indicated that O. anthropi YC152 exhibited high adaptability to pH, temperature, salinity, and water quality under anaerobic conditions. The stable performance of the microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensor indicated its potential as a reliable biosensor system. The MFC voltage decreased as the Cr(VI) concentration in the MFC increased. Two satisfactory linear relationships were observed between the Cr(VI) concentration and voltage output for various Cr(VI) concentration ranges (0.0125-0.3 mg/L and 0.3-5 mg/L). The MFC biosensor is a simple device that can accurately measure Cr(VI) concentrations in drinking water, groundwater, and electroplating wastewater in 45 min with low deviations (<10%). The use of the biosensor can help in preventing the violation of effluent regulations and the maximum allowable concentration of Cr(VI) in water. Thus, the developed MFC biosensor has potential as an early warning detection device for Cr(VI) determination even if O. anthropi YC152 is a possible opportunistic pathogen.
Influence of Environmental Factors and Relationships between Vanadium, Chromium, and Calcium in Human Bone

PubMed Central

Lanocha-Arendarczyk, Natalia; Kosik-Bogacka, Danuta I.; Kalisinska, Elzbieta; Sokolowski, Sebastian; Kolodziej, Lukasz; Budis, Halina; Safranow, Krzysztof; Kot, Karolina; Ciosek, Zaneta; Tomska, Natalia; Galant, Katarzyna

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the concentrations of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), and calcium (Ca) and to examine the synergistic or antagonistic relationships between these metals, in cartilage (C), cortical bone (CB), and spongy bone (SB) samples obtained following hip joint surgery on patients with osteoarthritis in NW Poland. We found significantly higher concentrations of V and Cr in spongy bone in patients who consumed game meat and also those with prosthetic implants. Chromium levels were significantly lower in patients with kidney diseases. The greatest positive correlations were found between spongy bone V and (i) the amount of consumed beer and (ii) seafood diet. Correlation analysis also showed a significant correlation between Cr levels and seafood diet. To a certain extent these results indicate that the concentrations of V, Cr, and Ca in the human hip joint tissues are connected with occupational exposure, kidney diseases, diet containing game meat, sea food, beer, and the presence of implants. Furthermore, we noted new types of interactions in specific parts of the femoral head. Vanadium may contribute to the lower bone Ca levels, especially in the external parts (cartilage and cortical bone). PMID:27294138

Influence of Environmental Factors and Relationships between Vanadium, Chromium, and Calcium in Human Bone.

PubMed

Lanocha-Arendarczyk, Natalia; Kosik-Bogacka, Danuta I; Kalisinska, Elzbieta; Sokolowski, Sebastian; Kolodziej, Lukasz; Budis, Halina; Safranow, Krzysztof; Kot, Karolina; Ciosek, Zaneta; Tomska, Natalia; Galant, Katarzyna

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the concentrations of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), and calcium (Ca) and to examine the synergistic or antagonistic relationships between these metals, in cartilage (C), cortical bone (CB), and spongy bone (SB) samples obtained following hip joint surgery on patients with osteoarthritis in NW Poland. We found significantly higher concentrations of V and Cr in spongy bone in patients who consumed game meat and also those with prosthetic implants. Chromium levels were significantly lower in patients with kidney diseases. The greatest positive correlations were found between spongy bone V and (i) the amount of consumed beer and (ii) seafood diet. Correlation analysis also showed a significant correlation between Cr levels and seafood diet. To a certain extent these results indicate that the concentrations of V, Cr, and Ca in the human hip joint tissues are connected with occupational exposure, kidney diseases, diet containing game meat, sea food, beer, and the presence of implants. Furthermore, we noted new types of interactions in specific parts of the femoral head. Vanadium may contribute to the lower bone Ca levels, especially in the external parts (cartilage and cortical bone).
Dyslipidemia links obesity to early cerebral neurochemical alterations.

PubMed

Haley, Andreana P; Gonzales, Mitzi M; Tarumi, Takashi; Tanaka, Hirofumi

2013-10-01

To examine the role of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia in potentially accounting for obesity-related brain vulnerability in the form of altered cerebral neurochemistry. Sixty-four adults, ages 40-60 years, underwent a health screen and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H MRS) of occipitoparietal gray matter to measure N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), and glutamate (Glu) relative to creatine (Cr). The causal steps approach and nonparametric bootstrapping were utilized to assess if fasting glucose, mean arterial pressure or peripheral lipid/lipoprotein levels mediate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cerebral neurochemistry. Higher BMI was significantly related to higher mI/Cr, independent of age and sex. BMI was also significantly related to two of the proposed mediators, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol, which were also independently related to increased mI/Cr. Finally, the relationship between BMI and mI/Cr was significantly attenuated after inclusion of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol into the model, one at a time, indicating statistical mediation. Higher triglyceride and lower HDL levels statistically account for the association between BMI and myo-inositol, pointing toward a potentially critical role for dyslipidemia in the development of cerebral neurochemical alterations in obesity. Copyright © 2013 The Obesity Society.
Relationship of BK polyoma virus (BKV) in the urine with hemorrhagic cystitis and renal function in recipients of T-cell depleted peripheral blood and cord blood stem cell transplants

PubMed Central

Lee, Yeon Joo; Zheng, Junting; Kolitsopoulos, Yovanna; Chung, Dick; Amigues, Isabelle; Son, Tammy; Choo, Kathleen; Hester, Jeff; Giralt, Sergio A.; Glezerman, Ilya G.; Jakubowski, Ann A.; Papanicolaou, Genovefa A.

2014-01-01

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at significant risk for BKV reactivation, hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) and renal dysfunction. We prospectively monitored 98 HSCT by serial BKV PCR in the urine through Day (D) +100 to analyze the relationship between BKV viruria and HC, serum creatinine (Cr) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) through D +180 or death. Patients, median age 52 years, range 20-73, received T-cell depleted (50%) or cord blood allografts (21%). Median pre-HSCT BKV IgG titers were 1:10,240. Incremental increase in BKV IgG titers correlated with developing BKV viruria ≥ 107 copies/mL. By D +100, 53 (54%) patients had BKV viruria. BKV viral load in the urine increased at engraftment and persisted throughout D +100. HC developed in 10 patients (10%); 7/10 with BKV viruria. In competing risk analyses, BKV viruria ≥ 107 copies/mL, older age, CMV reactivation and foscarnet use were risk factors for HC. Cr and CrCl at 2, 3 and 6 months post-HSCT were similar between patients with and without BKV viruria. PMID:24769326
Fabrication of Monolithic Sapphire Membranes for High T(sub c) Bolometer Array Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pugel, D. E.; Lakew, B.; Aslam, S.; Wang, L.

2004-01-01

This paper examines the effectiveness of Pt/Cr thin film masks for the architecture of monolithic membrane structures in r-plane single crystal sapphire. The development of a pinhole-free Pt/Cr composite mask that is resistant to boiling H2SO4:H3PO4 etchant will lead to the fabrication of smooth sapphire membranes whose surfaces are well-suited for the growth of low-noise high Tc films. In particular, the relationship of thermal annealing conditions on the Pt/Cr composite mask system to: (1) changes in the surface morphology (2) elemental concentration of the Pt/Cr thin film layers and (3) etch pit formation on the sapphire surface will be presented.
Sideflexion induced lumbar spine conjunct rotation and its influencing factors.

PubMed

Vicenzino, G; Twomey, L

1993-01-01

Twenty motion segments from four male post mortem subjects with a mean age of 29 years were moved into the lumbar spine test positions of extension/left sideflexion, extension/right sideflexion, flexion/left sideflexion and flexion/right sideflexion Jheconjunct rotation (CR) that occurred was measured from a photographic record. The results indicated that the direction of the CR of the whole lumbar spine (ie between L1 and S1) was significantly different between the flexed and extended lumbar spine position. The direction of the CR was also significantly different between the different intervertebral motion segment levels. There was no relationship between CR and zygapophyseal joint geometry or intervertebral disc degeneration. Copyright © 1993 Australian Physiotherapy Association. Published by . All rights reserved.
Relationship between timed and spot urine collections for measuring phosphate excretion.

PubMed

Tan, Sven-Jean; Smith, Edward R; Cai, Michael M X; Holt, Stephen G; Hewitson, Tim D; Toussaint, Nigel D

2016-01-01

Twenty-four hour urinary phosphate excretion (UPE) reflects intestinal phosphate absorption in steady state and may be more informative than serum phosphate (sPi) when assessing phosphate homoeostasis clinically. Timed urine collections are cumbersome and prone to collection errors. Spot urine phosphate/creatinine ratio (uPiCr) may be a useful, simple surrogate for 24-h UPE, but requires further validation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between uPiCr and 24-h UPE. This single-centre cross-sectional study examined contemporaneous serum, spot urine and 24-h urine. Serum biochemistry was analysed. Urine phosphate concentration (uPi) and creatinine concentration (uCr) were measured in spot and 24-h urine collections. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess agreement between spot uPiCr and UPE. Backward multivariate analysis was undertaken for UPE prediction. One hundred and sixteen participants (77 with kidney disease and 39 healthy volunteers) were studied. Seventy-four (63.8 %) were male. Median (IQR) age was 61(49-71) years. Median (IQR) spot uPiCr and total UPE were 1.7 (1.3-2.2) mmol/mmol and 25.8 (19.9-35.0) mmol/d, respectively. There was no correlation between spot uPiCr and 24-h UPE (R = 0.064, P = 0.51) but spot uPi significantly correlated with 24-h UPE (R = 0.385, P < 0.001). Although spot and 24-h measures of phosphate handling correlated (all P < 0.001), Bland-Altman analysis revealed bias between collection techniques. UPE prediction model using the independent variables of eGFR, sPi, albumin and spot uPi provided R (2) = 0.443. No direct correlation was noted between spot uPiCr and 24-h UPE. Normalization of uPi to uCr on spot urine samples may be inappropriate when evaluating urinary phosphate excretion in adults and thus, a spot uPiCr is not a suitable surrogate for measuring UPE. A UPE prediction model utilising spot urine biochemistry cannot be advocated at present.
On the complementary relationship between marginal nitrogen and water-use efficiencies among Pinus taeda leaves grown under ambient and CO2-enriched environments

PubMed Central

Palmroth, Sari; Katul, Gabriel G.; Maier, Chris A.; Ward, Eric; Manzoni, Stefano; Vico, Giulia

2013-01-01

Background and Aims Water and nitrogen (N) are two limiting resources for biomass production of terrestrial vegetation. Water losses in transpiration (E) can be decreased by reducing leaf stomatal conductance (gs) at the expense of lowering CO2 uptake (A), resulting in increased water-use efficiency. However, with more N available, higher allocation of N to photosynthetic proteins improves A so that N-use efficiency is reduced when gs declines. Hence, a trade-off is expected between these two resource-use efficiencies. In this study it is hypothesized that when foliar concentration (N) varies on time scales much longer than gs, an explicit complementary relationship between the marginal water- and N-use efficiency emerges. Furthermore, a shift in this relationship is anticipated with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration (ca). Methods Optimization theory is employed to quantify interactions between resource-use efficiencies under elevated ca and soil N amendments. The analyses are based on marginal water- and N-use efficiencies, λ = (∂A/∂gs)/(∂E/∂gs) and η = ∂A/∂N, respectively. The relationship between the two efficiencies and related variation in intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) were examined using A/ci curves and foliar N measured on Pinus taeda needles collected at various canopy locations at the Duke Forest Free Air CO2 Enrichment experiment (North Carolina, USA). Key Results Optimality theory allowed the definition of a novel, explicit relationship between two intrinsic leaf-scale properties where η is complementary to the square-root of λ. The data support the model predictions that elevated ca increased η and λ, and at given ca and needle age-class, the two quantities varied among needles in an approximately complementary manner. Conclusions The derived analytical expressions can be employed in scaling-up carbon, water and N fluxes from leaf to ecosystem, but also to derive transpiration estimates from those of η, and assist in predicting how increasing ca influences ecosystem water use. PMID:23299995
Application of the Generalized Nonlinear Complementary Relationship for Estimating Evaporation in North China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, M.; Wu, B.

2017-12-01

As an important part of the coupled Eco-Hydrological processes, evaporation is the bond for exchange of energy and heat between the surface and the atmosphere. However, the estimation of evaporation remains a challenge compared with other main hydrological factors in water cycle. The complementary relationship which proposed by Bouchet (1963) has laid the foundation for various approaches to estimate evaporation from land surfaces, the essence of the principle is a relationship between three types of evaporation in the environment. It can simply implemented with routine meteorological data without the need for resistance parameters of the vegetation and bare land, which are difficult to observed and complicated to estimate in most surface flux models. On this basis the generalized nonlinear formulation was proposed by Brutsaert (2015). The daily evaporation can be estimated once the potential evaporation (Epo) and apparent potential evaporation (Epa) are known. The new formulation has a strong physical basis and can be expected to perform better under natural water stress conditions, nevertheless, the model has not been widely validated over different climate types and underlying surface patterns. In this study, we attempted to apply the generalized nonlinear complementary relationship in North China, three flux stations in North China are used for testing the universality and accuracy of this model against observed evaporation over different vegetation types, including Guantao Site, Miyun Site and Huailai Site. Guantao Site has double-cropping systems and crop rotations with summer maize and winter wheat; the other two sites are dominated by spring maize. Detailed measurements of meteorological factors at certain heights above ground surface from automatic weather stations offered necessary parameters for daily evaporation estimation. Using the Bowen ratio, the surface energy measured by the eddy covariance systems at the flux stations is adjusted on a daily scale to satisfy the surface energy closure. After calibration the estimated daily evaporation are in good agreement with EC-measured flux data with a mean correlation coefficient in excess of 0.85. The results indicate that the generalized nonlinear complementary relationship can be applied in plant growing and non-growing season in North China.
Whole-brain patterns of (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.

PubMed

Su, L; Blamire, A M; Watson, R; He, J; Hayes, L; O'Brien, J T

2016-08-30

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has demonstrated metabolite changes in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB); however, their pattern and relationship to clinical symptoms is unclear. To determine whether the spatial patterns of brain-metabolite changes in AD and DLB are regional or diffused, and to examine whether the key metabolite levels are associated with cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms, we acquired whole-brain spatially resolved 3T magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) data from subjects with AD (N=36), DLB (N=35) and similarly aged controls (N=35). Voxel-wise measurement of N-acetylaspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr), choline to Cr (Cho/Cr), myo-inositol to Cr (mI/Cr) as well as glutamate and glutamine to Cr (Glx/Cr) ratios were determined using MRSI. Compared with controls, AD and DLB groups showed a significant decrease in most brain metabolites, with NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr and mI/Cr levels being reduced in posterior cingulate, thalamus, frontotemporal areas and basal ganglia. The Glx/Cr level was more widely decreased in DLB (posterior cingulate, hippocampus, temporal regions and caudate) than in AD (only in posterior cingulate). DLB was also associated with increased levels of Cho/Cr, NAA/Cr and mI/Cr in occipital regions. Changes in metabolism in the brain were correlated with cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms in the DLB but not in the AD group. The different patterns between AD and DLB may have implications for improving diagnosis, better understanding disease-specific neurobiology and targeting therapeutics. In addition, the study raised important questions about the role of occipital neuroinflammation and glial activation as well as the glutamatergic treatment in DLB.
Fate of heavy metals during municipal solid waste incineration.

PubMed

Abanades, S; Flamant, G; Gagnepain, B; Gauthier, D

2002-02-01

A thermodynamic analysis was performed to determine whether it is suitable to predict the heavy metal (HM) speciation during the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration process. The fate of several selected metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Hg, As, Cu, Co, Ni) during incineration was theoretically investigated. The equilibrium analysis predicted the metal partitioning during incineration and determined the impact of operating conditions (temperature and gas composition) on their speciation. The study of the gas composition influence was based on the effects of the contents of oxygen (reducing or oxidising conditions) and chlorine on the HM partitioning. The theoretical HM speciation which was calculated in a complex system representing a burning sample of Municipal Solid Waste can explain the real partitioning (obtained from literature results) of all metals among the various ashes except for Pb. Then, the results of the thermodynamic study were compared with those of characterisation of real incinerator residues, using complementary techniques (chemical extraction series and X-ray micro-analyses). These analysis were performed to determine experimentally the speciation of the three representative metals Cr, Pb, and Zn. The agreement is good for Cr and Zn but not for Pb again, which mainly shows unleachable chemical speciations in the residues. Pb tends to remain in the bottom ash whereas thermodynamics often predicts its complete volatilisation under chlorides, and thus its presence exclusively in fly ash.
A type III-B CRISPR-Cas effector complex mediating massive target DNA destruction.

PubMed

Han, Wenyuan; Li, Yingjun; Deng, Ling; Feng, Mingxia; Peng, Wenfang; Hallstrøm, Søren; Zhang, Jing; Peng, Nan; Liang, Yun Xiang; White, Malcolm F; She, Qunxin

2017-02-28

The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) system protects archaea and bacteria by eliminating nucleic acid invaders in a crRNA-guided manner. The Sulfolobus islandicus type III-B Cmr-α system targets invading nucleic acid at both RNA and DNA levels and DNA targeting relies on the directional transcription of the protospacer in vivo. To gain further insight into the involved mechanism, we purified a native effector complex of III-B Cmr-α from S. islandicus and characterized it in vitro. Cmr-α cleaved RNAs complementary to crRNA present in the complex and its ssDNA destruction activity was activated by target RNA. The ssDNA cleavage required mismatches between the 5΄-tag of crRNA and the 3΄-flanking region of target RNA. An invader plasmid assay showed that mutation either in the histidine-aspartate acid (HD) domain (a quadruple mutation) or in the GGDD motif of the Cmr-2α protein resulted in attenuation of the DNA interference in vivo. However, double mutation of the HD motif only abolished the DNase activity in vitro. Furthermore, the activated Cmr-α binary complex functioned as a highly active DNase to destroy a large excess DNA substrate, which could provide a powerful means to rapidly degrade replicating viral DNA. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.
Complementary use of PIXE-alpha and XRF portable systems for the non-destructive and in situ characterization of gemstones in museums

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pappalardo, L.; Karydas, A. G.; Kotzamani, N.; Pappalardo, G.; Romano, F. P.; Zarkadas, Ch.

2005-09-01

Gemstones on gold Hellenistic (late 4th century BC, 1st AD) jewelry, exhibited at the Benaki Museum of Athens, were analyzed in situ by means of two non-destructive and portable analytical techniques. The composition of major and minor elements was determined using a new portable PIXE-alpha spectrometer. The analytical features of this spectrometer allow the determination of matrix elements from Na to Zn through the K-lines and the determination of higher atomic number elements via the L- or M-lines. The red stones analyzed were revealed as red garnets, displaying a compositional range from Mg-rich garnet to Fe-rich garnet. The complementary use of a portable XRF spectrometer provided additional information on some trace elements (Cr and Y), which are considered to be important for the chemical separation between different garnet groups. A comparison of our results with recent literature data offers useful indications about the possible geographical provenance of the stones. The analytical techniques, their complementarity and the results obtained are presented and discussed.
Novel kinematic methods to trace Spiral Arms nature using Gaia data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roca-Fàbrega, S.; Figueras, F.; Valenzuela, O.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Antoja, T.; Colín, P.; Pichardo, B.; Velázquez, H.

2014-07-01

In this work we shed new light in the nature of spiral arm structures in galaxies. We present a disk kinematic and dynamic study of MW like galaxies using complementary approaches: analytical models, test-particle simulations, pure N-body and cosmological N-body plus hydrodynamic simulations. Using collisionless N-body data we have found that models with strong bar present a flat rotation frequency, i.e. rigid body rotation, whereas in the opposite extreme case, i.e. in unbarred systems, spiral arms are disk corotant (Roca-Fàbrega et al. 2013). Complementary to this work, we discuss how the vertex deviation parameter is a good tracer of corotation (CR) and outer Lindblad resonance radius (OLR) (Roca-Fàbrega et al. 2014). We have succeeded to produce MW like models in fully cosmological N-body plus hydrodynamic simulations with a high resolution (Roca-Fàbrega et al., in preparation). First results concerning disk phase space properties in terms of spiral arm nature using these simulations are presented (http://www.am.ub.edu/ sroca/shared/PosterRocaFabrega.pdf).
The Role of Hierarchy in Parental Nurturance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Faber, Anthony J.

2002-01-01

This article discusses the importance of parental hierarchy in regard to meeting the developmental nurturing needs of the child. It builds on Stonefish's (2000) epigenetic model of hierarchical relationship development. Through complementary and supplementary relationships between parent and child, the child is able to have his or her nurturing…
The effect of molecular subtype and body mass index on neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.

PubMed

Iwase, Toshiaki; Nakamura, Rikiya; Yamamoto, Naohito; Yoshi, Atushi; Itami, Makiko; Miyazaki, Masaru

2014-06-01

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of subtype and body mass index (BMI) on neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and postoperative prognosis. Two-hundred and forty nine patients who underwent surgery after NAC were included. A multivariate analysis and survival analysis were used to clarify the relationship between BMI, subtype, and NAC. In the logistic regression model, the pCR rate had a significant relationship with the subtype and tumor stage. In the non-pCR group, more overweight patients had significantly a worse disease-free survival (DFS) compared to normal range patients (Log lank test, p < 0.05). In the Cox proportional hazards model, subtype and tumor stage were significantly associated with decreased DFS. In conclusion, patients with the ER (+), HER (-) type and a high BMI had a high risk for recurrence when they achieved non-pCR after NAC. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Urinary levels of nickel and chromium associated with dental restoration by nickel–chromium based alloys

PubMed Central

Chen, Bo; Xia, Gang; Cao, Xin-Ming; Wang, Jue; Xu, Bi-Yao; Huang, Pu; Chen, Yue; Jiang, Qing-Wu

2013-01-01

This paper aims to investigate if the dental restoration of nickel–chromium based alloy (Ni–Cr) leads to the enhanced excretions of Ni and Cr in urine. Seven hundred and ninety-five patients in a dental hospital had single or multiple Ni–Cr alloy restoration recently and 198 controls were recruited to collect information on dental restoration by questionnaire and clinical examination. Urinary concentrations of Ni and Cr from each subject were measure by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to the control group, the urinary level of Ni was significantly higher in the patient group of <1 month of the restoration duration, among which higher Ni excretions were found in those with either a higher number of teeth replaced by dental alloys or a higher index of metal crown not covered with the porcelain. Urinary levels of Cr were significantly higher in the three patient groups of <1, 1 to <3 and 3 to <6 months, especially in those with a higher metal crown exposure index. Linear curve estimations showed better relationships between urinary Ni and Cr in patients within 6-month groups. Our data suggested significant increased excretions of urinary Ni and Cr after dental restoration. Potential short- and long-term effects of Ni–Cr alloy restoration need to be investigated. PMID:23579466
Phytotoxicity and accumulation of chromium in carrot plants and the derivation of soil thresholds for Chinese soils.

PubMed

Ding, Changfeng; Li, Xiaogang; Zhang, Taolin; Ma, Yibing; Wang, Xingxiang

2014-10-01

Soil environmental quality standards in respect of heavy metals for farmlands should be established considering both their effects on crop yield and their accumulation in the edible part. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of chromium (Cr) on biomass production and Cr accumulation in carrot plants grown in a wide range of soils. The results revealed that carrot yield significantly decreased in 18 of the total 20 soils with Cr addition being the soil environmental quality standard of China. The Cr content of carrot grown in the five soils with pH>8.0 exceeded the maximum allowable level (0.5mgkg(-1)) according to the Chinese General Standard for Contaminants in Foods. The relationship between carrot Cr concentration and soil pH could be well fitted (R(2)=0.70, P<0.0001) by a linear-linear segmented regression model. The addition of Cr to soil influenced carrot yield firstly rather than the food quality. The major soil factors controlling Cr phytotoxicity and the prediction models were further identified and developed using path analysis and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Soil Cr thresholds for phytotoxicity meanwhile ensuring food safety were then derived on the condition of 10 percent yield reduction. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Impact of Sr-Incorporation on Cr Oxidation and Water Dissociation in La(1-x)SrxCrO3

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stoerzinger, Kelsey A.; Du, Yingge; Ihm, Kyuwook

2018-01-17

The oxidation and reduction of metal oxides and their interaction with the environment play a critical role in material stability and the ability to catalyze reactions. The local change in valence and formation of surface adsorbates affect the oxide electronic structure and chemical reactivity, yet are challenging to probe experimentally. Here we present a detailed study of the oxidation and reduction of Cr in the perovskite oxide family of La(1-x)SrxCrO3 using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The incorporation of Sr increases the propensity to oxidize the surface, leading to the presence of Cr4+ and Cr6+ principally confined to the topmore » unit cell when in equilibrium with O2 gas. These acidic sites are readily reduced to Cr3+ in equilibrium with H2O vapor, and the resultant amount of hydroxyls formed from the dissociation of H2O is directly proportional to the density of surface sites which had been oxidized. Our quantification of the redox stability of La(1-x)SrxCrO3 and the relationship between the extent of oxidation, reduction, and hydroxylation with Sr yields important insight into the surface functionality during electrochemical applications.« less
Impact of Sr-Incorporation on Cr Oxidation and Water Dissociation in La (1- x ) Sr x CrO 3

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stoerzinger, Kelsey A.; Du, Yingge; Ihm, Kyuwook

The oxidation and reduction of metal oxides and their interaction with the environment play a critical role in material stability and the ability to catalyze reactions. The local change in valence and formation of surface adsorbates affect the oxide electronic structure and chemical reactivity, yet are challenging to probe experimentally. Here we present a detailed study of the oxidation and reduction of Cr in the perovskite oxide family of La(1-x)SrxCrO3 using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The incorporation of Sr increases the propensity to oxidize the surface, leading to the presence of Cr4+ and Cr6+ principally confined to the topmore » unit cell when in equilibrium with O2 gas. These acidic sites are readily reduced to Cr3+ in equilibrium with H2O vapor, and the resultant amount of hydroxyls formed from the dissociation of H2O is directly proportional to the density of surface sites which had been oxidized. Our quantification of the redox stability of La(1-x)SrxCrO3 and the relationship between the extent of oxidation, reduction, and hydroxylation with Sr yields important insight into the surface functionality during electrochemical applications.« less
Corrosion behavior of high-nickel and chromium alloys in natural Baltic seawater

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Birn, J.; Janik-Czachor, M.; Wolowik, A.

Effect of Cl{sup {minus}} ion concentration (O M sodium chloride [NaCl] to 2 M NaCl) and temperature (25 C to 75 C) on stability of the passive state of high-Ni and Cr alloys: NI-1 ({approximately} 16% Mo), CR-2 ({approximately} 6.2% Mo), and NI-3 (3.5% Mo) were investigated in acidic and neutral electrolytes in strictly controlled electrochemical conditions. The anodic behavior of the alloys appeared to depend mostly upon Mo content in the alloy. Thus, the NI-1 was the most stable alloy under the applied experimental conditions. The other alloys were also quite resistant, undergoing pitting only at elevated temperatures, atmore » high anodic potentials, and at a chloride concentration not lower than 1 M. In natural Baltic seawater, these alloys did not exhibit any tendency to pitting, in qualitative agreement with the accelerated electrochemical tests. Complementary microscopic and surface analytical (AES) investigations were carried out to correlate the anodic and corrosion behavior of these materials with their composition and structure, and the composition of the passivating films formed at their surfaces.« less

Function and regulation of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR associated (Cas) systems.

PubMed

Richter, Corinna; Chang, James T; Fineran, Peter C

2012-10-19

Phages are the most abundant biological entities on earth and pose a constant challenge to their bacterial hosts. Thus, bacteria have evolved numerous 'innate' mechanisms of defense against phage, such as abortive infection or restriction/modification systems. In contrast, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems provide acquired, yet heritable, sequence-specific 'adaptive' immunity against phage and other horizontally-acquired elements, such as plasmids. Resistance is acquired following viral infection or plasmid uptake when a short sequence of the foreign genome is added to the CRISPR array. CRISPRs are then transcribed and processed, generally by CRISPR associated (Cas) proteins, into short interfering RNAs (crRNAs), which form part of a ribonucleoprotein complex. This complex guides the crRNA to the complementary invading nucleic acid and targets this for degradation. Recently, there have been rapid advances in our understanding of CRISPR/Cas systems. In this review, we will present the current model(s) of the molecular events involved in both the acquisition of immunity and interference stages and will also address recent progress in our knowledge of the regulation of CRISPR/Cas systems.
Anatomy of a Visible Light Activated Photocatalyst for Water Splitting

DOE PAGES

Phivilay, Somphonh Peter; Roberts, Charles; Gamalski, Andrew; ...

2018-06-08

The supported mixed oxide (Rh 2-yCr yO 3)/(Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) photocatalyst, highly active for splitting of H 2O, was extensively characterized for its bulk and surface properties with the objective of developing fundamental structure-photoactivity relationships. Raman and UV-vis spectroscopy revealed that the molecular and electronic structures, respectively, of the oxynitride (Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) support are not perturbed by the deposition of the (Rh 2-yCr yO 3) NPs. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, however, showed that the oxynitride (Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) support is the source of excited electrons/holes and the (Rh 2-yCr yO 3) NPs greatly reducemore » the undesirable recombination of photoexcited electron/holes by acting as efficient electron traps as well as increase the lifetimes of the excitons. High Resolution-XPS and High Sensitivity-LEIS surface analyses reveal that the surfaces of the (Rh 2-yCr yO 3) NPs consist of Rh +3 and Cr +3 mixed oxide species. In Situ AP-XPS help to reveal that the Rh+3 and surface N atoms are involved in water splitting. Dispersed RhOx species on the (Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) support and on CrO x NPs were found to be the photocatalytic active sites for H 2 generation and N and Zn sites from the (Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) support are the photocatalytic active site for O 2 generation. The current investigation establishes the fundamental structure-photoactivity relationships of these visible light activated photocatalysts.« less
Anatomy of a Visible Light Activated Photocatalyst for Water Splitting

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Phivilay, Somphonh Peter; Roberts, Charles; Gamalski, Andrew

The supported mixed oxide (Rh 2-yCr yO 3)/(Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) photocatalyst, highly active for splitting of H 2O, was extensively characterized for its bulk and surface properties with the objective of developing fundamental structure-photoactivity relationships. Raman and UV-vis spectroscopy revealed that the molecular and electronic structures, respectively, of the oxynitride (Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) support are not perturbed by the deposition of the (Rh 2-yCr yO 3) NPs. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, however, showed that the oxynitride (Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) support is the source of excited electrons/holes and the (Rh 2-yCr yO 3) NPs greatly reducemore » the undesirable recombination of photoexcited electron/holes by acting as efficient electron traps as well as increase the lifetimes of the excitons. High Resolution-XPS and High Sensitivity-LEIS surface analyses reveal that the surfaces of the (Rh 2-yCr yO 3) NPs consist of Rh +3 and Cr +3 mixed oxide species. In Situ AP-XPS help to reveal that the Rh+3 and surface N atoms are involved in water splitting. Dispersed RhOx species on the (Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) support and on CrO x NPs were found to be the photocatalytic active sites for H 2 generation and N and Zn sites from the (Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) support are the photocatalytic active site for O 2 generation. The current investigation establishes the fundamental structure-photoactivity relationships of these visible light activated photocatalysts.« less
Concentration-Response Modeling of ECG Data From Early-Phase Clinical Studies as an Alternative Clinical and Regulatory Approach to Assessing QT Risk - Experience From the Development Program of Lemborexant.

PubMed

Murphy, Patricia J; Yasuda, Sanae; Nakai, Kenya; Yoshinaga, Takashi; Hall, Nancy; Zhou, Meijian; Aluri, Jagadeesh; Rege, Bhaskar; Moline, Margaret; Ferry, Jim; Darpo, Borje

2017-01-01

Lemborexant is a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist being developed to treat insomnia. Its potential to cause QT prolongation was evaluated using plasma concentration-response (CR) modeling applied to data from 2 multiple ascending-dose (MAD) studies. In the primary MAD study, placebo or lemborexant (2.5 to 75 mg) was administered for 14 consecutive nights. In another MAD study designed to "bridge" pharmacokinetic and safety data between Japanese and non-Japanese subjects (J-MAD), placebo or lemborexant (2.5, 10, or 25 mg) was administered for 14 consecutive nights. QT intervals were estimated using a high-precision measurement technique and evaluated using a linear mixed-effects CR model, for each study separately and for the pooled data set. When each study was analyzed separately, the slopes of the CR relationship were shallow and not statistically significant. In the pooled analysis, the slope of the CR relationship was -0.00002 milliseconds per ng/mL (90%CI, -0.01019 to 0.01014 milliseconds). The highest observed C max was 400 ng/mL, representing a margin 8-fold above exposures expected for the highest planned clinical dose. The model-predicted QTc effect at 400 ng/mL was 1.1 milliseconds (90%CI, -3.49 to 5.78 milliseconds). In neither the J-MAD study nor the pooled analysis was an effect of race identified. CR modeling of data from early-phase clinical studies, including plasma levels far exceeding those anticipated clinically, indicated that a QT effect >10 milliseconds could be excluded. Regulatory agreement with this methodology demonstrates the effectiveness of a CR modeling approach as an alternative to thorough QT studies. © 2016, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.
Removal of chromium (VI) from electroplating wastewater using an anion exchanger derived from rice straw.

PubMed

Cao, Wei; Dang, Zhi; Yia, Xiao-Yun; Yang, Chen; Lu, Gui-Ning; Liu, Yun-Feng; Huang, Se-Yan; Zheng, Liu-Chun

2013-01-01

An anion exchanger from rice straw was used to remove Cr (VI) from synthetic wastewater and electroplating effluent. The exchanger was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and it was found that the quaternary amino group and hydroxyl group are the main functional groups on the fibrous surface of the exchanger. The effect of contact time, initial concentration and pH on the removal of Cr (VI), and adsorption isotherms at different temperature, was investigated. The results showed that the removal of Cr (VI) was very rapid and was significantly affected by the initial pH of the solution. Although acidic conditions (pH = 2-6) facilitated Cr (VI) adsorption, the exchanger was effective in neutral solution and even under weak base conditions. The equilibrium data fitted well with Langmuir adsorption model, and the maximum Cr (VI) adsorption capacities at pH 6.4 were 0.35, 0.36 and 0.38 mmol/g for 15, 25 and 35 degrees C, respectively. The exchanger was finally tested with real electroplating wastewater, and at sorbent dosage of 10 g/L, the removal efficiencies for Cr (VI) and total Cr were 99.4% and 97.8%, respectively. In addition, the positive relationship between adsorbed Cr (VI) and desorbed Cl- suggested that Cr (VI) was mainly removed by ion exchange with chlorine.
Utility of Ochrobactrum anthropi YC152 in a Microbial Fuel Cell as an Early Warning Device for Hexavalent Chromium Determination

PubMed Central

Wang, Guey-Horng; Cheng, Chiu-Yu; Liu, Man-Hai; Chen, Tzu-Yu; Hsieh, Min-Chi; Chung, Ying-Chien

2016-01-01

Fast hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) determination is important for environmental risk and health-related considerations. We used a microbial fuel cell-based biosensor inoculated with a facultatively anaerobic, Cr(VI)-reducing, and exoelectrogenic Ochrobactrum anthropi YC152 to determine the Cr(VI) concentration in water. The results indicated that O. anthropi YC152 exhibited high adaptability to pH, temperature, salinity, and water quality under anaerobic conditions. The stable performance of the microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensor indicated its potential as a reliable biosensor system. The MFC voltage decreased as the Cr(VI) concentration in the MFC increased. Two satisfactory linear relationships were observed between the Cr(VI) concentration and voltage output for various Cr(VI) concentration ranges (0.0125–0.3 mg/L and 0.3–5 mg/L). The MFC biosensor is a simple device that can accurately measure Cr(VI) concentrations in drinking water, groundwater, and electroplating wastewater in 45 min with low deviations (<10%). The use of the biosensor can help in preventing the violation of effluent regulations and the maximum allowable concentration of Cr(VI) in water. Thus, the developed MFC biosensor has potential as an early warning detection device for Cr(VI) determination even if O. anthropi YC152 is a possible opportunistic pathogen. PMID:27537887
Enhanced Cr(VI) removal by polyethylenimine- and phosphorus-codoped hierarchical porous carbons.

PubMed

Chen, Shixia; Wang, Jun; Wu, Zeliang; Deng, Qiang; Tu, Wenfeng; Dai, Guiping; Zeng, Zheling; Deng, Shuguang

2018-08-01

The amino- and phosphorus-codoped (N,P-codoped) porous carbons derived from oil-tea shells were facilely fabricated through a combination of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) activation and amino (polyethylenimine, PEI) modification method. The as-synthesized carbon adsorbents were systematically characterized and evaluated for Cr(VI) removal in aqueous solutions. The relationship between adsorbent properties and adsorption behaviors was illustrated. Moreover, the influences of contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentration, pH, coexisting anions and temperature were also investigated. The adsorption behavior of Cr(VI) could be perfectly described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Sips adsorption model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) on the carbon adsorbents synthesized in this work was 355.0 mg/g, and this excellent Cr(VI) capacity could be sustained with other coexisting anions. In addition to high surface area and suitable pore size distribution, the high Cr(VI) removal capacity is induced by rich heteroatoms incorporation and the Cr(VI) removal mechanism was clearly illustrated. Furthermore, the continuous column breakthrough experiment on obtained N,P-codoped carbon was conducted and well fitted by the Thomas model. This work revealed that PEI modification and P-containing groups could significantly enhance Cr(VI) adsorption capacity and make these N,P-codoped biomass-derived carbons potent adsorbents in practical water treatment applications. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Inverse Resistance Change Cr2Ge2Te6-Based PCRAM Enabling Ultralow-Energy Amorphization.

PubMed

Hatayama, Shogo; Sutou, Yuji; Shindo, Satoshi; Saito, Yuta; Song, Yun-Heub; Ando, Daisuke; Koike, Junichi

2018-01-24

Phase-change random access memory (PCRAM) has attracted much attention for next-generation nonvolatile memory that can replace flash memory and can be used for storage-class memory. Generally, PCRAM relies on the change in the electrical resistance of a phase-change material between high-resistance amorphous (reset) and low-resistance crystalline (set) states. Herein, we present an inverse resistance change PCRAM with Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6 (CrGT) that shows a high-resistance crystalline reset state and a low-resistance amorphous set state. The inverse resistance change was found to be due to a drastic decrease in the carrier density upon crystallization, which causes a large increase in contact resistivity between CrGT and the electrode. The CrGT memory cell was demonstrated to show fast reversible resistance switching with a much lower operating energy for amorphization than a Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 memory cell. This low operating energy in CrGT should be due to a small programmed amorphous volume, which can be realized by a high-resistance crystalline matrix and a dominant contact resistance. Simultaneously, CrGT can break the trade-off relationship between the crystallization temperature and operating speed.
Chromium in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

PubMed

Golabek, Tomasz; Socha, Katarzyna; Kudelski, Jacek; Darewicz, Barbara; Markiewicz-Zukowska, Renata; Chlosta, Piotr; Borawska, Maria

2017-12-23

Many epidemiological and experimental studies report a strong role of chemical carcinogens in the etiology of bladder cancer. However, the involvement of heavy metals in tumourigenesis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder has been poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between chromium (Cr) and bladder cancer. Chromium concentration in two 36-sample series of bladder cancer tissue and sera from patients with this neoplasm were matched with those of a control group. The amount of trace elements in every tissue sample was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. This was correlated with tumour stage. While the median chromium concentration levels reached statistically higher values in the bladder cancer tissue, compared with the non-cancer tissue (99.632ng/g and 33.144ng/g, respectively; p<0.001), the median Cr levels in the sera of the patients with this carcinoma showed no statistical difference when compared to those of the control group (0.511μg/l and 0.710μg/l, respectively; p=0.408). The median levels of Cr in the bladder tissue, depending on the stage of the tumour, compared with the tissue without the neoplasm, observed the same relationship for both non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive tumours (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). This study shows that patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder had higher tissue Cr levels than people without tumour, while no difference was found in the Cr serum levels between the two groups of patients under investigation.
"Placebo effect is probably what we refer to as patient healing power": A qualitative pilot study examining how Norwegian complementary therapists reflect on their practice.

PubMed

Stub, Trine; Foss, Nina; Liodden, Ingrid

2017-05-12

Complementary therapists spend considerable time with their patients, especially in the first consultation. The communication between patients and their therapists is important for raising consciousness and activation of the patient's self-healing power. Thus, the aims in this study were to delineate what complementary therapists regard as essential in patient consultations, their view of the healing process, and how the therapists understand the placebo effect and its position in the healing process. Semi-structured individual interviews (n = 4), focus group interview (n = 1) and participant observation were conducted among four different complementary therapists in a Norwegian community. The text data was transcribed verbatim and the analysis of the material was conducted according to conventional and direct content analysis. Some codes were predefined and others were defined during the analysis. The pilot study showed that the implemented methods seems feasible and fit well with the aims of this study. Complementary therapists (chiropractor, naprapath (musculoskeletal therapist), acupuncturist and acupuncturist/homeopath) representing four different complementary modalities participated. A combination of the conversation and examination during the first consultation formed the basis for the therapist's choice of treatment. A successful consultation was characterized by a fruitful relationship between the therapist and the patient. Moreover, the therapist needs to be humble and show the patient respect. Patients' positive beliefs and expectations about the treatment play a significant role in the healing process. The more hope the therapist can bring about, the more easily the patient can start believing that it is possible to get well. This was a pilot study. Therefore the findings should be appreciated as limited and preliminary. Therapists' and patients' mutual understanding and treatment goals were essential for a successful consultation. The therapists emphasized their professional skills and therapeutic competence as important when building fruitful relationships with their patients. Exerting authority and making the patient feel confident were essential factors for a successful healing process. The complementary therapists understood the placebo effect as the patient's self-healing power, resulting from establishing trust and belief in the treatment process.
Wetted foam liquid fuel ICF target experiments

DOE PAGES

Olson, R. E.; Leeper, R. J.; Yi, S. A.; ...

2016-05-26

We are developing a new NIF experimental platform that employs wetted foam liquid fuel layer ICF capsules. We will use the liquid fuel layer capsules in a NIF sub-scale experimental campaign to explore the relationship between hot spot convergence ratio (CR) and the predictability of hot spot formation. DT liquid layer ICF capsules allow for flexibility in hot spot CR via the adjustment of the initial cryogenic capsule temperature and, hence, DT vapor density. Our hypothesis is that the predictive capability of hot spot formation is robust and 1D-like for a relatively low CR hot spot (CR~15), but will becomemore » less reliable as hot spot CR is increased to CR>20. Simulations indicate that backing off on hot spot CR is an excellent way to reduce capsule instability growth and to improve robustness to low-mode x-ray flux asymmetries. In the initial experiments, we will test our hypothesis by measuring hot spot size, neutron yield, ion temperature, and burn width to infer hot spot pressure and compare to predictions for implosions with hot spot CR's in the range of 12 to 25. Larger scale experiments are also being designed, and we will advance from sub-scale to full-scale NIF experiments to determine if 1D-like behavior at low CR is retained as the scale-size is increased. The long-term objective is to develop a liquid fuel layer ICF capsule platform with robust thermonuclear burn, modest CR, and significant α-heating with burn propagation.« less
The relationship of renal function to outcome: A post hoc analysis from the EdoxabaN versus warfarin in subjectS UndeRgoing cardiovErsion of Atrial Fibrillation (ENSURE-AF) study.

PubMed

Lip, Gregory Y H; Al-Saady, Naab; Ezekowitz, Michael D; Banach, Maciej; Goette, Andreas

2017-11-01

The ENSURE-AF study (NCT 02072434) of anticoagulation for electrical cardioversion in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) showed comparable low rates of bleeding and thromboembolism between the edoxaban and the enoxaparin-warfarin treatment arms. This post hoc analysis investigated the relationship between renal function and clinical outcomes. ENSURE-AF was a multicenter, PROBE evaluation trial of edoxaban 60 mg, or dose reduced to 30 mg/d for weight≤60 kg, creatinine clearance (CrCl; Cockcroft-Gault) ≤50 mL/min, or concomitant P-glycoprotein inhibitors compared with therapeutically monitored enoxaparin-warfarin in 2,199 NVAF patients undergoing electrical cardioversion. Efficacy and safety outcomes and time in therapeutic range in the warfarin arm were analyzed in relation to CrCl in prespecified ranges ≥15 and ≤30, >30 and ≤50, >50 and <80, and ≥80 mL/min, and an exploratory ≥95-mL/min analysis. A total of 1,095 subjects were randomized to edoxaban and 1,104 to enoxaparin-warfarin. Mean age was 64.3±10 and 64.2±11 years. Mean time in therapeutic range was progressively lower with reducing CrCl strata, being 66.8% in those with CrCl >30 to ≤50 compared with 71.8% in those with CrCl ≥80. The odds ratios for the primary efficacy and safety end points were comparable for the different predefined renal function strata; given the small numbers, the 95% CI included 1.0. In the subset of those with CrCl ≥95, the odds ratios showed consistency with the other CrCl strata. When CrCl was assessed as a continuous variable, there was a nonsignificant trend toward higher major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding with reducing CrCl levels, with no significant differences between the 2 treatment arms. When we assessed CrCl at baseline compared with end of treatment, there were no significant differences in CrCl change between the edoxaban and enoxaparin-warfarin arms. The proportions with worsening of renal function (defined as a decrease of >20% from baseline) were similar in the 2 treatment arms. Given the small number of events in ENSURE-AF, no effect of renal (dys)function was demonstrated in comparing edoxaban to enoxaparin-warfarin for cardioversion; efficacy and safety of edoxaban remained consistent even in patients with normal or supranormal renal function. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Inner-sphere oxidation of ternary iminodiacetatochromium(III) complexes involving DL-valine and L-arginine as secondary ligands. Isokinetic relationship for the oxidation of ternary iminodiacetato-chromium(III) complexes by periodate.

PubMed

Ewais, Hassan A; Dahman, Faris D; Abdel-Khalek, Ahmed A

2009-02-04

In this paper, the kinetics of oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Val)(H2O)2]+ and [CrIII(HIDA)(Arg)(H2O)2]+ (HIDA = iminodiacetic acid, Val = DL-valine and Arg = L-arginine) were studied. The choice of ternary complexes was attributed to two considerations. Firstly, in order to study the effect of the secondary ligands DL-valine and L-arginine on the stability of binary complex [CrIII(HIDA)(IDA)(H2O)] towards oxidation. Secondly, transition metal ternary complexes have received particular focus and have been employed in mapping protein surfaces as probes for biological redox centers and in protein capture for both purification and study. The results have shown that the reaction is first order with respect to both [IO4(-)] and the complex concentration, and the rate increases over the pH range 2.62 - 3.68 in both cases. The experimental rate law is consistent with a mechanism in which both the deprotonated forms of the complexes [CrIII(IDA)(Val)(H2O)2] and [CrIII(IDA)(Arg)(H2O)2] are significantly more reactive than the conjugate acids. The value of the intramolecular electron transfer rate constant for the oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Arg)(H2O)2]+, k3 (1.82 x 10(-3) s(-1)), is greater than the value of k1 (1.22 x 10(-3) s(-1)) for the oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Val)(H2O)2]+ at 45.0 degrees C and I = 0.20 mol dm(-3). It is proposed that electron transfer proceeds through an inner-sphere mechanism via coordination of IO4(-) to chromium(III). The oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Val)(H2O)2]+ and [CrIII(HIDA)(Arg)(H2O)2]+ by periodate may proceed through an inner-sphere mechanism via two electron transfer giving chromium(VI). The value of the intramolecular electron transfer rate constant for the oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Arg)(H2O)2]+, k3, is greater than the value of k1 for the oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Val)(H2O)2]+. A common mechanism for the oxidation of ternary iminodiacetatochromium(III) complexes by periodate is proposed, and this is supported by an excellent isokinetic relationship between DeltaH* and DeltaS* values for these reactions.
Inner-sphere oxidation of ternary iminodiacetatochromium(III) complexes involving DL-valine and L-arginine as secondary ligands. Isokinetic relationship for the oxidation of ternary iminodiacetato-chromium(III) complexes by periodate

PubMed Central

Ewais, Hassan A; Dahman, Faris D; Abdel-Khalek, Ahmed A

2009-01-01

Background In this paper, the kinetics of oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Val)(H2O)2]+ and [CrIII(HIDA)(Arg)(H2O)2]+ (HIDA = iminodiacetic acid, Val = DL-valine and Arg = L-arginine) were studied. The choice of ternary complexes was attributed to two considerations. Firstly, in order to study the effect of the secondary ligands DL-valine and L-arginine on the stability of binary complex [CrIII(HIDA)(IDA)(H2O)] towards oxidation. Secondly, transition metal ternary complexes have received particular focus and have been employed in mapping protein surfaces as probes for biological redox centers and in protein capture for both purification and study. Results The results have shown that the reaction is first order with respect to both [IO4-] and the complex concentration, and the rate increases over the pH range 2.62 – 3.68 in both cases. The experimental rate law is consistent with a mechanism in which both the deprotonated forms of the complexes [CrIII(IDA)(Val)(H2O)2] and [CrIII(IDA)(Arg)(H2O)2] are significantly more reactive than the conjugate acids. The value of the intramolecular electron transfer rate constant for the oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Arg)(H2O)2]+, k3 (1.82 × 10-3 s-1), is greater than the value of k1 (1.22 × 10-3 s-1) for the oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Val)(H2O)2]+ at 45.0°C and I = 0.20 mol dm-3. It is proposed that electron transfer proceeds through an inner-sphere mechanism via coordination of IO4- to chromium(III). Conclusion The oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Val)(H2O)2]+ and [CrIII(HIDA)(Arg)(H2O)2]+ by periodate may proceed through an inner-sphere mechanism via two electron transfer giving chromium(VI). The value of the intramolecular electron transfer rate constant for the oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Arg)(H2O)2]+, k3, is greater than the value of k1 for the oxidation of [CrIII(HIDA)(Val)(H2O)2]+. A common mechanism for the oxidation of ternary iminodiacetatochromium(III) complexes by periodate is proposed, and this is supported by an excellent isokinetic relationship between ΔH* and ΔS* values for these reactions. PMID:19193241
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation program in recently hospitalized patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Koifman, Edward; Grossman, Ehud; Elis, Avishay; Dicker, Dror; Koifman, Bella; Mosseri, Morris; Kuperstein, Rafael; Goldenberg, Ilan; Kamerman, Tamir; Levine-Tiefenbrun, Nava; Klempfner, Robert

2014-12-01

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) comprises a large portion of heart failure patients and portends poor prognosis with similar outcome to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Thus far, no medical therapy has been shown to improve clinical outcome in this common condition. The study is a randomized-controlled, multicenter clinical trial aimed to determine whether early posthospitalization comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) including exercise training (ET) in recently hospitalized HFpEF patients reduces the composite end point of all-cause mortality and hospitalizations in comparison with usual care (UC). After undergoing baseline evaluation, patients are randomized to either UC or to ambulatory comprehensive CR program. Patients in the CR arm will participate in a 6-month biweekly ET program according to a predefined protocol, in addition to a complementary home exercise prescribed by a specialist in CR. Exercise training will include endurance and low-intensity resistance training. Patients in the UC arm will be followed up at the outpatient clinic, with management according to current heart failure guidelines. Physician follow-up visits will be conducted at 3, 6, and 12 months for assessment of adherence to therapy and ET, functional status, quality of life, and clinical events. Secondary end points will include quality-of-life questionnaire, economic end points, blood pressure, and hemoglobin A1C levels. Cardiac rehabilitation and ET are relatively inexpensive and accessible and can be beneficial in HFpEF patients. Our trial is designed to evaluate the impact of early posthospitalization comprehensive rehabilitation program on clinical end points of mortality, hospitalization, and quality of life in HFpEF patients. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Influence of extractable soil manganese on oxidation capacity of different soils in Korea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chon, Chul-Min; Kim, Jae Gon; Lee, Gyoo Ho; Kim, Tack Hyun

2008-08-01

We examined the relationship between soil oxidation capacity and extractable soil manganese, iron oxides, and other soil properties. The Korean soils examined in this study exhibited low to medium Cr oxidation capacities, oxidizing 0.00-0.47 mmol/kg, except for TG-4 soils, which had the highest capacity for oxidizing added Cr(III) [>1.01 mmol/kg of oxidized Cr(VI)]. TG and US soils, with high Mn contents, had relatively high oxidation capacities. The Mn amounts extracted by dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) (Mnd), NH2OH·HCl (Mnh), and hydroquinone (Mnr) were generally very similar, except for the YS1 soils, and were well correlated. Only small proportions of either total Mn or DCB-extractable Mn were extracted by NH2OH·HCl and hydroquinone in the YS1 soils, suggesting inclusion of NH2OH·HCl and hydroquinone-resistant Mn oxides, because these extractants are weaker reductants than DCB. No Cr oxidation test results were closely related to total Mn concentrations, but Mnd, Mnh, and Mnr showed a relatively high correlation with the Cr tests ( r = 0.655-0.851; P < 0.01). The concentrations of Mnd and Mnh were better correlated with the Cr oxidation tests than was the Mnr concentration, suggesting that the oxidation capacity of our soil samples can be better explained by Mnd and Mnh than by Mnr. The first component in principal components analysis indicated that extractable soil Mn was a main factor controlling net Cr oxidation in the soils. Total soil Mn, Fe oxides, and the clay fraction are crucial for predicting the mobility of pollutants and heavy metals in soils. The second principal component indicated that the presence of Fe oxides in soils had a significant relationship with the clay fraction and total Mn oxide, and was also related to heavy-metal concentrations (Zn, Cd, and Cu, but not Pb).
Decolorization and biodegradation of the Congo red by Acinetobacter baumannii YNWH 226 and its polymer production's flocculation and dewatering potential.

PubMed

Li, Ruijing; Ning, Xun-an; Sun, Jian; Wang, Yujie; Liang, Jieying; Lin, Meiqing; Zhang, Yaping

2015-10-01

The strain Acinetobacter baumannii YNWH 226 was utilized to degrade Congo red (CR) under aerobic conditions. CR was employed as the sole carbon source to produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) used as potent bioflocculants in this strain. A total of 98.62% CR was removed during the 48-h decoloration experiments using CR (100 mg/L). A total of 83% bioadsorption and 65% biodegradation were responsible for the decoloration and degradation of CR through the strain. The bioflocculant showed high flocculation activity and dewaterability on textile dyeing sludge. A maximum flocculation of 78.62% with a minimum SBF of 3.07×10(9) s(2)/g and a CST of 58.4 s were achieved. We investigated the internal relationship between the decolorization efficiency of YNWH 226 and the flocculation activity and dewatering capacity of its EPS. The components and structure of the EPS highly influenced the decolorization efficiency of CR and the flocculation activity and dewatering capacity on sludge. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Seedlayer and underlayer effects on the crystallographic orientation and magnetic recording performance of glass media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Min; Choe, Geon; Johnson, Kenneth E.

2002-05-01

Seedlayer and underlayer effects on crystallographic orientation and recording performance were studied for CoCrPtB media sputtered on glass substrates. For this study, the seedlayers are XAl (X=Ni, Co, Ti, and Ru) and the underlayers are CrY (Y=V, Mo, W, and Ti). It was found that not only different seedlayers, but also different combinations of seedlayer and underlayer, led to different magnetic performance. NiAl and CoAl seedlayers orient the Co c axis to (10.0) and TiAl and RuAl seedlayers produce (11.0) Co orientation. For the NiAl and CoAl seedlayer, CrV and CrW underlayers develop less out-of-plane c-axis orientation and higher coercivity and coercive squareness while CrTi and CrMo underlayers work better for TiAl and RuAl seedlayers, respectively. Media with RuAl seedlayers have better parametric performance than media with NiAl and CoAl seedlayers. The detailed relationship between seedlayer and underlayer types and crystal orientation and recording performance is discussed.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chong, K.; Wang, W.X.

The green mussel Perna viridis and the clam Ruditapes philippinarum have been frequently used as biomonitors of coastal contamination in subtropical and tropical waters, yet the physiological processes controlling metal uptake in these bivalves are unknown. Assimilation efficiency (AE) is an important physiological parameter quantifying metal bioavailability from ingested food. The authors determined the AEs of Cd, CR, and Zn in these bivalves feeding on five species of phytoplankton and one natural section. The influences of the cytoplasmic distribution of metals in the algal cells and the digestive physiology of bivalves on metal AEs were also examined. Among the threemore » metals, Zn was generally assimilated at the highest efficiency, i.e., 21 to 36% in the mussels and 29 to 59% in the clams. Cr was the least assimilated metal, with AEs being 10 to 16% in the mussels and 11 to 24% in the clams. The AEs of Cd and Zn in the clams were 1.8 to 4.7 and 1.1 to 1.9 times higher, respectively, than the AEs in the mussels. Assimilation efficiencies of Cr were, however, comparable between the mussels and the clams. A positive significant relationship between the metal AE and the percent of metals in the algal cytoplasm was found only for Cd in the clams, suggesting that Cd fractionation in the algal cells influenced its assimilation. No significant relationship, however, was found for other metals in both bivalves. A significant relationship between Cr-assimilation efficiency and gut passage time (GPT) was documented in the mussels, indicating a higher assimilation when Cr was retained longer in the gut. There was also significant correlation of metal AEs among the three metals, which were probably subjected to the same digestive pathway in the bivalves. Their study demonstrated that both the green mussels and the clams were able to accumulate metals from ingested food source, and food quality appeared to have different effects on metal assimilation in different bivalve species.« less
Teaching, Academic Achievement, and Attitudes toward Mathematics in the United States and Nigeria

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry, S. Marshall; Catapano, Michael; Ramon, Olosunde Gbolagade

2016-01-01

This paper explores the relationships among attitudes toward mathematics, teaching, and academic achievement in mathematics. Based on the contextual and social nature of academic self-concept, two complementary studies are discussed. The first study from the northeastern United States examined the relationships among these variables in 84 high…

Two Perspectives on Proportional Relationships: Extending Complementary Origins of Multiplication in Terms of Quantities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beckmann, Sybilla; Izsák, Andrew

2015-01-01

In this article, we present a mathematical analysis that distinguishes two distinct quantitative perspectives on ratios and proportional relationships: variable number of fixed quantities and fixed numbers of variable parts. This parallels the distinction between measurement and partitive meanings for division and between two meanings for…
NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Report Number 6. The Relationship between the Use of U.S. Government Technical Reports by U.S. Aerospace Engineers and Scientists and Selected Institutional and Sociometric Variables

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

Peter R.; James D. Schriner; Bettie F. Farace ; and Richard V. Farace . The Assessment of NASA Technical Information. NASA CR-181367. Washington, DC... Farace ; and Richard V. Farace . The Assessment of NASA Technical Information. NASA CR-181367. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space
Dyslipidemia links obesity to early cerebral neurochemical alterations

PubMed Central

Haley, Andreana P.; Gonzales, Mitzi M.; Tarumi, Takashi; Tanaka, Hirofumi

2013-01-01

Objective To examine the role of hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in potentially accounting for obesity-related brain vulnerability in the form of altered cerebral neurochemistry. Design and Methods Sixty-four adults, ages 40 to 60 years, underwent a health screen and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) of occipitoparietal grey matter to measure N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mI) and glutamate (Glu) relative to creatine (Cr). The causal steps approach and non-parametric bootstrapping were utilized to assess if fasting glucose, mean arterial pressure or peripheral lipid/lipoprotein levels mediate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cerebral neurochemistry. Results Higher BMI was significantly related to higher mI/Cr, independent of age and sex. BMI was also significantly related to two of the proposed mediators, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol, which were also independently related to increased mI/Cr. Finally, the relationship between BMI and mI/Cr, was significantly attenuated after inclusion of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol into the model, one at a time, indicating statistical mediation. Conclusions Higher triglyceride and lower HDL levels statistically account for the association between BMI and myo-inositol, pointing towards a potentially critical role for dyslipidemia in the development of cerebral neurochemical alterations in obesity. PMID:23512296
Cerebral white matter blood flow and energy metabolism in multiple sclerosis.

PubMed

Steen, Christel; D'haeseleer, Miguel; Hoogduin, Johannes M; Fierens, Yves; Cambron, Melissa; Mostert, Jop P; Heersema, Dorothea J; Koch, Marcus W; De Keyser, Jacques

2013-09-01

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is reduced in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS), but the underlying mechanism is unknown. The objective of this article is to assess the relationship between reduced NAWM CBF and both axonal mitochondrial metabolism and astrocytic phosphocreatine (PCr) metabolism. Ten healthy controls and 25 MS subjects were studied with 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. CBF was measured using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling. N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) ratios (axonal mitochondrial metabolism) were obtained using (1)H-MR spectroscopy and PCr/β-ATP ratios using (31)P-MR spectroscopy. In centrum semiovale NAWM, we assessed correlations between CBF and both NAA/Cr and PCr/β-ATP ratios. Subjects with MS had a widespread reduction in CBF of NAWM (centrum semiovale, periventricular, frontal and occipital), and gray matter (frontoparietal cortex and thalamus). Compared to controls, NAA/Cr in NAWM of the centrum semiovale of MS subjects was decreased, whereas PCr/β-ATP was increased. We found no correlations between CBF and PCr/β-ATP. CBF and NAA/Cr correlated in controls (p = 0.02), but not in MS subjects (p = 0.68). Our results suggest that in MS patients there is no relationship between reduced CBF in NAWM and impaired axonal mitochondrial metabolism or astrocytic PCr metabolism.
[Efficacy of siRNA on feline leukemia virus replication in vitro].

PubMed

Lehmann, Melanie; Weber, Karin; Rauch, Gisep; Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina; Hosie, Margaret J; Meli, Marina L; Hartmann, Katrin

2015-01-01

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) can lead to severe clinical signs in cats. Until now, there is no effective therapy for FeLV-infected cats. RNA interference-based antiviral therapy is a new concept. Specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) are designed complementary to the mRNA of a target region, and thus inhibit replication. Several studies have proven efficacy of siRNAs in inhibiting virus replication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potential of siRNAs against FeLV replication in vitro. siRNAs against the FeLV env gene and the host cell surface receptor (feTHTR1) which is used by FeLV-A for entry as well as siRNA that were not complementary to the FeLV or cat genome, were tested. Crandell feline kidney cells (CrFK cells) were transfected with FeLV-A/Glasgow-1. On day 13, infected cells were transfected with siRNAs. As control, cells were mock-transfected or treated with azidothymidine (AZT) (5 μg/ml). Culture supernatants were analyzed for FeLV RNA using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and for FeLV p27 by ELISA every 24 hours for five days. All siRNAs significantly reduced viral RNA and p27 production, starting after 48 hours. The fact that non-complementary siRNAs also inhibited virus replication may lead to the conclusion that unspecific mechanisms rather than specific binding lead to inhibition.
Transition in Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in India.

PubMed

Puri, Seema

2017-01-01

Optimal infant and young child feeding, which includes initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth, exclusive breastfeeding for first six months, age appropriate complementary feeding after six months along with continued breastfeeding for 2 years and beyond, is a public health intervention to prevent child morbidity, mortality and malnutrition [1]. In India, even though institutional delivery rates are increasing, only 44% women are able to breastfeed their babies within one hour of delivery. While 65% children are exclusively breast fed for the first six months, the median duration of breastfeeding is 24.4 months and complementary feeding rates are 50%. To achieve optimal IYCF practices, each woman should have access to a community based IYCF counseling support system. Efforts are therefore needed to upgrade skill based training of health workers and revive and update the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). To promote and sustain breastfeeding amongst working women, it is essential to ensure adequate maternity leave, crèches at work place, flexible working hours, and provision of physical space for breast feeding at work place. It is imperative to also create public awareness about the dangers of bottle and formula feeding and to provide accurate information on the appropriate complementary food to be given to infants. In conclusion, India needs to make serious efforts to overcome malnutrition with not only prioritized IYCF policies but also their effective implementation in place. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.
24 CFR 964.117 - Resident council partnerships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... § 964.117 Resident council partnerships. A resident council may form partnerships with outside organizations, provided that such relationships are complementary to the resident council in its duty to...
24 CFR 964.117 - Resident council partnerships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... § 964.117 Resident council partnerships. A resident council may form partnerships with outside organizations, provided that such relationships are complementary to the resident council in its duty to...
24 CFR 964.117 - Resident council partnerships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... § 964.117 Resident council partnerships. A resident council may form partnerships with outside organizations, provided that such relationships are complementary to the resident council in its duty to...
24 CFR 964.117 - Resident council partnerships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... § 964.117 Resident council partnerships. A resident council may form partnerships with outside organizations, provided that such relationships are complementary to the resident council in its duty to...
24 CFR 964.117 - Resident council partnerships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... § 964.117 Resident council partnerships. A resident council may form partnerships with outside organizations, provided that such relationships are complementary to the resident council in its duty to...
Microstructural and optical properties of Ca and Cr doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by auto combustion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Agrawal, Shraddha; Parveen, Azra; Azam, Ameer

2018-05-01

The Ca and Cr doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (Co0.8Ca0.2) (Fe0.8 Cr0.2)2O4 were synthesized by auto combustion method. Microstructural studies were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystalline size of synthesized nanoparticles as determined by the XRD was found to be 17.6 nm. These structural studies suggest that the crystal system remains spinal even with the doping of calcium and chromium. Optical properties of Ca and Cr doped cobalt ferrite were studied by UV-visible technique in the range of 200-800 nm. The energy band gap was calculated with the help of Tauc relationship. Ca and Cr doped cobalt ferrite annealed at 600°C exhibit significant dispersion in complex permeability. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of cobalt ferrite were studied as a function of frequency and were explained on the basis of Koop's theory based on Maxwell Wagner two layer models and electron hopping.
[Heavy metal concentration in Nanjing urban soils and their affecting factors].

PubMed

Lu, Ying; Gong, Zitong; Zhang, Ganlin; Zhang, Bo

2004-01-01

The concentration and source of heavy metals in Nanjing urban soils and their relationships with soil properties were studied. The results indicated that the soils in Nanjing urban were not obviously polluted by Fe, Ni, Co and V, but polluted by Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb to a certain extent. The heavy metals were irregularly distributed in soil profiles. Fe, Ni, Co, and V were originated from soil materials, but Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr were anthropogenic input. Probably, Mn had different origins in different soils. There were positive correlations among Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, and V concentration, and among Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr concentration. The Fe, Co, V, and Ni concentration were positively correlated with soil clay content and CEC, and the Cu, Zn and Pb concentration were negatively correlated with clay content. There were positive correlations between Cu, Zn, Pb and Cr concentration and organic C content, and between Pb concentration and soil pH.
The Development of the Low-Cost Titanium Alloy Containing Cr and Mn Alloying Elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Kailiang; Gui, Na; Jiang, Tao; Zhu, Ming; Lu, Xionggang; Zhang, Jieyu; Li, Chonghe

2014-04-01

The α + β-type Ti-4.5Al-6.9Cr-2.3Mn alloy has been theoretically designed on the basis of assessment of the Ti-Al-Cr-Mn thermodynamic system and the relationship between the molybdenum equivalent and mechanical properties of titanium alloys. The alloy is successfully prepared by the split water-cooled copper crucible, and its microstructures and mechanical properties at room temperature are investigated using the OM, SEM, and the universal testing machine. The results show that the Ti-4.5Al-6.9Cr-2.3Mn alloy is an α + β-type alloy which is consistent with the expectation, and its fracture strength, yield strength, and elongation reach 1191.3, 928.4 MPa, and 10.7 pct, respectively. Although there is no strong segregation of alloying elements under the condition of as-cast, the segregation of Cr and Mn is obvious at the grain boundary after thermomechanical treatment.
Effects of Laves phase particles on recovery and recrystallization behaviors of Nb-containing FeCrAl alloys

DOE PAGES

Sun, Zhiqian; Edmondson, Philip D.; Yamamoto, Yukinori

2017-11-15

The microstructures and mechanical properties of deformed and annealed Nb-containing FeCrAl alloys were investigated. Fine dispersion of Fe 2Nb-type Laves phase particles was observed in the bcc-Fe matrix after applying a thermomechanical treatment, especially along grain/subgrain boundaries, which effectively stabilized the recovered and recrystallized microstructures compared with the Nb-free FeCrAl alloy. The stability of recovered areas increased with Nb content up to 1 wt%. The recrystallized grain structure in Nb-containing FeCrAl alloys consisted of elongated grains along the rolling direction with a weak texture when annealed below 1100 °C. An abnormal relationship between recrystallized grain size and annealing temperature wasmore » found. Microstructural inhomogeneity in the deformed and annealed states was explained based on the Taylor factor. Annealed Nb-containing FeCrAl alloys showed a good combination of strength and ductility, which is desirable for their application as fuel cladding in light-water reactors.« less
Oxygen isotopic relationships between the LEW85332 carbonaceous chondrite and CR chondrites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prinz, M.; Weisberg, M. K.; Clayton, R. N.; Mayeda, T. K.

1993-01-01

LEW85332, originally described as a unique C3 chondrite, was shown to be a C2 chondrite with important linkages to the CR clan. An important petrologic aspect of LEW85332 is that it contains anhydrous chondrules and hydrated matrix, and new oxygen isotopic data on chondrules, matrix and whole rock are consistent with the petrology. Chondrules fall on the equilibrated chondrite line (ECL), with a slope near 1, which goes through ordinary chondrite chondrules. This contrasts with the CR chondrule line which has a lower slope due to hydrated components. LEW85332 chondrules define a new carbonaceous chondrite chondrule line, parallel to the anhydrous CV chondrule line (CCC), consistent with the well-established concept of two oxygen isotopic reservoirs. Matrix and whole rock fall on the CR line. The whole rock composition indicates that the chondrite is dominated by chondrules, and that most of them contain light oxygen similar to that of anhydrous olivine and pyroxene separates in the Renazzo and Al Rais CR chondrites.
Establishment of a reference value for chromium in the blood for biological monitoring among occupational chromium workers.

PubMed

Li, Ping; Li, Yang; Zhang, Ji; Yu, Shan-Fa; Wang, Zhi-Liang; Jia, Guang

2016-10-01

The concentration of chromium in the blood (CrB) has been confirmed as a biomarker for occupational chromium exposure, but its biological exposure indices (BEIs) are still unclear, so we collected data from the years 2006 and 2008 (Shandong Province, China) to analyze the relationship between the concentration of chromium in the air (CrA) of the workplaces and CrB to establish a reference value of CrB for biological monitoring of occupational workers. The levels of the indicators for nasal injury, kidney (β2 microglobulin (β2-MG)), and genetic damages (8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and micronucleus (MN)) were measured in all subjects of the year 2011 (Henan Province, China) to verify the protective effect in this reference value of CrB. Compared with the control groups, the concentrations of CrA and CrB in chromium exposed groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Positive correlations were found between CrA and CrB in chromium exposed groups (r 2006 = 0.60, r 2008 = 0.35) in the years 2006 and 2008. According to the occupational exposure limitation of CrA (50 μg/m(3), China), the reference value of CrB was recommended to 20 μg/L. The levels of nasal injury, β2-MG, 8-OhdG, and MN were not significantly different between the low chromium exposed group (CrB ≤ 20 μg/L) and the control group, while the levels of β2-MG, 8-OHdG, and MN were statistically different in the high chromium exposed group than that in the control group. This research proved that only in occupational workers, CrB could be used as a biomarker to show chromium exposure in the environment. The recommended reference value of CrB was 20 μg/L. © The Author(s) 2015.
Substituted 7-amino-5-thio-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as potent and selective antagonists of the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1).

PubMed

Karlström, Sofia; Nordvall, Gunnar; Sohn, Daniel; Hettman, Andreas; Turek, Dominika; Åhlin, Kristofer; Kers, Annika; Claesson, Martina; Slivo, Can; Lo-Alfredsson, Yvonne; Petersson, Carl; Bessidskaia, Galina; Svensson, Per H; Rein, Tobias; Jerning, Eva; Malmberg, Åsa; Ahlgen, Charlotte; Ray, Colin; Vares, Lauri; Ivanov, Vladimir; Johansson, Rolf

2013-04-25

We have developed two parallel series, A and B, of CX3CR1 antagonists for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. By modifying the substituents on the 7-amino-5-thio-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine core structure, we were able to achieve compounds with high selectivity for CX3CR1 over the closely related CXCR2 receptor. The structure-activity relationships showed that a leucinol moiety attached to the core-structure in the 7-position together with α-methyl branched benzyl derivatives in the 5-position displayed promising affinity, and selectivity as well as physicochemical properties, as exemplified by compounds 18a and 24h. We show the preparation of the first potent and selective orally available CX3CR1 antagonists.
Advanced thin film thermocouples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kreider, K. G.; Semancik, S.; Olson, C.

1984-01-01

The fabrication, materials characterization, and performance of thin film platinum rhodium thermocouples on gas turbine alloys was investigated. The materials chosen for the study were the turbine blade alloy systems MAR M200+Hf with NiCoCrAlY and FeCrAlY coatings, and vane alloy systems MAR M509 with FeCrAlY. Research was focussed on making improvements in the problem areas of coating substrate stability, adhesion, and insulation reliability and durability. Diffusion profiles between the substrate and coating with and without barrier coatings of Al2O3 are reported. The relationships between fabrication parameters of thermal oxidation and sputtering of the insulator and its characterization and performance are described. The best thin film thermocouples were fabricated with the NiCoCrAlY coatings which were thermally oxidized and sputter coated with Al2O3.
Trace-element interactions in Rook Corvus frugilegus eggshells along an urbanisation gradient.

PubMed

Orłowski, Grzegorz; Kasprzykowski, Zbigniew; Dobicki, Wojciech; Pokorny, Przemysław; Wuczyński, Andrzej; Polechoński, Ryszard; Mazgajski, Tomasz D

2014-11-01

Concentrations of seven trace elements [arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd)] in the eggshells of Rooks Corvus frugilegus, a focal bird species of Eurasian agricultural environments, are increased above background levels and exceed levels of toxicological concern. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn are greater in eggshells from urban rookeries (large cities) compared with rural areas (small towns and villages) suggesting an urbanisation gradient effect among eggs laid by females. In the present study, the investigators assessed whether the pattern of relationships among the seven trace elements in eggshells change along an urbanisation/pollution gradient. Surprisingly, we found that eggshells with the greatest contaminant burden, i.e., from urban rookeries, showed far fewer significant relationships (n = 4) than eggshells from villages (n = 10), small towns (n = 6), or rural areas (n = 8). In most cases, the relationships were positive. As was an exception: Its concentration was negatively correlated with Ni and Cd levels in eggshells from small town rookeries (where As levels were the highest), whereas eggshells from villages (with a lower As level) showed positive relationships between As and Cd. Our findings suggest that at low to intermediate levels, interactions between the trace elements in Rook eggshells are of a synergistic character and appear to operate as parallel coaccumulation. A habitat-specific excess of some elements (primarily Cr, Ni, Cu, As) suggests their more competitively selective sequestration.

Cell-type specificity of lung cancer associated with low-dose soil heavy metal contamination in Taiwan: An ecological study

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Numerous studies have examined the association between heavy metal contamination (including arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], chromium [Cr], copper [Cu], mercury [Hg], nickel [Ni], lead [Pb], and zinc [Zn]) and lung cancer. However, data from previous studies on pathological cell types are limited, particularly regarding exposure to low-dose soil heavy metal contamination. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between soil heavy metal contamination and lung cancer incidence by specific cell type in Taiwan. Methods We conducted an ecological study and calculated the annual averages of eight soil heavy metals (i.e., As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) by using data from the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration from1982 to 1986. The age-standardized incidence rates of lung cancer according to two major pathological types (adenocarcinoma [AC] and squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]) were obtained from the National Cancer Registry Program conducted in Taiwan from 2001 to 2005. A geographical information system was used to plot the maps of soil heavy metal concentration and lung cancer incidence rates. Poisson regression models were used to obtain the adjusted relative ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the lung cancer incidence associated with soil heavy metals. Results For males, the trend test for lung SCC incidence caused by exposure to Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn showed a statistically significant dose–response relationship. However, for lung AC, only Cu and Ni had a significant dose–response relationship. As for females, those achieving a statistically significant dose–response relationship for the trend test were Cr (P = 0.02), Ni (P = 0.02), and Zn (P= 0.02) for lung SCC, and Cu (P < 0.01) and Zn (P = 0.02) for lung AC. Conclusion The current study suggests that a dose–response relationship exists between low-dose soil heavy metal concentration and lung cancer occurrence by specific cell-type; however, the relevant mechanism should be explored further. PMID:23575356
TLR4-dependent internalization of CX3CR1 aggravates sepsis-induced immunoparalysis.

PubMed

Ge, Xin-Yu; Fang, Shang-Ping; Zhou, Miao; Luo, Jing; Wei, Juan; Wen, Xue-Ping; Yan, Xiao-Di; Zou, Zui

2016-01-01

Sepsis, the most severe manifestation of infection, poses a major challenge to health-care systems around the world. Limited ability to clean and remove the pathogen renders difficulty in septic patients to recover from the phase of immunoparalysis. The present study found the vital role of CX3CR1 internalization on sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. A mouse model with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and cell model with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were employed to explore the relationship between CX3CR1 internalization and septic immunoparalysis. Immunoparalysis model in mice was established 4 days after CLP with significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines. Flow cytometry analysis found a decreased surface expression of CX3CR1 during immunoparalysis, which was associated with reduced mRNA level and increased internalization of CX3CR1. G-protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and β-arrestin2 were significantly increased during septic immunoparalysis and involved in the internalization of CX3CR1. TLR4 -/- or TLR4 inhibitor-treated macrophages exhibited an inhibited expression of GRK2 and β-arrestin2, along with reduced internalization of CX3CR1. Moreover, the knockdown of GRK2 and β-arrestin2 inhibited the internalization of CX3CR1 and led to a higher response on the second hit, which was associated with an increased activation of NF-κB. The critical association between internalization of CX3CR1 and immunosuppression in sepsis may provide a novel reference for clinical therapeutics.
Reduction kinetics of hexavalent chromium in soils and its correlation with soil properties.

PubMed

Xiao, Wendan; Zhang, Yibin; Li, Tingqiang; Chen, Bao; Wang, Huan; He, Zhenli; Yang, Xiaoe

2012-01-01

The toxicity of chromium (Cr) to biota is related to its chemical forms and consequently to the redox conditions of soils. Hexavalent Cr[Cr(VI)] may undergo natural attenuation through reduction processes. In this study, the reduction kinetics of Cr(VI) in seven soils and its relationships with soil properties were investigated with laboratory incubation experiments. The results indicate that the reduction of Cr(VI) can be described by a first-order reaction. The reduction rates of Cr(VI) in the seven soils decreased in the order: Udic Ferrisols > Stagnic Anthrosols > Calcaric Regosols > Mollisol > Typic Haplustalf > Periudic Argosols > Ustic Cambosols. Simple correlation analysis revealed that the reduction of Cr(VI) in soils was positively related to organic matter content, dissolved organic matter content, Fe(II) content, clay fraction, and to the diversity index of the bacterial community but negatively correlated with easily reducible Mn content. Using stepwise regression, the reduction of Cr(VI) in soil could be quantitatively predicted by the measurement of dissolved organic matter content, Fe(II) content, pH, and soil particle size distribution, with a fitting level of 95.5%. The results indicated that the reduction of Cr(VI) in natural soils is not controlled by a single soil property but is the result of the combined effects of dissolved organic matter, Fe(II), pH, and soil particle size distribution. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
Studying the spatial variability of Cr in agricultural field using both particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cruvinel, Paulo E.; Crestana, Sílvio; Artaxo, Paulo; Martins, JoséV.; Armelin, Maria JoséA.

1996-04-01

In the field of soil physics, a technique which permits a non-destructive, accurate and fast elemental analysis with a minimum of sample preparation effort is often desired. Although trace elements are minor components of the solid phase, they play an important role in soil fertility. Cr is of nutritional importance because it is a required element in human and animal nutrition. The immobility of Cr may be responsible for an inadequate Cr supply to plants. This work not only demonstrates the suitability of PIXE as a fast and non-destructive technique, useful to measure Cr content in soil samples, but also outlines a study of spatial variability of that element in agricultural field. To demonstrate the capability of the method soil samples were collected in a 5000 m 2 agricultural field. The soil samples were analyzed using both PIXE and INAA techniques. Besides, a Fourier interpolation technique was used to verify the distribution of Cr along of the sampled field. INAA was carried out by means of the γ-ray emitted by 51Cr(320 keV). Results show that there is a good linear relationship between the elemental concentration of Cr obtained using those techniques, i.e. a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.82 was achieved.
The Relationship of Thioredoxin-1 and Cisplatin Resistance: Its Impact on ROS and Oxidative Metabolism in Lung Cancer Cells

PubMed Central

Wangpaichitr, Medhi; Theodoropoulos, George; Wu, Chunjing; You, Min; Feun, Lynn G.; Kuo, Macus T.; Savaraj, Niramol

2012-01-01

Elimination of cisplatin resistant (CR) lung cancer cells remains a major obstacle. We have shown that CR tumors have higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and can be exploited for targeted therapy. Here we show that increased secretion of the antioxidant thioredoxin-1 (TRX1) resulted in lowered intracellular TRX1, and contributed to higher ROS in CR tumors in vivo and in vitro. By reconstitutingTRX1 protein in CR cells, we increased sensitivity to cisplatin but decreased sensitivity to elesclomol (ROS inducer). Conversely, decreased TRX1 protein in parental cells reduced the sensitivity to cisplatin but increased sensitivity to elesclomol. CR cells had increased endogenous oxygen consumption and mitochondrial activity but decreased lactic acid production. They also exhibited higher levels of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and fumarase (FH) mRNA which contributed to oxidative metabolism (OXMET) when compared to parental cells. Restoring intracellular TRX1 protein in CR cells resulted in lowering ASS and FH mRNAs which in turn sensitized them to arginine deprivation. Interestingly, CR cells also possessed significantly higher basal levels of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Over-expressing TRX1 lowered ACC and FAS proteins expressions in CR cells. Chemical inhibition and siRNA of ACC resulted in significant cell death in CR compared to parental cells. Conversely, TRX1 over-expressed CR cells resisted to TOFA-induced death. Collectively, lowering TRX1 expression through increased secretion leads CR cells to higher ROS production and increase in dependency on OXMET. These changes raise an intriguing therapeutic potential for future therapy in cisplatin resistant lung cancer. PMID:22248473
Extremely 54Cr- and 50Ti-rich Presolar Oxide Grains in a Primitive Meteorite: Formation in Rare Types of Supernovae and Implications for the Astrophysical Context of Solar System Birth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nittler, Larry R.; O’D. Alexander, Conel M.; Liu, Nan; Wang, Jianhua

2018-04-01

We report the identification of 19 presolar oxide grains from the Orgueil CI meteorite with substantial enrichments in 54Cr, with 54Cr/52Cr ratios ranging from 1.2 to 56 times the solar value. The most enriched grains also exhibit enrichments at mass-50, most likely due in part to 50Ti, but close-to-normal or depleted 53Cr/52Cr ratios. There is a strong inverse relationship between 54Cr enrichment and grain size; the most extreme grains are all <80 nm in diameter. Comparison of the isotopic data with predictions of nucleosynthesis calculations indicate that these grains most likely originated in either rare, high-density Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia), or in electron-capture supernovae (ECSN), which may occur as the end stage of evolution for stars of mass 8–10 M ⊙. This is the first evidence for preserved presolar grains from either type of supernova. An ECSN origin is attractive, as these likely occur much more frequently than high-density SN Ia, and their evolutionary timescales (∼20 Myr) are comparable to those of molecular clouds. Self-pollution of the Sun’s parent cloud from an ECSN may explain the heterogeneous distribution of n-rich isotopic anomalies in planetary materials, including a recently reported dichotomy in Mo isotopes in the solar system. The stellar origins of three grains with solar 54Cr/52Cr, but anomalies in 50Cr or 53Cr, as well as of a grain enriched in 57Fe, are unclear.
Cognitive reserve as a predictor of two year neuropsychological performance in early onset first-episode schizophrenia.

PubMed

de la Serna, Elena; Andrés-Perpiñá, Susana; Puig, Olga; Baeza, Inmaculada; Bombin, Igor; Bartrés-Faz, David; Arango, Celso; Gonzalez-Pinto, Ana; Parellada, Mara; Mayoral, María; Graell, Montserrat; Otero, Soraya; Guardia, Joan; Castro-Fornieles, Josefina

2013-01-01

The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) has been defined as individual differences in the efficient utilization of brain networks which allow some people to cope better than others with brain pathology. CR has been developed mainly in the field of aging and dementia after it was observed that there appears to be no direct relationship between the degree of brain pathology and the severity of clinical manifestations of this damage. The present study applies the concept of CR to a sample of children and adolescents with a first episode of schizophrenia, aiming to assess the possible influence of CR on neuropsychological performance after two year follow-up, controlling for the influence of clinical psychopathology. 35 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SSD) and 98 healthy controls (HC) matched for age and gender were included. CR was assessed at baseline, taking into account premorbid IQ, educational-occupational level and leisure activities. Clinical and neuropsychological assessments were completed by all patients at two year follow-up. The CR proxy was able to predict working memory and attention at two year follow-up. Verbal memory and cognitive flexibility were not predicted by any of the variables included in the regression model. The SSD group obtained lower scores than HC on CR. CR measures correctly classified 79.8% of the sample as being SSD or HC. Lower scores on CR were observed in SSD than in HC and the CR measure correctly classified a high percentage of the sample into the two groups. CR may predict SSD performance on working memory and attention tasks. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Relationship of Hydrogen Bioavailability to Chromate Reduction in Aquifer Sediments

PubMed Central

Marsh, Tamara L.; McInerney, Michael J.

2001-01-01

Biological Cr(VI) reduction was studied in anaerobic sediments from an aquifer in Norman, Okla. Microcosms containing sediment and mineral medium were amended with various electron donors to determine those most important for biological Cr(VI) reduction. Cr(VI) (about 340 μM) was reduced with endogenous substrates (no donor), or acetate was added. The addition of formate, hydrogen, and glucose stimulated Cr(VI) reduction compared with reduction in unamended controls. From these sediments, an anaerobic Cr(VI)-utilizing enrichment was obtained that was dependent upon hydrogen for both growth and Cr(VI) reduction. No methane was produced by the enrichment, which reduced about 750 μM Cr(VI) in less than six days. The dissolved hydrogen concentration was used as an indicator of the terminal electron accepting process occurring in the sediments. Microcosms with sediments, groundwater, and chromate metabolized hydrogen to a concentration below the detection limits of the mercury vapor gas chromatograph. In microcosms without chromate, the hydrogen concentration was about 8 nM, a concentration comparable to that under methanogenic conditions. When these microcosms were amended with 500 μM Cr(VI), the dissolved hydrogen concentration quickly fell below the detection limits. These results showed that the hydrogen concentration under chromate-reducing conditions became very low, as low as that reported under nitrate- and manganese-reducing conditions, a result consistent with the free energy changes for these reactions. The utilization of formate, lactate, hydrogen, and glucose as electron donors for Cr(VI) reduction indicates that increasing the availability of hydrogen results in a greater capacity for Cr(VI) reduction. This conclusion is supported by the existence of an enrichment dependent upon hydrogen for growth and Cr(VI) reduction. PMID:11282599
Measuring Learning and Development in Cross-Cultural Competence

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

Relativism . .......................................................................................................... 13 Cultural Acuity...Factor Cronbach’s α Number of items Cultural Interest 0.73 6 Cultural Relativism 0.80 10 Cultural Acuity 0.70 8 Relationship Orientation 0.71 7...The factors were labeled as Cultural Interest (CI), Cultural Relativism (CR), Cultural Acuity (CA), Relationship Orientation (RO), and Interpersonal
Radiation tolerance of neutron-irradiated model Fe-Cr-Al alloys

DOE PAGES

Field, Kevin G.; Hu, Xunxiang; Littrell, Kenneth C.; ...

2015-07-14

The Fe Cr Al alloy system has the potential to form an important class of enhanced accident-tolerant cladding materials in the nuclear power industry owing to the alloy system's higher oxidation resistance in high-temperature steam environments compared with traditional zirconium-based alloys. However, radiation tolerance of Fe Cr Al alloys has not been fully established. In this study, a series of Fe Cr Al alloys with 10 18 wt % Cr and 2.9 4.9 wt % Al were neutron irradiated at 382 C to 1.8 dpa to investigate the irradiation-induced microstructural and mechanical property evolution as a function of alloy composition.more » Dislocation loops with Burgers vector of a/2 111 and a 100 were detected and quantified. Results indicate precipitation of Cr-rich is primarily dependent on the bulk chromium composition. Mechanical testing of sub-size-irradiated tensile specimens indicates the hardening response seen after irradiation is dependent on the bulk chromium composition. Furthermore, a structure property relationship was developed; it indicated that the change in yield strength after irradiation is caused by the formation of these radiation-induced defects and is dominated by the large number density of Cr-rich α' precipitates at sufficiently high chromium contents after irradiation.« less
The Effects of University-Industry Relationships and Academic Research on Scientific Performance: Synergy or Substitution?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Manjarres-Henriquez, Liney; Gutierrez-Gracia, Antonio; Carrion-Garcia, Andres; Vega-Jurado, Jaider

2009-01-01

This paper evaluates whether university-industry relationships (UIR) and academic research activities have complementary effects on the scientific production of university lecturers. The analysis is based on a case study of two Spanish universities. We find that the effects of R&D contracts with industry, and academic research activity on…
Complementary Relationships between Traditional Media and Health Apps among American College Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cho, Jaehee; Lee, H. Erin; Quinlan, Margaret

2015-01-01

Objective: This study explored the potential relationships between existing media and health apps for health information among college students. Participants: This study collected and analyzed a total of 408 surveys from students of 7 universities across the United States. Methods: In order to explore the research questions and test the…
Fighting with Reality: Considering Mark Johnson's Pragmatic Realism through Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do Method

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Alexander David

2015-01-01

This dissertation considers the supportive and complementary relation between Mark Johnson's embodied realism and Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do as a philosophical practice. In exploring this relationship, the emphasis on one's embodiment condition and its relationship with metaphor and self-expression are the primary focus. First, this work involves…
Dopamine antagonism does not impair learning of Pavlovian conditioned approach to manipulable or non-manipulable cues but biases responding towards goal tracking.

PubMed

Scülfort, Stefanie A; Bartsch, Dusan; Enkel, Thomas

2016-11-01

Dopamine's (DA) role in reward-processing is currently discussed as either providing a teaching signal to guide learning or mediating the transfer of incentive salience (i.e. motivational aspects) from unconditioned stimuli (US) to conditioned stimuli (CS). We used a Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) procedure to further investigate DAs contribution to these processes. Experiment 1 assessed the acquisition of PCA to a manipulable lever cue for 7days under DA-blockade with Flupenthixol (FLU; 225μg/kg) or Saline (SAL) treatment, followed by 6-days off-drug testing. FLU decreased the number of conditioned responses (CR) during the treatment phase, but cessation of treatment resulted in an immediate increase in CR to levels comparable to SAL controls; notably, CR in FLU-treated rats were restricted to goal tracking behaviour. During continued off-drug testing, rats from the FLU group developed sign tracking with a similar temporal pattern as controls. In experiment 2, acquisition of PCA to a non-manipulable auditory cue was investigated. FLU reduced the number of CR during treatment, and removing DA antagonism resulted in a similar rapid increase of CR as seen in experiment 1. These data complement other reports by demonstrating that, independently from the physical properties of the CS, DA is not required for learning predictive aspects of a CS-US relationship but for the development of behaviour (namely sign tracking) which is based on the motivational aspects of a CS-US relationship. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Evaluation of Serum, Urine, and Hair Chromium Levels as Indices of Chromium Exposure and the Relationship of these Indices to Serum Lipid and Insulin Levels.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Randall, Janis Avril

Concentrations of chromium (Cr) in hair, serum, and urine, and serum concentrations of insulin and lipids of a selected group of men exposed to trivalent Cr (Cr III) were compared with those of men not exposed to Cr. Seventy -three tannery workers (TW) (mean age 37 +/- 12 years) from four Southern Ontario tanneries and fifty-two control subjects (CS) (mean age 41 +/- 13 years), matched for age, race, and socioeconomic status, from the Guelph and Toronto areas participated. The median hair and serum Cr concentrations for the TW were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than for the CS (hair Cr 453 vs 124 ng/g; serum Cr 0.49 vs 0.15 ng/ml). Median urinary Cr/creatinine ratios (Cr/Cre) for the TW on Monday morning (0.83 ng/mg) and Friday afternoon (0.68 ng/mg) were also significantly higher (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively) than the median urinary Cr/Cre ratio for the urine samples collected on a Friday afternoon from the CS (0.18 ng/mg). For the TW, the median Friday urinary Cr/Cre ratio was significantly higher (p = 0.03) than the corresponding Monday Cr/Cre ratio. For the TW, urinary Cr/Cre ratios (Monday and Friday) were correlated significantly and positively with both Cr concentrations in serum (r = 0.45, p < 0.01; r = 0.71, p < 0.01, respectively) and in hair (r = 0.43, p < 0.01; r = 0.64, p < 0.01, respectively). Concentrations of Cr in hair and in serum were also significantly correlated (r = 0.52, p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the TW and CS in serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or triglycerides, or in calculated values for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, %HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C. Likewise, no significant differences in serum insulin concentrations were noted between the two groups. Results of this study indicate that Cr III, from compounds used in the leather tanning industry, is absorbed and retained. Absorption of Cr III had no significant effect on serum insulin concentrations or serum lipid profiles. These results also suggest that concentrations of Cr in hair, serum, and urine are valid biological indices of industrial exposure to Cr III.
Visualization of Monocytic Cells in Regressing Atherosclerotic Plaques by Intravital 2-Photon and Positron Emission Tomography-Based Imaging-Brief Report.

PubMed

Li, Wenjun; Luehmann, Hannah P; Hsiao, Hsi-Min; Tanaka, Satona; Higashikubo, Ryuji; Gauthier, Jason M; Sultan, Deborah; Lavine, Kory J; Brody, Steven L; Gelman, Andrew E; Gropler, Robert J; Liu, Yongjian; Kreisel, Daniel

2018-05-01

Aortic arch transplants have advanced our understanding of processes that contribute to progression and regression of atherosclerotic plaques. To characterize the dynamic behavior of monocytes and macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques over time, we developed a new model of cervical aortic arch transplantation in mice that is amenable to intravital imaging. Vascularized aortic arch grafts were transplanted heterotropically to the right carotid arteries of recipient mice using microsurgical suture techniques. To image immune cells in atherosclerotic lesions during regression, plaque-bearing aortic arch grafts from B6 ApoE-deficient donors were transplanted into syngeneic CX 3 CR1 GFP reporter mice. Grafts were evaluated histologically, and monocytic cells in atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-deficient grafts were imaged intravitally by 2-photon microscopy in serial fashion. In complementary experiments, CCR2 + cells in plaques were serially imaged by positron emission tomography using specific molecular probes. Plaques in ApoE-deficient grafts underwent regression after transplantation into normolipidemic hosts. Intravital imaging revealed clusters of largely immotile CX 3 CR1 + monocytes/macrophages in regressing plaques that had been recruited from the periphery. We observed a progressive decrease in CX 3 CR1 + monocytic cells in regressing plaques and a decrease in CCR2 + positron emission tomography signal during 4 months. Cervical transplantation of atherosclerotic mouse aortic arches represents a novel experimental tool to investigate cellular mechanisms that contribute to the remodeling of atherosclerotic plaques. © 2018 American Heart Association, Inc.
Unravelling the structural and mechanistic basis of CRISPR-Cas systems.

PubMed

van der Oost, John; Westra, Edze R; Jackson, Ryan N; Wiedenheft, Blake

2014-07-01

Bacteria and archaea have evolved sophisticated adaptive immune systems, known as CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) systems, which target and inactivate invading viruses and plasmids. Immunity is acquired by integrating short fragments of foreign DNA into CRISPR loci, and following transcription and processing of these loci, the CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) guide the Cas proteins to complementary invading nucleic acid, which results in target interference. In this Review, we summarize the recent structural and biochemical insights that have been gained for the three major types of CRISPR-Cas systems, which together provide a detailed molecular understanding of the unique and conserved mechanisms of RNA-guided adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea.
Nurses' beliefs, experiences and practice regarding complementary and alternative medicine in Taiwan.

PubMed

Smith, Graeme D; Wu, Shu-Chen

2012-09-01

To gain an insight into this issue, this study used a qualitative approach and aims to explore and describe nurses' beliefs, experiences and practice regarding complementary and alternative medicine in Taiwan. The integration of complementary and alternative medicine with conventional medicine has become more common worldwide in recent years. An increase in patient use and an expansion of nurses using complementary and alternative medicine has spawned further investigation. Most published studies have concentrated on the usage of complementary and alternative medicine in western societies and have focused principally on physicians' attitudes and practice patterns in this regard. Despite the large amount of time and the unique relationship that nurses share with their patients, little research has investigated the nurse's attitudes and practice regarding complementary and alternative medicine. Moreover, there has been no previous research into understanding this issue from the Taiwanese nursing perspective. A qualitative research design. By using an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative approach, data were collected from 11 registered nurses. The methods of the data collection were in-depth, semi-structured interviews, field notes and memos and the data were analysed using the constant comparative method. Three major categories emerged from the data; namely, a 'lack of clear definition', 'limited experience' and 'high interest' towards complementary and alternative medicine. These results suggest that the definition of complementary and alternative medicine is often unclear for nurses in Taiwan. Due to the organisational policies and personal knowledge base, very few nurses integrate complementary and alternative medicine into their daily practice. However, the nurses in Taiwan show a great desire to participate in complementary and alternative medicine continuing education programmes. This study is not only significant in filling the gap in the existing literature, but is also important in understanding this issue from the nurses' perspective, to offer a series of recommendations for policy, nursing education, nursing practice and suggestions for further research. This study highlights the importance of nursing attitude in the use of complementary and alternative medicine. Clinical nurses have the potential to provide appropriate information to their patients to ensure safe complementary and alternative medicine use. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
A Green Microbial Fuel Cell-Based Biosensor for In Situ Chromium (VI) Measurement in Electroplating Wastewater.

PubMed

Wu, Li-Chun; Tsai, Teh-Hua; Liu, Man-Hai; Kuo, Jui-Ling; Chang, Yung-Chu; Chung, Ying-Chien

2017-10-27

The extensive use of Cr(VI) in many industries and the disposal of Cr(VI)-containing wastes have resulted in Cr(VI)-induced environmental contamination. Cr(VI) compounds are associated with increased cancer risks; hence, the detection of toxic Cr(VI) compounds is crucial. Various methods have been developed for Cr(VI) measurement, but they are often conducted offsite and cannot provide real-time toxicity monitoring. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an eco-friendly and self-sustaining device that has great potential as a biosensor for in situ Cr(VI) measurement, especially for wastewater generated from different electroplating units. In this study, Exiguobacterium aestuarii YC211, a facultatively anaerobic, Cr(VI)-reducing, salt-tolerant, and exoelectrogenic bacterium, was isolated and inoculated into an MFC to evaluate its feasibility as a Cr(VI) biosensor. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of E. aestuarii YC211 was not affected by the surrounding environment (pH 5-9, 20-35 °C, coexisting ions, and salinity of 0-15 g/L). The maximum power density of the MFC biosensor was 98.3 ± 1.5 mW/m² at 1500 Ω. A good linear relationship ( r ² = 0.997) was observed between the Cr(VI) concentration (2.5-60 mg/L) and the voltage output. The developed MFC biosensor is a simple device that can accurately measure Cr(VI) concentrations in the actual electroplating wastewater that is generated from different electroplating units within 30 min with low deviations (-6.1% to 2.2%). After treating the actual electroplating wastewater with the MFC, the predominant family in the biofilm was found to be Bacillaceae (95.3%) and was further identified as the originally inoculated E. aestuarii YC211 by next generation sequencing (NGS). Thus, the MFC biosensor can measure Cr(VI) concentrations in situ in the effluents from different electroplating units, and it can potentially help in preventing the violation of effluent regulations.
A Green Microbial Fuel Cell-Based Biosensor for In Situ Chromium (VI) Measurement in Electroplating Wastewater

PubMed Central

Wu, Li-Chun; Tsai, Teh-Hua; Liu, Man-Hai; Kuo, Jui-Ling; Chang, Yung-Chu

2017-01-01

The extensive use of Cr(VI) in many industries and the disposal of Cr(VI)-containing wastes have resulted in Cr(VI)-induced environmental contamination. Cr(VI) compounds are associated with increased cancer risks; hence, the detection of toxic Cr(VI) compounds is crucial. Various methods have been developed for Cr(VI) measurement, but they are often conducted offsite and cannot provide real-time toxicity monitoring. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an eco-friendly and self-sustaining device that has great potential as a biosensor for in situ Cr(VI) measurement, especially for wastewater generated from different electroplating units. In this study, Exiguobacterium aestuarii YC211, a facultatively anaerobic, Cr(VI)-reducing, salt-tolerant, and exoelectrogenic bacterium, was isolated and inoculated into an MFC to evaluate its feasibility as a Cr(VI) biosensor. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of E. aestuarii YC211 was not affected by the surrounding environment (pH 5–9, 20–35 °C, coexisting ions, and salinity of 0–15 g/L). The maximum power density of the MFC biosensor was 98.3 ± 1.5 mW/m2 at 1500 Ω. A good linear relationship (r2 = 0.997) was observed between the Cr(VI) concentration (2.5–60 mg/L) and the voltage output. The developed MFC biosensor is a simple device that can accurately measure Cr(VI) concentrations in the actual electroplating wastewater that is generated from different electroplating units within 30 min with low deviations (−6.1% to 2.2%). After treating the actual electroplating wastewater with the MFC, the predominant family in the biofilm was found to be Bacillaceae (95.3%) and was further identified as the originally inoculated E. aestuarii YC211 by next generation sequencing (NGS). Thus, the MFC biosensor can measure Cr(VI) concentrations in situ in the effluents from different electroplating units, and it can potentially help in preventing the violation of effluent regulations. PMID:29076985

Cadmium, Chromium, and Copper Concentration plus Semen-Quality in Environmental Pollution Site, China

PubMed Central

LI, Yan; GAO, Qiaoyan; LI, Mingcai; LI, Mengyang; GAO, Xueming

2014-01-01

Abstract Background The environmental pollution is one of the factors contributing to the decrease of sperm quality for human beings. The aim of this study was to assess cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) concentration of man in environmental pollution site, and explore relationships between men exposure to Cd, Cr, and Cu and semen-quality parameters in environmental pollution site. Methods Ninety five men were recruited through pollution area and controls in 2011. We measured semen quality using Computer-aided Semen Quality Analysis, and Cd, Cr, and Cu levels in seminal plasma using Graphite Gurnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between Cd, Cr and Cu concentration in seminal plasma and semen quality. Results The mean of seminal plasma Cd, Cr, and Cu values in pollution area was higher than the controls. Seminal plasma Cr values displayed a significant negative correlation with total motility and normomorph sperm rate. Seminal plasma Cu values also displayed a negative correlation with normomorph sperm rate. Conclusions Male reproductive health may be threatened by environmental pollution, and it may be influence local population diathesis. PMID:26060677
Blood Parameters and Toxicity of Chromium Picolinate Oral Supplementation in Lambs.

PubMed

Dallago, Bruno Stéfano Lima; Braz, ShélidaVasconcelos; Marçola, Tatiana Guerrero; McManus, Concepta; Caldeira, Denise Ferreira; Campeche, Aline; Gomes, Edgard Franco; Paim, Tiago Prado; Borges, Bárbara Oliveira; Louvandini, Helder

2015-11-01

The effects of oral supplementation of chromium picolinate (CrPic) on various blood parameters and their possible toxicity on the liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, and testis were investigated. Twenty-four Santa Inês (SI) lambs were treated with four different concentrations of CrPic (six animals/treatment): placebo, 0.250, 0.375, and 0.500 mg CrPic/animal/day for 84 days. The basal diet consisted of hay Panicum maximum cv Massai and concentrate. Blood and serum were collected fortnightly for analysis. On day 84, the animals were euthanized, and histopathological analysis in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, and testis was made. The liver and kidney were also submitted to electronic microscopy analysis. Differences between treatments (P < 0.05) were observed for packed cell volume (day 84), hemoglobin (day 84), total plasm protein (day 56 and day 84), and triglycerides (day 70). There was no statistically significant relationship between Cr supplementation and histopathology findings, although some animals treated with supplementary Cr showed morphological changes in the liver, kidney, and testis. Thus, the effectiveness of supplementation with Cr remains in doubt as to its physiological action and toxicity in sheep.
Obesity and lipid stress inhibit carnitine acetyltransferase activity.

PubMed

Seiler, Sarah E; Martin, Ola J; Noland, Robert C; Slentz, Dorothy H; DeBalsi, Karen L; Ilkayeva, Olga R; An, Jie; Newgard, Christopher B; Koves, Timothy R; Muoio, Deborah M

2014-04-01

Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine. Emerging evidence suggests that this enzyme functions as a positive regulator of total body glucose tolerance and muscle activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a mitochondrial enzyme complex that promotes glucose oxidation and is feedback inhibited by acetyl-CoA. Here, we used tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling to identify a negative relationship between CrAT activity and muscle content of lipid intermediates. CrAT specific activity was diminished in muscles from obese and diabetic rodents despite increased protein abundance. This reduction in enzyme activity was accompanied by muscle accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines (LCACs) and acyl-CoAs and a decline in the acetylcarnitine/acetyl-CoA ratio. In vitro assays demonstrated that palmitoyl-CoA acts as a direct mixed-model inhibitor of CrAT. Similarly, in primary human myocytes grown in culture, nutritional and genetic manipulations that promoted mitochondrial influx of fatty acids resulted in accumulation of LCACs but a pronounced decrease of CrAT-derived short-chain acylcarnitines. These results suggest that lipid-induced antagonism of CrAT might contribute to decreased PDH activity and glucose disposal in the context of obesity and diabetes.
Magnetic susceptibilities of liquid Cr-Au, Mn-Au and Fe-Au alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ohno, S.; Shimakura, H.; Tahara, S.

The magnetic susceptibility of liquid Cr-Au, Mn-Au, Fe-Au and Cu-Au alloys was investigated as a function of temperature and composition. Liquid Cr{sub 1-c}Au{sub c} with 0.5 ≤ c and Mn{sub 1-c}Au{sub c} with 0.3≤c obeyed the Curie-Weiss law with regard to their dependence of χ on temperature. The magnetic susceptibilities of liquid Fe-Au alloys also exhibited Curie-Weiss behavior with a reasonable value for the effective number of Bohr magneton. On the Au-rich side, the composition dependence of χ for liquid TM-Au (TM=Cr, Mn, Fe) alloys increased rapidly with increasing TM content, respectively. Additionally, the composition dependences of χ for liquidmore » Cr-Au, Mn-Au, and Fe-Au alloys had maxima at compositions of 50 at% Cr, 70 at% Mn, and 85 at% Fe, respectively. We compared the composition dependences of χ{sub 3d} due to 3d electrons for liquid binary TM-M (M=Au, Al, Si, Sb), and investigated the relationship between χ{sub 3d} and E{sub F} in liquid binary TM-M alloys at a composition of 50 at% TM.« less
Socio-demographic predictors of person-organization fit.

PubMed

Merecz-Kot, Dorota; Andysz, Aleksandra

2017-02-21

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the level of complementary and supplementary person-organization fit (P-O fit). The study sample was a group of 600 Polish workers, urban residents aged 19-65. Level of P-O fit was measured using the Subjective Person-Organization Fit Questionnaire by Czarnota-Bojarska. The binomial multivariate logistic regression was applied. The analyzes were performed separately for the men and women. Socio-demographic variables explained small percentage of the outcome variability. Gender differences were found. In the case of men shift work decreased complementary and supplementary fit, while long working hours decreased complementary fit. In the women, age was a stimulant of a complementary fit, involuntary job losses predicted both complementary and supplementary misfit. Additionally, relational responsibilities increased probability of supplementary P-O fit in the men. Going beyond personality and competences as the factors affecting P-O fit will allow development of a more accurate prediction of P-O fit. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(1):133-139. This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.
A comparison of thematic apperceptions of sibling affiliation, conflict, and separation at two periods of adulthood.

PubMed

Bedford, V H

1989-01-01

The quality and stability of sibling relationships during adulthood were assessed by comparing TAT themes of sibling affiliation, conflict, and separation at the period of active child-rearing (CR) and the empty nest (EN). Thirty men and thirty women, divided equally between the two life stages, were randomly selected from a pool of individuals who had a same-sex, closely-spaced sibling. The Sibling Thematic Apperception Test (S-TAT) was developed to elicit underlying feelings about the relationship, because traditional methods of assessment have failed to tap its negative qualities. Contrary to previous findings, results showed no differences in affiliation or conflict theme frequencies between the CR and EN periods. Separation themes, however, were more frequent during the CR than the EN period, suggesting that concerns over separation from siblings reflect a developmental process which might be related to bonding with the family of procreation. Although there were no sex differences within life periods, women's stories about sisters across life period had more conflict themes than did men's stories about brothers.
Laser weldability of 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steel: Part I - Impurity effects and solidifcation mode

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tate, Stephen B.; Javernick, Daniel Anthony; Lienert, Thomas J.

For laser welded type 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn (21-6-9) stainless steels, the relationship between solidification cracking susceptibility and chemical composition was examined, and primary solidification mode (PSM) diagrams were developed to predict solidification mode. Sigmajig testing was used with experimental heats of type 21-6-9 to determine the effect of P and S on solidification cracking w hen primary austenite solidification occurred. Phosphorus showed a larger influence on solidification cracking relative to S, and a relationship of (P+0.2S ) was found for total impurity content. PSM diagrams to predict solidification mode were developed by analyzing welds made at three travel speeds for a widemore » range of 21-6-9 alloys and some other similar alloys. The minimum Cr eq/Ni eq required for primary ferrite solidification increased as travel speed increased, with more alloys showing primary austenite solidification at higher travel rates. Furthermore, as travel speed increased from 21 to 85 mm/s, the average solidification rate increased from 6 to 25 mm/s.« less
Laser weldability of 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steel: Part I - Impurity effects and solidifcation mode

DOE PAGES

Tate, Stephen B.; Javernick, Daniel Anthony; Lienert, Thomas J.; ...

2016-11-02

For laser welded type 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn (21-6-9) stainless steels, the relationship between solidification cracking susceptibility and chemical composition was examined, and primary solidification mode (PSM) diagrams were developed to predict solidification mode. Sigmajig testing was used with experimental heats of type 21-6-9 to determine the effect of P and S on solidification cracking w hen primary austenite solidification occurred. Phosphorus showed a larger influence on solidification cracking relative to S, and a relationship of (P+0.2S ) was found for total impurity content. PSM diagrams to predict solidification mode were developed by analyzing welds made at three travel speeds for a widemore » range of 21-6-9 alloys and some other similar alloys. The minimum Cr eq/Ni eq required for primary ferrite solidification increased as travel speed increased, with more alloys showing primary austenite solidification at higher travel rates. Furthermore, as travel speed increased from 21 to 85 mm/s, the average solidification rate increased from 6 to 25 mm/s.« less
An exploratory study of complementary and alternative medicine in hospital midwifery: models of care and professional struggle.

PubMed

Adams, Jon

2006-02-01

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly popular amongst midwives in Australia. A growing number of hospital midwives are personally integrating one or a range of CAM within their midwifery practice. Despite this trend we still know little about CAM in midwifery, particularly at a grass-roots level. This paper reports findings from one section of a larger exploratory study examining grass-root practitioners' understandings and experiences of complementary therapies in nursing and midwifery. Thirteen in-depth interviews were conducted with midwives working in New South Wales public hospitals and currently integrating CAM within their general midwifery practice. Analysis illustrates how midwives' explanations of, and affinity claims regarding, CAM feed into wider ongoing issues relating to professional autonomy and the relationship between midwifery and obstetrics.
Silicon materials task of the low-cost solar array project. Phase 4: Effects of impurities and processing on silicon solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hopkins, R. H.; Hanes, M. H.; Davis, J. R.; Rohatgi, A.; Raichoudhury, P.; Mollenkopf, H. C.

1981-01-01

The results of the study form a basis for silicon producers, wafer manufacturers, and cell fabricators to develop appropriate cost-benefit relationships for the use of less pure, less costly solar grade silicon. Cr is highly mobile in silicon even at temperatures as low as 600 C. Contrasting with earlier data for Mo, Ti, and V, Cr concentrations vary from place to place in polycrystalline silicon wafers and the electrically-active Cr concentration in the polysilicon is more than an order of magnitude smaller than would be projected from single crystal impurity data. We hypothesize that Cr diffuses during ingot cooldown after growth, preferentially segregates to grain and becomes electrically deactivated. Accelerated aging data from Ni-contaminated silicon imply that no significant impurity-induced cell performance reduction should be expected over a twenty year device lifetime.
Relationship of BK polyoma virus (BKV) in the urine with hemorrhagic cystitis and renal function in recipients of T Cell-depleted peripheral blood and cord blood stem cell transplantations.

PubMed

Lee, Yeon Joo; Zheng, Junting; Kolitsopoulos, Yovanna; Chung, Dick; Amigues, Isabelle; Son, Tammy; Choo, Kathleen; Hester, Jeff; Giralt, Sergio A; Glezerman, Ilya G; Jakubowski, Ann A; Papanicolaou, Genovefa A

2014-08-01

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at significant risk for BK virus (BKV) reactivation, hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), and renal dysfunction. We prospectively monitored 98 patients who had received HSCT by serial BKV PCR in the urine through day (D) +100 to analyze the relationship between BK viruria and HC, serum creatinine (Cr), and creatinine clearance (CrCl) through D +180 or death. Patients, median age 52 years (range, 20 to 73), received T cell-depleted (50%) or cord blood allografts (21%). Median pre-HSCT BKV IgG titers were 1:10,240. Incremental increase in BKV IgG titers correlated with developing BK viruria ≥ 10(7) copies/mL. By D +100, 53 (54%) patients had BK viruria. BKV load in the urine increased at engraftment and persisted throughout D +100. HC developed in 10 patients (10%); 7 of 10 with BK viruria. In competing risk analyses, BK viruria ≥ 10(7) copies/mL, older age, cytomegalovirus reactivation, and foscarnet use were risk factors for HC. Cr and CrCl at 2, 3, and 6 months after HSCT were similar between patients with and without BK viruria. Copyright © 2014 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Application of portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in environmental investigation of heavy metal-contaminated sites and comparison with laboratory analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Liang; Wang, Shui; Cai, Bingjie; Zhang, Mancheng; Qu, Changsheng

2018-02-01

In this study, portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) was used to measure the heavy metal contents of As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soils of heavy metal-contaminated sites. The precision, accuracy and system errors of pXRF were evaluated and compared with traditional laboratory methods to examine the suitability of in situ pXRF. The results show that the pXRF analysis achieved satisfactory accuracy and precision in measuring As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in soils, and meets the requirements of the relevant detection technology specifications. For the certified reference soil samples, the pXRF results of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn show good linear relationships and coefficients of determination with the values measured using the reference analysis methods; with the exception of Ni, all the measured values were within the 95% confidence level. In the soil samples, the coefficients of determination between Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni concentrations measured laboratory pXRF and the values measured with laboratory analysis all reach 0.9, showing a good linear relationship; however, there were large deviations between methods for Cr and As. This study provides reference data and scientific support for rapid detection of heavy metals in soils using pXRF in site investigation, which can better guide the practical application of pXRF.
Pretreatment of Cr(VI)-amended soil with chromate-reducing rhizobacteria decreases plant toxicity and increases the yield of Pisum sativum.

PubMed

Soni, Sumit K; Singh, Rakshapal; Singh, Mangal; Awasthi, Ashutosh; Wasnik, Kundan; Kalra, Alok

2014-05-01

Pot culture experiments were performed under controlled greenhouse conditions to investigate whether four Cr(VI)-reducing bacterial strains (SUCR44, SUCR140, SUCR186, and SUCR188) were able to decrease Cr toxicity to Pisum sativum plants in artificially Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. The effect of pretreatment of soil with chromate-reducing bacteria on plant growth, chromate uptake, bioaccumulation, nodulation, and population of Rhizobium was found to be directly influenced by the time interval between bacterial treatment and seed sowing. Pretreatment of soil with SUCR140 (Microbacterium sp.) 15 days before sowing (T+15) showed a maximum increase in growth and biomass in terms of root length (93 %), plant height (94 %), dry root biomass (99 %), and dry shoot biomass (99 %). Coinoculation of Rhizobium with SUCR140 further improved the aforementioned parameter. Compared with the control, coinoculation of SUCR140+R showed a 117, 116, 136, and 128 % increase, respectively, in root length, plant height, dry root biomass, and dry shoot biomass. The bioavailability of Cr(VI) decreased significantly in soil (61 %) and in uptake (36 %) in SUCR140-treated plants; the effects of Rhizobium, however, either alone or in the presence of SUCR140, were not significant. The populations of Rhizobium (126 %) in soil and nodulation (146 %) in P. sativum improved in the presence of SUCR140 resulting in greater nitrogen (54 %) concentration in the plants. This study shows the usefulness of efficient Cr(VI)-reducing bacterial strain SUCR140 in improving yields probably through decreased Cr toxicity and improved symbiotic relationship of the plants with Rhizobium. Further decrease in the translocation of Cr(VI) through improved nodulation by Rhizobium in the presence of efficient Cr-reducing bacterial strains could also decrease the accumulation of Cr in shoots.
State-by-state variations in cardiac rehabilitation participation are associated with educational attainment, income, and program availability.

PubMed

Gaalema, Diann E; Higgins, Stephen T; Shepard, Donald S; Suaya, Jose A; Savage, Patrick D; Ades, Philip A

2014-01-01

Wide geographic variations in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) participation in the United States have been demonstrated but are not well understood. Socioeconomic factors such as educational attainment are robust predictors of many health-related behaviors, including smoking, obesity, physical activity, substance abuse, and cardiovascular disease. We investigated potential associations between state-level differences in educational attainment, other socioeconomic factors, CR program availability, and variations in CR participation. A retrospective database analysis was conducted using data from the US Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the 1997 Medicare database. The outcome of interest was CR participation rates by state, and predictors included state-level high school (HS) graduation rates (in 2001 and 1970), median household income, smoking rates, density of CR program (programs per square mile and per state population), sex and race ratios, and median age. The relationship between HS graduation rates and CR participation by state was significant for both 2001 and 1970 (r = 0.64 and 0.44, respectively, P < .01). Adding the density of CR programs (per population) and income contributed significantly with a cumulative r value of 0.74 and 0.71 for the models using 2001 and 1970, respectively (Ps < .01). The amount of variance accounted for by each of the 3 variables differed between the 2000 and 1970 graduation rates, but both models were unaltered by including additional variables. State-level HS graduation rates, CR programs expressed as programs per population, and median income were strongly associated with geographic variations in CR participation rates.
Calorie restriction extends the chronological lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae independently of the Sirtuins.

PubMed

Smith, Daniel L; McClure, Julie M; Matecic, Mirela; Smith, Jeffrey S

2007-10-01

Calorie restriction (CR) extends the mean and maximum lifespan of a wide variety of organisms ranging from yeast to mammals, although the molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. For the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reducing glucose in the growth medium extends both the replicative and chronological lifespans (CLS). The conserved NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase, Sir2p, promotes replicative longevity in S. cerevisiae by suppressing recombination within the ribosomal DNA locus and has been proposed to mediate the effects of CR on aging. In this study, we investigated the functional relationships of the yeast Sirtuins (Sir2p, Hst1p, Hst2p, Hst3p and Hst4p) with CLS and CR. SIR2, HST2, and HST4 were not major regulators of CLS and were not required for the lifespan extension caused by shifting the glucose concentration from 2 to 0.5% (CR). Deleting HST1 or HST3 moderately shortened CLS, but did not prevent CR from extending lifespan. CR therefore works through a Sirtuin-independent mechanism in the chronological aging system. We also show that low temperature or high osmolarity additively extends CLS when combined with CR, suggesting that these stresses and CR act through separate pathways. The CR effect on CLS was not specific to glucose. Restricting other simple sugars such as galactose or fructose also extended lifespan. Importantly, growth on nonfermentable carbon sources that force yeast to exclusively utilize respiration extended lifespan at nonrestricted concentrations and provided no additional benefit when restricted, suggesting that elevated respiration capacity is an important determinant of chronological longevity.
Complementary medicine for cancer patients in general practice: qualitative interviews with german general practitioners.

PubMed

Dahlhaus, Anne; Siebenhofer, Andrea; Guethlin, Corina

2015-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate how general practitioners react when their cancer patients show interest in complementary medicine, and how their reaction is related to their knowledge in the field. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 German general practitioners. Interviewees came from 5 different federal states and varied in terms of urban/rural setting, single/joint practice, additional certifications, gender and length of professional experience. Interviews were electronically recorded, transcribed and then analysed using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. General practitioners feel largely responsible for providing information on complementary medicine to their cancer patients. However, uncertainty and a lack of knowledge concerning CAM lead mainly to reactive responses to patients' needs, and the general practitioners base their recommendations on personal experiences and attitudes. They wish to support their cancer patients and thus, in order to keep their patients' hopes up and maintain a trusting relationship, sometimes support complementary medicine, regardless of their own convictions. Although general practitioners see themselves as an important source of information on complementary medicine for their cancer patients, they also speak of their uncertainties and lack of knowledge. General practitioners would profit from training in complementary medicine enabling them to discuss this topic with their cancer patients in a proactive, open and honest manner. © 2015 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
Adolescents as Readers of Social Studies: Examining the Relationship between Youth's Everyday and Social Studies Literacies and Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stockdill, Darin B.; Moje, Elizabeth B.

2013-01-01

In this paper, we examine the relationship between student engagement and social studies literacy, exploring the possible connections between students' reading interests and practices and social studies learning. With a sample of 802 secondary students from five schools in one urban community, we use complementary methods to explore survey and…
Culture, context and therapeutic processes: delivering a parent-child intervention in a remote Aboriginal community.

PubMed

Mares, Sarah; Robinson, Gary

2012-04-01

Little is written about the process of delivering mainstream, evidence-based therapeutic interventions for Aboriginal children and families in remote communities. Patterns of interaction between parents and children and expectations about parenting and professional roles and responsibilities vary across cultural contexts. This can be a challenging experience for professionals accustomed to work in urban settings. Language is only a part of cultural difference, and the outsider in a therapeutic group in an Aboriginal community is outside not only in language but also in access to community relationships and a place within those relationships. This paper uses examples from Let's Start, a therapeutic parent-child intervention to describe the impact of distance, culture and relationships in a remote Aboriginal community, on the therapeutic framework, group processes and relationships. Cultural and contextual factors influence communication, relationships and group processes in a therapeutic group program for children and parents in a remote Aboriginal community. Group leaders from within and from outside the community, are likely to have complementary skills. Cultural and contextual factors influence communication, relationships and group processes in a therapeutic group program for children and parents in a remote Aboriginal community. Group leaders from within and from outside the community, are likely to have complementary skills. Program adaptation, evaluation and staff training and support need to take these factors into account to ensure cultural accessibility without loss of therapeutic fidelity and efficacy.
Microbial Fuel Cell Inoculated with Ochrobactrum Tritici KCC210 for Chromium (VI) Measurement in Electroplating Wastewater

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuo, Jongtar; Kuo, Juiling; Cheng, Chiuyu; Chung, Yingchien

2018-01-01

Many methods/techniques have been developed for Cr(VI) measurement, but they are often conducted offsite or/and cannot provide real-time for Cr(VI) monitoring. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a self-sustaining device and has great potential as a biosensor for in situ Cr(VI) measurement, especially for wastewater generated from different electroplating units. In this study, Ochrobactrum tritici KCC210, a facultatively anaerobic, Cr(VI)-reducing, and exoelectrogenic bacterium, was isolated and inoculated into the MFC to evaluate its feasibility as a Cr(VI) biosensor. The results indicated that O. tritici KCC210 exhibited high adaptability to pH, and temperature under anaerobic conditions. The maximum power density of the MFC biosensor was 17.5±0.9 mW/m2 at 2,000 Ω. A good linear relationship was observed between the Cr(VI) concentration (10-80 mg/L) and voltage output. The stable performance of the MFC biosensor indicated its potential as a reliable biosensor system. Moreover, the developed MFC biosensor is a simple device that can accurately measure Cr(VI) concentrations in the actual electroplating wastewater generated from different electroplating units within 15 min with low deviations (-1.8% to 7.8%) in comparison with the values determined using standard method. Thus, the MFC biosensor can measure Cr(VI) concentrations in situ in the effluents and has potential as an early warning detection device.
CT radiation profile width measurement using CR imaging plate raw data

PubMed Central

Yang, Chang‐Ying Joseph

2015-01-01

This technical note demonstrates computed tomography (CT) radiation profile measurement using computed radiography (CR) imaging plate raw data showing it is possible to perform the CT collimation width measurement using a single scan without saturating the imaging plate. Previously described methods require careful adjustments to the CR reader settings in order to avoid signal clipping in the CR processed image. CT radiation profile measurements were taken as part of routine quality control on 14 CT scanners from four vendors. CR cassettes were placed on the CT scanner bed, raised to isocenter, and leveled. Axial scans were taken at all available collimations, advancing the cassette for each scan. The CR plates were processed and raw CR data were analyzed using MATLAB scripts to measure collimation widths. The raw data approach was compared with previously established methodology. The quality control analysis scripts are released as open source using creative commons licensing. A log‐linear relationship was found between raw pixel value and air kerma, and raw data collimation width measurements were in agreement with CR‐processed, bit‐reduced data, using previously described methodology. The raw data approach, with intrinsically wider dynamic range, allows improved measurement flexibility and precision. As a result, we demonstrate a methodology for CT collimation width measurements using a single CT scan and without the need for CR scanning parameter adjustments which is more convenient for routine quality control work. PACS numbers: 87.57.Q‐, 87.59.bd, 87.57.uq PMID:26699559

Epitaxial growth and electrical transport properties of Cr{sub 2}GeC thin films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eklund, Per; Thin Film Physics Division, Linkoeping University, IFM, 581 83 Linkoeping; Bugnet, Matthieu

2011-08-15

Cr{sub 2}GeC thin films were grown by magnetron sputtering from elemental targets. Phase-pure Cr{sub 2}GeC was grown directly onto Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) at temperatures of 700-800 deg. C. These films have an epitaxial component with the well-known epitaxial relationship Cr{sub 2}GeC(0001)//Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) and Cr{sub 2}GeC(1120)//Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(1100) or Cr{sub 2}GeC(1120)//Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(1210). There is also a large secondary grain population with (1013) orientation. Deposition onto Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) with a TiN(111) seed layer and onto MgO(111) yielded growth of globally epitaxial Cr{sub 2}GeC(0001) with a virtually negligible (1013) contribution. In contrast to the films deposited at 700-800 deg. C,more » the ones grown at 500-600 deg. C are polycrystalline Cr{sub 2}GeC with (1010)-dominated orientation; they also exhibit surface segregations of Ge as a consequence of fast Ge diffusion rates along the basal planes. The room-temperature resistivity of our samples is 53-66 {mu}{Omega}cm. Temperature-dependent resistivity measurements from 15-295 K show that electron-phonon coupling is important and likely anisotropic, which emphasizes that the electrical transport properties cannot be understood in terms of ground state electronic structure calculations only.« less
Image processing analysis of nuclear track parameters for CR-39 detector irradiated by thermal neutron

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Jobouri, Hussain A.; Rajab, Mustafa Y.

2016-03-01

CR-39 detector which covered with boric acid (H3Bo3) pellet was irradiated by thermal neutrons from (241Am - 9Be) source with activity 12Ci and neutron flux 105 n. cm-2. s-1. The irradiation times -TD for detector were 4h, 8h, 16h and 24h. Chemical etching solution for detector was sodium hydroxide NaOH, 6.25N with 45 min etching time and 60 C˚ temperature. Images of CR-39 detector after chemical etching were taken from digital camera which connected from optical microscope. MATLAB software version 7.0 was used to image processing. The outputs of image processing of MATLAB software were analyzed and found the following relationships: (a) The irradiation time -TD has behavior linear relationships with following nuclear track parameters: i) total track number - NT ii) maximum track number - MRD (relative to track diameter - DT) at response region range 2.5 µm to 4 µm iii) maximum track number - MD (without depending on track diameter - DT). (b) The irradiation time -TD has behavior logarithmic relationship with maximum track number - MA (without depending on track area - AT). The image processing technique principally track diameter - DT can be take into account to classification of α-particle emitters, In addition to the contribution of these technique in preparation of nano- filters and nano-membrane in nanotechnology fields.
Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment.

PubMed

Block, Keith I; Gyllenhaal, Charlotte; Lowe, Leroy; Amedei, Amedeo; Amin, A R M Ruhul; Amin, Amr; Aquilano, Katia; Arbiser, Jack; Arreola, Alexandra; Arzumanyan, Alla; Ashraf, S Salman; Azmi, Asfar S; Benencia, Fabian; Bhakta, Dipita; Bilsland, Alan; Bishayee, Anupam; Blain, Stacy W; Block, Penny B; Boosani, Chandra S; Carey, Thomas E; Carnero, Amancio; Carotenuto, Marianeve; Casey, Stephanie C; Chakrabarti, Mrinmay; Chaturvedi, Rupesh; Chen, Georgia Zhuo; Chen, Helen; Chen, Sophie; Chen, Yi Charlie; Choi, Beom K; Ciriolo, Maria Rosa; Coley, Helen M; Collins, Andrew R; Connell, Marisa; Crawford, Sarah; Curran, Colleen S; Dabrosin, Charlotta; Damia, Giovanna; Dasgupta, Santanu; DeBerardinis, Ralph J; Decker, William K; Dhawan, Punita; Diehl, Anna Mae E; Dong, Jin-Tang; Dou, Q Ping; Drew, Janice E; Elkord, Eyad; El-Rayes, Bassel; Feitelson, Mark A; Felsher, Dean W; Ferguson, Lynnette R; Fimognari, Carmela; Firestone, Gary L; Frezza, Christian; Fujii, Hiromasa; Fuster, Mark M; Generali, Daniele; Georgakilas, Alexandros G; Gieseler, Frank; Gilbertson, Michael; Green, Michelle F; Grue, Brendan; Guha, Gunjan; Halicka, Dorota; Helferich, William G; Heneberg, Petr; Hentosh, Patricia; Hirschey, Matthew D; Hofseth, Lorne J; Holcombe, Randall F; Honoki, Kanya; Hsu, Hsue-Yin; Huang, Gloria S; Jensen, Lasse D; Jiang, Wen G; Jones, Lee W; Karpowicz, Phillip A; Keith, W Nicol; Kerkar, Sid P; Khan, Gazala N; Khatami, Mahin; Ko, Young H; Kucuk, Omer; Kulathinal, Rob J; Kumar, Nagi B; Kwon, Byoung S; Le, Anne; Lea, Michael A; Lee, Ho-Young; Lichtor, Terry; Lin, Liang-Tzung; Locasale, Jason W; Lokeshwar, Bal L; Longo, Valter D; Lyssiotis, Costas A; MacKenzie, Karen L; Malhotra, Meenakshi; Marino, Maria; Martinez-Chantar, Maria L; Matheu, Ander; Maxwell, Christopher; McDonnell, Eoin; Meeker, Alan K; Mehrmohamadi, Mahya; Mehta, Kapil; Michelotti, Gregory A; Mohammad, Ramzi M; Mohammed, Sulma I; Morre, D James; Muralidhar, Vinayak; Muqbil, Irfana; Murphy, Michael P; Nagaraju, Ganji Purnachandra; Nahta, Rita; Niccolai, Elena; Nowsheen, Somaira; Panis, Carolina; Pantano, Francesco; Parslow, Virginia R; Pawelec, Graham; Pedersen, Peter L; Poore, Brad; Poudyal, Deepak; Prakash, Satya; Prince, Mark; Raffaghello, Lizzia; Rathmell, Jeffrey C; Rathmell, W Kimryn; Ray, Swapan K; Reichrath, Jörg; Rezazadeh, Sarallah; Ribatti, Domenico; Ricciardiello, Luigi; Robey, R Brooks; Rodier, Francis; Rupasinghe, H P Vasantha; Russo, Gian Luigi; Ryan, Elizabeth P; Samadi, Abbas K; Sanchez-Garcia, Isidro; Sanders, Andrew J; Santini, Daniele; Sarkar, Malancha; Sasada, Tetsuro; Saxena, Neeraj K; Shackelford, Rodney E; Shantha Kumara, H M C; Sharma, Dipali; Shin, Dong M; Sidransky, David; Siegelin, Markus David; Signori, Emanuela; Singh, Neetu; Sivanand, Sharanya; Sliva, Daniel; Smythe, Carl; Spagnuolo, Carmela; Stafforini, Diana M; Stagg, John; Subbarayan, Pochi R; Sundin, Tabetha; Talib, Wamidh H; Thompson, Sarah K; Tran, Phuoc T; Ungefroren, Hendrik; Vander Heiden, Matthew G; Venkateswaran, Vasundara; Vinay, Dass S; Vlachostergios, Panagiotis J; Wang, Zongwei; Wellen, Kathryn E; Whelan, Richard L; Yang, Eddy S; Yang, Huanjie; Yang, Xujuan; Yaswen, Paul; Yedjou, Clement; Yin, Xin; Zhu, Jiyue; Zollo, Massimo

2015-12-01

Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broad-spectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment. Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types of cancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for future research is offered. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
A Broad-Spectrum Integrative Design for Cancer Prevention and Therapy

PubMed Central

Block, Keith I.; Gyllenhaal, Charlotte; Lowe, Leroy; Amedei, Amedeo; Amin, A.R.M. Ruhul; Amin, Amr; Aquilano, Katia; Arbiser, Jack; Arreola, Alexandra; Arzumanyan, Alla; Ashraf, S. Salman; Azmi, Asfar S.; Benencia, Fabian; Bhakta, Dipita; Bilsland, Alan; Bishayee, Anupam; Blain, Stacy W.; Block, Penny B.; Boosani, Chandra S.; Carey, Thomas E.; Carnero, Amancio; Carotenuto, Marianeve; Casey, Stephanie C.; Chakrabarti, Mrinmay; Chaturvedi, Rupesh; Chen, Georgia Zhuo; Chen, Helen; Chen, Sophie; Chen, Yi Charlie; Choi, Beom K.; Ciriolo, Maria Rosa; Coley, Helen M.; Collins, Andrew R.; Connell, Marisa; Crawford, Sarah; Curran, Colleen S.; Dabrosin, Charlotta; Damia, Giovanna; Dasgupta, Santanu; DeBerardinis, Ralph J.; Decker, William K.; Dhawan, Punita; Diehl, Anna Mae E.; Dong, Jin-Tang; Dou, Q. Ping; Drew, Janice E.; Elkord, Eyad; El-Rayes, Bassel; Feitelson, Mark A.; Felsher, Dean W.; Ferguson, Lynnette R; Fimognari, Carmela; Firestone, Gary L.; Frezza, Christian; Fujii, Hiromasa; Fuster, Mark M.; Generali, Daniele; Georgakilas, Alexandros G.; Gieseler, Frank; Gilbertson, Michael; Green, Michelle F.; Grue, Brendan; Guha, Gunjan; Halicka, Dorota; Helferich, William G.; Heneberg, Petr; Hentosh, Patricia; Hirschey, Matthew D.; Hofseth, Lorne J.; Holcombe, Randall F.; Honoki, Kanya; Hsu, Hsue-Yin; Huang, Gloria S.; Jensen, Lasse D.; Jiang, Wen G.; Jones, Lee W.; Karpowicz, Phillip A.; Keith, W Nicol; Kerkar, Sid P.; Khan, Gazala N.; Khatami, Mahin; Ko, Young H.; Kucuk, Omer; Kulathinal, Rob J.; Kumar, Nagi B.; Kumara, H.M.C. Shantha; Kwon, Byoung S.; Le, Anne; Lea, Michael A.; Lee, Ho-Young; Lichtor, Terry; Lin, Liang-Tzung; Locasale, Jason W.; Lokeshwar, Bal L.; Longo, Valter D.; Lyssiotis, Costas A.; MacKenzie, Karen L.; Malhotra, Meenakshi; Marino, Maria; Martinez-Chantar, Maria L.; Matheu, Ander; Maxwell, Christopher; McDonnell, Eoin; Meeker, Alan K.; Mehrmohamadi, Mahya; Mehta, Kapil; Michelotti, Gregory A.; Mohammad, Ramzi M.; Mohammed, Sulma I.; Morre, D. James; Muqbil, Irfana; Muralidhar, Vinayak; Murphy, Michael P.; Nagaraju, Ganji Purnachandra; Nahta, Rita; Niccolai, Elena; Nowsheen, Somaira; Panis, Carolina; Pantano, Francesco; Parslow, Virginia R.; Pawelec, Graham; Pedersen, Peter L.; Poore, Brad; Poudyal, Deepak; Prakash, Satya; Prince, Mark; Raffaghello, Lizzia; Rathmell, Jeffrey C.; Rathmell, W. Kimryn; Ray, Swapan K.; Reichrath, Jörg; Rezazadeh, Sarallah; Ribatti, Domenico; Ricciardiello, Luigi; Robey, R. Brooks; Rodier, Francis; Rupasinghe, H.P. Vasantha; Russo, Gian Luigi; Ryan, Elizabeth P.; Samadi, Abbas K.; Sanchez-Garcia, Isidro; Sanders, Andrew J.; Santini, Daniele; Sarkar, Malancha; Sasada, Tetsuro; Saxena, Neeraj K.; Shackelford, Rodney E; Sharma, Dipali; Shin, Dong M.; Sidransky, David; Siegelin, Markus David; Signori, Emanuela; Singh, Neetu; Sivanand, Sharanya; Sliva, Daniel; Smythe, Carl; Spagnuolo, Carmela; Stafforini, Diana M.; Stagg, John; Subbarayan, Pochi R.; Sundin, Tabetha; Talib, Wamidh H.; Thompson, Sarah K.; Tran, Phuoc T.; Ungefroren, Hendrik; Vander Heiden, Matthew G.; Venkateswaran, Vasundara; Vinay, Dass S.; Vlachostergios, Panagiotis J.; Wang, Zongwei; Wellen, Kathryn E.; Whelan, Richard L.; Yang, Eddy S.; Yang, Huanjie; Yang, Xujuan; Yaswen, Paul; Yedjou, Clement; Yin, Xin; Zhu, Jiyue; Zollo, Massimo

2016-01-01

Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of “personalized” oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity “broad-spectrum” therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested; many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment. Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to help us address disease relapse, which is a substantial and longstanding problem, so a proposed agenda for future research is offered. PMID:26590477
Dutch guideline for clinical foetal-neonatal and paediatric post-mortem radiology, including a review of literature.

PubMed

Sonnemans, L J P; Vester, M E M; Kolsteren, E E M; Erwich, J J H M; Nikkels, P G J; Kint, P A M; van Rijn, R R; Klein, W M

2018-06-01

Clinical post-mortem radiology is a relatively new field of expertise and not common practice in most hospitals yet. With the declining numbers of autopsies and increasing demand for quality control of clinical care, post-mortem radiology can offer a solution, or at least be complementary. A working group consisting of radiologists, pathologists and other clinical medical specialists reviewed and evaluated the literature on the diagnostic value of post-mortem conventional radiography (CR), ultrasonography, computed tomography (PMCT), magnetic resonance imaging (PMMRI), and minimally invasive autopsy (MIA). Evidence tables were built and subsequently a Dutch national evidence-based guideline for post-mortem radiology was developed. We present this evaluation of the radiological modalities in a clinical post-mortem setting, including MIA, as well as the recently published Dutch guidelines for post-mortem radiology in foetuses, neonates, and children. In general, for post-mortem radiology modalities, PMMRI is the modality of choice in foetuses, neonates, and infants, whereas PMCT is advised in older children. There is a limited role for post-mortem CR and ultrasonography. In most cases, conventional autopsy will remain the diagnostic method of choice. Based on a literature review and clinical expertise, an evidence-based guideline was developed for post-mortem radiology of foetal, neonatal, and paediatric patients. What is Known: • Post-mortem investigations serve as a quality check for the provided health care and are important for reliable epidemiological registration. • Post-mortem radiology, sometimes combined with minimally invasive techniques, is considered as an adjunct or alternative to autopsy. What is New: • We present the Dutch guidelines for post-mortem radiology in foetuses, neonates and children. • Autopsy remains the reference standard, however minimal invasive autopsy with a skeletal survey, post-mortem computed tomography, or post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging can be complementary thereof.
Cognitive reserve and long-term change in cognition in aging and preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

PubMed

Soldan, Anja; Pettigrew, Corinne; Cai, Qing; Wang, Jiangxia; Wang, Mei-Cheng; Moghekar, Abhay; Miller, Michael I; Albert, Marilyn

2017-12-01

We examined if baseline levels of cognitive reserve (CR) and of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers modify the rate of change in cognition among individuals with normal cognition at baseline (n = 303, mean baseline age = 57 years, mean follow-up = 12 years); 66 participants subsequently developed mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia due to AD. CR was indexed by years of education, reading, and vocabulary measures. AD biomarkers were measured with a composite score composed of measures of amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and neurodegeneration. Higher CR scores were associated with better cognitive performance but did not modify the rate of change in cognition among those who remained cognitively normal, nor among those who progressed to MCI before symptom onset, independent of baseline biomarker levels. However, higher CR scores were associated with faster cognitive decline after symptom onset of MCI. These results suggest that the mechanism by which CR mediates the relationship between pathology and cognitive function is by delaying the onset of symptoms rather than reducing the rate of cognitive decline. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Comparison of Body Dissatisfaction and Cosmetic Rhinoplasty with levels of Veil Practicing in Islamic Women

PubMed Central

Rastmanesh, Reza; Gluck, Marci E; Shadman, Zhaleh

2009-01-01

Objective The relationship between Islamic veiling, body dissatisfaction and desire for cosmetic rhinoplasty (CR) has not been studied. We therefore compared body dissatisfaction (BD), depression, self-esteem, and prevalence and desire to have CR in 1771 Iranian females. Method A battery of questionnaires was administered and participants were categorized into three groups of Islamic veil practicing: voluntarily and ideologically (IVP), non-complete (NCIVP) and Inconsiderate (IIVP). Results Despite a similar BMI, the IVP group scored significantly lower on BD, prevalence of dieting and exercising in order to be sexually appealing, and depression, higher on self-esteem, and had a lower desire for a CR than the two other groups. Prevalence of CR was significantly higher in the IIVP group than the other groups. Conclusions Women who practiced more strict Islamic veiling techniques had increased body satisfaction and self esteem, and decreased depression scores and desire for CR. Consistent with other studies, our findings show that observance of a strict religious practice has a protective effect on psychological health. PMID:19115373
A comprehensive analysis of three Asiatic black bear mitochondrial genomes (subspecies ussuricus, formosanus and mupinensis), with emphasis on the complete mtDNA sequence of Ursus thibetanus ussuricus (Ursidae).

PubMed

Hwang, Dae-Sik; Ki, Jang-Seu; Jeong, Dong-Hyuk; Kim, Bo-Hyun; Lee, Bae-Keun; Han, Sang-Hoon; Lee, Jae-Seong

2008-08-01

In the present paper, we describe the mitochondrial genome sequence of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus) with particular emphasis on the control region (CR), and compared with mitochondrial genomes on molecular relationships among the bears. The mitochondrial genome sequence of U. thibetanus ussuricus was 16,700 bp in size with mostly conserved structures (e.g. 13 protein-coding, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes). The CR consisted of several typical conserved domains such as F, E, D, and C boxes, and a conserved sequence block. Nucleotide sequences and the repeated motifs in the CR were different among the bear species, and their copy numbers were also variable according to populations, even within F1 generations of U. thibetanus ussuricus. Comparative analyses showed that the CR D1 region was highly informative for the discrimination of the bear family. These findings suggest that nucleotide sequences of both repeated motifs and CR D1 in the bear family are good markers for species discriminations.
Structural Variation of Type I-F CRISPR RNA Guided DNA Surveillance.

PubMed

Pausch, Patrick; Müller-Esparza, Hanna; Gleditzsch, Daniel; Altegoer, Florian; Randau, Lennart; Bange, Gert

2017-08-17

CRISPR-Cas systems are prokaryotic immune systems against invading nucleic acids. Type I CRISPR-Cas systems employ highly diverse, multi-subunit surveillance Cascade complexes that facilitate duplex formation between crRNA and complementary target DNA for R-loop formation, retention, and DNA degradation by the subsequently recruited nuclease Cas3. Typically, the large subunit recognizes bona fide targets through the PAM (protospacer adjacent motif), and the small subunit guides the non-target DNA strand. Here, we present the Apo- and target-DNA-bound structures of the I-Fv (type I-F variant) Cascade lacking the small and large subunits. Large and small subunits are functionally replaced by the 5' terminal crRNA cap Cas5fv and the backbone protein Cas7fv, respectively. Cas5fv facilitates PAM recognition from the DNA major groove site, in contrast to all other described type I systems. Comparison of the type I-Fv Cascade with an anti-CRISPR protein-bound I-F Cascade reveals that the type I-Fv structure differs substantially at known anti-CRISPR protein target sites and might therefore be resistant to viral Cascade interception. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Function and Regulation of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR Associated (Cas) Systems

PubMed Central

Richter, Corinna; Chang, James T.; Fineran, Peter C.

2012-01-01

Phages are the most abundant biological entities on earth and pose a constant challenge to their bacterial hosts. Thus, bacteria have evolved numerous ‘innate’ mechanisms of defense against phage, such as abortive infection or restriction/modification systems. In contrast, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems provide acquired, yet heritable, sequence-specific ‘adaptive’ immunity against phage and other horizontally-acquired elements, such as plasmids. Resistance is acquired following viral infection or plasmid uptake when a short sequence of the foreign genome is added to the CRISPR array. CRISPRs are then transcribed and processed, generally by CRISPR associated (Cas) proteins, into short interfering RNAs (crRNAs), which form part of a ribonucleoprotein complex. This complex guides the crRNA to the complementary invading nucleic acid and targets this for degradation. Recently, there have been rapid advances in our understanding of CRISPR/Cas systems. In this review, we will present the current model(s) of the molecular events involved in both the acquisition of immunity and interference stages and will also address recent progress in our knowledge of the regulation of CRISPR/Cas systems. PMID:23202464
Analysis of switch and examine combining with post-examining selection in cognitive radio

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Agarwal, Rupali; Srivastava, Neelam; Katiyar, Himanshu

2018-06-01

To perform spectrum sensing in fading environment is one of the most challenging tasks for a CR system. Diversity combining schemes are used to combat the effect of fading and hence detection probability of CR gets improved. Among many diversity combining techniques, switched diversity offers one of the lowest complexity solutions. The receiver embedded with switched diversity looks for an acceptable diversity path (having signal to noise ratio (SNR) above the required threshold) to receive the data. In conventional switch and examine combining (SEC) scheme, when no acceptable path is found after all the paths are examined, the receiver randomly chooses an unacceptable path. Switch and examine combining with post-examining selection (SECp) is a modified version of conventional SEC. In SECp, the conventional SEC scheme is altered in a way that it selects the best path when no acceptable path is found after all paths have been examined. In this paper, formula for probability of detection ( ?) is derived using SECp and SEC diversity combining technique over Rayleigh fading channel. Also the performance of SECp is compared with SEC and no diversity case. Performance comparison is done with the help of SNR vs. ? and complementary receiver operating characteristic curves.
The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: III. Impact of short term calorie and protein restriction on mean daily body temperature and torpor use in the C57BL/6 mouse

PubMed Central

Mitchell, Sharon E.; Delville, Camille; Konstantopedos, Penelope; Derous, Davina; Green, Cara L.; Chen, Luonan; Han, Jing-Dong J.; Wang, Yingchun; Promislow, Daniel E.L.; Douglas, Alex; Lusseau, David; Speakman, John R.

2015-01-01

A commonly observed response in mammals to calorie restriction (CR) is reduced body temperature (Tb). We explored how the Tb of male C57BL/6 mice responded to graded CR (10 to 40%), compared to the response to equivalent levels of protein restriction (PR) over 3 months. Under CR there was a dynamic change in daily Tb over the first 30–35 days, which stabilized thereafter until day 70 after which a further decline was noted. The time to reach stability was dependent on restriction level. Body mass negatively correlated with Tb under ad libitum feeding and positively correlated under CR. The average Tb over the last 20 days was significantly related to the levels of body fat, structural tissue, leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1. Some mice, particularly those under higher levels of CR, showed periods of daily torpor later in the restriction period. None of the changes in Tb under CR were recapitulated by equivalent levels of PR. We conclude that changes in Tb under CR are a response only to the shortfall in calorie intake. The linear relationship between average Tb and the level of restriction supports the idea that Tb changes are an integral aspect of the lifespan effect. PMID:26286956
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study on the Metabolism Changes of Cerebellum in Patients with Post-Stroke Depression.

PubMed

Zhang, Lei; Sui, Ru-Bo

2017-01-01

To study the metabolic changes of cerebellum by proton magnetic resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and discuss the relationships between the cerebellar changes and depression severity in patients with post-stroke depression. Data of demographic characteristics, individual history and life style of all subjects were collected. 40 patients with stroke and 20 controls were enrolled. All groups received T1WI, T2WI, DWI and 1H-MRS examination. The cerebral infarction volume and the distribution and severity of leukoaraiosis were evaluated. The ratios of NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA in the cerebellum were calculated. There were no statistical significant difference in the NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA ratios in bilateral cerebellum between CONT group and NORM group. The Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA ratios in the cerebellum contralateral to the stroke region were higher in PSD group than those in NORM and CONT groups, and the Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA ratios in the cerebellum ipsilateral to the stroke region were similar with those in NORM and CONT groups. However, there were no statistical significant difference in the NAA/Cr ratios in bilateral cerebellum among three groups. The result shows preliminarily that the cerebellum involves in the development of post-stroke depression. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.
Influence of the thermodynamic parameters on the temper embrittlement of SA508 Gr.4N Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel with variation of Ni, Cr and Mn contents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Sang-Gyu; Lee, Ki-Hyoung; Min, Ki-Deuk; Kim, Min-Chul; Lee, Bong-Sang

2012-07-01

It is well known that SA508 Gr.4N low alloy steel offers improved fracture toughness and strength compared to commercial low alloy steels such as SA508 Gr.3 Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy steel. In this study, the effects of Cr, Mn, and Ni on temper embrittlement in SA508 Gr.4N low alloy steel were evaluated from the viewpoint of thermodynamic parameters such as P diffusivity and C activity. The changes of the ductile-brittle transition temperatures before and after aging were correlated with varying alloying element content, and the diffusivity of P and the activity of C were calculated and correlated with the transition behaviors. The addition of Ni, Cr, and Mn reduce the resistance to temper embrittlement, showing increased Transition-Temperature Shift (TTS) and an increased fraction of intergranular fracture. Although the diffusivity of P is changed by the addition of alloying elements, it does not considerably affect the temper embrittlement. The Mn and Cr content in the matrix significantly reduce the C activity, with showing an inversely proportional relationship to TTS. The change of susceptibility to temper embrittlement caused by Cr and Mn addition could be explained by the variation of C activity. Unlike Cr and Mn, Ni has little effect on the temper embrittlement and C activity.
The relationship between physical activity level and completion rate of small bowel examination in patients undergoing capsule endoscopy.

PubMed

Shibuya, Tomoyoshi; Mori, Hiroki; Takeda, Tsutomu; Konishi, Masae; Fukuo, Yuka; Matsumoto, Kenshi; Beppu, Kazuko; Sakamoto, Naoto; Osada, Taro; Nagahara, Akihito; Otaka, Michiro; Ogihara, Tatsuo; Watanabe, Sumio

2012-01-01

Capsule endoscopy (CE) allows direct examination of the small bowel in a safe, noninvasive and well-tolerated manner. Nonetheless, experience indicates failure to reach the cecum in 20-30% of patients within the 8 hour battery life. Attempts to improve the completion rate (CR) as defined by reaching the cecum have been unsuccessful. This study was to investigate the relationship between patients' physical activity and CR. Between January 2009 and January 2010, 76 patients (44 men, 32 women; median age 64.5 yr) underwent CE for the diagnosis of small intestinal disorders. Indications for CE were obscure gastrointestinal bleeding/anemia (62 cases), others (14 cases). Patients were divided into an outpatient group (n=23), mild bed rest group (n=35) and strict bed rest group (n=18). For all patients, the average gastric transit time was 65.5 minutes, small bowel transit time was 301.4 minutes and the CR was 86.8%. However, the CR was 100% (23/23) in the outpatient group, an 85.7% (30/35) in the mild bed rest group, and 72.2% (13/18) in the strict bed rest group. The CR increased with physical activity of patients by Cochran-Armitage Trend Test (p=0.009). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, low physical activity was a significant risk factor for failure to reach the cecum during CE examination; adjusted OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.01-11.42 (p=0.048). Our observations suggested that increasing physical activity would increase the likelihood of a complete bowel examination by CE. Further, for CE, inconvenient bowel preparations like the use of polyethylene glycol may be avoided.
Trend of change in retentive force for bar attachments with different materials.

PubMed

Saito, Marie; Kanazawa, Manabu; Takahashi, Hidekazu; Uo, Motohiro; Minakuchi, Shunsuke

2014-12-01

Attachment wear can decrease the retentive force of 2-implant overdentures (2-IODs). The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the trend of change in retentive force for 6 different bar attachments during dislodgement. Round and Dolder bars were made of platinum-added gold alloy (PGA), cobalt chromium alloy (Co-Cr), and commercially pure titanium grade IV (Ti). Clips were made of PGA. Retentive force was measured during 7200 dislodging cycles. Simple linear regression analysis was performed in order to investigate the relationship between number of cycles and retentive force (P<.05). Subsequently, wear debris was analyzed, and the surface of the attachments was observed. The retentive force of the Co-Cr round bar attachment (CoCr-R) increased from 57.5 N to 68.3 N and the Ti round bar attachment (Ti-R) from 54.8 N to 59.7 N. However, the retentive force of the PGA round bar attachment (PGA-R) decreased from 69.3 N to 64.0 N. A positive relationship was found between the number of cycles and the retentive force of both CoCr-R and Ti-R. The composition of the wear debris was almost the same as for PGA. For the Dolder bar attachment, no changes were seen in retentive force (between 7.0 N to 12.0 N). For the round bar attachment, the PGA clip and PGA bar showed wear. The retentive force of PGA-R slightly decreased. The retentive force of CoCr-R and Ti-R tended to increase. For the Dolder bar attachment, all 3 types of bar attachment showed no wear. Copyright © 2014 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bioavailable insulin-like growth factor-I as mediator of racial disparity in obesity-relevant breast and colorectal cancer risk among postmenopausal women.

PubMed

Jung, Su Yon; Barrington, Wendy E; Lane, Dorothy S; Chen, Chu; Chlebowski, Rowan; Corbie-Smith, Giselle; Hou, Lifang; Zhang, Zuo-Feng; Paek, Min-So; Crandall, Carolyn J

2017-03-01

Bioavailable insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) interacts with obesity and exogenous estrogen (E) in a racial disparity in obesity-related cancer risk, yet their interconnected pathways are not fully characterized. We investigated whether circulating bioavailable IGF-I acted as a mediator of the racial disparity in obesity-related cancers such as breast and colorectal (CR) cancers and how obesity and E use regulate this relationship. A total of 2,425 white and 164 African American (AA) postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study were followed from October 1, 1993 through August 29, 2014. To assess bioactive IGF-I as a mediator of race-cancer relationship, we used the Baron-Kenny method and quantitative estimation of the mediation effect. Compared with white women, AA women had higher IGF-I levels; their higher risk of CR cancer, after accounting for IGF-I, was no longer significant. IGF-I was associated with breast and CR cancers even after controlling for race. Among viscerally obese (waist/hip ratio >0.85) and overall nonobese women (body mass index <30), IGF-I was a strong mediator, reducing the racial disparity in both cancers by 30% and 60%, respectively. In E-only users and nonusers, IGF-I explained the racial disparity in CR cancer only modestly. Bioavailable IGF-I is potentially important in racial disparities in obesity-related breast and CR cancer risk between postmenopausal AA and white women. Body fat distribution and E use may be part of the interconnected hormonal pathways related to racial difference in IGF-I levels and obesity-related cancer risk.
Bioavailable Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I as Mediator of Racial Disparity in Obesity-Relevant Breast and Colorectal Cancer Risk among Postmenopausal Women

PubMed Central

Jung, Su Yon; Barrington, Wendy E.; Lane, Dorothy S.; Chen, Chu; Chlebowski, Rowan; Corbie-Smith, Giselle; Hou, Lifang; Zhang, Zuo-Feng; Paek, Min-So; Crandall, Carolyn J.

2016-01-01

Objectives Bioavailable insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I interacts with obesity and exogenous estrogen in a racial disparity in obesity-related cancer risk, yet their interconnected pathways are not fully characterized. We investigated whether circulating bioavailable IGF-I acted as a mediator of the racial disparity in obesity-related cancers such as breast and colorectal (CR) cancers and how obesity and estrogen use regulate this relationship. Methods A total of 2,425 white and 164 African American (AA) postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study were followed from October 1, 1993, through August 29, 2014. To assess bioactive IGF-I as a mediator of race–cancer relationship, we used the Baron-Kenny method and quantitative estimation of the mediation effect. Results Compared with white women, AA women had higher IGF-I levels; their higher risk of CR cancer, after accounting for IGF-I, was no longer significant. IGF-I was associated with breast and CR cancers even after controlling for race. Among viscerally obese (waist/hip ratio >0.85) and overall non-obese women (body mass index <30), IGF-I was a strong mediator, reducing the racial disparity in both cancers by 30% and 60%, respectively. In estrogen-only users and nonusers, IGF-I explained the racial disparity in CR cancer only modestly. Conclusions Bioavailable IGF-I is potentially important in racial disparities in obesity-related breast and CR cancer risk between postmenopausal AA and white women. Body fat distribution and estrogen use may be part of the interconnected hormonal pathways related to racial difference in IGF-I levels and obesity-related cancer risk. PMID:27749737
Preliminary Orbit and Differential Photometry of the Nearby Flare Star CR Dra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tamazian, Vakhtang S.; Docobo, José A.; Balega, Yuri Y.; Melikian, Norair D.; Maximov, Alexander F.; Malogolovets, Evgeny V.

2008-09-01

New speckle measurements with the 6 m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (Russia) and the first preliminary orbit of the nearby flare star CR Dra (=Gl 616.2; WDS 16171+5516; BLA 3) with a period of 4.04 yr and a semimajor axis of 0farcs148 are reported. The Hipparcos parallax of 48.36 ± 1.16 mas (distance 20.7 pc) leads to an unusually large total mass of 1.8 M sun for a couple of red dwarfs. Meanwhile, the application of the Baize-Romani algorithm resulted in a mass sum of 1.00 M sun and a dynamical parallax of 58.43 mas (17.4 pc), which sensibly differs from that of Hipparcos. For the first time, we measured the photometric magnitude difference between the components (1.8 mag and 1.4 mag in the V and R bands, respectively) and obtained individual brightness estimates for each of them. Independently of the adopted parallax type, standard mass-luminosity relationships applied to individual components yield a total mass less than 1.2 M sun. This lends support to the use of a dynamical parallax, which is a more reliable distance estimate until a third body is discovered and/or our reported preliminary orbit is sensibly changed. CR Dra belongs to a handful of resolved short-period flare binaries, representing an excellent target to calculate a very accurate (or even definitive) orbit and a dynamical mass on a short time span. The available photometric data reveal no plausible correlation between flaring activity of CR Dra and linear distance between the components on the orbital path. Follow-up observations are needed for more detailed study of a possible relationship between dynamical and astrophysical properties of CR Dra and other similar systems.
Longitudinal changes in corneal curvature and its relationship to axial length in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) cohort.

PubMed

Scheiman, Mitchell; Gwiazda, Jane; Zhang, Qinghua; Deng, Li; Fern, Karen; Manny, Ruth E; Weissberg, Erik; Hyman, Leslie

2016-01-01

To describe longitudinal changes in corneal curvature (CC) and axial length (AL) over 14 years, and to explore the relationship between AL and CC, and the axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR) ratio. In total 469, 6 to <12-year-old, children were enrolled in COMET. Measurements of refractive error, CC (D), CR (mm), and ocular component dimensions including AL were gathered annually. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate longitudinal changes adjusting for covariates (gender, ethnicity, lens type, baseline age and baseline refraction). The Pearson correlation coefficient between AL and CC was computed at each visit. There was a slight but significant (p<0.0001) flattening in CC over 14 years. At all visits females had significantly steeper CC than males (overall difference=0.53 D, p<0.0001). Caucasians had the steepest CC, and Hispanics the flattest (p=0.001). The correlation between AL and CC was -0.70 (p<0.0001) at baseline (mean age=9.3 years) and decreased to -0.53 (p<0.0001) at the 14-year visit (mean age=24.1 years). The average AL/CR ratio was 3.15 at baseline and increased to 3.31 at the 14-year visit. The correlation between the magnitude of myopia and AL/CR ratio was significantly higher (p<0.0001) at each visit than the correlation between myopia and AL alone. Differences in average corneal curvature by age, gender, and ethnicity observed in early childhood remain consistent as myopia progresses and stabilizes. This study also demonstrates increases in the AL/CR ratio as myopia progresses and then stabilizes, supporting observations from previous cross-sectional data. Copyright © 2015 Spanish General Council of Optometry. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Concentration-effect relationship of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease after oral administration of an immediate release and a controlled release formulation.

PubMed Central

Harder, S; Baas, H; Bergemann, N; Demisch, L; Rietbrock, S

1995-01-01

1. The relationship between plasma concentration of levodopa and motor-response was investigated in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease who showed marked response fluctuations, after a single oral dose of an immediate release (IR) formulation (100 mg levodopa/25 mg genserazide) and a controlled release (CR) formulation (300 mg levodopa/75 mg benserazide), using a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design. 2. The sum score of the Columbia University Rating Scale (CURS sigma) was used for pharmacodynamic assessment. A sigmoidal Emax-model was fitted to the data using a semiparametric pharmacokinetic/dynamic approach. 3. The dose-corrected AUC of levodopa after the IR-formulation was 27.5 (+/- 9.1 s.d.) ng ml-1 h per mg and 23.2 (+/- 4.6 s.d.) ng ml-1 h per mg after the CR-formulation. Cmax was 1714 (+/- 1027 s.d.) ng ml-1 after the IR-formulation and 1494 (+/- 383 s.d.) ng ml-1 after the CR-formulation. 4. With both preparations, the maximal response to levodopa (Emax) was a decrease in the CURS sigma rating of about 27 scores. Estimates of the EC50 of levodopa were 495 (+/- 144 s.d.) ng ml-1 (IR) and 1024 (+/- 502 s.d.) ng ml-1 (CR), respectively (95%-CI: 1.51-2.66, point estimator 1.95). The mean duration of the motor response was 1.9 (+/- 0.5 s.d.) h (IR) and 2.8 (+/- 0.7 s.d.) h (CR), respectively (95%-CI: 1.12-2.04, point estimator 1.53).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:7756097
Microstructural Characteristics of Plasma Nitrided Layer on Hot-Rolled 304 Stainless Steel with a Small Amount of α-Ferrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Xiaolei; Yu, Zhiwei; Cui, Liying; Niu, Xinjun; Cai, Tao

2016-02-01

The hot-rolled 304 stainless steel with γ-austenite and approximately 5 pct α-ferrite elongated along the rolling direction was plasma-nitrided at a low temperature of 693 K (420 °C). X-ray diffraction results revealed that the nitrided layer was mainly composed of the supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen in austenite ( γ N). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that the microstructure of the γ N phase exhibited "fracture factor contrast" reflective of the occurrence of fine pre-precipitations in γ N by the continuous precipitation. The occurrence of a diffuse scattering effect on the electron diffraction spots of γ N indicated that the pre-precipitation took place in γ N in the form of strongly bonded Cr-N clusters or pairs due to a strong attractive interaction of nitrogen with chromium. Scanning electron microscopy and TEM observations indicated that the discontinuous precipitation initiated from the γ/ α interfaces and grew from the austenite boundaries into austenite grains to form a lamellar structure consisting of CrN and ferrite. The orientation relationship between CrN and ferrite corresponded to a Baker-Nutting relationship: (100)CrN//(100) α ; [011]CrN//[001] α . A zigzag boundary line following the banded structure of alternating γ-austenite and elongated α-ferrite was presented between the nitrided layer and the substrate to form a continuous varying layer thickness, which resulted from the difference in diffusivities of nitrogen in α-ferrite and γ-austenite, along the γ/ α interfaces and through the lattice. Microstructural features similar to the γ N were also revealed in the ferrite of the nitrided layer by TEM. It was not excluded that a supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen in ferrite ( α N) formed in the nitrided layer.
Relationship between cancer-related traumatic stress and family milestone achievement in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer.

PubMed

Tillery, Rachel; Beal, Sarah J; Thompson, Aimee N; Pai, Ahna L H

2018-06-01

Late physical and emotional effects of cancer treatment pose a burden for adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer, including family milestone achievement. This brief report examined links between ongoing cancer-related post-traumatic stress symptoms (CR-PTSS) and family milestone achievement. Survivors (n = 51; M age = 24.73, SD = 8.20) completed CR-PTSS and family formation questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, univariate parameter-constraints, and correlation analyses examined relations among study variables. Ongoing intrusive thoughts and hyperarousal were negatively linked to family identity development and family achievement. Findings from the present study provide support that ongoing CR-PTSS may be a barrier to family formation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
General practitioners, complementary therapies and evidence-based medicine: the defence of clinical autonomy.

PubMed

Adams, J

2000-12-01

Amidst the substantial change currently gripping primary health care are two developments central to contemporary debate regarding the very nature, territory and identity of general practice - the integration of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the rise of evidence-based medicine (EBM). This paper reports findings from a study based upon 25 in-depth interviews with general practitioners (GPs) personally practising complementary therapies alongside more conventional medicine to treat their NHS patients. The paper outlines the GPs' perceptions of EBM, its relationship to their personal development of CAM, and their notions of good clinical practice more generally. Analysis of the GPs' accounts demonstrates how CAM can be seen as a useful resource with which some GPs defend their clinical autonomy from what they perceive to be the threat of EBM. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
Achieving Adherence to Evidence-Based Practices: Are Health IT and Hospital-Physician Integration Complementary or Substitutive Strategies?

PubMed

Everson, Jordan; Lee, Shoou-Yih Daniel; Adler-Milstein, Julia

2016-12-01

In response to evolving policies and conditions, hospitals have increased health information technology (HIT) adoption and strived to improve hospital-physician integration. While evidence suggests that both HIT and integration confer independent benefits, when combined, they may provide complementary means to achieve high performance or overlap to offset each other's contribution. We explore this relationship in the context of hospital adherence to evidence-based practices (EBPs). Using the American Hospital Association's Annual and IT Supplement surveys, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services's Hospital Compare, we estimate the independent relationships and interactions between HIT and hospital-physician integration with respect to EBP adherence. HIT adoption and tight (but not loose) integration are independently associated with greater adherence to EBPs. The interaction between HIT adoption and tight integration is negative, consistent with an offsetting association between HIT adoption and integration in their relationship to EBP adherence. This finding reveals the need to be aware of potential substitutive effects from simultaneous pursuit of multiple approaches to performance improvement. © The Author(s) 2016.
Relationship quality and relationship context as antecedents of person- and task-focused interpersonal citizenship behavior.

PubMed

Settoon, Randall P; Mossholder, Kevin W

2002-04-01

A model hypothesizing relationship quality and relationship context as antecedents of two complementary forms of interpersonal citizenship behavior (ICB) was tested. Measures with coworkers as the frame of reference were used to collect data from 273 individuals working in 2 service-oriented organizations. As hypothesized, variables reflecting relationship quality were associated with person-focused ICB, as mediated by empathic concern. Also as hypothesized, a relationship context variable, network centrality, exhibited a direct relationship with task-focused ICB. Unexpectedly, network centrality was directly associated with person-focused ICB. and empathic concern was associated with task-focused ICB. The results are discussed, and implications for research and practice are offered.
Colorectal Surgery Fellowship Improves In-hospital Mortality After Colectomy and Proctectomy Irrespective of Hospital and Surgeon Volume.

PubMed

Saraidaridis, Julia T; Hashimoto, Daniel A; Chang, David C; Bordeianou, Liliana G; Kunitake, Hiroko

2018-03-01

General surgery residents are increasingly pursuing sub-specialty training in colorectal (CR) surgery. However, the majority of operations performed by CR surgeons are also performed by general surgeons. This study aimed to assess in-hospital mortality stratified by CR training status after adjusting for surgeon and hospital volume. The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative system database was used to identify all patients who underwent colectomy/proctectomy from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2014, in the state of New York. Operations performed by board-certified CR surgeons were identified. The relationships between CR board certification and in-hospital mortality, in-hospital complications, length of stay, and ostomy were assessed using multivariate regression models. Two hundred seventy thousand six hundred eighty-four patients underwent colectomy/proctectomy over the study period. Seventy-two thousand two hundred seventy-nine (26.7%) of operations were performed by CR surgeons. Without adjusting for hospital and surgeon volume, in-hospital mortality was lower for those undergoing colectomy/proctectomy by a CR surgeon (OR 0.49, CI 0.44-0.54, p = 0.001). After controlling for hospital and surgeon volume, the odds of inpatient mortality after colectomy/proctectomy for those operated on by CR surgeons weakened to 0.76 (CI 0.68-0.86, p = 0.001). Hospital and surgeon volume accounted for 53% of the reduction in in-hospital mortality when CR surgeons performed colectomy/proctectomy. Patients who underwent surgery by a CR surgeon had a shorter inpatient stay (0.8 days, p = 0.001) and a decreased chance of colostomy (OR 0.86, CI 0.78-0.95, p < 0.001). For patients undergoing colectomy/proctectomy, in-hospital mortality decreased when the operation was performed by a CR surgeon even after accounting for hospital and surgeon volume.
Relationship Between the Children's Assertiveness Inventory (CAI) and the Revised Behavioral Assertiveness Test for Children (BAT-CR)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ollendick, Thomas H.; And Others

1986-01-01

The relationship between a self-report measure of assertive behavior in children and a role-play measure was examined in 69 elementary school children. Self-report of positive assertion related more closely to role-play measures and expert ratings of assertiveness than did self-report of negative assertion. (Author/LHW)
Discursive Silences: Using Critical Linguistic and Qualitative Analysis to Explore the Continued Absence of Pleasure in Sex and Relationships Education in England

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sundaram, Vanita; Sauntson, Helen

2016-01-01

In this paper, we present an analysis of "pleasure" in sex and relationships education (SRE) in England. Drawing together two distinct sources of data and different but complementary analytical frameworks, we argue that pleasure is largely absent within SRE and that this discursive silence serves to produce highly gendered and…
[On the relationship of psychosomatic and mind-body medicine: integrative, complementary or alternative disciplines within an evolutionary approach?].

PubMed

Brunnhuber, Stefan; Michalsen, Andreas

2012-01-01

The text outlines the relation between psychosomatic medicine as an established medical discipline and the emerging concept of mind-body medicine from a historical, clinical and epistemological perspective. Limitations and contributions of both disciplines are discussed and the opportunities within the concept of Integrative Medicine are outlined. Whereas psychosomatic medicine is perceived as a form of transformation through a primarily verbal discoursive relationship, mind-body medicine claims healing through increased traditional techniques of the relaxation response, increased awareness, mindfulness, increasing des-identification and health-promoting lifestyle modification. It becomes clear that mind-body medicine seems to be epistemologically the broader theoretical framework, whereas in a clinical context the combination of both disciplines appears to be complementary and synergistic. The connection between psychosomatic medicine and mind-body medicine can make an important and exemplary contribution to the concept of Integrative Medicine. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Colorimetric detection of Cr3+ using gold nanoparticles functionalized with 4-amino hippuric acid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Weiwei; Huang, Pengcheng; Chen, Yueji; Wu, Fangying; Wan, Yiqun

2015-09-01

A facile and effective technique for monitoring Cr3+ concentration based on 4-amino hippuric acid (PAH) decorated Au nanoparticles (PAH-AuNPs) is introduced. The modified AuNPs were easily aggregated in the presence of Cr3+, resulting in the color change from red to violet or blue, which is in response to the surface plasmon absorption of dispersed or aggregated nanoparticles. Under the optimized conditions, a good linear relationship (correlation coefficient r = 0.998) was obtained between the ratio of the absorbance at 635 nm to that at 520 nm ( A 635 nm/ A 520 nm), and the concentration of Cr3+ was over the range of 5.0-120 µM with detection limit of 1.17 µM. This method exhibited excellent selectivity for Cr3+ over other tested heavy metal ions. Furthermore, there was no significant difference for the parameters of calibration equation between the presence and absence of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), which suggests that the method can be applied in various real samples owing to the strong masking ability of EDTA. The assay was used to detect the concentrations of Cr3+ in liquid milk, milk power, and lake water samples with recoveries ranging from 93.5 to 114 %, indicating that the method could be used for extensive practical application.
Obesity and lipid stress inhibit carnitine acetyltransferase activity[S

PubMed Central

Seiler, Sarah E.; Martin, Ola J.; Noland, Robert C.; Slentz, Dorothy H.; DeBalsi, Karen L.; Ilkayeva, Olga R.; An, Jie; Newgard, Christopher B.; Koves, Timothy R.; Muoio, Deborah M.

2014-01-01

Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine. Emerging evidence suggests that this enzyme functions as a positive regulator of total body glucose tolerance and muscle activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a mitochondrial enzyme complex that promotes glucose oxidation and is feedback inhibited by acetyl-CoA. Here, we used tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling to identify a negative relationship between CrAT activity and muscle content of lipid intermediates. CrAT specific activity was diminished in muscles from obese and diabetic rodents despite increased protein abundance. This reduction in enzyme activity was accompanied by muscle accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines (LCACs) and acyl-CoAs and a decline in the acetylcarnitine/acetyl-CoA ratio. In vitro assays demonstrated that palmitoyl-CoA acts as a direct mixed-model inhibitor of CrAT. Similarly, in primary human myocytes grown in culture, nutritional and genetic manipulations that promoted mitochondrial influx of fatty acids resulted in accumulation of LCACs but a pronounced decrease of CrAT-derived short-chain acylcarnitines. These results suggest that lipid-induced antagonism of CrAT might contribute to decreased PDH activity and glucose disposal in the context of obesity and diabetes. PMID:24395925
Hydrogen permeation characteristics of some Fe-Cr-Al alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Van Deventer, E. H.; Maroni, V. A.

1983-01-01

Hydrogen permeation data are reported for two Fe-Cr-Al alloys, Type-405 SS (Cr 14-A1 0.2) and a member of the Fecralloy family of alloys (Cr 16-A1 5). The hydrogen permeability of each alloy (in a partially oxidized condition) was measured over a period of several weeks at randomly selected temperatures (between 150 and 850°C) and upstream H 2 pressures (between 2 and 1.5 × 10 4 Pa). The permeabilities showed considerable scatter with both time and temperature and were 10 2 to 10 3 times lower than those of pure iron, even in strongly reducing environments. The exponent, n, for the relationship between upstream H 2 pressure, P, and permeability, φ, ( φ ~ Pn) was closer to 0.7 than to the expected 0.5, indicating a process limited by surface effects (e.g., surface oxide films) as opposed to bulk material effects. Comparison of these results with prior permeation measurements on other Fe-Cr-Al alloys, on Fe-Cr alloys, and on pure iron shows that the presence of a few weight percent aluminum offers the best prospects for achieving low tritium permeabilities with martensitic and ferritic steels used in fusion-reactor first wall and blanket applications.
High creatinine clearance in critically ill patients with community-acquired acute infectious meningitis.

PubMed

Lautrette, Alexandre; Phan, Thuy-Nga; Ouchchane, Lemlih; Aithssain, Ali; Tixier, Vincent; Heng, Anne-Elisabeth; Souweine, Bertrand

2012-09-27

A high dose of anti-infective agents is recommended when treating infectious meningitis. High creatinine clearance (CrCl) may affect the pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic relationships of anti-infective drugs eliminated by the kidneys. We recorded the incidence of high CrCl in intensive care unit (ICU) patients admitted with meningitis and assessed the diagnostic accuracy of two common methods used to identify high CrCl. Observational study performed in consecutive patients admitted with community-acquired acute infectious meningitis (defined by >7 white blood cells/mm3 in cerebral spinal fluid) between January 2006 and December 2009 to one medical ICU. During the first 7 days following ICU admission, CrCl was measured from 24-hr urine samples (24-hr-UV/P creatinine) and estimated according to Cockcroft-Gault formula and the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. High CrCl was defined as CrCl >140 ml/min/1.73 m2 by 24-hr-UV/P creatinine. Diagnostic accuracy was performed with ROC curves analysis. Thirty two patients were included. High CrCl was present in 8 patients (25%) on ICU admission and in 15 patients (47%) during the first 7 ICU days for a median duration of 3 (1-4) days. For the Cockcroft-Gault formula, the best threshold to predict high CrCl was 101 ml/min/1.73 m2 (sensitivity: 0.96, specificity: 0.75, AUC = 0.90 ± 0.03) with a negative likelihood ratio of 0.06. For the simplified MDRD equation, the best threshold to predict high CrCl was 108 ml/min/1.73 m2 (sensitivity: 0.91, specificity: 0.80, AUC = 0.88 ± 0.03) with a negative likelihood ratio of 0.11. There was no difference between the estimated methods in the diagnostic accuracy of identifying high CrCl (p = 0.30). High CrCl is frequently observed in ICU patients admitted with community-acquired acute infectious meningitis. The estimated methods of CrCl could be used as a screening tool to identify high CrCl.
Relationship between lean body mass and serum renal biomarkers in healthy dogs.

PubMed

Hall, Jean A; Yerramilli, Maha; Obare, Edward; Yerramilli, Murthy; Melendez, Lynda D; Jewell, Dennis E

2015-01-01

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an accurate and precise biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans and cats. Serum creatinine (sCr) also correlates with GFR, but has limitations as a biomarker of renal function because nonrenal factors can influence its concentration. Differences in lean body mass (LBM) influence sCr, but not serum SDMA concentrations. Forty-one healthy Beagles, mean age 9.9 years (range: 3.1-14.8 years), were studied over a 6 month period. Serum biomarkers of renal function were measured prospectively at baseline, and 1, 3, and 6 months. SDMA concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and sCr concentrations by enzymatic colorimetry. Body composition was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. LBM (P < .001) and age (P = .006) were significant explanatory variables for sCr concentration (R(2) = 0.38), but not SDMA concentration. Time on food was the only significant explanatory variable for SDMA concentration (R(2) = 0.49). SDMA concentrations decreased across time (P < .001). LBM was affected by sex (males > females; P = .02). Mature adult dogs (<8 years) had greater LBM compared with geriatric dogs (≥8 years; P < .001). sCr concentrations, but not SDMA concentrations, are influenced by LBM, which limits sCr utility as a biomarker for monitoring renal function in dogs with decreased LBM. Reductions in LBM can lower sCr concentration and overestimate GFR. SDMA concentrations, but not sCr concentrations were influenced by time on food. SDMA could have clinical advantages over sCr in monitoring response to nutritional interventions. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Exploring performance issues for a clinical database organized using an entity-attribute-value representation.

PubMed

Chen, R S; Nadkarni, P; Marenco, L; Levin, F; Erdos, J; Miller, P L

2000-01-01

The entity-attribute-value representation with classes and relationships (EAV/CR) provides a flexible and simple database schema to store heterogeneous biomedical data. In certain circumstances, however, the EAV/CR model is known to retrieve data less efficiently than conventionally based database schemas. To perform a pilot study that systematically quantifies performance differences for database queries directed at real-world microbiology data modeled with EAV/CR and conventional representations, and to explore the relative merits of different EAV/CR query implementation strategies. Clinical microbiology data obtained over a ten-year period were stored using both database models. Query execution times were compared for four clinically oriented attribute-centered and entity-centered queries operating under varying conditions of database size and system memory. The performance characteristics of three different EAV/CR query strategies were also examined. Performance was similar for entity-centered queries in the two database models. Performance in the EAV/CR model was approximately three to five times less efficient than its conventional counterpart for attribute-centered queries. The differences in query efficiency became slightly greater as database size increased, although they were reduced with the addition of system memory. The authors found that EAV/CR queries formulated using multiple, simple SQL statements executed in batch were more efficient than single, large SQL statements. This paper describes a pilot project to explore issues in and compare query performance for EAV/CR and conventional database representations. Although attribute-centered queries were less efficient in the EAV/CR model, these inefficiencies may be addressable, at least in part, by the use of more powerful hardware or more memory, or both.
Chromium in urine, serum and red blood cells in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to different chromium valency states.

PubMed

Minoia, C; Cavalleri, A

1988-06-01

Using personal air sampling exposure to hexavalent and trivalent chromium was measured in 22 workers mainly exposed to Cr(VI) and in 15 workers mainly exposed to Cr(III) as basic chromium sulphate. Determination of Cr(VI) in the urine of all the subjects using a selective technique by ETA-AAS and liquid anion exchangers failed to show detectable amounts of the hexavalent form, the detection limit of the technique being 0.05 micrograms/L. A clear relationship between exposure and postshift urinary total chromium was found in subjects exposed to Cr(VI), while urinary levels in workers exposed to chromic sulphate high concentration proved lower. Determination of total chromium in serum and red blood cells showed a significant increase of chromium levels in erythrocytes of workers exposed to Cr(VI) while in subjects mainly exposed to Cr(III) an increase of the serum fraction was observed. The results demonstrate that Cr(III) is absorbed through the respiratory tract, but its kinetics and distribution in the body are not the same as for Cr(VI), and are not adequately monitored by short-term urinary determinations. Oxidation states of chromium largely influence uptake, mechanism of absorption, transport and organ distribution as well as toxicity of chromium-containing compounds. In particular, hexavalent derivatives are known to induce adverse effects, both acute and chronic, in occupationally exposed subjects, while there is little conclusive evidence for toxic effects caused by trivalent chromium compounds. Biological monitoring of exposure to chromium(VI) has usually been performed by determining total chromium levels in urine, whereas biological monitoring data in subjects occupationally exposed to Cr(III) are still scanty.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Unravelling the structural and mechanistic basis of CRISPR–Cas systems

PubMed Central

van der Oost, John; Westra, Edze R.; Jackson, Ryan N.; Wiedenheft, Blake

2014-01-01

Bacteria and archaea have evolved sophisticated adaptive immune systems, known as CRISPR–Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–CRISPR-associated proteins) systems, which target and inactivate invading viruses and plasmids. Immunity is acquired by integrating short fragments of foreign DNA into CRISPR loci, and following transcription and processing of these loci, the CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) guide the Cas proteins to complementary invading nucleic acid, which results in target interference. In this Review, we summarize the recent structural and biochemical insights that have been gained for the three major types of CRISPR–Cas systems, which together provide a detailed molecular understanding of the unique and conserved mechanisms of RNA-guided adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea. PMID:24909109
[Evaluation of the benefit of different complementary exams in the search for a TB diagnosis algorithm for HIV patients put on ART in Niamey, Niger].

PubMed

Ouedraogo, E; Lurton, G; Mohamadou, S; Dillé, I; Diallo, I; Mamadou, S; Adehossi, E; Hanki, Y; Tchousso, O; Arzika, M; Gazeré, O; Amadou, F; Illo, N; Abdourahmane, Y; Idé, M; Alhousseini, Z; Lamontagne, F; Deze, C; D'Ortenzio, E; Diallo, S

2016-12-01

In Niger, the tuberculosis (TB) screening among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLHIV) is nonsystematic and the use of additional tests is very often limited. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance and the cost-effectiveness of various paraclinical testing strategies of TB among adult patients with HIV, using available tests in routine for patients cared in Niamey. This is a multicentric prospective intervention study performed in Niamey between 2010 and 2013. TB screening has been sought in newly diagnosed PLHIV, before ART treatment, performing consistently: a sputum examination by MZN (Ziehl-Nielsen staining) and microscopy fluorescence (MIF), chest radiography (CR), and abdominal ultrasound. The performance of these different tests was calculated using sputum culture as a gold standard. The various examinations were then combined in different algorithms. The cost-effectiveness of different algorithms was assessed by calculating the money needed to prevent a patient, put on ART, dying of TB. Between November 2010 and November 2012, 509 PLHIV were included. TB was diagnosed in 78 patients (15.3%), including 35 pulmonary forms, 24 ganglion, and 19 multifocal. The sensitivity of the evaluated algorithms varied between 0.35 and 0.85. The specificity ranged from 0.85 to 0.97. The most costeffective algorithm was the one involving MIF and CR. We recommend implementing a systematic and free direct examination of sputum by MIF and a CR for the detection of TB among newly diagnosed PLHIV in Niger.
Tumor RNA disruption predicts survival benefit from breast cancer chemotherapy.

PubMed

Parissenti, Amadeo M; Guo, Baoqing; Pritzker, Laura B; Pritzker, Kenneth P H; Wang, Xiaohui; Zhu, Mu; Shepherd, Lois E; Trudeau, Maureen E

2015-08-01

In a prior substudy of the CAN-NCIC-MA.22 clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00066443), we observed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy reduced tumor RNA integrity in breast cancer patients, a phenomenon we term "RNA disruption." The purpose of the current study was to assess in the full patient cohort the relationship between mid-treatment tumor RNA disruption and both pCR post-treatment and, subsequently, disease-free survival (DFS) up to 108 months post-treatment. To meet these objectives, we developed the RNA disruption assay (RDA) to quantify RNA disruption and stratify it into 3 response zones of clinical importance. Zone 1 is a level of RNA disruption inadequate for pathologic complete response (pCR); Zone 2 is an intermediate level, while Zone 3 has high RNA disruption. The same RNA disruption cut points developed for pCR response were then utilized for DFS. Tumor RDA identified >fourfold more chemotherapy non-responders than did clinical response by calipers. pCR responders were clustered in RDA Zone 3, irrespective of tumor subtype. DFS was about 2-fold greater for patients with tumors in Zone 3 compared to Zone 1 patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves corroborated these findings that high tumor RNA disruption was associated with increased DFS. DFS values for patients in zone 3 that did not achieve a pCR were similar to that of pCR recipients across tumor subtypes, including patients with hormone receptor positive tumors that seldom achieve a pCR. RDA appears superior to pCR as a chemotherapy response biomarker, supporting the prospect of its use in response-guided chemotherapy.

A New Modal Analysis Method to put Constraints on the Aqueous Alteration of CR Chondrites and Estimate the Unaltered CR Composition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perronnet, M.; Zolensky, M. E.; Gounelle, M.; Schwandt, C. S.

2007-01-01

CR carbonaceous chondrites are of the major interest since they contain one of the most primitive organic matters. However, aqueous alteration has more or less overprinted their original features in a way that needed to be assessed. That was done in the present study by comparing the mineralogy of the most altered CR1 chondrite, GRO 95577, to a less altered CR2, Renazzo. Their modal analyses were achieved thanks to a new method, based on X-ray elemental maps acquired on electron microprobe, and on IDL image treatment. It allowed the collection of new data on the composition of Renazzo and confirmed the classification of GRO 95577 as a CR1. New alteration products for CRs, vermiculite and clinochlore, were observed. The homogeneity of the Fe-poor clays in the CR1 and the distinctive matrix composition in the two chondrites suggest a wide-range of aqueous alteration on CRs. The preservation of the outlines of the chondrules in GRO 95577 and the elemental transfers of Al, Fe and Ca throughout the chondrule and of Fe and S from the matrix to the chondrule favor the idea of an asteroidal location of the aqueous alteration. From their mineralogical descriptions and modal abundances, the element repartitions in Renazzo and GRO 95577 were computed. It indicates a possible relationship between these two chondrites via an isochemical alteration process. Knowing the chemical reactions that occurred during the alteration, it was thus possible to decipher the mineralogical modal abundances in the unaltered CR body.
Introduction to Integrative Medicine in the Primary Care Setting.

PubMed

Ring, Melinda; Mahadevan, Rupa

2017-06-01

Integrative Medicine has been described as "healing oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person (body, mind, and spirit) including all aspects of lifestyle. It emphasizes therapeutic relationships and makes use of all appropriate therapies, both conventional and alternative." National surveys consistently report that approximately one-third of adults and 12% of children use complementary and integrative medicine approaches. Although there are barriers to primary care professionals engaging in discussions about lifestyle change and complementary and integrative medicine options, there is also great potential to impact patient well-being. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
On the link between potential evaporation and regional evaporation from a CBL perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lhomme, J. P.; Guilioni, L.

2010-07-01

The relationship between potential evaporation and actual evaporation was first examined by Bouchet (Proc Berkeley Calif Symp IAHS Publ, 62:134-142, 1963) who considered potential evaporation as the consequence of regional evaporation due to atmospheric feedbacks. Using a heuristic approach, he derived a complementary relationship which, despite no real theoretical background, has proven to be very useful in interpreting many experimental data under various climatic conditions. Here, the relationship between actual and potential evaporation is reinterpreted in the context of the development of the convective boundary layer (CBL): first, with a closed-box approach, where the CBL has an impermeable lid; and then with an open system, where air is exchanged between the CBL and its external environment. By applying steady forcing to these systems, it is shown that an equilibrium state is reached, where potential evaporation has a specific equilibrium formulation as a function of two parameters: one representing large-scale advection and the other the feedback effect of regional evaporation on potential evaporation, i.e. a kind of “medium-scale advection”. It is also shown that the original form of Bouchet’s complementary relationship is not verified in the equilibrium state. This analysis leads us to propose a new and more rational approach of the relationship between potential and actual evaporation through the effective surface resistance of the region.
Organization of the Zone of Transition between the Pretectum and the Thalamus, with Emphasis on the Pretectothalamic Lamina

PubMed Central

Márquez-Legorreta, Emmanuel; Horta-Júnior, José de Anchieta C.; Berrebi, Albert S.; Saldaña, Enrique

2016-01-01

The zone of transition between the pretectum, derived from prosomere 1, and the thalamus, derived from prosomere 2, is structurally complex and its understanding has been hampered by cytoarchitectural and terminological confusion. Herein, using a battery of complementary morphological approaches, including cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and the expression of molecular markers, we pinpoint the features or combination of features that best characterize each nucleus of the pretectothalamic transitional zone of the rat. Our results reveal useful morphological criteria to identify and delineate, with unprecedented precision, several [mostly auditory] nuclei of the posterior group of the thalamus, namely the pretectothalamic lamina (PTL; formerly known as the posterior limitans nucleus), the medial division of the medial geniculate body (MGBm), the suprageniculate nucleus (SG), and the ethmoid, posterior triangular and posterior nuclei of the thalamus. The PTL is a sparsely-celled and fiber rich flattened nucleus apposed to the lateral surface of the anterior pretectal nucleus (APT) that marks the border between the pretectum and the thalamus; this structure stains selectively with the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), and is essentially immunonegative for the calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV). The MGBm, located medial to the ventral division of the MGB (MGBv), can be unequivocally identified by the large size of many of its neurons, its dark immunostaining for PV, and its rather selective staining for WFA. The SG, which extends for a considerable caudorostral distance and deviates progressively from the MGB, is characterized by its peculiar cytoarchitecture, the paucity of myelinated fibers, and the conspicuous absence of staining for calretinin (CR); indeed, in many CR-stained sections, the SG stands out as a blank spot. Because most of these nuclei are small and show unique anatomical relationships, the information provided in this article will facilitate the interpretation of the results of experimental manipulations aimed at the auditory thalamus and improve the design of future investigations. Moreover, the previously neglected proximity between the MGBm and the caudal region of the scarcely known PTL raises the possibility that certain features or roles traditionally attributed to the MGBm may actually belong to the PTL. PMID:27563286
Total Reducing Capacity in Aquifer Minerals and Sediments: Quantifying the Potential to Attenuate Cr(VI) in Groundwater

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sisman, S. Lara

2015-07-20

Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is present in the environment as a byproduct of industrial processes. Due to its mobility and toxicity, it is crucial to attenuate or remove Cr(VI) from the environment. The objective of this investigation was to quantify potential natural attenuation, or reduction capacity, of reactive minerals and aquifer sediments. Samples of reduced-iron containing minerals such as ilmenite, as well as Puye Formation sediments representing a contaminated aquifer in New Mexico, were reacted with chromate. The change in Cr(VI) during the reaction was used to calculate reduction capacity. This study found that minerals that contain reduced iron, such asmore » ilmenite, have high reducing capacities. The data indicated that sample history may impact reduction capacity tests due to surface passivation. Further, this investigation identified areas for future research including: a) refining the relationships between iron content, magnetic susceptibility and reduction capacity, and b) long term kinetic testing using fresh aquifer sediments.« less
Ultra-low frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation does not affect the centric relation registration.

PubMed

de Bragança, Rafaella Mariana Fontes; Rodrigues, Carolina Almeida; Melchior, Melissa Oliveira; Magri, Laís Valencise; Mazzetto, Marcelo Oliveira

2018-01-01

To evaluate the influence of ULF-TENS on the displacement of the mandibular condyle and on the repeatability of centric relation (CR) registration of three different techniques: bimanual manipulation (BM), long strip technique, and harmonic centric occlusal relationship (R.O.C.A. wires). Twenty-five participants without temporomandibular disorder (TMD) underwent two study stages conducted via electronic position analysis: (1) three CR records were made, one for each manipulation technique; (2) the ULF-TENS was applied for 30 min, and after that the same CR records were repeated. Mann-Whitney, ICC, and one-tailed F test. The ULF-TENS did not influence the condyle total displacement, regardless of CR recording technique used (p > 0.05). BM showed an improvement in repeatability after ULF-TENS. Concerning the variance, BM showed less variation at the X-axis. Long strip technique and R.O.C.A. wires varied less at the Y-axis. Long strip technique was again less variable at the Z-axis.
Platinum role in hydrophilicity enhancement of Cr-doped TiO2 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mardare, D.; Mita, C.; Cornei, N.; Tascu, S.; Luca, D.; Dobromir, M.; Adomnitei, C.

2016-10-01

In this paper, we have investigated the hydrophilic properties of the titania films doped with increasing chromium percentages (from 2.1 at.% till 4.0 at.%). Cr-doping induces an increase in the rutile weight %, a more compact structure, and a significant red shift of the TiO2 absorption edge, the last property being very important in the self cleaning applications. For the chosen Cr concentrations, the films did not show promising hydrophilic properties. To improve them, we have applied a novel surface modification method, reported in literature mainly for powders, namely, surface metallisation. We have observed that, by depositing Pt islands on the film with the highest Cr content, its hydrophilic properties improve for a certain metal coverage area. The explanation was based on FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, performed on the UV irradiated and non-irradiated films, which gives information on the relationship between hydrophilicity and the amount of the adsorbed hydroxyl groups.
Study on Cr(VI) Leaching from Cement and Cement Composites

PubMed Central

Palascakova, Lenka; Kanuchova, Maria

2018-01-01

This paper reports an experimental study on hexavalent chromium leaching from cement samples and cement composites containing silica fume and zeolite additions that were subjected to various leaching agents. The water-soluble Cr(VI) concentrations in cements ranged from 0.2 to 3.2 mg/kg and represented only 1.8% of the total chromium content. The presence of chromium compounds with both chromium oxidation states of III and VI was detected in the cement samples by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Leaching tests were performed in a Britton-Robinson buffer to simulate natural conditions and showed increased dissolution of Cr(VI) up to 6 mg/kg. The highest amount of leached hexavalent chromium was detected after leaching in HCl. The findings revealed that the leaching of chromium from cements was higher by 55–80% than that from the cement composites. A minimum concentration was observed for all cement samples when studying the relationship between the soluble Cr(VI) and the cement storage time. PMID:29690550
Study on Cr(VI) Leaching from Cement and Cement Composites.

PubMed

Estokova, Adriana; Palascakova, Lenka; Kanuchova, Maria

2018-04-22

This paper reports an experimental study on hexavalent chromium leaching from cement samples and cement composites containing silica fume and zeolite additions that were subjected to various leaching agents. The water-soluble Cr(VI) concentrations in cements ranged from 0.2 to 3.2 mg/kg and represented only 1.8% of the total chromium content. The presence of chromium compounds with both chromium oxidation states of III and VI was detected in the cement samples by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Leaching tests were performed in a Britton-Robinson buffer to simulate natural conditions and showed increased dissolution of Cr(VI) up to 6 mg/kg. The highest amount of leached hexavalent chromium was detected after leaching in HCl. The findings revealed that the leaching of chromium from cements was higher by 55⁻80% than that from the cement composites. A minimum concentration was observed for all cement samples when studying the relationship between the soluble Cr(VI) and the cement storage time.
M23C6 carbides and Cr2N nitrides in aged duplex stainless steel: A SEM, TEM and FIB tomography investigation.

PubMed

Maetz, J-Y; Douillard, T; Cazottes, S; Verdu, C; Kléber, X

2016-05-01

The precipitation evolution during ageing of a 2101 lean duplex stainless steel was investigated, revealing that the precipitate type and morphology depends on the nature of the grain boundary. Triangular M23C6 carbides precipitate only at γ/δ interfaces and rod-like Cr2N nitrides precipitate at both γ/δ and δ/δ interfaces. After 15min of ageing, the M23C6 size no longer evolves, whereas that of the Cr2N continues to evolve. For Cr2N, the morphology is maintained at γ/δ interfaces, whereas percolation occurs to form a continuous layer at δ/δ interfaces. By combining 2D and 3D characterisation at the nanoscale using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) tomography, a complete description of the precipitation evolution was obtained, including the composition, crystallographic structure, orientation relationship with the matrix phases, location, morphology, size and volume fraction. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effects of welding parameters on ultra-violet light emissions, ozone and CrVI formation in MIG welding.

PubMed

Dennis, J H; Mortazavi, S B; French, M J; Hewitt, P J; Redding, C R

1997-01-01

This paper describes the relationships between ultra-violet emission, ozone generation and CrVI production in MIG welding which were measured as a function of shield gas flow rate, welding voltage, electrode stick-out and shield gas composition using an automatic welding rig that permitted MIG welding under reproducible conditions. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of the physico-chemical processes occurring in the micro- and macro-environments of the arc as part of research into process modification to reduce occupational exposure to ozone and CrVI production rates in MIG welding. We believe the techniques described here, and in particular the use of what we have termed u.v.-ozone measurements, will prove useful in further study of ozone generation and CrVI formation and may be applied in the investigation of engineering control of occupational exposure in MIG and other welding process such as Manual Metal Arc (MMA) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG).
Evaluation on the Effect of Composition on Radiation Hardening and Embrittlement in Model FeCrAl Alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Field, Kevin G.; Briggs, Samuel A.; Edmondson, Philip

2015-09-18

This report details the findings of post-radiation mechanical testing and microstructural characterization performed on a series of model and commercial FeCrAl alloys to assist with the development of a cladding technology with enhanced accident tolerance. The samples investigated include model alloys with simple ferritic grain structure and two commercial alloys with minor solute additions. These samples were irradiated in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) up to nominal doses of 7.0 dpa near or at Light Water Reactor (LWR) relevant temperatures (300-400 C). Characterization included a suite of techniques including small angle neutron scatteringmore » (SANS), atom probe tomography (APT), and transmission based electron microscopy techniques. Mechanical testing included tensile tests at room temperature on sub-sized tensile specimens. The goal of this work was to conduct detailed characterization and mechanical testing to begin establishing empirical and/or theoretical structure-property relationships for radiation-induced hardening and embrittlement in the FeCrAl alloy class. Development of such relationships will provide insight on the performance of FeCrAl alloys in an irradiation environment and will enable further development of the alloy class for applications within a LWR environment. A particular focus was made on establishing trends, including composition and radiation dose. The report highlights in detail the pertinent findings based on this work. This report shows that radiation hardening in the alloys is primarily composition dependent due to the phase separation in the high-Cr FeCrAl alloys. Other radiation induced/enhanced microstructural features were less dependent on composition and when observed at low number densities, were not a significant contributor to the observed mechanical responses. Pre-existing microstructure in the alloys was found to be important, with grain boundaries and pre-existing dislocation networks acting as defect sinks, resulting in variations in the observed microstructures after irradiation. Dose trends were also observed, with increasing radiation dose promoting changes in the size and number density of the Cr-rich α' precipitates. Based on the microstructural analysis, performed tensile testing, and prior knowledge from FeCr literature it was hypothesized that the formation of the Cr-rich α' precipitates could lead to significant radiation-induced embrittlement in the alloys, and this could be composition dependent, a result which would mirror the trends observed for radiation-induced hardening. Due to the limited database on embrittlement in the FeCrAl alloy class after irradiation, a series of radiation experiments have been implemented. The overarching point of view within this report is the radiation tolerance of FeCrAl is complex, with many mechanisms and factors to be considered at once. Further development of the FeCrAl alloy class for enhanced accident tolerant applications requires detailed, single (or at least limited) variable experiments to fully comprehend and predict the performance of this alloy in LWRs. This report has been submitted as fulfillment of milestone M2FT-15OR0202321 titled, Summary report on the effect of composition on the irradiation embrittlement of Gen 1 ATF FeCrAl for the Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, Advanced Fuel Campaign of the Fuel Cycle R&D program.« less
Cognitive remediation and social cognitive training for violence in schizophrenia: a systematic review.

PubMed

Darmedru, C; Demily, C; Franck, N

2017-05-01

A significant correlation exists between violence and schizophrenia (SCZ). Recent studies matched some cognitive deficits like strong risk factors for violence with interesting applications in terms of treatment. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness of cognitive remediation (CR) and social cognitive training (SCT) in the management of violent and aggressive behaviors in SCZ. The electronic databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect were searched in, using combinations of terms relating to SCZ, CR and violence. Studies were selected and data were extracted using a PRISMA statement. Inclusion criteria were adults with SCZ and a documented collection of disruptive and violent behaviors, for whom researchers had used a CR or SCT program. Eleven studies were identified, two related to non-specific CR intervention and nine to codified CR or SCT programs. Results showed that these programs had a positive impact on the control and reduction of global aggressive attitudes and physical assaults. Therapeutic targets were social cognition and executive functions through the improvement of interpersonal relationships and impulsivity feature respectively. Effectiveness was proved at various stages of the illness, in different types of patients and units, with effects persisting for up to 12 months after interruption of CR. Conclusions are limited by some methodological restrictions. Although current evidences need to be completed with further randomized studies, CR and SCT appear to be promising approaches in the management of violence in SCZ. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Observations on the relationship of structure to the mechanical properties of thin TD-NiCr sheet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whittenberger, J. D.

1976-01-01

A study of the relationship between structure and mechanical properties of thin TD-NiCr sheet indicated that the elevated temperature tensile, stress-rupture, and creep strength properties are dependent on grain aspect ratio and sheet thickness. In general, the strength properties increase with increasing grain aspect ratio and sheet thickness. Tensile testing revealed an absence of ductility at elevated temperatures (not less than 1144 K). Significant creep damage as determined by subsequent tensile testing at room temperature occurs after very small amounts (less than 0.1%) of prior creep deformation over the temperature range 1144-1477 K. A threshold stress for creep appears to exist. Creep exposure below the threshold stress at T not less than 1366 K results in almost full retention of room temperature tensile properties.
The Relationship between Posttraumatic and Depressive Symptoms during Prolonged Exposure with and without Cognitive Restructuring for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aderka, Idan M.; Gillihan, Seth J.; McLean, Carmen P.; Foa, Edna B.

2013-01-01

Objective: In the present study, we examined the relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms during prolonged exposure (PE) treatment with and without cognitive restructuring (CR) for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Female assault survivors (N = 153) with PTSD were randomized to either PE alone or PE…
Regulating Force in Putting by Using the Borg CR100 scale(®).

PubMed

Molander, Bo; Olsson, C-J; Stenling, Andreas; Borg, Elisabet

2013-01-01

Studies investigating the regulation of force of motor actions are scarce, and particularly so in the area of sports. This is surprising, considering that in most sports precise force is of great importance. The current study demonstrates how a psychophysical scale, the Borg CR100 scale(®) (Borg and Borg, 2001), can be used to assess subjective force as well as regulate force in putting. Psychophysical functions were calculated on the relationships between judgments of force using the CR100 scale and the length of putting shots, examined in a laboratory setting, where 44 amateur golfers played on both flat and uphill surfaces. High agreement and consistency between CR 100 ratings and distances putted was demonstrated. No significant differences in handling the scale were observed between younger (mean age ≈37 years) and older (mean age ≈69 years) players or between players of different skill level. This study provides a new innovative use of an existing instrument, the Borg CR 100 scale(®), in order to understand the regulation of force needed for putts of various lengths and surfaces. These results and the potential future benefits of the psychophysical approach in golf are discussed.
Thermophysical Properties of Cold and Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Cu-Cr-X Alloys, NiAl and NiCrAlY Coatings. Part 1; Electrical and Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Diffusivity, and Total Hemispherical Emissivity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raj, S. V.

2017-01-01

This two-part paper reports the thermophysical properties of several cold and vacuum plasma sprayed monolithic Cu and Ni-based alloy coatings. Part I presents the electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and total hemispherical emissivity data while Part II reports the specific heat capacity data for these coatings. Metallic copper alloys, stoichiometric NiAl and NiCrAlY coatings were fabricated by either the cold sprayed or the vacuum plasma spray deposition processes for thermal property measurements between 77 and 1223 K. The temperature dependencies of the thermal conductivities, thermal diffusivities, electrical conductivities and total hemispherical emissivities of these cold and vacuum sprayed monolithic coatings are reported in this paper. The electrical and thermal conductivity data correlate reasonably well for Cu-8%Cr-1%Al, Cu-23%Cr-5%Al and NiAl in accordance with the Wiedemann-Franz (WF) law although a better fit is obtained using the Smith-Palmer relationship. The Lorentz numbers determined from the WF law are close to the theoretical value.
Thermophysical Properties of Cold- and Vacuum Plasma-Sprayed Cu-Cr-X Alloys, NiAl and NiCrAlY Coatings I: Electrical and Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Diffusivity, and Total Hemispherical Emissivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raj, S. V.

2017-11-01

This two-part paper reports the thermophysical properties of several cold- and vacuum plasma-sprayed monolithic Cu- and Ni-based alloy coatings. Part I presents the electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and total hemispherical emissivity data, while Part II reports the specific heat capacity data for these coatings. Metallic copper alloys and stoichiometric NiAl and NiCrAlY coatings were fabricated by either the cold spray or the vacuum plasma spray deposition processes for thermal property measurements between 77 and 1223 K. The temperature dependencies of the thermal conductivities, thermal diffusivities, electrical conductivities, and total hemispherical emissivities of these cold- and vacuum-sprayed monolithic coatings are reported in this paper. The electrical and thermal conductivity data correlate reasonably well for Cu-8%Cr-1%Al, Cu-23%Cr-5%Al, and NiAl in accordance with the Wiedemann-Franz (WF) law although a better fit is obtained using the Smith-Palmer relationship. The Lorentz numbers determined from the WF law are close to the theoretical value.
Pressure-induced superconductivity in CrAs and MnP.

PubMed

Cheng, Jinguang; Luo, Jianlin

2017-09-27

Transition-metal monopnictides, CrAs and MnP, were studied over 50 years ago due to the presence of interesting magnetic properties: CrAs forms a double-helical magnetic structure below T N ≈ 270 K accompanied by a strong first-order structural transition, while MnP first undergoes a ferromagnetic transition at T C ≈ 290 K and then adopts a similar double-helical order below T s ≈ 50 K. Both compounds are correlated metals and exhibit distinct anomalies at these characteristic magnetic transitions. By using high pressure as a clean tuning knob, we recently observed superconductivity with a maximum superconducting transition temperature of T c ≈ 2 K and 1 K when their helimagnetic orders are suppressed under a critical pressure of P c ≈ 0.8 and 8 GPa for CrAs and MnP, respectively. Despite a relatively low T c , CrAs and MnP are respectively the first superconductor among the Cr- and Mn-based compounds in that the electronic density of states at the Fermi energy are dominated by Cr/Mn-3d electrons. These discoveries, in particular the close proximity of superconductivity to the helimagnetic order reminiscent of many unconventional superconducting systems, have attracted considerable attention in the community of superconductivity. The evolution of the helimagnetic order under pressure and its relationship with superconductivity have been actively investigated recently. Much effort has also been devoted to exploring more novel Cr- or Mn-based superconductors, leading to the discovery of quasi-1D A 2 Cr 3 As 3 (A = K, Rb, Cs) superconductors. In this review article, we will summarize the current progress achieved regarding superconductivity in CrAs and MnP.
Exploring relationships between hospital patient safety culture and Consumer Reports safety scores.

PubMed

Smith, Scott Alan; Yount, Naomi; Sorra, Joann

2017-02-16

A number of private and public companies calculate and publish proprietary hospital patient safety scores based on publicly available quality measures initially reported by the U.S. federal government. This study examines whether patient safety culture perceptions of U.S. hospital staff in a large national survey are related to publicly reported patient safety ratings of hospitals. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (Hospital SOPS) assesses provider and staff perceptions of hospital patient safety culture. Consumer Reports (CR), a U.S. based non-profit organization, calculates and shares with its subscribers a Hospital Safety Score calculated annually from patient experience survey data and outcomes data gathered from federal databases. Linking data collected during similar time periods, we analyzed relationships between staff perceptions of patient safety culture composites and the CR Hospital Safety Score and its five components using multiple multivariate linear regressions. We analyzed data from 164 hospitals, with patient safety culture survey responses from 140,316 providers and staff, with an average of 856 completed surveys per hospital and an average response rate per hospital of 56%. Higher overall Hospital SOPS composite average scores were significantly associated with higher overall CR Hospital Safety Scores (β = 0.24, p < 0.05). For 10 of the 12 Hospital SOPS composites, higher patient safety culture scores were associated with higher CR patient experience scores on communication about medications and discharge. This study found a relationship between hospital staff perceptions of patient safety culture and the Consumer Reports Hospital Safety Score, which is a composite of patient experience and outcomes data from federal databases. As hospital managers allocate resources to improve patient safety culture within their organizations, their efforts may also indirectly improve consumer-focused, publicly reported hospital rating scores like the Consumer Reports Hospital Safety Score.

Validity and reliability of the session-RPE method for quantifying training in Australian football: a comparison of the CR10 and CR100 scales.

PubMed

Scott, Tannath J; Black, Cameron R; Quinn, John; Coutts, Aaron J

2013-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the criterion validity and test-retest reliability of the CR10 and CR100 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales for team sport athletes that undertake high-intensity, intermittent exercise. Twenty-one male Australian football (AF) players (age: 19.0 ± 1.8 years, body mass: 83.92 ± 7.88 kg) participated the first part (part A) of this study, which examined the construct validity of the session-RPE (sRPE) method for quantifying training load in AF. Ten male athletes (age: 16.1 ± 0.5 years) participated in the second part of the study (part B), which compared the test-retest reliability of the CR10 and CR100 RPE scales. In part A, the validity of the sRPE method was assessed by examining the relationships between sRPE, and objective measures of internal (i.e., heart rate) and external training load (i.e., distance traveled), collected from AF training sessions. Part B of the study assessed the reliability of sRPE through examining the test-retest reliability of sRPE during 3 different intensities of controlled intermittent running (10, 11.5, and 13 km·h(-1)). Results from part A demonstrated strong correlations for CR10- and CR100-derived sRPE with measures of internal training load (Banisters TRIMP and Edwards TRIMP) (CR10: r = 0.83 and 0.83, and CR100: r = 0.80 and 0.81, p < 0.05). Correlations between sRPE and external training load (distance, higher speed running and player load) for both the CR10 (r = 0.81, 0.71, and 0.83) and CR100 (r = 0.78, 0.69, and 0.80) were significant (p < 0.05). Results from part B demonstrated poor reliability for both the CR10 (31.9% CV) and CR100 (38.6% CV) RPE scales after short bouts of intermittent running. Collectively, these results suggest both CR10- and CR100-derived sRPE methods have good construct validity for assessing training load in AF. The poor levels of reliability revealed under field testing indicate that the sRPE method may not be sensible to detecting small changes in exercise intensity during brief intermittent running bouts. Despite this limitation, the sRPE remains a valid method to quantify training loads in high-intensity, intermittent team sport.
Sibling Relationships in Early Childhood.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dunn, Judy

1983-01-01

Reviews and considers the developmental implications of recent evidence on the nature of sibling interaction from observational studies of preschool children. Argues that, in contrast to complementary interaction, sibling influence is most plausibly associated with reciprocal interaction and with sociocognitive development. (Author/RH)
Kinase domain-targeted isolation of defense-related receptor-like kinases (RLK/Pelle) in Platanus×acerifolia: phylogenetic and structural analysis.

PubMed

Pilotti, Massimo; Brunetti, Angela; Uva, Paolo; Lumia, Valentina; Tizzani, Lorenza; Gervasi, Fabio; Iacono, Michele; Pindo, Massimo

2014-12-08

Plant receptor-like kinase (RLK/Pelle) family regulates growth and developmental processes and interaction with pathogens and symbionts.Platanaceae is one of the earliest branches of Eudicots temporally located before the split which gave rise to Rosids and Asterids. Thus investigations into the RLK family in Platanus can provide information on the evolution of this gene family in the land plants.Moreover RLKs are good candidates for finding genes that are able to confer resistance to Platanus pathogens. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers targeting the kinase domain of stress-related RLKs were used to isolate for the first time 111 RLK gene fragments in Platanus×acerifolia. Sequences were classified as candidates of the following subfamilies: CrRLK1L, LRR XII, WAK-like, and LRR X-BRI1 group. All the structural features typical of the RLK kinase domain were identified, including the non-RD motif which marks potential pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). The LRR XII candidates, whose counterpart in Arabidopsis and rice comprises non-RD PRRs, were mostly non-RD kinases, suggesting a group of PRRs. Region-specific signatures of a relaxed purifying selection in the LRR XII candidates were also found, which is novel for plant RLK kinase domain and further supports the role of LRR XII candidates as PRRs. As we obtained CrRLK1L candidates using primers designed on Pto of tomato, we analysed the phylogenetic relationship between CrRLK1L and Pto-like of plant species. We thus classified all non-solanaceous Pto-like genes as CrRLK1L and highlighted for the first time the close phylogenetic vicinity between CrRLK1L and Pto group. The origins of Pto from CrRLK1L is proposed as an evolutionary mechanism. The signatures of relaxed purifying selection highlight that a group of RLKs might have been involved in the expression of phenotypic plasticity and is thus a good candidate for investigations into pathogen resistance.Search of Pto-like genes in Platanus highlighted the close relationship between CrRLK1L and Pto group. It will be exciting to verify if sensu strictu Pto are present in taxonomic groups other than Solanaceae, in order to further clarify the evolutionary link with CrRLK1L.We obtained a first valuable resource useful for an in-depth study on stress perception systems.
Discontinuous precipitation in a nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel on solution nitriding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammadzadeh, Roghayeh; Akbari, Alireza; Grumsen, Flemming B.; Somers, Marcel A. J.

2017-10-01

Chromium-rich nitride precipitates in production of nickel-free austenitic stainless steel plates via pressurised solution nitriding of Fe-22.7Cr-2.4Mo ferritic stainless steel at 1473 K (1200 °C) under a nitrogen gas atmosphere was investigated. The microstructure, chemical and phase composition, morphology and crystallographic orientation between the resulted austenite and precipitates were investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD). On prolonged nitriding, Chromium-rich nitride precipitates were formed firstly close to the surface and later throughout the sample with austenitic structure. Chromium-rich nitride precipitates with a rod or strip-like morphology was developed by a discontinuous cellular precipitation mechanism. STEM-EDS analysis demonstrated partitioning of metallic elements between austenite and nitrides, with chromium contents of about 80 wt.% in the precipitates. XRD analysis indicated that the Chromium-rich nitride precipitates are hexagonal (Cr, Mo)2N. Based on the TEM studies, (Cr, Mo)2N precipitates presented a (1 1 1)γ//(0 0 2)(Cr, Mo)2N, ?γ//?(Cr, Mo)2N orientation relationship with respect to the austenite matrix. EBSD studies revealed that the austenite in the regions that have transformed into austenite and (Cr, Mo)2N have no orientation relation to the untransformed austenite.
Biological groundwater treatment for chromium removal at low hexavalent chromium concentrations.

PubMed

Mamais, Daniel; Noutsopoulos, Constantinos; Kavallari, Ioanna; Nyktari, Eleni; Kaldis, Apostolos; Panousi, Eleni; Nikitopoulos, George; Antoniou, Kornilia; Nasioka, Maria

2016-06-01

The objective of this work is to develop and evaluate biological groundwater treatment systems that will achieve hexavalent chromium reduction and total chromium removal from groundwater at hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) groundwater concentrations in the 0-200 μg/L range. Three lab-scale units operated, as sequencing batch reactors (SBR) under aerobic, anaerobic and anaerobic-aerobic conditions. All systems received groundwater with a Cr(VI) content of 200 μg/L. In order to support biological growth, groundwater was supplemented with milk, liquid cheese whey or a mixture of sugar and milk to achieve a COD concentration of 200 mg/L. The results demonstrate that a fully anaerobic system or an anaerobic-aerobic system dosed with simple or complex external organic carbon sources can lead to practically complete Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III). The temperature dependency of maximum Cr(VI) removal rates can be described by the Arrhenius relationship. Total chromium removal in the biological treatment systems was not complete because a significant portion of Cr(III) remained in solution. An integrated system comprising of an anaerobic SBR followed by a sand filter achieved more than 95% total chromium removal thus resulting in average effluent total and dissolved chromium concentrations of 7 μg/L and 3 μg/L, respectively. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
[Fundamental study on effect of high-mineral drinking water for osteogenesis in calciprivia ovariectomized rats].

PubMed

Ogata, Fumihiko; Nagai, Noriaki; Ito, Yoshimasa; Kawasaki, Naohito

2014-01-01

Since osteoporosis is a major public health problem in Japan, it is important to clarify the effect of high-mineral drinking water consumption on osteogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the relationship between high-mineral drinking water consumption and osteogenesis in ovariectomized rats that received a low-calcium diet and purified water (PW group) or a low-calcium diet and high-mineral drinking water (CR group). High-mineral drinking water affected the rats' body weight. After 3 months, the bone density of the CR group was higher than that of the PW group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the CR group showed a decrease in the amount of calcium in the bones after 3 months. These results suggest that high-mineral drinking water contributes to the maintenance of bone density and not to the amount of calcium in bone. On the other hand, serum alkaline phosphatase levels in the PW group at 3 months were higher than those in the CR group, which indicates that the blood concentration of calcium in the CR group was maintained. Moreover, the amount of magnesium in the bones and the blood concentration of magnesium in the CR group after 3 months were higher than the corresponding values in the PW group. These results suggest that consumption of high-mineral drinking water could be beneficial for osteogenesis (i.e., for maintaining bone quantity).
Spatial distribution and expression of intracellular and extracellular acid phosphatases of cluster roots at different developmental stages in white lupin.

PubMed

Tang, Hongliang; Li, Xiaoqing; Zu, Chao; Zhang, Fusuo; Shen, Jianbo

2013-09-15

Acid phosphatases (APases) play a key role in phosphorus (P) acquisition and recycling in plants. White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) forms cluster roots (CRs) and produces large amounts of APases under P deficiency. However, the relationships between the activity of intracellular and extracellular APases (EC 3.1.3.2) and CR development are not fully understood. Here, comparative studies were conducted to examine the spatial variation pattern of APase activity during CR development using the enzyme-labelled fluorescence-97 (ELF-97) and the p-nitrophenyl phosphate methods. The activity of intracellular and extracellular APases was significantly enhanced under P deficiency in the non-CRs and CRs at different developmental stages. These two APases exhibited different spatial distribution patterns during CR development, and these distribution patterns were highly modified by P deficiency. The activity of extracellular APase increased steadily with CR development from meristematic, juvenile, mature to senescent stages under P deficiency. In comparison, P deficiency-induced increase in the activity of intracellular APase remained relatively constant during CR development. Increased activity of intracellular and extracellular APases was associated with enhanced expression of LaSAP1 encoding intracellular APase and LaSAP2 encoding extracellular APase. The expression levels of these two genes were significantly higher at transcriptional level in both mature and senescent CRs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that both activity and gene expression of intracellular or extracellular APases exhibit a differential response pattern during CR development, depending on root types, CR developmental stages and P supply. Simultaneous in situ determination of intracellular and extracellular APase activity has proved to be an effective approach for studying spatial variation of APases during CR development. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Health benefits of air pollution abatement policy: Role of the shape of the concentration-response function.

PubMed

Pope, C Arden; Cropper, Maureen; Coggins, Jay; Cohen, Aaron

2015-05-01

There is strong evidence that fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter<2.5 μm; PM2.5) air pollution contributes to increased risk of disease and death. Estimates of the burden of disease attributable to PM2.5 pollution and benefits of reducing pollution are dependent upon the shape of the concentration response (C-R) functions. Recent evidence suggests that the C-R function between PM2.5 air pollution and mortality risk may be supralinear across wide ranges of exposure. Such results imply that incremental pollution abatement efforts may yield greater benefits in relatively clean areas than in highly polluted areas. The role of the shape of the C-R function in evaluating and understanding the costs and health benefits of air pollution abatement policy is explored. There remain uncertainties regarding the shape of the C-R function, and additional efforts to more fully understand the C-R relationships between PM2.5 and adverse health effects are needed to allow for more informed and effective air pollution abatement policies. Current evidence, however, suggests that there are benefits both from reducing air pollution in the more polluted areas and from continuing to reduce air pollution in cleaner areas. Estimates of the benefits of reducing PM2.5 air pollution are highly dependent upon the shape of the PM2.5-mortality concentration-response (C-R) function. Recent evidence indicates that this C-R function may be supralinear across wide ranges of exposure, suggesting that incremental pollution abatement efforts may yield greater benefits in relatively clean areas than in highly polluted areas. This paper explores the role of the shape of the C-R function in evaluating and understanding the costs and health benefits of PM2.5 air pollution abatement.
New possibilities for Cr/sup 3 +/ ions as activators of the active media of solid-state lasers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zharikov, E.V.; Lavrishchev, S.V.; Laptev, V.V.

An analysis is made of the relationship between the excited-state lifetime of chromium and the ratio of the luminescence intensities in the /sup 4/T/sub 2/--/sup 4/A/sub 2/ and /sup 2/E--/sup 4/A/sub 2/ channels, on one hand, and the Cr/sup 3 +/..-->..acceptor energy transfer efficiency, on the other. A method is proposed for determination of the energy gap ..delta..E between the /sup 2/E and /sup 4/T/sub 2/ levels of Cr/sup 3 +/ from the temperature dependence of the Cr/sup 3 +/..-->..acceptor nonradiative transfer efficiency. Two independent methods were used to determine ..delta..E for gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) crystals doped with chromiummore » and with chromium and neodymium. The probabilities of Cr/sup 3 +/ intracenter relaxation and typical parameters of the Cr/sup 3 +/--Nd/sup 3 +/ energy transfer process were also determined. It was found that the values of ..delta..E in gadolinium scandium gallium (GdScGaG) and lanthanum lutetium gallium garnet crystals are comparable with the values of kT at liquid helium temperature. It is shown that the high efficiency of the Cr/sup 3 +/..-->..Nd/sup 3 +/ nonradiative transfer in GGG and GdScGaG crystals doped with chromium and neodymium at room temperature is due to the relatively low value of ..delta..E. It is noted that there are many crystals having the garnet structure and low values of ..delta..E that are potentially suitable for developing lasers utilizing the /sup 4/T/sub 2/--/sup 4/A/sub 2/ electronic--vibrational transition in Cr/sup 3 +/ and having an emission frequency continuously tunable over a wide spectral range.« less
[Feeding practices in 6-to-24-month-old children in Yaoundé, Cameroon: relationship with their nutritional status].

PubMed

Ngo Um-Sap, S; Mbassi Awa, H; Hott, O; Tchendjou, P; Womga, A; Tanya, A; Koki Ndombo, P

2014-01-01

Shifting from breastfeeding to solid food is known as the complementary feeding period. When complementary feeding is inadequate, malnutrition results in most cases. These practices differ depending on cultural and religious backgrounds as well as geographical location. Ruel and Menon studied the relationship between feeding practices during diversification and nutritional status of children at 6 and 36 months, using a score called the Infant and Child Feeding Index (ICFI). This ICFI scored feeding practices such as breastfeeding, bottle-feeding, food diversity, and meal frequency, which has never been studied in Cameroon. The aim of this study was to describe actual feeding practices in children in our context as well as to investigate their relationship with children's nutritional status. We carried out a cross-sectional study throughout the month of January 2011 at the Chantal-Biya Foundation. Mothers completed a questionnaire on how their infants were fed at birth, the initiation of complementary food, and feeding practices for the 3 days before the survey. The children's anthropometric parameters were noted. All mothers coming for vaccination or vitamin A supplementation for their children aged between 6 and 24 months were enrolled in the study. We enrolled 197 mothers and their infants. Breastfeeding was the main feeding method at birth, but was exclusive until 6 months for only 15 % of the infants. Three-quarter of nursing mothers started adding complementary food at age 4-6 months, using pap. Half of the children did not receive animal products, fruits, or vegetables. When applying the ICFI to these practices, it appeared that the various diversification practices scored less than 8 for 50% of the population. A positive association was noted between the ICFI and nutritional status, as expressed by height-of-age Z-score (HAZ) and the weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ). We concluded that the codified feeding practices with respect to Ruel and Menon's ICFI are associated with the nutritional status of children between 6 and 24 months in Yaounde, Cameroon. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Forage choice in pasturelands: influence on cattle foraging behavior and production

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

We determined if trinary combinations of plants led to complementary relationships that influenced animal behavior and performance over combinations of lower diversity (monocultures). Grazing bouts, behavioral levels of activity, blood urea nitrogen, chemical composition of feces, body weight, and h...
Information Literacy and Digital Literacy: Competing or Complementary?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cordell, Rosanne Marie

2013-01-01

Digital literacy is a more recent concept than information literacy and can relate to multiple categories of library users in multiple types of libraries. Determining the relationship between information literacy and digital literacy is essential before revision of the ACRL "Standards" can proceed.
["Group" and organization: a dimension of collaboration of anthropology and epidemiology].

PubMed

Song, Lei-ming; Wang, Ning

2012-04-01

"Group" is a key concept in epidemiological research and "organization" is a core concept in anthropology. Group takes focus on the specific characteristics of the subjects, while organization takes focus on the relationship between the objects. For the characteristics and relationship of the objects that interacting with each other, the two concepts could be complementary in specific studies, and this will be the basic dimension of Interdisciplinary collaboration of anthropology and epidemiology.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Forms of the Enhancing Relationships in School Communities Project for Promoting Cooperative Conflict Resolution Education in Australian Primary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trinder, Margot; Wertheim, Eleanor H.; Freeman, Elizabeth; Sanson, Ann; Richardson, Shanel; Hunt, Sue

2010-01-01

This study evaluated the Enhancing Relationships in School Communities (ERIS) Project which aimed to promote constructive conflict resolution (CR) in Australian primary school communities through professional development for core teams of three-five staff (n = 33 teachers). Twelve schools were randomly assigned to a full intervention (FI) group or…
Developing precipitation hardenable high entropy alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gwalani, Bharat

High entropy alloys (HEAs) is a concept wherein alloys are constructed with five or more elements mixed in equal proportions; these are also known as multi-principle elements (MPEs) or complex concentrated alloys (CCAs). This PhD thesis dissertation presents research conducted to develop precipitation-hardenable high entropy alloys using a much-studied fcc-based equi-atomic quaternary alloy (CoCrFeNi). Minor additions of aluminium make the alloy amenable for precipitating ordered intermetallic phases in an fcc matrix. Aluminum also affects grain growth kinetics and Hall-Petch hardenability. The use of a combinatorial approach for assessing composition-microstructure-property relationships in high entropy alloys, or more broadly in complex concentrated alloys; using laser deposited compositionally graded AlxCrCuFeNi 2 (0 < x < 1.5) complex concentrated alloys as a candidate system. The composition gradient has been achieved from CrCuFeNi2 to Al 1.5CrCuFeNi2 over a length of ˜25 mm, deposited using the laser engineered net shaping process from a blend of elemental powders. With increasing Al content, there was a gradual change from an fcc-based microstructure (including the ordered L12 phase) to a bcc-based microstructure (including the ordered B2 phase), accompanied with a progressive increase in microhardness. Based on this combinatorial assessment, two promising fcc-based precipitation strengthened systems have been identified; Al0.3CuCrFeNi2 and Al0.3CoCrFeNi, and both compositions were subsequently thermo-mechanically processed via conventional techniques. The phase stability and mechanical properties of these alloys have been investigated and will be presented. Additionally, the activation energy for grain growth as a function of Al content in these complex alloys has also been investigated. Change in fcc grain growth kinetic was studied as a function of aluminum; the apparent activation energy for grain growth increases by about three times going from Al0.1CoCrFeNi (3% Al (at%)) to Al0.3CoCrFeNi. (7% Al (at%)). Furthermore, Al addition leads to the precipitation of highly refined ordered L12 (gamma') and B2 precipitates in Al0.3CoCrFeNi. A detailed investigation of precipitation of the ordered phases in Al0.3CoCrFeNi and their thermal stability is done using atom probe tomography (APT), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Synchrotron X-ray in situ and ex situ analyses. The alloy strengthened via grain boundary strengthening following the Hall-Petch relationship offers a large increment of strength with small variation in grain size. Tensile strength of the Al0.3CoFeNi is increased by 50% on precipitation fine-scale gamma' precipitates. Furthermore, precipitation of bcc based ordered phase B2 in Al0.3CoCrFeNi can further strengthen the alloy. Fine-tuning the microstructure by thermo-mechanical treatments achieved a wide range of mechanical properties in the same alloy. The Al0.3CoCrFeNi HEA exhibited ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of ˜250 MPa and ductility of ˜65%; a UTS of ˜1100 MPa and ductility of ˜30%; and a UTS of 1850 MPa and a ductility of 5% after various thermo-mechanical treatments. Grain sizes, precipitates type and size scales manipulated in the alloy result in different strength ductility combinations. Henceforth, the alloy presents a fertile ground for development by grain boundary strengthening and precipitation strengthening, and offers very high activation energy of grain growth aptly suitable for high-temperature applications.
Reduction of hexavalent chromium by fasted and fed human gastric fluid. II. Ex vivo gastric reduction modeling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kirman, Christopher R., E-mail: ckirman@summittoxi

To extend previous models of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] reduction by gastric fluid (GF), ex vivo experiments were conducted to address data gaps and limitations identified with respect to (1) GF dilution in the model; (2) reduction of Cr(VI) in fed human GF samples; (3) the number of Cr(VI) reduction pools present in human GF under fed, fasted, and proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-use conditions; and (4) an appropriate form for the pH-dependence of Cr(VI) reduction rate constants. Rates and capacities of Cr(VI) reduction were characterized in gastric contents from fed and fasted volunteers, and from fasted pre-operative patients treated with PPIs.more » Reduction capacities were first estimated over a 4-h reduction period. Once reduction capacity was established, a dual-spike approach was used in speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry analyses to characterize the concentration-dependence of the 2nd order reduction rate constants. These data, when combined with previously collected data, were well described by a three-pool model (pool 1 = fast reaction with low capacity; pool 2 = slow reaction with higher capacity; pool 3 = very slow reaction with higher capacity) using pH-dependent rate constants characterized by a piecewise, log-linear relationship. These data indicate that human gastric samples, like those collected from rats and mice, contain multiple pools of reducing agents, and low concentrations of Cr(VI) (< 0.7 mg/L) are reduced more rapidly than high concentrations. The data and revised modeling results herein provide improved characterization of Cr(VI) gastric reduction kinetics, critical for Cr(VI) pharmacokinetic modeling and human health risk assessment. - Highlights: • SIDMS allows for measurement of Cr(VI) reduction rate in gastric fluid ex vivo • Human gastric fluid has three reducing pools • Cr(VI) in drinking water at < 0.7 mg/L is rapidly reduced in human gastric fluid • Reduction rate is concentration- and pH-dependent • A refined PK model is used to characterize inter-individual variability in Cr(VI) gastric reduction capacity.« less
Regulation of organic nucleic acids and serum biochemistry parameters by dietary chromium picolinate supplementation in swine model.

PubMed

Jiajun, Yang; Aiyun, Han; Shanshan, Zheng; Minhong, Zhang

2011-04-01

The relationships between chromium and metabolism are sophisticated. Organic nucleic acids and serum biochemistry parameters are affected by dietary chromium levels. The objective of this work was to study the effect of chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation on total DNA and RNA contents, the ratio of RNA/DNA in muscle and in pancreatic tissue, the level of insulin receptor (IR) mRNA and some serum biochemistry parameters in a porcine model. Young animals (48) were assigned randomly into three groups of 16 piglets, fed with three different dietary levels of Cr (common basal feedstuff alone or supplemented with CrPic at a dose of 1.61 μg/g or 3.22 μg/g, which corresponds to 0.2 μg/g and 0.4 μg/g Cr). After 80 days, the animals were sacrificed and skeletal muscle and pancreatic tissues were analyzed to detect differences caused by different levels of dietary Cr. The total content of RNA in muscle was increased significantly (P<0.05) in the CrPic supplemented groups. There was no significant difference between groups in the concentrations of total RNA in the pancreas or DNA in the muscle and pancreatic tissues. The RNA/DNA ratio in pancreas showed no significant change but the ratio was increased significantly (P<0.05) in muscle. There was a slight increase of the mRNA level of IR but there was no significant difference between groups. The content of serum cholesterol and insulin were reduced significantly (P<0.05) in the CrPic-supplemented groups and the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) was increased significantly (P<0.05) as the CrPic dose increased. There was a slight (non-significant) reduction of the concentrations of serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) in the CrPic supplementation groups. Supplementary CrPic caused no significant change of muscular mRNA level of IR in healthy animals. An increased content of RNA in muscle, improved cholesterol metabolism and improved insulin sensitivity were found in these CrPic-treated groups in the porcine model. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Nicotine Dependence, “Background” and Cue-Induced Craving and Smoking in the Laboratory

PubMed Central

Dunbar, Michael S.; Shiffman, Saul; Kirchner, Thomas; Tindle, Hilary; Scholl, Sarah

2014-01-01

Background Nicotine dependence has been associated with higher “background” craving and smoking, independent of situational cues. Due in part to conceptual and methodological differences across past studies, the relationship between dependence and cue-reactivity (CR; e.g., cue-induced craving and smoking) remains unclear. Methods 207 daily smokers completed six pictorial CR sessions (smoking, negative affect, positive affect, alcohol, smoking prohibitions, and neutral). Individuals rated craving before (background craving) and after cues, and could smoke following cue exposure. Session videos were coded to assess smoking. Participants completed four nicotine dependence measures. Regression models assessed the relationship of dependence to cue-independent (i.e., pre-cue) and cue-specific (i.e., pre-post cue change for each cue, relative to neutral) craving and smoking (likelihood of smoking, latency to smoke, puff count). Results Dependence was associated with background craving and smoking, but did not predict change in craving across the entire sample for any cue. Among alcohol drinkers, dependence was associated with greater increases in craving following the alcohol cue. Only one dependence measure (Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives) was consistently associated with smoking reactivity (higher likelihood of smoking, shorter latency to smoke, greater puff count) in response to cues. Conclusion While related to cue-independent background craving and smoking, dependence is not strongly associated with laboratory cue-induced craving under conditions of minimal deprivation. Dependence measures that incorporate situational influences on smoking correlate with greater cue-provoked smoking. This may suggest independent roles for CR and traditional dependence as determinants of smoking, and highlights the importance of assessing behavioral CR outcomes. PMID:25028339
Nicotine dependence, "background" and cue-induced craving and smoking in the laboratory.

PubMed

Dunbar, Michael S; Shiffman, Saul; Kirchner, Thomas R; Tindle, Hilary A; Scholl, Sarah M

2014-09-01

Nicotine dependence has been associated with higher "background" craving and smoking, independent of situational cues. Due in part to conceptual and methodological differences across past studies, the relationship between dependence and cue-reactivity (CR; e.g., cue-induced craving and smoking) remains unclear. 207 daily smokers completed six pictorial CR sessions (smoking, negative affect, positive affect, alcohol, smoking prohibitions, and neutral). Individuals rated craving before (background craving) and after cues, and could smoke following cue exposure. Session videos were coded to assess smoking. Participants completed four nicotine dependence measures. Regression models assessed the relationship of dependence to cue-independent (i.e., pre-cue) and cue-specific (i.e., pre-post cue change for each cue, relative to neutral) craving and smoking (likelihood of smoking, latency to smoke, puff count). Dependence was associated with background craving and smoking, but did not predict change in craving across the entire sample for any cue. Among alcohol drinkers, dependence was associated with greater increases in craving following the alcohol cue. Only one dependence measure (Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives) was consistently associated with smoking reactivity (higher likelihood of smoking, shorter latency to smoke, greater puff count) in response to cues. While related to cue-independent background craving and smoking, dependence is not strongly associated with laboratory cue-induced craving under conditions of minimal deprivation. Dependence measures that incorporate situational influences on smoking correlate with greater cue-provoked smoking. This may suggest independent roles for CR and traditional dependence as determinants of smoking, and highlights the importance of assessing behavioral CR outcomes. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Patients’ Interactions With Physicians and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practitioners: Older Women With Breast Cancer and Self-Managed Health Care

PubMed Central

Adler, Shelley R.; Wrubel, Judith; Hughes, Ellen; Beinfield, Harriet

2009-01-01

Older patients are more likely than ever to be under the care of both physicians and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners, yet there is little research on older patients’ experience of these different relationships. This article addresses older breast cancer patients’ seeking of concurrent care and examines patients’ understandings of interactions with physicians and CAM practitioners. This is a qualitative study of a random, population-based sample of 44 older women with breast cancer who are simultaneously under the care of at least 1 physician and 1 CAM practitioner. PMID:19147647

Wear evaluation of a cross-linked medical grade polyethylene by ultra thin layer activation compared to gravimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stroosnijder, Marinus F.; Hoffmann, Michael; Sauvage, Thierry; Blondiaux, Gilbert; Vincent, Laetitia

2005-01-01

Most of today's artificial joints rely on an articulating couple consisting of a CoCrMo alloy and a medical grade polyethylene. The wear of the polyethylene component is the major cause for long-term failure of these prostheses since the wear debris leads to adverse biological reactions. The polyethylene wear is usually measured by gravimetric methods, which are limited due to a low sensitivity and accuracy. To demonstrate the reliability of ultra thin layer activation (UTLA) as an alternative technique, wear tests on a cross-linked ultra-high-molecular weight polyethylene (XLPE) sliding against CoCrMo were performed on a wear tester featuring multi-directional sliding motion. The amount of polyethylene wear was evaluated by both UTLA and gravimetry. The particular TLA method used in this work employed the implantation of 7Be radioactive recoils into the polyethylene surface by means of a light mass particle beam. The results indicate that apart from its relatively high sensitivity, UTLA also offers the possibility for on-line measurements of polyethylene wear. This makes it a viable and complementary technique in wear test studies for medical implant purposes especially for those involving wear resistant materials and for rapid wear screening.
Magnetite in Comet Wild 2: Evidence for parent body aqueous alteration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hicks, L. J.; MacArthur, J. L.; Bridges, J. C.; Price, M. C.; Wickham-Eade, J. E.; Burchell, M. J.; Hansford, G. M.; Butterworth, A. L.; Gurman, S. J.; Baker, S. H.

2017-10-01

The mineralogy of comet 81P/Wild 2 particles, collected in aerogel by the Stardust mission, has been determined using synchrotron Fe-K X-ray absorption spectroscopy with in situ transmission XRD and X-ray fluorescence, plus complementary microRaman analyses. Our investigation focuses on the terminal grains of eight Stardust tracks: C2112,4,170,0,0; C2045,2,176,0,0; C2045,3,177,0,0; C2045,4,178,0,0; C2065,4,187,0,0; C2098,4,188,0,0; C2119,4,189,0,0; and C2119,5,190,0,0. Three terminal grains have been identified as near pure magnetite Fe3O4. The presence of magnetite shows affinities between the Wild 2 mineral assemblage and carbonaceous chondrites, and probably resulted from hydrothermal alteration of the coexisting FeNi and ferromagnesian silicates in the cometary parent body. In order to further explore this hypothesis, powdered material from a CR2 meteorite (NWA 10256) was shot into the aerogel at 6.1 km s-1, using a light-gas gun, and keystones were then prepared in the same way as the Stardust keystones. Using similar analysis techniques to the eight Stardust tracks, a CR2 magnetite terminal grain establishes the likelihood of preserving magnetite during capture in silica aerogel.
Relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Z. Y.; Wu, G. Q.; Huang, Z.

2018-03-01

Through a statistical, quantitative analysis on microstructure of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr (Ti55531) alloy, the relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties and heat treatment temperatures were investigated. The results show that in Widmanstätten structure, the size of β grain is greatly increased with increasing annealing temperature. Static toughness is related to grain boundary alpha phase discontinuity, the tensile strength is related to acicular alpha phase interface length and acicular alpha phase proportion. In duplex microstructure, the tensile strength is related to the equiaxed alpha proportion. Elongation, static toughness and crack forming work are related to the equiaxed alpha proportion and negatively related to secondary phase proportion. The microstructure can be described quantitatively and the mechanical properties can be predicted by analysis of microstructure.
Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: emerging concepts in cognitive reserve

PubMed Central

Barulli, Daniel; Stern, Yaakov

2013-01-01

Cognitive reserve (CR) is a concept meant to account for the frequent discrepancy between an individual’s measured level of brain pathology and her expected cognitive performance. It is particularly important within the context of aging and dementia, but has wider applicability to all forms of brain damage. As such, it has intimate links to related compensatory and neuroprotective concepts, as well as to the related notion of brain reserve. In this article, we introduce the concept of cognitive reserve and explicate its potential cognitive neural implementation. We conclude that cognitive reserve is compatible and complementary with many related concepts, but that each much draw sharper conceptual boundaries in order to truly explain preserved cognitive function in the face of aging or brain damage. PMID:24018144
Surface characterization of stainless HP-40 steel using laser induced μ-breakdown spectroscopy (μ -LIBS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pinto, M.; Calderón, X.; Mejía Ospino, E.; Cabanzo, R.; Poveda, Juan C.

2016-02-01

In the present study, optical microscopy in stereoscopic mode coupled to laser- induced p-breakdown spectroscopy (μ-LIBS) was applied for analysing HP-40 steel samples. microLIBS (μ-LIBS) is a new growing area that employs low energy laser pulses for the generation of plasma emission, which allow the realization of localized microanalysis [1]. This new LIBS instrument was used for the surface characterization of the steel samples in the spectral range from 356 to 401nm. Elements such as Cr, Ni, Fe, Nb, Pb, Mo, C, Mn and Si in the steel samples were investigated. The results allowed the construction of elemental distribution profiles of the samples. Complementary the HP-40 steel samples were superficially characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
On the empirical determination of positron trapping coefficient at nano-scale helium bubbles in steels irradiated in spallation target

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krsjak, Vladimir; Kuriplach, Jan; Vieh, Christiane; Peng, Lei; Dai, Yong

2018-06-01

In the present work, the specific positron trapping rate of small helium bubbles was empirically derived from positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of Fe9Cr martensitic steels. Both techniques are well known to be sensitive to nanometer-sized helium-filled cavities induced during irradiation in a mixed proton-neutron spectrum of spallation target. Complementary TEM and PALS studies show that positrons are being trapped to these defects at a rate of 1.2 ± 0.8 × 10-14 m3s-1. This suggests that helium bubbles in ferritic/martensitic steels are attractive traps for positrons comparable to mono-vacancies and quantitative analysis of the bubbles by PALS technique is plausible.
Does experience of the 'occult' predict use of complementary medicine? Experience of, and beliefs about, both complementary medicine and ways of telling the future.

PubMed

Furnham, A

2000-12-01

This study looked at the relationship between ratings of the perceived effectiveness of 24 methods for telling the future, 39 complementary therapies (CM) and 12 specific attitude statements about science and medicine. A total of 159 participants took part. The results showed that the participants were deeply sceptical of the effectiveness of the methods for telling the future which factored into meaningful and interpretable factors. Participants were much more positive about particular, but not all, specialties of complementary medicine (CM). These also factored into a meaningful factor structure. Finally, the 12 attitude to science/medicine statements revealed four factors: scepticism of medicine; the importance of psychological factors; patient protection; and the importance of scientific evaluation. Regressional analysis showed that belief in the total effectiveness of different ways of predicting the future was best predicted by beliefs in the effectiveness of the CM therapies. Although interest in the occult was associated with interest in CM, participants were able to distinguish between the two, and displayed scepticism about the effectiveness of methods of predicting the future and some CM therapies. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
Understanding support for complementary and alternative medicine in general populations: use and perceived efficacy.

PubMed

Stoneman, Paul; Sturgis, Patrick; Allum, Nick

2013-09-01

Proponents of complementary and alternative medicine argue that these treatments can be used with great effect in addition to, and sometimes instead of, conventional medicine, a position which has drawn sustained opposition from those who advocate an evidence-based approach to the evaluation of treatment efficacy. Using recent survey data from the United Kingdom, this article seeks to establish a clearer understanding of the nature of the public's relationship with complementary and alternative medicine within the general population by focusing on beliefs about the perceived effectiveness of homeopathy, in addition to its reported use. Using recent data from the United Kingdom, we initially demonstrate that reported use and perceived effectiveness are far from coterminous and argue that for a proper understanding of the motivations underpinning public support of complementary and alternative medicine, consideration of both reported use and perceived effectiveness is necessary. We go on to demonstrate that although the profile of homeopathy users differs from those who support this form of medicine, neither outcome is dependent upon peoples' levels of knowledge about science. Instead, the results suggest a far greater explanatory role for need and concerns about conventional medicine.
CrATP interferes in the promastigote-macrophage interaction in Leishmania amazonensis infection.

PubMed

Ennes-Vidal, V; Castro, R O S; Britto, C; Barrabin, H; D'Avila-Levy, C M; Moreira, O C

2011-07-01

Recent have shown the relationship between Ecto-Nucleoside-Triphosphate-Diphosphohydrolases (Ecto-NTPDases or ecto-nucleotidases) and virulence and infectivity in trypanosomatids. In this work, the inhibition of the ecto-ATPase activities and promastigote growth of Leishmania amazonensis by CrATP was characterized. Furthermore, this compound was used to investigate the role of ecto-nucleotidase in the interaction of L. amazonensis with resident peritoneal macrophages obtained from BALB/c mice. CrATP partially inhibits the ecto-ATPase activity, presenting Ki values of 575·7±199·1 and 383·5±79·0 μm, in the presence or absence of 5 mm MgCl2, respectively. The apparent Kms for ATP (2·9±0·5 mm to Mg2+-dependent ecto-ATPase and 0·4±0·2 mm to Mg2+-independent ecto-ATPase activities) are not significantly altered by CrATP, suggesting a reversible non-competitive inhibition of both enzymes. When CrATP was added to the cultivation medium at 500 μm, it drastically inhibited the cellular growth. The interaction of promastigote forms of L. amazonensis with BALB/c peritoneal macrophages is strongly affected by CrATP. When the parasites were treated with 500 μm CrATP before interacting with macrophages, the adhesion and endocytic indices were strongly reduced to 53·0±14·8% and 39·8±1·1%, respectively. These results indicate that ecto-nucleotidase plays an important role in the infection process caused by Leishmania amazonensis.
A New Modal Analysis Method to put Constraints on the Aqueous Alteration of CR Chondrites and Estimate the Unaltered CR Composition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perronnet, M.; Zolensky, M. E.; Gounelle, M.; Schwandt, C. S.

2007-01-01

carbonaceous chondrites are of the major interest since they contain one of the most primitive organic matters. However, aqueous alteration has more or less overprinted their original features in a way that needed to be assessed. That was done in the present study by comparing the mineralogy of the most altered CR1 chondrite, GRO 95577, to a less altered CR2, Renazzo. Their modal analyses were achieved thanks to a new method, based on X-ray elemental maps acquired on electron microprobe, and on IDL image treatment. It allowed the collection of new data on the composition of Renazzo and confirmed the classification of GRO 95577 as a CR1. New alteration products for CRs, vermiculite and clinochlore, were observed. The homogeneity of the Fe-poor clays in the CR1 and the distinctive matrix composition in the two chondrites suggest a wide-range of aqueous alteration on CRs. The preservation of the outlines of the chondrules in GRO 95577 and the elemental transfers of Al, Fe and Ca throughout the chondrule and of Fe and S from the matrix to the chondrule favor the idea of an asteroidal location of the aqueous alteration. From their mineralogical descriptions and modal abundances, the element repartitions in Renazzo and GRO 95577 were computed. It indicates a possible relationship between these two chondrites via an isochemical alteration process. Knowing the chemical reactions that occurred during the alteration, it was thus possible to decipher the mineralogical modal abundances in the unaltered CR body.
Effects of Minocycline on Urine Albumin, Interleukin-6, and Osteoprotegerin in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

PubMed Central

Wang, Ying; Tong, Lili; Pak, Youngju; Andalibi, Ali; LaPage, Janine A.; Adler, Sharon G.

2016-01-01

Background We tested minocycline as an anti-proteinuric adjunct to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and measured urinary biomarkers to evaluate minocycline’s biological effects. Methods Design: Prospective, single center, randomized, placebo-controlled, intention-to-treat pilot trial. Inclusion. Type 2 diabetes/DN; Baseline creatinine clearance > 30 mL/min; proteinuria ≥ 1.0 g/day; Age ≥30 years; BP <150/95 mm Hg; intolerant of/at maximum RAASi dose. Protocol. 3-wk screening; Baseline randomization; Urine and blood measures at months 1, 2, 4, and Month 6 study completion. Urine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and osteoprotegerin were measured in a subset. Primary outcome. Natural log of urine protein/creatinine (ln U P:Cr) ratio at Month 6 vs Baseline. Results 30 patients completed the study. The 15% decline in U P: Cr in minocycline patients (6 month P:Cr ÷ Baseline P:Cr, 0.85 vs. 0.92) was not significant (p = 0.27). Creatinine clearance did not differ in the 2 groups. Urine IL-6:Cr (p = 0.03) and osteoprotegerin/Cr (p = 0.046) decrements were significant. Minocycline modified the relationship between urine IL-6 and proteinuria, suggesting a protective biological effect. Conclusions Although the decline in U P:Cr in minocycline patients was not statistically significant, the significant differences in urine IL-6 and osteoprotegerin suggest that minocycline may confer cytoprotection in patients with DN, providing a rationale for further study. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01779089 PMID:27019421
Glutamate-glutamine and GABA in brain of normal aged and patients with cognitive impairment.

PubMed

Huang, Dandan; Liu, Dan; Yin, Jianzhong; Qian, Tianyi; Shrestha, Susan; Ni, Hongyan

2017-07-01

To explore the changes of glutamate-glutamine (Glx) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain in normal old age and cognitive impairment using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Seventeen normal young controls (NYC), 15 normal elderly controls (NEC), 21 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 17 with Alzheimer disease (AD) patients were included in this study. Glx and GABA+ levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right hippocampus (rHP) were measured by using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. Glx/Cr and GABA+/Cr ratios were compared between NYC and NEC and between the three elderly groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA); the tissue fractions of voxels were used as covariates. The relationships between metabolite ratios and cognitive performance were analysed using Spearman correlation coefficients. For NEC and NYC groups, Glx/Cr and GABA+/Cr ratios were lower in NEC in ACC and rHP. For the three elderly groups, Glx/Cr ratio was lower in AD in ACC compared to NEC and MCI; Glx/Cr ratio was lower in AD in rHP compared to NEC. There was no significant decrease for GABA+/Cr ratio. Glx and GABA levels may decrease simultaneously in normal aged, and Glx level decreased predominantly in AD, and it is helpful in the early diagnosis of AD. • Glx and GABA levels may decrease simultaneously in normal aged. • Glx level may decrease predominantly in Alzheimer disease. • The balance in excitatory-inhibitory systems may be broken in AD. • Decreased Glx level may be helpful in early diagnosis of AD.
Streamlining the Design Tradespace for Earth Imaging Constellations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nag, Sreeja; Hughes, Steven P.; Le Moigne, Jacqueline J.

2016-01-01

Satellite constellations and Distributed Spacecraft Mission (DSM) architectures offer unique benefits to Earth observation scientists and unique challenges to cost estimators. The Cost and Risk (CR) module of the Tradespace Analysis Tool for Constellations (TAT-C) being developed by NASA Goddard seeks to address some of these challenges by providing a new approach to cost modeling, which aggregates existing Cost Estimating Relationships (CER) from respected sources, cost estimating best practices, and data from existing and proposed satellite designs. Cost estimation through this tool is approached from two perspectives: parametric cost estimating relationships and analogous cost estimation techniques. The dual approach utilized within the TAT-C CR module is intended to address prevailing concerns regarding early design stage cost estimates, and offer increased transparency and fidelity by offering two preliminary perspectives on mission cost. This work outlines the existing cost model, details assumptions built into the model, and explains what measures have been taken to address the particular challenges of constellation cost estimating. The risk estimation portion of the TAT-C CR module is still in development and will be presented in future work. The cost estimate produced by the CR module is not intended to be an exact mission valuation, but rather a comparative tool to assist in the exploration of the constellation design tradespace. Previous work has noted that estimating the cost of satellite constellations is difficult given that no comprehensive model for constellation cost estimation has yet been developed, and as such, quantitative assessment of multiple spacecraft missions has many remaining areas of uncertainty. By incorporating well-established CERs with preliminary approaches to approaching these uncertainties, the CR module offers more complete approach to constellation costing than has previously been available to mission architects or Earth scientists seeking to leverage the capabilities of multiple spacecraft working in support of a common goal.
A Survey of Cost Estimating Methodologies for Distributed Spacecraft Missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Foreman, Veronica L.; Le Moigne, Jacqueline; de Weck, Oliver L.

2016-01-01

Satellite constellations and Distributed Spacecraft Mission (DSM) architectures offer unique benefits to Earth observation scientists and unique challenges to cost estimators. The Cost and Risk (CR) module of the Tradespace Analysis Tool for Constellations (TAT-C) being developed by NASA Goddard seeks to address some of these challenges by providing a new approach to cost modeling, which aggregates existing Cost Estimating Relationships (CER) from respected sources, cost estimating best practices, and data from existing and proposed satellite designs. Cost estimation through this tool is approached from two perspectives: parametric cost estimating relationships and analogous cost estimation techniques. The dual approach utilized within the TAT-C CR module is intended to address prevailing concerns regarding early design stage cost estimates, and offer increased transparency and fidelity by offering two preliminary perspectives on mission cost. This work outlines the existing cost model, details assumptions built into the model, and explains what measures have been taken to address the particular challenges of constellation cost estimating. The risk estimation portion of the TAT-C CR module is still in development and will be presented in future work. The cost estimate produced by the CR module is not intended to be an exact mission valuation, but rather a comparative tool to assist in the exploration of the constellation design tradespace. Previous work has noted that estimating the cost of satellite constellations is difficult given that no comprehensive model for constellation cost estimation has yet been developed, and as such, quantitative assessment of multiple spacecraft missions has many remaining areas of uncertainty. By incorporating well-established CERs with preliminary approaches to approaching these uncertainties, the CR module offers more complete approach to constellation costing than has previously been available to mission architects or Earth scientists seeking to leverage the capabilities of multiple spacecraft working in support of a common goal.
[Beijing common green tree leaves' accumulation capacity for heavy metals].

PubMed

Li, Shao-Ning; Kong, Ling-Wei; Lu, Shao-Wei; Chen, Bo; Gao, Chen; Shi, Yuan

2014-05-01

Seasonal variation of heavy metal contents in leaves and their relationships with soil heavy metal pollution levels were studied through measuring and analyzing the leaves of the common tree species in Beijing and soil heavy metal contents, to detect heavy metal accumulation ability of plant leaves. The results showed that: (1) the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn in plant leaves first decreased and then increased, again declined with changing the seasons (from spring to winter). Cr concentration showed the trend of first increase and then decrease from spring to winter, and the highest in the autumn; the accumulation capacities of Cu for Babylonica and Japonica were higher in the spring, summer and autumn, while Tabuliformis was in winter; the higher accumulation capacities for Cr, Pb were Japonica and Platycladus, and in winter were Platycladus and Bungeana; the higher accumulation capacities for Zn were Babylonica and Bungeana, while Platycladus in winter; (2) the pollution degree of four kinds of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn) from downtown to suburbs showed that: Jingshan (C =2.48, C is contamination factor) > Olympic (C = 1.27) > Songshan (C = 1.20) > Shuiguan (C = 1. 18); (3) the heavy metals concentration of same plant leaves in the water of the Great Wall changed larger, but those in the other three areas showed that: Jingshan > Olympic > Songshan; the ability of same species leaf to absorb different sorts of heavy metals showed that: Zn >Cu >Pb >Cr; the difference between Zn content and Cr content was significant (P <0.01); (4) the relationship between heavy metal content in plant leaves and soil heavy metal pollution levels presented a quadratic polynomial relation; the significant correlation was found between other three heavy metal contents of plant samples and soil samples, but they were not the case for the Cu, and the correlation coefficients were above 0. 9.
Thyroid hormones and menstrual cycle function in a longitudinal cohort of premenopausal women.

PubMed

Jacobson, Melanie H; Howards, Penelope P; Darrow, Lyndsey A; Meadows, Juliana W; Kesner, James S; Spencer, Jessica B; Terrell, Metrecia L; Marcus, Michele

2018-05-01

Previous studies have reported that hyperthyroid and hypothyroid women experience menstrual irregularities more often compared with euthyroid women, but reasons for this are not well-understood and studies on thyroid hormones among euthyroid women are lacking. In a prospective cohort study of euthyroid women, this study characterised the relationship between thyroid hormone concentrations and prospectively collected menstrual function outcomes. Between 2004-2014, 86 euthyroid premenopausal women not lactating or taking hormonal medications participated in a study measuring menstrual function. Serum thyroid hormones were measured before the menstrual function study began. Women then collected first morning urine voids and completed daily bleeding diaries every day for three cycles. Urinary oestrogen and progesterone metabolites (estrone 3-glucuronide (E 1 3G) and pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (Pd3G)) and follicle-stimulating hormone were measured and adjusted for creatinine (Cr). Total thyroxine (T 4 ) concentrations were positively associated with Pd3G and E 1 3G. Women with higher (vs lower) T 4 had greater luteal phase maximum Pd3G (Pd3G = 11.7 μg/mg Cr for women with high T 4 vs Pd3G = 9.5 and 8.1 μg/mg Cr for women with medium and low T 4 , respectively) and greater follicular phase maximum E 1 3G (E 1 3G = 41.7 ng/mg Cr for women with high T 4 vs E 1 3G = 34.3 and 33.7 ng/mg Cr for women with medium and low T 4 , respectively). Circulating thyroid hormone concentrations were associated with subtle differences in menstrual cycle function outcomes, particularly sex steroid hormone levels in healthy women. Results contribute to the understanding of the relationship between thyroid function and the menstrual cycle, and may have implications for fertility and chronic disease. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A Study of Relationship of Atheroembolic Risk Factors with Postoperative Recovery in Renal Function after Partial Nephrectomy in Patients Staged T1-2 Renal Cell Carcinoma during Median 4-Year Follow-up.

PubMed

Kim, Sung Han; Kang, Kyung Min; Yu, Ami; Lee, Jung Hoon; Nam, Byung Ho; Lee, Eun Sik

2016-01-01

The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship of atheroembolic risk factors with postoperative recovery of renal function after on-clamp partial nephrectomy (PN) with warm ischemia in patients with staged T1-2 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A total of 234 patients from 2004 to 2012 were included, and their clinicopathologic and operative parameters, including atheroembolic risk factors were reviewed retrospectively. Renal function, as determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and measurement of serum creatinine level (Cr) at each scheduled follow-up for a median four years, was compared between the high-risk (HR) group (n=49, ≥ five risk factors) and the low-risk (LR) group (n=185, < five risk factors). Except for baseline renal function and number of risk factors for atheroembolism, differences in characteristics between groups were comparatively insignificant. At 3 months after the operation, Cr and eGFR differed significantly between the two groups (p < 0.05), but no differences were observed afterward. Significant deterioration from baseline in Cr and eGFR was observed in both groups at 1 month after the operation, with a greater change in the HR group (p < 0.05). From measurement to measurement, significantly faster deterioration in Cr and eGFR was observed in the HR group than in the LR group until 6 months after the operation (Cr: LR, 0.02 mg/dL and HR, 0.13 mg/dL; eGFR: LR, 1.50 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and HR, 6.38 mL/min/1.73 m(2); p < 0.05). The presence of atheroembolic risk factors may negatively influence postoperative recovery of renal function after PN in patients with localized RCC.
Adalimumab Treatment in Biologically Naïve Crohn's Disease: Relationship with Ectopic MUC5AC Expression and Endoscopic Improvement

PubMed Central

Mizoshita, Tsutomu; Tanida, Satoshi; Tsukamoto, Hironobu; Ozeki, Keiji; Katano, Takahito; Nishiwaki, Hirotaka; Ebi, Masahide; Mori, Yoshinori; Kubota, Eiji; Kataoka, Hiromi; Kamiya, Takeshi; Joh, Takashi

2014-01-01

Background. Adalimumab (ADA) is effective for patients with Crohn's disease (CD). However, there have been few reports on ADA therapy with respect to its relationship with pathologic findings and drug efficacy in biologically naïve CD cases. Methods. Fifteen patients with active biologically naïve CD were treated with ADA. We examined them clinically and pathologically with ectopic MUC5AC expression in the lesions before and after 12 and 52 weeks of ADA therapy, retrospectively. Results. Both mean CD activity index scores and serum C-reactive protein values were significantly lower after ADA therapy (P < 0.001). In the MUC5AC negative group, all cases exhibited clinical remission (CR) and endoscopic improvement at 52 weeks. In MUC5AC positive groups, loss of MUC5AC expression was detected in cases having CR and endoscopic improvement at 52 weeks, while remnant ectopic MUC5AC expression was observed in those exhibiting no endoscopic improvement and flare up after 52 weeks. Conclusions. ADA leads to CR and endoscopic improvement in biologically naïve CD cases. In addition, ectopic MUC5AC expression may be a predictive marker of flare up and endoscopic improvement in the intestines of CD patients. PMID:24829572
Newspaper Advertising Impact in Non-Metropolitan Markets.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lynn, Jerry R.

A telephone survey of 1,487 adults in 91 nonmetropolitan areas of Tennessee was conducted to determine the nonmetropolitan newspaper audience, the exposure and effectiveness of nonmetro newspaper advertising, and the complementary relationship of advertising media, particularly newspapers and television, in nonmetropolitan markets. The results…
Social Exclusion in Childhood: A Developmental Intergroup Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Killen, Melanie; Mulvey, Kelly Lynn; Hitti, Aline

2013-01-01

"Interpersonal" rejection and "intergroup" exclusion in childhood reflect different, but complementary, aspects of child development. Interpersonal rejection focuses on individual differences in personality traits, such as wariness and being fearful, to explain bully-victim relationships. In contrast, intergroup exclusion focuses on how in-group…

Modular-extramodular organization in developing multisensory shell regions of the mouse inferior colliculus.

PubMed

Dillingham, Christopher H; Gay, Sean M; Behrooz, Roxana; Gabriele, Mark L

2017-12-01

The complex neuroanatomical connections of the inferior colliculus (IC) and its major subdivisions offer a juxtaposition of segregated processing streams with distinct organizational features. While the tonotopically layered central nucleus is well-documented, less is known about functional compartments in the neighboring lateral cortex (LCIC). In addition to a laminar framework, LCIC afferent-efferent patterns suggest a multimodal mosaic, consisting of a patchy modular network with surrounding extramodular domains. This study utilizes several neurochemical markers that reveal an emerging LCIC modular-extramodular microarchitecture. In newborn and post-hearing C57BL/6J and CBA/CaJ mice, histochemical and immunocytochemical stains were performed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), cytochrome oxidase (CO), and calretinin (CR). Discontinuous layer 2 modules are positive for AChE, NADPH-d, GAD, and CO throughout the rostrocaudal LCIC. While not readily apparent at birth, discrete cell clusters emerge over the first postnatal week, yielding an identifiable modular network prior to hearing onset. Modular boundaries continue to become increasingly distinct with age, as surrounding extramodular fields remain largely negative for each marker. Alignment of modular markers in serial sections suggests each highlight the same periodic patchy network throughout the nascent LCIC. In contrast, CR patterns appear complementary, preferentially staining extramodular LCIC zones. Double-labeling experiments confirm that NADPH-d, the most consistent developmental modular marker, and CR label separate, nonoverlapping LCIC compartments. Determining how this emerging modularity may align with similar LCIC patch-matrix-like Eph/ephrin guidance patterns, and how each interface with, and potentially influence developing multimodal LCIC projection configurations is discussed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms of ultrafine-grained austenite formation under different isochronal conditions in a cold-rolled metastable stainless steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Celada-Casero, C., E-mail: c.celada@cenim.csic.es

The primary objective of this work is to obtain fundamental insights on phase transformations, with focus on the reaustenitization process (α′→γ transformation), of a cold-rolled (CR) semi-austenitic metastable stainless steel upon different isochronal conditions (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 °C/s). For this purpose, an exhaustive microstructural characterization has been performed by using complementary experimental such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), micro-hardness Vickers and magnetization measurements. It has been detected that all microstructural changes shift to higher temperatures as the heating rate increases. The reaustenitization occurs in two-steps formore » all heating rates, which is attributed to the chemical banding present in the CR state. The α′→γ transformation is controlled by the migration of substitutional alloying elements across the austenite/martensite (γ/α′) interface, which finally leads to ultrafine-grained reaustenitized microstructures (440–280 nm). The morphology of the martensite phase in the CR state has been found to be the responsible for such a grain refinement, along with the presence of χ-phase and nanometric Ni{sub 3}(Ti,Al) precipitates that pin the austenite grain growth, especially upon slowly heating at 0.1 °C/s. - Highlights: •Ultrafine-grained austenite structures are obtained isochronally at 0.1–100 °C/s •The α′→γ transformation occurs in two steps due to the initial chemical banding •A diffusional mechanism governs the α′→γ transformation for all heating rates •The dislocation-cell-type of martensite promotes a diffusional mechanism •Precipitates located at α′/γ interfaces hinder the austenite growth.« less
CasA mediates Cas3-catalyzed target degradation during CRISPR RNA-guided interference.

PubMed

Hochstrasser, Megan L; Taylor, David W; Bhat, Prashant; Guegler, Chantal K; Sternberg, Samuel H; Nogales, Eva; Doudna, Jennifer A

2014-05-06

In bacteria, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas) DNA-targeting complex Cascade (CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense) uses CRISPR RNA (crRNA) guides to bind complementary DNA targets at sites adjacent to a trinucleotide signature sequence called the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). The Cascade complex then recruits Cas3, a nuclease-helicase that catalyzes unwinding and cleavage of foreign double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bearing a sequence matching that of the crRNA. Cascade comprises the CasA-E proteins and one crRNA, forming a structure that binds and unwinds dsDNA to form an R loop in which the target strand of the DNA base pairs with the 32-nt RNA guide sequence. Single-particle electron microscopy reconstructions of dsDNA-bound Cascade with and without Cas3 reveal that Cascade positions the PAM-proximal end of the DNA duplex at the CasA subunit and near the site of Cas3 association. The finding that the DNA target and Cas3 colocalize with CasA implicates this subunit in a key target-validation step during DNA interference. We show biochemically that base pairing of the PAM region is unnecessary for target binding but critical for Cas3-mediated degradation. In addition, the L1 loop of CasA, previously implicated in PAM recognition, is essential for Cas3 activation following target binding by Cascade. Together, these data show that the CasA subunit of Cascade functions as an essential partner of Cas3 by recognizing DNA target sites and positioning Cas3 adjacent to the PAM to ensure cleavage.
Image processing analysis of nuclear track parameters for CR-39 detector irradiated by thermal neutron

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Al-Jobouri, Hussain A., E-mail: hahmed54@gmail.com; Rajab, Mustafa Y., E-mail: mostafaheete@gmail.com

CR-39 detector which covered with boric acid (H{sub 3}Bo{sub 3}) pellet was irradiated by thermal neutrons from ({sup 241}Am - {sup 9}Be) source with activity 12Ci and neutron flux 10{sup 5} n. cm{sup −2}. s{sup −1}. The irradiation times -T{sub D} for detector were 4h, 8h, 16h and 24h. Chemical etching solution for detector was sodium hydroxide NaOH, 6.25N with 45 min etching time and 60 C° temperature. Images of CR-39 detector after chemical etching were taken from digital camera which connected from optical microscope. MATLAB software version 7.0 was used to image processing. The outputs of image processing of MATLABmore » software were analyzed and found the following relationships: (a) The irradiation time -T{sub D} has behavior linear relationships with following nuclear track parameters: i) total track number - N{sub T} ii) maximum track number - MRD (relative to track diameter - D{sub T}) at response region range 2.5 µm to 4 µm iii) maximum track number - M{sub D} (without depending on track diameter - D{sub T}). (b) The irradiation time -T{sub D} has behavior logarithmic relationship with maximum track number - M{sub A} (without depending on track area - A{sub T}). The image processing technique principally track diameter - D{sub T} can be take into account to classification of α-particle emitters, In addition to the contribution of these technique in preparation of nano- filters and nano-membrane in nanotechnology fields.« less
Examination of Multiphase (Zr,Ti)(V,Cr,Mn,Ni)2 Ni-MH Electrode Alloys: Part II. Solid-State Transformation of the Interdendritic B2 Phase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bendersky, L. A.; Wang, K.; Boettinger, W. J.; Newbury, D. E.; Young, K.; Chao, B.

2010-08-01

Solidification microstructure of multicomponent (Zr,Ti)-Ni-(V,Cr,Mn,Co) alloys intended for use as negative electrodes in Ni-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries was studied in Part I of this series of articles. Part II of the series examines the complex internal structure of the interdendritic grains formed by solid-state transformation and believed to play an important role in the electrochemical charge/discharge characteristics of the overall alloy composition. By studying one alloy, Zr21Ti12.5V10Cr5.5Mn5.1Co5.0Ni40.2Al0.5Sn0.3, it is shown that the interdendritic grains solidify as a B2 (Ti,Zr)44(Ni,TM)56 phase, and then undergo transformation to Zr7Ni10-type, Zr9Ni11-type, and martensitic phases. The transformations obey orientation relationships between the high-temperature B2 phase and the low-temperature Zr-Ni-type intermetallics, and consequently lead to a multivariant structure. The major orientation relationship for the orthorhombic Zr7Ni10 type is [011]Zr7Ni10//[001]B2; (100)Zr7Ni10//(100)B2. The orientation relationship for the tetragonal Zr9Ni11 type is [001]Zr9Ni11//[001]B2; (130)Zr9Ni11//(100)B2. Binary Ni-Zr and ternary Ti-Ni-Zr phase diagrams were used to rationalize the formation of the observed domain structure.
The relationship between white matter brain metabolites and cognition in normal aging: the GENIE study.

PubMed

Charlton, R A; McIntyre, D J O; Howe, F A; Morris, R G; Markus, H S

2007-08-20

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has demonstrated age-related changes in brain metabolites that may underlie micro-structural brain changes, but few studies have examined their relationship with cognitive decline. We performed a cross-sectional study of brain metabolism and cognitive function in 82 healthy adults (aged 50-90) participating in the GENIE (St GEorge's Neuropsychology and Imaging in the Elderly) study. Absolute metabolite concentrations were measured by proton chemical shift imaging within voxels placed in the centrum semiovale white matter. Cognitive abilities assessed were executive function, working memory, information processing speed, long-term memory and fluid intelligence. Correlations showed that all cognitive domains declined with age. Total creatine (tCr) concentration increased with age (r=0.495, p<0.001). Regression analyses were performed for each cognitive variable, including estimated intelligence and the metabolites, with age then added as a final step. A significant relationship was observed between tCr and executive function, long-term memory, and fluid intelligence, although these relationships did not remain significant after age was added as a final step in the regression. The regression analysis also demonstrated a significant relationship between N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and executive function. As there was no age-related decline in NAA, this argues against axonal loss with age; however the relationship between NAA and executive function independent of age and estimated intelligence is consistent with white matter axonal integrity having an important role in executive function in normal individuals.
Use of Geochemical Indices in Environmental Assessment of Soil; the Predictable and the Predictably Unpredictable

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mikkonen, Hannah; Clarke, Bradley; van de Graaff, Robert; Reichman, Suzie

2016-04-01

Geochemical correlations between common contaminants (Pb, Ni, As, Cr, Co and Zn) and earth metals, Fe and Mn, have been recommended as empirical tools to estimate "background" concentrations of metals in soil. A limited number of studies indicate that geochemical ratios between Pb, Ni, As, Cr, Co, V and Zn with scavenger metals Fe or Mn, are consistent between soils collected from different regions (Hamon et al. 2004, Myers and Thorbjornsen 2004). These studies have resulted in the incorporation of geochemical indices into Australian guidance, for derivation of ecological investigation levels for Ni, Cr, Cu and Zn. However, little research has been undertaken to assess the variation of geochemical patterns between soils derived from different parent materials or different weathering environments. A survey of background soils derived from four different parent materials, across Victoria, Australia, was undertaken, comprising collection of samples (n=640) from the surface (0 to 0.1 m) and sub-surface (0.3 to 0.6 m). Soil samples were collected from urban and rural areas of low disturbance, away from point sources of contamination. Samples were analysed for metals/metalloids and soil physical and chemical properties. Statistical review of results included regression and multivariate analysis. The results of the soil survey were compared against geochemical relationships reported within Australia and internationally. Compilation of results from this study and international data sets, indicates that geochemical relationships for metals Cr and V (in the format of log[Cr] = alog[Fe] +c) are predictable, not only between soils derived from different parent materials, but also between soils of different continents. Conversely, relationships between Zn and Fe, Pb and Fe, Cu and Fe, Co and Mn are variable, particularly within soils derived from alluvial sediments, which may have undergone periods of reducing conditions, resulting in dissociation from metal oxides. Broad application of geochemical indices without an understanding of site specific conditions could result in significant underestimation of anthropogenic impacts to soil and potential risks to the environment. The reliability and application of geochemical indices for estimation of background concentrations will be discussed, including comment on statistical limitations, (such as management of censored results and the behaviour of composition data) and miss-use/miss-interpretation of geochemical indices within the environmental assessment industry, including inferences of causation based on empirical relationships. HAMON, R. E., MCLAUGHLIN, M. J., GILKES, R. J., RATE, A. W., ZARCINAS, B., ROBERTSON, A., COZENS, G., RADFORD, N. & BETTENAY, L. 2004. Geochemical indices allow estimation of heavy metal background concentrations in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, GB1014. MYERS, J. & THORBJORNSEN, K. 2004. Identifying Metals Contamination in Soil: A Geochemical Approach. Soil & Sediment Contamination, 13, 1-16.
Synthesis of Lithium Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Induction Thermal Plasmas.

PubMed

Tanaka, Manabu; Kageyama, Takuya; Sone, Hirotaka; Yoshida, Shuhei; Okamoto, Daisuke; Watanabe, Takayuki

2016-04-06

Lithium metal oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by induction thermal plasma. Four different systems-Li-Mn, Li-Cr, Li-Co, and Li-Ni-were compared to understand formation mechanism of Li-Me oxide nanoparticles in thermal plasma process. Analyses of X-ray diffractometry and electron microscopy showed that Li-Me oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized in Li-Mn, Li-Cr, and Li-Co systems. Spinel structured LiMn₂O₄ with truncated octahedral shape was formed. Layer structured LiCrO₂ or LiCoO₂ nanoparticles with polyhedral shapes were also synthesized in Li-Cr or Li-Co systems. By contrast, Li-Ni oxide nanoparticles were not synthesized in the Li-Ni system. Nucleation temperatures of each metal in the considered system were evaluated. The relationship between the nucleation temperature and melting and boiling points suggests that the melting points of metal oxides have a strong influence on the formation of lithium metal oxide nanoparticles. A lower melting temperature leads to a longer reaction time, resulting in a higher fraction of the lithium metal oxide nanoparticles in the prepared nanoparticles.
The impact of climate and reservoirs on longitudinal riverine carbon ﬂuxes from two major watersheds in the Central and Intermontane West

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stackpoole, Sarah M.; Stets, Edward G.; Striegl, Robert G.

2014-01-01

A nested sampling network on the Colorado (CR) and Missouri Rivers (MR) provided data to assess impacts of large-scale reservoir systems and climate on carbon export. The Load Estimator (LOADEST) model was used to estimate both dissolved inorganic and organic carbon (DIC and DOC) fluxes for a total of 22 sites along the main stems of the CR and MR. Both the upper CR and MR DIC and DOC fluxes increased longitudinally, but the lower CR fluxes decreased while the lower MRs continued to increase. We examined multiple factors through space and time that help explain these flux patterns. Seasonal variability in precipitation and temperature, along with site-level concentration versus discharge relationships proved to be significant factors explaining much of the difference among sites located below reservoirs as compared to sites located in more free-flowing segments of the river. The characterization of variability in carbon exports over space and time provides a basis for understanding carbon cycling and transport within river basins affected by large reservoir systems, particular in arid-to semi-arid ecosystems.
Structural and magnetic phase diagram of CrAs and its relationship with pressure-induced superconductivity

DOE PAGES

Shen, Yao; Wang, Qisi; Hao, Yiqing; ...

2016-02-01

In this paper, we use neutron diffraction to study the structure and magnetic phase diagram of the newly discovered pressure-induced superconductor CrAs. Unlike most magnetic unconventional superconductors where the magnetic moment direction barely changes upon doping, here we show that CrAs exhibits a spin reorientation from the ab plane to the ac plane, along with an abrupt drop of the magnetic propagation vector at a critical pressure (P c ≈ 0.6 GPa). This magnetic phase transition, accompanied by a lattice anomaly, coincides with the emergence of bulk superconductivity. With further increasing pressure, the magnetic order completely disappears near the optimalmore » T c regime (P ≈ 0.94 GPa). Moreover, the Cr magnetic moments tend to be aligned antiparallel between nearest neighbors with increasing pressure toward the optimal superconductivity regime. Finally, our findings suggest that the noncollinear helimagnetic order is strongly coupled to structural and electronic degrees of freedom, and that the antiferromagnetic correlations between nearest neighbors might be essential for superconductivity.« less
Effect of trace metals and electron shuttle on simultaneous reduction of reactive black-5 azo dye and hexavalent chromium in liquid medium by Pseudomonas sp.

PubMed

Mahmood, Shahid; Khalid, Azeem; Arshad, Muhammad; Ahmad, Riaz

2015-11-01

This study demonstrates the role of electron shuttles and trace metals in the biotransformation of azo dye reactive black-5 and hexavalent chromium (CrVI) that are released simultaneously in tannery effluent. Previously isolated bacterial strain Pseudomonas putida KI was used for the simultaneous reduction of the dye (100 mg L(-1)) and CrVI (2 mg L(-1)) in a mineral salts medium (MSM). Among various trace metals, only Cu(II) had a stimulating effect on the bacterial-mediated reduction process. Application of electron shuttles such as hydroquinone and uric acid at a low concentration (1mM) had a positive effect on the reduction process and caused simultaneous reduction of 100% dye and 97% CrVI in 12-18 h. Mannitol, EDTA and sodium benzoate at all concentrations (ranging from 1 to 9 mM) showed an inhibitory effect on the reduction of reactive black-5 and CrVI. An inverse linear relationship between the velocity of reaction (V) and the concentration [S] of electron shuttles was observed. The results imply that both types and concentration of an electron shuttle and trace metals can affect the simultaneous reduction of reactive black-5 and CrVI. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
High Power Diode Laser-Treated HP-HVOF and Twin Wire Arc-Sprayed Coatings for Fossil Fuel Power Plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mann, B. S.

2013-08-01

This article deals with high power diode laser (HPDL) surface modification of twin wire arc-sprayed (TWAS) and high pressure high velocity oxy-fuel (HP-HVOF) coatings to combat solid particle erosion occurring in fossil fuel power plants. To overcome solid particle impact wear above 673 K, Cr3C2-NiCr-, Cr3C2-CoNiCrAlY-, and WC-CrC-Ni-based HVOF coatings are used. WC-CoCr-based HVOF coatings are generally used below 673 K. Twin wire arc (TWA) spraying of Tafa 140 MXC and SHS 7170 cored wires is used for a wide range of applications for a temperature up to 1073 K. Laser surface modification of high chromium stainless steels for steam valve components and LPST blades is carried out regularly. TWA spraying using SHS 7170 cored wire, HP-HVOF coating using WC-CoCr powder, Ti6Al4V alloy, and high chromium stainless steels (X20Cr13, AISI 410, X10CrNiMoV1222, 13Cr4Ni, 17Cr4Ni) were selected in the present study. Using robotically controlled parameters, HPDL surface treatments of TWAS-coated high strength X10CrNiMoV1222 stainless steel and HP-HVOF-coated AISI 410 stainless steel samples were carried out and these were compared with HPDL-treated high chromium stainless steels and titanium alloy for high energy particle impact wear (HEPIW) resistance. The HPDL surface treatment of the coatings has improved the HEPIW resistance manifold. The improvement in HPDL-treated stainless steels and titanium alloys is marginal and it is not comparable with that of HPDL-treated coatings. These coatings were also compared with "as-sprayed" coatings for fracture toughness, microhardness, microstructure, and phase analyses. The HEPIW resistance has a strong relationship with the product of fracture toughness and microhardness of the HPDL-treated HP-HVOF and TWAS SHS 7170 coatings. This development opens up a possibility of using HPDL surface treatments in specialized areas where the problem of HEPIW is very severe. The HEPIW resistance of HPDL-treated high chromium stainless steels and titanium alloys, HPDL-treated TWAS SHS 7170 and HP-HVOF coatings, and their micrographs and X-ray diffraction analysis is reported in this article.
Poor concordance between different definitions of worsening renal function in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a retrospective study.

PubMed

De Vecchis, Renato; Baldi, Cesare; Di Biase, Giuseppina

2016-04-01

Approximately one-third of patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) treated with an intravenous (iv) loop diuretic at a relatively high dose (>80 mg/day of furosemide, or an equivalent dose of another loop diuretic), exhibit worsening renal function (WRF) after a single course of iv infusions or iv bolus injections maintained for several days. WRF is currently defined as an increase in serum creatinine >0.3 mg/dL (WRF-Cr) or a decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≥20% (WRF-GFR) compared to baseline measurements. Furthermore, small increases in serum creatinine in the high-normal range of its values are indicative of significant reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) due to the exponential relationship between serum creatinine and eGFR. Therefore, underestimating this relationship could lead to an erroneous quantitative estimate of new-onset renal dysfunction, diuretic-related. The relationship between baseline serum creatinine (exposure variable) and the risk of diuretic-related WRF (dichotomous outcome variable), expressed either as WRF-Cr or as WRF-GFR, was assessed by logistic regression analysis. For this purpose, medical records with a diagnosis of previous ADHF were collated, and retrospectively analyzed. The eGFR was calculated using the equation "Modification of Diet in Renal Disease" (MDRD). The WRF was inferred from measurements of serum creatinine that had been made daily during the scheduled courses of intravenous diuretic therapy. Thirty-eight patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and history of a previous episode of ADHF were enrolled in the study. An increase higher than 0.3 mg/dL of serum creatinine (WRF-Cr) was detected in 14 of 38 patients (36.8%). In addition, a decrease of ≥20% in GFR (WRF-GFR) was detected in 14 of 38 patients (36.8%). However, a poor concordance between the two criteria was found (Cohen's Kappa =0.208, 95% CI: -0.110 to 0.526). WRF-Cr and WRF-GFR showed opposing relations with baseline serum creatinine. In fact, the risk of WRF-Cr appeared positively associated with baseline serum creatinine (odds ratio =33.56; 95% CI:2.93- 384.18 P=0.0047), while the risk of WRF-GFR was inversely associated with the same analyte (odds ratio =0.0393; 95% CI: 0.0039 to 0.3966 P=0.0061). The criterion to discontinue the iv diuretic or to reduce its dosage in the presence of WRF-Cr for patients with ADHF or resistance to oral diuretic should be joined with the useful notion that this finding indicates a significant reduction of eGFR only for values of serum creatinine in the normal or near-normal ranges.
Cruelty to Compassion: The Poetry of Teaching Transformation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kerr, Donna H.

2011-01-01

Two complementary bodies of literature either claim explicitly or imply that human cruelty is rooted in asymmetrical relationships. The first describes and analyzes various forms of domination and acquiescence, including colonialism, racism, imperialism, sexism, and interpersonal power dynamics, among others. The second attempts to describe what…
Reciprocating Risks of Peer Problems and Aggression for Children's Internalizing Problems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoglund, Wendy L. G.; Chisholm, Courtney A.

2014-01-01

Three complementary models of how peer relationship problems (exclusion and victimization) and aggressive behaviors relate to prospective levels of internalizing problems are examined. The additive risks model proposes that peer problems and aggression cumulatively increase risks for internalizing problems. The reciprocal risks model hypothesizes…
Cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: the contribution of intellectual enrichment and brain MRI measures.

PubMed

Santangelo, Gabriella; Bisecco, Alvino; Trojano, Luigi; Sacco, Rosaria; Siciliano, Mattia; d'Ambrosio, Alessandro; Della Corte, Marida; Lavorgna, Luigi; Bonavita, Simona; Tedeschi, Gioacchino; Gallo, Antonio

2018-05-26

Cognitive reserve (CR) is a construct that originates from the observation of poor correspondence between brain damage and clinical symptoms. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between cognitive reserve (CR), brain reserve (BR) and cognitive functions and to evaluate whether CR might attenuate/moderate the negative impact of brain atrophy and lesion load on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis (MS). To achieve these aims, ninety-eight relapsing-remitting MS patients underwent the brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests and Stroop test (ST). CR was assessed by vocabulary-based estimate of lifetime intellectual enrichment. All patients underwent a 3T MRI to assess T2-lesion load and atrophy measures, including normalized gray matter and white matter (nWMV) volumes. The BR was evaluated by maximal lifetime brain volume expressed by intracranial volume (ICV). Hierarchical regressions were used to investigate whether higher BR and/or CR is related to better cognitive performances after controlling for potentially confounding factors. The ICV was not associated with any cognitive tests. Intellectual enrichment was positively associated with performance on tests assessing memory, attention and information processing speed, verbal fluency and inhibitory control. Significant relationship between nWMV and ST was moderated by intellectual enrichment. In conclusion, the findings suggested that CR seems to mitigate cognitive dysfunction in MS patients and can reduce the negative impact of brain atrophy on inhibitory control, relevant for integrity of instrumental activities of daily living.
Razor clam (Ensis directus) shell as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Congo red and Rhodamine B dyes from aqueous solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Areibat, Lila Elamari Mohamed; Kamari, Azlan

2017-05-01

Wastewater originating from industrial effluents contains many types of pollutants including dyes. Anionic and cationic dyes are very toxic and they can cause several problems to aquatic system. In present study, razor clam shell was used as a potential adsorbent to remove two classes of dyes, namely anionic (Congo red, CR) and cationic (Rhodamine B, RB) dyes from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to study the effects of three experimental parameters, namely solution pH, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration, on adsorption capacity of CR and RB onto razor clam shell. Results indicated that pH 2.0 was optimum pH for adsorbent to adsorb both CR and RB. At an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, the removal percentages of CR and RB were 97% and 38%, respectively. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used to describe adsorption behaviour of CR and RB, as well as the relationship between adsorbent and adsorbate. The adsorption equilibrium data were well fitted to Freundlich isotherm model. The separation factor (RL) constants suggest that both CR and RB were favourably adsorbed by razor clam shell. Razor clam shell was characterised by using two techniques, namely Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). Overall, this study suggests that razor clam shell has great potential to be an alternative to expensive adsorbents.
Reflections of a Deaf-Mute before Education: Narration by Mr. Ballard.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ballard, Melville

1997-01-01

This historical article from 1881 provides insights from a man with deafness and the challenges he faced as a child in understanding the divinity of creation. His relationship with his family and his religious awakening is described. (CR)
Development and characterization of PdCr temperature-compensated wire resistance strain gage

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lei, Jih-Fen

1989-01-01

A temperature-compensated resistance static strain gage with potential to be used to 600 C was recently developed. Gages were fabricated from specially developed palladium-13 w/o chromium (Pd-13Cr) wire and platinum (Pt) compensator. When bonded to high temperature Hastelloy X, the apparent strain from room temperature to 600 C was within 400 microstrain for gages with no preheat treatment and within 3500 microstrain for gages with 16 hours prestabilization at 640 C. The apparent strain versus temperature relationship of stabilized PdCr gages were repeatable with the reproducibility within 100 microstrain during three thermal cycles to 600 C and an 11 hours soak at 600 C. The gage fabrication, construction and installation is described. Also, the coating system used for this compensated resistance strain gage is explained. The electrical properties of the strain sensing element and main characteristics of the compensated gage including apparent strain, drift and reproducibility are discussed.
Theoretical investigation of operation modes of MHD generators for energy-bypass engines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Jingfeng; Li, Nan; Yu, Daren

2014-12-01

A MHD generator with different arrangements of electromagnetic fields will lead the generator working in three modes. A quasi-one-dimensional approximation is used for the model of the MHD generator to analyze the inner mechanism of operation modes. For the MHD generator with a uniform constant magnetic field, a specific critical electric field E cr is required to decelerate a supersonic entrance flow into a subsonic exit flow. Otherwise, the generator works in a steady mode with a larger electric field than E cr in which a steady supersonic flow is provided at the exit, or the generator works in a choked mode with a smaller electric field than E cr in which the supersonic entrance flow is choked in the channel. The detailed flow field characteristics in different operation modes are discussed, demonstrating the relationship of operation modes with electromagnetic fields.

Hot-air forming of Al-Mg-Cr alloy and prediction of failure based on Zener-Holloman parameter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, W. J.; Kim, W. Y.; Kim, H. K.

2010-12-01

The microstructure of an Al-Mg-Cr alloy tube fabricated through indirect extrusion at 673 K showed elongated grains with a mean size of ˜26 μm. The strain rate-stress relationship at high temperatures (753 K to 793 K) revealed that dislocation climb creep was the rate-controlling deformation mechanism. The hot-air forming process was successful at a pressure of 70 bar. The Zener-Hollomon parameter based failure criterion was 3602+, and was used to explain the failure behavior of a deforming body. The forming and fracture behavior of the Al-Mg-Cr alloy tube was analyzed with the aid of finite element (FE) simulation, into which the failure criterion was incorporated. Comparison of the simulation and the experimental results indicated that the proposed fracture criterion was useful in predicting the fracture behavior of aluminum tube deforming by means of gas pressure.
Establishing a successful clinical research program.

PubMed

Scoglio, Daniele; Fichera, Alessandro

2014-06-01

Clinical research (CR) is a natural corollary to clinical surgery. It gives an investigator the opportunity to critically review their results and develop new strategies. This article covers the critical factors and the important components of a successful CR program. The first and most important step is to build a dedicated research team to overcome time constraints and enable a surgical practice to make CR a priority. With the research team in place, the next step is to create a program on the basis of an original idea and new clinical hypotheses. This often comes from personal experience supported by a review of the available evidence. Randomized controlled (clinical) trials are the most stringent way of determining whether a cause-effect relationship exists between the intervention and the outcome. In the proper setting, translational research may offer additional avenues allowing clinical application of basic science discoveries.
Application of concentration ratios to analyze the phenomenon of "next-door" pharmacy in Taiwan.

PubMed

Ji Chen, Tzeng; Chou, Li-Fang; Hwang, Shinn Jang

2006-08-01

In Taiwan, a policy of separation of prescribing and dispensing practices of practitioners at Western medical and dental clinics was implemented on an incremental basis in 1997. The purpose of this policy was to promote pharmacists' autonomy and increase the transparency and safety of prescribing medications. To avoid profit loss from no longer being able to dispense prescription medications, some clinics opened pharmacies located under the same roof as the clinic ("next-door" pharmacies) or hired an on-site pharmacist. This practice might compromise pharmacists' professional autonomy and patients' benefit in pharmaceutical care. The aim of the current study was to clarify the relationship between practicing pharmacies and clinics that resulted from contracts between pharmacies and the Bureau of National Health Insurance from 1996 to 2004. The National Health Research Institutes database in Taiwan supplied the complete claims data sets of practicing pharmacies from 1997 to 2004. The prescribing source of every dispensed prescription was used to calculate the 1-firm concentration ratio (CR-1) (ie, the proportion of prescriptions issued by the largest prescribing clinic/hospital in the total number of dispensed prescriptions of a pharmacy in each year). Similar processing was applied to the clinics. We identified each clinic's largest cooperating pharmacy and compared their CR-1s. Pharmacies that dispensed >900 prescriptions/mo during the study period were considered thriving. Pharmacies with a CR-1 > or =0.99 and whose largest cooperating clinic had a CR-1 > or =0.99 were considered to have a close business relationship, possibly indicating a next-door pharmacy. The total number of prescriptions dispensed at all pharmacies in the database grew from 226,901 in 1996 to 59,785,039 in 2004, and the number of pharmacies, from 481 to 3529. An increasing number of pharmacies had a higher CR-1 after 1999. We found that most prescriptions could be dispensed at only 1 pharmacy during the study period. In 2004, 1429 clinics had >900 prescriptions/mo dispensed externally and a CR-1 > or =0.99. They had released 75.8% of all prescriptions to be dispensed at practicing pharmacies; 811 of these clinics had a cooperating pharmacy with a CR-1 > or =0.99. In this data analysis in Taiwan, most prescriptions from practitioners at Western medical and dental clinics could be dispensed at only 1 pharmacy during the study period, suggesting that pharmacists' professional autonomy and the patients' benefit in pharmaceutical care might be compromised in Taiwan.
Changes in Oxygen Consumption and Heart Rate After Acute Myocardial Infarction During 6-Month Follow-up.

PubMed

Choe, Yuri; Han, Jae-Young; Choi, In-Sung; Park, Hyeng-Kyu

2018-06-01

Exercise intensity is a particularly important determinant of physiological responses to exercise training in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Heart rate (HR) is commonly used as a practical way of prescribing and monitoring exercise as specific intensities based on a linear relationship between the percentage of maximum HR (%HR max ) and the percentage of maximum oxygen consumption (%VO 2max ) regardless of age, gender, or exercise mode. To examine the change in variability in the correlation between %HR max and %VO 2max after acute myocardial infarction. Retrospective study. Regional cardio-cerebrovascular center at a tertiary hospital. A total of 66 patients were enrolled who were referred for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after percutaneous intervention, and who had reached stage 3 of the modified Bruce Protocol (mBP) on an exercise tolerance test (ETT). There were 54 men and 12 women with an average age of 56.7 ± 9.48 years, ejection fraction (EF) of 56.4% ± 8.89%, and body mass index (BMI) of 24.73 ± 2.86 kg/m 2 . All patients participated in a 4-week outpatient CR program and underwent ETT with a gas analyzer to determine maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption before CR and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after CR. VO 2max and HR max were defined as the highest values attained during the ETT. The HR and VO 2 values at each stage of the mBP were expressed as percentages of their maximum. %HR max and %VO 2max were calculated at each stage of the mBP. The maximum METs and VO 2max significantly improved at 1 month after CR, but not significantly at 3 and 6 months after CR. The correlation between VO 2max and HR max progressively changed in a favorable manner during CR. The relationship between %HR max and %VO 2max indicated a coefficient of variation before and 1, 3, and 6 months after of 0.800, 0.826, 0.832, and 0.880, respectively. This study showed that the %HR max correlates better with the %VO 2max in the late-stage post-AMI than in the initial stage. We should therefore set and monitor the exercise intensity using maximal oxygen consumption in the early stage of exercise training after onset of acute myocardial infarction. IV. Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Multivariate analysis of selected metals in tannery effluents and related soil.

PubMed

Tariq, Saadia R; Shah, Munir H; Shaheen, N; Khalique, A; Manzoor, S; Jaffar, M

2005-06-30

Effluent and relevant soil samples from 38 tanning units housed in Kasur, Pakistan, were obtained for metal analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The levels of 12 metals, Na, Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in the two media. The data were evaluated towards metal distribution and metal-to-metal correlations. The study evidenced enhanced levels of Cr (391, 16.7 mg/L) and Na (25,519, 9369 mg/L) in tannery effluents and relevant soil samples, respectively. The effluent versus soil trace metal content relationship confirmed that the effluent Cr was strongly correlated with soil Cr. For metal source identification the techniques of principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were applied. The principal component analysis yielded two factors for effluents: factor 1 (49.6% variance) showed significant loading for Ca, Fe, Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn, referring to a tanning related source for these metals, and factor 2 (12.6% variance) with higher loadings of Na, K, Mg and Co, was associated with the processes during the skin/hide treatment. Similarly, two factors with a cumulative variance of 34.8% were obtained for soil samples: factor 1 manifested the contribution from Mg, Mn, Co, Cd, Ni and Pb, which though soil-based is basically effluent-derived, while factor 2 was found associated with Na, K, Ca, Cr and Zn which referred to a tannery-based source. The dendograms obtained from cluster analysis, also support the observed results. The study exhibits a gross pollution of soils with Cr at levels far exceeding the stipulated safe limit laid down for tannery effluents.
Fasting urinary calcium-to-creatinine and oxalate-to-creatinine ratios in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis and breed-matched controls.

PubMed

Furrow, E; Patterson, E E; Armstrong, P J; Osborne, C A; Lulich, J P

2015-01-01

Hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria are risk factors for calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis, but breed-specific reports of urinary metabolites and their relationship with stone status are lacking. To compare urinary metabolites (calcium and oxalate) and blood ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations between CaOx stone formers and breed-matched stone-free controls for the Miniature Schnauzer, Bichon Frise, and Shih Tzu breeds. Forty-seven Miniature Schnauzers (23 cases and 24 controls), 27 Bichons Frise (14 cases and 13 controls), and 15 Shih Tzus (7 cases and 8 controls). Prospective study. Fasting spot urinary calcium-to-creatinine and oxalate-to-creatinine ratios (UCa/Cr and UOx/Cr, respectively) and blood iCa concentrations were measured and compared between cases and controls within and across breeds. Regression models were used to test the effect of patient and environmental factors on these variables. UCa/Cr was higher in cases than controls for each of the 3 breeds. In addition to stone status, being on a therapeutic food designed to prevent CaOx stone recurrence was associated with higher UCa/Cr. UOx/Cr did not differ between cases and controls for any of the breeds. Blood iCa was higher in cases than controls in the Miniature Schnauzer and Bichon Frise breeds and had a moderate correlation with UCa/Cr. Hypercalciuria is associated with CaOx stone status in the Miniature Schnauzer, Bichon Frise, and Shih Tzu breeds. UOx/Cr did not correlate with stone status in these 3 breeds. These findings may influence breed-specific stone prevention recommendations. Copyright © 2015 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
The Effect of Inhaled Chromium on Different Exhaled Breath Condensate Biomarkers among Chrome-Plating Workers

PubMed Central

Caglieri, Andrea; Goldoni, Matteo; Acampa, Olga; Andreoli, Roberta; Vettori, Maria Vittoria; Corradi, Massimo; Apostoli, Pietro; Mutti, Antonio

2006-01-01

Chromium is corrosive, cytotoxic, and carcinogenic for humans and can induce acute and chronic lung tissue toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate Cr levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of workers exposed to Cr(VI) and to assess their relationship with biochemical changes in the airways by analyzing EBC biomarkers of oxidative stress, namely, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). EBC samples were collected from 24 chrome-plating workers employed in a chrome-plating plant both before and after the Friday work shift and before the work shift on the following Monday. Cr-EBC levels increased from the beginning (5.3 μg/L) to the end of Friday (6.4 μg/L) but were considerably lower on Monday morning (2.8 μg/L). A similar trend was observed for H2O2-EBC levels (which increased from 0.36 μM to 0.59 μM on Friday and were 0.19 μM on Monday morning) and MDA-EBC levels (which increased from 8.2 nM to 9.7 nM on Friday and were 6.6 nM on Monday). Cr-EBC levels correlated with those of H2O2-EBC (r = 0.54, p < 0.01) and MDA-EBC (r = 0.59, p < 0.01), as well as with urinary Cr levels (r = 0.25, p < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that EBC is a suitable matrix that can be used to investigate both Cr levels and biomarkers of free radical production sampling the epithelial-lining fluid of workers exposed to Cr(VI). PMID:16581543
Hypothalamic damage in multiple sclerosis correlates with disease activity, disability, depression, and fatigue.

PubMed

Kantorová, E; Poláček, H; Bittšanský, M; Baranovičová, E; Hnilicová, P; Čierny, D; Sivák, Š; Nosáľ, V; Zeleňák, K; Kurča, E

2017-04-01

Disturbances in the hypothalamo-pituitary axis are supposed to modulate activity of multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesised that the extent of HYP damage may determine severity of MS and may be associated with the disease evolution. We suggested fatigue and depression may depend on the degree of damage of the area. 33 MS patients with relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive disease, and 24 age and sex-related healthy individuals (CON) underwent 1H-MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of the hypothalamus. Concentrations of glutamate + glutamin (Glx), cholin (Cho), myoinositol (mIns), N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) expressed as ratio with creatine (Cr) and NAA were correlated with markers of disease activity (RIO score), Multiple Sclerosis Severity Scale (MSSS), Depressive-Severity Status Scale and Simple Numerical Fatigue Scale. Cho/Cr and NAA/Cr ratios were decreased and Glx/NAA ratio increased in MS patients vs CON. Glx/NAA, Glx/Cr, and mIns/NAA were significantly higher in active (RIO 1-2) vs non-active MS patients (RIO 0). Glx/NAA and Glx/Cr correlated with MSSS and fatigue score, and Glx/Cr with depressive score of MS patients. In CON, relationships between Glx/Cr and age, and Glx/NAA and fatigue score were inverse. Our study provides the first evidence about significant hypothalamic alterations correlating with clinical outcomes of MS, using 1H-MRS. The combination of increased Glu or mIns with reduced NAA in HYP reflects whole-brain activity of MS. In addition, excess of Glu is linked to severe disease course, depressive mood and fatigue in MS patients, suggesting superiority of Glu over other metabolites in determining MS burden.
Oxygen Costs of the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test in Cardiac Rehabilitation Participants: An Historical and Contemporary Analysis.

PubMed

Buckley, John P; Cardoso, Fernando M F; Birkett, Stefan T; Sandercock, Gavin R H

2016-12-01

The incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) is a standardised assessment for cardiac rehabilitation. Three studies have reported oxygen costs (VO 2 )/metabolic equivalents (METs) of the ISWT. In spite of classic representations from these studies graphically showing curvilinear VO 2 responses to incremented walking speeds, linear regression techniques (also used by the American College of Sports Medicine [ACSM]) have been used to estimate VO 2 . The two main aims of this study were to (i) resolve currently reported discrepancies in the ISWT VO 2 -walking speed relationship, and (ii) derive an appropriate VO 2 versus walking speed regression equation. VO 2 was measured continuously during an ISWT in 32 coronary heart disease [cardiac] rehabilitation (CHD-CR) participants and 30 age-matched controls. Both CHD-CR and control group VO 2 responses were curvilinear in nature. For CHD-CR VO 2 = 4.4e 0.23 × walkingspeed (km/h) . The integrated area under the curve (iAUC) VO 2 across nine ISWT stages was greater in the CHD-CR group versus the control group (p < 0.001): CHD-CR = 423 (±86) ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ·km·h -1 ; control = 316 (±52) ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ·km·h -1 . CHD-CR group vs. control VO 2 was up to 30 % greater at higher ISWT stages. The curvilinear nature of VO 2 responses during the ISWT concur with classic studies reported over 100 years. VO 2 estimates for walking using linear regression models (including the ACSM) clearly underestimate values in healthy and CHD-CR participants, and this study provides a resolution to this when the ISWT is used for CHD-CR populations.
Neurobiology of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in GAD: Aberrant neurometabolic correlation to hippocampus and relationship to anxiety sensitivity and IQ.

PubMed

Coplan, Jeremy D; Webler, Ryan; Gopinath, Srinath; Abdallah, Chadi G; Mathew, Sanjay J

2018-03-15

The neurometabolism underlying the cognitive and affective symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) remain poorly understood. After we have linked worry to intelligence in patients with GAD, we hypothesized that aberrant neurometabolic correlations between hippocampus and neocortical regions may underlie a shared substrate in GAD patients for both anxiety sensitivity and intelligence. GAD patients (n = 16; F = 11) and healthy volunteers (n = 16; F = 10) were assessed using 1 H-MRSI. Co-axial planes I [hippocampus (HIPP)] and co-axial plane III [dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), central gyrus (CG)] were examined. Using general linear models, we examined resting metabolite concentrations using HIPP as a hub to CG and DLPFC. Neocortical ROIs were related to Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) in GAD patients versus controls. Right hippocampal Cho/Cr directly predicted left DLPFC Cho/Cr in GAD (r = 0.75), an effect distinguishable (p = 0.0004) from controls. Left HIPP Cho/Cr positively predicted left CG Cho/Cr in GAD, an effect distinguishable from controls. In patients, both left and right DLPFC Cho/Cr positively predicted ASI but only left DLPFC Cho/Cr inversely predicted IQ. By contrast, IQ in controls correlated directly with left CG Cho/Cr. Small sample size precluded us from investigating how gender and FSIQ subscales related to neurochemical correlations in the ROIs examined. Aberrant resting state neurochemical correlation between left DLPFC and right HIPP may contribute to GAD symptomatology. Unlike controls, in GAD, IQ and worry may share a common yet inverse neurometabolic substrate in left DLPFC. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Analysis of bacterial populations in the environment using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA and complementary DNA.

PubMed

Liu, Guo-Hua; Nakamura, Tatsuo; Amemiya, Takashi; Rajendran, Narasimmalu; Itoh, Kiminori

2011-01-01

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) mapping of genomic DNA and complementary DNA (cDNA) amplicons was attempted to analyze total and active bacterial populations within soil and activated sludge samples. Distinct differences in the number and species of bacterial populations and those that were metabolically active at the time of sampling were visually observed especially for the soil community. Statistical analyses and sequencing based on the 2-DGE data further revealed the relationships between total and active bacterial populations within each community. This high-resolution technique would be useful for obtaining a better understanding of bacterial population structures in the environment.
Uptake of 40K and 137Cs in native plants of the Marshall Islands.

PubMed

Simon, S L; Graham, J C; Terp, S D

2002-01-01

Uptake of 137Cs and 40K was studied in seven native plant species of the Marshall Islands. Plant and soil samples were obtained across a broad range of soil 137Cs concentrations (0.08-3900 Bq/kg) and a narrower range of 40K soil concentrations (2.3-55 Bq/kg), but with no systematic variation of 40K relative to 137Cs. Potassium-40 concentrations in plants varied little within the range of 40K soil concentrations observed. Unlike the case for 40K, 137Cs concentrations increased in plants with increasing 137Cs soil concentrations though not precisely in a proportionate manner. The best-fit relationship between soil and plant concentrations was P = aSb where a and b are regression coefficients and P and S are plant and soil concentrations, respectively. The exponent b for 40K was zero, implying plant concentrations were a single value, while b for 137Cs varied between 0.51 and 0.82, depending on the species. For both 40K and 137Cs, we observed a decreasing concentration ratio (where concentration ratio=plant concentration/soil concentration) with increasing soil concentrations. For the CR values, the best-fit relationship was of the form CR = aSb/S = aSb(-1). For the 40K CR functions, the exponent b - 1 was close to - 1 for all species. For the 137Cs CR functions, the exponent b - 1 varied from -0.19 to -0.48. The findings presented here, aswell as those by other investigators, collectively argue against the usefulness of simplistic ratio models to accurately predict uptake of either 40K or 137Cs in plants over wide ranges of soil concentration.
LEW85332: A C2 Chondrite in the CR Clan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prinz, M.; Weisberg, M. K.; Brearley, A.; Grady, M. M.; Pillinger, C.; Clayton, R. N.; Mayeda, T. K.

1992-07-01

Introduction. LEW85332 was described as a unique C3 chondrite [1] and we undertook this study to learn more about its relationship to other carbonaceous chondrites. We find it to be a C2 chondrite with significant similarites to CR2 chondrites. This linkage extends to the ALH85085 [2] and Acfer 182 [3,4] chondrites, although there are some important differences among them. Petrologic and isotopic similarities define the CR clan, which consists of CR chondrites and their three relatives noted above (and Bencubbin). Some differences are due to major component abundances (chondrules, matrix, metal), and some to minor differences between components, but the similarities are greater and define the clan. Results. Petrogically, LEW85332 has over 60% (vol) chondrules, about 30% matrix and matrix clasts, and about 4-7% metal. Extensive weathering makes modal abundances uncertain. Chondrules are anhydrous, about 170 micrometers wide [1] and of all textural types. ALH85085 chondrules average 20 micrometers and are mainly pyroxene-rich, whereas Acfer 182 is more like LEW85332. Matrix is hydrous and occurs as interstitial matrix, matrix clasts, and chondrule rims [5]. The matrix contains phyllosilicates and magnetite framboids. Matrix clasts are not foreign [1], but part of the chondrite, making it C2. This is also the case for Acfer 182 [3], and perhaps ALH85085. Phyllosilicates are mainly saponite and serpentine [5], and their composition is similar to that in CR chondrites. The water/rock ratio was low. Metal abundances in LEW85332 [1] are lower than in Acfer 182 (9.3 vol%) [4] and ALH85085 (22%) [6]. However, FeNi composition is the same, with a positive Ni-Co trend equivalent to the solar abundance ratio. This is the same as that in CR chondrites [7]. LEW85332 contains 0.5% carbon, combusting between 200 and 500 degrees C, indicating fine-grained, poorly crystalline carbon, or organic material. It contains 259 ppm nitrogen with delta^15N = +249o/oo. Most nitrogen is released between 200 and 500 degrees C, but at 325 C the delta^15N reaches +306o/oo indicating at least two N-bearing components with differing C/N atomic ratios. The LEW85332 nitrogen isotopic composition is intermediate between ALH85085, Acfer 182 and CR chondrites, closer to CR. The extremely heavy, high- temperature component found in ALH85085 is absent (or nearly so) in LEW85332. Nitrogen abundance is similar to ALH85085, but lower than in CRs. The oxygen isotopic composition of LEW85332 is delta^18O = -0.92, delta^17O = -1.93. This, plus ALH85085 and Acfer 182 define a line (figure) identical to that of the CR chondrite mixing line (slope = 0.7) [7]. The composition of LEW85332 is close to that of unaltered olivine and pyroxene in Renazzo and Al Rais. Conclusions. (1) The important similarities between components in LEW85332 and CR2 chondrites put it in the CR clan. (2) Recognition of LEW85332, Acfer 182, and ALH85085 as relatives in the CR clan indicates that carbonaceous chondrites can no longer be classified only into coherent groups with highly similar characteristics. Recognition of clan relationships will be needed for IDPs and micrometeorites. (3) LEW85332, Acfer 182, and ALH85085 contain hydrous matrices and anhydrous chondrules, and the implications of this observation requires further study. References. [1] Rubin, A.E. and Kallemeyn, G.W. (1990) Meteoritics 25, 215-225. [2] Weisberg, M.K. et al. (1990) Meteoritics 25, 269-279. [3] Prinz, M. and Weisberg, M.K. (1992) LPSCXXIII, 1109-1110. [4] Bischoff, A. et al. (1992) Acfer 182 ms. GCA (in press). [5] Brearley, A.J. (1992) LPSCXXIII, 155-156. [6] Weisberg, M.K. et al. (1988) EPSL 91, 19-32. [7] Weisberg, M.K. et al. (1992) CR chondrite ms. GCA (in press).
Research, Teaching, and Publication Productivity: Mutuality Versus Competition in Academia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fox, Mary Frank

1992-01-01

Addresses the relationship between research and teaching in the social sciences. Explains that the study examined academic work from economics, political science, psychology, and sociology departments to determine work attitudes and practices. Concludes that teaching and research are not complementary roles but different conflicting dimensions.…
Music and Spatial Task Performance: A Causal Relationship.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rauscher, Frances H.; And Others

This research paper reports on testing the hypothesis that music and spatial task performance are causally related. Two complementary studies are presented that replicate and explore previous findings. One study of college students showed that listening to a Mozart sonata induces subsequent short-term spatial reasoning facilitation and tested the…
Glomerular filtration rate is associated with free triiodothyronine in euthyroid subjects: Comparison between various equations to estimate renal function and creatinine clearance.

PubMed

Anderson, Josephine L C; Gruppen, Eke G; van Tienhoven-Wind, Lynnda; Eisenga, Michele F; de Vries, Hanne; Gansevoort, Ron T; Bakker, Stephan J L; Dullaart, Robin P F

2018-02-01

Effects of variations in thyroid function within the euthyroid range on renal function are unclear. Cystatin C-based equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are currently advocated for mortality and renal risk prediction. However, the applicability of cystatin C-based equations is discouraged in patients with overt thyroid dysfunction, since serum cystatin C and creatinine levels are oppositely affected by thyroid dysfunction. Here, we compared relationships of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) with various measures of kidney function in euthyroid subjects. Relationships of eGFR, based on creatinine (eGFRcrea), cystatin C (eGFRcysC), creatinine+cystatin C combined (eGFRcrea-cysC) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) with TSH, FT4 and FT3 were determined in 2180 euthyroid subjects (TSH, FT4 and FT3 all within the reference range; anti-thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies negative) who did not use thyroid hormones, anti-thyroid drugs, amiodarone or lithium carbonate. In multivariable models including TSH, FT3 and FT4 together, eGFRcrea, eGFRcysC and eGFRcrea-cysC and CrCl were all positively related to FT3 (P≤0.001), translating into a 2.61 to 2.83mL/min/1.73m 2 increase in eGFR measures and a 3.92mL/min increase in CrCl per 1pmol/L increment in FT3. These relationships with FT3 remained taking account of relevant covariates. In euthyroid subjects renal function is associated with thyroid function status, especially by serum FT3, irrespective of the eGFR equation applied. In the euthyroid state, cystatin C-based eGFR equations are appropriate to assess the relationship of renal function with variation in thyroid function status. Copyright © 2017 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Narrow bandgap semiconducting silicides: Intrinsic infrared detectors on a silicon chip

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mahan, John E.

1990-01-01

Work done during the final report period is presented. The main technical objective was to achieve epitaxial growth on silicon of two semiconducting silicides, ReSi2 and CrSi2. ReSi2 thin films were grown on (001) silicon wafers by vacuum evaporation of rhenium onto hot substrates in ultrahigh vacuum. The preferred epitaxial relationship was found to be ReSi2(100)/Si(001) with ReSi2(010) parallel to Si(110). The lattice matching consists of a common unit mesh of 120 A(sup 2) area, and a mismatch of 1.8 percent. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the existence of rotation twins corresponding to two distinct but equivalent azimuthal orientations of the common unit mesh. MeV He(+) backscattering spectrometry revealed a minimum channeling yield of 2 percent for an approximately 1,500 A thick film grown at 650 C. Although the lateral dimension of the twins is on the order of 100 A, there is a very high degree of alignment between the ReSi2(100) and the Si(001) planes. Highly oriented films of CrSi2 were grown on (111) silicon substrates, with the matching crystallographic faces being CrSi2(001)/Si(111). The reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns of the films consist of sharp streaks, symmetrically arranged. The predominant azimuthal orientation of the films was determined to be CrSi2(210) parallel to Si(110). This highly desirable heteroepitaxial relationship has been obtained previously by others; it may be described with a common unit mesh of 51 A(sup 2) and mismatch of 0.3 percent. RHEED also revealed the presence of limited film regions of a competing azimuthal orientation, CrSi2(110) parallel to Si(110). A channeling effect for MeV He(+) ions was not found for this material. Potential commercial applications of this research may be found in silicon-integrated infrared detector arrays. Optical characterizations showed that semiconducting ReSi2 is a strong absorber of infrared radiation, with the adsorption constant increasing above 2 x 10(exp 4) cm(sup -1) for photon energies above 0.2 eV. CrSi2 is of potential utility for detection at photon energies above approximately 0.3 eV.
Reconciling conceptualizations of relationships and person-centred care for older people with cognitive impairment in acute care settings.

PubMed

Rushton, Carole; Edvardsson, David

2018-04-01

Relationships are central to enacting person-centred care of the older person with cognitive impairment. A fuller understanding of relationships and the role they play facilitating wellness and preserving personhood is critical if we are to unleash the productive potential of nursing research and person-centred care. In this article, we target the acute care setting because much of the work about relationships and older people with cognitive impairment has tended to focus on relationships in long-term care. The acute care setting is characterized by archetypal constraints which differentiate it from long-term care, in terms of acuity and haste, task-orientated work patterns and influence from "the rule of medicine," all of which can privilege particular types of relating. In this article, we drew on existing conceptualizations of relationships from theory and practice by tapping in to the intellectual resources provided by nurse researchers, the philosophy of Martin Buber and ANT scholars. This involved recounting two examples of dyadic and networked relationships which were re-interpreted using two complementary theoretical approaches to provide deeper and more comprehensive conceptualizations of these relationships. By re-presenting key tenets from the work of key scholars on the topic relationships, we hope to hasten socialization of these ideas into nursing into the acute care setting. First, by enabling nurses to reflect on how they might work toward cultivating relationships that are more salutogenic and consistent with the preservation of personhood. Second, by stimulating two distinct but related lines of research enquiry which focus on dyadic and networked relationships with the older person with cognitive impairment in the acute care setting. We also hope to reconcile the schism that has emerged in the literature between preferred approaches to care of the older person with cognitive impairment, that is person-centred care versus relationship-centred care by arguing that these are complementary rather than mutually exclusive and can be brought together in one theoretical framework acknowledging personhood as relational in essence. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Measurement of urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 excretion in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus.

PubMed

Baltzer, Wendy I; McMichael, Maureen A; Ruaux, Craig G; Noaker, Laura; Steiner, Jörg M; Williams, David A

2006-01-01

To measure 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 (11-dTXB2) in urine of healthy control dogs, dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy, and dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) and assess the relationship between urinary 11-dTXB2 concentrations in dogs with GDV and postoperative outcomes. Urine samples from 15 nonsurgical control dogs, 12 surgical control dogs, and 32 dogs with GVD. Urine samples were obtained from healthy pet dogs (ie, nonsurgical control dogs), dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy at anesthetic induction and 1 hour following surgery (ie, surgical control dogs), and dogs with GDV at hospital admission and 1 hour following surgical derotation of the stomach (ie, GDV dogs). Urinary 11-dTXB2 concentrations were determined with an ELISA and normalized to urinary creatinine (Cr) concentrations by calculation of the 11-dTXB2 -to-Cr ratio. Differences in median 11-dTXB2 -to-Cr ratios among dogs and before and after surgery were analyzed. Urinary 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratios did not differ between nonsurgical control dogs and surgical control dogs before or after surgery. Urinary 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratios were significantly higher in GDV dogs at the time of hospital admission and 1 hour after surgery, compared with those of nonsurgical control dogs. Postoperative urine samples from GDV dogs had significantly higher 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratios than postoperative urine samples from surgical control dogs. Median urinary 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratios increased significantly in GDV dogs that developed postoperative complications. Urinary 11-dTXB2 concentration is increased in GDV dogs at the time of hospital admission and after surgical derotation of the stomach, compared with that of healthy dogs. An increased urinary 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratio following surgery is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications in dogs with GDV.
Caloric Restriction and the Aging Process: A Critique 5/15pm/2014

PubMed Central

Sohal, Rajindar S.; Forster, Michael J.

2014-01-01

The main objective of this review is to provide an appraisal of the current status of the relationship between energy intake and the life span of animals. The concept, that a reduction in food intake, or caloric restriction (CR), retards the aging process, delays the age-associated decline in physiological fitness and extends the life span of organisms of diverse phylogenetic groups, is one of the leading paradigms in gerontology. However, emerging evidence disputes some of the primary tenets of this conception. One disparity is that the CR-related increase in longevity is not universal and may not even be shared among different strains of the same species. A further misgiving is that the control animals, fed ad-libitum (AL), become overweight, prone to early onset of diseases and death, and thus may not be the ideal control animals for studies concerned with comparisons of longevity. Re-examination of body weight and longevity data from a study involving over 60,000 mice and rats, conducted by a National Institute on Aging-sponsored project, suggests that CR-related increase in life span of specific genotypes is directly related to the gain in body weight under the AL feeding regimen. Additionally, CR in mammals and “dietary restriction” in organisms, such as Drosophila, are dissimilar phenomena, albeit they are often presented to be the very same. The latter involves a reduction in yeast rather than caloric intake, which is inconsistent with the notion of a common, conserved mechanism of CR action in different species. Although specific mechanisms by which CR affects longevity are not well understood, existing evidence supports the view that CR increases the life span of those particular genotypes that develop energy imbalance due to AL feeding. In such groups, CR lowers body temperature, rate of metabolism and oxidant production, and retards the age-related pro-oxidizing shift in the redox state. PMID:24941891

Evolution of displacement cascades in Fe-Cr structures with different [001] tilt grain boundaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abu-Shams, M.; Haider, W.; Shabib, I.

2017-06-01

Reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels of Cr concentration between 2.25 and 12 wt% are candidate structural materials for next-generation nuclear reactors. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to generate the displacement cascades in Fe-Cr structures with different Cr concentrations by using different primary knock-on atom (PKA) energies between 2 and 10 keV. A concentration-dependent model potential has been used to describe the interactions between Fe and Cr. Single crystals (SCs) of three different coordinate bases (e.g. [310], [510], and [530]) and bi-crystal (BC) structures with three different [001] tilt grain boundaries (GBs) (e.g. Σ5, Σ13, and Σ17) have been simulated. The Wigner-Seitz cell criterion has been used to identify the produced Frenkel pairs. The results show a marked difference between collisions observed in SCs and those in BC structures. The numbers of vacancies and interstitials are found to be significantly higher in BC structures than those found in SCs. The number of point defects exhibits a power relationship with the PKA energies; however, the Cr concentration does not seem to have any influence on the number of survived point defects. In BC models, a large fraction of the total survived point defects (between 59% and 93%) tends accumulate at the GBs, which seem to trap the generated point defects. The BC structure with Σ17 GB is found to trap more defects than Σ5 and Σ13 GBs. The defect trapping is found to be dictated by the crystallographic parameters of the GBs. For all studied GBs, self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) are easily trapped within the GB region than vacancies. An analysis of defect composition reveals an enrichment of Cr in SIAs, and in BC cases, more than half of the Cr-SIAs are found to be located within the GB region.
Conversion of cellulose and cellobiose into sorbitol catalyzed by ruthenium supported on a polyoxometalate/metal-organic framework hybrid.

PubMed

Chen, Jinzhu; Wang, Shengpei; Huang, Jing; Chen, Limin; Ma, Longlong; Huang, Xing

2013-08-01

Cellulose and cellobiose were selectively converted into sorbitol over water-tolerant phosphotungstic acid (PTA)/metal- organic-framework-hybrid-supported ruthenium catalysts, Ru-PTA/MIL-100(Cr), under aqueous hydrogenation conditions. The goal was to investigate the relationship between the acid/metal balance of bifunctional catalysts Ru-PTA/MIL-100(Cr) and their performance in the catalytic conversion of cellulose and cellobiose into sugar alcohols. The control of the amount and strength of acid sites in the supported PTA/MIL-100(Cr) was achieved through the effective control of encapsulated-PTA loading in MIL-100(Cr). This design and preparation method led to an appropriately balanced Ru-PTA/MIL-100(Cr) in terms of Ru dispersion and hydrogenation capacity on the one hand, and acid site density of PTA/MIL-100(Cr) (responsible for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis) on the other hand. The ratio of acid site density to the number of Ru surface atoms (nA /nRu ) of Ru-PTA/MIL-100(Cr) was used to monitor the balance between hydrogenation and hydrolysis functions; the optimum balance between the two catalytic functions, that is, 8.84
Petrologic and oxygen isotopic study of ALH 85085-like chondrites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prinz, M.; Weisberg, M. K.; Clayton, R. N.; Mayeda, T. K.; Ebihara, M.

1994-07-01

Four meteorites (PAT 91546, PCA 91328, PCA 91452, PCA 91467) petrologically similar to ALH 85085 chondrite have now been found. Previous studies of ALH 85085 showed it be a new kind of CR-related microchondrule-bearing chondrite, although one called it a sub-chondrite. The purpose of this study is to learn more about ALH 85085-like meteorites and their relationship to CR and CR-related (LEW 85332, Acfer 182, Bencubbin) chondrites. The methods used included petrology, INA bulk chemical analysis (PAT 91546, PCA 91467), and O isotopic analyses of the whole rocks and separated chondrules and dark inclusions (DIs) from PAT 91546. Since microchondrules and fragments are approximately 20 microns it was necessary to analyze composite samples for O; one was of approximately 100 chondrules, and another was of 5 DIs. Petrologically, the four meteorites are similar to ALH 85085, and there is no basis for determining if all of them, or any combinations, are paired. Mineralogically, olivine and pyroxene are highly magnesian FeNi metal generally has 3-10% Ni, and has a positive Ni-Co correlation similar to that in CR and CR-related chondrites. Refractory inclusions are similar in size to the chondrules and have the following assemblages: (1) hibonite-perovskite, (2) melilite-fassaite-forsterite, (3) grossite (Ca-dialuminate)-melilite-perovskite, (4) spinel-melilite, and (5) spinel-pyroxene aggregates. Chemically, INA analyses indicate that PAT 91546 and PCA 91467 are generally similar to ALH 85085. Oxygen isotopic analyses of the four whole-rock compositions fall along the CR mixing line as does ALH 85085; they are also close to LEW 85332, Acfer 182, and Bencubbin. This supports the concept that these are all CR-related chondrites. Even stronger support is found in the compositions of the chondrules and DIs in PAT 91546, which also plot on or near the CR line.
Estimation of land-surface evaporation at four forest sites across Japan with the new nonlinear complementary method.

PubMed

Ai, Zhipin; Wang, Qinxue; Yang, Yonghui; Manevski, Kiril; Zhao, Xin; Eer, Deni

2017-12-19

Evaporation from land surfaces is a critical component of the Earth water cycle and of water management strategies. The complementary method originally proposed by Bouchet, which describes a linear relation between actual evaporation (E), potential evaporation (E po ) and apparent potential evaporation (E pa ) based on routinely measured weather data, is one of the various methods for evaporation calculation. This study evaluated the reformulated version of the original method, as proposed by Brutsaert, for forest land cover in Japan. The new complementary method is nonlinear and based on boundary conditions with strictly physical considerations. The only unknown parameter (α e ) was for the first time determined for various forest covers located from north to south across Japan. The values of α e ranged from 0.94 to 1.10, with a mean value of 1.01. Furthermore, the calculated evaporation with the new method showed a good fit with the eddy-covariance measured values, with a determination coefficient of 0.78 and a mean bias of 4%. Evaluation results revealed that the new nonlinear complementary relation performs better than the original linear relation in describing the relationship between E/E pa and E po /E pa , and also in depicting the asymmetry variation between E pa /E po and E/E po .
Detection of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) Using a Porous Silicon Optical Biosensor Based on a Multilayered Double Bragg Mirror Structure.

PubMed

Zhang, Hongyan; Lv, Jie; Jia, Zhenhong

2018-01-01

We successfully demonstrate a porous silicon (PS) double Bragg mirror by electrochemical etching at room temperature as a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) label-free biosensor for detecting ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Compared to various other one-dimension photonic crystal configurations of PS, the double Bragg mirror structure is quite easy to prepare and exhibits interesting optical properties. The width of high reflectivity stop band of the PS double Bragg mirror is about 761 nm with a sharp and deep resonance peak at 1328 nm in the reflectance spectrum, which gives a high sensitivity and distinguishability for sensing performance. The detection sensitivity of such a double Bragg mirror structure is illustrated through the investigation of AOB DNA hybridization in the PS pores. The redshifts of the reflectance spectra show a good linear relationship with both complete complementary and partial complementary DNA. The lowest detection limit for complete complementary DNA is 27.1 nM and the detection limit of the biosensor for partial complementary DNA is 35.0 nM, which provides the feasibility and effectiveness for the detection of AOB in a real environment. The PS double Bragg mirror structure is attractive for widespread biosensing applications and provides great potential for the development of optical applications.
Nanoindentation testing as a powerful screening tool for assessing phase stability of nanocrystalline high-entropy alloys

DOE PAGES

Maier-Kiener, Verena; Schuh, Benjamin; George, Easo P.; ...

2016-11-19

The equiatomic high-entropy alloy (HEA), CrMnFeCoNi, has recently been shown to be microstructurally unstable, resulting in a multi-phase microstructure after intermediate-temperature annealing treatments. The decomposition occurs rapidly in the nanocrystalline (NC) state and after longer annealing times in coarse-grained states. To characterize the mechanical properties of differently annealed NC states containing multiple phases, nanoindentation was used in this paper. The results revealed besides drastic changes in hardness, also for the first time significant changes in the Young's modulus and strain rate sensitivity. Finally, nanoindentation of NC HEAs is, therefore, a useful complementary screening tool with high potential as a highmore » throughput approach to detect phase decomposition, which can also be used to qualitatively predict the long-term stability of single-phase HEAs.« less
Water Atomization of Barium Fluoride: Calcium Fluoride for Enhanced Flow Characteristics of PS304 Feedstock Powder Blend

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stanford, Malcolm K.; DellaCorte, Christopher

2003-01-01

PS304 is a plasma spray deposited solid lubricant coating with feedstock composed of NiCr, Cr2O3, Ag, and BaF2-CaF2 powders. The effects of rounded BaF2-CaF2 particles on the gravity-fed flow characteristics of PS304 feedstock have been investigated. The BaF2-CaF2 powder was fabricated by water atomization using four sets of process parameters. Each of these powders was then characterized by microscopy and classified by screening to obtain 45 to 106 micron particles and added incrementally from 0 to 10 wt% to the other constituents of the PS304 feedstock, namely nichrome, chromia, and silver powders. The relationship between feedstock flow rate, measured with the Hall flowmeter, and concentration of fluorides was found to be linear in each case. The slopes of the lines were between those of the linear relationships previously reported using angular and spherical fluorides and were closer to the relationship predicted using the rule of mixtures. The results offer a fluoride fabrication technique potentially more cost-effective than gas atomization processes or traditional comminution processes.
Relationships between recall of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration in a judo competition.

PubMed

Serrano, M A; Salvador, A; González-Bono, E G; Sanchís, C; Suay, F

2001-06-01

Relationships between perceived exertion and blood lactate have usually been studied in laboratory or training contexts but not in competition, the most important setting in which sports performance is evaluated. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between psychological and physiological indices of the physical effort in a competition setting, taking into account the duration of effort. For this, we employed two Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE and CR-10) and lactic acid plasma concentration as a biological marker of the effort performed. 13 male judo fighters who participated in a sports club competition provided capillary blood samples to assay lactate concentrations and indicated on scale their Recall of Perceived Exertion in the total competition and again in just the Last Fight to compare the usefulness of RPE and CR-10 in assessing discrete bouts of effort and a whole session. Analysis showed that perceived exertion or the effort made during the whole competition was positively and significantly related to maximal lactate concentration and lactate increase in competition, thus extending the validity of this scale to sports contests. The Recall of Perceived Exertion scores were not significantly correlated with the duration of effort.
Teacher Perspectives of Interdisciplinary Coteaching Relationships in a Clinical Skills Course: A Relational Coordination Theory Analysis.

PubMed

Daniel, Michelle M; Ross, Paula; Stalmeijer, Renée E; de Grave, Willem

2018-01-01

Phenomenon: Interdisciplinary coteaching has become a popular pedagogic model in medical education, yet there is insufficient research to guide effective practices in this context. Coteaching relationships are not always effective, which has the potential to affect the student experience. The purpose of this study was to explore interdisciplinary coteaching relationships between a physician (MD) and social behavioral scientist (SBS) in an undergraduate clinical skills course. We aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of what teachers perceive as influencing the quality of relationships to begin to construct a framework for collaborative teaching in medical education. A qualitative study was conducted consisting of 12 semistructured interviews (6 MD and 6 SBS) and 2 monodisciplinary focus groups. Sampling was purposive and aimed at maximal variation from among 64 possible faculty. The data were analyzed using the constant comparative method to develop a grounded theory. Five major themes resulted from the analysis that outline a framework for interdisciplinary coteaching: respect, shared goals, shared knowledge and understanding, communication, and complementary pairings. Insights: The first 4 themes align with elements of relational coordination theory, an organizational theory of collaborative practice that describes how work roles interact. The complementary pairings extend this theory from work roles to individuals, with unique identities and personal beliefs and values about teaching. Prior studies on coteaching have not provided a clear linkage to theory. The conceptual framework helps suggest future directions for coteaching research and has practical implications for administrative practices and faculty development. These findings contribute to the sparse research in medical education on interdisciplinary coteaching relationships.
Heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) concentrations in seven fish species in relation to fish size and location along the Yangtze River.

PubMed

Yi, Yu-Jun; Zhang, Shang-Hong

2012-11-01

The objective of this paper is to assess the regulation of the accumulation of heavy metals in the aquatic environment and different fish species. Water and fish samples were collected from upper to lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) concentrations in the muscle tissue of seven fishes were measured. Additionally, the relationships between heavy metal concentrations in fish tissue and fish size (length and weight), condition factor, water layer distribution, and trophic level were investigated. Metal concentrations (milligrams per kilogram wet weight) were found to be distributed differently among different fish species. The highest concentrations of Cu (1.22 mg/kg) and Zn (7.55 mg/kg) were measured in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, the highest concentrations of Cd (0.115 mg/kg) and Hg (0.0304 mg/kg) were measured in Silurus asotus, and the highest concentrations of Pb (0.811 mg/kg) and Cr (0.239 mg/kg) were measured in Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio. A positive relationship was found between fish size and metal level in most cases. The variance of the relationships may be the result of differences in habitat, swimming behavior, and metabolic activity. In this study, fishes living in the lower water layer and river bottom had higher metals concentrations than in upper and middle layers. Benthic carnivorous and euryphagous fish had higher metals concentrations than phytoplankton and herbivorous fish. Generally, fish caught from the lower reach had higher metals concentrations than those from the upper reach. Cadmium and lead concentrations in several fishes exceeded the permissible food consumption limits, this should be considered to be an important warning signal.
Geographical variation of diabetic emergencies attended by prehospital Emergency Medical Services is associated with measures of ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

PubMed

Villani, Melanie; Earnest, Arul; Smith, Karen; de Courten, Barbora; Zoungas, Sophia

2018-03-23

Geographical variation of diabetic emergencies attended by prehospital emergency medical services (EMS) and the relationship between area-level social and demographic factors and risk of a diabetic emergency were examined. All cases of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia attended by Ambulance Victoria between 1/01/2009 and 31/12/2015 were tabulated by Local Government Area (LGA). Conditional autoregressive models were used to create smoothed maps of age and gender standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of prehospital EMS attendance for a diabetic emergency. Spatial regression models were used to examine the relationship between risk of a diabetic emergency and area-level factors. The areas with the greatest risk of prehospital EMS attendance for a diabetic emergency were disperse. Area-level factors associated with risk of a prehospital EMS-attended diabetic emergency were socioeconomic status (SIR 0.70 95% CrI [0.51, 0.96]), proportion of overseas-born residents (SIR 2.02 95% CrI [1.37, 2.91]) and motor vehicle access (SIR 1.47 95% CrI [1.08, 1.99]). Recognition of areas of increased risk of prehospital EMS-attended diabetic emergencies may be used to assist prehospital EMS resource planning to meet increased need. In addition, identification of associated factors can be used to target preventative interventions tailored to individual regions to reduce demand.
Evolution of Centromeric Retrotransposons in Grasses

PubMed Central

Sharma, Anupma; Presting, Gernot G.

2014-01-01

Centromeric retrotransposons (CRs) constitute a family of plant retroelements, some of which have the ability to target their insertion almost exclusively to the functional centromeres. Our exhaustive analysis of CR family members in four grass genomes revealed not only horizontal transfer (HT) of CR elements between the oryzoid and panicoid grass lineages but also their subsequent recombination with endogenous elements that in some cases created prolific recombinants in foxtail millet and sorghum. HT events are easily identifiable only in cases where host genome divergence significantly predates HT, thus documented HT events likely represent only a fraction of the total. If the more difficult to detect ancient HT events occurred at frequencies similar to those observable in present day grasses, the extant long terminal repeat retrotransposons represent the mosaic products of HT and recombination that are optimized for retrotransposition in their host genomes. This complicates not only phylogenetic analysis but also the establishment of a meaningful retrotransposon nomenclature, which we have nevertheless attempted to implement here. In contrast to the plant-centric naming convention used currently for CR elements, we classify elements primarily based on their phylogenetic relationships regardless of host plant, using the exhaustively studied maize elements assigned to six different subfamilies as a standard. The CR2 subfamily is the most widely distributed of the six CR subfamilies discovered in grass genomes to date and thus the most likely to play a functional role at grass centromeres. PMID:24814286
Does catch and release affect the mating system and individual reproductive success of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)?

PubMed

Richard, Antoine; Dionne, Mélanie; Wang, Jinliang; Bernatchez, Louis

2013-01-01

In this study, we documented the breeding system of a wild population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) by genetically sampling every returning adult and assessed the determinants of individual fitness. We then quantified the impacts of catch and release (C&R) on mating and reproductive success. Both sexes showed high variance in individual reproductive success, and the estimated standardized variance was higher for males (2.86) than for females (0.73). We found a weak positive relationship between body size and fitness and observed that fitness was positively correlated with the number of mates, especially in males. Mature male parr sired 44% of the analysed offspring. The impact of C&R on the number of offspring was size dependent, as the reproductive success of larger fish was more impaired than smaller ones. Also, there was an interactive negative effect of water temperature and air exposure time on reproductive success of C&R salmon. This study improves our understanding of the complex reproductive biology of the Atlantic salmon and is the first to investigate the impact of C&R on reproductive success. Our study expands the management toolbox of appropriate C&R practices that promote conservation of salmon populations and limit negative impacts on mating and reproductive success. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Fabrication and Properties of Cr2O3 and La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Thin Film Heterostructures Integrated on Si(001)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Punugupati, Sandhyarani

Spintronics that utilizes both the spin and charge degrees of freedom of an electron is emerged as an alternate memory technology to conventional CMOS electronics. Many proposed spintronic devices require multifunctional properties in a single material. The oxides Cr2O3 and La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 are such materials which exhibit unique physical properties at room temperature. The Cr2O3 is an antiferromagnetic and magnetoelectric material below its Neel temperature 307K. The La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 is a ferromagnetic half metal with a Curie temperature of 360K and exhibits colossal magnetoresistance. However, the reach of this spintronic technology into more device applications is possible only when these materials in epitaxial thin film form are integrated with Si(001) which is the mainstay substrate in semiconductor industry. The primary objective of this dissertation was to integrate epitaxial Cr2O3, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and Cr2O3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin film heterostructure on Si(001) and, study their physical properties to investigate structure-processing-property relationship in these heterostructures. The epitaxial integration of Cr2O3 thin films on Si(001) was done using epitaxial cubic yttria stabilized zirconia (c-YSZ) buffer layer by pulsed laser deposition. Detailed structural characterizations XRD (2theta and phi) and TEM confirm the epitaxial nature of the films. Though bulk Cr2O3 is antiferromagnetic along the c-axis, the in-plane magnetization measurements on Cr2O3(0001) thin films showed ferromagnetic behavior up to 400K. The thickness dependent magnetization together with oxygen annealing results suggested that the in-plane ferromagnetism in Cr2O3 was due to the oxygen related defects whose concentration is controlled by strain in the films. The out-of-plane magnetic measurements on Cr2O3(0001) films showed magnetic behavior indicative of antiferromagnetic nature. To verify whether ferromagnetism can be induced by strain in Cr 2O3 thin films with orientation other than (0001), epitaxial thin films were prepared on r-Al2O3 substrate and their magnetic properties were studied. The XRD (2theta and phi) and TEM confirm that the films were grown epitaxially. The epitaxial relations were given as: [011¯2]Cr2O3 || [011¯2]Al2O 3 and [1¯1¯20]Cr2O3 || [1¯1¯20]Al 2O3. The as-deposited films showed ferromagnetic behavior up to 400K but it almost vanished with oxygen annealing. The Raman spectroscopy data together with strain measurements using XRD indicated that ferromagnetism in r-Cr2O3 thin films was due to the strain caused by defects such as oxygen vacancies. Bi-epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3(110) thin films were integrated on Si(100) with c-YSZ/SrTiO3(STO) buffer layers by pulsed laser deposition. The La0.7Sr0.3MnO 3 and STO thin films had a single [110] out-of-plane orientation but with two in-plane domain variants as confirmed from XRD and TEM study. The growth of STO on c-YSZ was explained by the domain matching epitaxy paradigm. The epitaxial relationship between STO and c-YSZ were written as [110](001)c-YSZ || [1¯11¯](110)STO (or) [110](001)c-YSZ || [1¯12¯](110)STO. The La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin films were ferromagnetic with Curie temperature 324K. They also exhibited hysteresis in magnetoresistance under both in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic fields. The highest magnetoresistance in this study was -32% at 50K and 50 kOe for in-plane configuration. Lastly, the epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-delta -d(LSMO)/Cr2O3 bilayer structure was integrated with Si(001) using c-YSZ by pulsed laser deposition. The XRD (2theta and phi) and TEM characterizations confirm that the films were grown epitaxially. The epitaxial relations were written as [0001]Cr2O3 || [111]LSMO and [112¯0]Cr2O3 || [101¯]LSMO. Interestingly, when the LSMO thickness was increased from 66 to 528 nm (Cr2O 3=55nm), the magnetization increased by 2-fold and the magnetic nature changed from ferromagnetic to super paramagnetic. In addition, LSMO/Cr 2O3 showed in-plane exchange bias. We believe that the change in the magnetic anisotropy as a function of LSMO layer thickness could cause the change in magnetization and magnetic nature. The magnetic phase separation in oxygen deficient LSMO layer could lead to in-plane exchange bias as Cr 2O3 is not expected to show in-plane exchange.
Increased myo-inositol level in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in migraine patients with major depression.

PubMed

Lirng, Jiing-Feng; Chen, Hung-Chieh; Fuh, Jong-Ling; Tsai, Chia-Fen; Liang, Jen-Feng; Wang, Shuu-Jiun

2015-07-01

Although the comorbidity between migraine and major depressive disorder (MDD) has been recognized, the pathophysiology remains unclear. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a well-known neural substrate for MDD. We investigated the relationship between brain metabolites in DLPFC and comorbid MDD in migraine patients. We recruited migraine patients from a tertiary headache clinic. A board-certified psychiatrist conducted a structured interview for MDD diagnosis. The severity of depression was evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Thirty migraine patients (five men, 25 women; mean age: 40.4 ± 12.4 years) completed the study, and 16 of them were diagnosed with MDD. All patients underwent a magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) examination focusing on bilateral DLPFC. The ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mI) to total creatine (tCr) were compared between migraine patients with and without MDD, and were correlated with BDI scores. Relative to patients without MDD, migraine patients with MDD had higher mI/tCr ratios in the bilateral DLPFC (p = 0.02, left; p = 0.02, right, Mann-Whitney U test). The mI/tCr ratios in the right DLPFC were positively correlated with BDI scores (r = 0.52, p = 0.003). The NAA/tCr and Cho/tCr ratios did not differ between migraine patients with and without MDD. Increased mI/tCr within the DLPFC might be associated with the presence of MDD in migraine patients. © International Headache Society 2014.
The Evolution of the FT/TFL1 Genes in Amaranthaceae and Their Expression Patterns in the Course of Vegetative Growth and Flowering in Chenopodium rubrum.

PubMed

Drabešová, Jana; Černá, Lucie; Mašterová, Helena; Koloušková, Pavla; Potocký, Martin; Štorchová, Helena

2016-10-13

The FT/TFL1 gene family controls important aspects of plant development: MFT-like genes affect germination, TFL1-like genes act as floral inhibitors, and FT-like genes are floral activators. Gene duplications produced paralogs with modified functions required by the specific lifestyles of various angiosperm species. We constructed the transcriptome of the weedy annual plant Chenopodium rubrum and used it for the comprehensive search for the FT/TFL1 genes. We analyzed their phylogenetic relationships across Amaranthaceae and all angiosperms. We discovered a very ancient phylogenetic clade of FT genes represented by the CrFTL3 gene of C. rubrum Another paralog CrFTL2 showed an unusual structural rearrangement which might have contributed to the functional shift. We examined the transcription patterns of the FT/TFL1 genes during the vegetative growth and floral transition in C. rubrum to get clues about their possible functions. All the genes except for the constitutively expressed CrFTL2 gene, and the CrFTL3 gene, which was transcribed only in seeds, exhibited organ-specific expression influenced by the specific light regime. The CrFTL1 gene was confirmed as a single floral activator from the FT/TFL1 family in C. rubrum Its floral promoting activity may be counteracted by CrTFL1 C. rubrum emerges as an easily manipulated model for the study of floral induction in weedy fast-cycling plants lacking a juvenile phase. Copyright © 2016 Drabesova et al.
Reversing pathologically increased EEG power by acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation

PubMed Central

Adamchic, Ilya; Toth, Timea; Hauptmann, Christian; Tass, Peter Alexander

2014-01-01

Acoustic Coordinated Reset (CR) neuromodulation is a patterned stimulation with tones adjusted to the patient's dominant tinnitus frequency, which aims at desynchronizing pathological neuronal synchronization. In a recent proof-of-concept study, CR therapy, delivered 4–6 h/day more than 12 weeks, induced a significant clinical improvement along with a significant long-lasting decrease of pathological oscillatory power in the low frequency as well as γ band and an increase of the α power in a network of tinnitus-related brain areas. As yet, it remains unclear whether CR shifts the brain activity toward physiological levels or whether it induces clinically beneficial, but nonetheless abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns, for example excessively decreased δ and/or γ. Here, we compared the patients' spontaneous EEG data at baseline as well as after 12 weeks of CR therapy with the spontaneous EEG of healthy controls by means of Brain Electrical Source Analysis source montage and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography techniques. The relationship between changes in EEG power and clinical scores was investigated using a partial least squares approach. In this way, we show that acoustic CR neuromodulation leads to a normalization of the oscillatory power in the tinnitus-related network of brain areas, most prominently in temporal regions. A positive association was found between the changes in tinnitus severity and the normalization of δ and γ power in the temporal, parietal, and cingulate cortical regions. Our findings demonstrate a widespread CR-induced normalization of EEG power, significantly associated with a reduction of tinnitus severity. PMID:23907785
Reproducibility of Centric Relation Techniques by means of Condyle Position Analysis

PubMed Central

Galeković, Nikolina Holen; Fugošić, Vesna; Braut, Vedrana

2017-01-01

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of clinical centric relation (CR) registration techniques (bimanual manipulation, chin point guidance and Roth's method) by means of condyle position analysis. Material and methods Thirty two fully dentate asymptomatic subjects (16 female and 16 male) with normal occlusal relations (Angle class I) participated in the study (mean age, 22.6 ± 4.7 years). The mandibular position indicator (MPI) was used to analyze the three-dimensional (anteroposterior (ΔX), superoinferior (ΔZ), mediolateral (ΔY)) condylar shift generated by the difference between the centric relation position (CR) and the maximal intercuspation position (MI) observed in dental arches. Results The mean value and standard deviation of three-dimensional condylar shift of the tested clinical CR techniques was 0.19 ± 0.34 mm. Significant differences within the tested clinical CR registration techniques were found for anteroposterior condylar shift on the right side posterior (Δ Xrp; P ≤ 0.012); and superoinferior condylar shift on the left side inferior (Δ Zli; P ≤ 0.011), whereas between the tested CR registration techniques were found for anteroposterior shift on the right side posterior (ΔXrp, P ≤ 0.037) and superoinferior shift on the right side inferior (ΔZri, P ≤ 0.004), on the left side inferior (ΔZli, P ≤ 0.005) and on the left side superior (ΔZls, P ≤ 0.007). Conclusion Bimanual manipulation, chin point guidance and Roth's method are clinical CR registration techniques of equal accuracy and reproducibility in asymptomatic subjects with normal occlusal relationship. PMID:28740266
Reproducibility of Centric Relation Techniques by means of Condyle Position Analysis.

PubMed

Galeković, Nikolina Holen; Fugošić, Vesna; Braut, Vedrana; Ćelić, Robert

2017-03-01

The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of clinical centric relation (CR) registration techniques (bimanual manipulation, chin point guidance and Roth's method) by means of condyle position analysis. Thirty two fully dentate asymptomatic subjects (16 female and 16 male) with normal occlusal relations (Angle class I) participated in the study (mean age, 22.6 ± 4.7 years). The mandibular position indicator (MPI) was used to analyze the three-dimensional (anteroposterior (ΔX), superoinferior (ΔZ), mediolateral (ΔY)) condylar shift generated by the difference between the centric relation position (CR) and the maximal intercuspation position (MI) observed in dental arches. The mean value and standard deviation of three-dimensional condylar shift of the tested clinical CR techniques was 0.19 ± 0.34 mm. Significant differences within the tested clinical CR registration techniques were found for anteroposterior condylar shift on the right side posterior (Δ Xrp; P ≤ 0.012); and superoinferior condylar shift on the left side inferior (Δ Zli; P ≤ 0.011), whereas between the tested CR registration techniques were found for anteroposterior shift on the right side posterior (ΔXrp, P ≤ 0.037) and superoinferior shift on the right side inferior (ΔZri, P ≤ 0.004), on the left side inferior (ΔZli, P ≤ 0.005) and on the left side superior (ΔZls, P ≤ 0.007). Bimanual manipulation, chin point guidance and Roth's method are clinical CR registration techniques of equal accuracy and reproducibility in asymptomatic subjects with normal occlusal relationship.
Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in women with and without intimate partner violence-related posttraumatic stress disorder.

PubMed

Seedat, Soraya; Videen, John S; Kennedy, Colleen M; Stein, Murray B

2005-08-30

Preliminary in vivo proton magnetic spectroscopic ((1)H-MRS) studies of N-acetylaspartate (a putative marker of neuronal viability and function) in combat veterans and maltreated children with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest altered neuronal integrity in anterior cingulate and medial temporal lobe structures. In this study, (1)H-MRS was used to measure N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho) and myo-inositol (mI) relative to creatine (Cr) in the anterior cingulate of 16 women with histories of intimate partner violence (7 with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD, 9 without PTSD) and 11 healthy, non-abused comparison subjects. The relationship between anterior cingulate chemistry and performance on the Stroop Color-Word task and Part B of the Trail Making Test was also examined. There were no significant differences in anterior cingulate or occipital gray matter metabolite ratios of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr between intimate partner violence and healthy comparison subjects. Intimate partner violence subjects with PTSD had significantly higher anterior cingulate Cho/Cr than intimate partner violence subjects without PTSD. There was evidence that the subjects with PTSD suffered more severe intimate partner violence as measured by the Conflict Tactics Scale-Revised. Metabolite ratios were not significantly correlated with performance on the Stroop or Trails B. Our findings, in agreement with earlier studies, showed significant alterations in anterior cingulate chemistry in women with PTSD. In contrast to other studies, we found an increase in Cho/Cr rather than a decrease in NAA/Cr, indicating alterations in glia, instead of neuronal dropout.

Mining and expression analysis of candidate genes involved in regulating the chilling requirement fulfillment of Paeonia lactiflora 'Hang Baishao'.

PubMed

Zhang, Jiaping; Li, Danqing; Shi, Xiaohua; Zhang, Dong; Qiu, Shuai; Wei, Jianfen; Zhang, Jiao; Zhou, Jianghua; Zhu, Kaiyuan; Xia, Yiping

2017-12-22

The artificial enlargement of the planting area and ecological amplitude of ornamentals for horticultural and landscape applications are significant. Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is a world-famous ornamental with attractive and fragrant flowers and is mainly planted in temperate and cool areas. Comparatively higher winter temperatures in the subtropical and tropical Northern Hemisphere result in a deficit of chilling accumulation for bud dormancy release, which severely hinders "The southward plantation of herbaceous peony". Studies on the dormancy, chilling requirement (CR) and relevant molecular mechanisms of peony are needed to enhance our ability to extend the range of this valuable horticultural species. Based on natural and artificial chilling experiments, and chilling hour (CH) and chilling unit (CU) evaluation systems, the lowest CR of 'Hang Baishao' was between 504.00 and 672.00 CHs and the optimal CR was 672.00 CHs and 856.08 CUs for achieving strong sprouting, growth and flowering performance. Transcriptome sequencing and gene identification by RNA-Seq were performed on 'Hang Baishao' buds during the dormancy and sprouting periods. Six gene libraries were constructed, and 66 temperature- and photoperiod-associated unigenes were identified as the potential candidate genes that may regulate or possibly determine CR characteristics. The difference in the expression patterns of SUPPRESSPOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) between the winters of 2012-2013 and 2015-2016, and the difference of CR fulfillment periods also between these two winters represented the interesting congruent relationships. This correlation was also observed for WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN 33 (WRKY 33). Combined with the results acquired from all of experiments, 'Hang Baishao' was confirmed to be a superb peony resource that have significantly low CR characteristics. The two genes of SOC1 and WRKY33 are likely involved in determining the CR amount and fulfillment period of 'Hang Baishao'. HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN, OSMOTIN and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 also deserve attention for the CR research. This study could contribute to the knowledge of the deep factors and mechanisms that regulate CR characteristics, and may be beneficial for breeding new germplasms that have low CRs for landscape or horticulture applications in subtropical regions.
Urine epidermal growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or their ratio as predictors of complete remission in primary glomerulonephritis.

PubMed

Chanrat, Eakkapat; Worawichawong, Supanat; Radinahamed, Piyanuch; Sathirapongsasuti, Nuankanya; Nongnuch, Arkom; Assanatham, Montira; Udomsubpayakul, Umaporn; Kitiyakara, Chagriya

2018-04-01

The balance of several cytokines likely influences the resolution of glomerulonephritis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) is a chemokine that promotes renal inflammation whereas epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates protective responses. Previously, high urine MCP-1(MCP-1) and low urine EGF (EGF) levels were found to be associated with tubulointerstitial fibrosis, but there is limited information on the value of these mediators as predictors of therapeutic responses or long term outcome in primary glomerulonephritis. To determine the performance of urine EGF, MCP-1 or their ratio at baseline as biomarkers to predict complete remission, and the relationship of these mediators with subsequent renal function 24 months later in primary glomerulonephritis. This is a prospective study of patients with biopsy-proven primary glomerulonephritis. Baseline urine samples were collected at biopsy before therapy. MCP-1 and EGF were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and expressed as a ratio to urine creatinine (ng/mgCr) or as EGF/MCP-1 ratio (ng/ng). Proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGRF) were monitored after therapy. Complete remission (CR) was defined as proteinuria ≤ 0.3 g/gCr. Median follow-up was 20 months. Of all patients (n = 74), 38 patients (51.4%) subsequently achieved CR. Baseline urine EGF and EGF/MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in CR compared to Not CR. By contrast, MCP-1 was not different. High EGF (EGF > 75 ng/mgCr) was a significant predictor (OR 2.28) for CR by multivariate analysis after adjusting for proteinuria, blood pressure, baseline eGFR. In patients who completed 24 months follow-up (n = 43), baseline EGF correlated inversely with proteinuria and positively with eGFR at 24 months. High urine EGF level is a promising biomarker of CR. Baseline EGF levels correlated with kidney function at 2 years. EGF/MCP-1 was not superior to EGF alone. Further studies are necessary to determine the role of urine EGF as a guide to therapy in primary GN. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the effect of the exchange control layer thickness in CoPtCrB/CoPtCrSiO granular media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Almudallal, Ahmad M.; Mercer, J. I.; Whitehead, J. P.; Plumer, M. L.; van Ek, J.

2018-05-01

A hybrid Landau Lifshitz Gilbert/kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm is used to simulate experimental magnetic hysteresis loops for dual layer exchange coupled composite media. The calculation of the rate coefficients and difficulties arising from low energy barriers, a fundamental problem of the kinetic Monte Carlo method, are discussed and the methodology used to treat them in the present work is described. The results from simulations are compared with experimental vibrating sample magnetometer measurements on dual layer CoPtCrB/CoPtCrSiO media and a quantitative relationship between the thickness of the exchange control layer separating the layers and the effective exchange constant between the layers is obtained. Estimates of the energy barriers separating magnetically reversed states of the individual grains in zero applied field as well as the saturation field at sweep rates relevant to the bit write speeds in magnetic recording are also presented. The significance of this comparison between simulations and experiment and the estimates of the material parameters obtained from it are discussed in relation to optimizing the performance of magnetic storage media.
Influence of Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Nanocrystalline CrCoNi Medium-Entropy Alloy

PubMed Central

Schuh, Benjamin; Völker, Bernhard; Todt, Juraj; Kormout, Karoline S.; Schell, Norbert; Hohenwarter, Anton

2018-01-01

An equiatomic CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy was subjected to high-pressure torsion. This process led to a refinement of the microstructure to a grain size of about 50 nm, combined with a strong increase in the materials hardness. Subsequently, the thermodynamic stability of the medium entropy alloy was evaluated by isothermal and isochronal heat treatments. Annealed samples were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction, and were subjected to tensile tests to establish microstructure-property relationships. Furthermore, a comparison of mechanical properties with a grade 316L stainless steel was performed in order to evaluate if the CrCoNi alloy is competitive with commercially available structural materials in the nanocrystalline state. A minority phase embedded in the face-centered cubic matrix of the CrCoNi alloy could be observed in multiple annealed states, as well as the as-received and high-pressure torsion processed material. For 200 h of annealing at 500 °C, it was determined that the minority phase has a hexagonal-closed-packed crystal structure. A possible explanation for the formation of the phase is a preferential segregation of Co to stacking faults. PMID:29695142
Evaluation of the effects of the metals Cd, Cr, Pb and their mixture on the filtration and oxygen consumption rates in catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus juveniles.

PubMed

Sobrino-Figueroa, Alma S; Cáceres-Martinez, Carlos

2014-01-01

In this work, we evaluated the effect of sublethal concentrations ( LC25, LC10 and LC5) of cadmium, chromium, lead, and their mixture on the filtration rate and oxygen consumption rate of Catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby, 1842), juveniles, in order to evaluate the use of these biomarkers as a reliable tool in environmental monitoring studies, because these metals have been found at high levels in water and sediments in the Mexican Pacific systems. An inverse dose-response relationship was observed when metal concentration and exposure time increased, the filtration rate and oxygen consumption rate reduced. The physiological responses evaluated in this study were sufficiently sensitive to detect alterations in the organisms at 0.014 mg l(-1) Cd, 0.311 mg l(-1) Cr, 0.125 mg l(-1) Pb and 0.05 mg l(-1) Cd + Cr + Pb at 24 and 72 hrs. Cd showed the most drastic effect. The Catarina scallop juveniles were more sensitive to Cd, Cr and Pb as compared to other bivalves. The biomarkers evaluated are a reliable tool to carry out environmental monitoring studies.
C-Cr segregation at grain boundary before the carbide nucleation in Alloy 690

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li Hui, E-mail: huili@shu.edu.cn; Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444; Xia Shuang

2012-04-15

The grain boundary segregation in Alloy 690 was investigated by atom probe tomography. B, C and Si segregated at the grain boundary. The high concentration regions for each segregation element form a set of straight arrays that are parallel to each other in the grain boundary plane. The concentration fluctuation has a periodicity of about 7 nm in the grain boundary plane. Before the Cr{sub 23}C{sub 6} nucleation at grain boundaries, the C-Cr co-segregate on one side of the grain boundaries while not the exact grain boundary core regions have been detected. The reasons why grain boundary carbides have coherentmore » orientation relationship only with one side of nearby grain which grain boundary is located at high index crystal plane were discussed. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Grain boundary segregation in Alloy 690 was investigated by atom probe tomography. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer B, C and Si segregate at the grain boundary. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Concentration of segregated atoms periodicity fluctuated in the grain boundary plane. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer C and Cr co-segregate on one side of the grain boundary before carbide nucleation.« less
Serum and urinary thioredoxin concentrations are associated with severity of children hydronephrosis.

PubMed

Xu, Zhe-Ming; Li, Min-Ju; Tao, Chang

2017-03-01

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in children. This study was to assess the relationship between serum thioredoxin (S-Trx) and urinary thioredoxin (U-Trx) concentrations and severity of children hydronephrosis caused by UPJO. This study included 156 hydronephrosis children with unilateral UPJO and 80 healthy children. S-Trx and U-Trx concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. U-Trx/creatinine (cr) ratio was calculated. S-Trx and U-Trx concentrations and U-Trx/cr ratio were significantly higher in hydronephrosis children than in healthy children. They were significantly correlated with split renal function, anterior-posterior diameter and Society for Fetal Urology classification, as well as were independently related to the split renal function <39.2%, anterior-posterior diameter>30mm and Society for Fetal Urology grade IV. Under receiver operating characteristic curves, U-Trx/cr ratio showed the higher predictive value compared to S-Trx and U-Trx concentrations. Increased S-Trx and U-Trx concentrations, especially U-Trx/cr ratio, are closely associated with the severity of children hydronephrosis, substantializing Trx as a promising biomarker for the progression of children hydronephrosis. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Effect of seasonal changes on fertility parameters of Holstein dairy cows in subtropical climate of Taiwan.

PubMed

Liu, Wen-Bor; Peh, Huo-Cheng; Wang, Chien-Kai; Mangwe, Mancoba Christopher; Chen, Chih-Feng; Chiang, Hsin-I

2018-06-01

The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between temperature-humidity index (THI), season, and conception rate (CR) of Holstein cows in central Taiwan. The mean performance and number of observations were statistically evaluated for various parameters, including age at first service, number of days open, gestation length, CR, and calving interval for different parities. The results indicate that the mean age at first service was 493.2 days; the gestation length was similar across all cows of different parities, ranging from 275.1 to 280.7 days. The overall CR of all inseminations was significantly lower in multiparous cows (47.26%±0.22%) than in heifers (57.14%±0.11%) (p<0.05). At THI>72 and during the hot season (from June to November), CRs for multiparous cows were significantly reduced compared to that for heifers, while the ratio remained unchanged among heifers for all seasons. To achieve a high CR, lactating cows should be bred in winter and spring (from December to May) from the start of the seasonal breeding program, whereas the heifer should be allowed to breed in summer and fall under the subtropical climate in Taiwan.
White matter hyperintensities and cognitive reserve during a working memory task: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in cognitively normal older adults.

PubMed

Fernández-Cabello, Sara; Valls-Pedret, Cinta; Schurz, Matthias; Vidal-Piñeiro, Dídac; Sala-Llonch, Roser; Bargallo, Nuria; Ros, Emilio; Bartrés-Faz, David

2016-12-01

Cognitive reserve (CR) models posit that lifestyle factors such as education modulate the relationship between brain damage and cognition. However, the functional correlates of CR in healthy aging are still under investigation. White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are a common age-associated finding that impacts cognition. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to characterize the patterns of brain activation during a working memory task in older participants with high and low levels of education (as a proxy of CR) and high and low WMH volumes. Ninety older volunteers (aged 63-76 years) and 16 young adults (aged 21-27) completed the study. We found that older adults with higher education had better working memory performance than their less educated peers. Among the highly educated participants, those with WMH over-recruited areas engaged by young volunteers and showed activation in additional cortical and subcortical structures. However, those with low WMH differed little with respect to their younger counterparts. Our findings demonstrate that the functional mechanisms subtending the effects of education, as a proxy of CR, are modulated according to the WMH burden. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Design, Fabrication, Characterization and Modeling of Integrated Functional Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-19

ribbons: A relationship between the soft magnetic properties and GMI effect has been established in Co69Fe4.5R1.5Si10B15 (R = Ni, Al , Cr) amorphous... deposition . A strain compression-relaxation mechanism has been proposed in order to explain the structure- property relationships in the CFO-PZT bilayer...being pursued. The new Laser Assisted Spray process chamber for co- deposition of QDs and polymer films is shown in Fig. 55. Fig. 55
Study on the crystallographic orientation relationship and formation mechanism of reversed austenite in economical Cr12 super martensitic stainless steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ye, Dong; Li, Shaohong; Li, Jun

Effect of carbides and crystallographic orientation relationship on the formation mechanism of reversed austenite of economical Cr12 super martensitic stainless steel (SMSS) has been investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that the M{sub 23}C{sub 6} precipitation and the formation of the reversed austenite have the interaction effect during tempering process in SMSS. The reversed austenite forms intensively at the sub-block boundary and the lath boundary within a misorientation range of 0–60°. M{sub 23}C{sub 6} has the same crystallographic orientation relationship with reversed austenite. There are two different kinds of formation modesmore » for reversed austenite. One is a nondiffusional shear reversion; the other is a diffusion transformation. Both are strictly limited by crystallographic orientation relationship. The austenite variants are limited to two kinds within one packet and five kinds within one prior austenite grain. - Highlights: • Reversed austenite forms at martensite boundaries with misorientation of 0–60° • M{sub 23}C{sub 6} precipitation and reversed austenite formation have the interaction effect. • Two austenite variants with different orientations can be formed inside a packet. • Two reversed austenite formation modes: shear reversion; diffusion transformation.« less
Cognitive Developmental Therapy: Aiding Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Towers, David A.

The works of Kegan and Guidano have presented cognition and emotion as complementary modes of knowing that develop together. Cognition is conceived of as being concerned with the knowledge of reality, and emotions are conceptualized as people's system for knowing of their relationship to that reality. Adult children of dysfunctional families are a…
A Symbiosis between Instructional Systems Design and Project Management

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pan, Cheng-Chang

2012-01-01

This study is intended to explore a complementary relationship between instructional systems design (ISD) and project management in an attempt to build a plausible case for integrating project management as a distinct course in the core of the graduate instructional systems design programs. It is argued that ISD and project management should form…
Burke, Nietzsche, Lacan: Three Perspectives on the Rhetoric of Order.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, Douglas

1993-01-01

Examines the complex relationship between rhetoric and order in the works of Kenneth Burke, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jacques Lacan. Argues for three differing, yet complementary, views of rhetoric and order, each having a corresponding epistemology and axiology. Concludes with an analysis of the construction of order in Thomas Hobbe's…
Complementary Person-Culture Values Fit and Hierarchical Career Status

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holtschlag, Claudia; Morales, Carlos E.; Masuda, Aline D.; Maydeu-Olivares, Alberto

2013-01-01

Although career success is an issue of global concern, few studies have examined the antecedents of career success across cultures. In this study we test whether the relationship between individuals' self-enhancement values (achievement and power) and hierarchical status differs across 29 countries and whether this variation depends on countries'…
Evolutionary Creation: Moving beyond the Evolution versus Creation Debate

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lamoureux, Denis O.

2010-01-01

Evolutionary creation offers a conservative Christian approach to evolution. It explores biblical faith and evolutionary science through a Two Divine Books model and proposes a complementary relationship between Scripture and science. The Book of God's Words discloses the spiritual character of the world, while the Book of God's Works reveals the…
Working Together: Intercultural Leadership Capabilities for Both-Ways Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frawley, Jack; Fasoli, Lyn

2012-01-01

This article explores the concept of interculturalism and its complementary relationship with the Aboriginal Australian idea of "both ways". The need for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal staff to learn to be intercultural teachers and leaders, as well as the needs of the system to work interculturally to achieve educational outcomes, is…
Infant Feeding Practices in Central Anatolia, Turkey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sanlier, Nevin; Unusan, Nurhan

2009-01-01

Infant feeding decisions are some of the most important choices parents make. Breast milk or formula is the first decision made in infant feeding. Complementary feeding is common among very young children in Turkey. Therefore, the aim of this research is to focus on the introduction of solid foods, and to determine the relationship between…
Using the Personal Competence Manager as a Complementary Approach to IMS Learning Design Authoring

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vogten, Hubert; Koper, Rob; Martens, Harrie; van Bruggen, Jan

2008-01-01

In this article TENCompetence will be presented as a framework for lifelong competence development. More specifically, the relationship between the TENCompetence framework and the IMS Learning Design (LD) specification is explored. LD authoring has proven to be challenging and the toolset currently available is targeting expert users mostly…
Finite Element Analysis of Film Stack Architecture for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Image Sensors.

PubMed

Wu, Kuo-Tsai; Hwang, Sheng-Jye; Lee, Huei-Huang

2017-05-02

Image sensors are the core components of computer, communication, and consumer electronic products. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors have become the mainstay of image-sensing developments, but are prone to leakage current. In this study, we simulate the CMOS image sensor (CIS) film stacking process by finite element analysis. To elucidate the relationship between the leakage current and stack architecture, we compare the simulated and measured leakage currents in the elements. Based on the analysis results, we further improve the performance by optimizing the architecture of the film stacks or changing the thin-film material. The material parameters are then corrected to improve the accuracy of the simulation results. The simulated and experimental results confirm a positive correlation between measured leakage current and stress. This trend is attributed to the structural defects induced by high stress, which generate leakage. Using this relationship, we can change the structure of the thin-film stack to reduce the leakage current and thereby improve the component life and reliability of the CIS components.

Finite Element Analysis of Film Stack Architecture for Complementary Metal-Oxide–Semiconductor Image Sensors

PubMed Central

Wu, Kuo-Tsai; Hwang, Sheng-Jye; Lee, Huei-Huang

2017-01-01

Image sensors are the core components of computer, communication, and consumer electronic products. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors have become the mainstay of image-sensing developments, but are prone to leakage current. In this study, we simulate the CMOS image sensor (CIS) film stacking process by finite element analysis. To elucidate the relationship between the leakage current and stack architecture, we compare the simulated and measured leakage currents in the elements. Based on the analysis results, we further improve the performance by optimizing the architecture of the film stacks or changing the thin-film material. The material parameters are then corrected to improve the accuracy of the simulation results. The simulated and experimental results confirm a positive correlation between measured leakage current and stress. This trend is attributed to the structural defects induced by high stress, which generate leakage. Using this relationship, we can change the structure of the thin-film stack to reduce the leakage current and thereby improve the component life and reliability of the CIS components. PMID:28468324
The measurement of cognitive reactivity to sad mood in patients remitted from major depressive disorder.

PubMed

Figueroa, Caroline A; Mocking, Roel J T; Mahmoud, Gelera A; Koeter, Maarten W; Bockting, Claudi L; van der Does, Willem; Ruhe, Henricus G; Schene, Aart H

2018-02-27

Cognitive reactivity (CR) to sad mood is a risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD). CR is usually measured by assessing change on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS-change) after sad mood-induction. It has, however, been suggested that the versions of the DAS (A/B) are not interchangeable, impacting the reliability and validity of the change score. The Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-R) is an alternative self-report measure of CR. Studies examining the relationship between LEIDS-R and DAS-change have shown mixed results. We examined whether scores of these CR measures differed between remitted MDD and controls, the relationship between these CR measures, and the effect of order of DAS administration on DAS-change. Cross-sectional design with two groups (remitted MDD and controls). Sixty-eight MDD patients remitted from ≥2 previous episodes, not taking antidepressants, and 43 never-depressed controls participated in a mood-induction and filled in the DAS-A/B in randomized order before and after mood-induction, and LEIDS-R separately. LEIDS-R scores and pre-mood-induction DAS scores were significantly higher in remitted MDD than controls (p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.48; p = .001, Cohen's d = 0.66, respectively). DAS-change did not differ between these groups (p = .67, Cohen's d = 0.08). LEIDS-R correlated with DAS-change (r = .30, p = .042), but only in the group that filled in DAS-B before DAS-A. In remitted MDD, DAS-change was dependent on the order of DAS versions before and after mood-induction (10.6 ± 19.0 vs. -1.2 ± 10.5, for order B-A and A-B, respectively), with a significant group × order interaction (p = .012). Existing DAS versions are not interchangeable, which compromises the usefulness of mood-inductions in clinical practice. The LEIDS-R seems a valid measure of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Clinical implications: Cognitive reactivity (CR) is a risk factor of depressive recurrence. The current measurement of CR, by assessing change on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) after mood-induction, is not reliable. The Leiden Index Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-R) is an alternative CR measure. In contrast to mood-induction, it reliably assesses depression vulnerability. The use of mood-inductions for clinical/research purposes is unnecessary. We were not able to examine the effect of previous treatment, which could have affected results as psychological treatments probably have differential effects on CR. Examining un-medicated patients may have led to selection of a sample not completely representative for the general MDD population. We did not administer both parallel versions of the DAS (A/B) before and after mood-induction. This might have provided better understanding of their differential sensitivity to change. © 2018 The Authors. British Journal of Clinical Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Psychological Society.
An exploration of complementary feeding of infants and young children in the rural area of Muhoroni, Nyanza province, Kenya: a descriptive study.

PubMed

Harvey, Sophie; Callaby, Jo; Roberts, Lesley

2017-08-01

Inappropriate infant and young child feeding practices contribute to malnutrition, infection and long-term development limitation. To explore complementary feeding and food safety in Muhoroni District, Nyanza Province in rural Kenya. To compare practices with the Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) guidelines, and identify associations with inappropriate practices. Between January and April 2014, a questionnaire completed by primary caregivers of children aged 6-23 months asked about foods the child had received in the previous 24 hours, the introduction of complementary foods, and the food hygiene practices undertaken by the caregiver. The most recent World Health Organization IYCF core indicators (continued breastfeeding at 1 year; minimum dietary diversity; minimum meal frequency; minimum acceptable diet) were determined for 400 children. These indicators were compared with demographic indicators in multivariate analyses to identify associations with appropriate complementary feeding practices. A total of 55.2% of children aged 12-15 months continued to be breastfed at the time of questioning. Of the study population, 61.5% achieved minimum dietary diversity, 70.8% achieved minimum meal frequency and 43.0% achieved minimum acceptable diet. Older children were more likely to achieve minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet; however, they were also less likely to achieve minimum meal frequency. High levels of hygiene practices were reported in all areas of food safety. Complementary feeding indicators were higher than nationally, although less than half of children (43.0%) were receiving a minimum acceptable diet. Further work should explore the potential relationship between age and adequate infant feeding.
Complementary therapy use and quality of life in persons with high-grade gliomas.

PubMed

Fox, Sherry; Laws, Edward R; Anderson, Frederick; Farace, Elana

2006-08-01

Studies have indicated that 30%-80% of cancer patients use complementary and alternative practices and products (CAPPs), but little is known about CAPPs use by persons with brain tumors. This secondary analysis of Glioma Outcomes Project data compared CAPPs users with nonusers, compared those who stopped using CAPPs with those who continued use, described frequency and patterns of CAPPs use, and compared the relationship of CAPPs use to self-reported quality of life (QOL) over time, in 186 persons with high-grade gliomas. CAPPs users at all three measurement points rated QOL higher, although not significantly higher, than nonusers. Study findings support further exploration of CAPPs use and its effects on key outcomes in persons with high-grade gliomas.
Pathologic Complete Response Predicts Recurrence-Free Survival More Effectively by Cancer Subset: Results From the I-SPY 1 TRIAL—CALGB 150007/150012, ACRIN 6657

PubMed Central

Esserman, Laura J.; Berry, Donald A.; DeMichele, Angela; Carey, Lisa; Davis, Sarah E.; Buxton, Meredith; Hudis, Cliff; Gray, Joe W.; Perou, Charles; Yau, Christina; Livasy, Chad; Krontiras, Helen; Montgomery, Leslie; Tripathy, Debasish; Lehman, Constance; Liu, Minetta C.; Olopade, Olufunmilayo I.; Rugo, Hope S.; Carpenter, John T.; Dressler, Lynn; Chhieng, David; Singh, Baljit; Mies, Carolyn; Rabban, Joseph; Chen, Yunn-Yi; Giri, Dilip; van 't Veer, Laura; Hylton, Nola

2012-01-01

Purpose Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer provides critical information about tumor response; how best to leverage this for predicting recurrence-free survival (RFS) is not established. The I-SPY 1 TRIAL (Investigation of Serial Studies to Predict Your Therapeutic Response With Imaging and Molecular Analysis) was a multicenter breast cancer study integrating clinical, imaging, and genomic data to evaluate pathologic response, RFS, and their relationship and predictability based on tumor biomarkers. Patients and Methods Eligible patients had tumors ≥ 3 cm and received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We determined associations between pathologic complete response (pCR; defined as the absence of invasive cancer in breast and nodes) and RFS, overall and within receptor subsets. Results In 221 evaluable patients (median tumor size, 6.0 cm; median age, 49 years; 91% classified as poor risk on the basis of the 70-gene prognosis profile), 41% were hormone receptor (HR) negative, and 31% were human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive. For 190 patients treated without neoadjuvant trastuzumab, pCR was highest for HR-negative/HER2-positive patients (45%) and lowest for HR-positive/HER2-negative patients (9%). Achieving pCR predicted favorable RFS. For 172 patients treated without trastuzumab, the hazard ratio for RFS of pCR versus no pCR was 0.29 (95% CI, 0.07 to 0.82). pCR was more predictive of RFS by multivariate analysis when subtype was taken into account, and point estimates of hazard ratios within the HR-positive/HER2-negative (hazard ratio, 0.00; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.93), HR-negative/HER2-negative (hazard ratio, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.97), and HER2-positive (hazard ratio, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.01 to 1.0) subtypes are lower. Ki67 further improved the prediction of pCR within subsets. Conclusion In this biologically high-risk group, pCR differs by receptor subset. pCR is more highly predictive of RFS within every established receptor subset than overall, demonstrating that the extent of outcome advantage conferred by pCR is specific to tumor biology. PMID:22649152
Optimized Gen-II FeCrAl cladding production in large quantity for campaign testing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yamamoto, Yukinori; Sun, Zhiqian; Pint, Bruce A.

2016-06-03

There are two major objectives in this report; (1) to optimize microstructure control of ATF FeCrAl alloys during tube drawing processes, and (2) to provide an update on the progress of ATF FeCrAl tube production via commercial manufacturers. Experimental efforts have been made to optimize the process parameters balancing the tube fabricability, especially for tube drawing processes, and microstructure control of the final tube products. Lab-scale sheet materials of Gen II FeCrAl alloys (Mo-containing and Nb-containing FeCrAl alloys) were used in the study, combined with a stepwise warm-rolling process and intermediate annealing, aiming to simulate the tube drawing process inmore » a commercial tube manufacturer. The intermediate annealing at 650ºC for 1h was suggested for the tube-drawing process of Mo-containing FeCrAl alloys because it successfully softened the material by recovering the work hardening introduced through the rolling step, without inducing grain coarsening due to recrystallization. The final tube product is expected to have stabilized deformed microstructure providing the improved tensile properties with sufficient ductility. Optimization efforts on Nb-containing FeCrAl alloys focused on the effect of alloying additions and annealing conditions on the stability of deformed microstructure. Relationships between the second-phase precipitates (Fe 2Nb-Laves phase) and microstructure stability are discussed. FeCrAl tube production through commercial tube manufacturers is currently in progress. Three different manufacturers, Century Tubes, Inc. (CTI), Rhenium Alloys, Inc. (RAI), and Superior Tube Company, Inc. (STC), are providing capabilities for cold-drawing, warm-drawing, and HPTR cold-pilgering, respectively. The first two companies are currently working on large quantity tube production (expected 250 ft length) of Gen I model FeCrAl alloy (B136Y3, at CTI) and Gen II (C35M4, at RAI), with the process parameters obtained from the experimental efforts. The expected delivery dates are at the end of July, 2016, and the middle of June, 2016, respectively. Tube production at STC would be the first attempt to apply cold-pilgering to the FeCrAl alloys. Communication has been initiated, and the materials have been machined for the cold-pilgering process.« less
The politics of socioeconomic status: how socioeconomic status may influence political attitudes and engagement.

PubMed

Brown-Iannuzzi, Jazmin L; Lundberg, Kristjen B; McKee, Stephanie

2017-12-01

Socioeconomic status is hypothesized to be one factor informing political attitudes and actions. Presumably, this relationship is rooted in economic self-interest, with individuals preferring policies that would benefit them financially. In addition, these economic policy preferences are assumed to translate into political action. However, the relationships between socioeconomic status and political attitudes and behavior, as well as the psychological mechanisms associated with those relationships, are not straightforward. Here, we briefly review the current state of knowledge on the relationships between socioeconomic status and political attitudes and behavior. Overall, the research suggests that while socioeconomic status informs political attitudes toward economic policies, these attitudes may not correlate with complementary political behavior. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Collaboration between nurses and physicians: no longer a choice.

PubMed

Fagin, C M

1992-05-01

Collaboration, a relationship of interdependence, requires the recognition of complementary roles. Traditionally, physicians generally have not demonstrated collaboration in their work with nurses; nurses, on the other hand, have more often sought a collaborative relationship. But the rapidly changing, increasingly complex and constraining world of health care requires that doctors, nurses, and the institutions that educate and employ them reevaluate the doctor-nurse relationship and assess the value of making it a more collaborative one. This essay deals with the phenomenon of collaboration, why there are compelling reasons to promote it, the barriers that exist between nurses and physicians in achieving collaborative relationships, and strategies to promote change. Comments of experienced observers and summaries of the pertinent research literature are presented.
Pricing in a two-echelon supply chain with different market powers: game theory approaches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Esmaeilzadeh, Afshin; Taleizadeh, Ata Allah

2016-03-01

In this research, the optimal pricing decisions for two complementary products in a two-echelon supply chain under two scenarios are studied. The proposed supply chain in each echelon includes one retailer and two manufacturers and the same complementary products are produced. In the first scenario, we assume the unit manufacturing costs of the complementary products in each echelon are the same, while in the second one the different unit manufacturing costs are supposed and lead to demand leakage from the echelon with the higher unit manufacturing cost to the echelon with the lower unit manufacturing cost. Moreover, under the second scenario, the products with lower price are replaced with the higher price products. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of different market powers between the manufacturers and the retailer and the demand leakage on the optimal wholesale and retail prices and also on the profit of the chain. The relationships between the manufacturers and the retailer are modeled by the MS-Stackelberg and MS-Bertrand game-theoretic approach where the manufacturers are leaders and the retailers are followers.
Effect of Pipe Body Alloy on Weldability of X80 Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kong, Xianglei; Huang, Guojian; Fu, Kuijun; Liu, Fangfang; Huang, Minghao; Zhang, Yinghui

Effect of Mo, Ni, and Cr on impact property of pipe seam and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of X80 steel was investigated by thermal simulation test and butt welding test. The results showed that, there was an obvious relationship between strip's composition and the toughness of weld and HAZ, the more content of Mo, Ni and less of Cr in the strip matrix, the better of impact toughness of weld and HAZ. Metallographic microscope was used to compare microstructures of welding specimens, every welded seam microstructure was mainly acicular ferrite (AF) and a little volume of proeutectoid ferrite (PF), and with some granular precipitations on original austenite grain boundary, the difference was that there were more PF and less precipitations of the specimen with more content of Mo, Ni and less of Cr in the strip matrix. Because of the high price of Mo and Ni, alloy design must be considered comprehensively with the cost and property requirements in the production.
First Liquid Layer Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions at the National Ignition Facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olson, R. E.; Leeper, R. J.; Kline, J. L.; Zylstra, A. B.; Yi, S. A.; Biener, J.; Braun, T.; Kozioziemski, B. J.; Sater, J. D.; Bradley, P. A.; Peterson, R. R.; Haines, B. M.; Yin, L.; Berzak Hopkins, L. F.; Meezan, N. B.; Walters, C.; Biener, M. M.; Kong, C.; Crippen, J. W.; Kyrala, G. A.; Shah, R. C.; Herrmann, H. W.; Wilson, D. C.; Hamza, A. V.; Nikroo, A.; Batha, S. H.

2016-12-01

The first cryogenic deuterium and deuterium-tritium liquid layer implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) demonstrate D2 and DT layer inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions that can access a low-to-moderate hot-spot convergence ratio (12 30 ) DT ice layer implosions. Although high CR is desirable in an idealized 1D sense, it amplifies the deleterious effects of asymmetries. To date, these asymmetries prevented the achievement of ignition at the NIF and are the major cause of simulation-experiment disagreement. In the initial liquid layer experiments, high neutron yields were achieved with CRs of 12-17, and the hot-spot formation is well understood, demonstrated by a good agreement between the experimental data and the radiation hydrodynamic simulations. These initial experiments open a new NIF experimental capability that provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between hot-spot convergence ratio and the robustness of hot-spot formation during ICF implosions.
An investigation of the rapid spectral variability of the AP stars 53 Cam, 41 Tau, and Beta CrB on the basis of the K CA II and H-delta lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuvshinov, V. M.; Plachinda, S. I.

The flux is shown to vary with the phase of the period of axial rotation. For 53 Cam and Beta CrB, this variability is smooth and is well correlated with the intensity of the mean surface magnetic field. It is pointed out that in the case of 53 Cam, an analogous dependence between the equivalent width of the K Ca II line and the phase of the period of rotation was obtained by Faraggiana (1973). It is considered significant that the correlations between the flux in the K line and the intensity of the mean surface magnetic field for 53 Cam and Beta CrB have the same sign. With 41 Tau, as with the effective magnetic field, no smooth relationship is found between the fluxes in the K Ca II and H-delta lines and the phase of the period of rotation.
Research on the hot deformation behavior of a Fe-Ni-Cr alloy (800H) at temperatures above 1000 °C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, Yu; Di, Hongshuang

2015-10-01

Considering the pinning effect of fine carbides on grain boundaries, hot compression tests were performed above the dissolution temperature of Cr23C6 to investigate the hot deformation behavior of a Fe-Ni-Cr alloy (800H). The results show that the single peak stress associated with dynamic recrystalization (DRX) became more distinct at higher temperature and lower strain rate. The process of DRX was thoroughly stimulated when deformed above 1000 °C. Constitutive equations for hot deformation were established by regression analysis of conventional hyperbolic sine equation. The relationships between Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) and the characteristic points of flow curves were established using the power law relation. Furthermore, kernel average misorientation (KAM) and grain orientation spread (GOS) were used to map the distribution of local misorientation and estimate the fraction of DRX, respectively. The critical strain and peak strain were used to predict the kinetics of DRX with the Avrami-type equation.
Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Soils Associated with the Commonly Used Pesticides in Cotton Fields

PubMed Central

Shafiq, Musharaf; Chotana, Ghayoor Abbas

2016-01-01

Agricultural soils contain both heavy metals and pesticides originating from various agricultural practices. It is quite important to study the relationships between these two classes of compounds. To accomplish this, 52 soil samples were collected from cotton fields and analyzed for their metal contents (Ni, Cu, Co, Pb, Cr, and Cd) and levels of most commonly used pesticides (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and emamectin). FAAS was used for metal estimation and the pesticides were determined by HPLC equipped with UV detector. The results of the study revealed slightly enhanced levels of Ni and Cd in these samples while the rest of the metals were present within tolerable range. Acetamiprid residues in soil were strongly positively correlated with Cu and negatively correlated with Cr. Similarly, imidacloprid in soil was negatively correlated with Ni. Thus it was evidenced that Cu stabilizes acetamiprid while Cr and Ni facilitate the degradation of acetamiprid and imidacloprid in the soil. PMID:27051560
Correlation between defect transition levels and thermoelectric operational temperature of doped CrSi2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Abhishek; Pandey, Tribhuwan

2014-03-01

The performance of a thermoelectric material is quantified by figure of merit ZT. The challenge in achieving high ZT value requires simultaneously high thermopower, high electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity at optimal carrier concentration. So far doping is the most versatile approach used for modifying thermoelectric properties. Previous studies have shown that doping can significantly improve the thermoelectric performance, however the tuning the operating temperature of a thermoelectric device is a main issue. Using first principles density functional theory, we report for CrSi2, a linear relationship between thermodynamic charge state transition levels of defects and temperature at which thermopower peaks. We show for doped CrSi2 that the peak of thermopower occurs at the temperature Tm, which corresponds to the position of defect transition level. Therefore, by modifying the defect transition level, a thermoelectric material with a given operational temperature can be designed. The authors thankfully acknowledge support from ADA under NpMASS.
Microstructure and phase analysis of Zirconia-ODS (Oxide Dispersion Strengthen) alloy sintered by APS with milling time variation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sugeng, Bambang; Bandriyana, B.; Sugeng, Bambang; Salam, Rohmad; Sumariyo; Sujatno, Agus; Dimyati, Arbi

2018-03-01

Investigation on the relationship between the process conditions of milling time and the microstructure on the synthesis of the zirconia-ODS steel alloy has been performed. The elemental composition of the alloy was determined on 20 wt% Cr and zirconia dispersoid of 0.50 wt%. The synthesis was carried out by powder metallurgy method with milling time of 3, 5 and 7 hours, static compression of 20 Ton and sintering process for 4 minutes using the APS (Arc Plasma Sintering) equipment. SEM-EDX and XRD test was carried out to characterize the phase and morphology of the alloy and the effect to the mechanical properties was evaluated by the Vickers Hardness testing. The synthesis produced sample of ODS steel with good dense and very little porous with the Fe-Cr phase that clearly observed in the XRD peak pattern. In addition milling time increased the homogeneously of Fe-Cr phase formulation, enhanced the grain refinement of the structure and increase the hardness of the alloy.
Cranial arterial patterns of the alpaca (Camelidae: Vicugna pacos).

PubMed

O'Brien, Haley D

2017-03-01

Artiodactyl cranial arterial patterns deviate significantly from the standard mammalian pattern, most notably in the possession of a structure called the carotid rete (CR)-a subdural arterial meshwork that is housed within the cavernous venous sinus, replacing the internal carotid artery (ICA). This relationship between the CR and the cavernous sinus facilitates a suite of unique physiologies, including selective brain cooling. The CR has been studied in a number of artiodactyls; however, to my knowledge, only a single study to date documents a subset of the cranial arteries of New World camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicugñas and guanacoes). This study is the first complete description of the cranial arteries of a New World camelid species, the alpaca ( Vicugna pacos ), and the first description of near-parturition cranial arterial morphology within New World camelids. This study finds that the carotid arterial system is conserved between developmental stages in the alpaca, and differs significantly from the pattern emphasized in other long-necked ruminant artiodactyls in that a patent, homologous ICA persists through the animal's life.
First Liquid Layer Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions at the National Ignition Facility.

PubMed

Olson, R E; Leeper, R J; Kline, J L; Zylstra, A B; Yi, S A; Biener, J; Braun, T; Kozioziemski, B J; Sater, J D; Bradley, P A; Peterson, R R; Haines, B M; Yin, L; Berzak Hopkins, L F; Meezan, N B; Walters, C; Biener, M M; Kong, C; Crippen, J W; Kyrala, G A; Shah, R C; Herrmann, H W; Wilson, D C; Hamza, A V; Nikroo, A; Batha, S H

2016-12-09

The first cryogenic deuterium and deuterium-tritium liquid layer implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) demonstrate D_{2} and DT layer inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions that can access a low-to-moderate hot-spot convergence ratio (1230) DT ice layer implosions. Although high CR is desirable in an idealized 1D sense, it amplifies the deleterious effects of asymmetries. To date, these asymmetries prevented the achievement of ignition at the NIF and are the major cause of simulation-experiment disagreement. In the initial liquid layer experiments, high neutron yields were achieved with CRs of 12-17, and the hot-spot formation is well understood, demonstrated by a good agreement between the experimental data and the radiation hydrodynamic simulations. These initial experiments open a new NIF experimental capability that provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between hot-spot convergence ratio and the robustness of hot-spot formation during ICF implosions.
Novelty, Age, and IQ: A Theoretical Look at Human Preference for Novelty.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eaves, Ronald C.; Glen, Roderick

1996-01-01

A study of 86 children (ages 5-16) investigated the relationship between age, IQ, and preferences for novelty. Children with higher IQs spent significantly more time responding to novel items than lower-IQ children. Older children with high IQs showed the most interest in novel items. (CR)
A Simple Relationship Between Short- and Long-term Seed Predation Rates

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Weed seed predation is an important ecosystem service supporting weed management in low-external-input agroecosystems. For convenience, measurements of seed predation are often made at very short time scales (< 3 d). However, one of the primary uses of such data, the parameterization of models of cr...

One Big Happy Family? Unraveling the Relationship between Shared Perceptions of Team Psychological Contracts, Person-Team Fit and Team Performance.

PubMed

Gibbard, Katherine; Griep, Yannick; De Cooman, Rein; Hoffart, Genevieve; Onen, Denis; Zareipour, Hamidreza

2017-01-01

With the knowledge that team work is not always associated with high(er) performance, we draw from the Multi-Level Theory of Psychological Contracts, Person-Environment Fit Theory, and Optimal Distinctiveness Theory to study shared perceptions of psychological contract (PC) breach in relation to shared perceptions of complementary and supplementary fit to explain why some teams perform better than other teams. We collected three repeated survey measures in a sample of 128 respondents across 46 teams. After having made sure that we met all statistical criteria, we aggregated our focal variables to the team-level and analyzed our data by means of a longitudinal three-wave autoregressive moderated-mediation model in which each relationship was one-time lag apart. We found that shared perceptions of PC breach were directly negatively related to team output and negatively related to perceived team member effectiveness through a decrease in shared perceptions of supplementary fit. However, we also demonstrated a beneficial process in that shared perceptions of PC breach were positively related to shared perceptions of complementary fit, which in turn were positively related to team output. Moreover, best team output appeared in teams that could combine high shared perceptions of complementary fit with modest to high shared perceptions of supplementary fit. Overall, our findings seem to indicate that in terms of team output there may be a bright side to perceptions of PC breach and that perceived person-team fit may play an important role in this process.
One Big Happy Family? Unraveling the Relationship between Shared Perceptions of Team Psychological Contracts, Person-Team Fit and Team Performance

PubMed Central

Gibbard, Katherine; Griep, Yannick; De Cooman, Rein; Hoffart, Genevieve; Onen, Denis; Zareipour, Hamidreza

2017-01-01

With the knowledge that team work is not always associated with high(er) performance, we draw from the Multi-Level Theory of Psychological Contracts, Person-Environment Fit Theory, and Optimal Distinctiveness Theory to study shared perceptions of psychological contract (PC) breach in relation to shared perceptions of complementary and supplementary fit to explain why some teams perform better than other teams. We collected three repeated survey measures in a sample of 128 respondents across 46 teams. After having made sure that we met all statistical criteria, we aggregated our focal variables to the team-level and analyzed our data by means of a longitudinal three-wave autoregressive moderated-mediation model in which each relationship was one-time lag apart. We found that shared perceptions of PC breach were directly negatively related to team output and negatively related to perceived team member effectiveness through a decrease in shared perceptions of supplementary fit. However, we also demonstrated a beneficial process in that shared perceptions of PC breach were positively related to shared perceptions of complementary fit, which in turn were positively related to team output. Moreover, best team output appeared in teams that could combine high shared perceptions of complementary fit with modest to high shared perceptions of supplementary fit. Overall, our findings seem to indicate that in terms of team output there may be a bright side to perceptions of PC breach and that perceived person-team fit may play an important role in this process. PMID:29170648
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Two-Phase Alloys Based on NbCr(2)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cady, C.M.; Chen, K.C.; Kotula, P.G.

A two-phase, Nb-Cr-Ti alloy (bee+ C15 Laves phase) has been developed using several alloy design methodologies. In effort to understand processing-microstructure-property relationships, diffment processing routes were employed. The resulting microstructure and mechanical properties are discussed and compared. Plasma arc-melted samples served to establish baseline, . . . as-cast properties. In addition, a novel processing technique, involving decomposition of a supersaturated and metastable precursor phase during hot isostatic pressing (HIP), was used to produce a refined, equilibrium two-phase microstructure. Quasi-static compression tests as a ~ function of temperature were performed on both alloy types. Different deformation mechanisms were encountered based uponmore » temperature and microstructure.« less
Staff perspectives on the provision of end-of-life care in a community residence for older adults with developmental disabilities.

PubMed

Kirkendall, Abbie M; Waldrop, Deborah

2013-09-01

The purpose of the study was to describe the perceptions of community residence (CR) staff who have cared for older adults with developmental disabilities (ADDs) that are at the end of life. This exploratory, descriptive study utilized qualitative methods that involved semistructured interviews with CR staff members. The setting was a CR that was also an intermediate care facility (ICF) that provided 24-hour residential treatment for medical and/or behavioral needs. At least one registered nurse was present at all times. A CR with at least one resident who was over the age of 40 and had a diagnosis of a life-limiting illness was chosen. Participants included three frontline workers, four managers, and one registered nurse. In-person interviews included open-ended questions about end-of-life care for older ADDs. Demographics such as age, length of time working with ADDs, and education were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographics such as age, and length of time working with ADDs. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using grounded theory techniques. Four themes illuminated unique elements of the provision of end-of-life care in a CR: (1) influence of relationships, (2) expression of individuality, (3) contribution of hospice, (4) grief and bereavement, and (5) challenges to end-of-life care. The results provided insight into the unique needs of older ADDs at the end of life and how this influences their care. Emphasis was also placed on the importance of specialized care that involved collaborations with hospice for older ADDs who remain in a CR at the end of life.
Serum creatinine and cystatin C provide conflicting evidence of acute kidney injury following acute ingestion of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid.

PubMed

Wijerathna, Thilini Madushanka; Gawarammana, Indika Bandara; Dissanayaka, Dhammika Menike; Palanagasinghe, Chathura; Shihana, Fathima; Dassanayaka, Gihani; Shahmy, Seyed; Endre, Zoltan Huba; Mohamed, Fahim; Buckley, Nicholas Alan

2017-11-01

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common following deliberate self-poisoning with a combination washing powder containing oxalic acid (H 2 C 2 O 4 ) and potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ). Early and rapid increases in serum creatinine (sCr) follow severe poisoning. We investigated the relationship of these increases with direct nephrotoxicity in an ongoing multicenter prospective cohort study in Sri Lanka exploring AKI following poisoning. Multiple measures of change in kidney function were evaluated in 48 consenting patients who had serial sCr and serum cystatin C (sCysC) data available. Thirty-eight (38/48, 79%) patients developed AKI (AKIN criteria). Twenty-eight (58%) had AKIN stage 2 or 3. Initial increases in urine creatinine (uCr) excretion were followed by a substantial loss of renal function. The AKIN stage 2 and 3 (AKIN2/3) group had very rapid rises in sCr (a median of 118% at 24 h and by 400% at 72 h post ingestion). We excluded the possibility that the rapid rise resulted from the assay used or muscle damage. In contrast, the average sCysC increase was 65% by 72 h. In most AKI, sCysC increases to the same extent but more rapidly than sCr, as sCysC has a shorter half-life. This suggests either a reduction in Cystatin C production or, conversely, that the rapid early rise of sCr results from increased production of creatine and creatinine to meet energy demands following severe oxidative stress mediated by H 2 C 2 O 4 and KMnO 4 . Increased early creatinine excretion supports the latter explanation, since creatinine excretion usually decreases transiently in AKIN2/3 from other causes.
Aquaporin family genes exhibit developmentally-regulated and host-dependent transcription patterns in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi.

PubMed

Farlora, Rodolfo; Valenzuela-Muñoz, Valentina; Chávez-Mardones, Jacqueline; Gallardo-Escárate, Cristian

2016-07-01

Aquaporins are small integral membrane proteins that function as pore channels for the transport of water and other small solutes across the cell membrane. Considering the important roles of these proteins in several biological processes, including host-parasite interactions, there has been increased research on aquaporin proteins recently. The present study expands on the knowledge of aquaporin family genes in parasitic copepods, examining diversity and expression during the ontogeny of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Furthermore, aquaporin expression was evaluated during the early infestation of Atlantic (Salmo salar) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Deep transcriptome sequencing data revealed eight full length and two partial open reading frames belonging to the aquaporin protein family. Clustering analyses with identified Caligidae sequences revealed three major clades of aquaglyceroporins (Cr-Glp), classical aquaporin channels (Cr-Bib and Cr-PripL), and unorthodox aquaporins (Cr-Aqp12-like). In silico analysis revealed differential expression of aquaporin genes between developmental stages and between sexes. Male-biased expression of Cr-Glp1_v1 and female-biased expression of Cr-Bib were further confirmed in adults by RT-qPCR. Additionally, gene expressions were measured for seven aquaporins during the early infestation stage. The majority of aquaporin genes showed significant differential transcription expressions between sea lice parasitizing different hosts, with Atlantic salmon sea lice exhibiting overall reduced expression as compared to Coho salmon. The observed differences in the regulation of aquaporin genes may reveal osmoregulatory adaptations associated with nutrient ingestion and metabolite waste export, exposing complex host-parasite relationships in C. rogercresseyi. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Adaptive Integration of the Compressed Algorithm of CS and NPC for the ECG Signal Compressed Algorithm in VLSI Implementation

PubMed Central

Tseng, Yun-Hua; Lu, Chih-Wen

2017-01-01

Compressed sensing (CS) is a promising approach to the compression and reconstruction of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. It has been shown that following reconstruction, most of the changes between the original and reconstructed signals are distributed in the Q, R, and S waves (QRS) region. Furthermore, any increase in the compression ratio tends to increase the magnitude of the change. This paper presents a novel approach integrating the near-precise compressed (NPC) and CS algorithms. The simulation results presented notable improvements in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and compression ratio (CR). The efficacy of this approach was verified by fabricating a highly efficient low-cost chip using the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company’s (TSMC) 0.18-μm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The proposed core has an operating frequency of 60 MHz and gate counts of 2.69 K. PMID:28991216
Assessment of Transition Element Speciation in Glasses Using a Portable Transmission Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-Infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) Spectrometer.

PubMed

Hunault, Myrtille; Lelong, Gérald; Gauthier, Michel; Gélébart, Frédéric; Ismael, Saindou; Galoisy, Laurence; Bauchau, Fanny; Loisel, Claudine; Calas, Georges

2016-05-01

A new low-cost experimental setup based on two compact dispersive optical spectrometers has been developed to measure optical absorption transmission spectra over the 350-2500 nm energy range. We demonstrate how near-infrared (NIR) data are essential to identify the coloring species in addition to ultraviolet visible data. After calibration with reference glasses, the use of an original sample stage that maintains the window panel in the vertical position enables the comparison of ancient and modern glasses embedded in a panel from the Sainte-Chapelle of Paris, without any sampling. The spectral resolution enables to observe fine resonances arising in the absorption bands of Cr(3+), and the complementary information obtained in the NIR enables to determine the contribution of Fe(2+), a key indicator of glassmaking conditions. © The Author(s) 2016.
Jack of all trades, master of none?: an alternative to clinical psychology's market-driven mission creep.

PubMed

Heesacker, Martin

2005-09-01

The authors C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott of this special issue's target article, "Twenty-First Century Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology: A Four Level Matrix Model" (this issue, pp. 1033-1054), are right that scientific distinctions should sometimes be de-emphasized in service of understanding the larger scientific vision. However, they take their combining too far, arrogating unto clinical psychology elements best left to their original scholarly disciplines. Snyder and Elliott simply present the next logical step in clinical psychology's longstanding tradition of "mission creep," broadening its focus to encompass new potential markets. Instead, the keeping and sharpening of disciplinary and subdisciplinary boundaries might best serve clinical psychology. The emphasis would shift from mission creep to building links with complementary disciplines and subdisciplines, to tackle issues that require true interdisciplinary scholarship. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystallographic relationship of YTaO4 particles with matrix in Ta-containing 12Cr ODS steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mao, Xiaodong; Kim, Tae Kyu; Kim, Sung Soo; Han, Young Soo; Oh, Kyu Hwan; Jang, Jinsung

2015-06-01

The crystallography of monoclinic YTaO4 particles and the atomic structure at the particle/ferrite matrix interface in Ta-containing 12Cr ODS steel have been examined by means of SAD and HRTEM. Three different peaks in size distribution of oxide particles were detected by SANS, with the peak positions at 1.5 nm, 9 nm, and 100 nm in size. The results show that many YTaO4 particles are semi-coherent with the matrix, and the habit plane determined in most cases is { 0 5 1 } O / /{ 0 1 1 } M . Orientation relationships of (0 5 1) O / /(1 bar 1 bar 0) M , [ 7 1 5 bar ] O / /[ 1 bar 1 1 ] M ; (1 2 1) O / /(1 1 0) M , [ 2 bar 1 0 ] O / /[ 0 0 1 ] M ; (0 5 1) O / /(0 1 1) M , [ 7 1 5 bar ] O / /[ 0 1 bar 1 ] M and (0 5 bar 1) O / /(1 bar 1 bar 0) M , [ 3 bar 1 5 ] O / /[ 1 bar 1 3 ] M were found. These orientation relationships provide a very small misorientation between the specific planes of YTaO4 particles and {1 1 0} close packed planes of ferrite. Fine particles of around 4 nm in size exhibited incoherent relationship with the misfit angle of around 10° with the matrix. Observation on particles ranging from 7 to 50 nm in size revealed that the crystallographic relationship is semi-coherent between oxide particles and the matrix.
Patient dose, gray level and exposure index with a computed radiography system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva, T. R.; Yoshimura, E. M.

2014-02-01

Computed radiography (CR) is gradually replacing conventional screen-film system in Brazil. To assess image quality, manufactures provide the calculation of an exposure index through the acquisition software of the CR system. The objective of this study is to verify if the CR image can be used as an evaluator of patient absorbed dose too, through a relationship between the entrance skin dose and the exposure index or the gray level values obtained in the image. The CR system used for this study (Agfa model 30-X with NX acquisition software) calculates an exposure index called Log of the Median (lgM), related to the absorbed dose to the IP. The lgM value depends on the average gray level (called Scan Average Level (SAL)) of the segmented pixel value histogram of the whole image. A Rando male phantom was used to simulate a human body (chest and head), and was irradiated with an X-ray equipment, using usual radiologic techniques for chest exams. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (LiF, TLD100) were used to evaluate entrance skin dose and exit dose. The results showed a logarithm relation between entrance dose and SAL in the image center, regardless of the beam filtration. The exposure index varies linearly with the entrance dose, but the angular coefficient is beam quality dependent. We conclude that, with an adequate calibration, the CR system can be used to evaluate the patient absorbed dose.
Multi-year climate variability in the Southwestern United States within a context of a dynamically downscaled twentieth century reanalysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carrillo, Carlos M.; Castro, Christopher L.; Chang, Hsin-I.; Luong, Thang M.

2017-12-01

This investigation evaluates whether there is coherency in warm and cool season precipitation at the low-frequency scale that may be responsible for multi-year droughts in the US Southwest. This low-frequency climate variability at the decadal scale and longer is studied within the context of a twentieth-century reanalysis (20CR) and its dynamically-downscaled version (DD-20CR). A spectral domain matrix methods technique (Multiple-Taper-Method Singular Value Decomposition) is applied to these datasets to identify statistically significant spatiotemporal precipitation patterns for the cool (November-April) and warm (July-August) seasons. The low-frequency variability in the 20CR is evaluated by exploring global to continental-scale spatiotemporal variability in moisture flux convergence (MFC) to the occurrence of multiyear droughts and pluvials in Central America, as this region has a demonstrated anti-phase relationship in low-frequency climate variability with northern Mexico and the southwestern US By using the MFC in lieu of precipitation, this study reveals that the 20CR is able to resolve well the low-frequency, multiyear climate variability. In the context of the DD-20CR, multiyear droughts and pluvials in the southwestern US (in the early twentieth century) are significantly related to this low-frequency climate variability. The precipitation anomalies at these low-frequency timescales are in phase between the cool and warm seasons, consistent with the concept of dual-season drought as has been suggested in tree ring studies.
Structural and surface properties of CuO-ZnO-Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalysts and their relationship with selectivity to higher alcohol synthesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campos-Martin, J.M.; Fierro, J.L.G.; Guerrero-Ruiz, A.

1995-10-01

A series of copper-zinc-chromium catalysts of different compositions and calcination temperatures has been prepared, characterized by several techniques (BET specific surface area, XRD, gravimetric TPR, TPD-CO, and XPS), and tested under high alcohol synthesis (HAS) conditions. CO hydrogenation was carried out at reaction temperatures of 523-598 K and 50 bar total pressure. The influence of catalyst composition, calcination temperature, and surface characteristics on the HAS selectivity was studied. The optimum HAS yields were found in the low Cr content region, but chromium was needed. Although chromium oxide does not seem to be involved in the catalytic site, its presence inmore » the catalyst composition is essential, owing to the larger specific surfaces and catalyst stability obtained at the highest reaction temperatures. For low Cr content composition, the temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) profiles were shifted to higher temperatures and simultaneously larger CO{sub 2} amounts were found in the temperature-programmed desorption profiles of adsorbed CO (TPD-CO). Photoelectron spectra (XPS) revealed that the oxidation state of copper is Cu{sup 2+} in the calcined catalysts and Cu{sup O} in the reduced ones; Cu{sup +} was only stabilized in a CuCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel in the Cr-rich catalysts. These features derived from catalyst characterization are discussed in the framework of the catalytic behaviour for HAS synthesis. 53 refs., 7 figs., 4 tabs.« less
Cognition in multiple sclerosis: Between cognitive reserve and brain volume.

PubMed

Fenu, G; Lorefice, L; Arru, M; Sechi, V; Loi, L; Contu, F; Cabras, F; Coghe, G; Frau, J; Fronza, M; Sbrescia, G; Lai, V; Boi, M; Mallus, S; Murru, S; Porcu, A; Barracciu, M A; Marrosu, M G; Cocco, E

2018-03-15

Several correlations between cognitive impairment (CI), radiologic markers and cognitive reserve (CR) have been documented in MS. To evaluate correlation between CI and brain volume (BV) considering CR as possibile mitigating factor. 195 relapsing MS patients underwent a neuropsychological assessment using BICAMS. BV was estimated using SIENAX to obtain normalized volume of brain (NBV), white matter (NWV), gray matter (NGV) and cortical gray matter (CGV). CR was estimated using a previously validated tool. Pearson test showed a correlation between the symbol digit modality test (SDMT) score and NBV (r=0.38; p<0.000) NGV(r=0.31; p<0.000), CGV (r=0.35; p<0.000) and CRI score(r=0.42; p<0.000). Linear regression (dependent variable:SDMT) showed a relationship with CR scores (p=0.000) and NGV(p<0.000). A difference was detected between cognitive impaired and preserved patients regarding mean of NBV(p=0.002), NGV(p=0.007), CGV(p=0.002) and CR Scores (p=0.007). Anova showed a association between the presence of CI (dependent variable) and the interaction term CRIQ × CGV (p=0.004) whit adjustment for age and disability evaluated by EDSS. Our study shows a correlation between cognition and BV, in particular gray matter volume. Cognitive reserve is also confirmed as an important element playing a role in the complex interaction to determine the cognitive functions in MS. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Metal injection molding as enabling technology for the production of metal prosthesis components: electrochemical and in vitro characterization.

PubMed

Melli, Virginia; Rondelli, Gianni; Sandrini, Enrico; Altomare, Lina; Bolelli, Giovanni; Bonferroni, Benedetta; Lusvarghi, Luca; Cigada, Alberto; De Nardo, Luigi

2013-10-01

Industrial manufacturing of prosthesis components could take significant advantage by the introduction of new, cost-effective manufacturing technologies with near net-shape capabilities, which have been developed during the last years to fulfill the needs of different technological sectors. Among them, metal injection molding (MIM) appears particularly promising for the production of orthopedic arthroplasty components with significant cost saving. These new manufacturing technologies, which have been developed, however, strongly affect the chemicophysical structure of processed materials and their resulting properties. In order to investigate this relationship, here we evaluated the effects on electrochemical properties, ion release, and in vitro response of medical grade CoCrMo alloy processed via MIM compared to conventional processes. MIM of the CoCrMo alloy resulted in coarser polygonal grains, with largely varying sizes; however, these microstructural differences between MIM and forged/cast CoCrMo alloys showed a negligible effect on electrochemical properties. Passive current densities values observed were 0.49 µA cm(-2) for MIM specimens and 0.51 µA cm(-2) for forged CoCrMo specimens, with slightly lower transpassive potential in the MIM case; open circuit potential and Rp stationary values showed no significant differences. Moreover, in vitro biocompatibility tests resulted in cell viability levels not significantly different for MIM and conventionally processed alloys. Although preliminary, these results support the potential of MIM technology for the production of CoCrMo components of implantable devices. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microstructure characterization and strengthening mechanisms of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Fe-9%Cr and Fe-14%Cr extruded bars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chauhan, A.; Bergner, F.; Etienne, A.; Aktaa, J.; de Carlan, Y.; Heintze, C.; Litvinov, D.; Hernandez-Mayoral, M.; Oñorbe, E.; Radiguet, B.; Ulbricht, A.

2017-11-01

The collaborative study is focused on the relationship between microstructure and yield stress for an ODS Fe-9%Cr-based transformable alloy and an ODS Fe-14%Cr-based ferritic alloy. The contributions to the total room temperature yield stress arising from various strengthening mechanisms are addressed on the basis of a comprehensive description of the microstructures uncovered by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and atom probe tomography (APT). While these methods provide a high degree of complementarity, a reasonable agreement was found in cases of overlap of information. The derived set of microstructure parameters along with reported strengthening equations was used to calculate the room temperature yield stress. The estimates were critically compared with the measured yield stress for an extended set of alloys including data reported for Fe-Cr model alloys and steels thus covering one order of magnitude or more in grain size, dislocation density, particle density and yield stress. The comparison shows that particle strengthening, dislocation forest strengthening, and Hall-Petch strengthening are the major contributions and that a mixed superposition rule reproduces the measured yield stress within experimental scatter for the whole extended set of alloys. The wide variation of microstructures additionally underpins the conclusions and goes beyond previous work, in which one or few ODS steels and narrow microstructure variations were typically covered.
Effects of Oral Administration of CrCl3 on the Contents of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the Liver, Kidney, and Heart of Chicken.

PubMed

Liu, Yanhan; Zhao, Xiaona; Zhang, Xiao; Zhao, Xuejun; Liu, Yongxia; Liu, Jianzhu

2016-06-01

This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of trivalent chromium on the contents of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the heart, liver, and kidney. Different levels of 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 LD50 (LD50 = 5000 mg/kg body mass) CrCl3 milligrams per kilogram body mass daily were added into the water to establish the chronic poisoning model. Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were detected with the flame atomic absorption spectrometry in the organs exposed 14, 28, and 42 days to CrCl3, respectively. Results showed that Cr was accumulated in the heart, liver, and kidney significantly (P < 0.05) with extended time and dose. The contents of Ca and Fe increased, whereas those of Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn decreased in the heart, liver, and kidney of each treated group, which had a dose- and time-dependent relationship, but the contents of Mg and Zn in the heart took on a fluctuated change. These particular observations were different from those in the control group. In conclusion, the oral administration of CrCl3 could change the contents of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the heart, liver, and kidney, which may cause disorders in the absorption and metabolism of the metal elements of chickens.
Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776), Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), and surface sediments of Bafa Lake (Eastern Aegean).

PubMed

Aydin-Onen, S; Kucuksezgin, F; Kocak, F; Açik, S

2015-06-01

In the present study, the bioaccumulation of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776) and also in the muscle and liver of Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) collected from seven stations in the Bafa Lake was investigated. Sediment samples were also collected in each site to assess heavy metal levels and to provide additional information on pollution of the lake. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in sediment, H. diversicolor, and muscle and liver of the fish were found to be in the magnitude of Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd>Hg, Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Hg>Cd, Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr >Hg>Cd, and Cu>Zn>Cr>Cd>Pb>Hg, respectively. Hg, Cu, and Zn in H. diversicolor and Hg and Zn in muscle and also Hg, Cd, Cu, and Zn in liver of fish accumulated in a higher degree than in sediment. There was no clear relationship between metal concentrations in sediments, polychaetes, and fish, except Cr. According to international criteria and Turkish regulations, Pb and Zn values in edible muscle of the fish collected from stations S6 and S5 exceeded the food safety limits, respectively. The results of this study suggest that these sentinel species can be considered as good anthropogenic biological indicators for heavy metal pollution along the Bafa Lake.
When the Academic World and the Real World Meet

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Svetlik, David

2007-01-01

In this article, the author relates the need for a complimentary relationship between the academic and real outside world. This is not to compare a college degree with outside work experience--the two are complementary. It is the world of business and industry that often cause changes. Students and practitioners of industrial automation are an…
Expanding the Range, Dividing the Task: Educating the Human Brain in an Electronic Society.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sylwester, Robert

1990-01-01

Reviews five properties of the brain that are central to dividing educational tasks between minds and machines and creating curricula to help students understand the complementary relationships between the brain and supportive machinery. The curriculum should focus on knowledge, skills, and values that most characterize and enhance our brain's…

Changing Academic Identities in Changing Academic Workplaces: Learning from Academics' Everyday Professional Writing Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lea, Mary R.; Stierer, Barry

2011-01-01

In this article we examine issues of academic identity through the lens of academics' everyday workplace writing, offering a complementary perspective to those already evident in the higher education research literature. Motivated by an interest in the relationship between routine writing and aspects of professional practice, we draw on data from…
The Shifting Spaces of Teacher Relationships: Complementary Methods in Examinations of Teachers' Digital Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Homan, Elizabeth C.

2014-01-01

Today's teachers are faced with a number of options when it comes to sharing knowledge about their professions. In the digital age, teachers use social media, online professional networks, email listservs, and blogging connections to share knowledge and resources. Here, I describe how one teacher engages with social media to develop networks that…
Faculty and Administrator Knowledge of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act at Select U.S. Complimentary and Alternative Healthcare Educational Institutions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Werosh, Keith R.

2013-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine what relationship exists between knowledge of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) to organizational position and training among faculty and administrators employed within complementary and alternative healthcare educational institutions. Within these knowledge levels, this study…
The Intersection of Language and Culture in Study Abroad: Assessment and Analysis of Study Abroad Outcomes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watson, Jeff R.; Wolfel, Richard

2015-01-01

The interconnectedness of language and culture in a study abroad environment has long been discussed in study abroad research circles. While some researchers see the relationship as complementary (Kasper & Omori, 2010; Selmeski, 2007), others go further to point out a more complex interrelationship (Kramsch, 2003; Silverstein, 2004; Watson,…
Altered Cortical GABA in Female Veterans with Suicidal Behavior: Sex Differences and Clinical Correlates.

PubMed

Prescot, Andrew; Sheth, Chandni; Legarreta, Margaret; Renshaw, Perry F; McGlade, Erin; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah

2018-01-01

Suicide is a public health concern in the civilian and veteran populations. Stressful life events are precipitating factors for suicide. The neurochemical underpinnings of the association between stress/trauma and suicide risk are unclear, especially in regards to sex differences. We hypothesized that gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter may be a neurochemical candidate that is critical in the association between stress and suicide risk in veterans. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) at 3.0 Tesla was used to measure in vivo neurochemistry in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; predominantly the dorsal ACC) of 81 veterans (16 females), including 57 (11 females) who endorsed past suicidal ideation (SI) and/or suicide attempt (SA) and 24 (5 females) with no history of SI and/or SA. Suicidal behavior (SB) was defined as the presence of SI and/or SA. We observed no significant differences in GABA/ Creatine+phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr) between veterans with SB (SB+) and without SB (SB-). However, the female SB+ group showed significantly reduced GABA/Cr+PCr vs. the female SB- group. We observed a trend-level significant negative correlation between GABA/Cr+PCr and the defensive avoidance (DA) subscale on the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) in the SB+ group. In contrast, the SB- group exhibited a positive relationship between the two variables. Furthermore, we found significant negative correlations between GABA/Cr+PCr and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) scores as well as between GABA/Cr+PCr and several subscales of the TSI in female veterans. This study suggests that reduced GABA/Cr+ PCr ratio in the ACC, which may be related to altered inhibitory capacity, may underlie suicide risk in female veterans. Further, the negative association between GABA/Cr+PCr and stress symptomatology and depression scores suggests that MRS studies may shed light on intermediate phenotypes of SB.
Magneto-structural correlation in a series of bimetallic alternating chain complexes of [CrIIIL(CN)4]n[MnIII(salpn)]n.nsolvents (L=2,2'-bipy or 9,10-phen, salpn=substituted salicyldehyde, solvents=water and methanol).

PubMed

Pan, Feng; Wang, Zhe-Ming; Gao, Song

2007-11-26

Five chain compounds based on the building block of [Cr(L)(CN)4]- (L=2,2'-bipy, 1-4; L=9,10-phen, 5) and [Mn(salpn)]+ (salpn=substituted salicyldehyde-type Schiff base in Scheme 1) have been prepared and characterized structurally and magnetically. The four compounds (1-4) consisting of [Cr(bipy)(CN)4]- units possess straight bimetallic chains as the [Cr(bpy)(CN)4]- unit links the two neighbor [Mn(salpn)]+ units with the two trans-cyanide ligands, while in 5 the chain is zigzag because the [Cr(phen)(CN)4]- unit connects the [Mn(salpn)]+ units with its two cis-cyanide ligands. The bond angles of Mn-N-C-Cr are adjusted by different coligands of salpn and bipy/phen. The chains are stacking via mainly the aromatic pi-pi-type interactions. All compounds show 3D antiferromagnetic ordering with Néel temperatures ranging from 3.7 to 8.1 K, and they are metamagnets displaying antiferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic transition at critical fields of 4.0-13.1 kOe at 1.9 K. This is due to weak interchain antiferromagnetic interactions between the ferrimagnetic bimetallic chains in the materials. The intrachain couplings (J, in cm(-1)) in the materials, between cyanide-bridged CrIII and MnIII ions, from -1.84 to -5.35 cm(-1), follow a linear relationship (J=-33+0.18alpha) to the Mn-N-C angles (alpha, in deg). In addition, the weak interchain antiferromagnetic interactions and critical fields for antiferromagnetic-ferrimagnetic transition are closely related to some of their structural factors, which were studied very superficially only referring to the separations of nearest chains in each material.
Recombination and evolution of duplicate control regions in the mitochondrial genome of the Asian big-headed turtle, Platysternon megacephalum.

PubMed

Zheng, Chenfei; Nie, Liuwang; Wang, Jue; Zhou, Huaxing; Hou, Huazhen; Wang, Hao; Liu, Juanjuan

2013-01-01

Complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences with duplicate control regions (CRs) have been detected in various animal species. In Testudines, duplicate mtCRs have been reported in the mtDNA of the Asian big-headed turtle, Platysternon megacephalum, which has three living subspecies. However, the evolutionary pattern of these CRs remains unclear. In this study, we report the completed sequences of duplicate CRs from 20 individuals belonging to three subspecies of this turtle and discuss the micro-evolutionary analysis of the evolution of duplicate CRs. Genetic distances calculated with MEGA 4.1 using the complete duplicate CR sequences revealed that within turtle subspecies, genetic distances between orthologous copies from different individuals were 0.63% for CR1 and 1.2% for CR2app:addword:respectively, and the average distance between paralogous copies of CR1 and CR2 was 4.8%. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed from the CR sequences, excluding the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) at the 3' end using three methods: neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood algorithm, and Bayesian inference. These data show that any two CRs within individuals were more genetically distant from orthologous genes in different individuals within the same subspecies. This suggests independent evolution of the two mtCRs within each P. megacephalum subspecies. Reconstruction of separate phylogenetic trees using different CR components (TAS, CD, CSB, and VNTRs) suggested the role of recombination in the evolution of duplicate CRs. Consequently, recombination events were detected using RDP software with break points at ≈290 bp and ≈1,080 bp. Based on these results, we hypothesize that duplicate CRs in P. megacephalum originated from heterological ancestral recombination of mtDNA. Subsequent recombination could have resulted in homogenization during independent evolutionary events, thus maintaining the functions of duplicate CRs in the mtDNA of P. megacephalum.
Recombination and Evolution of Duplicate Control Regions in the Mitochondrial Genome of the Asian Big-Headed Turtle, Platysternon megacephalum

PubMed Central

Zheng, Chenfei; Nie, Liuwang; Wang, Jue; Zhou, Huaxing; Hou, Huazhen; Wang, Hao; Liu, Juanjuan

2013-01-01

Complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences with duplicate control regions (CRs) have been detected in various animal species. In Testudines, duplicate mtCRs have been reported in the mtDNA of the Asian big-headed turtle, Platysternon megacephalum, which has three living subspecies. However, the evolutionary pattern of these CRs remains unclear. In this study, we report the completed sequences of duplicate CRs from 20 individuals belonging to three subspecies of this turtle and discuss the micro-evolutionary analysis of the evolution of duplicate CRs. Genetic distances calculated with MEGA 4.1 using the complete duplicate CR sequences revealed that within turtle subspecies, genetic distances between orthologous copies from different individuals were 0.63% for CR1 and 1.2% for CR2app:addword:respectively, and the average distance between paralogous copies of CR1 and CR2 was 4.8%. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed from the CR sequences, excluding the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) at the 3′ end using three methods: neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood algorithm, and Bayesian inference. These data show that any two CRs within individuals were more genetically distant from orthologous genes in different individuals within the same subspecies. This suggests independent evolution of the two mtCRs within each P. megacephalum subspecies. Reconstruction of separate phylogenetic trees using different CR components (TAS, CD, CSB, and VNTRs) suggested the role of recombination in the evolution of duplicate CRs. Consequently, recombination events were detected using RDP software with break points at ≈290 bp and ≈1,080 bp. Based on these results, we hypothesize that duplicate CRs in P. megacephalum originated from heterological ancestral recombination of mtDNA. Subsequent recombination could have resulted in homogenization during independent evolutionary events, thus maintaining the functions of duplicate CRs in the mtDNA of P. megacephalum. PMID:24367563
blaOXA-23-like and blaTEM rather than blaOXA-51-like contributed to a high level of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii strains from a teaching hospital in Xi'an, China.

PubMed

Han, Lei; Lei, Jine; Xu, Jiru; Han, Shaoshan

2017-12-01

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the major threats in clinical infections due to its antibiotic resistance ability. It shows increasing resistance to carbapenems, mainly due to β-lactamase mediated mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate carbapenem resistance (CR) profiles and analyze β-lactamases genes composition of clinical A. baumannii strains from a teaching hospital in Xi'an. The resistance patterns to imipenem and meropenem were checked for 51 clinical A. baumannii strains. The existence of 15 β-lactamases genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the positive genes were sequenced. The correlation between PCR-positive genes and CR phenotype was analyzed using Chi-square test and contingency coefficient. The expressions of PCR-positive genes were investigated. Forty-five out of 51 strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem. blaTEM, blaOXA-23-like, and blaOXA-51-like were positive among 15 β-lactamases genes, and TEM-1, OXA-23, and OXA-66/69 were their subtypes. TEM and OXA-23-like only showed up in CR isolates, with the occurrence rate of 91.1% and 97.8%, respectively, whereas OXA-51-like appeared in all strains. ISAba1 was present in the upstream of OXA-23-like, but absent from that of OXA-51-like in our strains. OXA-23-like had highest relationship with CR, followed by TEM, but OXA-51-like had no correlation. This was verified by RT-qPCR that the expression was positive for OXA-23 and TEM-1, but negative for OXA-66/-69. A high rate of CR A. baumannii was detected in this study. Coexistence of TEM, OXA-23-like, and OXA-51-like was the primary resistance profile. The expressions of OXA-23-like and TEM genes were closely related with CR, while OXA-51-like had no contribution to the CR phenotype.
Large BP-dependent and -independent differences in susceptibility to nephropathy after nitric oxide inhibition in Sprague-Dawley rats from two major suppliers

PubMed Central

Polichnowski, Aaron; Licea-Vargas, Hector; Picken, Maria; Long, Jianrui; Williamson, Geoffrey; Bidani, Anil

2012-01-01

The Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) model is widely employed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in renal injury. The present studies show that Sprague-Dawley rats from Harlan (H) and Charles River (CR) exhibit strikingly large differences in susceptibility to l-NAME nephropathy. After 4 wk of l-NAME (∼50 mg·kg−1·day−1 in drinking water), H rats (n = 13) exhibited the expected hypertension [average radiotelemetric systolic blood pressure (BP), 180 ± 3 mmHg], proteinuria (136 ± 17 mg/24 h), and glomerular injury (GI) (12 ± 2%). By contrast, CR rats developed less hypertension (142 ± 4), but surprisingly no proteinuria or GI, indicating a lack of glomerular hypertension. Additional studies showed that conscious H, but not CR, rats exhibit dose-dependent renal vasoconstriction after l-NAME. To further investigate these susceptibility differences, l-NAME was given 2 wk after 3/4 normotensive nephrectomy (NX) and comparably impaired renal autoregulation in CR-NX and H-NX rats. CR-NX rats, nevertheless, still failed to develop proteinuria and GI despite moderate hypertension (144 ± 2 mmHg, n = 29). By contrast, despite an 80–90% l-NAME dose reduction and lesser BP increases (169 ± 4 mmHg), H-NX rats (n = 20) developed greater GI (26 ± 3%) compared with intact H rats. Linear regression analysis showed significant (P < 0.01) differences in the slope of the relationship between BP and GI between H-NX (slope 0.56 ± 0.14; r = 0.69; P < 0.008) and CR-NX (slope 0.09 ± 0.06; r = 0.29; P = 0.12) rats. These data indicate that blunted BP responses to l-NAME in the CR rats are associated with BP-independent resistance to nephropathy, possibly mediated by a resistance to the renal (efferent arteriolar) vasoconstrictive effects of NO inhibition. PMID:21937607
Spatial patterns and origins of heavy metals in Sheyang River catchment in Jiangsu, China based on geographically weighted regression.

PubMed

Wu, Shan-Shan; Yang, Hao; Guo, Fei; Han, Rui-Ming

2017-02-15

Multivariate statistical analyses combined with geographically weighted regression (GWR) were used to identify spatial variations of heavy metals in sediments and to examine relationships between metal pollution and land use practices in watersheds, including urban land, agriculture land, forest and water bodies. Seven metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Mn and Fe) of sediments were measured at 31 sampling sites in Sheyang River. Most metals were under a certain degree enrichment based on the enrichment factors. Cluster analysis grouped all sites into four statistically significant cluster, severely contaminated areas were concentrated in areas with intensive human activities. Correlation analysis and PCA indicated Cu, Zn and Pb were derived from anthropogenic activities, while the sources of Cr and Ni were complicated. However, Fe and Mn originated from natural sources. According to results of GWR, there are stronger association between metal pollution with urban land than agricultural land and forest. Moreover, the relationships between land use and metal concentration were affected by the urbanization level of watersheds. Agricultural land had a weak associated with heavy metal pollution and the relationships might be stronger in less-urbanized. This study provided useful information for the assessment and management of heavy metal hazards in studied area. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Caregiving Styles: A Cognitive and Behavioral Typology Associated With Dementia Family Caregiving

PubMed Central

Corcoran, Mary A.

2011-01-01

Purpose: An increasing number of elderly individuals are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (ADRD), many of whom receive daily caregiving from spouse or adult child. Caregiving is a “cultural activity,” and as such it is strongly influenced by sociocultural beliefs about caregiving and how it should be enacted. Understanding this thinking–action process has important implications for future research and service. Reasoned action theory provides empirical evidence that attitudes and beliefs, as they are influenced by the social environment, predict intentions to act. In turn, behavioral intentions can reliably predict behaviors. This grounded theory study describes a typology of caregiving styles relevant to family members of an individual with ADRD, where caregiving style is defined as a culturally based pattern in thinking and action. The goal of this study was to characterize the relationship between caregiver intentions and care strategies. Methods: Study participants included 97 individuals residing in the Washington, DC, area, who provide daily care for a family member with ADRD. Narrative data were collected from each caregiver during three 1-hr interview sessions. A subset of 30 caregiver–care recipient (CR) dyads was videotaped during typical interactions. Results: Four caregiving styles were identified (facilitating, balancing, advocating, and directing), which differ primarily in the intended focus of care and preferred interactions with the CR. Implications: The results provide a foundation for future studies of the relationships between sociocultural context, caregiving styles and strategies, and ensuing outcomes for caregiver–CR dyads. PMID:21335422
Caregiving styles: a cognitive and behavioral typology associated with dementia family caregiving.

PubMed

Corcoran, Mary A

2011-08-01

An increasing number of elderly individuals are diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD), many of whom receive daily caregiving from spouse or adult child. Caregiving is a "cultural activity," and as such it is strongly influenced by sociocultural beliefs about caregiving and how it should be enacted. Understanding this thinking-action process has important implications for future research and service. Reasoned action theory provides empirical evidence that attitudes and beliefs, as they are influenced by the social environment, predict intentions to act. In turn, behavioral intentions can reliably predict behaviors. This grounded theory study describes a typology of caregiving styles relevant to family members of an individual with ADRD, where caregiving style is defined as a culturally based pattern in thinking and action. The goal of this study was to characterize the relationship between caregiver intentions and care strategies. Study participants included 97 individuals residing in the Washington, DC, area, who provide daily care for a family member with ADRD. Narrative data were collected from each caregiver during three 1-hr interview sessions. A subset of 30 caregiver-care recipient (CR) dyads was videotaped during typical interactions. Four caregiving styles were identified (facilitating, balancing, advocating, and directing), which differ primarily in the intended focus of care and preferred interactions with the CR. The results provide a foundation for future studies of the relationships between sociocultural context, caregiving styles and strategies, and ensuing outcomes for caregiver-CR dyads.
The role of cognitive reserve and memory self-efficacy in compensatory strategy use: A structural equation approach.

PubMed

Simon, Christa; Schmitter-Edgecombe, Maureen

2016-08-01

The use of compensatory strategies plays an important role in the ability of older adults to adapt to late-life memory changes. Even with the benefits associated with compensatory strategy use, little research has explored specific mechanisms associated with memory performance and compensatory strategies. Rather than an individual's objective memory performance directly predicting their use of compensatory strategies, it is possible that some other variables are indirectly influencing that relationship. The purpose of this study was to: (a) examine the moderating effects of cognitive reserve (CR) and (b) evaluate the potential mediating effects of memory self-efficacy on the relationship between objective memory performance and compensatory strategy use. Two structural equation models (SEM) were used to evaluate CR (latent moderator model) and memory self-efficacy (mediator model) in a sample of 155 community-dwelling older adults over the age of 55. The latent variable moderator model indicated that CR was not substantiated as a moderator variable in this sample (p = .861). However, memory self-efficacy significantly mediated the association between objective memory performance and compensatory strategy use (β = .22, 95% confidence interval, CI [.002, .437]). More specifically, better objective memory was associated with lower compensatory strategy use because of its relation to higher memory self-efficacy. These findings provide initial support for an explanatory framework of the relation between objective memory and compensatory strategy use in a healthy older adult population by identifying the importance of an individual's memory perceptions.
[Speciation and Risk Characteristics of Heavy Metals in the Sediments of the Yangtze Estuary].

PubMed

Yin, Su; Feng, Cheng-hong; Li, Yang-yang; Yin, Li-feng; Shen, Zhen-yao

2016-03-15

Based on the investigation on the distribution of total contents and speciation of 8 heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the surface sediments at 14 typical sites of the Yangtze Estuary during three hydrological seasons ( wet, normal, and dry seasons) , this study applied equilibrium partitioning approach to build the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) of the Yangtze Estuary, and assessed ecological risks of the heavy metals. The relationship between ecological risk and speciation of heavy metals was also revealed. The results showed that, except for Cd, the residual fraction was the main speciation of heavy metals, especially for As, Cr and Hg, their residual fraction proportions were all over 90%. The sediment quality guidelines of the Yangtze Estuary for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn were 43.29, 0.672, 79.65, 19.08, 0.569, 339.09, 30.87, 411.36 µg · g⁻¹, respectively. Cu had the highest ecological risk to aquatic organisms. The upstream of Yangtze Estuary was mainly affected by Yangtze River runoff, where the risks were relatively high in wet season and relatively low in normal and dry seasons. However, the downstream of the estuary was mainly affected by municipal sewage of cities like Shanghai, where the risks were relatively high, especially in normal and dry seasons. There were three different relationships between the ecological risks and speciation of the eight heavy metals.
The health professional-patient-relationship in conventional versus complementary and alternative medicine. A qualitative study comparing the perceived use of medical shared decision-making between two different approaches of medicine.

PubMed

Berger, Stephanie; Braehler, Elmar; Ernst, Jochen

2012-07-01

To explore differences between conventional medicine (COM) and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) regarding the attitude toward and the perceived use of shared decision-making (SDM) from the health professional perspective. Thirty guideline-based interviews with German GPs and nonmedical practitioners were conducted using qualitative analysis for interpretation. The health professional-patient-relationship in CAM differs from that in COM, as SDM is perceived more often. Reasons for this include external context variables (e.g., longer consultation time) and internal provider beliefs (e.g., attitude toward SDM). German health care policy was regarded as one of the most critical factors which affected the relationship between GPs and their patients and their practice of SDM. Differences between COM and CAM regarding the attitude toward and the perceived use of SDM are attributable to diverse concepts of medicine, practice context variables and internal provider factors. Therefore, the perceived feasibility of SDM depends on the complexity of different occupational socialization processes and thus, different value systems between COM and CAM. Implementation barriers such as insufficient communication skills, lacking SDM training or obedient patients should be reduced. Especially in COM, contextual variables such as political restrictions need to be eliminated to successfully implement SDM. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Aberration of mitosis by hexavalent chromium in some Fabaceae members is mediated by species-specific microtubule disruption.

PubMed

Eleftheriou, Eleftherios P; Michalopoulou, Vasiliki A; Adamakis, Ioannis-Dimosthenis S

2015-05-01

Because the detrimental effects of chromium (Cr) to higher plants have been poorly investigated, the present study was undertaken to verify the toxic attributes of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] to plant mitotic microtubules (MTs), to determine any differential disruption of MTs during mitosis of taxonomically related species and to clarify the relationship between the visualized chromosomal aberrations and the Cr(VI)-induced MT disturbance. For this purpose, 5-day-old uniform seedlings of Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, Vigna sinensis and Vigna angularis, all belonging to the Fabaceae family, were exposed to 250 μM Cr(VI) supplied as potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) for 24, 72 and 120 h and others in distilled water serving as controls. Root tip samples were processed for tubulin immunolabelling (for MT visualization) and DNA fluorescent staining (for chromosomal visualization). Microscopic preparations of cell squashes were then examined and photographed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Cr(VI) halted seedling growth turning roots brown and necrotic. Severe chromosomal abnormalities and differential disturbance of the corresponding MT arrays were found in all mitotic phases. In particular, in V. faba MTs were primarily depolymerized and replaced by atypical tubulin conformations, whereas in P. sativum, V. sinensis and V. angularis they became bundled in a time-dependent manner. In P. sativum, the effects were milder compared to those of the other species, but in all cases MT disturbance adversely affected the proper aggregation of chromosomes on the metaphase plate, their segregation at anaphase and organization of the new nuclei at telophase. Cr(VI) is very toxic to seedling growth. The particular effect depends on the exact stage the cell is found at the time of Cr(VI) entrance and is species-specific. Mitotic MT arrays are differentially deranged by Cr(VI) in the different species examined, even if they are taxonomically related, while their disturbance underlies chromosomal abnormalities. Results furthermore support the view that MTs may constitute a reliable, sensitive and universal subcellular marker for monitoring heavy metal toxicity.
Inclusions of crichtonite-group minerals in Cr-pyropes from the Internatsionalnaya kimberlite pipe, Siberian Craton: Crystal chemistry, parageneses and relationships to mantle metasomatism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rezvukhin, Dmitriy I.; Malkovets, Vladimir G.; Sharygin, Igor S.; Tretiakova, Irina G.; Griffin, William L.; O'Reilly, Suzanne Y.

2018-05-01

Cr-pyrope xenocrysts and associated inclusions of crichtonite-group minerals from the Internatsionalnaya kimberlite pipe were studied to provide new insights into processes in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Mirny kimberlite field, Siberian craton. Pyropes are predominantly of lherzolitic paragenesis (Cr2O3 2-6 wt%) and have trace-element spectra typical for garnets from fertile mantle (gradual increase in chondrite-normalized values from LREE to MREE-HREE). Crichtonite-group minerals commonly occur as monomineralic elongated inclusions, mostly in association with rutile, Mg-ilmenite and Cr-spinel within individual grains of pyrope. Sample INT-266 hosts intergrowth of crichtonite-group mineral and Cl-apatite, while sample INT-324 contains polymineralic apatite- and dolomite-bearing assemblages. Crichtonite-group minerals are Al-rich (1.1-4.5 wt% Al2O3), moderately Zr-enriched (1.3-4.3 wt% ZrO2), and are Ca-, Sr-, and occasionally Ba-dominant in terms of A-site occupancy; they also contain significant amounts of Na and LREE. T-estimates and chemical composition of Cr-pyropes imply that samples represent relatively low-T peridotite assemblages with ambient T ranging from 720 to 820°С. Projected onto the 35 mW/m2 cratonic paleogeotherm for the Mirny kimberlite field (Griffin et al., 1999b. Tectonophysics 310, 1-35), temperature estimates yield a P range of 34-42 kbar ( 110-130 km), which corresponds to a mantle domain in the uppermost part of the diamond stability field. The presence of crichtonite-group minerals in Cr-pyropes has petrological and geochemical implications as evidence for metasomatic enrichment of some incompatible elements in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Mirny kimberlite field. The genesis of Cr-pyropes with inclusions of crichtonite-group minerals is attributed to the percolation of Ca-Sr-Na-LREE-Zr-bearing carbonate-silicate metasomatic agents through Mg- and Cr-rich depleted peridotite protoliths. The findings of several potentially new members of the crichtonite group as inclusions in garnet extend existing knowledge on the compositions and occurrences of exotic titanates stable in the lithospheric mantle.
Genetic and environmental factors influencing first service conception rate and late embryonic/foetal mortality in low fertility dairy herds.

PubMed

Grimard, B; Freret, S; Chevallier, A; Pinto, A; Ponsart, C; Humblot, P

2006-01-01

The objective of this study was to identify factors affecting variation in conception rate to first artificial inseminations (AI) (CR: number of pregnant cows on D80-100/inseminated cows) and the incidence of embryonic/foetal loss (LEM) between 21 and 80 days of pregnancy (number of cows non-pregnant on D80-100/pregnant on D21) in 44 low fertility dairy herds of the west-central region of France. Reproductive status was assessed using progesterone milk concentration on D0 = Day of AI and D21-24, plasma PSPB concentration on D30-35, rectal palpation on D80-100 and observed return to oestrous. The final data set contained 1285 Prim'Holstein cows, 5.0% (64/1285) were inseminated in the luteal phase (progesterone > or = 3 ng/ml on D0), 61.3% (787/1285) were pregnant on D21-24 (progesterone < 3 ng/ml on D0 and > or = 5 ng/ml on D21-24), 15.4% lost their embryo/foetus between D21-24 and D80-100 (198/1285) and 45.8% (589/1285) were pregnant on D80-100. The incidence of late embryonic/foetal loss (LEM) was 25.2% (198/787). Multivariate logistic regression models including the random herd effect were used to analyse the relationship between AI centre, AI sire, cow's sire, parity, interval between calving and AI, milk production, milk protein content, body condition score (BCS) on D0, season of calving, season of AI, estimated genetic index on CR and LEM incidence. CR was significantly related to parity (p < 0.05), milk production after calving (p < 0.05) and estimated genetic value (p < 0.01). A significant difference in CR was observed for calving to AI interval > or = 70 days versus > or = 90 days, but the overall effect of the interval was not significant (p = 0.11). LEM incidence was affected by period of AI (p < 0.05), milk production (p < 0.05) and BCS (p < 0.05), but was not related to estimated genetic index. In conclusion, in these low fertility herds, the incidence of LEM was high and 25% of the cows lost their embryo after 21 days of pregnancy. LEM was affected by specific factors (season, BCS), which were not related to CR. The absence of a relationship between estimated genetic index and LEM in spite of its effect on CR indicates that estimated genetic merit has a greater effect on early embryonic loss or fertilisation failure than on later stages of embryo development.
At the intersection of micro and macro: opportunities and challenges for physician-patient communication research.

PubMed

Cline, Rebecca J Welch

2003-05-01

The health care relationship model is undergoing dramatic change. Micro-level communication patterns yield health care relationship models (e.g. paternalism, mutual participation, consumerism). At the same time, macro-level systems appear increasingly likely to influence the nature of micro-level interaction. The intersections of health care communication micro-level and macro-level phenomena provide important venues for research and interventions. This essay identifies theoretical premises regarding the relationships between communication and health-related behavior; explores three prominent and growing macro-level phenomena that observers argue likely influence the physical-patient relationship and communication therein: complementary and alternative medicine, the Internet, and direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs; and offers a research agenda for exploring macro-level influences on micro-level physician-patient communication.

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