26 CFR 1.23-5 - Certification procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... definition of an energy-conserving component or renewable energy source property. Upon the request of a...)(1)). (2) The item meets the definition of an other energy-conserving component specified in section 23(c)(4) or former section 44C(c)(4) see (§ 1.23-2(d)(4)). (3) The item meets the definition of solar...

26 CFR 1.23-5 - Certification procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... definition of an energy-conserving component or renewable energy source property. Upon the request of a...)(1)). (2) The item meets the definition of an other energy-conserving component specified in section 23(c)(4) or former section 44C(c)(4) see (§ 1.23-2(d)(4)). (3) The item meets the definition of solar...

26 CFR 1.23-5 - Certification procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... definition of an energy-conserving component or renewable energy source property. Upon the request of a...)(1)). (2) The item meets the definition of an other energy-conserving component specified in section 23(c)(4) or former section 44C(c)(4) see (§ 1.23-2(d)(4)). (3) The item meets the definition of solar...

Investigation of liquid wax components of Egyptian jojoba seeds.

PubMed

El-Mallah, Mohammed Hassan; El-Shami, Safinaz Mohammed

2009-01-01

Egyptian jojoba seeds newly cultivated in Ismailia desert in Egypt promoted us to determine its lipid components. Fatty alcohols, fatty acids, wax esters and sterols patterns were determined by capillary GLC whereas, tocopherols profile, isopropenoid alcohols and sterylglycosides were determined by HPLC. The Egyptian seeds are rich in wax esters (55 %) with fatty alcohols C20:1 and C22:1 as major components and amounted to 43.0 % and 45.6 % respectively followed by C24:1 and C18:1(9.6 % and 1.3 % respectively). The fatty acids profile showed that C20:1 is the major constituent (60 %) followed by C18:1 and C22:1 (14.5 and 11.8 % respectively) whereas C24:1 was present at low concentration amounted to 1.6 %. In addition, the Egyptian jojoba wax contained C18:2 fatty acid at a level of 8.7 %. Wax esters composition showed that the local wax had C42 and C40 esters as major components amounted to 51.1 and 30.1 % respectively. Also, it had C44 and C38 at reasonable amounts (10.0 and 6.3 % respectively). Whereas C36 and C46 were present at lower concentrations amounted to 1.4 and 1.1 respectively. The sterols analysis showed the presence of campe-, stigma-, beta-sito-, and isofuco- sterol amounting to 18.4 %, 6.9 %, 68.7 %, and 6.0 % respectively. The tocopherols pattern revealed that the local seed wax contained gamma-tocopherol as major constituent (79.2 %) followed by alpha-tocopherol (20.3 %). beta-tocopherol as well as delta-tocopherol were found as minor constituents. The isopropenoid alcohols and the sterylglycosides (free and acylated) were not detected. The wax is proposed to be used in oleo chemistry and cosmetics.

Transition metal-free olefin polymerization catalyst

DOEpatents

Sen, Ayusman; Wojcinski, II, Louis M.; Liu, Shengsheng

2001-01-01

Ethylene and/or propylene are polymerized to form high molecular weight, linear polymers by contacting ethylene and/or propylene monomer, in the presence of an inert reaction medium, with a catalyst system which consists essentially of (1) an aluminum alkyl component, such as trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum and diethylaluminum hydride and (2) a Lewis acid or Lewis acid derivative component, such as B (C.sub.6 F.sub.5).sub.3, [(CH.sub.3).sub.2 N (H) (C.sub.6 H.sub.5)].sup.+ [B (C.sub.6 F.sub.5)4].sup.-, [(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.3 NH].sup.+ [B C.sub.6 F.sub.5).sub.4 ],.sup.-, [C(C.sub.6 F.sub.5).sub.3 ].sup.+ [B(C.sub.6 F.sub.5).sub.4 ].sup.-, (C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.2 Al(OCH.sub.3), (C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.2 Al(2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenoxide), (C.sub.2 H.sub.5)Al(2,6 -di-t-butylphenoxide).sub.2, (C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.2 Al(2,6-di-t-butylphonoxide) , 2,6 -di-t-butylphenol.multidot.methylaluminoxane or an alkylaluminoxane, and which may be completely free any transition metal component(s).

[Resolving characteristic of CDOM by excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis in the seawater of outer Yangtze Estuary in Autumn in 2010].

PubMed

Yan, Li-Hong; Chen, Xue-Jun; Su, Rong-Guo; Han, Xiu-Rong; Zhang, Chuan-Song; Shi, Xiao-Yong

2013-01-01

The distribution and estuarine behavior of fluorescent components of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the seawater of outer Yangtze Estuary were determined by fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectra combined with parallel factor analysis. Six individual fluorescent components were identified by PARAFAC models, including three terrestrial humic-like components C1 [330 nm/390(430) nm], C2 (390 nm/480 nm), C3 (360 nm/440 nm), marine biological production component C5 (300 nm/400 nm) and protein-like components C4 (290 nm/350 nm) and C6 (275 nm/300 nm). The results indicated that C1, C2, and C3 showed a conservative mixing behavior in the whole estuarine region, especially in high-salinity region. And the fluorescence intensity proportion of C1 and C3 decreased with increase of salinity and fluorescence intensity proportion of C2 kept constant with increase of salinity in the whole estuarine region. While C4 showed conservative mixing behavior in low-salinity region and non-conservative mixing behavior in high-salinity region, and fluorescence intensity proportion of C4 increased with increase of salinity. However, C5 and C6 showed a non-conservative mixing behavior and fluorescence intensity proportion increased with increase of salinity in high-salinity region. Significantly spatial difference was recorded for CDOM absorption coefficient in the coastal region and in the open water areas with the highest value in coastal region and the lowest value in the open water areas. The scope of absorption coefficient and absorption slope was higher in coastal region than that in the open water areas. Significantly positive correlations were found between CDOM absorption coefficient and the fluorescence intensities of C1, C2, C3, and C4, but no significant correlation was found between C5 and C6, suggesting that the river inputs contributed to the coastal areas, while CDOM in the open water areas was affected by terrestrial inputs and phytoplankton degradation.

Associations Between Attitudes Toward Physical Education and Aerobic Capacity in Hungarian High School Students.

PubMed

Kaj, Mónika; Saint-Maurice, Pedro F; Karsai, István; Vass, Zoltán; Csányi, Tamás; Boronyai, Zoltán; Révész, László

2015-06-26

The purpose of this study was to create a physical education (PE) attitude scale and examine how it is associated with aerobic capacity (AC). Participants (n = 961, aged 15-20 years) were randomly selected from 26 Hungarian high schools. AC was estimated from performance on the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular and Endurance Run test, and the attitude scale had 31 items measured on a Likert scale that ranged from 1 to 5. Principal component analysis was used to examine the structure of the questionnaire while several 2-way analyses of variance and multiple linear regression (MLR) were computed to examine trends in AC and test the association between component scores obtained from the attitude scale and AC, respectively. Five components were identified: health orientation in PE (C1), avoid failure in PE (C2), success orientation in PE (C3), attitude toward physical activity (C4), and cooperation and social experience in PE (C5). There was a statistically significant main effect for sex on C3 (p < .05), C4 (p < .001), and C5 (p < .05) indicating that boys' scores were higher than girls. The Sex × Age interaction was also statistically significant (p < .05) and follow-up comparisons revealed sex differences in C5 for 15-year-old participants. Girls showed statistically significant higher values than boys in C5 at the age of 16 years. MLR results revealed that component scores were significantly associated with AC (p < .05). Statistically significant predictors included C1, C2, C3, and C4 for boys and C2 and C4 for girls. The 5-component scale seems to be suitable for measuring students' attitudes toward PE. The design of the study does not allow for direct associations between attitudes and AC but suggests that these 2 might be related.

ALMA Detection of Extended [C II] Emission in Himiko at z = 6.6

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carniani, S.; Maiolino, R.; Smit, R.; Amorín, R.

2018-02-01

Himiko is one of the most luminous Lyα emitters at z = 6.595. It has three star-forming clumps detected in the rest-frame UV, with a total SFR = 20 M ⊙ yr‑1. We report the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) detection of the [C II]158 μm line emission in this Galaxy with a significance of 8σ. The total [C II] luminosity (L [C II] = 1.2 × 108 L ⊙) is fully consistent with the local L [C II]–SFR relation. The ALMA high-angular resolution reveals that the [C II] emission is made of two distinct components. The brightest [C II] clump is extended over 4 kpc and is located on the peak of the Lyα nebula, which is spatially offset by 1 kpc relative to the brightest UV clump. The second [C II] component is spatially unresolved (size <2 kpc) and coincident with one of the three UV clumps. While the latter component is consistent with the local L [C II]–SFR relation, the other components are scattered above and below the local relation. We shortly discuss the possible origin of the [C II] components and their relation with the star-forming clumps traced by the UV emission.

Characterization and spacial distribution variability of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Yangtze Estuary.

PubMed

Wang, Ying; Zhang, Di; Shen, Zhenyao; Chen, Jing; Feng, Chenghong

2014-01-01

The spatial characteristics and the quantity and quality of the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Yangtze Estuary, based on the abundance, degree of humification and sources, were studied using 3D fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectra (F-EEMs) with parallel factor and principal component analysis (PARAFAC-PCA). The results indicated that the CDOM abundance decreased and the aromaticity increased from the upstream to the downstream areas of the estuary. Higher CDOM abundance and degrees of humification were observed in the pore water than that in the surface and bottom waters. Two humic-like components (C1 and C3) and one tryptophan-like component (C2) were identified using the PARAFAC model. The separation of the samples by PCA highlighted the differences in the DOM properties. Components C1 and C3 concurrently displayed positive factor 1 loadings with nearly zero factor 2 loadings, while C2 showed highly positive factor 2 loadings. The C1 and C3 were very similar and exhibited a direct relationship with A355 and DOC. The CDOM in the pore water increased along the river to the coastal area, which was mainly influenced by C1 and C3 and was significantly derived from sediment remineralization and deposition from the inflow of the Yangtze River. The CDOM in the surface and bottom waters was dominated by C2, especially in the inflows of multiple tributaries that were affected by intensive anthropogenic activities. The microbial degradation of exogenous wastes from the tributary inputs and shoreside discharges were dominant sources of the CDOM in the surface and bottom waters. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Resolving the variability of CDOM fluorescence to differentiate the sources and fate of DOM in Lake Taihu and its tributaries.

PubMed

Yao, Xin; Zhang, Yunlin; Zhu, Guangwei; Qin, Boqiang; Feng, Longqing; Cai, Linlin; Gao, Guang

2011-01-01

Taihu Basin is the most developed area in China, which economic development has resulted in pollutants being produced and discharged into rivers and the lake. Lake Taihu is located in the center of the basin, which is characterized by a complex network of rivers and channels. To assess the sources and fate of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters, we determined the components and abundance of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) within Lake Taihu and 66 of its tributaries, and 22 sites along transects from two main rivers. In Lake Taihu, there was a relative less spatial variation in CDOM absorption a(CDOM)(355) with a mean of 2.46 ± 0.69 m⁻¹ compared to the mean of 3.36 ± 1.77 m⁻¹ in the rivers. Two autochthonous tryptophan-like components (C1 and C5), two humic-like components (C2 and C3), and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component (C4) were identified using the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model. The C2 and C3 had a direct relationship with a(CDOM)(355), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The separation of lake samples from river samples, on both axes of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), showed the difference in DOM fluorophores between these various environments. Components C1 and C5 concurrently showed positive factor 1 loadings, while C4 was close to the negative factor 1 axis. Components C2 and C3 showed positive second factor loadings. The major contribution of autochthonous tryptophan-like components to lake samples is due to the autochthonous production of CDOM in the lake ecosystems. The results also showed that the differences in geology and associated land use control CDOM dynamics, such as the high levels of CDOM with terrestrial characteristics in the northwestern upstream rivers and low levels of CDOM with increased microbial characteristics in the southwestern upstream rivers. Most of river samples from the downstream regions in the eastern and southeastern plains had a similar relative abundance of humic-like fluorescence, with less of the tryptophan-like and more of the tyrosine-like contributions than did samples from upstream regions. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Imaging Radar Studies of Atmospheric Winds and Waves

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-09-02

3*ZAWindow - ZASpread(dir) do 10004 ant - 1,3 0 C "c Test #1: Reject this Doppler frequency if both quadrature "c components are too small on any...dipole) - pd23(dir,dipole) - 2*pi If (pd23(dir,dipole) .At. -pi) 1 pd23(dir,dipole) - pd23(dir,dipole) + 2*pi c "c Tests #2,3,6,&7: The two zenith...thetal+theta2)/2 10098 continue c "c Tests #4 and #8: Both dipoles have separately determined zenith "c angles for one direction. Do these two values

[Resolving excitation emission matrix spectroscopy of estuarine CDOM with parallel factor analysis and its application in organic pollution monitoring].

PubMed

Guo, Wei-Dong; Huang, Jian-Ping; Hong, Hua-Sheng; Xu, Jing; Deng, Xun

2010-06-01

The distribution and estuarine behavior of fluorescent components of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from Jiulong Estuary were determined by fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The feasibility of these components as tracers for organic pollution in estuarine environments was also evaluated. Four separate fluorescent components were identified by PARAFAC, including three humic-like components (C1: 240, 310/382 nm; C2: 230, 250, 340/422 nm; C4: 260, 390/482 nm) and one protein-like components (C3: 225, 275/342 nm). These results indicated that UV humic-like peak A area designated by traditional "peak-picking method" was not a single peak but actually a combination of several fluorescent components, and it also had inherent links to so-called marine humic-like peak M or terrestrial humic-like peak C. Component C2 which include peak M decreased with increase of salinity in Jiulong Estuary, demonstrating that peak M can not be thought as the specific indicator of the "marine" humic-like component. Two humic-like components C1 and C2 showed additional behavior in the turbidity maximum region (salinity < 6) and then conservative mixing behavior for the rest estuarine region, while humic-like components C4 showed conservative mixing behavior for the whole estuarine region. However, the protein-like component C3 showed nonconservative mixing behavior, suggesting it had autochthonous estuarine origin. EEMs-PARAFAC can provide fluorescent fingerprint to differentiate the DOM features for three tributaries of Jiulong River. The observed linear relationships between humic-like components and absorption coefficient a (280) with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) suggest that the optical properties of CDOM may provide a fast in-situ way to monitor the variation of the degree of organic pollution in estuarine environments.

Complement activation on the surface of cell-derived microparticles during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass - is retransfusion of pericardial blood harmful?

PubMed

Biró, E; van den Goor, J M; de Mol, B A; Schaap, M C; Ko, L-Y; Sturk, A; Hack, C E; Nieuwland, R

2011-01-01

To investigate whether cell-derived microparticles play a role in complement activation in pericardial blood of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and whether microparticles in pericardial blood contribute to systemic complement activation upon retransfusion. Pericardial blood of 13 patients was retransfused in 9 and discarded in 4 cases. Microparticles were isolated from systemic blood collected before anesthesia (T1) and at the end of CPB (T2), and from pericardial blood. The microparticles were analyzed by flow cytometry for bound complement components C1q, C4 and C3, and bound complement activator molecules C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P-component (SAP), immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG. Fluid-phase complement activation products (C4b/c, C3b/c) and activator molecules were determined by ELISA. Compared with systemic T1 blood, pericardial blood contained increased C4b/c and C3b/c, and increased levels of microparticles with bound complement components. In systemic T1 samples, microparticle-bound CRP, whereas in pericardial blood, microparticle-bound SAP and IgM were associated with complement activation. At the end of CPB, increased C3b/c (but not C4b/c) was present in systemic T2 blood compared with T1, while concentrations of microparticles binding complement components and of those binding complement activator molecules were similar. Concentrations of fluid-phase complement activation products and microparticles were similar in patients whether or not retransfused with pericardial blood. In pericardial blood of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB, microparticles contribute to activation of the complement system via bound SAP and IgM. Retransfusion of pericardial blood, however, does not contribute to systemic complement activation.

Verification, Validation and Accreditation

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-03

5512 digital oscillatorABC_9230 Warning Module PWB component h component, c r2 socsr hhh  max. height (surface relative), hsr r1 pwbsra thh  max...Evacuation Codes Egress, Exodus, … 0.500 in.0.060 in. 20135-5512 digital oscillatorABC_9230 Warning Module PWB component component, c r2 hhh max. height

Studies of Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Resolved Absorption Spectra of Nucleic Acid Components.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Yingxian

1993-01-01

There is considerable uncertainty about dynamic aspects of the photophysics of the adenylyl chromophore, stemming from the discordant values reported for the room temperature fluorescence lifetimes (tau_1 = 5 ps, tau_2 = 330 ps for 9MeAde; tau_1 = 290 ps, tau_2 = 4.17 ns for ATP). Spectra reported in conjunction with these lifetimes create difficulties in assignment of emission. To clarify this situation I have investigated the fluorescence decay times and time -resolved emission spectra of adenylyl compounds under a variety of conditions (concentration, pH, solvent) using sub-ns laser excitation at 265 nm together with gated fast sampling (100 ps) detection and signal averaging. Multi -component decays and spectra are observed in aqueous solution. Major slow components (tau = 4.4 +/- 0.2 ns) with emission maxima at 380 nm are found for all components at pH 1.1 and for ATP at pH 4.4. At pH 7 a fast component (<100 ps) predominates. There is no marked evidence for a concentration dependence, the oscillator strengths are 10^ {-3}-10^{-5} and transitions must be classified as weakly forbidden. Single component emission is observed in acetonitrile and ethanol. The UV absorption spectra of biomolecules d(CG) and polyd(GC)cdotpolyd(GC) exhibit the different hypochromic effects due to different interactions between guanosine(G) and cytidine(C) in stacked form. The present work has been carried out to explain this quantitatively. To approach this problem the absorption spectra of G and C have been resolved into gaussian components using the PeakFit program. The absorption spectra (220-310 nm) of d(CG) and polyd(GC)cdotpolyd(GC) have been fitted with gaussian components of G and C (in the order of increasing energy, G1 and G2, and C1, C2 and C3, respectively), and the contribution to both spectra from individual gaussians is estimated in terms of oscillator strengths. The fitting results suggest that the small hypochromism in absorption spectrum of d(CG) may be attributed to the interactions between G1 and C1; the large hypochromism in absorption spectrum of polyd(GC)cdotpolyd(GC) probably originates from the interactions between G1, C1, C2 and C3. The present work has also resolved a series of absorption spectra of cytidyl chromophore in different pH aqueous solution and various solvents. Time-resolved emission spectra of GMP, dCMP and m^5 -dCMP in different pH aqueous solutions have been determined. The results show that pH affects the lifetimes and spectral characteristics of GMP significantly, but does not affect dCMP and m^5-dCMP.

Emergent conditional relations in a Go/No-Go procedure: figure-ground and stimulus-position compound relations.

PubMed

Debert, Paula; Huziwara, Edson M; Faggiani, Robson Brino; De Mathis, Maria Eugênia Simões; McIlvane, William J

2009-09-01

Past research has demonstrated emergent conditional relations using a go/no-go procedure with pairs of figures displayed side-by-side on a computer screen. The present study sought to extend applications of this procedure. In Experiment 1, we evaluated whether emergent conditional relations could be demonstrated when two-component stimuli were displayed in figure-ground relationships-abstract figures displayed on backgrounds of different colors. Five normally capable adults participated. During training, each two-component stimulus was presented successively. Responses emitted in the presence of some stimulus pairs (A1B1, A2B2, A3B3, B1C1, B2C2 and B3C3) were reinforced, whereas responses emitted in the presence of other pairs (A1B2, A1B3, A2B1, A2B3, A3B1, A3B2, B1C2, B1C3, B2C1, B2C3, B3C1 and B3C2) were not. During tests, new configurations (AC and CA) were presented, thus emulating structurally the matching-to-sample tests employed in typical equivalence studies. All participants showed emergent relations consistent with stimulus equivalence during testing. In Experiment 2, we systematically replicated the procedures with stimulus compounds consisting of four figures (A1, A2, C1 and C2) and two locations (left - B1 and right - B2). All 6 normally capable adults exhibited emergent stimulus-stimulus relations. Together, these experiments show that the go/no-go procedure is a potentially useful alternative for studying emergent conditional relations when matching-to-sample is procedurally cumbersome or impossible to use.

Effect of interferon-gamma on complement gene expression in different cell types.

PubMed

Lappin, D F; Guc, D; Hill, A; McShane, T; Whaley, K

1992-01-15

We have studied the expression of the complement components C2, C3, factor B, C1 inhibitor (C1-inh), C4-binding protein (C4-bp) and factor H in human peripheral blood monocytes, skin fibroblasts, umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and the human hepatoma cell line G2 (Hep G2) in the absence and the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). E.l.i.s.a. performed on culture fluids, run-on transcription assays, Northern blot and double-dilution dot-blot techniques confirmed that monocytes expressed all six components, whereas fibroblasts, HUVEC and HepG2 each expressed five of the six components. Fibroblasts and HUVEC did not synthesize C4-bp, and Hep G2 did not produce factor H. In addition to these differences, the synthesis rates of C3, C1-inh and factor H were not the same in all cell types. However, the synthesis rates of C2 and factor B were similar in all four cell types. The half-lives of the mRNAs were shorter in monocytes than in other cell types. Monocyte factor H mRNA had a half-life of 12 min in monocytes, compared with over 3 h in fibroblasts and HUVEC. The instability of factor H mRNA in monocytes may contribute to their low factor H secretion rate. IFN-gamma produced dose-dependent stimulation of C2, factor B, C1-inh, C4-bp and factor H synthesis by all cell types expressing these proteins, but decreased C3 synthesis in all four cell types. Cell-specific differences in the response to IFN-gamma were observed. The increased rates of transcription of the C1-inh and factor H genes in HUVEC were greater than in other cell types, while the increased rate of transcription of the C2, factor B and C1-inh genes in Hep G2 cells was less than in other cell types. IFN-gamma did not affect the stability of C3, factor H or C4 bp mRNAs, but increased the stability of factor B and C1-inh mRNAs and decreased the stability of C2 mRNA. Although these changes occurred in all four cell types studied, the half-life of C1-inh mRNA in monocytes was increased almost 4-fold, whereas the increases in the other cell types were less than 30%. These data show that the constitutive synthesis rates of complement components may vary in the different cell types. They also show that the degree of change in synthesis rates in response to IFN-gamma in each of the cell types often varies due to differences in transcriptional response, sometimes in association with changes in mRNA stability.

Seasonal characterization of CDOM for lakes in semi-arid regions of Northeast China using excitation-emission matrices fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Y.; Song, K.; Wen, Z.; Li, L.; Zang, S.; Shao, T.; Li, S.; Du, J.

2015-04-01

The seasonal characteristics of fluorescence components in CDOM for lakes in the semi-arid region of Northeast China were examined by excitation-emission matrices fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Two humic-like peaks C1 (Ex/Em = 230, 300/425 nm) and C2 (Ex/Em = 255, 350/460 nm) and two protein-like B (Ex/Em = 220, 275/320 nm) and T (Ex/Em = 225, 290/360 nm) peaks were identified using PARAFAC. The average fluorescence intensity of the four components differed with seasonal variation from June and August 2013 to February and April 2014. The total fluorescence intensity significantly varied from 2.54 ± 0.68 nm-1 in June to the mean value 1.93 ± 0.70 nm-1 in August 2013, and then increased to 2.34 ± 0.92 nm-1 in February and reduced to the lowest 1.57 ± 0.55 nm-1 in April 2014. In general, the fluorescence intensity was dominated by peak C1, indicating that most part of CDOM for inland waters being investigated in this study was originated from phytoplankton degradation. The lowest C2 represents only a small portion of CDOM from terrestrial imported organic matter to water bodies through rainwash and soil leaching. The two protein-like intensities (B and T) formed in situ through microbial activity have almost the same intensity. Especially, in August 2013 and February 2014, the two protein-like peaks showed obviously difference from other seasons and the highest C1 (1.02 nm-1) was present in February 2014. Components 1 and 2 exhibited strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.633). There were significantly positive linear relationships between CDOM absorption coefficients a(254) (R2 = 0.72, 0.46, p < 0.01), a(280) (R2 = 0.77, 0.47, p < 0.01), a(350) (R2 = 0.76, 0.78, p < 0.01) and Fmax for two humic-like components (C1 and C2), respectively. A close relationship (R2 = 0.931) was found between salinity and DOC. However, almost no obvious correlation was found between salinity and EEM-PARAFAC extracted components except for C3 (R2 = 0.469). Results from this investigation demonstrate that the EEM-PARAFAC technique can be used to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of CDOM fluorescence components for inland waters in semi-arid regions of Northeast China.

40 CFR 60.485a - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O at 68 °F). Standard reference texts or ASTM D2879-83, 96, or 97... concentration of the pure organic components having a vapor pressure greater than 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O... Hi = net heat of combustion of sample component “i” at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg (77 °F and 14.7 psi), kcal...

40 CFR 60.485a - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O at 68 °F). Standard reference texts or ASTM D2879-83, 96, or 97... concentration of the pure organic components having a vapor pressure greater than 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O...,” ppm Hi = net heat of combustion of sample component “i” at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg (77 °F and 14.7 psi...

40 CFR 60.485a - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O at 68 °F). Standard reference texts or ASTM D2879-83, 96, or 97... concentration of the pure organic components having a vapor pressure greater than 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O... Hi = net heat of combustion of sample component “i” at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg (77 °F and 14.7 psi), kcal...

40 CFR 60.485a - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O at 68 °F). Standard reference texts or ASTM D2879-83, 96, or 97... concentration of the pure organic components having a vapor pressure greater than 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O...,” ppm Hi = net heat of combustion of sample component “i” at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg (77 °F and 14.7 psi...

40 CFR 60.485a - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O at 68 °F). Standard reference texts or ASTM D2879-83, 96, or 97... concentration of the pure organic components having a vapor pressure greater than 0.3 kPa at 20 °C (1.2 in. H2O...,” ppm Hi = net heat of combustion of sample component “i” at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg (77 °F and 14.7 psi...

Sunlight-induced changes in chromophores and fluorophores of wastewater-derived organic matter in receiving waters--the role of salinity.

PubMed

Yang, Xiaofang; Meng, Fangang; Huang, Guocheng; Sun, Li; Lin, Zheng

2014-10-01

Wastewater-derived organic matter (WOM) is an important constituent of discharge to urban rivers and is suspected of altering the naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water systems. This study investigated sunlight-induced changes in chromophores and fluorophores of WOM with different salinities (S = 0, 10, 20 and 30) that were collected from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP-A and WWTP-B). The results showed that exposure to sunlight for 5.3 × 10(5) J/m(2) caused significant decreases in UV254-absorbing WOM (45-59% loss) compared to gross dissolved organic carbon (<15% loss). An increase in salinity accelerated the overall photo-degradation rates of the UV254-absorbing chromophores from both WOM and natural DOM. In addition, irradiated WOM at a higher salinity had a larger molecular size than that at a lower salinity. However, natural DOM did not display such behavior. Parallel factor analysis of the excitation-emission matrix determined the presence of two humic-like components (C1 and C2) and two protein-like components (C3 and C4). All the components in WOM followed second-order kinetics, except for the C4 component in WWTP-A, which fit zero-order photoreaction kinetics. The photo-degradation of the C1 component in both WWTPs appeared to be independent of salinity; however, the photo-degradation rates of the C2 and C3 components in both WWTPs and C4 in WWTP-B increased significantly with increasing salinity. In comparison, the photo-degradation of the C1 component was significantly facilitated by increased salinity in natural DOM, fitting first-order photoreaction kinetics. As such, the current knowledge concerning the photo-degradation of naturally occurring DOM cannot be extrapolated for the understanding of WOM photo-degradation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

(DURIP) MIMO Radar Testbed for Waveform Adaptive Sensing Research

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-17

OH 43210 -1016 31-Aug...Ohio State University Columbus, OH Foreword Microwave radar systems are crucial components of any standoff sensor system due to their all-weather...976LP 3E E N 1 R D 2 R E F 3 V R X 4 HV 5 N/C1 6 N/C2 7 N/C3 8 N /C 4 9 N /C 5 10 V R 11 N /C 6 12 N/C7 13 N/ C8 14 VDD 15 N/C9 16 GND_2 17 C 9 10uF C

Characterization of CDOM from urban waters in Northern-Northeastern China using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis.

PubMed

Zhao, Ying; Song, Kaishan; Li, Sijia; Ma, Jianhang; Wen, Zhidan

2016-08-01

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays an important role in aquatic systems, but high concentrations of organic materials are considered pollutants. The fluorescent component characteristics of CDOM in urban waters sampled from Northern and Northeastern China were examined by excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) to investigate the source and compositional changes of CDOM on both space and pollution levels. One humic-like (C1), one tryptophan-like component (C2), and one tyrosine-like component (C3) were identified by PARAFAC. Mean fluorescence intensities of the three CDOM components varied spatially and by pollution level in cities of Northern and Northeastern China during July-August, 2013 and 2014. Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify the relative distribution of all water samples. Cluster analysis (CA) was also used to categorize the samples into groups of similar pollution levels within a study area. Strong positive linear relationships were revealed between the CDOM absorption coefficients a(254) (R (2) = 0.89, p < 0.01); a(355) (R (2) = 0.94, p < 0.01); and the fluorescence intensity (F max) for the humic-like C1 component. A positive linear relationship (R (2) = 0.77) was also exhibited between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the F max for the humic-like C1 component, but a relatively weak correlation (R (2) = 0.56) was detected between DOC and the F max for the tryptophan-like component (C2). A strong positive correlation was observed between the F max for the tryptophan-like component (C2) and total nitrogen (TN) (R (2) = 0.78), but moderate correlations were observed with ammonium-N (NH4-N) (R (2) = 0.68), and chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) (R (2) = 0.52). Therefore, the fluorescence intensities of CDOM components can be applied to monitor water quality in real time compared to that of traditional approaches. These results demonstrate that EEM-PARAFAC is useful to evaluate the dynamics of CDOM fluorescent components in urban waters from Northern and Northeastern China and this method has potential applications for monitoring urban water quality in different regions with various hydrological conditions and pollution levels.

C1q complement component and -antibodies reflect SLE activity and kidney involvement.

PubMed

Horák, P; Hermanová, Z; Zadrazil, J; Ciferská, H; Ordeltová, M; Kusá, L; Zurek, M; Tichý, T

2006-07-01

The role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of systemic diseases is very ambivalent. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), many abnormalities in the activation of the complement system have been reported. The most important antibodies formed against the complement system in SLE are the ones associated with the C1q component. The aim of this study was to assess separately the anti-C1q antibodies and C1q component in the serum from 65 patients with SLE, then in individuals with (n=33) and without (n=32) lupus nephritis and with active (n=36) and nonactive (n=29) form of the disease (European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement, ECLAM>3, ECLAM

Seasonal variation in the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter exchanged between a salt marsh and its adjacent estuary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osburn, Christopher L.; Mikan, Molly P.; Etheridge, J. Randall; Burchell, Michael R.; Birgand, François

2015-07-01

Fluorescence was used to examine the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM) exchanging between a tidal creek in a created salt marsh and its adjacent estuary in eastern North Carolina, USA. Samples from the creek were collected hourly over four tidal cycles in May, July, August, and October 2011. Absorbance and fluorescence of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and of base-extracted POM (BEPOM) served as the tracers for organic matter quality while dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and base-extracted particulate organic carbon (BEPOC) were used to compute fluxes. Fluorescence was modeled using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and principle components analysis (PCA) of the PARAFAC results. Of nine PARAFAC components (C) modeled, C3 represented recalcitrant DOM and C4 represented fresher soil-derived source DOM. Component 1 represented detrital POM, and C6 represented planktonic POM. Based on mass balance, recalcitrant DOC export was 86 g C m-2 yr-1 and labile DOC export was 49 g C m-2 yr-1; no planktonic DOC was exported. The marsh also exported 41 g C m-2 yr-1 of detrital terrestrial POC, which likely originated from lands adjacent to the North River estuary. Planktonic POC export from the marsh was 6 g C m-2 yr-1. Assuming the exported organic matter was oxidized to CO2 and scaled up to global salt marsh area, respiration of salt marsh DOC and POC transported to estuaries could amount to a global CO2 flux of 11 Tg C yr-1, roughly 4% of the recently estimated CO2 release for marshes and estuaries globally.

Bu-2470, a new peptide antibiotic complex. II. Structure determination of Bu-2470 A, B1, B2a and B2b.

PubMed

Sugawara, K; Yonemoto, T; Konishi, M; Matsumoto, K; Miyaki, T; Kawaguchi, H

1983-06-01

The structures of Bu-2470 A, B1, B2a, and B2b have been determined. Bu-2470 A is a simple octapeptide having no fatty acid moiety, while Bu-2470 B1, B2a and B2b are octapeptides that have been acylated with a beta-hydroxy C11 or C10 fatty acid. The octapeptide structure of Bu-2470 components was found identical with that of octapeptin C1, hence generic names of octapeptin C0, C2, C3 and C4 are proposed for Bu-2470 A, B1, B2a and B2b, respectively.

Suppressing Type 2C Protein Phosphatases Alters Fruit Ripening and the Stress Response in Tomato.

PubMed

Zhang, Yushu; Li, Qian; Jiang, Li; Kai, Wenbin; Liang, Bin; Wang, Juan; Du, Yangwei; Zhai, Xiawan; Wang, Jieling; Zhang, Yingqi; Sun, Yufei; Zhang, Lusheng; Leng, Ping

2018-01-01

Although ABA signaling has been widely studied in Arabidopsis, the roles of core ABA signaling components in fruit remain poorly understood. Herein, we characterize SlPP2C1, a group A type 2C protein phosphatase that negatively regulates ABA signaling and fruit ripening in tomato. The SlPP2C1 protein was localized in the cytoplasm close to AtAHG3/AtPP2CA. The SlPP2C1 gene was expressed in all tomato tissues throughout development, particularly in flowers and fruits, and it was up-regulated by dehydration and ABA treatment. SlPP2C1 expression in fruits was increased at 30 d after full bloom and peaked at the B + 1 stage. Suppression of SlPP2C1 expression significantly accelerated fruit ripening which was associated with higher levels of ABA signaling genes that are reported to alter the expression of fruit ripening genes involved in ethylene release and cell wall catabolism. SlPP2C1-RNAi (RNA interference) led to increased endogenous ABA accumulation and advanced release of ethylene in transgenic fruits compared with wild-type (WT) fruits. SlPP2C1-RNAi also resulted in abnormal flowers and obstructed the normal abscission of pedicels. SlPP2C1-RNAi plants were hypersensitized to ABA, and displayed delayed seed germination and primary root growth, and increased resistance to drought stress compared with WT plants. These results demonstrated that SlPP2C1 is a functional component in the ABA signaling pathway which participates in fruit ripening, ABA responses and drought tolerance. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Analytical Determinations of the Phenolic Content of Dissolved Organic Matter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pagano, T.; Kenny, J. E.

2010-12-01

Indicators suggest that the amount of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural waters is increasing. Climate Change has been proposed as a potential contributor to the trend, and under this mechanism, the phenolic content of DOM may also be increasing. We have explored the possibility of assessing the phenolic character of DOM using fluorescence spectroscopy as a more convenient alternative to wet chemistry methods. In this work, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was applied to fluorescence excitation emission matrices (EEMs) of humic samples in an attempt to analyze their phenolic content. The PARAFAC results were correlated with phenol concentrations derived from the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent-based method. The reagent-based method showed that the phenolic content of five International Humic Substance Society (IHSS) DOM samples vary from approximately 5 to 22 ppm Tannic Acid Equivalents (TAE) in phenol concentration. A five-component PARAFAC fit was applied to the EEMs of the IHSS sample dataset and it was determined by PARAFAC score correlations with phenol concentrations from the reagent-based method that components C1 (R2=0.78), C4 (R2=0.82), and C5 (R2=0.88) have the highest probability of containing phenolic groups. Furthermore, when the scores of components C4 and C5 were summed, the correlation improved (R2=0.99). Likewise, when the scores of C1, C4, and C5 were summed, their correlations were stronger than their individual parts (R2=0.89). Since the reagent-based method is providing an indicator of “total phenol” amount, regardless of the exact molecular structure of C1, C4, and C5, it seems reasonable that each of these components individually contributes a portion to the summed “total phenol” profile, and that the sum of their phenol-related spectral parts represents a larger portion of the “total phenol” index. However, when the sum of all five components were plotted against the reagent-based phenol concentrations, due to the considerable impact of largely non-phenolic components C2 (R2=0.23) and C3 (R2=0.35), the correlation was quite poor (or no correlation at all with R2=0.10). The results show the potential for PARAFAC analysis of multidimensional fluorescence data to be a tool for monitoring the phenolic content of DOM. Applications include assessing the potential for formation of disinfection byproducts in the treatment of drinking water and monitoring the impact of Climate Change on the phenolic character of DOM.

C3aR and C5aR1 act as key regulators of human and mouse β-cell function.

PubMed

Atanes, Patricio; Ruz-Maldonado, Inmaculada; Pingitore, Attilio; Hawkes, Ross; Liu, Bo; Zhao, Min; Huang, Guo Cai; Persaud, Shanta J; Amisten, Stefan

2018-02-01

Complement components 3 and 5 (C3 and C5) play essential roles in the complement system, generating C3a and C5a peptides that are best known as chemotactic and inflammatory factors. In this study we characterised islet expression of C3 and C5 complement components, and the impact of C3aR and C5aR1 activation on islet function and viability. Human and mouse islet mRNAs encoding key elements of the complement system were quantified by qPCR and distribution of C3 and C5 proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry. Activation of C3aR and C5aR1 was determined using DiscoverX beta-arrestin assays. Insulin secretion from human and mouse islets was measured by radioimmunoassay, and intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ]i), ATP generation and apoptosis were assessed by standard techniques. C3 and C5 proteins and C3aR and C5aR1 were expressed by human and mouse islets, and C3 and C5 were mainly localised to β- and α-cells. Conditioned media from islets exposed for 1 h to 5.5 and 20 mM glucose stimulated C3aR and C5aR1-driven beta-arrestin recruitment. Activation of C3aR and C5aR1 potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion from human and mouse islets, increased [Ca 2+ ]i and ATP generation, and protected islets against apoptosis induced by a pro-apoptotic cytokine cocktail or palmitate. Our observations demonstrate a functional link between activation of components of the innate immune system and improved β-cell function, suggesting that low-level chronic inflammation may improve glucose homeostasis through direct effects on β-cells.

Evaluation of CDOM sources and their links with water quality in the lakes of Northeast China using fluorescence spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Ying; Song, Kaishan; Wen, Zhidan; Fang, Chong; Shang, Yingxin; Lv, Lili

2017-07-01

The spatial distributions of the fluorescence intensities Fmax for chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) components, the fluorescence indices (FI370 and FI310) and their correlations with water quality of 19 lakes in the Songhua River Basin (SHRB) across semiarid regions of Northeast China were examined with the data collected in September 2012 and 2015. The 19 lakes were divided into two groups according to EC (threshold value = 800 μS cm-1): fresh water (N = 13) and brackish water lakes (N = 6). The fluorescent characteristics of CDOM in the 19 lakes were investigated using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEM) coupled with parallel factor (PARAFAC) and multivariate analysis. Two humic-like components (C1 and C3), one tryptophan-like component (C2), and one tyrosine-like component (C4) were identified by PARAFAC. The component C4 was not included in subsequent analyses due to the strong scatter in some colloidal water samples from brackish water lakes. The correlations between Fmax for the three EEM-PARAFAC extracted CDOM components C1-C3, the fluorescence indices (FI370 and FI310) and the water quality parameters (i.e., TN, TP, Chl-a, pH, EC, turbidity (Turb) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) were determined by redundancy analysis (RDA). The results of RDA analysis showed that spatial variation in land cover, pollution sources, and salinity/EC gradients in water quality affected Fmax for the fluorescent components C1-C3 and the fluorescence indices (FI370 and FI310). Further examination indicated that the CDOM fluorescent components and the fluorescence indices (FI370 and FI310) did not significantly differ (t-test, p > 0.05) in fresh water (N = 13) and brackish water lakes (N = 6). There was a difference in the distribution of the average Fmax for the CDOM fluorescent components between C1 to C3 from agricultural sources and urban wastewater sources in hypereutrophic brackish water lakes. The Fmax for humic-like components C1 and C3 spatially varied with land cover among the 19 lakes. Our results indicated that the spatial distributions of Fmax for CDOM fluorescent components and their correlations with water quality can be evaluated by EEM-PARAFAC and multivariate analysis among the 19 lakes across semiarid regions of Northeast China, which has potential implication for lakes with similar genesis.

Study of fluorescence resonance energy transfer in zwitterionic micelle: ionic-liquid-induced changes in FRET parameters.

PubMed

Rao, Vishal Govind; Mandal, Sarthak; Ghosh, Surajit; Banerjee, Chiranjib; Sarkar, Nilmoni

2012-10-04

The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) using Coumarin-153 (C-153) as the donor and Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as the acceptor is studied in an aqueous solution of N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio-1-propanesulfonate (SB-16) micelles by steady-state and picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. We have determined the rate of FRET (k(FRET)) from the rise of the acceptor (R6G) emission. In the absence of donor (C-153), the acceptor (R6G) displays a single-exponential decay with average lifetime of 4.77 ns, whereas in presence of donor (C-153), the acceptor (R6G) exhibits a biexponential fluorescence transient having a distinct rise component of 0.94 ns and decay component of 5.16 ns. We have carried out a comparative study of changes in FRET parameters upon addition of three different ionic liquids (ILs), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate [C(2)mim][C(2)SO(4)], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium n-butylsulfate [C(2)mim][C(4)SO(4)], and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium n-hexylsulfate [C(2)mim][C(6)SO(4)], where each ionic liquid bears the same cationic part and the anionic parts differ in the alkyl chain length only. It has been observed that with gradual addition of the ILs [C(2)mim][C(2)SO(4)], [C(2)mim][C(4)SO(4)], and [C(2)mim][C(6)SO(4)], the rise component gradually decreases and the rate of FRET (k(FRET)) gradually increases. The k(FRET) was found to be 1.06 × 10(9) s(-1) in 28 mM aqueous SB-16 micelles. With the addition of 100 mM [C(2)mim][C(2)SO(4)], the k(FRET) increases by a factor of 1.33 (1.41 × 10(9) s(-1)), whereas with the addition of 100 mM [C(2)mim][C(6)SO(4)] it increases by a factor of 3.25 (3.45 × 10(9) s(-1)). This rapid increase in k(FRET) in the case of [C(2)mim][C(6)SO(4)] can be explained by our earlier observation ( Rao, V. G.; Ghatak, C.; Ghosh, S.; Mandal, S.; Sarkar, N. J. Phys. Chem. B2012, 116, 3690-3698 ), where we have shown that with the addition of [C(2)mim][C(6)SO(4)], C-153 moves toward the outer surface of the micelle. This movement of C-153 causes reduction in donor-acceptor distance and enhancement in FRET rate (k(FRET)). This is well-supported by the reduced donor-acceptor distance (R(DA)) observed with the addition of [C(2)mim][C(6)SO(4)]. The R(DA) was found to be 29.1 Å in 28 mM aqueous SB-16 micelles. With the addition of 100 mM [C(2)mim][C(6)SO(4)], the R(DA) decreases to 24.8 Å. With further increase in the concentration of [C(2)mim][C(6)SO(4)], the R(DA) decreases, but the time constant for the rise of acceptor emission decreases to such an extent that we are unable to observe it by our instrumental setup.

DOG-1 Is the Caenorhabditis elegans BRIP1/FANCJ Homologue and Functions in Interstrand Cross-Link Repair▿

PubMed Central

Youds, Jillian L.; Barber, Louise J.; Ward, Jordan D.; Collis, Spencer J.; O'Neil, Nigel J.; Boulton, Simon J.; Rose, Ann M.

2008-01-01

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a cancer susceptibility syndrome characterized by defective DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair. Here, we show that DOG-1 is the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of FANCJ, a helicase mutated in FA-J patients. DOG-1 performs a conserved role in ICL repair, as dog-1 mutants are hypersensitive to ICL-inducing agents, but not to UVC irradiation or X rays. Genetic analysis indicated that dog-1 is epistatic with fcd-2 (C. elegans FANCD2) but is nonepistatic with brc-1 (C. elegans BRCA1), thus establishing the existence of two distinct pathways of ICL repair in worms. Furthermore, DOG-1 is dispensable for FCD-2 and RAD-51 focus formation, suggesting that DOG-1 operates downstream of FCD-2 and RAD-51 in ICL repair. DOG-1 was previously implicated in poly(G)/poly(C) (G/C) tract maintenance during DNA replication. G/C tracts remain stable in the absence of ATL-1, CLK-2 (FA pathway activators), FCD-2, BRC-2, and MLH-1 (associated FA components), implying that DOG-1 is the sole FA component required for G/C tract maintenance in a wild-type background. However, FCD-2 is required to promote deletion-free repair at G/C tracts in dog-1 mutants, consistent with a role for FA factors at the replication fork. The functional conservation between DOG-1 and FANCJ suggests a possible role for FANCJ in G/C tract maintenance in human cells. PMID:18086896

Origin and z-distribution of Galactic diffuse [C II] emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Velusamy, T.; Langer, W. D.

2014-12-01

Context. The [C ii] emission is an important probe of star formation in the Galaxy and in external galaxies. The GOT C+ survey and its follow up observations of spectrally resolved 1.9 THz [C ii] emission using Herschel HIFI provides the data needed to quantify the Galactic interstellar [C ii] gas components as tracers of star formation. Aims: We determine the source of the diffuse [C ii] emission by studying its spatial (radial and vertical) distributions by separating and evaluating the fractions of [C ii] and CO emissions in the Galactic ISM gas components. Methods: We used the HIFI [C ii] Galactic survey (GOT C+), along with ancillary H i, 12CO, 13CO, and C18O data toward 354 lines of sight, and several HIFI [C ii] and [C i] position-velocity maps. We quantified the emission in each spectral line profile by evaluating the intensities in 3 km s-1 wide velocity bins, "spaxels". Using the detection of [C ii] with CO or [C i], we separated the dense and diffuse gas components. We derived 2D Galactic disk maps using the spaxel velocities for kinematic distances. We separated the warm and cold H2 gases by comparing CO emissions with and without associated [C ii]. Results: We find evidence of widespread diffuse [C ii] emission with a z-scale distribution larger than that for the total [C ii] or CO. The diffuse [C ii] emission consists of (i) diffuse molecular (CO-faint) H2 clouds and (ii) diffuse H i clouds and/or WIM. In the inner Galaxy we find a lack of [C ii] detections in a majority (~62%) of H i spaxels and show that the diffuse component primarily comes from the WIM (~21%) and that the H i gas is not a major contributor to the diffuse component (~6%). The warm-H2 radial profile shows an excess in the range 4 to 7 kpc, consistent with enhanced star formation there. Conclusions: We derive, for the first time, the 2D [C ii] spatial distribution in the plane and the z-distributions of the individual [C ii] gas component. From the GOT C+ detections we estimate the fractional [C ii] emission tracing (i) H2 gas in dense and diffuse molecular clouds as ~48% and ~14%, respectively, (ii) in the H i gas ~18%, and (iii) in the WIM ~21%. Including non-detections from H i increases the [C ii] in H i to ~27%. The z-scale distributions FWHM from smallest to largest are [C ii] sources with CO, ~130 pc, (CO-faint) diffuse H2 gas, ~200 pc, and the diffuse H i and WIM, ~330 pc. When combined with [C ii], CO observations probe the warm-H2 gas, tracing star formation. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.

Implementation of a Personal Computer Based Parameter Estimation Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

if necessary and identify by biock nunrbet) FEILD GROUP SUBGROUP Il’arunietar uetinkatlUln 19 ABSTRACT (continue on reverse it necessary and identity...model constant ix L,M,N X,Y,Z moment components Lp: •sbc.’.• T’ = sb C . r, - 2 V C, , L, = _sb 2 C 2V C L8,=qsbC 1 , Lw Scale of the turbulence M Vector ...u,v,w X,Y,Z velocity components V Vector velocity V Magnitude of velocity vector w9 Z velocity due to gust X.. x-distance to normal acclerometer X.P x

Characterization of the Enzymatic Component of the ADP-Ribosyltransferase Toxin CDTa from Clostridium difficile

PubMed Central

Gülke, Irene; Pfeifer, Gunther; Liese, Jan; Fritz, Michaela; Hofmann, Fred; Aktories, Klaus; Barth, Holger

2001-01-01

Certain strains of Clostridium difficile produce the ADP-ribosyltransferase CDT, which is a binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxin. The toxin consists of the binding component CDTb, which mediates receptor binding and cellular uptake, and the enzyme component CDTa. Here we studied the enzyme component (CDTa) of the toxin using the binding component of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin (Ib), which is interchangeable with CDTb as a transport component. Ib was used because CDTb was not expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Similar to iota toxin, CDTa ADP-ribosylates nonmuscle and skeletal muscle actin. The N-terminal part of CDTa (CDTa1–240) competes with full-length CDTa for binding to the iota toxin binding component. The C-terminal part (CDTa244–263) harbors the enzyme activity but was much less active than the full-length CDTa. Changes of Glu428 and Glu430 to glutamine, Ser388 to alanine, and Arg345 to lysine blocked ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Comparison of CDTa with C. perfringens iota toxin and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin revealed full enzyme activity of the fragment Ia208–413 but loss of activity of several N-terminally deleted C2I proteins including C2I103–431, C2I190–431, and C2I30–431. The data indicate that CDTa belongs to the iota toxin subfamily of binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxins with respect to interaction with the binding component and substrate specificity. It shares typical conserved amino acid residues with iota toxin and C2 toxin that are suggested to be involved in NAD-binding and/or catalytic activity. The enzyme components of CDT, iota toxin, and C2 toxin differ with respect to the minimal structural requirement for full enzyme activity. PMID:11553537

The metabolic signature associated with the Western dietary pattern: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Bouchard-Mercier, Annie; Rudkowska, Iwona; Lemieux, Simone; Couture, Patrick; Vohl, Marie-Claude

2013-12-11

Metabolic profiles have been shown to be associated to obesity status and insulin sensitivity. Dietary intakes influence metabolic pathways and therefore, different dietary patterns may relate to modifications in metabolic signatures. The objective was to verify associations between dietary patterns and metabolic profiles composed of amino acids (AAs) and acylcarnitines (ACs). 210 participants were recruited in the greater Quebec City area between September 2009 and December 2011. Dietary patterns had been previously derived using principal component analysis (PCA). The Prudent dietary pattern was characterised by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products, non-hydrogenated fat and lower intakes of refined grain products, whereas the Western dietary pattern was associated with higher intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. Targeted metabolites were quantified in 37 participants with the Biocrates Absolute IDQ p150 (Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Austria) mass spectrometry method (including 14 amino acids and 41 acylcarnitines). PCA analysis with metabolites including AAs and ACs revealed two main components explaining the most variance in overall data (13.8%). PC1 was composed mostly of medium- to long-chain ACs (C16:2, C14:2, C14:2-OH, C16, C14:1-OH, C14:1, C10:2, C5-DC/C6-OH, C12, C18:2, C10, C4:1-DC/C6, C8:1 and C2) whereas PC2 included certain AAs and short-chain ACs (xLeu, Met, Arg, Phe, Pro, Orn, His, C0, C3, C4 and C5). The Western dietary pattern correlated negatively with PC1 and positively with PC2 (r = -0.34, p = 0.05 and r = 0.38, p = 0.03, respectively), independently of age, sex and BMI. These findings suggest that the Western dietary pattern is associated with a specific metabolite signature characterized by increased levels of AAs including branched-chain AAs (BCAAs) and short-chain ACs.

TNFα and IL-6 Responses to Particulate Matter in Vitro: Variation According to PM Size, Season, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Soil Content

PubMed Central

Manzano-León, Natalia; Serrano-Lomelin, Jesús; Sánchez, Brisa N.; Quintana-Belmares, Raúl; Vega, Elizabeth; Vázquez-López, Inés; Rojas-Bracho, Leonora; López-Villegas, Maria Tania; Vadillo-Ortega, Felipe; De Vizcaya-Ruiz, Andrea; Perez, Irma Rosas; O’Neill, Marie S.; Osornio-Vargas, Alvaro R.

2015-01-01

Background: Observed seasonal differences in particulate matter (PM) associations with human health may be due to their composition and to toxicity-related seasonal interactions. Objectives: We assessed seasonality in PM composition and in vitro PM pro-inflammatory potential using multiple PM samples. Methods: We collected 90 weekly PM10 and PM2.5 samples during the rainy-warm and dry-cold seasons in five urban areas with different pollution sources. The elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and endotoxins identified in the samples were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). We tested the potential of the PM to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion in cultured human monocytes (THP-1), and we modeled pro-inflammatory responses using the component scores. Results: PM composition varied by size and by season. PCA identified two main components that varied by season. Combustion-related constituents (e.g., vanadium, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene) mainly comprised component 1 (C1). Soil-related constituents (e.g., endotoxins, silicon, aluminum) mainly comprised component 2 (C2). PM from the rainy-warm season was high in C2. PM (particularly PM2.5) from the dry-cold season was rich in C1. Elevated levels of cytokine production were associated with PM10 and C2 (rainy-warm season), whereas reduced levels of cytokine production were associated with PM2.5 and C1 (dry-cold season). TNFα secretion was increased following exposure to PM with high (vs. low) C2 content, but TNFα secretion in response to PM was decreased following exposure to samples containing ≥ 0.1% of C1-related PAHs, regardless of C2 content. The results of the IL-6 assays suggested more complex interactions between PM components and particle size. Conclusions: Variations in PM soil and PAH content underlie seasonal and PM size–related patterns in TNFα secretion. These results suggest that the mixture of components in PM explains some seasonal differences in associations between health outcomes and PM in epidemiologic studies. Citation: Manzano-León N, Serrano-Lomelin J, Sánchez BN, Quintana-Belmares R, Vega E, Vázquez-López I, Rojas-Bracho L, López-Villegas MT, Vadillo-Ortega F, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Rosas Perez I, O’Neill MS, Osornio-Vargas AR. 2016. TNFα and IL-6 responses to particulate matter in vitro: variation according to PM size, season, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and soil content. Environ Health Perspect 124:406–412; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409287 PMID:26372663

Global loss of a nuclear lamina component, lamin A/C, and LINC complex components SUN1, SUN2, and nesprin-2 in breast cancer.

PubMed

Matsumoto, Ayaka; Hieda, Miki; Yokoyama, Yuhki; Nishioka, Yu; Yoshidome, Katsuhide; Tsujimoto, Masahiko; Matsuura, Nariaki

2015-10-01

Cancer cells exhibit a variety of features indicative of atypical nuclei. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain to be elucidated. The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, a nuclear envelope protein complex consisting mainly of the SUN and nesprin proteins, connects nuclear lamina and cytoskeletal filaments and helps to regulate the size and shape of the nucleus. Using immunohistology, we found that a nuclear lamina component, lamin A/C and all of the investigated LINC complex components, SUN1, SUN2, and nesprin-2, were downregulated in human breast cancer tissues. In the majority of cases, we observed lower expression levels of these analytes in samples' cancerous regions as compared to their cancer-associated noncancerous regions (in cancerous regions, percentage of tissue samples exhibiting low protein expression: lamin A/C, 85% [n = 73]; SUN1, 88% [n = 43]; SUN2, 74% [n = 43]; and nesprin-2, 79% [n = 53]). Statistical analysis showed that the frequencies of recurrence and HER2 expression were negatively correlated with lamin A/C expression (P < 0.05), and intrinsic subtype and ki-67 level were associated with nesprin-2 expression (P < 0.05). In addition, combinatorial analysis using the above four parameters showed that all patients exhibited reduced expression of at least one of four components despite the tumor's pathological classification. Furthermore, several cultured breast cancer cell lines expressed less SUN1, SUN2, nesprin-2 mRNA, and lamin A/C compared to noncancerous mammary gland cells. Together, these results suggest that the strongly reduced expression of LINC complex and nuclear lamina components may play fundamental pathological functions in breast cancer progression. © 2015 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Identifying changes in dissolved organic matter content and characteristics by fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with self-organizing map and classification and regression tree analysis during wastewater treatment.

PubMed

Yu, Huibin; Song, Yonghui; Liu, Ruixia; Pan, Hongwei; Xiang, Liancheng; Qian, Feng

2014-10-01

The stabilization of latent tracers of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of wastewater was analyzed by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with self-organizing map and classification and regression tree analysis (CART) in wastewater treatment performance. DOM of water samples collected from primary sedimentation, anaerobic, anoxic, oxic and secondary sedimentation tanks in a large-scale wastewater treatment plant contained four fluorescence components: tryptophan-like (C1), tyrosine-like (C2), microbial humic-like (C3) and fulvic-like (C4) materials extracted by self-organizing map. These components showed good positive linear correlations with dissolved organic carbon of DOM. C1 and C2 were representative components in the wastewater, and they were removed to a higher extent than those of C3 and C4 in the treatment process. C2 was a latent parameter determined by CART to differentiate water samples of oxic and secondary sedimentation tanks from the successive treatment units, indirectly proving that most of tyrosine-like material was degraded by anaerobic microorganisms. C1 was an accurate parameter to comprehensively separate the samples of the five treatment units from each other, indirectly indicating that tryptophan-like material was decomposed by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. EEM fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with self-organizing map and CART analysis can be a nondestructive effective method for characterizing structural component of DOM fractions and monitoring organic matter removal in wastewater treatment process. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sortie Duration and Helicopter Component Failures (an Empirical Study).

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-05-01

tD u* >0 I- . I : * >+0 .LJW ] 4 " * 0 0 0 (J * I L) C t > 0 .4-U. f> zJ, 1C I * >I >0 u~C. - - 0 0 0 .’ ZZ11- /- 0...o II -i I C! > 0 I go * - I 0 > 0 > > > 0 I 0 >go 7, I £0 - - f "- I10 SC) Z + > 0 * > I I > 0 >2 * >0 > - * +> (I) >O tD > O S> -0 + uic + >o - >1...8217,1 - C- o I * -CI II)- + o 1 10 -7 i C, C I ’ 1~ t JAJ I 10 I I: : IC , .. ,- .,. C.,, , , . : - ’ I,. . . . , - . . .... .1 .1 1 2it -C 4. )0 n 0

Spectral characterization of the fluorescent components present in humic substances, fulvic acid and humic acid mixed with pure benzo(a)pyrene solution.

PubMed

El Fallah, Rawa; Rouillon, Régis; Vouvé, Florence

2018-06-15

The fate of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a ubiquitous contaminant reported to be persistent in the environment, is largely controlled by its interactions with the soil organic matter. In the present study, the spectral characteristics of fluorophores present in the physical fractions of the soil organic matter were investigated in the presence of pure BaP solution. After extraction of humic substances (HSs), and their fractionation into fluvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA), two fluorescent compounds (C 1 and C 2 ) were identified and characterized in each physical soil fraction, by means of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (FEEMs) and Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC). Then, to each type of fraction having similar DOC content, was added an increasing volume of pure BaP solution in attempt to assess the behavior of BaP with the fluorophores present in each one. The application of FEEMs-PARAFAC method validated a three-component model that consisted of the two resulted fluorophores from HSs, FA and HA (C 1 and C 2 ) and a BaP-like fluorophore (C 3 ). Spectral modifications were noted for components C 2 HSs (C 2 in humic substances fraction) (λex/λem: 420/490-520 nm), C 2 FA (C 2 in fulvic acid fraction) (λex/λem: 400/487(517) nm) and C 1 HA (C 1 in humic acid fraction) (λex/λem: 350/452(520) nm). We explored the impact of increasing the volume of the added pure BaP solution on the scores of the fluorophores present in the soil fractions. It was found that the scores of C 2 HSs, C 2 FA, and C 1 HA increased when the volume of the added pure BaP solution increased. Superposition of the excitation spectra of these fluorophores with the emission spectrum of BaP showed significant overlaps that might explain the observed interactions between BaP and the fluorescent compounds present in SOM physical fractions. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spectral characterization of the fluorescent components present in humic substances, fulvic acid and humic acid mixed with pure benzo(a)pyrene solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El Fallah, Rawa; Rouillon, Régis; Vouvé, Florence

2018-06-01

The fate of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a ubiquitous contaminant reported to be persistent in the environment, is largely controlled by its interactions with the soil organic matter. In the present study, the spectral characteristics of fluorophores present in the physical fractions of the soil organic matter were investigated in the presence of pure BaP solution. After extraction of humic substances (HSs), and their fractionation into fluvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA), two fluorescent compounds (C1 and C2) were identified and characterized in each physical soil fraction, by means of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (FEEMs) and Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC). Then, to each type of fraction having similar DOC content, was added an increasing volume of pure BaP solution in attempt to assess the behavior of BaP with the fluorophores present in each one. The application of FEEMs-PARAFAC method validated a three-component model that consisted of the two resulted fluorophores from HSs, FA and HA (C1 and C2) and a BaP-like fluorophore (C3). Spectral modifications were noted for components C2HSs (C2 in humic substances fraction) (λex/λem: 420/490-520 nm), C2FA (C2 in fulvic acid fraction) (λex/λem: 400/487(517) nm) and C1HA (C1 in humic acid fraction) (λex/λem: 350/452(520) nm). We explored the impact of increasing the volume of the added pure BaP solution on the scores of the fluorophores present in the soil fractions. It was found that the scores of C2HSs, C2FA, and C1HA increased when the volume of the added pure BaP solution increased. Superposition of the excitation spectra of these fluorophores with the emission spectrum of BaP showed significant overlaps that might explain the observed interactions between BaP and the fluorescent compounds present in SOM physical fractions.

Ethane-1,1,2-trisphosphonic acid hemihydrate.

PubMed

Delain-Bioton, Lise; Lohier, Jean François; Villemin, Didier; Sopková-de Oliveira Santos, Jana; Hix, Gary; Jaffrès, Paul Alain

2008-02-01

Ethane-1,1,2-trisphosphonic acid crystallizes as a hemihydrate, C(2)H(9)O(9)P(3).0.5H(2)O, in which the water O atom lies on an inversion centre in the space group P2(1)/c. The acid component, which contains a short but noncentred O-H...O hydrogen bond, adopts a gauche conformation. The acid components are linked by an extensive series of O-H...O hydrogen bonds to form layers, which are linked into pairs by the water molecules.

Monitoring flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway using [1-14C]gluconate.

PubMed

Garlick, Andrew P; Moore, Catherine; Kruger, Nicholas J

2002-12-01

The aim of this work was to examine the metabolism of exogenous gluconate by a 4-day-old cell suspension culture of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Release of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]gluconate was dependent on the concentration in the medium and could be resolved into a substrate-saturable component (apparent K(m) of approximately 0.4 mM) and an unsaturable component. At an external concentration of 0.3 mM, the rate of decarboxylation of applied gluconate was 0.2% of the rate of oxygen consumption by the cells. There was no effect of 0.3 mM gluconate on the rate of oxygen consumption, or on the rate of (14)CO(2) release from either [1-(14)C]glucose or [6-(14)C]glucose by the culture. The following observations argue that gluconate taken up by the cells is metabolised by direct phosphorylation to 6-phosphogluconate and subsequent decarboxylation through 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. First, more than 95% of the label released from [1-(14)C]gluconate during metabolism by the cell culture was recovered as (14)CO(2). Secondly, inhibition of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) by treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide preferentially inhibited release of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]gluconate relative to that from [1-(14)C]glucose. Thirdly, perturbation of glucose metabolism by glucosamine did not affect (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]gluconate. Fourth, stimulation of the OPPP by phenazine methosulphate stimulated release of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]gluconate to a far greater extent than that from [1-(14)C]glucose. It is proposed that measurement of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]gluconate provides a simple and sensitive technique for monitoring flux through the OPPP pathway in plants.

Structure and action of the binary C2 toxin from Clostridium botulinum.

PubMed

Schleberger, Christian; Hochmann, Henrike; Barth, Holger; Aktories, Klaus; Schulz, Georg E

2006-12-08

C2 toxin from Clostridium botulinum is composed of the enzyme component C2-I, which ADP-ribosylates actin, and the binding and translocation component C2-II, responsible for the interaction with eukaryotic cell receptors and the following endocytosis. Three C2-I crystal structures at resolutions of up to 1.75 A are presented together with a crystal structure of C2-II at an appreciably lower resolution and a model of the prepore formed by fragment C2-IIa. The C2-I structure was determined at pH 3.0 and at pH 6.1. The structural differences are small, indicating that C2-I does not unfold, even at a pH value as low as 3.0. The ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of C2-I was determined for alpha and beta/gamma-actin and related to that of Iota toxin and of mutant S361R of C2-I that introduced the arginine observed in Iota toxin. The substantial activity differences between alpha and beta/gamma-actin cannot be explained by the protein structures currently available. The structure of the transport component C2-II at pH 4.3 was established by molecular replacement using a model of the protective antigen of anthrax toxin at pH 6.0. The C-terminal receptor-binding domain of C2-II could not be located but was present in the crystals. It may be mobile. The relative orientation and positions of the four other domains of C2-II do not differ much from those of the protective antigen, indicating that no large conformational changes occur between pH 4.3 and pH 6.0. A model of the C2-IIa prepore structure was constructed based on the corresponding assembly of the protective antigen. It revealed a surprisingly large number of asparagine residues lining the pore. The interaction between C2-I and C2-IIa and the translocation of C2-I into the target cell are discussed.

Tracking fluorescent dissolved organic matter in multistage rivers using EEM-PARAFAC analysis: implications of the secondary tributary remediation for watershed management.

PubMed

Nie, Zeyu; Wu, Xiaodong; Huang, Haomin; Fang, Xiaomin; Xu, Chen; Wu, Jianyu; Liang, Xinqiang; Shi, Jiyan

2016-05-01

Profound understanding of behaviors of organic matter from sources to multistage rivers assists watershed management for improving water quality of river networks in rural areas. Ninety-one water samples were collected from the three orders of receiving rivers in a typical combined polluted subcatchment (diffuse agricultural pollutants and domestic sewage) located in China. Then, the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) information for these samples was determined by the excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Consequently, two typical humic-like (C1 and C2) and other two protein-like (C3 and C4) components were separated. Their fluorescence peaks were located at λ ex/em = 255(360)/455, <250(320)/395, 275/335, and <250/305 nm, which resembled the traditional peaks of A + C, A + M, T, and B, respectively. In addition, C1 and C2 accounted for the dominant contributions to FDOM (>60 %). Principal component analysis (PCA) further demonstrated that, except for the autochthonous produced C4, the allochthonous components (C1 and C2) had the same terrestrial origins, but C3 might possess the separate anthropogenic and biological sources. Moreover, the spatial heterogeneity of contamination levels was noticeable in multistage rivers, and the allochthonous FDOM was gradually homogenized along the migration directions. Interestingly, the average content of the first three PARAFAC components in secondary tributaries and source pollutants had significantly higher levels than that in subsequent receiving rivers, thus suggesting that the supervision and remediation for secondary tributaries would play a prominent role in watershed management works.

Structural and functional characterization of peptide-{beta}{sub 2}m fused HLA-A2/MART1{sub 27-35} complexes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shen Chuanlai; Chang Chienchung; Zhang Jianqiong

The uses of soluble HLA class I/peptide complexes to monitor antigen reactive T cells are often hampered by their low-yield and high-cost production. As an alternative strategy, the peptide-{beta}{sub 2}m fused, 2-component (2C) HLA class I/peptide complex has been developed, but its application is limited due to the lack of the comparison of its structural and functional characteristics with those of its conventional 3-component (3C) counterpart. In this study, we have demonstrated that the 2C and 3C HLA-A2/MART1{sub 27-35} complexes have a similar chromatographical profile and comparable stability, but the former has 2.5 times higher yield and significantly higher bindingmore » ability with HLA-A2/MART1{sub 27-35} complex-specific receptors than the latter. Furthermore, the 2C complex has a comparable ability to stimulate specific CTL proliferation, but appears to be more effective in eliciting the cytotoxicity of antigen-specific CTL, as compared to its 3C counterpart.« less

Navier-Stokes Solution for a NACA 0012 Airfoil with Mass Flux (Fan)

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-01

unsymmetrical because points on) the body were clustered over the suction and ejection surfaces which, is evident in Figure 11. The number of points in...TRANSFORMATION DERIVATIVES C U,: VELOCITY COMPONENTS C RHO DENSITY C P PRESSURE . IS NON DIMENSIONALIZED BY 1/) GMX *MACHD..2) C XMU VISCOSITY C RE...8217Y1(-Y(.I3..2 9364 CONtIUJE WRITROOCUNI.. .. CLUSTERINGS * 1B2 . CRT.LP101 T’ : .LE NLONER VXNNN - LOWE; ALEC - AR ZFk IE! -ARCLEN A2; 20D0 FORMAT

Fabrication of flower-like direct Z-scheme β-Bi2O3/g-C3N4 photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photoactivity for Rhodamine B degradation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Liping; Wang, Guohong; Xiong, Zhenzhong; Tang, Hua; Jiang, Chuanjia

2018-04-01

A combined hydrothermal-calcination approach is developed to synthesize hierarchical β-Bi2O3/g-C3N4 direct Z-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photoactivity for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. First, Bi2O2CO3 microflowers were hydrothermally prepared using Bi(NO3)3·5H2O as feedstocks, and then a series of β-Bi2O3/g-C3N4 direct Z-scheme photocatalysts were synthesized via a facile calcination method using Bi2O2CO3 and g-C3N4 as precursors. The samples were systematically characterized by various characterization technologies including X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and N2 absorption-desorption equipment. It was found that the g-C3N4 content in the precursors played a key role in affecting the photocatalytic activity of the final products. The β-Bi2O3/g-C3N4 heterojunction exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than single active components (β-Bi2O3 and g-C3N4), indicating the presence of a synergistic effect between two active components in β-Bi2O3/g-C3N4 heterojunction. Among all as-prepared catalysts, the 70 wt.% g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3 exhibits the highest activity for RhB degradation, and the apparent reaction rate constant k (42.2 × 10-3 min-1) is 3.1 and 1.7 times as high as that of pure β-Bi2O3 (13.5 × 10-3 min-1) and g-C3N4 (25.2 × 10-3 min-1), respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of β-Bi2O3/g-C3N4 heterostructure photocatalysts is mainly due to the high surface area, closely contacted interfaces between the β-Bi2O3 and g-C3N4 component, and the formation of direct Z-scheme structure in the β-Bi2O3/g-C3N4 composites.

Simultaneous characterization of prenylated flavonoids and isoflavonoids in Psoralea corylifolia L. by liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Xu, Mei-Juan; Wu, Bin; Ding, Tao; Chu, Ji-Hong; Li, Chang-Yin; Zhang, Jun; Wu, Ting; Wu, Jian; Liu, Shi-Jia; Liu, Shen-Lin; Ju, Wen-Zheng; Li, Ping

2012-10-15

Prenylated flavonoids and isoflavonoids are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, with many biological effects. Psoralea corylifolia, which contains many kinds of prenylated components, has been widely used as a medicinal plant in Asia and India for thousands of years. The goal of this study was to characterize the components in P. corylifolia using a liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-DAD/Q-TOF-MS) method, and to elucidate the fragmentation behavior of the different prenyl substituent groups and their appropriate characteristic pathways in positive ion mode. The calculated accurate masses of the protonated molecules, the fragment ions, the retention behavior, and the data from UV spectra were used for identification of the components in P. corylifolia. A total of 45 compounds, including 43 prenylated components, were identified or tentatively identified in P. corylifolia. Different diagnostic fragment ions and neutral losses were observed in different prenyl substructures: neutral loss of 56 Da (C(4)H(8)) and a fragment ion at m/z 69 (C(5)H(9)(+)) were generated by a prenyl chain; neutral losses of 42 Da (C(3)H(6)), 54 Da (C(4)H(6)), 15 Da (CH(3•)) and 16 Da (CH(4)) were observed in a ring-closed prenyl group; neutral losses of 72 Da (C(4)H(8)O), 60 Da (C(2)H(4)O(2)), 58 Da (C(3)H(6)O) and 18 Da (H(2)O) were detected in a 2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroxydihydropyran ring; neutral losses of 72 Da (C(4)H(8)O), 60 Da (C(3)H(8)O) and 18 Da (H(2)O) were yielded from a 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxydihydropyran ring, a 2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)dihydrofuran ring or a 1-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl chain. This method can be applied for analysis of prenylated components in P. corylifolia and other herbal medicines. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

2-[(E)-2-(4-Eth-oxy-phen-yl)ethen-yl]-1-methyl-quinolinium 4-fluoro-benzene-sulfonate.

PubMed

Fun, Hoong-Kun; Kobkeatthawin, Thawanrat; Ruanwas, Pumsak; Quah, Ching Kheng; Chantrapromma, Suchada

2014-01-01

In the structure of the title salt, C20H20NO(+)·C6H4FO3S(-), the 4-(eth-oxy-phen-yl)ethenyl unit is disordered over two positions with a refined site-occupancy ratio of 0.610 (6):0.390 (6). The cation is nearly planar, the dihedral angle between the quinolinium and benzene rings being 6.7 (4) and 1.7 (7)° for the major and minor components, respectively. The eth-oxy group is essentially coplanar with the benzene ring [C-O-C-Cmethy = 177.1 (8) and 177.8 (12)° for the major and minor components, respectively]. In the crystal, cations and anions are linked into chains along the b-axis direction by C-H⋯Osulfon-yl weak inter-actions. These chains are further connected into sheets parallel to (001) by C-H⋯Osulfon-yl weak inter-actions. The chains are also stacked along the a axis through π-π inter-actions involving the quinolinium and benzene rings [centroid-centroid distances = 3.636 (5) Å for the major component and 3.800 (9) Å for the minor component]. C-H⋯π inter-actions are also present.

The Sub-Parsec Radio Jet in NGC 4151

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roy, A. L.; Ulvestad, J. S.; Colbert, E. J. M.; Wilson, A. S.

1997-05-01

We are surveying eight nearby Seyfert galaxies (four Sy1s and four Sy2s) that have compact radio cores, using the VLBA. We are interested in parsec-scale morphology and low-frequency absorption effects, and so are observing three frequencies per galaxy (1.6, 4.8, and 8.4 or 15 GHz) to get spectral-index diagnostics. VLBA imaging of NGC 4151 at 1.6 and 4.8 GHz reveals the following results: * NGC 4151 contains a remarkable chain of knots strongly resembling a jet, emerging in component C4 and extending for 0.8 pc. * The jet propagates NNE for 0.5 pc then turns sharply eastward and becomes the known MERLIN jet. * Curiously, by propagating northwards at first, the jet initially makes an angle of 60d with the axis of the ionization cones seen by HST. This breaks the cylindrical symmetry required by orientation unification, and may indicate that the BLR and torus have a symmetry axis unrelated to the axis of the NLR. * The nucleus looks to be in the C4 eastern component from our radio continuum morphology and from limited radio spectral information, rather than being in the C4 western component as Mundell et al. (1995, MNRAS, 272, 355) infer from HI absorbing columns. * The components located at 6 and 30 pc from the C4 eastern component have apparent speeds relative to that component of < 0.1 c to 0.2 c.

Combinational Circuit Obfuscation Through Power Signature Manipulation

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

Algorithm produced by SID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Appendix B . Power Signature Estimation Results 2 . . . . . . . . . . 85 B .1 Power...Signature for c264 Circuit Variant per Algorithm produced by SPICE Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 B .2 Power Signature for c5355 and c499...Smart SSR selecting rear level components and gates with 1000 iterations . . . . . . . . . 84 B .1. Power Signature for c264 By Random Sequence

Pen-2 is dispensable for endoproteolysis of presenilin 1, and nicastrin-Aph subcomplex is important for both γ-secretase assembly and substrate recruitment

PubMed Central

Mao, Guozhang; Cui, Mei-Zhen; Li, Tong; Jin, Yipeng; Xu, Xuemin

2012-01-01

γ-secretase is a protease complex with at least four components: presenilin, nicastrin (NCT), anterior pharynx-defective 1 (Aph-1), and presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen-2). In this study, using knockout cell lines and small interfering RNA technology, our data demonstrated that the disappeared presenilin 1 C-terminal fragment (PS1C) caused by knockdown of pen-2 or knockout of NCT or Aph-1 was recovered by the addition of proteasome inhibitors, indicating that Pen-2, as well as NCT and Aph-1α , is dispensable for presenilin endoproteolysis. Our data also demonstrate that the formation of the nicastrin-Aph-1 subcomplex plays not only an important role in γ-secretase complex assembly but also in recruiting substrate C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein generated by β-cleavage (CTFβ). Ablating any one component resulted in the instability of other components of the γ-secretase complex, and the presence of all three of the other components is required for full maturation of NCT. PMID:22973949

[Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy of CDOM from Yundang Lagoon and its indication for organic pollution].

PubMed

Zhuo, Jian-Fu; Guo, Wei-Dong; Deng, Xun; Zhang, Zhi-Ying; Xu, Jing; Huang, Ling-Feng

2010-06-01

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with absorption spectroscopy were applied to study the optical properties of CDOM samples from highly-polluted Yundang Lagoon in Xiamen in order to demonstrate the feasibility of using these spectral properties as a tracer of the degree of organic pollution in similar polluted coastal waters. Surface water samples were collected from 13 stations 4 times during April and May, 2008. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model was used to resolve the EEMs of CDOM. Five separate fluorescent components were identified, including two humic-like components (C1: 240, 325/422 nm; C5: 260, 380/474 nm), two protein-like components (C2: 225, 275/350 nm; C4: 240, 300/354 nm) and one xenobiotic-like component (C3: 225/342 nm), which could be used as a good tracer for the input of the anthropogenic organic, pollutants. The concentrations of component C3 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are much higher near the inlet of sewage discharge, demonstrating that the discharge of surrounding sewage is a major source of organic pollutants in Yundang Lagoon. CDOM absorption coefficient alpha (280) and the score of humic-like component C1 showed significant linear relationships with COD(Mn), and a strong positive correlation was also found between the score of protein-like component C2 and BOD5. This suggested that the optical properties of CDOM may provide a fast in-situ way to monitor the variation of the water quality in Yundang Lagoon and that of similar polluted coastal waters.

Shark complement: an assessment.

PubMed

Smith, S L

1998-12-01

The classical (CCP) and alternative (ACP) pathways of complement activation have been established for the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum). The isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a mannan-binding protein-associated serine protease (MASP)-1-like protein from the Japanese dogfish (Triakis scyllia) suggests the presence of a lectin pathway. The CCP consists of six functionally distinct components: C1n, C2n, C3n, C4n, C8n and C9n, and is activated by immune complexes in the presence of Ca++ and Mg++ ions. The ACP is antibody independent, requiring Mg++ ions and a heat-labile 90 kDa factor B-like protein for activity. Proteins considered homologues of C1q, C3 and C4 (C2n) of the mammalian complement system have been isolated from nurse shark serum. Shark C1q is composed of at least two chain types each showing 50% identity to human C1q chains A and B. Partial sequence of the globular domain of one of the chains shows it to be C1q-like rather than like mannan-binding protein. N-terminal amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta chain of shark C3 and C4 molecules show significant identity with corresponding human C3 and C4 chains. A sequence representing shark C4 gamma chain, shows little similarity to human C4 gamma chain. The terminal shark components C8n and C9n are functional analogues of mammalian C8 and C9. Anaphylatoxin activity has been demonstrated in activated shark serum, and porcine C5a desArg induces shark leucocyte chemotaxis. The deduced amino acid sequence of a partial C3 cDNA clone from the nurse shark shows 50%, 30% and 24% homology with the corresponding region of mammalian C3, C4 and alpha 2-macroglobulin. Deduced amino acid sequence data from partial Bf/C2 cDNA clones, two from the nurse shark and one from the Japanese dogfish, suggest that at least one species of elasmobranch has two distinct Bf/C2 genes.

Volatile organic chemicals of a shore-dwelling cyanobacterial mat community.

PubMed

Evans, W G

1994-02-01

The main components of a cyanobacterial mat community of a hypersaline lake shore consist of edaphic, mat-forming strains (ecophenes), and littoral strains ofOscillatoria animalis Agardh andO. subbrevis Schmidle, other microorganisms associated with these cyanobacteria, several species ofBembidion (Carabidae: Coleoptera), and two halophytic flowering plants:Puccinellia nuttalliana (salt meadow grass) andSalicornia europaea rubra (samphire). The volatile organic compounds of this community are a blend of those emitted by each of these components such as the C17 alka(e)nes, geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol,β-cyclocitral,β-ionone, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide of cyanobacteria and associated microorganisms; alcohols, esters, and aldehydes usually associated with flowering plants; and possibly some insect-derived esters, particularly isopropyl tetradecanoate. The dominant compounds were: C11, C13, C15, and C17 alka(e)nes, methyl esters of C16 and C18:2 acids, isopropyl tetradecanoate, heptanal, 3-octanone and 2-nonanone, the acyclic terpene linalool, and the alcohols 1-heptanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 3-hexen-1-ol, and 2-octen-1-ol. It is concluded that this community may be distinguished from related communities by its repertoire of volatile organic compounds.

A high-resolution core-level photoemission study of the Au/4H-SiC(0001)-([Formula: see text]) interface.

PubMed

Stoltz, D; Stoltz, S E; Johansson, L S O

2007-07-04

We present a systematic study of different reconstructions obtained after deposition of Au on the [Formula: see text]-4H-SiC(0001) surface. For 1-2 monolayers (ML) Au and annealing temperature T(anneal)∼675 °C, a 3 × 3 reconstruction was observed. For 4 ML Au and T(anneal)∼650 °C, a [Formula: see text] reconstruction appeared, while 5 ML Au annealed at 700 °C reconstructed to give a [Formula: see text] pattern. From the Si 2p and Au 4f core-level components, we propose interface models, depending on the amount of Au on the surface and the annealing temperature. For 1-4 ML Au annealed at 650-675 °C, gold diffuses under the topmost Si into the SiC and forms a silicide. An additional Si component in our Si 2p spectra is related to the interface between the silicide and SiC. For 5 ML Au annealed at 700 °C, silicide is also formed at the surface, covering unreacted Au on top of the SiC substrate. The interface Si component is also observed in the Si 2p spectra of this surface. The key role in [Formula: see text]-4H-SiC(0001) interface formation is played by diffusion and the silicon-richness of the surface.

Effect of a dam on the optical properties of different-sized fractions of dissolved organic matter in a mid-subtropical drinking water source reservoir.

PubMed

Sun, Qiyuan; Jiang, Juan; Zheng, Yuyi; Wang, Feifeng; Wu, Chunshan; Xie, Rong-Rong

2017-11-15

The presence of a dam on a river is believed to have a key role in affecting changes in the components of the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in reservoirs. However, questions remain about the mechanisms that control these changes. In this study, we used tangential ultrafiltration, fluorescence spectrum and phytoplankton cell density detection to explore the impacts of a dam on the CDOM components in the Shanzai Reservoir, a source of drinking water. The results demonstrated each CDOM size fraction comprised two main components, namely C1 (protein-like substance) and C2 (humic-like substance). The C1 content had a higher value in areas with slow flow than in the normal river channel, while the C2 contents were generally stable in the flow direction. The topography of the reservoir site affected the structure of the CDOM components based on changes in the hydraulic conditions caused by the dam. The variations in the CDOM components, hydraulic parameters and fluorescence indices in the river flow direction indicated that the contribution of the phytoplankton to the CDOM content increased as the distance to the dam decreased, phytoplankton metabolism enhanced C1 content of the 1-10kDa molecular weights range fraction. Further, the contributions of different phytoplankton biomass to C1 proved that the dam changed the hydraulic conditions, had secondary effects on the metabolism of the phytoplankton, and resulted in changes in the structure of the CDOM components. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterizing fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a membrane bioreactor via excitation-emission matrix combined with parallel factor analysis.

PubMed

Maqbool, Tahir; Quang, Viet Ly; Cho, Jinwoo; Hur, Jin

2016-06-01

In this study, we successfully tracked the dynamic changes in different constitutes of bound extracellular polymeric substances (bEPS), soluble microbial products (SMP), and permeate during the operation of bench scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) via fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Three fluorescent groups were identified, including two protein-like (tryptophan-like C1 and tyrosine-like C2) and one microbial humic-like components (C3). In bEPS, protein-like components were consistently more dominant than C3 during the MBR operation, while their relative abundance in SMP depended on aeration intensities. C1 of bEPS exhibited a linear correlation (R(2)=0.738; p<0.01) with bEPS amounts in sludge, and C2 was closely related to the stability of sludge. The protein-like components were more greatly responsible for membrane fouling. Our study suggests that EEM-PARAFAC can be a promising monitoring tool to provide further insight into process evaluation and membrane fouling during MBR operation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

14 CFR Appendix C to Part 23 - Basic Landing Conditions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Basic Landing Conditions C Appendix C to... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Pt. 23, App. C Appendix C...) 23.479(a)(2)(ii) 23.481(a)(2) and (b). Vertical component at c. g nW nW nW nW nW. Fore and aft...

14 CFR Appendix C to Part 23 - Basic Landing Conditions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Basic Landing Conditions C Appendix C to... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Pt. 23, App. C Appendix C...) 23.479(a)(2)(ii) 23.481(a)(2) and (b). Vertical component at c. g nW nW nW nW nW. Fore and aft...

14 CFR Appendix C to Part 23 - Basic Landing Conditions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Basic Landing Conditions C Appendix C to... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Pt. 23, App. C Appendix C...) 23.479(a)(2)(ii) 23.481(a)(2) and (b). Vertical component at c. g nW nW nW nW nW. Fore and aft...

Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-01

integers from 1 to N. N E Xi = XI1 + X 2 + X 3 . ..... + XN i=l 1 In the above example (from Table 4.1), X1 = 35.8, X2 = 33.0, ... , XN = X52 32.4; N E...41e 0 b10) -4 r- -C) a) 5l %Dt C) ON qc -0 Cl qtr C -4 %D cvj qw a) C )L- L~~~J enC- ..4 m~a CV) .4 c P.. .4 cnm0 q5C) )n me .-4C) - (J 1 () e U m. 0-4...X(l) = X = 35.8, X(2) = X2 = 33.0,..., X(52) = X52 = 32.4. X(t) is the linear trend. X’(t) is the random component. In this case, the trend can be

Nationwide Survey of Soldier Perceptions of Reserve Component (RC) training

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

University Drive ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO. Boise_ TD 8A372 63007A 795 3308(516) X2 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification) Nationwide Survey...2.277) would not only be 22 0) N’ - w Cq If) ~ 4I CD IfO LC) Vf)r- V- co tf)- wc~)) u-, v ’ 0 0O tD 1-’- 4 C0 f 𔃾ICD Cy) C C -Il T-4 InOIoOD 0 - O...8217 wo LO) co C C -4 C’) -q w ) Co co) C’. i Cc.3 C2 C C) C’) C\\J C’) C’) C’) C’) C’) Co) t o C o CD co -4 C’) tD 1-4 C𔃽 S vi CD 0) lw El - 0) 14 co 0

Identification of New Signaling Components in the Sensory Epithelium of Human Saccule

PubMed Central

Degerman, Eva; Rauch, Uwe; Göransson, Olga; Lindberg, Sven; Hultgårdh, Anna; Magnusson, Måns

2011-01-01

Objective: To locate components and target proteins of relevance for the cAMP and cGMP signaling networks including cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs), salt-inducible kinases (SIKs), subunits of Na+, K+-ATPases, and aquaporins (AQPs) in the human saccule. Methods: The human saccule was dissected out during the removal of vestibular schwannoma via the translabyrinthine approach and immediately fixed. Immunohistochemistry was performed using PDE, SIK, Na+, K+-ATPase, and AQP antibodies. Results: PDEs selective for cAMP (PDE4A, PDE4D, and PDE8A) and cGMP (PDE9A) as well a dual specificity PDE (PDE10A) were detected in the sensory epithelium of the saccule. Furthermore, AQP2, 4, and 9, SIK1 and the α-1 subunit of the Na+, K+-ATPase were detected. Conclusion: cAMP and cGMP are important regulators of ion and water homeostasis in the inner ear. The identification of PDEs and SIK1 in the vestibular system offers new treatment targets for endolymphatic hydrops. Exactly how the PDEs are connected to SIK1 and the SIK1 substrate Na+, K+-ATPase and to AQPs 2, 4, 9 remains to be elucidated. The dissection of the signaling networks utilizing these components and evaluating their roles will add new basic knowledge regarding inner ear physiology. PMID:21886636

2,4,6-Tri-amino-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium 3-(prop-2-eno-yloxy)propano-ate acrylic acid monosolvate monohydrate.

PubMed

Sangeetha, V; Kanagathara, N; Chakkaravarthi, G; Marchewka, M K; Anbalagan, G

2013-05-01

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C3H7N6 (+)·C6H7O4 (-)·C3H4O2·H2O, contains a 2,4,6-tri-amino-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium cation, a 3-(prop-2-eno-yloxy)propano-ate anion and acrylic acid and water solvent mol-ecules in a 1:1:1:1 ratio and with each species in a general position. In the crystal, the components are linked into a supra-molecular layer in the bc plane via a combination of O-H⋯O, N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, the minor component contribution being approximately 26%.

The 2:1 salt-type adduct formed between 6-amino-3-methyl-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione and piperidine: sheets containing 20 independent hydrogen bonds.

PubMed

Orozco, Fabián; Insuasty, Braulio; Cobo, Justo; Glidewell, Christopher

2009-05-01

The title compound, piperidinium 6-amino-3-methyl-5-nitroso-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-ide 6-amino-3-methyl-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, C(5)H(12)N(+).C(5)H(5)N(4)O(3)(-).C(5)H(6)N(4)O(3), (I), crystallizes with Z' = 2 in the space group P1. There is an intramolecular N-H...O hydrogen bond in each pyrimidine unit and within the selected asymmetric unit the six independent components are linked by 11 hydrogen bonds, seven of the N-H...O type and four of the N-H...N type. These six-component aggregates are linked into sheets by five further hydrogen bonds, three of the N-H...O type and one each of the N-H...N and C-H...O types.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the ferredoxin reductase component in the Rieske nonhaem iron oxygenase system carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ashikawa, Yuji; Uchimura, Hiromasa; Fujimoto, Zui

2007-06-01

The NAD(P)H:ferredoxin oxidoreductase in carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase from Janthinobacterium sp. J3 was crystallized and diffraction data were collected to 2.60 Å resolution. Carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase (CARDO), which consists of an oxygenase component (CARDO-O) and the electron-transport components ferredoxin (CARDO-F) and ferredoxin reductase (CARDO-R), catalyzes dihydroxylation at the C1 and C9a positions of carbazole. CARDO-R was crystallized at 277 K using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method with the precipitant PEG 8000. Two crystal types (types I and II) were obtained. The type I crystal diffracted to a maximum resolution of 2.80 Å and belonged to space group P4{sub 2}2{sub 1}2, with unit-cell parameters amore » = b = 158.7, c = 81.4 Å. The type II crystal was obtained in drops from which type I crystals had been removed; it diffracted to 2.60 Å resolution and belonged to the same space group, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 161.8, c = 79.5 Å.« less

The inception of star cluster formation revealed by [C II] emission around an Infrared Dark Cloud

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bisbas, Thomas G.; Tan, Jonathan C.; Csengeri, Timea; Wu, Benjamin; Lim, Wanggi; Caselli, Paola; Güsten, Rolf; Ricken, Oliver; Riquelme, Denise

2018-07-01

We present SOFIA-upGREAT observations of [C II] emission of Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) G035.39-00.33, designed to trace its atomic gas envelope and thus test models of the origins of such clouds. Several velocity components of [C II] emission are detected, tracing structures that are at a wide range of distances in the Galactic plane. We find a main component that is likely associated with the IRDC and its immediate surroundings. This strongest emission component has a velocity similar to that of the 13CO(2-1) emission of the IRDC, but offset by ˜3 km s-1 and with a larger velocity width of ˜9 km s-1. The spatial distribution of the [C II] emission of this component is also offset predominantly to one side of the dense filamentary structure of the IRDC. The C II column density is estimated to be of the order of ˜1017-1018 cm-2. We compare these results to the [C II] emission from numerical simulations of magnetized, dense gas filaments formed from giant molecular cloud (GMC) collisions, finding similar spatial and kinematic offsets. These observations and modellingof [C II] add further to the evidence that IRDC G035.39-00.33 has been formed by a process of GMC-GMC collision, which may thus be an important mechanism for initiating star cluster formation.

[Verification of ballast water exchange for international ships anchored in Xiamen Port by CDOM tracer].

PubMed

Li, Chao; Zhang, Yan-po; Guo, Wei-dong; Zhu, Yue; Xu, Jing; Deng, Xun

2010-09-01

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and absorption spectroscopy were applied to study the optical properties of 29 CDOM samples collected from different ballast tanks of nine international route vessels anchored in Xiamen Port between October 2007 and April 2008. The purpose was to examine the feasibility of these spectral properties as a tracer to verify if these vessels follow the mid-ocean ballast water exchange (BWE) regulation. Using parallel factor analysis, four fluorescent components were identified, including two humic-like components (C1: 245, 300/386 nm; C2: 250, 345/458 nm) and two protein-like components (C3: 220, 275/306 nm; C4: 235, 290/345 nm), of which C2 component was the suitable fluorescence verification indicator. The vertical distribution of all fluorescent components in ballast tank was nearly similar indicating that profile-mixing sampling was preferable. Combined use of C2 component, spectral slope ratio (SR) of absorption spectroscopy and salinity may provide reasonable verification if BWE carried out by these nine ships. The results suggested that the combined use of multiple parameters (fluorescence, absorption and salinity) would be much reliable to determine the origin of ballast water, and to provide the technical guarantee for fast examination of ballast water exchange in Chinese ports.

49 CFR 360.5 - Updating user fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... updating the cost components comprising the fee. Cost components shall be updated as follows: (1) Direct... determined by the cost study in Regulations Governing Fees For Service, 1 I.C.C. 2d 60 (1984), or subsequent... by total office costs for the office directly associated with user fee activity. Actual updating of...

Novel free ceramides as components of the soldier defense gland of the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus).

PubMed

Ohta, Masaya; Matsuura, Fumito; Henderson, Gregg; Laine, Roger A

2007-03-01

Of the lipid extracts of the defense secretion from the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, on high-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis, no glycolipids or phospholipids were detected, but free fatty acids and three novel ceramides were found (termed TL-1, TL-2, and TL-3). Free fatty acids were confirmed to be lignoceric acid (C24:0) and hexacosanoic acid (C26:0), as described previously [Chen, J., G. Henderson, and R. A. Laine. 1999. Lignoceric acid and hexacosanoic acid: major components of soldier frontal gland secretions of the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus). J. Chem. Ecol. 25: 817-824]. TL-1, TL-2, and TL-3 were characterized as ceramides differing in hydrophobicity based on results of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis, mild alkaline treatment, GC-MS analysis of fatty acid methylesters, and GC-MS analysis of sphingoid long-chain bases (LCBs) as trimethylsilyl derivatives. Fatty acids in TL-1 and TL-2 were C18:0, C20:0, and C22:0, and those in TL-3 were 2-hydroxy C18:0, C20:0, and C22:0. The most predominant LCB in TL-2 was a novel trihydroxy C(14)-sphingosine, 1,3,9-trihydroxy-2-amino-6-tetradecene. TL-3 contained C(18)-sphinganine and two kinds of novel sphingadienines, 1,3-dihydroxy-2-amino-7,10-hexadecadiene and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-amino-11,14-eicosadiene. Although examination of the biological activities of these novel ceramides was beyond the scope of these studies, because of the minuscule quantities available from termite secretions, it will be interesting in the future to synthesize these molecules for biological testing.

A Study of Issues Related to Accession and Retention of Enlisted Personnel in the Reserve Components. Volume 2.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-11-01

not at home 0 Respondent away for survey period, respondent ill, respondent deceased, language barrier P/M Respondent not eligible. Reasons for...1. -25- FIGURE 3-1. COMPUTATION OF THE SES INDEX* Step 1: Respondent’s occupation is scored according to the following scale: 1 = Higher Executive...004 Available Available W2 .001 C’s h C’s higher C’s higher C’s higher AFQT p < .000 2 05 p2 .000 p 2 .02S.004 w .003 W = .014 . = .003 More

A Tracking Study Regarding Issues Related to Recruitment of Enlisted Personnel for the Reserve Components. Wave I. Fall 1978. Volume 2.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-05-01

with a positive propensity to enlist. 6 P STRISU TION, AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 Af T ef& Uf T CLASSIFICATION TJUNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED 0 SAME AS RPT...8217, C’ C’ CO C- C S CU’ r-I C M (n (3)4-1 9 1 4-2 ) rIIo4LO 1 UIU 00 SD M Ir5 C a) 4-0 0 4- 4$m4~~ Eu~ a a) Czt 8r ~Q(~)+ ~ ~ 0~ x Cr-a) Cd -) 4-) >a

A physical map of the human regulator of complement activation gene cluster linking the complement genes CR1, CR2, DAF, and C4BP

PubMed Central

1988-01-01

We report the organization of the human genes encoding the complement components C4-binding protein (C4BP), C3b/C4b receptor (CR1), decay accelerating factor (DAF), and C3dg receptor (CR2) within the regulator of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster. Using pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis these genes have been physically linked and aligned as CR1-CR2-DAF-C4BP in an 800-kb DNA segment. The very tight linkage between the CR1 and the C4BP loci, contrasted with the relative long DNA distance between these genes, suggests the existence of mechanisms interfering with recombination within the RCA gene cluster. PMID:2450163

Photodissociation of cis-, trans-, and 1,1-dichloroethylene in the ultraviolet range: characterization of Cl((2)P(J)) elimination.

PubMed

Hua, Linqiang; Zhang, Xiaopeng; Lee, Wei-Bin; Chao, Meng-Hsuan; Zhang, Bing; Lin, King-Chuen

2010-01-14

By using photofragment velocity imaging detection coupled with a (2 + 1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization technique, the elimination channel of spin-orbit chlorine atoms in photodissociation of cis-, trans-, and 1,1-dichloroethylene at two photolysis wavelengths of 214.5 and 235 nm is investigated. Translational energy and angular distributions of Cl((2)P(J)) fragmentation are acquired. The Cl((2)P(J)) fragments are produced by two competing channels. The fast dissociation component with higher translational energy is characterized by a Gaussian distribution, resulting from a curve crossing of the initially excited (pi, pi*) state to nearby repulsive (pi, sigma*) and/or (n, sigma*). In contrast, the slow component with a lower translational energy is characterized by a Boltzmann distribution, which dissociates on the vibrationally hot ground state relaxed from the (pi, pi*) state via internal conversion. cis-C(2)H(2)Cl(2) is found to have a larger branching of Boltzmann component than the other two isomers. The fraction of available energy partitioning into translation increases along the trend of cis- < trans- < 1,1-C(2)H(2)Cl(2). This trend may be fitted by a rigid radical model and interpreted by means of a torque generated during the C-Cl bond cleavage. The anisotropy parameters are determined, and the transition dipole moments are expected to be essentially along the C horizontal lineC bond axis. The results are also predicted theoretically. The relative quantum yields of Cl((2)P(J)) have a similar value for the three isomers at the two photolysis wavelengths.

Calculating radiation exposures during use of (14)C-labeled nutrients, food components, and biopharmaceuticals to quantify metabolic behavior in humans.

PubMed

Kim, Seung-Hyun; Kelly, Peter B; Clifford, Andrew J

2010-04-28

(14)C has long been used as a tracer for quantifying the in vivo human metabolism of food components, biopharmaceuticals, and nutrients. Minute amounts (< or =1 x 10 (-18) mol) of (14)C can be measured with high-throughput (14)C-accelerator mass spectrometry (HT (14)C-AMS) in isolated chemical extracts of biological, biomedical, and environmental samples. Availability of in vivo human data sets using a (14)C tracer would enable current concepts of the metabolic behavior of food components, biopharmaceuticals, or nutrients to be organized into models suitable for quantitative hypothesis testing and determination of metabolic parameters. In vivo models are important for specification of intake levels for food components, biopharmaceuticals, and nutrients. Accurate estimation of the radiation exposure from ingested (14)C is an essential component of the experimental design. Therefore, this paper illustrates the calculation involved in determining the radiation exposure from a minute dose of orally administered (14)C-beta-carotene, (14)C-alpha-tocopherol, (14)C-lutein, and (14)C-folic acid from four prior experiments. The administered doses ranged from 36 to 100 nCi, and radiation exposure ranged from 0.12 to 5.2 microSv to whole body and from 0.2 to 3.4 microSv to liver with consideration of tissue weighting factor and fractional nutrient. In comparison, radiation exposure experienced during a 4 h airline flight across the United States at 37000 ft was 20 microSv.

Stable isotopic and molecular compositions of void and hydrate-bound gases in typical seismic chimney setting of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Korea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chun, J.; Lee, J.; Kim, J.; Bahk, J.; Ryu, B.

2009-12-01

Two UBGH cores were collected at vertical seismic chimney setting in the deep-water (> 2,000 m) Ulleung Basin, East Sea during UBGH-Expedition-01 in 2007. Gas hydrates were recovered from UBGH-10 and UBGH-09 sites with different occurrences associated with seismic chimney blanking zone. Site UBGH-10 is characterized by a small mound as well as a near-surface structure, indicated by a seafloor extension of vertical seismic chimney. Site UBGH-09 consists of acoustic blanking in the shallow section and seismic chimney in the deep section. Highly GH-concentrated zones have been found in vertical seismic chimney interval at these two sites from the Ulleung Basin. Methane is the dominant component of void gases with traces of C2 and C3 at UBGH-09. No C4 hydrocarbon gases were determined. The C1/C2+C3 ratio range from 3222 to 31654. The stable carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δD) isotope values of CH4 range from -71.8‰ to -59.8‰ PDB and -203.6‰ to -185.6 ‰ SMOW, respectivley. Methane is the main component of void gases at UBGH-10. The C1/C2+C3 ratio range from 657 to 7968. The δ13C of CH4 varies from -67.7‰ to -60.6‰ PDB, and δD of CH4 ranges from -201.9‰ to -183.3 ‰ SMOW. Isotopic properties of void gases from the two sites suggest that CH4 is largely microbial with CO2 reduction environment. In the vertical seismic chimney interval, void gases have low C1/C2+C3 ratio (> 10,000). At shallow depth (0-67 mbsf) in UBGH-09 contain relatively high C1/C2+C3 ratio (11115 to 31654). The stable carbon and hydrogen isotope values of hydrate-bound gases range from -63.1‰ to 61.9‰ PDB and -200.2‰ to -191.4‰ SMOW, respectively. The C1/C2+C3 ratio range from 979 to 5085. The molecular and stable isotopic compositions of hydrate-bound gases suggest that CH4 is largely microbial with CO2 reduction.

The impact of half-a-degree Celsius upon the spatial pattern of future sea-level change.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jackson, Luke

2017-04-01

It has been shown that the global thermal expansion of sea level and ocean dynamics are linearly related to global temperature change. On this basis one can estimate the difference in local sea-level change between a 1.5°C and 2.0°C world. The mitigation scenario RCP 2.6 shows an end-of-century global temperature range of 0.9 to 2.3°C (median 1.6°C). Additional sea-level components, such as mass changes in ice sheets, glaciers and land-water storage have unique spatial patterns that contribute to sea-level change and will be indirectly affected by global temperature change. We project local sea-level change for RCP 2.6 using sub-sets of models in the CMIP5 archive that follow different global temperature pathways. The method used to calculate local sea-level change is probabilistic and combines the normalised spatial patterns of sea-level components with global average projections of individual sea-level components.

Isotopic Tracing of Fuel Components in Particulate Emissions from Diesel Engines using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Buchholz, B A; Mueller, C J; Garbak, J.

2001-08-02

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is an isotope-ratio measurement technique developed in the late 1970s for tracing long-lived radioisotopes (e.g., {sup 14}C half life = 5760 y). The technique counts individual nuclei rather than waiting for their radioactive decay, allowing measurement of more than 100 low-level {sup 14}C samples per day (Vogel et al, 1995). The LLNL AMS system is shown in Fig.1. The contemporary quantity of {sup 14}C in living things ({sup 14}C/C = 1.2 x 10{sup -12} or 110 fmol {sup 14}C/ g C) is highly elevated compared to the quantity of {sup 14}C in petroleum-derived products. This isotopicmore » elevation is sufficient to trace the fate of bio-derived fuel components in the emissions of an engine without the use of radioactive materials. If synthesis of a fuel component from biologically-derived source material is not feasible, another approach is to purchase {sup 14}C-labeled material (e.g., dibutyl maleate (DBM)) and dilute it with petroleum-derived material to yield a contemporary level of {sup 14}C. In each case, the virtual absence of {sup 14}C in petroleum based fuels gives a very low {sup 14}C background that makes this approach to tracing fuel components practical. Regulatory pressure to significantly reduce the particulate emissions from diesel engines is driving research into understanding mechanisms of soot formation. If mechanisms are understood, then combustion modeling can be used to evaluate possible changes in fuel formulation and suggest possible fuel components that can improve combustion and reduce PM emissions. The combustion paradigm assumes that large molecules break down into small components and then build up again during soot formation. AMS allows us to label specific fuel components, including oxygenates, trace the carbon atoms, and test this combustion modeling paradigm. Volatile and non-volatile organic fractions (VOF, NVOF) in the PM can be further separated. The VOF of the PM can be oxidized with catalysts in the exhaust stream to further decrease PM. The effectiveness of exhaust stream catalysts to oxidize products from tracer fuel components can be monitored through AMS measurement of carbon in PM. The objects of this report are: (1) Determine contribution of diesel fuel components and oxygenates to soot formation; (2) Separate volatile and non-volatile fractions of soot; (3) Test combustion paradigm that all carbon and oxygen in fuel is equal; and (4) Produce data to validate combustion modeling.« less

Combining the spin-separated exact two-component relativistic Hamiltonian with the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method for the treatment of spin-orbit splittings of light and heavy elements.

PubMed

Cao, Zhanli; Li, Zhendong; Wang, Fan; Liu, Wenjian

2017-02-01

The spin-separated exact two-component (X2C) relativistic Hamiltonian [sf-X2C+so-DKHn, J. Chem. Phys., 2012, 137, 154114] is combined with the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method with singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) for the treatment of spin-orbit splittings of open-shell molecular systems. Scalar relativistic effects are treated to infinite order from the outset via the spin-free part of the X2C Hamiltonian (sf-X2C), whereas the spin-orbit couplings (SOC) are handled at the CC level via the first-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess (DKH) type of spin-orbit operator (so-DKH1). Since the exponential of single excitations, i.e., exp(T 1 ), introduces sufficient spin orbital relaxations, the inclusion of SOC at the CC level is essentially the same in accuracy as the inclusion of SOC from the outset in terms of the two-component spinors determined variationally by the sf-X2C+so-DKH1 Hamiltonian, but is computationally more efficient. Therefore, such an approach (denoted as sf-X2C-EOM-CCSD(SOC)) can achieve uniform accuracy for the spin-orbit splittings of both light and heavy elements. For light elements, the treatment of SOC can even be postponed until the EOM step (denoted as sf-X2C-EOM(SOC)-CCSD), so as to further reduce the computational cost. To reveal the efficacy of sf-X2C-EOM-CCSD(SOC) and sf-X2C-EOM(SOC)-CCSD, the spin-orbit splittings of the 2 Π states of monohydrides up to the sixth row of the periodic table are investigated. The results show that sf-X2C-EOM-CCSD(SOC) predicts very accurate results (within 5%) for elements up to the fifth row, whereas sf-X2C-EOM(SOC)-CCSD is useful only for light elements (up to the third row but with some exceptions). For comparison, the sf-X2C-S-TD-DFT-SOC approach [spin-adapted open-shell time-dependent density functional theory, Mol. Phys., 2013, 111, 3741] is applied to the same systems. The overall accuracy (1-10%) is satisfactory.

2,4,6-Tri­amino-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium 3-(prop-2-eno­yloxy)propano­ate acrylic acid monosolvate monohydrate

PubMed Central

Sangeetha, V.; Kanagathara, N.; Chakkaravarthi, G.; Marchewka, M. K.; Anbalagan, G.

2013-01-01

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C3H7N6 +·C6H7O4 −·C3H4O2·H2O, contains a 2,4,6-tri­amino-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium cation, a 3-(prop-2-eno­yloxy)propano­ate anion and acrylic acid and water solvent mol­ecules in a 1:1:1:1 ratio and with each species in a general position. In the crystal, the components are linked into a supra­molecular layer in the bc plane via a combination of O—H⋯O, N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, the minor component contribution being approximately 26%. PMID:23723892

ALMA Reveals Metals yet No Dust within Multiple Components in CR7

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matthee, J.; Sobral, D.; Boone, F.; Röttgering, H.; Schaerer, D.; Girard, M.; Pallottini, A.; Vallini, L.; Ferrara, A.; Darvish, B.; Mobasher, B.

2017-12-01

We present spectroscopic follow-up observations of CR7 with ALMA, targeted at constraining the infrared (IR) continuum and [C II]{}158μ {{m}} line-emission at high spatial resolution matched to the HST/WFC3 imaging. CR7 is a luminous Lyα emitting galaxy at z = 6.6 that consists of three separated UV-continuum components. Our observations reveal several well-separated components of [C II] emission. The two most luminous components in [C II] coincide with the brightest UV components (A and B), blueshifted by ≈ 150 km s‑1 with respect to the peak of Lyα emission. Other [C II] components are observed close to UV clumps B and C and are blueshifted by ≈ 300 and ≈80 km s‑1 with respect to the systemic redshift. We do not detect FIR continuum emission due to dust with a 3σ limiting luminosity {L}{IR}({T}d=35 {{K}})< 3.1× {10}10 {L}ȯ . This allows us to mitigate uncertainties in the dust-corrected SFR and derive SFRs for the three UV clumps A, B, and C of 28, 5, and 7 {M}ȯ yr‑1. All clumps have [C II] luminosities consistent within the scatter observed in the local relation between SFR and {L}[{{C}{{II}}]}, implying that strong Lyα emission does not necessarily anti-correlate with [C II] luminosity. Combining our measurements with the literature, we show that galaxies with blue UV slopes have weaker [C II] emission at fixed SFR, potentially due to their lower metallicities and/or higher photoionization. Comparison with hydrodynamical simulations suggests that CR7's clumps have metallicities of 0.1< {{Z}}/{{{Z}}}ȯ < 0.2. The observed ISM structure of CR7 indicates that we are likely witnessing the build up of a central galaxy in the early universe through complex accretion of satellites.

Interactions of ABA signaling core components (SlPYLs, SlPP2Cs, and SlSnRK2s) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon).

PubMed

Chen, Pei; Sun, Yu-Fei; Kai, Wen-Bin; Liang, Bin; Zhang, Yu-Shu; Zhai, Xia-Wan; Jiang, Li; Du, Yang-Wei; Leng, Ping

2016-10-20

Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates fruit development and ripening via its signaling. However, the exact role of ABA signaling core components in fruit have not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the potential interactions of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) ABA signaling core components using yeast two-hybrid analysis, with or without ABA at different concentrations. The results showed that among 12 PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors (SlPYLs), SlPYL1, SlPYL2, SlPYL4, SlPYL5, SlPYL 7, SlPYL8, SlPYL9, SlPYL10, SlPYL11, and SlPYL13 were ABA-dependent receptors, while SlPYL3 and SlPYL12 were ABA-independent receptors. Among five SlPP2Cs (type 2C protein phosphatases) and seven SlSnRK2s (subfamily 2 of SNF1-related kinases), all SlSnRK2s could interact with SlPP2C2, while SlSnRK2.8 also interacted with SlPP2C3. SlSnRK2.5 could interact with SlABF2/4 (ABA-responsive element binding factors). Expressions of SlPYL1, SlPYL2, SlPYL8, and SlPYL10 were upregulated under exogenous ABA but downregulated under nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) at the mature green stage of fruit ripening. The expressions of SlPP2C1, SlPP2C2, SlPP2C3, and SlPP2C5 were upregulated in ABA-treated fruit, but downregulated in NDGA-treated fruit at the mature green stage. The expressions of SlSnRK2.4, SlSnRK2.5, SlSnRK2.6, and SlSnRK2.7 were upregulated by ABA, but downregulated by NDGA. However, SlSnRK2.2 was down regulated by ABA. Expression of SlABF2/3/4 was enhanced by ABA but decreased by NDGA. Based on these results, we concluded that the majority of ABA receptor PYLs interact with SlPP2Cs in an ABA-dependent manner. SlPP2C2 and SlPP2C3 can interact with SlSnRK2s. SlSnRK2.5 could interact with SlABF2/4. Most ABA signaling core components respond to exogenous ABA. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

All Prime Contract Awards by State or Country, Place, and Contractor, FY83, Part 5 (LaGrange, Indiana-Escanaba, Michigan).

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

N00104-83-CA014 B C A 1 2 2 1361 000 AS DEPTH CHARGE EXPLOSIVE COMPO 8 A 3 4 J 018 1 B J 1 J 174 2 E JA116 4000 N00104-83-CA014 B C A 1 2 2 1386 000 A6... EXPLOSIVE ORD DISPOSAL TOOL- 8 A 6 4 J 018 1 B J 1 E 84 2 A JA116 1398 N00104-63-CA026 B C A 1 3 2 1361 000 AS DEPTH CHARGE EXPLOSIVE COMPO 8 A 3 4 J...CA088 B C A 1 2 2 1356 000 AS TORPEDO EXPLOSIVE COMPONENTS 8 A 3 5 A 1001 5 B J 1 H 195 2 G PAIOt A700 N00140-83-CBA83 B C Z 1 2 2 R414 000 51 MOT

Impact of HbA1c criterion on the definition of glycemic component of the metabolic syndrome: the China health and nutrition survey 2009.

PubMed

Sun, Xingxing; Du, Tingting; Huo, Rui; Yu, Xuefeng; Xu, Lixian

2013-11-05

In 2009, a unified definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was proposed, of which, the glycemic component is defined on the basis of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level. Recently, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended the use of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as an alternative to FPG to define prediabetes. Hence, we aim to compare the performance of HbA1c and FPG in the definition of glycemic component of the MetS among Chinese adults. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 7641 Chinese participants aged ≥18 years using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. MetS was defined according to the consensus criteria in 2009. We compared the use of HbA1c versus FPG in the definition of the glycemic component of MetS. Increased HbA1c value was defined following the criterion of HbA1c cut-off point of ≥5.7% recommended by the ADA. Overall, 1136 (14.9%) had MetS according to FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/l, and 1640 (21.5%) had MetS according to HbA1c ≥ 5.7%. Compared with individuals with FPG-based diagnosis of MetS, individuals with HbA1c-based diagnosis of MetS were older, had higher levels of LDL-C, magnesium, and transferrin, and lower levels of uric acid. Of those found to have MetS according to either FPG or HbA1c (n = 2008), overlap between HbA1c- and FPG-based diagnosis of MetS was limited (n = 768, 38.2%). The overlap index regarding MetS diagnosed by FPG or HbA1c persisted low in each evaluated subgroup (≤ 50.0%). We note limited overlap and poor agreement between FPG- and HbA1c-based diagnosis of MetS. Screening MetS through introduction of HbA1c in addition to FPG could contribute to identification of more people with MetS.

HDL2-cholesterol/HDL3-cholesterol ratio was associated with insulin resistance, high-molecular-weight adiponectin, and components for metabolic syndrome in Japanese.

PubMed

Moriyama, Kengo; Negami, Masako; Takahashi, Eiko

2014-11-01

Recent data have suggested a relationship between the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclass ratio and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, limited information is available regarding the relationships between the HDL subclass ratio and insulin resistance, associated adipocytokine levels, and MetS components. The associations of the high-density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol (HDL2-C) to high-density lipoprotein 3 cholesterol (HDL3-C) ratio with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMW-Ad) levels, and MetS components were examined. The study included 1155 Japanese subjects who met our inclusion criteria and underwent an annual health examination that included an HDL subclass analysis. The HDL2-C/HDL3-C ratio and the HMW-Ad level gradually decreased as the number of MetS components increased. In contrast, HOMA-IR gradually increased as the number of MetS components increased. The HDL2-C/HDL3-C ratio correlated inversely with HOMA-IR and positively with the HMW-Ad level. A strong positive correlation was observed between the HDL2-C/HDL3-C ratio and the HDL-C level. The HDL2-C/HDL3-C ratio exhibited moderate negative correlations with the body mass index, waist circumference, and triglyceride level. Weak negative correlations were observed for the HDL2-C/HDL3-C ratio with the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose levels. Our data indicated that the HDL2-C/HDL3-C ratio was associated with insulin resistance, the HMW-Ad level, and MetS components, and it was useful for evaluating MetS in Japanese individuals. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sources, composition and absorption Ångström exponent of light-absorbing organic components in aerosol extracts from the Los Angeles Basin.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaolu; Lin, Ying-Hsuan; Surratt, Jason D; Weber, Rodney J

2013-04-16

We investigate the sources, chemical composition, and spectral properties of light-absorbing organic aerosol extracts (i.e., brown carbon, or BrC) in the Los Angeles (LA) Basin during the CalNex-2010 field campaign. Light absorption of PM2.5 water-soluble components at 365 nm (Abs365), used as a proxy for water-soluble BrC, was well correlated with water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) (r(2) = 0.55-0.65), indicating secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from anthropogenic emissions was the major source of water-soluble BrC in this region. Normalizing Abs365 to WSOC mass yielded an average solution mass absorption efficiency (MAE365) of 0.71 m(2) g(-1) C. Detailed chemical speciation of filter extracts identified eight nitro-aromatic compounds that were correlated with Abs365. These compounds accounted for ∼4% of the overall water-soluble BrC absorption. Methanol-extracted BrC in LA was approximately 3 and 21 times higher than water-soluble BrC at 365 and 532 nm, respectively, and had a MAE365 of 1.58 m(2) g(-1) C (Abs365 normalized to organic carbon mass). The water-insoluble BrC was strongly correlated with ambient elemental carbon concentration, suggesting similar sources. Absorption Ångström exponent (Å(a)) (fitted between 300 and 600 nm wavelengths) was 3.2 (±1.2) for the PILS water-soluble BrC measurement, compared to 4.8 (±0.5) and 7.6 (±0.5) for methanol- and water-soluble BrC from filter extracts, respectively. These results show that fine particle BrC was prevalent in the LA basin during CalNex, yet many of its properties and potential impacts remain unknown.

Improving Thermomechanical Properties of SiC/SiC Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DiCarlo, James A.; Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.

2006-01-01

Today, a major thrust toward improving the thermomechanical properties of engine components lies in the development of fiber-reinforced silicon carbide matrix composite materials, including SiC-fiber/SiC-matrix composites. These materials are lighter in weight and capable of withstanding higher temperatures, relative to state-of-the-art metallic alloys and oxide-matrix composites for which maximum use temperatures are in the vicinity of 1,100 C. In addition, the toughness or damage tolerance of the SiC-matrix composites is significantly greater than that of unreinforced silicon-based monolithic ceramics. For successful application in advanced engine systems, the SiC-matrix composites should be able to withstand component service stresses and temperatures for the desired component lifetimes. Inasmuch as the high-temperature structural lives of ceramic materials are typically limited by creep-induced growth of flaws, a key property required of such composite materials is high resistance to creep under conditions of use. Also, the thermal conductivity of the materials should be as high as possible so as to minimize component thermal gradients and thermal stresses. A state-of-the-art SiC-matrix composite is typically fabricated in a three-step process: (1) fabrication of a component-shaped architectural preform reinforced by thermally stable high-performance fibers, (2) chemical-vapor infiltration (CVI) of a fiber-coating material such as boron nitride (BN) into the preform, and (3) infiltration of an SiC-based matrix into the remaining porosity in the preform. Generally, the matrices of the highest-performing composites are fabricated by initial use of a CVI SiC matrix component that is typically more thermally stable and denser than matrix components formed by processes other than CVI. As such, the initial SiC matrix component made by CVI provides better environmental protection to the coated fibers embedded within it. Also, the denser CVI SiC imparts to the composite better resistance to propagation of cracks, enhanced thermal conductivity, and higher creep resistance.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sahore, Ritu; Peebles, Cameron; Abraham, Daniel P.

Li 1.03(Ni 0.5Mn 0.3Co 0.2) 0.97O 2 (NMC)-based coin cells containing the electrolyte additives vinylene carbonate (VC) and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TMSPi) in the range of 0-2 wt% were cycled between 3.0 and 4.4 V. The changes in capacity at rates of C/10 and C/1 and resistance at 60% state of charge were found to follow linear-with-time kinetic rate laws. Further, the C/10 capacity and resistance data were amenable to modeling by a statistics of mixtures approach. Applying physical meaning to the terms in the empirical models indicated that the interactions between the electrolyte and additives were not simple. For example, theremore » were strong, synergistic interactions between VC and TMSPi affecting C/10 capacity loss, as expected, but there were other, more subtle interactions between the electrolyte components. In conclusion, the interactions between these components controlled the C/10 capacity decline and resistance increase.« less

Transcriptional regulation of SlPYL, SlPP2C, and SlSnRK2 gene families encoding ABA signal core components during tomato fruit development and drought stress.

PubMed

Sun, Liang; Wang, Yan-Ping; Chen, Pei; Ren, Jie; Ji, Kai; Li, Qian; Li, Ping; Dai, Sheng-Jie; Leng, Ping

2011-11-01

In order to characterize the potential transcriptional regulation of core components of abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction in tomato fruit development and drought stress, eight SlPYL (ABA receptor), seven SlPP2C (type 2C protein phosphatase), and eight SlSnRK2 (subfamily 2 of SNF1-related kinases) full-length cDNA sequences were isolated from the tomato nucleotide database of NCBI GenBank. All SlPYL, SlPP2C, and SlSnRK2 genes obtained are homologous to Arabidopsis AtPYL, AtPP2C, and AtSnRK2 genes, respectively. Based on phylogenetic analysis, SlPYLs and SlSnRK2s were clustered into three subfamilies/subclasses, and all SlPP2Cs belonged to PP2C group A. Within the SlPYL gene family, SlPYL1, SlPYL2, SlPYL3, and SlPYL6 were the major genes involved in the regulation of fruit development. Among them, SlPYL1 and SlPYL2 were expressed at high levels throughout the process of fruit development and ripening; SlPYL3 was strongly expressed at the immature green (IM) and mature green (MG) stages, while SlPYL6 was expressed strongly at the IM and red ripe (RR) stages. Within the SlPP2C gene family, the expression of SlPP2C, SlPP2C3, and SlPP2C4 increased after the MG stage; SlPP2C1 and SlPP2C5 peaked at the B3 stage, while SlPP2C2 and SlPP2C6 changed little during fruit development. Within the SlSnRK2 gene family, the expression of SlSnRK2.2, SlSnRK2.3, SlSnRK2.4, and SlSnRK2C was higher than that of other members during fruit development. Additionally, most SlPYL genes were down-regulated, while most SlPP2C and SlSnRK2 genes were up-regulated by dehydration in tomato leaf.

Molecular cloning, structural analysis and expression of complement component Bf/C2 genes in the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum.

PubMed

Shin, Dong-Ho; Webb, Barbara; Nakao, Miki; Smith, Sylvia L

2007-01-01

Factor B and C2 are serine proteases that provide the catalytic subunits of C3 and C5 convertases of the alternative (AP) and classical (CP) complement pathways. Two Bf/C2 cDNAs, GcBf/C2-1 and -2 (previously referred to as nsBf/C2-A and nsBf/C2-B), were isolated from the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum. GcBf/C2-1 and -2 are 3364 and 3082bp in length and encode a leader peptide, three CCPs, one VWFA, the serine protease domain and have a putative factor D/C1s/MASP cleavage site. Southern blots show that there might be up to two Bf/C2-like genes for each of the two GcBf/C2 isoforms. GcBf/C2-1 and -2 are constitutively expressed, albeit at different levels, in all nine tissues examined. Expression in erythrocytes is a novel finding. Structural analysis has revealed that the localization of glycosylation sites in the SP domain of both putative proteins indicates that the molecular organization of the shark molecules is more like C2 than factor B. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that GcBf/C2-1 and -2 and TrscBf of Triakis scyllia (another shark species) originated from a common ancestor and share a remote ancestor with Bf and C2 of mammals and bony fish.

c-Jun induces apoptosis of starved BM2 monoblasts by activating cyclin A-CDK2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vanhara, Petr; Bryja, Vitezslav; Horvath, Viktor

2007-02-02

c-Jun is one of the major components of the activating protein-1 (AP-1), the transcription factor that participates in regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this study, we explored functional interactions of the c-Jun protein with several regulators of the G1/S transition in serum-deprived v-myb-transformed chicken monoblasts BM2. We show that the c-Jun protein induces expression of cyclin A, thus up-regulating activity of cyclin A-associated cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), and causing massive programmed cell death of starved BM2cJUN cells. Specific inhibition of CDK2 suppresses frequency of apoptosis of BM2cJUN cells. We conclude that up-regulation of cyclin A expression and CDK2more » activity can represent important link between the c-Jun protein, cell cycle machinery, and programmed cell death pathway in leukemic cells.« less

Changes in the dissolved organic matter leaching from soil under severe temperature and N-deposition.

PubMed

Nguyen, Hang Vo-Minh; Choi, Jung Hyun

2015-06-01

In this study, we conducted growth chamber experiments using three types of soil (wetland, rice paddy, and forest) under the conditions of a severe increase in the temperature and N-deposition in order to investigate how extreme weather influences the characteristics of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) leaching from different soil types. This leachate controls the quantity and quality of DOM in surface water systems. After 5 months of incubation, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations decreased in the range of 21.1 to 88.9 %, while the specific UV absorption (SUVA) values increased substantially in the range of 19.9 to 319.9 % for all of the samples. Higher increases in the SUVA values were observed at higher temperatures, whereas the opposite trend was observed for samples with N-addition. The parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) results showed that four fluorescence components: terrestrial humic-like (component 1 (C1)), microbial humic-like (component 2 (C2)), protein-like (component 3 (C3)), and anthropogenic humic-like (component 4 (C4)) constituted the fluorescence matrices of soil samples. During the experiment, labile DOM from the soils was consumed and transformed into resistant aromatic carbon structures and less biodegradable components via microbial processes. The principle component analysis (PCA) results indicated that severe temperatures and N-deposition could enhance the contribution of the aromatic carbon compounds and humic-like components in the soil samples.

A peptide fragment of ependymin neurotrophic factor uses protein kinase C and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase and a functional AP-1 containing c-Jun and c-Fos proteins in mouse NB2a cells.

PubMed

Adams, David S; Hasson, Brendan; Boyer-Boiteau, Anne; El-Khishin, Adam; Shashoua, Victor E

2003-05-01

Ependymin (EPN) is a goldfish brain neurotrophic factor previously shown to function in a variety of cellular events related to long-term memory formation and neuronal regeneration. CMX-8933, an 8-amino-acid synthetic peptide fragment of EPN, was designed for aiding an investigation of the biological properties of this glycoprotein. We reported from previous studies that treatment of mouse neuroblastoma (NB2a) cultures with CMX-8933 promotes activation of transcription factor AP-1, a characteristic previously associated with the following full-length neurotrophic factors: nerve growth factor, neurotropin-3, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The CMX-8933-activated AP-1 specifically bound an AP-1 consensus probe and appeared to contain c-Jun and c-Fos protein components in antibody supershift experiments. Because AP-1 influences a variety of positive and negative cellular processes, determined in part by its exact protein composition and mechanism of activation, we extended these initial AP-1 observations in the current study to confirm the identity of the CMX-8933-activated c-Jun and c-Fos components. CMX-8933 increases the enzymatic activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), increases the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun proteins, and increases the cellular titers of c-Jun and c-Fos mRNAs. Furthermore, the AP-1 activated by CMX-8933 is functional, insofar as it transactivates both synthetic and natural AP-1-dependent reporter plasmids. Inhibition studies indicate that activation of the 8933-induced AP-1 occurs via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These data are in agreement with the recently proposed model for the conversion of short- to long-term synaptic plasticity and memory, in which a JNK-activated transcription factor AP-1, containing c-Jun and c-Fos components, functions at the top of a hierarchy of transcription factors known to regulate long-term neural plasticity. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Full four-component relativistic calculations of the one-bond 77Se-13C spin-spin coupling constants in the series of selenium heterocycles and their parent open-chain selenides.

PubMed

Rusakov, Yury Yu; Rusakova, Irina L; Krivdin, Leonid B

2014-05-01

Four-component relativistic calculations of (77)Se-(13)C spin-spin coupling constants have been performed in the series of selenium heterocycles and their parent open-chain selenides. It has been found that relativistic effects play an essential role in the selenium-carbon coupling mechanism and could result in a contribution of as much as 15-25% of the total values of the one-bond selenium-carbon spin-spin coupling constants. In the overall contribution of the relativistic effects to the total values of (1)J(Se,C), the scalar relativistic corrections (negative in sign) by far dominate over the spin-orbit ones (positive in sign), the latter being of less than 5%, as compared to the former (ca 20%). A combination of nonrelativistic second-order polarization propagator approach (CC2) with the four-component relativistic density functional theory scheme is recommended as a versatile tool for the calculation of (1)J(Se,C). Solvent effects in the values of (1)J(Se,C) calculated within the polarizable continuum model for the solvents with different dielectric constants (ε 2.2-78.4) are next to negligible decreasing negative (1)J(Se,C) in absolute value by only about 1 Hz. The use of the locally dense basis set approach applied herewith for the calculation of (77)Se-(13)C spin-spin coupling constants is fully justified resulting in a dramatic decrease in computational cost with only 0.1-0.2-Hz loss of accuracy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sound component duration of healthy human pharyngoesophageal swallowing: a gender comparison study.

PubMed

Morinière, Sylvain; Beutter, Patrice; Boiron, Michèle

2006-07-01

Cervical auscultation is a noninvasive technique for studying swallowing that was first used in the 1960s. The aim of our study was to use the numeric acoustic recording technique for analyzing swallowing sound signals in healthy subjects while they ingested a defined volume and consistency of a specific substance. Twenty males and ten females were included in the study and given 10 ml of a barium suspension to swallow. A microphone was placed on the skin overlying the lateral border of the trachea, directly under the inferior border of the cricoid, and connected to a computer. For each sound recording, the total duration of the sound (td), the number (n) of sound components (SC), the duration of each SC (c1, c2, c3,...), and the intervals (i1, i2,...) between the SCs were measured. For all the recordings, the mean durations of acoustic parameters (TDm, C1m, C2m, C3m, I1m, I2m) were calculated and compared by using Student's t test. In the 20 male subjects, the mean acoustic parameters were calculated (MTDm, MC1m, MC2m, MC3m, MI1m, MI2m) and compared with the mean acoustic parameters (FTDm, FC1m, FC2m, FC3m, FI1m, FI2m) in the ten females by using a Wilcoxon nonparametric statistical test. We were able to interpret 80% of the recordings. The TDm was 710 +/- 28 ms. Three main SCs were detected: C1m = 100 +/- 56, C2m = 150 +/- 90, C3m = 80 +/- 54 ms; I1m = 100 +/- 66, I2m = 190 +/- 120 ms. No significant difference in these parameters was observed with respect to gender. This study enabled us to decompose the swallowing sounds into three main SCs and to quantify their normal durations. These results should prove useful for the assessment of sound variations in pathologic conditions.

Observation and Analysis of In Situ Carbonaceous Matter in Naklha. Part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gibson, E. K., Jr.; Clemett, S. J.; Thomas-Kerpta, K. L.; McKay, D. S.; Wentworth, S. J.; Robert, F.; Verchovsky, A. B.; Wright, I. P.; Pillinger, C. T.; Rice, T.;

Solvent-assisted self-assembly of fullerene into single-crystal ultrathin microribbons as highly sensitive UV-visible photodetectors.

PubMed

Wei, Lang; Yao, Jiannian; Fu, Hongbing

2013-09-24

The size, shape, and crystallinity of organic nanostructures play an important role in their physical properties and are mainly determined by the self-assembling kinetics of molecular components often involving the solvent conditions. Here, we reported a kinetically controlled self-assembly of C60 assisted by the solvent carbon bisulfide (CS2) into single-crystal ultrathin microribbons of 2C60·3CS2, upon mixing the poor solvent isopropyl alcohol with a C60/CS2 stock solution. Surface energy calculations reveal that these microribbons represent a kinetically favored high-energy state as compared with the thermodynamically stable shape of prismatic rods. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations clarify that association of CS2 at the nucleation stage helps to guide and rigidify the formation of π-π stacking 1D chains of C60 through the surrounding CS2 cage-like structures, which further act as glue, boosting lateral assembly of as-formed 1D chains into untrathin 2D microribbon single crystals. Precise control over the thickness, width, and length of 2C60·3CS2 microribbons was achieved by manipulation of the growth kinetics through adjusting the solvent conditions. Upon heating to 120 °C, sublimation of CS2 components results in fcc C60 microribbons. We found that both microribbons of solvated monoclinic 2C60·3CS2 and pure fcc C60 exhibit highly sensitive photoconductivity properties with a spectral response range covering UV to visible. The highest on/off ratio of two-terminal photodetectors based on single ribbons reaches around 250, while the responsitivity is about 75.3 A W(-1) in the UV region and 90.4 A W(-1) in the visible region.

Estimation of the binding modes with important human cytochrome P450 enzymes, drug interaction potential, pharmacokinetics, and hepatotoxicity of ginger components using molecular docking, computational, and pharmacokinetic modeling studies.

PubMed

Qiu, Jia-Xuan; Zhou, Zhi-Wei; He, Zhi-Xu; Zhang, Xueji; Zhou, Shu-Feng; Zhu, Shengrong

2015-01-01

Ginger is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines for the treatment of numerous ailments and improvement of body functions. It may be used in combination with prescribed drugs. The coadministration of ginger with therapeutic drugs raises a concern of potential deleterious drug interactions via the modulation of the expression and/or activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, resulting in unfavorable therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to determine the molecular interactions between 12 main active ginger components (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol, ar-curcumene, β-bisabolene, β-sesquiphelandrene, 6-gingerdione, (-)-zingiberene, and methyl-6-isogingerol) and human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 and to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) of the 12 ginger components using computational approaches and comprehensive literature search. Docking studies showed that ginger components interacted with a panel of amino acids in the active sites of CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 mainly through hydrogen bond formation, to a lesser extent, via π-π stacking. The pharmacokinetic simulation studies showed that the [I]/[Ki ] value for CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 ranged from 0.0002 to 19.6 and the R value ranged from 1.0002 to 20.6 and that ginger might exhibit a high risk of drug interaction via inhibition of the activity of human CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, but a low risk of drug interaction toward CYP2C19-mediated drug metabolism. Furthermore, it has been evaluated that the 12 ginger components possessed a favorable ADMET profiles with regard to the solubility, absorption, permeability across the blood-brain barrier, interactions with CYP2D6, hepatotoxicity, and plasma protein binding. The validation results showed that there was no remarkable effect of ginger on the metabolism of warfarin in humans, whereas concurrent use of ginger and nifedipine exhibited a synergistic effect on platelet aggregation in humans. Moreover, ginger components showed a rapid half-life and no to low toxicity in humans. Taken together, this study shows that ginger components may regulate the activity and expression of various human CYPs, probably resulting in alterations in drug clearance and response. More studies are warranted to identify and confirm potential ginger-drug interactions and explore possible interactions of ginger with human CYPs and other functionally important proteins, to reduce and avoid side effects induced by unfavorable ginger-drug interactions.

Estimation of the binding modes with important human cytochrome P450 enzymes, drug interaction potential, pharmacokinetics, and hepatotoxicity of ginger components using molecular docking, computational, and pharmacokinetic modeling studies

PubMed Central

Qiu, Jia-Xuan; Zhou, Zhi-Wei; He, Zhi-Xu; Zhang, Xueji; Zhou, Shu-Feng; Zhu, Shengrong

2015-01-01

Ginger is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines for the treatment of numerous ailments and improvement of body functions. It may be used in combination with prescribed drugs. The coadministration of ginger with therapeutic drugs raises a concern of potential deleterious drug interactions via the modulation of the expression and/or activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, resulting in unfavorable therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to determine the molecular interactions between 12 main active ginger components (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol, ar-curcumene, β-bisabolene, β-sesquiphelandrene, 6-gingerdione, (−)-zingiberene, and methyl-6-isogingerol) and human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 and to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) of the 12 ginger components using computational approaches and comprehensive literature search. Docking studies showed that ginger components interacted with a panel of amino acids in the active sites of CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 mainly through hydrogen bond formation, to a lesser extent, via π–π stacking. The pharmacokinetic simulation studies showed that the [I]/[Ki] value for CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 ranged from 0.0002 to 19.6 and the R value ranged from 1.0002 to 20.6 and that ginger might exhibit a high risk of drug interaction via inhibition of the activity of human CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, but a low risk of drug interaction toward CYP2C19-mediated drug metabolism. Furthermore, it has been evaluated that the 12 ginger components possessed a favorable ADMET profiles with regard to the solubility, absorption, permeability across the blood–brain barrier, interactions with CYP2D6, hepatotoxicity, and plasma protein binding. The validation results showed that there was no remarkable effect of ginger on the metabolism of warfarin in humans, whereas concurrent use of ginger and nifedipine exhibited a synergistic effect on platelet aggregation in humans. Moreover, ginger components showed a rapid half-life and no to low toxicity in humans. Taken together, this study shows that ginger components may regulate the activity and expression of various human CYPs, probably resulting in alterations in drug clearance and response. More studies are warranted to identify and confirm potential ginger–drug interactions and explore possible interactions of ginger with human CYPs and other functionally important proteins, to reduce and avoid side effects induced by unfavorable ginger–drug interactions. PMID:25733806

Tunable polymeric sorbent materials for fractionation of model naphthenates.

PubMed

Mohamed, Mohamed H; Wilson, Lee D; Headley, John V

2013-04-04

The sorption properties are reported for several examples of single-component carboxylic acids representing naphthenic acids (NAs) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) based polyurethane sorbents. Seven single-component examples of NAs were chosen with variable z values, carbon number, and chemical structure as follows: 2-hexyldecanoic acid (z = 0 and C = 16; S1), n-caprylic acid (z = 0 and C = 8; S2), trans-4-pentylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (z = -2 and C = 12; S3), 4-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (z = -2 and C = 8; S4), dicyclohexylacetic acid (z = -4; C = 14; S5), 4-pentylbicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid (z = -4; C = 14; S6), and lithocholic acid (z = -6; C = 24; S7). The copolymer sorbents were synthesized at three relative β-CD:diisocyanate mole ratios (i.e., 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) using 4,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (CDI) and 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). The sorption properties of the copolymer sorbents were characterized using equilibrium sorption isotherms in aqueous solution at pH 9.00 with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The equilibrium fraction of the unbound carboxylate anions was monitored in the aqueous phase. The sorption properties of the copolymer sorbents (i.e., Qm) were obtained from the Sips isotherm model. The Qm values generally decrease as the number of accessible β-CD inclusion sites in the copolymer framework decreases. The chemical structure of the adsorbates played an important role in their relative uptake, as evidenced by the adsorbate lipophilic surface area (LSA) and the involvement of hydrophobic effects. The copolymers exhibit molecular selective sorption of the single-component carboxylates in mixtures which suggests their application as sorbents for fractionation of mixtures of NAs. By comparison, granular activated carbon (GAC) and chitosan sorbents did not exhibit any significant molecular selective sorption relative to the copolymer materials; however, evidence of variable sorption capacity was observed among the sorbents investigated.

Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilms under long-term exposure to ciprofloxacin antibiotic using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix and parallel factor analysis.

PubMed

Gu, Chaochao; Gao, Pin; Yang, Fan; An, Dongxuan; Munir, Mariya; Jia, Hanzhong; Xue, Gang; Ma, Chunyan

2017-05-01

The presence of antibiotic residues in the environment has been regarded as an emerging concern due to their potential adverse environmental consequences such as antibiotic resistance. However, the interaction between antibiotics and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) of biofilms in wastewater treatment systems is not entirely clear. In this study, the effect of ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic on biofilm EPS matrix was investigated and characterized using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. Physicochemical analysis showed that the proteins were the major EPS fraction, and their contents increased gradually with an increase in CIP concentration (0-300 μg/L). Based on the characterization of biofilm tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) by EEM, three fluorescent components were identified by PARAFAC analysis. Component C1 was associated with protein-like substances, and components C2 and C3 belonged to humic-like substances. Component C1 exhibited an increasing trend as the CIP addition increased. Pearson's correlation results showed that CIP correlated significantly with the protein contents and component C1, while strong correlations were also found among UV 254 , dissolved organic carbon, humic acids, and component C3. A combined use of EEM-PARAFAC analysis and chemical measurements was demonstrated as a favorable approach for the characterization of variations in biofilm EPS in the presence of CIP antibiotic.

Re-editing the paradigm of Cytidine (C) to Uridine (U) RNA editing.

PubMed

Fossat, Nicolas; Tam, Patrick P L

2014-01-01

Cytidine (C) to Uridine (U) RNA editing is a post-trancriptional modification that until recently was known to only affect Apolipoprotein b (Apob) RNA and minimally require 2 components of the C to U editosome, the deaminase APOBEC1 and the RNA-binding protein A1CF. Our latest work has identified a novel RNA-binding protein, RBM47, as a core component of the editosome, which can substitute A1CF for the editing of ApoB mRNA. In addition, new RNA species that are subjected to C to U editing have been identified. Here, we highlight these recent discoveries and discuss how they change our view of the composition of the C to U editing machinery and expand our knowledge of the functional attributes of C to U RNA editing.

Compatibility study of trans-1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin (TNAD) with some energetic components and inert materials.

PubMed

Yan, Qi-Long; Xiao-Jiang, Li; La-Ying, Zhang; Ji-Zhen, Li; Hong-Li, Li; Zi-Ru, Liu

2008-12-30

The compatibility of trans-1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin (TNAD) with some energetic components and inert materials of solid propellants was studied by using the pressure DSC method where, cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine (HMX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 1,4-dinitropiperazine (DNP), 1.25/1-NC/NG mixture, lead 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate (NTO-Pb), aluminum powder (Al, particle size=13.6microm) and N-nitrodihydroxyethylaminedinitrate (DINA) were used as energetic components and polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxytetramethylene-co-oxyethylene (PET), addition product of hexamethylene diisocyanate and water (N-100), 2-nitrodianiline (2-NDPA), 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl urea (C2), carbon black (C.B.), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), cupric 2,4-dihydroxy-benzoate (beta-Cu), cupric adipate (AD-Cu) and lead phthalate (phi-Pb) were used as inert materials. It was concluded that the binary systems of TNAD with NTO-Pb, RDX, PET and Al powder are compatible, and systems of TNAD with DINA and HMX are slightly sensitive, and with 2-NDPA, phi-Pb, beta-Cu, AD-Cu and Al2O3 are sensitive, and with PEG, N-100, C2 and C.B. are incompatible. The impact and friction sensitivity data of the TNAD and TNAD in combination with the other energetic materials under present study was also obtained, and there was no consequential affiliation between sensitivity and compatibility.

The response of water quality variation in Poyang Lake (Jiangxi, People's Republic of China) to hydrological changes using historical data and DOM fluorescence.

PubMed

Yao, Xin; Wang, Shengrui; Ni, Zhaokui; Jiao, Lixin

2015-02-01

Poyang Lake is a unique wetland system that has evolved in response to natural seasonal fluctuations in water levels. To better characterize the response of water quality to hydrological variation, historical data were analyzed in combination with dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluorescence samplings conducted in situ. Historical data showed that long-term changes in water quality are mainly controlled by the sewage inputs to Poyang Lake. Monthly changes in water quality recorded during 2008 and 2012 suggest that water level may be the most important factor for water quality during a hydrological year. DOM fluorescence samples were identified as three humic-like components (C1, C2, and C3) and a protein-like component (C4). These obvious compositional changes in DOM fluorescence were considered to be related to the hydrodynamic differences controlled by water regimen. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed higher C1 and C2 signals during a normal season than the wet season, whereas C3 was lower, and C4 was higher in the dry season than in the wet or normal seasons. From the open lake to the Yangtze River mouth, increased C3 component carried by backflows of the Yangtze River to the lake resulted in these unique variations of PCA factor 2 scores during September. These obvious compositional changes in DOM fluorescence were considered to be related to the hydrodynamic differences controlled by water regimen. DOM fluorescence could be a proxy for capturing rapid changes in water quality and thereby provide an early warning signal for the quality of water supply.

Effect of High Temperature- and High Pressure-Treated Red Ginseng on Lipolysis and Lipid Oxidation in C2C12 Myotubes.

PubMed

Yu, Seok-Yeong; Lee, Jin-Ha; Cho, MyoungLae; Lee, Jong Seok; Hong, Hee-Do; Lee, Young-Chul; Kim, Young-Chan; Cho, Chang-Won; Kim, Kyung-Tack; Lee, Ok-Hwan

2016-01-01

Korean red ginseng (KRG), a highly valuable medicinal herb in oriental societies, has biological activity similar to that of Panax ginseng. Recently, it has been discovered that the biological activities of red ginseng can vary according to heating and steaming processes under different conditions that change the principal components of KRG and result in changes in biological activity. This study evaluated and compared the effects of high temperature- and high pressure-treated red ginseng (HRG) and commercial red ginseng (RG) on β-oxidation in C2C12 myotubes. HRG enhanced the phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), but RG did not affect the phosphorylation of AMPK in C2C12 myotubes. HRG also promoted the nuclear translocation of forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), and the translocation exerted an increase in the protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). As a consequence, HRG increased the mRNA expression level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) compared to the control. Taken together, our results indicated that HRG promotes the lipolysis of triglycerides and mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids in C2C12 myotubes, suggesting that alterations to the principal components by high temperature and pressure may positively influence the nutraceutical functions of HRG.

Oxidative 1,2-carboamination of alkenes with alkyl nitriles and amines toward γ-amino alkyl nitriles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yan-Yun; Yang, Xu-Heng; Song, Ren-Jie; Luo, Shenglian; Li, Jin-Heng

2017-04-01

Difunctionalization of alkenes has become a powerful tool for quickly increasing molecular complexity in synthesis. Despite significant progress in the area of alkene difunctionalization involving the incorporation of a nitrogen atom across the C-C double bonds, approaches for the direct 1,2-carboamination of alkenes to produce linear N-containing molecules are scarce and remain a formidable challenge. Here we describe a radical-mediated oxidative intermolecular 1,2-alkylamination of alkenes with alkyl nitriles and amines involving C(sp3)-H oxidative functionalization catalysed by a combination of Ag2CO3 with iron Lewis acids. This three-component alkene 1,2-alkylamination method is initiated by the C(sp3)-H oxidative radical functionalization, which enables one-step formation of two new chemical bonds, a C-C bond and a C-N bond, to selectively produce γ-amino alkyl nitriles.

Absorption and fluorescence characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Yangtze Estuary.

PubMed

Sun, Qiyuan; Wang, Chao; Wang, Peifang; Hou, Jun; Ao, Yanhui

2014-03-01

The Yangtze Estuary is heavily influenced by coast-continent geochemical processes and anthropogenic activity; thus, the source and distribution of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the estuary are strongly impacted by these processes. Here, a series of samples were collected from across the Yangtze Estuary to investigate the source and spatial dynamics of CDOM and its components throughout the system. Three indices (a(355), spectral slope, and fluorescence) were then calculated and interpreted. The results indicated that the distribution of CDOM was dominated by allochthonous input, conservative mixing, and phase transfer. The contribution of biogenic CDOM to total CDOM increased with salinity, and three individual CDOM components were identified upon fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis of the water samples: C1, corresponding to humic substance-like CDOM, C2, corresponding to tryptophan-like CDOM, and C3, corresponding to tyrosine-like CDOM. C1 primarily originated from a terrestrial source, C2 had widespread origins, none of which played a dominant role, and C3 mainly originated from allochthonous input in the medium salinity area. Unexpectedly, no marine humic-like component was found in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary, possibly because turbidity decreased the depth of sunlight penetration, limiting production of this component.

Global carbon budget 2013

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Quéré, C.; Peters, G. P.; Andres, R. J.; Andrew, R. M.; Boden, T.; Ciais, P.; Friedlingstein, P.; Houghton, R. A.; Marland, G.; Moriarty, R.; Sitch, S.; Tans, P.; Arneth, A.; Arvanitis, A.; Bakker, D. C. E.; Bopp, L.; Canadell, J. G.; Chini, L. P.; Doney, S. C.; Harper, A.; Harris, I.; House, J. I.; Jain, A. K.; Jones, S. D.; Kato, E.; Keeling, R. F.; Klein Goldewijk, K.; Körtzinger, A.; Koven, C.; Lefèvre, N.; Omar, A.; Ono, T.; Park, G.-H.; Pfeil, B.; Poulter, B.; Raupach, M. R.; Regnier, P.; Rödenbeck, C.; Saito, S.; Schwinger, J.; Segschneider, J.; Stocker, B. D.; Tilbrook, B.; van Heuven, S.; Viovy, N.; Wanninkhof, R.; Wiltshire, A.; Zaehle, S.; Yue, C.

2013-11-01

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe datasets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from Land-Use Change (ELUC), including deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity in regions undergoing deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of Dynamic Global Vegetation Models. All uncertainties are reported as ± 1 sigma, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003-2012), EFF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.8 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 2.6 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.2% above 2011, reflecting a continued trend in these emissions; GATM was 5.2 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and assuming and ELUC of 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 (based on 2001-2010 average), SLAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003-2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 392.52 ± 0.10 ppm on average over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1% (1.1-3.1%) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of World Gross Domestic Product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 550 ± 60 GtC for 1870-2013, 70% from EFF (390 ± 20 GtC) and 30% from ELUC (160 ± 55 GtC). This paper is intended to provide a baseline to keep track of annual carbon budgets in the future. All data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2013_v1.1).

Electronic waste disassembly with industrial waste heat.

PubMed

Chen, Mengjun; Wang, Jianbo; Chen, Haiyian; Ogunseitan, Oladele A; Zhang, Mingxin; Zang, Hongbin; Hu, Jiukun

2013-01-01

Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are resource-rich but hazardous, demanding innovative strategies for post-consumer collection, recycling, and mining for economically precious constituents. A novel technology for disassembling electronic components from WPCBs is proposed, using hot air to melt solders and to separate the components and base boards. An automatic heated-air disassembling equipment was designed to operate at a heating source temperature at a maximum of 260 °C and an inlet pressure of 0.5 MPa. A total of 13 individual WPCBs were subjected to disassembling tests at different preheat temperatures in increments of 20 °C between 80 and 160 °C, heating source temperatures ranging from 220 to 300 °C in increments of 20 °C, and incubation periods of 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 min. For each experimental treatment, the disassembly efficiency was calculated as the ratio of electronic components released from the board to the total number of its original components. The optimal preheat temperature, heating source temperature, and incubation period to disassemble intact components were 120 °C, 260 °C, and 2 min, respectively. The disassembly rate of small surface mount components (side length ≤ 3 mm) was 40-50% lower than that of other surface mount components and pin through hole components. On the basis of these results, a reproducible and sustainable industrial ecological protocol using steam produced by industrial exhaust heat coupled to electronic-waste recycling is proposed, providing an efficient, promising, and green method for both electronic component recovery and industrial exhaust heat reutilization.

Alumina-Forming MAX Phases in Turbine Material Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smialek, James L.; Harder, Bryan J.; Garg, Arnita; Nesbitt, James A.

2015-01-01

Coatings for high temperature turbine components are based on low conductivity YSZ thermal barriers and protective NiAl, NiCoCrAlY bond coats. Good oxidation hot corrosion resistance, intermediate CTE, and strain tolerance of Ti2AlC and Cr2AlC MAX phases are thus of special interest. Their alumina scale growth follows a cubic law in accord with FeCrAlY alloys, with oxygen grain boundary diffusivity: Dgb 1.8 x 10-10 exp(-375 kJmole) m3s. Protective cubic kinetics are also found in high pressure burner rig (6 atm., 25 ms) and TGA tests of MAXthal 211Ti2AlC. The initial portion (0.1 hr) is dominated by fast TiO2 growth (with little evidence of scale volatility in high pressure water vapor, as found for SiO2 scales). Bulk Ti2AlC and Cr2AlC substrates show promise as potential bond coats for YSZ TBCs in 1000-1200 C furnace life (500 h) tests. Cr2AlC is proving to be very resistant to 700-900 C Na2SO4 hot corrosion and is of interest for disk alloys. Preliminary diffusion bonded Cr2AlC-superalloy hybrid couples have survived 1000 hr interrupted furnace tests at 800C with no indication of cracking or debonding. Diffusion zones of -NiAl+Cr7C3 were produced in these above 1000 C, but did not grow to any great extent after 1000 hr at 800 C. Processing as coatings presents challenges, however the basic properties of MAX phases provide novel opportunities for high temperature turbine components.

Human 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex E1 Component Forms a Thiamin-derived Radical by Aerobic Oxidation of the Enamine Intermediate*

PubMed Central

Nemeria, Natalia S.; Ambrus, Attila; Patel, Hetalben; Gerfen, Gary; Adam-Vizi, Vera; Tretter, Laszlo; Zhou, Jieyu; Wang, Junjie; Jordan, Frank

2014-01-01

Herein are reported unique properties of the human 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (OGDHc), a rate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. (a) Functionally competent 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1o-h) and dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase components have been expressed according to kinetic and spectroscopic evidence. (b) A stable free radical, consistent with the C2-(C2α-hydroxy)-γ-carboxypropylidene thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) cation radical was detected by electron spin resonance upon reaction of the E1o-h with 2-oxoglutarate (OG) by itself or when assembled from individual components into OGDHc. (c) An unusual stability of the E1o-h-bound C2-(2α-hydroxy)-γ-carboxypropylidene thiamin diphosphate (the “ThDP-enamine”/C2α-carbanion, the first postdecarboxylation intermediate) was observed, probably stabilized by the 5-carboxyl group of OG, not reported before. (d) The reaction of OG with the E1o-h gave rise to superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (reactive oxygen species (ROS)). (e) The relatively stable enzyme-bound enamine is the likely substrate for oxidation by O2, leading to the superoxide anion radical (in d) and the radical (in b). (f) The specific activity assessed for ROS formation compared with the NADH (overall complex) activity, as well as the fraction of radical intermediate occupying active centers of E1o-h are consistent with each other and indicate that radical/ROS formation is an “off-pathway” side reaction comprising less than 1% of the “on-pathway” reactivity. However, the nearly ubiquitous presence of OGDHc in human tissues, including the brain, makes these findings of considerable importance in human metabolism and perhaps disease. PMID:25210035

Fission yeast MOZART1/Mzt1 is an essential γ-tubulin complex component required for complex recruitment to the microtubule organizing center, but not its assembly

PubMed Central

Masuda, Hirohisa; Mori, Risa; Yukawa, Masashi; Toda, Takashi

2013-01-01

γ-Tubulin plays a universal role in microtubule nucleation from microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) such as the animal centrosome and fungal spindle pole body (SPB). γ-Tubulin functions as a multiprotein complex called the γ-tubulin complex (γ-TuC), consisting of GCP1–6 (GCP1 is γ-tubulin). In fungi and flies, it has been shown that GCP1–3 are core components, as they are indispensable for γ-TuC complex assembly and cell division, whereas the other three GCPs are not. Recently a novel conserved component, MOZART1, was identified in humans and plants, but its precise functions remain to be determined. In this paper, we characterize the fission yeast homologue Mzt1, showing that it is essential for cell viability. Mzt1 is present in approximately equal stoichiometry with Alp4/GCP2 and localizes to all the MTOCs, including the SPB and interphase and equatorial MTOCs. Temperature-sensitive mzt1 mutants display varying degrees of compromised microtubule organization, exhibiting multiple defects during both interphase and mitosis. Mzt1 is required for γ-TuC recruitment, but not sufficient to localize to the SPB, which depends on γ-TuC integrity. Intriguingly, the core γ-TuC assembles in the absence of Mzt1. Mzt1 therefore plays a unique role within the γ-TuC components in attachment of this complex to the major MTOC site. PMID:23885124

MUC1-C activates EZH2 expression and function in human cancer cells.

PubMed

Rajabi, Hasan; Hiraki, Masayuki; Tagde, Ashujit; Alam, Maroof; Bouillez, Audrey; Christensen, Camilla L; Samur, Mehmet; Wong, Kwok-Kin; Kufe, Donald

2017-08-07

The EZH2 histone methyltransferase is a member of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that is highly expressed in diverse human cancers and is associated with a poor prognosis. MUC1-C is an oncoprotein that is similarly overexpressed in carcinomas and has been linked to epigenetic regulation. A role for MUC1-C in regulating EZH2 and histone methylation is not known. Here, we demonstrate that targeting MUC1-C in diverse human carcinoma cells downregulates EZH2 and other PRC2 components. MUC1-C activates (i) the EZH2 promoter through induction of the pRB→E2F pathway, and (ii) an NF-κB p65 driven enhancer in exon 1. We also show that MUC1-C binds directly to the EZH2 CXC region adjacent to the catalytic SET domain and associates with EZH2 on the CDH1 and BRCA1 promoters. In concert with these results, targeting MUC1-C downregulates EZH2 function as evidenced by (i) global and promoter-specific decreases in H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), and (ii) activation of tumor suppressor genes, including BRCA1. These findings highlight a previously unreported role for MUC1-C in activating EZH2 expression and function in cancer cells.

Changes in crossed spinal reflexes after peripheral nerve injury and repair.

PubMed

Valero-Cabré, Antoni; Navarro, Xavier

2002-04-01

We investigated the changes induced in crossed extensor reflex responses after peripheral nerve injury and repair in the rat. Adults rats were submitted to non repaired sciatic nerve crush (CRH, n = 9), section repaired by either aligned epineurial suture (CS, n = 11) or silicone tube (SIL4, n = 13), and 8 mm resection repaired by tubulization (SIL8, n = 12). To assess reinnervation, the sciatic nerve was stimulated proximal to the injury site, and the evoked compound muscle action potential (M and H waves) from tibialis anterior and plantar muscles and nerve action potential (CNAP) from the tibial nerve and the 4th digital nerve were recorded at monthly intervals for 3 mo postoperation. Nociceptive reinnervation to the hindpaw was also assessed by plantar algesimetry. Crossed extensor reflexes were evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve at the ankle and recorded from the contralateral tibialis anterior muscle. Reinnervation of the hindpaw increased progressively with time during the 3 mo after lesion. The degree of muscle and sensory target reinnervation was dependent on the severity of the injury and the nerve gap created. The crossed extensor reflex consisted of three bursts of activity (C1, C2, and C3) of gradually longer latency, lower amplitude, and higher threshold in control rats. During follow-up after sciatic nerve injury, all animals in the operated groups showed recovery of components C1 and C2 and of the reflex H wave, whereas component C3 was detected in a significantly lower proportion of animals in groups with tube repair. The maximal amplitude of components C1 and C2 recovered to values higher than preoperative values, reaching final levels between 150 and 245% at the end of the follow-up in groups CRH, CS, and SIL4. When reflex amplitude was normalized by the CNAP amplitude of the regenerated tibial nerve, components C1 (300-400%) and C2 (150-350%) showed highly increased responses, while C3 was similar to baseline levels. In conclusion, reflexes mediated by myelinated sensory afferents showed, after nerve injuries, a higher degree of facilitation than those mediated by unmyelinated fibers. These changes tended to decline toward baseline values with progressive reinnervation but still remained significant 3 mo after injury.

Evolution of Abscisic Acid Synthesis and Signaling Mechanisms

PubMed Central

Hauser, Felix; Waadt, Rainer; Schroeder, Julian I.

2011-01-01

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) mediates seed dormancy, controls seedling development and triggers tolerance to abiotic stresses, including drought. Core ABA signaling components consist of a recently identified group of ABA receptor proteins of the PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE (PYR)/REGULATORY COMPONENT OF ABA RECEPTOR (RCAR) family that act as negative regulators of members of the PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C (PP2C) family. Inhibition of PP2C activity enables activation of SNF1-RELATED KINASE 2 (SnRK2) protein kinases, which target downstream components, including transcription factors, ion channels and NADPH oxidases. These and other components form a complex ABA signaling network. Here, an in depth analysis of the evolution of components in this ABA signaling network shows that (i) PYR/RCAR ABA receptor and ABF-type transcription factor families arose during land colonization of plants and are not found in algae and other species, (ii) ABA biosynthesis enzymes have evolved to plant- and fungal-specific forms, leading to different ABA synthesis pathways, (iii) existing stress signaling components, including PP2C phosphatases and SnRK kinases, were adapted for novel roles in this plant-specific network to respond to water limitation. In addition, evolutionarily conserved secondary structures in the PYR/RCAR ABA receptor family are visualized. PMID:21549957

Cellular uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin: membrane translocation of a fusion toxin requires unfolding of its dihydrofolate reductase domain.

PubMed

Haug, Gerd; Wilde, Christian; Leemhuis, Jost; Meyer, Dieter K; Aktories, Klaus; Barth, Holger

2003-12-30

The Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin is the prototype of the family of binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins. C2 toxin is composed of two separated nonlinked proteins. The enzyme component C2I ADP-ribosylates actin in the cytosol of target cells. The binding/translocation component C2II mediates cell binding of the enzyme component and its translocation from acidic endosomes into the cytosol. After proteolytic activation, C2II forms heptameric pores in endosomal membranes, and most likely, C2I translocates through these pores into the cytosol. For this step, the cellular heat shock protein Hsp90 is essential. We analyzed the effect of methotrexate on the cellular uptake of a fusion toxin in which the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was fused to the C-terminus of C2I. Here, we report that unfolding of C2I-DHFR is required for cellular uptake of the toxin via the C2IIa component. The C2I-DHFR fusion toxin catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of actin in vitro and was able to intoxicate cultured cells when applied together with C2IIa. Binding of the folate analogue methotrexate favors a stable three-dimensional structure of the dihydrofolate reductase domain. Pretreatment of C2I-DHFR with methotrexate prevented cleavage of C2I-DHFR by trypsin. In the presence of methotrexate, intoxication of cells with C2I-DHFR/C2II was inhibited. The presence of methotrexate diminished the translocation of the C2I-DHFR fusion toxin from endosomal compartments into the cytosol and the direct C2IIa-mediated translocation of C2I-DHFR across cell membranes. Methotrexate had no influence on the intoxication of cells with C2I/C2IIa and did not alter the C2IIa-mediated binding of C2I-DHFR to cells. The data indicate that methotrexate prevented unfolding of the C2I-DHFR fusion toxin, and thereby the translocation of methotrexate-bound C2I-DHFR from endosomes into the cytosol of target cells is inhibited.

Pyrogenic carbon from tropical savanna burning: production and stable isotope composition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saiz, G.; Wynn, J. G.; Wurster, C. M.; Goodrick, I.; Nelson, P. N.; Bird, M. I.

2015-03-01

Widespread burning of mixed tree-grass ecosystems represents the major natural locus of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) production. PyC is a significant, pervasive and yet poorly understood "slow-cycling" form of carbon present in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soils and sediments. We conducted 16 experimental burns on a rainfall transect through northern Australian savannas with C4 grasses ranging from 35 to 99% of total biomass. Residues from each fire were partitioned into PyC and further into recalcitrant (HyPyC) components, with each of these fluxes also partitioned into proximal components (>125 μm), likely to remain close to the site of burning, and distal components (<125 μm), likely to be transported from the site of burning. The median (range) PyC production across all burns was 16.0 (11.5) % of total carbon exposed (TCE), with HyPyC accounting for 2.5 (4.9) % of TCE. Both PyC and HyPyC were dominantly partitioned into the proximal flux. Production of HyPyC was strongly related to fire residence time, with shorter duration fires resulting in higher HyPyC yields. The carbon isotope (δ13C) compositions of PyC and HyPyC were generally lower by 1-3‰ relative to the original biomass, with marked depletion up to 7‰ for grasslands dominated by C4 biomass. δ13C values of CO2 produced by combustion were computed by mass balance and ranged from ~0.4 to 1.3‰. The depletion of 13C in PyC and HyPyC relative to the original biomass has significant implications for the interpretation of δ13C values of savanna soil organic carbon and of ancient PyC preserved in the geologic record, as well as for global 13C isotopic disequilibria calculations.

Amino acid residues involved in membrane insertion and pore formation of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin.

PubMed

Lang, Alexander E; Neumeyer, Tobias; Sun, Jianjun; Collier, R John; Benz, Roland; Aktories, Klaus

2008-08-12

The actin-ADP-ribosylating Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin consists of the enzymatic component C2I and the binding component C2II. C2II forms heptameric channels involved in translocation of the enzymatic component into the target cell. On the basis of the heptameric toxin channel, we studied functional consequences of mutagenesis of amino acid residues probably lining the lumen of the toxin channel. Substitution of glutamate-399 of C2II with alanine blocked channel formation and cytotoxicity of the holotoxin. Although cytotoxicity and rounding up of cells by C2I were completely blocked by exchange of phenylalanine-428 with alanine, the mutation increased potassium conductance caused by C2II in artificial membranes by about 2-3-fold over that of wild-type toxin. In contrast to its effects on single-channel potassium conductance in artificial membranes, the F428A mutation delayed the kinetics of pore formation in lipid vesicles and inhibited the activity of C2II in promoting (86)Rb (+) release from preloaded intact cells after pH shift of the medium. Moreover, F428A C2II exhibited delayed and diminished formation of C2II aggregates at low pH, indicating major changes of the biophysical properties of the toxin. The data indicate that phenylalanine-428 of C2II plays a major role in conformational changes occurring during pore formation of the binding component of C2II.

PLANT HOMOLOGOUS TO PARAFIBROMIN is a component of the PAF1 complex and assists in regulating expression of genes within H3K27ME3-enriched chromatin.

PubMed

Park, Sunchung; Oh, Sookyung; Ek-Ramos, Julissa; van Nocker, Steven

2010-06-01

The human Paf1 complex (Paf1C) subunit Parafibromin assists in mediating output from the Wingless/Int signaling pathway, and dysfunction of the encoding gene HRPT2 conditions specific cancer-related disease phenotypes. Here, we characterize the organismal and molecular roles of PLANT HOMOLOGOUS TO PARAFIBROMIN (PHP), the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog of Parafibromin. PHP resides in an approximately 670-kD protein complex in nuclear extracts, and physically interacts with other known Paf1C-related proteins in vivo. In striking contrast to the developmental pleiotropy conferred by mutation in other plant Paf1C component genes in Arabidopsis, loss of PHP specifically conditioned accelerated phase transition from vegetative growth to flowering and resulted in misregulation of a very limited subset of genes that included the flowering repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C. Those genes targeted by PHP were distinguished from the bulk of Arabidopsis genes and other plant Paf1C targets by strong enrichment for trimethylation of lysine-27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) within chromatin. These findings suggest that PHP is a component of a plant Paf1C protein in Arabidopsis, but has a more specialized role in modulating expression of a subset of Paf1C targets.

Spatial and seasonal variations in the composition of dissolved organic matter in a tropical catchment: the Lower Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia.

PubMed

Harun, Sahana; Baker, Andy; Bradley, Chris; Pinay, Gilles

2016-01-01

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was characterised in water samples sampled in the Lower Kinabatangan River Catchment, Sabah, Malaysia between October 2009 and May 2010. This study aims at: (i) distinguishing between the quality of DOM in waters draining palm oil plantations (OP), secondary forests (SF) and coastal swamps (CS) and, (ii) identifying the seasonal variability of DOM quantity and quality. Surface waters were sampled during fieldwork campaigns that spanned the wet and dry seasons. DOM was characterised optically by using the fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM), the absorption coefficient at 340 nm and the spectral slope coefficient (S). Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) was undertaken to assess the DOM composition from EEM spectra and five terrestrial derived components were identified: (C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5). Components C1 and C4 contributed the most to DOM fluorescence in all study areas during both the wet and dry seasons. The results suggest that component C4 could be a significant (and common) PARAFAC signal found in similar catchments. Peak M (C2 and C3) was dominant in all samples collected during wet and dry seasons, which could be anthropogenic in origin given the active land use change in the study area. In conclusion, there were significant seasonal and spatial variations in DOM which demonstrated the effects of land use cover and precipitation amounts in the Kinabatangan catchment.

Principal component analysis to assess the efficiency and mechanism for enhanced coagulation of natural algae-laden water using a novel dual coagulant system.

PubMed

Ou, Hua-Se; Wei, Chao-Hai; Deng, Yang; Gao, Nai-Yun; Ren, Yuan; Hu, Yun

2014-02-01

A novel dual coagulant system of polyaluminum chloride sulfate (PACS) and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) was used to treat natural algae-laden water from Meiliang Gulf, Lake Taihu. PACS (Aln(OH)mCl3n-m-2k(SO4)k) has a mass ratio of 10 %, a SO4 (2-)/Al3 (+) mole ratio of 0.0664, and an OH/Al mole ratio of 2. The PDADMAC ([C8H16NCl]m) has a MW which ranges from 5 × 10(5) to 20 × 10(5) Da. The variations of contaminants in water samples during treatments were estimated in the form of principal component analysis (PCA) factor scores and conventional variables (turbidity, DOC, etc.). Parallel factor analysis determined four chromophoric dissolved organic matters (CDOM) components, and PCA identified four integrated principle factors. PCA factor 1 had significant correlations with chlorophyll-a (r=0.718), protein-like CDOM C1 (0.689), and C2 (0.756). Factor 2 correlated with UV254 (0.672), humic-like CDOM component C3 (0.716), and C4 (0.758). Factors 3 and 4 had correlations with NH3-N (0.748) and T-P (0.769), respectively. The variations of PCA factors scores revealed that PACS contributed less aluminum dissolution than PAC to obtain equivalent removal efficiency of contaminants. This might be due to the high cationic charge and pre-hydrolyzation of PACS. Compared with PACS coagulation (20 mg L(-1)), the removal of PCA factors 1, 2, and 4 increased 45, 33, and 12 %, respectively, in combined PACS-PDADMAC treatment (0.8 mg L(-1) +20 mg L(-1)). Since PAC contained more Al (0.053 g/1 g) than PACS (0.028 g/1 g), the results indicated that PACS contributed less Al dissolution into the water to obtain equivalent removal efficiency.

Temperature-dependent changes in the viscoelasticity of intact resting mammalian (rat) fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibres.

PubMed

Mutungi, G; Ranatunga, K W

1998-04-01

1. The tension and sarcomere length responses induced by ramp stretches (at amplitudes of 1-3 % fibre length (Lo) and speeds of 0.01-12 Lo s-1) were examined at different temperatures (range, 10-35 degrees C) in resting intact muscle fibre bundles isolated from the soleus (a slow-twitch muscle) and extensor digitorum longus (a fast-twitch muscle) of the rat. Some observations are also presented on the effects of chemical skinning on passive viscoelasticity at 10 degrees C. 2. As previously reported, the tension response to a ramp stretch, in different preparations and under various conditions, could be resolved into a viscous (P1), a viscoelastic (P2) and an elastic (P3) component and showed characteristic differences between slow and fast muscle fibres. 3. Chemical skinning of the muscle fibres led to a decrease in the amplitude of all three tension components. However, the fast-slow fibre differences remained after skinning. For example, the viscosity coefficient derived from P1 tension data decreased from 0.84 +/- 0.06 before skinning to 0.44 +/- 0.06 kN s m-2 after skinning in fast fibres; the corresponding values in slow fibres were 2.1 +/- 0.08 and 0.87 +/- 0.09 kN s m-2, respectively. 4. Increasing the experimental temperature from 10 to 35 degrees C led to a decrease in all the tension components in both fast and slow muscle fibre bundles. The decrease of P1 (viscous) tension was such that the viscosity coefficient calculated using P1 data was reduced from 0.84 +/- 0.1 to 0.43 +/- 0.05 kN s m-2 in fast fibres and from 2.0 +/- 0.1 to 1.0 +/- 0.1 kN s m-2 in slow fibres (Q10 of approximately 1.3 in both). 5. In both fast and slow muscle fibre preparations, the plateau tension of the viscoelastic component (P2) decreased by 60-80 % as the temperature was increased from 10 to 35 degrees C giving P2 tension a Q10 of approximately 1.4 in slow fibres and approximately 1.7 in the fast fibres. Additionally, the relaxation time of the viscoelasticity decreased from 11.9 +/- 1 ms (fast) and 43.1 +/- 1 ms (slow) at 10 degrees C to 3 +/- 0.5 ms (fast) at 25 C degrees and 8. 7 +/- 0.6 ms (slow) at 35 degrees C (Q10 of approximately 2.0 in slow and approximately 2.5 in fast fibres). 6. The fast-slow fibre differences in passive viscoelasticity remained at the high physiological temperatures. The physiological significance of such fibre-type differences and their possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.

Screening antiallergic components from Carthamus tinctorius using rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 cell membrane chromatography combined with high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Han, Shengli; Huang, Jing; Cui, Ronghua; Zhang, Tao

2015-02-01

Carthamus tinctorius, used in traditional Chinese medicine, has many pharmacological effects, such as anticoagulant effects, antioxidant effects, antiaging effects, regulation of gene expression, and antitumor effects. However, there is no report on the antiallergic effects of the components in C. tinctorius. In the present study, we investigated the antiallergic components of C. tinctorius and its mechanism of action. A rat basophilic leukemia 2H3/cell membrane chromatography coupled online with high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to screen antiallergic components from C. tinctorius. The screening results showed that Hydroxysafflor yellow A, from C. tinctorius, was the targeted component that retained on the rat basophilic leukemia 2H3/cell membrane chromatography column. We measured the amount of β-hexosaminidase and histamine released in mast cells and the key markers of degranulation. The release assays showed that Hydroxysafflor yellow A could attenuate the immunoglobulin E induced release of allergic cytokines without affecting cell viability from 1.0 to 50.0 μM. In conclusion, the established rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 cell membrane chromatography coupled with online high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method successfully screened and identified Hydroxysafflor yellow A from C. tinctorius as a potential antiallergic component. Pharmacological analysis elucidated that Hydroxysafflor yellow A is an effective natural component for inhibiting immunoglobulin E-antigen-mediated degranulation. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Effects of distillation system and yeast strain on the aroma profile of Albariño (Vitis vinifera L.) grape pomace spirits.

PubMed

Arrieta-Garay, Y; Blanco, P; López-Vázquez, C; Rodríguez-Bencomo, J J; Pérez-Correa, J R; López, F; Orriols, I

2014-10-29

Orujo is a traditional alcoholic beverage produced in Galicia (northwest Spain) from distillation of grape pomace, a byproduct of the winemaking industry. In this study, the effect of the distillation system (copper charentais alembic versus packed column) and the yeast strain (native yeast L1 versus commercial yeast L2) on the chemical and sensory characteristics of orujo obtained from Albariño (Vitis vinifera L.) grape pomace has been analyzed. Principal component analysis, with two components explaining 74% of the variance, is able to clearly differentiate the distillates according to distillation system and yeast strain. Principal component 1, mainly defined by C6-C12 esters, isoamyl octanoate, and methanol, differentiates L1 from L2 distillates. In turn, principal component 2, mainly defined by linear alcohols, linalool, and 1-hexenol, differentiates alembic from packed column distillates. In addition, an aroma descriptive test reveals that the distillate obtained with a packed column from a pomace fermented with L1 presented the highest positive general impression, which is associated with the highest fruity and smallest solvent aroma scores. Moreover, chemical analysis shows that use of a packed column increases average ethanol recovery by 12%, increases the concentration of C6-C12 esters by 25%, and reduces the concentration of higher alcohols by 21%. In turn, L2 yeast obtained lower scores in the alembic distillates aroma profile. In addition, with L1, 9% higher ethanol yields were achieved, and L2 distillates contained 34%-40% more methanol than L1 distillates.

Time-resolved EPR study of singlet oxygen in the gas phase.

PubMed

Ruzzi, Marco; Sartori, Elena; Moscatelli, Alberto; Khudyakov, Igor V; Turro, Nicholas J

2013-06-27

X-band EPR spectra of singlet O2((1)Δg) and triplet O2((3)Σg(-)) were observed in the gas phase under low molecular-oxygen pressures PO2 = 0.175-0.625 Torr, T = 293-323 K. O2((1)Δg) was produced by quenching of photogenerated triplet sensitizers naphthalene C8H10, perdeuterated naphthalene, and perfluoronaphthalene in the gas phase. The EPR spectrum of O2((1)Δg) was also observed under microwave discharge. Integrated intensities and line widths of individual components of the EPR spectrum of O2((3)Σg(-)) were used as internal standards for estimating the concentration of O2 species and PO2 in the EPR cavity. Time-resolved (TR) EPR experiments of C8H10 were the main focus of this Article. Pulsed irradiation of C8H10 in the presence of O2((3)Σg(-)) allowed us to determine the kinetics of formation and decay for each of the four components of the O2((1)Δg) EPR signal, which lasted for only a few seconds. We found that the kinetics of EPR-component decay fit nicely to a biexponential kinetics law. The TR EPR 2D spectrum of the third component of the O2((1)Δg) EPR spectrum was examined in experiments using C8H10. This spectrum vividly presents the time evolution of an EPR component. The largest EPR signal and the longest lifetime of O2((1)Δg), τ = 0.4 s, were observed at medium pressure PO2 = 0.4 Torr, T = 293 K. The mechanism of O2((1)Δg) decay in the presence of photosensitizers is discussed. EPR spectra of O2((1)Δg) evidence that the spin-rotational states of O2((1)Δg) are populated according to Boltzmann distribution in the studied time range of 10-100 ms. We believe that this is the first report dealing with the dependence of O2((1)Δg) EPR line width on PO2 and T.

Relationship of metabolic syndrome and its components with -844 G/A and HindIII C/G PAI-1 gene polymorphisms in Mexican children

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Several association studies have shown that -844 G/A and HindIII C/G PAI-1 polymorphisms are related with increase of PAI-1 levels, obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia, which are components of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to analyze the allele and genotype frequencies of these polymorphisms in PAI-1 gene and its association with metabolic syndrome and its components in a sample of Mexican mestizo children. Methods This study included 100 children with an age range between 6-11 years divided in two groups: a) 48 children diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and b) 52 children metabolically healthy without any clinical and biochemical alteration. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of three or more of the following criteria: fasting glucose levels ≥ 100 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL, obesity BMI ≥ 95th percentile, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 95th percentile and insulin resistance HOMA-IR ≥ 2.4. The -844 G/A and HindIII C/G PAI-1 polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Results For the -844 G/A polymorphism, the G/A genotype (OR = 2.79; 95% CI, 1.11-7.08; p = 0.015) and the A allele (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 1.10-4.43; p = 0.015) were associated with metabolic syndrome. The -844 G/A and A/A genotypes were associated with increase in plasma triglycerides levels (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.16 to 6.04; p = 0.02), decrease in plasma HDL-cholesterol levels (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.06 to 5.42; p = 0.03) and obesity (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.17-5.92; p = 0.01). The C/G and G/G genotypes of the HindIII C/G polymorphism contributed to a significant increase in plasma total cholesterol levels (179 vs. 165 mg/dL; p = 0.02) in comparison with C/C genotype. Conclusions The -844 G/A PAI-1 polymorphism is related with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the HindIII C/G PAI-1 polymorphism was associated with the increase of total cholesterol levels in Mexican children. PMID:22459021

Relationship of metabolic syndrome and its components with -844 G/A and HindIII C/G PAI-1 gene polymorphisms in Mexican children.

PubMed

De la Cruz-Mosso, Ulises; Muñoz-Valle, José F; Salgado-Goytia, Lorenzo; García-Carreón, Adrián; Illades-Aguiar, Berenice; Castañeda-Saucedo, Eduardo; Parra-Rojas, Isela

2012-03-29

Several association studies have shown that -844 G/A and HindIII C/G PAI-1 polymorphisms are related with increase of PAI-1 levels, obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia, which are components of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to analyze the allele and genotype frequencies of these polymorphisms in PAI-1 gene and its association with metabolic syndrome and its components in a sample of Mexican mestizo children. This study included 100 children with an age range between 6-11 years divided in two groups: a) 48 children diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and b) 52 children metabolically healthy without any clinical and biochemical alteration. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of three or more of the following criteria: fasting glucose levels ≥ 100 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL, obesity BMI ≥ 95th percentile, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 95th percentile and insulin resistance HOMA-IR ≥ 2.4. The -844 G/A and HindIII C/G PAI-1 polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. For the -844 G/A polymorphism, the G/A genotype (OR = 2.79; 95% CI, 1.11-7.08; p = 0.015) and the A allele (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 1.10-4.43; p = 0.015) were associated with metabolic syndrome. The -844 G/A and A/A genotypes were associated with increase in plasma triglycerides levels (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.16 to 6.04; p = 0.02), decrease in plasma HDL-cholesterol levels (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.06 to 5.42; p = 0.03) and obesity (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.17-5.92; p = 0.01). The C/G and G/G genotypes of the HindIII C/G polymorphism contributed to a significant increase in plasma total cholesterol levels (179 vs. 165 mg/dL; p = 0.02) in comparison with C/C genotype. The -844 G/A PAI-1 polymorphism is related with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the HindIII C/G PAI-1 polymorphism was associated with the increase of total cholesterol levels in Mexican children.

Pre-separation storage of whole blood: the effect of temperature on red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and myeloperoxidase in plasma.

PubMed

Knutson, F; Lööf, H; Högman, C F

1999-10-01

Although whole blood intended for component preparation is commonly left to cool at ambient temperature, knowledge is insufficient concerning what effects this may have on red blood cell (RBC) quality, in particular after a prolonged hold. Whole blood collected in CPD was incubated at 20 degrees C and 28 degrees C for 6 h designed as a paired study. Blood components were prepared and the red blood cell concentrates (RBCs) were stored for 28 days at 4 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C. Blood gases, pH, glucose, lactate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) were investigated. After 6 h the 2,3-DPG concentrations had lowered to 88% (20 degrees C) and 54% (28 degrees C) of initial levels, respectively. The difference was significant and was maintained for 28 days, although, at low levels from day 7 (28 degrees C) and day 14 (20 degrees C) of storage. ATP was maintained at the initial level in both groups during the first 6 h of storage but after component separation the levels were significantly higher in the 28 degrees C group during the first 5 days. The release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was significantly higher in the non-cooled group than in the cooled group. Pre-separation holding for 6 h of whole blood at temperatures of 28 degrees C causes a great and rapid loss of 2,3-DPG and considerable formation of acid metabolites resulting in clearly subnormal 2,3-DPG levels even on day 1. Active pre-separation cooling to 20 degrees C is to be recommended.

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a pretreatment for oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) in production of sugar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nor, Nur Atikah Md; Mustapha, Wan Aida Wan; Hassan, Osman

2015-09-01

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) was pretreated using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) at different parameters to enable a highest yield of sugar. DES is a combination of two or more cheap and safe components to form a eutectic mixture through hydrogen bond interaction, which has a melting point lower than that of each component. DES can be used to replace ionic liquids (ILs), which are more expensive and toxic. In this study, OPEFB was pretreated with DES mixture of choline chloride: urea in 1:2 molar ratio. The pretreatment was performed at temperature 110°C and 80°C for 4 hours and 1 hour. Pretreatment A (110°C, 4 hours), B (110°C, 1 hour), C (80°C, 4 hours) and D (80°C, 1 hour). Enzymatic hydrolysis was done by using the combination of two enzymes, namely, Cellic Ctec2 and Cellic Htec2. The treated fiber is tested for crystallinity using XRD and functional group analysis using FTIR, to check the effect of the pretreatment on the fiber and compared it with the untreated fiber. From XRD analysis, DES successfully gave an effect towards degree of crystallinity of cellulose. Pretreatment A (110°C, 4 hours) and B (110°C, 1 hour) successfully reduce the percentage of crystallinity while pretreatment C (80°C, 4 hours) and D (80°C, 1 hour) increased the percentage of crystallinity. From FTIR analysis, DES cannot remove the functional group of lignin and hemicellulose but it is believed that DES can expose the structure of cellulose. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis, DES-treated fiber successfully produced sugar but not significantly when compared with raw. Pretreatment A (110°C, 4 hours), B (110°C, 1 hour), C (80°C, 4 hours) and D (80°C, 1 hour) produced glucose at the amount of 60.47 mg/ml, 66.33 mg/ml, 61.96 mg/ml and 59.12 mg/ml respectively. However, pretreatment C gave the highest xylose (70.01 mg/ml) production compared to other DES pretreatments.

EssC: domain structures inform on the elusive translocation channel in the Type VII secretion system

PubMed Central

Zoltner, Martin; Ng, Wui M.A.V.; Money, Jillian J.; Fyfe, Paul K.; Kneuper, Holger; Palmer, Tracy; Hunter, William N.

2016-01-01

The membrane-bound protein EssC is an integral component of the bacterial Type VII secretion system (T7SS), which is a determinant of virulence in important Gram-positive pathogens. The protein is predicted to consist of an intracellular repeat of forkhead-associated (FHA) domains at the N-terminus, two transmembrane helices and three P-loop-containing ATPase-type domains, D1–D3, forming the C-terminal intracellular segment. We present crystal structures of the N-terminal FHA domains (EssC-N) and a C-terminal fragment EssC-C from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, encompassing two of the ATPase-type modules, D2 and D3. Module D2 binds ATP with high affinity whereas D3 does not. The EssC-N and EssC-C constructs are monomeric in solution, but the full-length recombinant protein, with a molecular mass of approximately 169 kDa, forms a multimer of approximately 1 MDa. The observation of protomer contacts in the crystal structure of EssC-C together with similarity to the DNA translocase FtsK, suggests a model for a hexameric EssC assembly. Such an observation potentially identifies the key, and to date elusive, component of pore formation required for secretion by this recently discovered secretion system. The juxtaposition of the FHA domains suggests potential for interacting with other components of the secretion system. The structural data were used to guide an analysis of which domains are required for the T7SS machine to function in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus. The extreme C-terminal ATPase domain appears to be essential for EssC activity as a key part of the T7SS, whereas D2 and FHA domains are required for the production of a stable and functional protein. PMID:27130157

A significant carbon sink in temperate forests in Beijing: based on 20-year field measurements in three stands.

PubMed

Zhu, JianXiao; Hu, XueYang; Yao, Hui; Liu, GuoHua; Ji, ChenJun; Fang, JingYun

2015-11-01

Numerous efforts have been made to characterize forest carbon (C) cycles and stocks in various ecosystems. However, long-term observation on each component of the forest C cycle is still lacking. We measured C stocks and fluxes in three permanent temperate forest plots (birch, oak and pine forest) during 2011–2014, and calculated the changes of the components of the C cycle related to the measurements during 1992–1994 at Mt. Dongling, Beijing, China. Forest net primary production in birch, oak, and pine plots was 5.32, 4.53, and 6.73 Mg C ha-1 a-1, respectively. Corresponding net ecosystem production was 0.12, 0.43, and 3.53 Mg C ha-1 a-1. The C stocks and fluxes in 2011–2014 were significantly larger than those in 1992–1994 in which the biomass C densities in birch, oak, and pine plots increased from 50.0, 37.7, and 54.0 Mg C ha-1 in 1994 to 101.5, 77.3, and 110.9 Mg C ha-1 in 2014; soil organic C densities increased from 207.0, 239.1, and 231.7 Mg C ha-1 to 214.8, 241.7, and 238.4 Mg C ha-1; and soil heterotrophic respiration increased from 2.78, 3.49, and 1.81 Mg C ha-1 a-1 to 5.20, 4.10, and 3.20 Mg C ha-1 a-1. These results suggest that the mountainous temperate forest ecosystems in Beijing have served as a carbon sink in the last two decades. These observations of C stocks and fluxes provided field-based data for a long-term study of C cycling in temperate forest ecosystems.

Semiochemical-mediated flight responses of sap beetle vectors of oak wilt, Ceratocystis fagacearum.

PubMed

Kyhl, John F; Bartelt, Robert J; Cossé, Allard; Juzwik, Jennifer; Seybold, Steven J

2002-08-01

The sap beetle, Colopterus truncatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is one of the primary vectors of the oak wilt pathogen, Ceratocystis fagacearum, in the north-central United States. Field behavioral assays utilizing various release rates and blends of three methyl-branched hydrocarbon aggregation pheromone components showed that flight responses of this beetle were similar in Illinois and Minnesota populations. In both locations, both sexes of the beetle responded synergistically to a combination of the three-component pheromone and fermenting whole-wheat bread dough. Further, Colopterus truncatus preferred a high release rate over a low release rate of the three-component blend. In both locations, the response of C. truncatus to a simplified version of the pheromone consisting of (2E,4E,6E)-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene (1) and (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-decatetraene (3) was not significantly different from the response to the three-component blend. An experiment in Illinois with all possible combinations of the components demonstrated that the decatetraene (3) was the crucial component in the blend; of all treatments, the maximal response was elicited by 3 + dough. Chipped bark, phloem, and xylem from northern pin oak, Quercus ellipsoidalis, was not attractive to C. truncatus in Minnesota. During a weekly survey over two seasons in Minnesota, C. truncatus flew in response to the three-component pheromone between early April and early July, with the maximum responses coming on May 4, 2000 and April 20, 2001. During both years, more than 98% of the beetles were trapped between April 14 and June 1. During the same survey, Glischrochilus spp. (Nitiduildae) flew during longer periods of the summer, particularly in 2001. The sex ratio of C. truncatus responding during all experiments was female-biased (1.8:1, female-male), which is characteristic of other male-produced coleopteran aggregation pheromones. Other sap beetles that play a minor role in the pathobiology of C. fagacearum also responded in experiments conducted in Minnesota. Carpophilus brachypterus Say was cross-attracted to the two- and three-component blends of the C. truncatus pheromone and dough, whereas two Glischrochilus spp. were attracted to all treatments that contained dough.

Microscale Variations in the 13C Content of the Murchison Meteorite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romanek, C.; Gibson, E.; Socki, R.; Burkett, P. J.

1993-07-01

Heretofore unresolved micrometer-scale carbon isotopic zonation in the Murchison meteorite (CM3) is documented using a laser microprobe mass spectrometer. High-resolution isotopic gradients and heterogeneities between high- and low-temperature textural components help to constrain the processes that have shaped the physiochemical character of this carbonaceous chondrite. Previous bulk samples of Murchison yield an average delta ^13C value of - 5.7 +/- 4.3 per mil [1] while individual components such as micrometer-sized mineral separates (e.g., C(sub)graphite , C(sub)diamond, and SiC), acid- soluble extracts (e.g., CaCO3 and polar hydrocarbons), and insoluble residues (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are isotopically diverse (delta ^13C of -1000 to 29,000 per mil). While these studies shed light on the origin and occurrence of C-bearing phases, they fail to constrain intrinsic spatial isotopic heterogeneities. The power of the laser microprobe lies in the fact that in situ chemical and isotopic compositions are measured simultaneously for volatiles extracted from extremely small sample volumes (i.e., 0.025 mm^3 for 5 wt% C). Nd-YAG laser irradiation (1.06 micrometers) is directed onto texturally defined targets (>=50 micrometers wide) from which solid material is volatilized. Condensible gaseous phases are collected in a variable-temperature cold trap while the more volatile species (CH4 and CO) are quantified using an ion trap mass spectrometer. All gases are then converted to CO2 in a CuO furnace (containing Pt) held at 600 degrees C and analyzed for carbon and oxygen isotope ratios. The concentration and isotopic composition of condensed species are determined by stepped sublimation of unstable components and conversion to CO2. Preliminary isotopic analyses of the total volatile C content (i.e., bulk microanalysis) from distinct textural components at least 0.05 mm^3 in volume are described below. The most ^13C-depleted components within Murchison reside within the cores of chondrules and/or aggregates. Three typical cores were analyzed, with an average bulk composition of -21.0 +/- 0.5 per mil (n = 7). The bulk ^13C content of C-bearing phases increases monotonically outward in all directions within 100 to 200 micrometers of each core (i.e., within dust mantles) to a constant matrix value of -12.5 +/- 0.5 per mil (n = 40). The most isotopically enriched textural component found in Murchison is a regolith breccia clast without chondrules that has an average bulk delta ^13C value of -10 +/-0.5 per mil (n = 5). The clast was originally detectable only under cathodoluminescence, but with the aid of the laser microprobe it is now characterized by an unusually low volatile content and enriched ^13C composition. In general, the most isotopically enriched components also produce the lowest yield of gas (normalized to sampling volume). This trend of isotopic enrichment from chondrule to matrix has been documented previously for oxygen isotopes in carbonaceous chondrites [2]. Carbon isotopic gradients and heterogeneities within Murchison reflect fundamental changes in the chemical speciation and/or isotopic content of the main C-bearing components (i.e., acid-soluble and insoluble hydrocarbon fractions) within the meteorite. Perhaps core interiors and dust mantles are responding to environmental changes reflected in the speciation of C-bearing species distributed within the solar nebula or the parent body. Inverse correlations between hydrocarbon atomic mass number and ^13C abundance in the acid-soluble [3] and insoluble residues [4] of Murchison have been documented. Alternatively, micrometer-scale isotopic gradients may reflect fundamental changes in the isotopic composition of individual C-bearing species through time. Enrichments may represent kinetically controlled processes related to hydrocarbon formation. In contrast, assuming an equilibrium fractionation mechanism, isotopic enrichments may record a temperature-dependent component to hydrocarbon delta ^13C values. These opposing alternatives will be discussed in light of the isotopic composition of individual C-bearing components volatilized from tightly constrained sample volumes within Murchison. References: [1] Kerridge J. F. (1985) GCA, 49, 1707-1714. [2] Clayton R. N. and Mayeda T. K. (1984) EPSL, 67, 151-161. [3] Yuen G. et al. (1984) Nature, 307, 254. [4] Gilmour I. et al. (1991) Meteoritics, 26, 337-338.

Induction of protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity by a DNA vaccine with C3d as a molecular adjuvant.

PubMed

Xu, Gui-lian; Zhang, Ke-qin; Guo, Bo; Zhao, Ting-ting; Yang, Fei; Jiang, Man; Wang, Qing-hong; Shang, Yu-hang; Wu, Yu-zhang

2010-10-18

Although the critical role of complement component C3d as a molecular adjuvant in preventing virus infection is well established, its role in cancer therapies is unclear. In this study, we have engineered a DNA vaccine that expresses extracellular region of murine VEGFR-2 (FLK1(265-2493)) and 3 copies of C3d (C3d3), a component of complement as a molecular adjuvant, designed to increase antitumor immunity. VEGFR-2 has a more restricted expression on endothelial cells and is upregulated once these cells proliferate during angiogenesis in the tumor vasculature. Immunization of mice with vector encoding FLK1(265-2493) alone generated only background levels of anti-VEGFR-2 antibodies and slight inhibitory effect on tumor growth. However, the addition of C3d3 to the vaccine construct significantly augmented the anti-VEGFR-2 humoral immune response and inhibited the tumor growth. The antitumor activity induced by vaccination with vector encoding FLK1(265-2493)-C3d3 fusion protein was also demonstrated via growth inhibition of established tumors following passive transfer of immune serum from vaccinated mice. Our results suggest that vaccination with vector encoding FLK1(265-2493) with C3d3 as a molecular adjuvant induces adaptive humoral activity, which is directed against the murine VEGFR-2 and can significantly inhibit tumor growth, and that administration of C3d as a molecular adjuvant to increase antibodies levels to VEGFR-2 may provide an alternative treatment modality for cancer therapies. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-Temperature Elasticity of Topaz: A Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopic study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tennakoon, S.; Peng, Y.; Andreu, L.; Rivera, F.; Mookherjee, M.; Manthilake, G.; Speziale, S.

2017-12-01

Topaz (Al2SiO4(F,OH)2) is a hydrous aluminosilicate mineral stable in the hydrated sediments in subduction zone settings and could transport water into the Earth's interior. To constrain the amount of water subducted, it is important to have a better understanding of the elastic constants of hydrous phases and compare them with the geophysical observations. In this study, we explored the full elastic moduli tensor for a single crystal topaz using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy. We determined the full elastic moduli tensor at ambient conditions (1 bar and 297 K), with the principal components- C11, C22, and C33 are 279, 352 and 288 GPa respectively, the off-diagonal components- C­12, C13, and C23 are 124, 72, and 82 GPa respectively, and the shear components- C44, C55, and C66 are 111, 134, and 130 GPa respectively. The compressional (AVP) and shear (AVS) anisotropy for topaz are 13 and 14 % respectively. The aggregate bulk (K) and shear (G) moduli are 162 and 117 GPa respectively. We determined the elasticity of topaz up to 1000 K. The components of the full elastic moduli tensor show softening at high temperature. Temperature derivatives of sound velocity of topaz, dVP/dT = -3.5 ×10-4 km/s/K and dVS/dT = -2.2 ×10-4 km/s/K are smaller than those for corundum [1], α-quartz [2], and olivine [3]. In contrast, the temperature derivatives of primary and shear sound velocity for topaz is greater than that of pyrope garnet [4]. The elasticity and sound velocity of topaz also vary as a function of chemistry i.e., OH-F contents. Our study demonstrates that the effect of composition (xOH) on the velocity is more pronounced than that of temperature.Acknowledgement: This study is supported by US NSF awards EAR-1634422. Reference: [1] Goto, T. et al.,1989, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7588; [2] Ohno, I. et al., 2006, Phys. Chem. Miner., 33, 1-9; [3] Isaak, D. G., 1992, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 97, 1871-1885; [4] Sinogeikin, S. V., Bass, J. D., 2002, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 203(1), 549-555.

N(4)-Methyl-N(4)-(2-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine-ethanol-hydrazine (1/0.865/0.135): hydrogen-bonded ribbons containing four independent ring types.

PubMed

Trilleras, Jorge; Quiroga, Jairo; Cobo, Justo; Glidewell, Christopher

2009-06-01

N(4)-Methyl-N(4)-(2-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine crystallizes from ethanol as a mixed solvate, C(13)H(14)N(6).0.865C(2)H(6)O.0.135N(2)H(4), (I), where the hydrazine has been carried through from the initial preparation. Within the heterocyclic component, the 2-methylphenyl substituent is disordered over two sets of sites. There is an intramolecular C-H...pi(arene) hydrogen bond, which may control the molecular conformation of the heterocycle. The heterocyclic molecules are linked by two independent N-H...N hydrogen bonds in a chain containing two types of R(2)(2)(8) ring. The ethanol component is linked to this chain by a combination of O-H...N and N-H...O hydrogen bonds and the hydrazine component by two N-H...N hydrogen bonds, so generating two R(3)(3)(9) rings and thus forming a ribbon containing four distinct ring types.

A SAXS-WAXS study of the endothermic transitions in amorphous or supercooled liquid itraconazole

DOE PAGES

Benmore, C. J.; Mou, Q.; Benmore, K. J.; ...

2016-10-07

Small and wide angle high energy x-ray scattering experiments were performed upon cooling itraconazole from the melt to investigate the structural origin of the two transitions at ~74 °C and ~90 °C observed in DSC measurements. Slight changes to the main WAXS peak at Q = 1.33 ± 0.01 Å –1 were observed at 90 °C and are found to be inter-molecular in nature, suggesting a liquid to isotropic transition. This finding was supported by complementary wide angle neutron scattering measurements. For temperatures at and below ~74 °C two strong rings appear in the 2D-SAXS pattern at Q = 0.24more » ± 0.01 Å –1 and 0.43 ± 0.01 Å –1. The SAXS spectra were further deconvoluted into sharp and broad components. Lastly, a narrowing of the broad component is associated with only minor changes in the packing arrangements of the itraconazole molecules below ~90 °C, while the appearance of the sharp component below ~74 °C is attributed to the formation of a polydomain lamellar phase.« less

Additive effects in high-voltage layered-oxide cells: A statistics of mixtures approach

DOE PAGES

Sahore, Ritu; Peebles, Cameron; Abraham, Daniel P.; ...

2017-07-20

Li 1.03(Ni 0.5Mn 0.3Co 0.2) 0.97O 2 (NMC)-based coin cells containing the electrolyte additives vinylene carbonate (VC) and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TMSPi) in the range of 0-2 wt% were cycled between 3.0 and 4.4 V. The changes in capacity at rates of C/10 and C/1 and resistance at 60% state of charge were found to follow linear-with-time kinetic rate laws. Further, the C/10 capacity and resistance data were amenable to modeling by a statistics of mixtures approach. Applying physical meaning to the terms in the empirical models indicated that the interactions between the electrolyte and additives were not simple. For example, theremore » were strong, synergistic interactions between VC and TMSPi affecting C/10 capacity loss, as expected, but there were other, more subtle interactions between the electrolyte components. In conclusion, the interactions between these components controlled the C/10 capacity decline and resistance increase.« less

Crystal Structures of SgcE6 and SgcC, the Two-Component Monooxygenase That Catalyzes Hydroxylation of a Carrier ProteinTethered Substrate during the Biosynthesis of the Enediyne Antitumor Antibiotic C-1027 in Streptomyces globisporus

DOE PAGES

Chang, Chin -Yuan; Lohman, Jeremy; Cao, Hongnan; ...

2016-08-25

C-1027 is a chromoprotein enediyne antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces globisporus. In the last step of biosynthesis of the (S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-beta-tyrosine moiety of the C-1027 enediyne chromophore, SgcE6 and SgcC compose a two-component monooxygenase that hydroxylates the C-5 position of (S)-3-chloro-beta-tyrosine. This two-component monooxygenase is remarkable for two reasons. (i) SgcE6 specifically reacts with FAD and NADH, and (ii) SgcC is active with only the peptidyl carrier protein (PCP)-tethered substrate. To address the molecular details of substrate specificity, we determined the crystal structures of SgcE6 and SgcC at 1.66 and 2.63 A resolution, respectively. SgcE6 shares a similar β-barrel fold withmore » the class I HpaC-like flavin reductases. A flexible loop near the active site of SgcE6 plays a role in FAD binding, likely by providing sufficient space to accommodate the AMP moiety of FAD, when compared to that of FMN-utilizing homologues. SgcC shows structural similarity to a few, other known FADH 2-dependent monooxygenases and sheds light on some biochemically but not structurally characterized homologues. In conclusion, the crystal structures reported here provide insights into substrate specificity, and comparison with homologues provides a catalytic mechanism of the two-component, FADH 2-dependent monooxygenase (SgcE6 and SgcC) that catalyzes the hydroxylation of a PCP-tethered substrate.« less

Wear Measurement of Ceramic Bearings in Gas Turbines

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-03-01

CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED The primary findings of the program are: a. The method for tagging Si 3N4, SiC, and M50 bearing components to depths of...for tagging Si 3 N4 , SiC, and M50 bearing components to depths of interest in bearings (1-20 microns) was developed, and subcontractors with the...1-2 SECTION 2 BACKGROUND The ball and roller bearings used in gas turbines are generally made of steels (MS0, 52100), and loss of bearing

Hubble Space Telescope STIS Observations of the Wolf-Rayet Star HD 5980 in the Small Magellanic Cloud. II. The Interstellar Medium Components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koenigsberger, Gloria; Georgiev, Leonid; Peimbert, Manuel; Walborn, Nolan R.; Barbá, Rodolfo; Niemela, Virpi S.; Morrell, Nidia; Tsvetanov, Zlatan; Schulte-Ladbeck, Regina

2001-01-01

Observations of the interstellar and circumstellar absorption components obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) along the line of sight toward the Wolf-Rayet-luminous blue variable (LBV) system HD 5980 in the Small Magellanic Cloud are analyzed. Velocity components from C I, C I*, C II, C II*, C IV, N I, N V, O I, Mg II, Al II, Si II, Si II*, Si III, Si IV, S II, S III, Fe II, Ni II, Be I, Cl I, and CO are identified, and column densities estimated. The principal velocity systems in our data are (1) interstellar medium (ISM) components in the Galactic disk and halo (Vhel=1.1+/-3, 9+/-2 km s-1) (2) ISM components in the SMC (Vhel=+87+/-6, +110+/-6, +132+/-6, +158+/-8, +203+/-15 km s-1) (3) SMC supernova remnant SNR 0057-7226 components (Vhel=+312+/-3, +343+/-3, +33, +64 km s-1) (4) circumstellar (CS) velocity systems (Vhel=-1020, -840, -630, -530, -300 km s-1) and (5) a possible system at -53+/-5 km s-1 (seen only in some of the Si II lines and marginally in Fe II) of uncertain origin. The supernova remnant SNR 0057-7226 has a systemic velocity of +188 km s-1, suggesting that its progenitor was a member of the NGC 346 cluster. Our data allow estimates to be made of Te~40,000 K, ne~100 cm-3, N(H)~(4-12)×1018 cm-2 and a total mass between 400 and 1000 Msolar for the supernova remnant (SNR) shell. We detect C I absorption lines primarily in the +132 and +158 km s-1 SMC velocity systems. As a result of the LBV-type eruptions in HD 5980, a fast-wind/slow-wind circumstellar interaction region has appeared, constituting the earliest formation stages of a windblown H II bubble surrounding this system. Variations over a timescale of 1 year in this circumstellar structure are detected. Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.

Vitamin C-linker-conjugated tripeptide AHK stimulates BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mouse myoblast C2C12 cells.

PubMed

Jung, Jung-Il; Park, Kyeong-Yong; Lee, Yura; Park, Mira; Kim, Jiyeon

Vitamin C-linker-conjugated Ala-His-Lys tripeptide (Vit C-AHK) is a derivative of Vitamin C-conjugated tripeptides, which were originally developed as a component of a product for collagen synthesis enhancement or human dermal fibroblast growth. Here, we investigated the effect of Vit C-AHK on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-induced osteoblast differentiation in a cell culture model. Vit C-AHK enhanced proliferation of C2C12 cells and induction of BMP-2-induced alkaline phosphatase, a typical marker of osteoblast differentiation. Vit C-AHK also stimulated the phosphorylation and translocation of Smad1/5/8 to the nucleus and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including ERK1/2 and p38. In addition, Vit C-AHK enhanced the BMP-2-induced mRNA expression of osteoblast differentiation-related genes such as ALP, BMP-2, Osteocalcin, and Runx2. Our results suggest that Vit C-AHK exerts an enhancing effect on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation through activation of Smad1/5/8 and MAPK ERK1/2 and p38 signaling and without significant cytotoxicity. These results provide important data for the development of peptide-based bone-regenerative agents and treatment of bone-related disorders. Copyright © 2018 International Society of Differentiation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Camp-based multi-component intervention for families of young children with type 1 diabetes: A pilot and feasibility study.

PubMed

Gupta, Olga T; MacKenzie, Marsha; Burris, Angie; Jenkins, Bonnie B; Collins, Nikki; Shade, Molly; Santa-Sosa, Eileen; Stewart, Sunita M; White, Perrin C

2018-06-01

Managing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in preschool-aged children has unique challenges that can negatively impact glycemic control and parental coping. To evaluate the impact of a camp-based multi-component intervention on glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in young children with T1DM and psychosocial measures for their parents. Two separate cohorts of 18 children (ages 3-5 years) and their families participated in a camp-based intervention that included didactic and interactive parent education, child-centered education and family-based recreational activities. In Camp 1.0, measures of HbA1c, parental fear of hypoglycemia, mealtime behaviors and quality of life (QOL) were compared before and after an initial session (I) and follow-up booster session (II) 6 months later. Based on these results, the intervention was consolidated into 1 session (Camp 2.0) and repeated with additional measures of parental stress and parental self-efficacy with diabetes management tasks. Participants in Camp 2.0 exhibited a significant decrease in mean HbA1c level (-0.5%, P = .002) before and after camp. Mothers exhibited a significant improvement in diabetes-specific QOL (Camp 1.0/Session I and Camp 2.0) and reduction in stress as measured on the Pediatric Inventory for Parent (PIP) assessment (Camp 2.0). The booster session in Camp 1.0 showed no added benefit. A family centered, camp-based multi-component intervention in young children with T1DM improved HbA1c and perceived QOL and stress in their mothers. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is pathologically similar to pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma: suggestions of similar background and development.

PubMed

Nakanuma, Yasuni; Sato, Yasunori

2014-07-01

Routine experiences suggest that cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) show different clinicopathological behaviors along the biliary tree, and hilar CCA apparently resembles pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Herein, the backgrounds for these similarities were reviewed. While all cases of PDAC, hilar CCA, intrahepatic CCA (ICCA) and CCA components of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHC-CCA) were adenocarcinomas, micropapillary patterns and columnar carcinoma cells were common in PDAC and hilar CCA, and trabecular components and cuboidal carcinoma cells were common in ICCA and CCA components of cHC-CCA. Anterior gradient protein-2 and S100P were frequently expressed in perihilar CCA and PDAC, while neural cell adhesion molecule and luminal epithelial membrane antigen were common in CCA components of c-HC-CCA. Pdx1 and Hes1 were frequently and markedly expressed aberrantly in PDAC and perihilar CCA, although their expression was rare and mild in CCA components in cHC-CCA and ICCA. Hilar CCA showed a similar postoperative prognosis to PDAC but differed from ICCA and cHC-CCA. Taken together, hilar CCA may differ from ICCA and CCA components of cHC-CCA but have a similar development to PDAC. These similarities may be explained by the unique anatomical, embryological and reactive nature of the pancreatobiliary tract. Further studies of these intractable malignancies are warranted. © 2014 Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery.

IABP timing and ventricular performance--comparison between a compliant and a stiffer aorta: a hybrid model study including baroreflex.

PubMed

Fresiello, Libera; Khir, Ashraf W; Di Molfetta, Arianna; Kozarski, Maciej; Ferrari, Gianfranco

2013-11-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the intra aortic balloon pump (IABP) and of aortic compliance on left ventricular performance, including the effects of baroreflex control.
 The study was conducted using a hybrid cardiovascular simulator, including a computational cardiovascular sub-model, a hydraulic sub-model of the descending aorta, and a baroreflex computational sub-model. A 40 cc balloon was inserted into a rubber tube component of the hydraulic sub-model. A comparative analysis was conducted for two aortic compliances (C1 = 2.4 and C2 = 1.43 cm3/mmHg, corresponding to an aortic pulse pressure of 23 mmHg and 35 mmHg, respectively), driving the balloon for different trigger timings.
 Under C1 conditions, the IABP induced higher effects on baroreflex activity (decrement of sympathetic efferent activity: 10% for C1 and 14.7% for C2) and ventricular performance (increment of cardiac output (CO): 3.7% for C1 and 5.2% for C2, increment of endocardial viability ratio (EVR): 24.8% for C1 and 55% for C2). The best balloon timing was different for C1 and C2: inflation trigger timing (from the dicrotic notch) -0.09 s for C1 and -0.04 s for C2, inflation duration 0.25 s for C1 and 0.2 s for C2.
 Early inflation ensures better EVR, CO, and an increment of the afferent nerve activity, hence causing peripheral resistance and heart rate to decrease. The best balloon timing depends on aortic compliance, thus suggesting the need for a therapy tailored to the specific conditions of individual patients.

Copper-Catalyzed Domino Three-Component Approach for the Assembly of 2-Aminated Benzimidazoles and Quinazolines.

PubMed

Tran, Lam Quang; Li, Jihui; Neuville, Luc

2015-06-19

A copper-promoted three-component synthesis of 2-aminobenzimidazoles (1) or of 2-aminoquinazolines (2) involving cyanamides, arylboronic acids, and amines has been developed. The operationally simple oxidative process, performed in the presence of K2CO3, a catalytic amount of CuCl2·2H2O, 2,2'-bipyridine, and an O2 atmosphere (1 atm), allows the rapid assembly of either benzimidazoles or quinazolines starting from aryl- or benzyl-substituted cyanamides, respectively. In this process, the copper promotes the formation of three bonds, two C-N bonds, and an additional bond resulting from C-H functionalization event.

Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition by organophosphorus compounds leads to elevation of brain 2-arachidonoylglycerol and the associated hypomotility in mice

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Quistad, Gary B.; Klintenberg, Rebecka; Caboni, Pierluigi

2006-02-15

Three components of the cannabinoid system are sensitive to selected organophosphorus (OP) compounds: monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase that hydrolyzes the major endogenous agonist 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that cleaves the agonist anandamide present in smaller amounts; the CB1 receptor itself. This investigation considers which component of the cannabinoid system is the most likely contributor to OP-induced hypomotility in mice. Structure-activity studies by our laboratory and others rule against major involvement of a direct toxicant-CB1 receptor interaction for selected OPs. Attention was therefore focused on the OP sensitivities of MAG lipase and FAAH, assaying 19 structurally diverse OP chemicalsmore » (pesticides, their metabolites and designer compounds) for in vitro inhibition of both enzymes. Remarkably high potency and low selectivity is observed with three O-alkyl (C{sub 1}, C{sub 2}, C{sub 3}) alkylphosphonofluoridates (C{sub 8}, C{sub 12}) (IC50 0.60-3.0 nM), five S-alkyl (C{sub 5}, C{sub 7}, C{sub 9}) and alkyl (C{sub 1}, C{sub 12}) benzodioxaphosphorin oxides (IC50 0.15-5.7 nM) and one OP insecticide metabolite (chlorpyrifos oxon, IC50 34-40 nM). In ip-treated mice, the OPs at 1-30 mg/kg more potently inhibit brain FAAH than MAG lipase, but FAAH inhibition is not correlated with hypomotility. However, the alkylphosphonofluoridate-treated mice show dose-dependent increases in severity of hypomotility, inhibition of MAG lipase activity and elevation of 2-AG. Moderate to severe hypomotility is accompanied by 64 to 86% MAG lipase inhibition and about 6-fold elevation of brain 2-AG level. It therefore appears that OP-induced MAG lipase inhibition leads to elevated 2-AG and the associated hypomotility.« less

A novel osmolality-shift fermentation strategy for improving acarbose production and concurrently reducing byproduct component C formation by Actinoplanes sp. A56.

PubMed

Cheng, Xin; Peng, Wei-Fu; Huang, Lin; Zhang, Bao; Li, Kun-Tai

2014-12-01

Component C (Acarviosy-1,4-Glc-1,1-Glc) was a highly structural acarbose analog, which could be largely formed during acarbose fermentation process, resulting in acarbose purification being highly difficult. By choosing osmolality level as the key fermentation parameter of acarbose-producing Actinoplanes sp. A56, this paper successfully established an effective and simplified osmolality-shift strategy to improve acarbose production and concurrently reduce component C formation. Firstly, the effects of various osmolality levels on acarbose fermentation were firstly investigated in a 50-l fermenter. It was found that 400-500 mOsm/kg of osmolality was favorable for acarbose biosynthesis, but would exert a negative influence on the metabolic activity of Actinoplanes sp. A56, resulting in an obviously negative increase of acarbose and a sharp formation of component C during the later stages of fermentation (144-168 h). Based on this fact, an osmolality-shift fermentation strategy (0-48 h: 250-300 mOsm/kg; 49-120 h: 450-500 mOsm/kg; 121-168 h: 250-300 mOsm/kg) was further carried out. Compared with the osmolality-stat (450-500 mOsm/kg) fermentation process, the final accumulation amount of component C was decreased from 498.2 ± 27.1 to 307.2 ± 9.5 mg/l, and the maximum acarbose yield was increased from 3,431.9 ± 107.7 to 4,132.8 ± 111.4 mg/l.

Evidence for a gene influencing the TG/HDL-C ratio on chromosome 7q32.3-qter: a genome-wide scan in the Framingham study.

PubMed

Shearman, A M; Ordovas, J M; Cupples, L A; Schaefer, E J; Harmon, M D; Shao, Y; Keen, J D; DeStefano, A L; Joost, O; Wilson, P W; Housman, D E; Myers, R H

2000-05-22

Some studies show that plasma triglyceride (TG) levels are a significant independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). TG levels are inversely correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and their metabolism may be closely interrelated. Therefore, the TG/HDL-C ratio may be a relevant CVD risk factor. Our analysis of families in the Framingham Heart Study gave a genetic heritability estimate for log(TG) of 0.40 and for log(TG/HDL-C) of 0.49, demonstrating an important genetic component for both. A 10 cM genome-wide scan for log(TG) level and log(TG/HDL-C) was carried out for the largest 332 extended families of the Framingham Heart Study (1702 genotyped individuals). The highest multipoint variance component LOD scores obtained for both log(TG) and log(TG/HDL-C) were on chromosome 7 (at 155 cM), where the results for the two phenotypes were 1.8 and 2.5, respectively. The 7q32.3-qter region contains several candidate genes. Four other regions with multipoint LOD scores greater than one were identified on chromosome 3 [LOD score for log(TG/HDL-C) = 1.8 at 140 cM], chromosome 11 [LOD score for log(TG/HDL-C) = 1.1 at 125 cM], chromosome 16 [LOD score for log(TG) = 1.5 at 70 cM, LOD score for log(TG/HDL-C) = 1.1 at 75 cM] and chromosome 20 [LOD score for log(TG/HDL-C) = 1.7 at 35 cM, LOD score for log(TG) = 1.3 at 40 cM]. These results identify loci worthy of further study.

Crystal structure of di-methyl-formamidium bis-(tri-fluoro-methane-sulfon-yl)amide: an ionic liquid.

PubMed

Cardenas, Allan Jay P; O'Hagan, Molly

2016-09-01

At 100 K, the title mol-ecular salt, C 3 H 8 NO + ·C 2 F 6 NO 4 S 2 - , has ortho-rhom-bic ( P 2 1 2 1 2 1 ) symmetry; the amino H atom of bis-(tri-fluoro-methane-sulfon-yl)amine (HNTf 2 ) was transferred to the basic O atom of di-methyl-formamide (DMF) when the ionic liquid components were mixed. The structure displays an O-H⋯N hydrogen bond, which links the cation to the anion, which is reinforced by a non-conventional C-H⋯O inter-action, generating an R 2 2 (7) loop. A further very weak C-H⋯O inter-action generates an [001] chain.

Assessment of Silicon Carbide Composites for Advanced Salt-Cooled Reactors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Katoh, Yutai; Wilson, Dane F; Forsberg, Charles W

2007-09-01

The Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR) is a new reactor concept that uses a liquid fluoride salt coolant and a solid high-temperature fuel. Several alternative fuel types are being considered for this reactor. One set of fuel options is the use of pin-type fuel assemblies with silicon carbide (SiC) cladding. This report provides (1) an initial viability assessment of using SiC as fuel cladding and other in-core components of the AHTR, (2) the current status of SiC technology, and (3) recommendations on the path forward. Based on the analysis of requirements, continuous SiC fiber-reinforced, chemically vapor-infiltrated SiC matrix (CVI SiC/SiC) compositesmore » are recommended as the primary option for further study on AHTR fuel cladding among various industrially available forms of SiC. Critical feasibility issues for the SiC-based AHTR fuel cladding are identified to be (1) corrosion of SiC in the candidate liquid salts, (2) high dose neutron radiation effects, (3) static fatigue failure of SiC/SiC, (4) long-term radiation effects including irradiation creep and radiation-enhanced static fatigue, and (5) fabrication technology of hermetic wall and sealing end caps. Considering the results of the issues analysis and the prospects of ongoing SiC research and development in other nuclear programs, recommendations on the path forward is provided in the order or priority as: (1) thermodynamic analysis and experimental examination of SiC corrosion in the candidate liquid salts, (2) assessment of long-term mechanical integrity issues using prototypical component sections, and (3) assessment of high dose radiation effects relevant to the anticipated operating condition.« less

Measuring and predicting Delta(vap)H298 values of ionic liquids.

PubMed

Deyko, Alexey; Lovelock, Kevin R J; Corfield, Jo-Anne; Taylor, Alasdair W; Gooden, Peter N; Villar-Garcia, Ignacio J; Licence, Peter; Jones, Robert G; Krasovskiy, Vladimir G; Chernikova, Elena A; Kustov, Leonid M

2009-10-14

We report the enthalpies of vaporisation (measured using temperature programmed desorption by mass spectrometry) of twelve ionic liquids (ILs), covering four imidazolium, [C(m)C(n)Im]+, five pyrrolidinium, [C(n)C(m)Pyrr]+, two pyridinium, [C(n)Py]+, and a dication, [C3(C1Im)2]2+ based IL. These cations were paired with a range of anions: [BF4]-, [FeCl4]-, [N(CN)2]-, [PF3(C2F5)3]- ([FAP]-), [(CF3SO2)2N]- ([Tf2N]-) and [SCN]-. Using these results, plus those for a further eight imidazolium based ILs published earlier (which include the anions [CF3SO3]- ([TfO]-), [PF6]- and [EtSO4]-), we show that the enthalpies of vaporisation can be decomposed into three components. The first component is the Coulombic interaction between the ions, DeltaU(Cou,R), which is a function of the IL molar volume, V(m), and a parameter R(r) which quantifies the relative change in anion-cation distance on evaporation from the liquid phase to the ion pair in the gas phase. The second and third components are the van der Waals contributions from the anion, DeltaH(vdw,A), and the cation, DeltaH(vdw,C). We derive a universal value for R(r), and individual values of DeltaH(vdw,A) and DeltaH(vdw,C) for each of the anions and cations considered in this study. Given the molar volume, it is possible to estimate the enthalpies of vaporisation of ILs composed of any combination of the ions considered here; values for fourteen ILs which have not yet been studied experimentally are given.

Synthesis, crystal structures and luminescence properties of new multi-component co-crystals of isostructural Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tella, Adedibu C.; Owalude, Samson O.; Omotoso, Mary F.; Olatunji, Sunday J.; Ogunlaja, Adeniyi S.; Alimi, Lukman O.; Popoola, Olugbenga K.; Bourne, Susan A.

2018-04-01

Two novel isostructural compounds containing multi-component co-crystals [M(C6H4NO2)2(H2O)2](C9H6O6)2 (M = Co (1), Zn (2), C6H4NO2 = Picolinic acid, C9H6O6 = Trimesic acid) have been synthesized. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible and 1H NMR spectroscopies as well as thermal and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that 1 and 2 are isostructural. Compound 1 crystallizes in triclinic space group (P-1, with a = 5.154 (10) Å, b = 11.125 (2) Å, c = 14.113 (3) Å, α = 91.01 (3)°, β = 100.54 (3)°, and γ = 102.71 (3)°). In a similar fashion, compound 2 crystallizes in triclinic space group (P-1, with a = 5.1735 (3) Å, b = 11.0930 (10) Å, c = 14.1554 (8) Å, α = 91.70 (3)°, β = 100.26 (3)°, γ = 102.90 (3)°). The metal (II) cation presents distorted MN2O4 octahedral geometry with H2O molecules coordinated to the metal in equatorial position while the picolinic acid molecules are axially coordinated through the pyridine N atom. The two trimesic acid molecules are not part of the first coordination sphere. Compounds 1 and 2 constitute an example of a class of coordination compound of multicomponent crystals having trimesic acid outside the coordination sphere where it is neither protonated or deprotonated. The two compounds were investigated for luminiscence properties.

A complex Lyman limit system at z=1.9 towards HS 1103+6416

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Köhler, S.; Reimers, D.; Tytler, D.; Hagen, H.-J.; Barlow, T.; Burles, S.

1999-02-01

We analyse absorption lines in optical and ultraviolet spectra of the bright (V=15.8, z=2.19) QSO HS 1103+6416. High-resolution (FWHM =8 km s(-1) ) optical spectra have been obtained with the Keck 10 m telescope in the range from 3180 to 5780 Angstroms. Ultraviolet observations in the range from 1150 to 3280 Angstroms were performed with the FOS and the GHRS onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). In this paper we concentrate our discussion on a complex Lyman limit system (LLS) at z=1.89. Absorption lines by carbon, silicon and aluminum in the optical spectra reveal a complex velocity structure with at least 11 components spanning a velocity range of 200 km s(-1) . From the Lyman limit in the ultraviolet spectra we derive a total neutral hydrogen column density of log N(H i) =17.46 cm(-2) . Column densities of heavy elements in the individual components were derived by Voigt profile fitting. The eleven components can be subdivided roughly into three groups: Components 2, 3 and 6 with radial velocities v = -129... -95 km s(-1) with low ionization (L), components 4, 5, 7, 8 (v = -75... +2) with intermediate ionization (I), and components 1, 9, 10, 11 (v = -129, +34... +57) with high ionization (H). In order to study the ionization and abundances in these systems we compare the observed column densities with photoionization models. The observed absorption in the optical data can be explained by individual clouds with slightly varying metal abundances photoionized by slightly different radiation fields. Highly ionized components favour the extragalactic radiation field as calculated by Haardt & Madau (\\cite{Haardt96}) while the components of low and intermediate ionization are better reproduced with a harder ionizing radiation field. Obviously local sources like stars can therefore be excluded as the main ionizing sources. Observational parameters for HST spectra of HS 1103+6416. <~bel{obs} Detector/Grating Exposure time Resolution Observed range Date Offset S/N_{subs{max}} [s] FWHM [Angstroms] [Angstroms] [Angstroms] AMBER/G270H 5336 2 2223-3277 Oct 31 1995 0.5 46 AMBER/G190H 8628 1.44 1572-2311 Oct 31 1995 1.24 21 DET1/G140L 17408 0.77 1415-1700 Jul 9 1996 0.66 8 DET1/G140L 22739 0.77 1150-1436 Jul 9 1996 0.66 12 Abundances in components L and I appear to be slightly different from those in the high ionization component H. In L and I we find roughly [C/H] = -0.9 while H has [C/H] = -1.2, consistent with the expectation that in a galaxy or groups of galaxies the abundances in the higher ionized `Halo' component are lower. The relative element abundances are also different. While in components L and I [Si/C] ~ 0.2, barely significant, and [S/C] and [O/C] ~ 0 within the uncertainties, component H shows [Si/C] = 0.5 and in addition [O/C] and [S/C] = 0.4 (both from HST spectra). [Al/C] measurable only in L and I is always ~ 0. The tendency of enhanced alpha element (O, Si, S) abundances at low C abundance is consistent with what is known from nucleosynthesis theory (SNII dominant at the beginning of galactic evolution), from metal deficient stars in our galaxy and from QSO absorption line systems. If all components were ionized by the same radiation field the relative overabundances of O and S in the highly ionized components would be even larger. We show that HS 1103+6416 will offer in the future for the first time the possibility to measure the cosmic He abundance at high redshift. Detailed calculations of He i absorption using the multicomponent model which explains the metal lines shows consistency with the observed first seven series members of the He i 584, 537, 522 Angstroms ... series for a helium abundance Y=0.24, the expected cosmic He abundance from Big Bang nucleosynthesis modified by stellar nucleosynthesis at ~ 1/10 solar metallicity. The presence of O i and possibly O vi absorption cannot be explained by our photoionization models and might hint at the existence of additional mainly neutral components with relatively low H i column density and further ionization mechanisms like, e.g., collisional ionization. Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by Aura, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5--26\\,555. Optical data presented herein were obtained at the W.M.\\ Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M.\\ Keck Foundation.

Difference in the volatile composition of pine-mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) according to their grades.

PubMed

Cho, In Hee; Choi, Hyung-Kyoon; Kim, Young-Suk

2006-06-28

The differences in volatile components of pine-mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) according to their grades were observed by applying multivariate statistical methods to GC-MS data sets. A total of 35 and 37 volatile components were identified in raw and cooked pine-mushrooms, respectively. The volatile components in pine-mushrooms were primarily composed of C8 species, such as 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octanol, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-one, (E)-2-octenal, and octanoic acid. The levels of ethyl octanoate, junipene, and 3-methyl-3-buten-2-one were much higher in raw pine-mushroom of higher grades, whereas the reverse was true for C8 components. On the other hand, furfuryl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, 2(5H)-furanone, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenal, furfural, phenylacetaldehyde, benzoic acid methyl ester, camphene, and beta-pinene were the major components of cooked mushrooms. These volatile components formed by various thermal reactions could be mainly responsible for the difference in volatile components of cooked pine-mushrooms according to their grades.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kawamata, S.; Okuda, K.; Sasaki, T.

The magnetic torque of [kappa]-(BEDT-TFF)[sub 2]Cu(NCS)[sub 2] was measured as a function of field direction [theta] with respect to the a*-axis under constant magnetic fields, H, up to 8 kOe in the temperature range from 1.3 to 8 K. A sharp cusp, C[sub 1], in the irreversible region was found at [theta][sub cl] near the H[parallel]bc-plane between 1.3 and 7 K. In addition, extra cusps, C[sub 2] and C[sub 3], were observed at [theta][sub c2] and [theta][sub c3], respectively, between 2.5 and 6 K. At each temperature, the perpendicular component of H giving each cusp is kept constant as Hmore » cos [theta][sub cm] = const [triple bond] H[sub cpm] (n = 1, 2, 3), i.e., cusps C[sub 1], C[sub 2], and C[sub 3] are ruled by the characteristic field perpendicular to the bc-plane H[sub cp1], H[sub cp2], and H[sub ep3], respectively. These behaviors are almost the same as those we found in the oxide superconductor Bi[sub 2]Sr[sub 2]CaCu[sub 2]O[sub 8]. These results suggest that the cusps are intrinsic for irreversible vortex states of these layered superconductors. 6 refs., 2 figs.« less

Crustal structure and igneous processes in a chondritic Io

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kargel, J. S.

1993-01-01

Liquid sulfur can form when metal-free C1 or C2 chondrites are heated. It may be obtained either by direct melting of native sulfur in disequilibrated C1 or C2 chondrites or by incongruent melting of pyrite and other sulfides in thermodynamically equilibrated rocks of the same composition. Hence, Lewis considered C2 chondrites to be the best meteoritic analog for Io's bulk composition. Metal-bearing C3 and ordinary chondrites are too chemically reduced to yield liquid sulfur and are not thought to represent plausible analogs of Io's bulk composition. An important aspect of Lewis' work is that CaSO4 and MgSO4 are predicted to be important in Io. Real C1 and C2 chondrites contain averages of, respectively, 11 percent and 3 percent by mass of salts (plus water of hydration). The most abundant chondritic salts are magnesium and calcium sulfates, but other important components include sulfates of sodium, potassium, and nickel and carbonates of magnesium, calcium, and iron. It is widely accepted that chondritic salts are formed by low-temperature aqueous alteration. Even if Io originally did not contain salts, it is likely that aqueous alteration would have yielded several percent sulfates and carbonates. In any event, Io probably contains sulfates and carbonates. This report presents the results of a model of differentiation of a simplified C2 chondrite-like composition that includes 1.92 percent MgSO4, 0.56 percent CaSO4, 0.53 percent CaCO3, and 0.094 percent elemental sulfur. The temperature of the model is gradually increased; ensuing fractional melting results in these components extruding or intruding at gravitationally stable levels in Io's crust. Relevant phase equilibria were reviewed. A deficiency of high-pressure phase equilibria renders the present model qualitative.

Transmission properties of C60 ions through micro- and nano-capillaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuchida, Hidetsugu; Majima, Takuya; Tomita, Shigeo; Sasa, Kimikazu; Narumi, Kazumasa; Saitoh, Yuichi; Chiba, Atsuya; Yamada, Keisuke; Hirata, Koichi; Shibata, Hiromi; Itoh, Akio

2013-11-01

We apply the capillary beam-focusing method for the C60 fullerene projectiles in the velocity range between 0.14 and 0.2 a.u. We study the C60 transmission properties through two different types of capillaries: (1) borosilicate glass microcapillary with an outlet diameter of 5.5 μm, and (2) Al2O3 multi-capillary foil with a pore size of about 70 nm and a high aspect ratio of about 750. We measured the transmitted particle composition by using the electrostatic deflection method combined with the microchannel plate imaging technique. For the experiments with the single microcapillary, the main transmission component is found to be primary C60 beams that are focused in the area equal to the capillary outlet diameter. Minor components are charge-exchanged C60 ions and charged or neutral fragments (fullerene-like C60-2m and small Cn particles), and their fractions decrease with decreasing the projectile velocity. It is concluded that the C60 transmission fraction is considerably high for both types of the capillaries in the present velocity range.

[Research of the essential oil of Plumeria rubra var. actifolia from Laos by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction].

PubMed

Xiao, Xin-Yu; Cui, Long-Hai; Zhou, Xin-Xin; Wu, Yan; Ge, Fa-Huan

2011-05-01

The orthogonal test and the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction were used for optimizing the extraction of the essential oil from Plumeria rubra var. actifolia for the first time. Compared with the steam distillation, the optimal operation parameter of extraction was as follows: extraction pressure 25 MPa, extraction temperature 45 degrees C; separator I pressure 12 MPa, separator I temperature 55 degrees C; separator II pressure 6 MPa, separator II temperature 30 degrees C. Under this condition the yield of the essential oil was 5.8927%. The components were separated and identified by GC-MS. 53 components of Plumeria rubra var. actifolia measured by SFE method were identified and determined by normalization method. The main components were 1, 6, 10-dodecatrien-3-ol, 3, 7, 11-trimethyl, benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, phenylmethyl ester, 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester,etc.. 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methylpropyl) este. took up 66.11% of the total amount, and there was much difference of the results from SD method.

Early Components of the Complement Classical Activation Pathway in Human Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

PubMed Central

Lintner, Katherine E.; Wu, Yee Ling; Yang, Yan; Spencer, Charles H.; Hauptmann, Georges; Hebert, Lee A.; Atkinson, John P.; Yu, C. Yung

2016-01-01

The complement system consists of effector proteins, regulators, and receptors that participate in host defense against pathogens. Activation of the complement system, via the classical pathway (CP), has long been recognized in immune complex-mediated tissue injury, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Paradoxically, a complete deficiency of an early component of the CP, as evidenced by homozygous genetic deficiencies reported in human, are strongly associated with the risk of developing SLE or a lupus-like disease. Similarly, isotype deficiency attributable to a gene copy-number (GCN) variation and/or the presence of autoantibodies directed against a CP component or a regulatory protein that result in an acquired deficiency are relatively common in SLE patients. Applying accurate assay methodologies with rigorous data validations, low GCNs of total C4, and heterozygous and homozygous deficiencies of C4A have been shown as medium to large effect size risk factors, while high copy numbers of total C4 or C4A as prevalent protective factors, of European and East-Asian SLE. Here, we summarize the current knowledge related to genetic deficiency and insufficiency, and acquired protein deficiencies for C1q, C1r, C1s, C4A/C4B, and C2 in disease pathogenesis and prognosis of SLE, and, briefly, for other systemic autoimmune diseases. As the complement system is increasingly found to be associated with autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated diseases, it has become an attractive therapeutic target. We highlight the recent developments and offer a balanced perspective concerning future investigations and therapeutic applications with a focus on early components of the CP in human systemic autoimmune diseases. PMID:26913032

Crystal Structure of Two V-shaped Ligands with N-Heterocycles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Gao-Feng; Sun, Shu-Wen; Zhang, Xiao; Sun, Shu-Gang

2017-12-01

Two V-shaped ligands with N-heterocycles, bis(4-(1 H-imidazol-1-yl) phenyl)methanone ( 1), and bis(4-(1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone ( 2) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Crystal structures of 1 and 2 have been determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystal of 1 is monoclinic, sp. gr. P21/ c, Z = 4. The crystal of 2 is orthorhombic, sp. gr. Fdd2, Z = 8. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the V-shaped angles of 1 and 2 are 122.72(15)° and 120.7(4)°, respectively. Intermolecular C-H···O, C-H···N, C-H···π, and π···π interactions link the components into three-dimensional networks in the crystal structures.

Apolipoprotein E4 (1-272) fragment is associated with mitochondrial proteins and affects mitochondrial function in neuronal cells.

PubMed

Nakamura, Toshiyuki; Watanabe, Atsushi; Fujino, Takahiro; Hosono, Takashi; Michikawa, Makoto

2009-08-20

Apolipoprotein E allele epsilon4 (apoE4) is a strong risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Secreted apoE has a critical function in redistributing lipids among central nervous system cells to maintain normal lipid homeostasis. In addition, previous reports have shown that apoE4 is cleaved by a protease in neurons to generate apoE4(1-272) fragment, which is associated with neurofibrillary tanglelike structures and mitochondria, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it still remains unclear how the apoE fragment associates with mitochondria and induces mitochondrial dysfunction. To clarify the molecular mechanism, we carried out experiments to identify intracellular apoE-binding molecules and their functions in modulating mitochondria function. Here, we found that apoE4 binds to ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase core protein 2 (UQCRC2) and cytochrome C1, both of which are components of mitochondrial respiratory complex III, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 (COX IV 1), which is a component of complex IV, in Neuro-2a cells. Interestingly, these proteins associated with apoE4(1-272) more strongly than intact apoE4(1-299). Further analysis showed that in Neuro-2a cells expressing apoE4(1-272), the enzymatic activities of mitochondrial respiratory complexes III and IV were significantly lower than those in Neuro-2a cells expressing apoE4(1-299). ApoE4(1-272) fragment expressed in Neuro2a cells is associated with mitochondrial proteins, UQCRC2 and cytochrome C1, which are component of respiratory complex III, and with COX IV 1, which is a member of complex IV. Overexpression of apoE4(1-272) fragment impairs activities of complex III and IV. These results suggest that the C-terminal-truncated fragment of apoE4 binds to mitochondrial complexes and affects their activities, and thereby leading to neurodegeneration.

Chloroquine derivatives block the translocation pores and inhibit cellular entry of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin.

PubMed

Kreidler, Anna-Maria; Benz, Roland; Barth, Holger

2017-03-01

The pathogenic bacteria Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthracis produce the binary protein toxins C2 and lethal toxin (LT), respectively. These toxins consist of a binding/transport (B 7 ) component that delivers the separate enzyme (A) component into the cytosol of target cells where it modifies its specific substrate and causes cell death. The B 7 components of C2 toxin and LT, C2IIa and PA 63 , respectively, are ring-shaped heptamers that bind to their cellular receptors and form complexes with their A components C2I and lethal factor (LF), respectively. After receptor-mediated endocytosis of the toxin complexes, C2IIa and PA 63 insert into the membranes of acidified endosomes and form trans-membrane pores through which C2I and LF translocate across endosomal membranes into the cytosol. C2IIa and PA 63 also form channels in planar bilayer membranes, and we used this approach earlier to identify chloroquine as a potent blocker of C2IIa and PA 63 pores. Here, a series of chloroquine derivatives was investigated to identify more efficient toxin inhibitors with less toxic side effects. Chloroquine, primaquine, quinacrine, and fluphenazine blocked C2IIa and PA 63 pores in planar lipid bilayers and in membranes of living epithelial cells and macrophages, thereby preventing the pH-dependent membrane transport of the A components into the cytosol and protecting cells from intoxication with C2 toxin and LT. These potent inhibitors of toxin entry underline the central role of the translocation pores for cellular uptake of binary bacterial toxins and as relevant drug targets, and might be lead compounds for novel pharmacological strategies against severe enteric diseases and anthrax.

TL and OSL studies of carbon doped magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4:C)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raj, Sanu S.; Mishra, D. R.; Soni, Anuj; Grover, V.; Polymeris, G. S.; Muthe, K. P.; Jha, S. K.; Tyagi, A. K.

2016-10-01

The MgAl2O4:C has been synthesized by using two different methods by electron gun and vacuum assisted melting of MgAl2O4 in presence of graphite. The MgAl2O4:C phosphor thus developed by these two different methods have similar types of the TL/OSL defects with multiple overlapping TL glow peaks from 100 °C to 400 °C. The Computerized Curve De-convolution Analysis (CCDA) has been used to measure TL parameters such as thermal trap depth, frequency factor and order of kinetic associated with charge transfer process in TL phenomenon. The investigated TL/OSL results show that these two methods of incorporating carbon in MgAl2O4 have generated closely resemble the defects of similar types in MgAl2O4:C lattice. However, the MgAl2O4:C synthesized by electron gun shows relatively larger concentration of the TL/OSL defects as compared to MgAl2O4:C synthesized using vacuum assisted melting method. The photo-ionization cross-section (PIC) associated with fastest OSL component of MgAl2O4: C is found to be ∼ 0.5 times than that of fastest OSL component of commercially available dosimetric grade α-Al2O3:C. The MgAl2O4:C thus developed shows good dynamic OSL dose linearity from few mGy to 1 Gy. This work reveals that MgAl2O4:C could be developed as potential tissue equivalent OSL / TL material.

An investigation of size-fractionated organic matter from Lake Superior and a tributary stream using radiocarbon, stable isotopes and NMR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zigah, Prosper K.; Minor, Elizabeth C.; Abdulla, Hussain A. N.; Werne, Josef P.; Hatcher, Patrick G.

2014-02-01

This study investigated the concentration and isotopic composition of different size fractions of organic matter (OM) in Lake Superior and in one of its many tributary streams and rivers (Amity Creek, Duluth, Minnesota, USA). Structural compositional drivers of the Δ14C of high molecular weight (HMW, >1 kDa) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the lake were also evaluated. Low molecular weight (LMW, <1 kDa) DOC was the fraction containing the largest proportion (68-88%) of organic carbon (OC) in the lake. Particulate organic carbon (POC, >0.7 μm) was generally 13C-depleted (-29 ± 1.2‰) relative to “bulk” (<0.7 μm) DOC (-26.4 ± 0.7‰), “init” (<0.2 μm) DOC (-26.6 ± 0.8‰), HMW DOC (-26.9 ± 0.3‰) and LMW DOC (-26.5 ± 0.9‰), and had more variable 14C content (Δ14C of -94‰ to 53‰; 735 years BP to modern) than the other size fractions. Init DOC (Δ14C of 17-59‰), HMW DOC (Δ14C of 23-64‰) and LMW DOC (Δ14C of 16-62‰) all reflected contemporary (modern) radiocarbon signatures. Bulk DOC (Δ14C of -19‰ to 57‰; 90 years BP to modern) had modern radiocarbon values in the offshore sites (Δ14C of 2-57‰) with pre-aged samples (Δ14C of -8‰ to -19‰) seen at the nearshore site. HMW DOM was relatively N-poor (C:N of 12-19) compared to particulate organic matter (POM, C:N of 8-10) revealing either a more diagenetically altered state or contrasting sources. 13C NMR data showed that biochemical composition of HMW DOC in Lake Superior was dominated by carbohydrates (53-65%) with only trace aromatic components (2-4%). Structurally complex components such as heteropolysaccharides (HPS), amide/peptides and amino sugars (AMS) constitute 75-84% of HMW DOC whereas carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM) made up 16-25% of HMW DOC in the lake. Combined HPS and AMS, O-alkyl carbohydrate carbon, and total carbohydrate carbon contents were significantly positively correlated to the Δ14C of HMW DOC suggesting they contribute a contemporary 14C-enriched component to the HMW DOC in the lake. In contrast, CRAM and aliphatic carbons were significantly inversely correlated with Δ14C of HMW DOC implying that these represent 14C-depleted (older) components of HMW DOC in the lake. At Amity Creek, storm events led to larger loads of bulk DOC and POC, which were both 14C-enriched (modern). However, in baseflow conditions 14C-depleted bulk DOC and POC were exported. LMW DOC from the creek was considerably 14C-depleted compared to concurrent HMW DOC.

A One-Component, Fast-Cure, and Economical Epoxy Resin System Suitable for Liquid Molding of Automotive Composite Parts.

PubMed

Wang, Yiru; Liu, Wanshuang; Qiu, Yiping; Wei, Yi

2018-04-27

Imidazole cured epoxy resin systems were evaluated for one-component, fast-curing resins for liquid molding of automotive composite parts according to industry requirements. It was demonstrated that an epoxy resin-1-(cyanoethyl)-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazol(EP-1C2E4MIM) system would cure in a few minutes at 120 °C, while exhibiting acceptable pot life, viscosity profiles, and low water absorption. Moreover, this system yielded high T g parts with mechanical properties similar to the amine-epoxy systems, which are the mainstream two-component epoxy resin systems for automobiles.

A One-Component, Fast-Cure, and Economical Epoxy Resin System Suitable for Liquid Molding of Automotive Composite Parts

PubMed Central

Wang, Yiru; Qiu, Yiping; Wei, Yi

2018-01-01

Imidazole cured epoxy resin systems were evaluated for one-component, fast-curing resins for liquid molding of automotive composite parts according to industry requirements. It was demonstrated that an epoxy resin-1-(cyanoethyl)-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazol(EP-1C2E4MIM) system would cure in a few minutes at 120 °C, while exhibiting acceptable pot life, viscosity profiles, and low water absorption. Moreover, this system yielded high Tg parts with mechanical properties similar to the amine-epoxy systems, which are the mainstream two-component epoxy resin systems for automobiles. PMID:29702575

Amorphous titania/carbon composite electrode materials

DOEpatents

Vaughey, John T.; Jansen, Andrew; Joyce, Christopher D.

2017-05-09

An isolated salt comprising a compound of formula (H.sub.2X)(TiO(Y).sub.2) or a hydrate thereof, wherein X is 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and Y is oxalate anion (C.sub.2O.sub.4.sup.-2), when heated in an oxygen-containing atmosphere at a temperature in the range of at least about 275.degree. C. to less than about 400.degree. C., decomposes to form an amorphous titania/carbon composite material comprising about 40 to about 50 percent by weight titania and about 50 to about 60 percent by weight of a carbonaceous material coating the titania. Heating the composite material at a temperature of about 400 to 500.degree. C. crystallizes the titania component to anatase. The titania materials of the invention are useful as components of the cathode or anode of a lithium or lithium ion electrochemical cell.

The Imperative to Integrate Air Force Command and Control Systems into Maritime Plans

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-01

coopera- tion with existing C2 plans? Table. Components of C2 systems and plans C2 Systems C2 Plans People Competencies Platforms Technologies Doctrine...Intent Authorities Functions Tasks Effects C2 Systems The requirements for such a system can be expressed in terms of its components: people ...competencies, platforms, technologies, and doc- trine. The people connect to the human elements of war and leverage their particular knowledge and skills that

Synthesis and evaluation of "AZT-HEPT", "AZT-pyridinone", and "ddC-HEPT" conjugates as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase.

PubMed

Pontikis, R; Dollé, V; Guillaumel, J; Dechaux, E; Note, R; Nguyen, C H; Legraverend, M; Bisagni, E; Aubertin, A M; Grierson, D S; Monneret, C

2000-05-18

To test the concept that HIV reverse transcriptase could be effectively inhibited by "mixed site inhibitors", a series of seven conjugates containing both a nucleoside analogue component (AZT 1, ddC 2) and a nonnucleoside type inhibitor (HEPT analogue 12, pyridinone 27) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to block HIV replication. The (N-3 and C-5)AZT-HEPT conjugates 15, 22, and 23 displayed 2-5 microM anti-HIV activity, but they had no effect on the replication of HIV-2 or the HIV-1 strain with the Y181C mutation. The (C-5)AZT-pyridinone conjugates 34-37 were found to be inactive. In marked contrast, the ddC-HEPT molecule 26 displayed the same potency (EC(50) = 0.45 microM) against HIV-1 (wild type and the Y181C nevirapine-resistant strain) and HIV-2 in cell culture. No synergistic effect was observed for these bis-substrate inhibitors, suggesting that the two individual inhibitor components in these molecules do not bind simultaneously in their respective sites. Interestingly, however, the results indicate that the AZT-HEPT conjugates and the ddC-HEPT derivative 26 inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) in an opposite manner. One explanation for this difference is that the former compounds interact preferentially with the hydrophobic pocket in RT, whereas 26 (after supposed triphosphorylation) inhibits RT through binding in the catalytic site.

Global carbon budget 2013

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Quéré, C.; Peters, G. P.; Andres, R. J.; Andrew, R. M.; Boden, T. A.; Ciais, P.; Friedlingstein, P.; Houghton, R. A.; Marland, G.; Moriarty, R.; Sitch, S.; Tans, P.; Arneth, A.; Arvanitis, A.; Bakker, D. C. E.; Bopp, L.; Canadell, J. G.; Chini, L. P.; Doney, S. C.; Harper, A.; Harris, I.; House, J. I.; Jain, A. K.; Jones, S. D.; Kato, E.; Keeling, R. F.; Klein Goldewijk, K.; Körtzinger, A.; Koven, C.; Lefèvre, N.; Maignan, F.; Omar, A.; Ono, T.; Park, G.-H.; Pfeil, B.; Poulter, B.; Raupach, M. R.; Regnier, P.; Rödenbeck, C.; Saito, S.; Schwinger, J.; Segschneider, J.; Stocker, B. D.; Takahashi, T.; Tilbrook, B.; van Heuven, S.; Viovy, N.; Wanninkhof, R.; Wiltshire, A.; Zaehle, S.

2014-06-01

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003-2012), EFF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 2.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.2% above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, GATM was 5.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and assuming an ELUC of 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 (based on the 2001-2010 average), SLAND was 2.7 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003-2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 392.52 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1% (1.1-3.1%) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 535 ± 55 GtC for 1870-2013, about 70% from EFF (390 ± 20 GtC) and 30% from ELUC (145 ± 50 GtC). This paper also documents any changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget from previous budgets (Le Quéré et al., 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2013_V2.3).

Perfluoroalkyltricyanoborate and Perfluoroalkylcyanofluoroborate Anions: Building Blocks for Low-Viscosity Ionic Liquids.

PubMed

Landmann, Johannes; Sprenger, Jan A P; Hennig, Philipp T; Bertermann, Rüdiger; Grüne, Matthias; Würthner, Frank; Ignat'ev, Nikolai V; Finze, Maik

2018-01-12

The potassium perfluoroalkyltricyanoborates K[C n F 2 n+1 B(CN) 3 ] [n=1 (1 d), 2 (2 d)] and the potassium mono(perfluoroalkyl)cyanofluoroborates K[C n F 2 n+1 BF(CN) 2 ] [n=1 (1 c), 2 (2 c)] and [C n F 2 n+1 BF 2 (CN)] - [n=1 (1 b), 2 (2 b), 3 (3 b), 4 (4 b)] are accessible with perfect selectivities on multi-gram scales starting from K[C n F 2 n+1 BF 3 ] and Me 3 SiCN. The K + salts are starting materials for the preparation of salts with organic cations, for example, [EMIm] + (EMIm=1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium). These [EMIm] + salts are hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) that are thermally, chemically and electrochemically very robust, offering electrochemical windows up to 5.8 V. The RTILs described herein, exhibit very low viscosities with a minimum of 14.0 mPa s at 20 °C for [EMIm]1 c, low melting points down to -57 °C for [EMIm]2 b and extraordinary high conductivities up to 17.6 mS cm -1 at 20 °C for [EMIm]1 c. The combination of these properties makes these ILs promising materials for electrochemical devices as exemplified by the application of selected RTILs as component of electrolytes in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs, Grätzel cells). The efficiency of the DSSCs was found to increase with a decreasing viscosity of the neat ionic liquid. In addition to the spectroscopic characterisation, single crystals of the potassium salts of the anions 1 b-d, 2 d, 3 b and 4 c as well as of [nBu 4 N]2 c have been studied by X-ray diffraction. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Improved measurements of two-photon widths of the χ c J states and helicity analysis for χ c 2 → γ γ

DOE PAGES

Ablikim, M.; Achasov, M. N.; Ahmed, S.; ...

2017-11-28

Based on 448.1 x 10 6 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector, the decays ψ(3686) → γχ cJ,χ cJ → γγ(J = 0,1,2) are studied in this paper. The decay branching fractions of χ c0,2 → γγ are measured to be β(χ c0 → γγ) = (1.93 ± 0.08 ± 0.05 ± 0.05) x 10 -4 and β(χ c2 → γγ) = (3.10 ± 0.09 ± 0.07 ± 0.11) x 10 -4, which correspond to two-photon decay widths of Γ γγ(χ c0) = 2.03 ± 0.08 ± 0.06 ± 0.13 keV and Γ γγ(χ c2) = 0.60 ± 0.02more » ± 0.01 ± 0.04 keV with a ratio of R = Γ γγ(χ c2)/Γ γγ(χ c0) = 0.295 ± 0.014 ± 0.007 ± 0.027, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and associated with the uncertainties of β(ψ(3686) → γχ c0,2) and the total widths Γ(χ c0,2), respectively. For the forbidden decay of χ c1 → γγ, no signal is observed, and an upper limit on the two-photon width is obtained to be Γ γγ(χ c1) < 5.3 eV at the 90% confidence level. Finally, the ratio of the two-photon widths between helicity-zero and helicity-two components in the decay χ c2 → γγ is also measured to be f 0/2 = Γ λ=0 γγ(χ c2)/Γ λ=2 γγ(χ c2) = (0.0 ± 0.6 ± 1.2) x 10 -2, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.« less

Improved measurements of two-photon widths of the χc J states and helicity analysis for χc 2→γ γ

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ablikim, M.; Achasov, M. N.; Ahmed, S.; Albrecht, M.; Amoroso, A.; An, F. F.; An, Q.; Bai, J. Z.; Bai, Y.; Bakina, O.; Baldini Ferroli, R.; Ban, Y.; Bennett, D. W.; Bennett, J. V.; Berger, N.; Bertani, M.; Bettoni, D.; Bian, J. M.; Bianchi, F.; Boger, E.; Boyko, I.; Briere, R. A.; Cai, H.; Cai, X.; Cakir, O.; Calcaterra, A.; Cao, G. F.; Cetin, S. A.; Chai, J.; Chang, J. F.; Chelkov, G.; Chen, G.; Chen, H. S.; Chen, J. C.; Chen, M. L.; Chen, S. J.; Chen, X. R.; Chen, Y. B.; Chu, X. K.; Cibinetto, G.; Dai, H. L.; Dai, J. P.; Dbeyssi, A.; Dedovich, D.; Deng, Z. Y.; Denig, A.; Denysenko, I.; Destefanis, M.; de Mori, F.; Ding, Y.; Dong, C.; Dong, J.; Dong, L. Y.; Dong, M. Y.; Dorjkhaidav, O.; Dou, Z. L.; Du, S. X.; Duan, P. F.; Fan, J. Z.; Fang, J.; Fang, S. S.; Fang, X.; Fang, Y.; Farinelli, R.; Fava, L.; Fegan, S.; Feldbauer, F.; Felici, G.; Feng, C. Q.; Fioravanti, E.; Fritsch, M.; Fu, C. D.; Gao, Q.; Gao, X. L.; Gao, Y.; Gao, Y. G.; Gao, Z.; Garzia, I.; Goetzen, K.; Gong, L.; Gong, W. X.; Gradl, W.; Greco, M.; Gu, M. H.; Gu, S.; Gu, Y. T.; Guo, A. Q.; Guo, L. B.; Guo, R. P.; Guo, Y. P.; Haddadi, Z.; Han, S.; Hao, X. Q.; Harris, F. A.; He, K. L.; He, X. Q.; Heinsius, F. H.; Held, T.; Heng, Y. K.; Holtmann, T.; Hou, Z. L.; Hu, C.; Hu, H. M.; Hu, T.; Hu, Y.; Huang, G. S.; Huang, J. S.; Huang, X. T.; Huang, X. Z.; Huang, Z. L.; Hussain, T.; Ikegami Andersson, W.; Ji, Q.; Ji, Q. P.; Ji, X. B.; Ji, X. L.; Jiang, X. S.; Jiang, X. Y.; Jiao, J. B.; Jiao, Z.; Jin, D. P.; Jin, S.; Jin, Y.; Johansson, T.; Julin, A.; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; Kang, X. L.; Kang, X. S.; Kavatsyuk, M.; Ke, B. C.; Khan, T.; Khoukaz, A.; Kiese, P.; Kliemt, R.; Koch, L.; Kolcu, O. B.; Kopf, B.; Kornicer, M.; Kuemmel, M.; Kuhlmann, M.; Kupsc, A.; Kühn, W.; Lange, J. S.; Lara, M.; Larin, P.; Lavezzi, L.; Leithoff, H.; Leng, C.; Li, C.; Li, Cheng; Li, D. M.; Li, F.; Li, F. Y.; Li, G.; Li, H. B.; Li, H. J.; Li, J. C.; Li, Jin; Li, K.; Li, K.; Li, K. J.; Li, Lei; Li, P. L.; Li, P. R.; Li, Q. Y.; Li, T.; Li, W. D.; Li, W. G.; Li, X. L.; Li, X. N.; Li, X. Q.; Li, Z. B.; Liang, H.; Liang, Y. F.; Liang, Y. T.; Liao, G. R.; Lin, D. X.; Liu, B.; Liu, B. J.; Liu, C. X.; Liu, D.; Liu, F. H.; Liu, Fang; Liu, Feng; Liu, H. B.; Liu, H. H.; Liu, H. H.; Liu, H. M.; Liu, J. B.; Liu, J. P.; Liu, J. Y.; Liu, K.; Liu, K. Y.; Liu, Ke; Liu, L. D.; Liu, P. L.; Liu, Q.; Liu, S. B.; Liu, X.; Liu, Y. B.; Liu, Y. Y.; Liu, Z. A.; Liu, Zhiqing; Long, Y. F.; Lou, X. C.; Lu, H. J.; Lu, J. G.; Lu, Y.; Lu, Y. P.; Luo, C. L.; Luo, M. X.; Luo, X. L.; Lyu, X. R.; Ma, F. C.; Ma, H. L.; Ma, L. L.; Ma, M. M.; Ma, Q. M.; Ma, T.; Ma, X. N.; Ma, X. Y.; Ma, Y. M.; Maas, F. E.; Maggiora, M.; Malik, Q. A.; Mao, Y. J.; Mao, Z. P.; Marcello, S.; Meng, Z. X.; Messchendorp, J. G.; Mezzadri, G.; Min, J.; Min, T. J.; Mitchell, R. E.; Mo, X. H.; Mo, Y. J.; Morales Morales, C.; Morello, G.; Muchnoi, N. Yu.; Muramatsu, H.; Musiol, P.; Mustafa, A.; Nefedov, Y.; Nerling, F.; Nikolaev, I. B.; Ning, Z.; Nisar, S.; Niu, S. L.; Niu, X. Y.; Olsen, S. L.; Ouyang, Q.; Pacetti, S.; Pan, Y.; Patteri, P.; Pelizaeus, M.; Pellegrino, J.; Peng, H. P.; Peters, K.; Pettersson, J.; Ping, J. L.; Ping, R. G.; Poling, R.; Prasad, V.; Qi, H. R.; Qi, M.; Qian, S.; Qiao, C. F.; Qin, J. J.; Qin, N.; Qin, X. S.; Qin, Z. H.; Qiu, J. F.; Rashid, K. H.; Redmer, C. F.; Richter, M.; Ripka, M.; Rolo, M.; Rong, G.; Rosner, Ch.; Ruan, X. D.; Sarantsev, A.; Savrié, M.; Schnier, C.; Schoenning, K.; Shan, W.; Shao, M.; Shen, C. P.; Shen, P. X.; Shen, X. Y.; Sheng, H. Y.; Song, J. J.; Song, X. Y.; Sosio, S.; Sowa, C.; Spataro, S.; Sun, G. X.; Sun, J. F.; Sun, L.; Sun, S. S.; Sun, X. H.; Sun, Y. J.; Sun, Y. K.; Sun, Y. Z.; Sun, Z. J.; Sun, Z. T.; Tang, C. J.; Tang, G. Y.; Tang, X.; Tapan, I.; Tiemens, M.; Tsednee, B. T.; Uman, I.; Varner, G. S.; Wang, B.; Wang, B. L.; Wang, D.; Wang, D. Y.; Wang, Dan; Wang, K.; Wang, L. L.; Wang, L. S.; Wang, M.; Wang, P.; Wang, P. L.; Wang, W. P.; Wang, X. F.; Wang, Y. D.; Wang, Y. F.; Wang, Y. Q.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z. G.; Wang, Z. H.; Wang, Z. Y.; Wang, Z. Y.; Weber, T.; Wei, D. H.; Weidenkaff, P.; Wen, S. P.; Wiedner, U.; Wolke, M.; Wu, L. H.; Wu, L. J.; Wu, Z.; Xia, L.; Xia, Y.; Xiao, D.; Xiao, H.; Xiao, Y. J.; Xiao, Z. J.; Xie, Y. G.; Xie, Y. H.; Xiong, X. A.; Xiu, Q. L.; Xu, G. F.; Xu, J. J.; Xu, L.; Xu, Q. J.; Xu, Q. N.; Xu, X. P.; Yan, L.; Yan, W. B.; Yan, W. C.; Yan, Y. H.; Yang, H. J.; Yang, H. X.; Yang, L.; Yang, Y. H.; Yang, Y. X.; Ye, M.; Ye, M. H.; Yin, J. H.; You, Z. Y.; Yu, B. X.; Yu, C. X.; Yu, J. S.; Yuan, C. Z.; Yuan, Y.; Yuncu, A.; Zafar, A. A.; Zeng, Y.; Zeng, Z.; Zhang, B. X.; Zhang, B. Y.; Zhang, C. C.; Zhang, D. H.; Zhang, H. H.; Zhang, H. Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J. L.; Zhang, J. Q.; Zhang, J. W.; Zhang, J. Y.; Zhang, J. Z.; Zhang, K.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, S. Q.; Zhang, X. Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y. H.; Zhang, Y. T.; Zhang, Yu; Zhang, Z. H.; Zhang, Z. P.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Zhao, G.; Zhao, J. W.; Zhao, J. Y.; Zhao, J. Z.; Zhao, Lei; Zhao, Ling; Zhao, M. G.; Zhao, Q.; Zhao, S. J.; Zhao, T. C.; Zhao, Y. B.; Zhao, Z. G.; Zhemchugov, A.; Zheng, B.; Zheng, J. P.; Zheng, W. J.; Zheng, Y. H.; Zhong, B.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, X.; Zhou, X. K.; Zhou, X. R.; Zhou, X. Y.; Zhou, Y. X.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, K.; Zhu, K. J.; Zhu, S.; Zhu, S. H.; Zhu, X. L.; Zhu, Y. C.; Zhu, Y. S.; Zhu, Z. A.; Zhuang, J.; Zotti, L.; Zou, B. S.; Zou, J. H.; Besiii Collaboration

2017-11-01

Based on 448.1 ×106 ψ (3686 ) events collected with the BESIII detector, the decays ψ (3686 )→γ χc J,χc J→γ γ (J =0 ,1 ,2 ) are studied. The decay branching fractions of χc 0 ,2→γ γ are measured to be B (χc 0→γ γ )=(1.93 ±0.08 ±0.05 ±0.05 )×10-4 and B (χc 2→γ γ )=(3.10 ±0.09 ±0.07 ±0.11 )×10-4 , which correspond to two-photon decay widths of Γγ γ(χc 0)=2.03 ±0.08 ±0.06 ±0.13 keV and Γγ γ(χc 2)=0.60 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.04 keV with a ratio of R =Γγ γ(χc 2)/Γγ γ(χc 0)=0.295 ±0.014 ±0.007 ±0.027 , where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and associated with the uncertainties of B (ψ (3686 )→γ χc 0 ,2) and the total widths Γ (χc 0 ,2), respectively. For the forbidden decay of χc 1→γ γ , no signal is observed, and an upper limit on the two-photon width is obtained to be Γγ γ(χc 1)<5.3 eV at the 90% confidence level. The ratio of the two-photon widths between helicity-zero and helicity-two components in the decay χc 2→γ γ is also measured to be f0 /2=Γγγ λ =0(χc 2)/Γγγ λ =2(χc 2)=(0.0 ±0.6 ±1.2 )×10-2 , where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.

Characterization of hydrocarbon gas within the stratigraphic interval of gas-hydrate stability on the North Slope of Alaska, U.S.A.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Collett, T.S.; Kvenvolden, K.A.; Magoon, L.B.

1990-01-01

In the Kuparuk River Unit 2D-15 well, on the North Slope of Alaska, a 60 m-thick stratigraphic interval that lies within the theoretical pressure-temperature field of gas-hydrate stability is inferred to contain methane hydrates. This inference is based on interpretations from well logs: (1) release of methane during drilling, as indicated by the mud log, (2) an increase in acoustic velocity on the sonic log, and (3) an increase of electrical resistivity on the electric logs. Our objective was to determine the composition and source of the gas within the shallow gas-hydrate-bearing interval based on analyses of cutting gas. Headspace gas from canned drill cuttings collected from within the gas-hydrate-bearing interval of this well has an average methane to ethane plus propane [C1/(C2 + C3)] ratio of about 7000 and an average methane ??13C value of -46% (relative to the PDB standard). These compositions are compared with those obtained at one well located to the north of 2D-15 along depositional strike and one down-dip well to the northeast. In the well located on depositional strike (Kuparuk River Unit 3K-9), gas compositions are similar to those found at 2D-15. At the down-dip well (Prudhoe Bay Unit R-1), the C1/(C2 + C3) ratios are lower (700) and the methane ??13C is heavier (-33%). We conclude that the methane within the stratigraphic interval of gas hydrate stability comes from two sources-in situ microbial gas and migrated thermogenic gas. The thermal component is greatest at Prudhoe Bay. Up-dip to the west, the thermogenic component decreases, and microbial gas assumes more importance. ?? 1990.

Clostridial binary toxins: iota and C2 family portraits.

PubMed

Stiles, Bradley G; Wigelsworth, Darran J; Popoff, Michel R; Barth, Holger

2011-01-01

There are many pathogenic Clostridium species with diverse virulence factors that include protein toxins. Some of these bacteria, such as C. botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringens, and C. spiroforme, cause enteric problems in animals as well as humans. These often fatal diseases can partly be attributed to binary protein toxins that follow a classic AB paradigm. Within a targeted cell, all clostridial binary toxins destroy filamentous actin via mono-ADP-ribosylation of globular actin by the A component. However, much less is known about B component binding to cell-surface receptors. These toxins share sequence homology amongst themselves and with those produced by another Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium also commonly associated with soil and disease: Bacillus anthracis. This review focuses upon the iota and C2 families of clostridial binary toxins and includes: (1) basics of the bacterial source; (2) toxin biochemistry; (3) sophisticated cellular uptake machinery; and (4) host-cell responses following toxin-mediated disruption of the cytoskeleton. In summary, these protein toxins aid diverse enteric species within the genus Clostridium.

VELOCITY-RESOLVED [C ii] EMISSION AND [C ii]/FIR MAPPING ALONG ORION WITH HERSCHEL *,**

PubMed Central

Goicoechea, Javier R.; Teyssier, D.; Etxaluze, M.; Goldsmith, P.F.; Ossenkopf, V.; Gerin, M.; Bergin, E.A.; Black, J.H.; Cernicharo, J.; Cuadrado, S.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Fuente, A.; Hacar, A.; Lis, D.C.; Marcelino, N.; Melnick, G.J.; Müller, H.S.P.; Persson, C.; Pety, J.; Röllig, M.; Schilke, P.; Simon, R.; Snell, R.L.; Stutzki, J.

2015-01-01

We present the first ~7.5′×11.5′ velocity-resolved (~0.2 km s−1) map of the [C ii] 158 μm line toward the Orion molecular cloud 1 (OMC 1) taken with the Herschel/HIFI instrument. In combination with far-infrared (FIR) photometric images and velocity-resolved maps of the H41α hydrogen recombination and CO J=2-1 lines, this data set provides an unprecedented view of the intricate small-scale kinematics of the ionized/PDR/molecular gas interfaces and of the radiative feedback from massive stars. The main contribution to the [C ii] luminosity (~85 %) is from the extended, FUV-illuminated face of the cloud (G0>500, nH>5×103 cm−3) and from dense PDRs (G≳104, nH≳105 cm−3) at the interface between OMC 1 and the H ii region surrounding the Trapezium cluster. Around ~15 % of the [C ii] emission arises from a different gas component without CO counterpart. The [C ii] excitation, PDR gas turbulence, line opacity (from [13C ii]) and role of the geometry of the illuminating stars with respect to the cloud are investigated. We construct maps of the L[C ii]/LFIR and LFIR/MGas ratios and show that L[C ii]/LFIR decreases from the extended cloud component (~10−2–10−3) to the more opaque star-forming cores (~10−3–10−4). The lowest values are reminiscent of the “[C ii] deficit” seen in local ultra-luminous IR galaxies hosting vigorous star formation. Spatial correlation analysis shows that the decreasing L[C ii]/LFIR ratio correlates better with the column density of dust through the molecular cloud than with LFIR/MGas. We conclude that the [C ii] emitting column relative to the total dust column along each line of sight is responsible for the observed L[C ii]/LFIR variations through the cloud. PMID:26568638

Polyazidoesters as Energetic Polymers and Copolymer Components with Fluoro Derivatives.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-13

i. 0, ’C b" U’. I’. ’- Unclasifie 4)1II FILE COP~Y 4 S’ 9 2 . 1E 0_ UMENTATION PAGE Unclassified _____________________ AD-A 194 236 ER’ESQRDtX. 8S - 0...TASK WORK jNir Bolling AFB, D.C. 2033 2 -6448 a LEMINT NO NO. No NO is riri E’ /,elun~de Sircu..I Clomllti~oI Pol azidon ters as 2303 B2 Emrgf Pol mr...which undergoes polymerization. Specifically 4,4’- diazidodiphenylkelene (1) was ozonized at -780 C to yield 2 , which spontaneously polymerized to yield

Military Personnel Selection and Diagnostic Control of Human Functional State in High Altitude Conditions

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-06-01

individually authored sections f proceedings, annals, symposia, etc. However, the component should be considered within [he context of the overall compilation...data of oscillometry are: a) an increase of diastolic and mean arterial pressure AP no more than 10-15 mm of mercury pole (Hg); b) changing of...Ow- 00 oC "_ I 1.4C" >. U0 U U4 15-12 C14) 00 F -- Ci-0 toiL C) f Cuu 4;- 0CD C)C 5 0 cuc cdo 4! C)* 00 09 0 0- C=1 -4o 0 F - 8 - gCsC u 0 > 0 >o > 2- 0

Purification and characterization of antimicrobial peptides from fish isolate Carnobacterium maltaromaticum C2: Carnobacteriocin X and carnolysins A1 and A2.

PubMed

Tulini, Fabricio L; Lohans, Christopher T; Bordon, Karla C F; Zheng, Jing; Arantes, Eliane C; Vederas, John C; De Martinis, Elaine C P

2014-03-03

Carnobacterium maltaromaticum C2, isolated from Brazilian smoked fish (Surubim, Pseudoplatystoma sp.), was found to exert antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen. In this study, the bacteriocins produced by C. maltaromaticum C2 were purified via an extraction with XAD-16 resin, a C18 solid phase extraction, followed by reversed-phase fast protein liquid chromatography. The purified active fractions were characterized using tandem mass spectrometry, permitting the identification of multiple bacteriocins. Carnobacteriocins BM1, B1, and a variant of carnobacteriocin B2 were all found, providing much of the antilisterial activity. Additionally, we herein report the first isolation of the previously predicted antimicrobial peptide carnobacteriocin X. Moreover, C. maltaromaticum C2 produces a novel two-component lantibiotic, termed carnolysin, homologous to enterococcal cytolysin. This lantibiotic is antimicrobially inactive when tested against the non-bacteriocinogenic strain C. maltaromaticum A9b-, likely requiring an additional proteolytic cleavage to reach maturity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Composition of the Interior of Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3: Results from Narrowband Photometry of Multiple Components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schleicher, David G.; Birch, P. V.; Bair, A. N.

2006-09-01

We present analyses and results from multi-apparition narrowband photometry of Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3. Observations were obtained on 7 nights during the comet's current apparition from 2006 February 25 to May 18 (r = 1.65-0.99 AU) using Lowell Observatory's 42-inch (1.1-m) Hall telescope. Due to the comet's very close passage by the Earth and occasional outbursts, a total of 4 components were successfully measured, including the apparent primary body (C) and 3 fragments (B, G, and R), thus permitting us to probe the composition of the interior of Schwassmann-Wachmann 3's nucleus. Abundances of carbon-chain molecules yield a classification of strongly "depleted” in the A'Hearn et al. (1995, Icarus 118, 223) database, with the Q(C2)-to-Q(CN) ratio depleted by factors of between 7 and 8 for components C, B, and G, and a comparable upper limit for component R. Measured from Perth Observatory, S-W 3 also exhibited strong depletion in 1995, about 1-2 months after its original outburst and fragmentation. In 1990, prior to any fragmentation, Fink and Hicks (1996, Ap.J. 459, 729) identified Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 as being strongly depleted, with an upper limit on Q(C2) corresponding to a C2 depletion of a factor of 6.4 or greater. With the material released from the interior of S-W 3 yielding comparable depletions of carbon-chain molecules as with the original surface of the nucleus, we can conclusively state that carbon-chain depletion is not caused by evolution of the surface, and so must instead reflect the primordial composition at the time and location that the comet accreted. A comparison of production rates for CN implies that component C in 2006 had returned to nearly the same rate of gas vaporization as it had at similar heliocentric distances in 1990. These and other results will be presented. This research is supported by NASA's Planetary Astronomy Program.

The developmental effects of extremely low frequency electric fields on visual and somatosensory evoked potentials in adult rats.

PubMed

Gok, Deniz Kantar; Akpinar, Deniz; Hidisoglu, Enis; Ozen, Sukru; Agar, Aysel; Yargicoglu, Piraye

2016-01-01

The purpose of our study was to investigate the developmental effects of extremely low frequency electric fields (ELF-EFs) on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and to examine the relationship between lipid peroxidation and changes of these potentials. In this context, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were determined as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Wistar albino female rats were divided into four groups; Control (C), gestational (prenatal) exposure (Pr), gestational+ postnatal exposure (PP) and postnatal exposure (Po) groups. Pregnant rats of Pr and PP groups were exposed to 50 Hz electric field (EF) (12 kV/m; 1 h/day), while those of C and Po groups were placed in an inactive system during pregnancy. Following parturition, rats of PP and Po groups were exposed to ELF-EFs whereas rats of C and Pr groups were kept under the same experimental conditions without being exposed to any EF during 68 days. On postnatal day 90, rats were prepared for VEP and SEP recordings. The latencies of VEP components in all experimental groups were significantly prolonged versus C group. For SEPs, all components of PP group, P2, N2 components of Pr group and P1, P2, N2 components of Po group were delayed versus C group. As brain TBARS levels were significantly increased in Pr and Po groups, retina TBARS levels were significantly elevated in all experimental groups versus C group. In conclusion, alterations seen in evoked potentials, at least partly, could be explained by lipid peroxidation in the retina and brain.

Leucine modulation of mitochondrial mass and oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes

PubMed Central

Sun, Xiaocun; Zemel, Michael B

2009-01-01

Background The effects of dairy on energy metabolism appear to be mediated, in part, by leucine and calcium which regulate both adipocyte and skeletal muscle energy metabolism. We recently demonstrated that leucine and calcitriol regulate fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle cells in vitro, with leucine promoting and calcitriol suppressing fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, leucine coordinately regulated adipocyte lipid metabolism to promote flux of lipid to skeletal muscle and regulate metabolic flexibility. We have now investigated the role of mitochondrial biogenesis in mediating these effects. Methods We tested the effect of leucine, calcitriol and calcium in regulation of mitochondrial mass using a fluorescence method and tested mitochondrial biogenesis regulatory genes as well mitochondrial component genes using real-time PCR. We also evaluated the effect of leucine on oxygen consumption with a modified perfusion system. Results Leucine (0.5 mM) increased mitochondrial mass by 30% and 53% in C2C12 myocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, respectively, while calcitriol (10 nM) decreased mitochondrial abundance by 37% and 27% (p < 0.02). Leucine also stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis genes SIRT-1, PGC-1α and NRF-1 as well as mitochondrial component genes UCP3, COX, and NADH expression by 3–5 fold in C2C12 cells (p < 0.003). Adipocyte-conditioned medium reduced mitochondrial abundance (p < 0.001) and decreased UCP3 but increased PGC-1α expression in myocytes, suggesting a feedback stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Similar data were observed in C2C12 myocytes co-cultured with adipocytes, with co-culture markedly suppressing mitochondrial abundance (p < 0.02). Leucine stimulated oxygen consumption in both C2C12 cells and adipocytes compared with either control or valine-treated cells. Transfection of C2C12 myocytes with SIRT-1 siRNA resulted in parallel suppression of SIRT-1 expression and leucine-induced stimulation of PGC-1α and NRF-1, indicating that SIRT-1 mediates leucine induced mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells. Conclusion These data suggest that leucine and calcitriol modulation of muscle and adipocyte energy metabolism is mediated, in part, by mitochondrial biogenesis. PMID:19500359

The crystal structures of two chalcones: (2E)-1-(5-chloro-thio-phen-2-yl)-3-(2-methyl-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one and (2E)-1-(anthracen-9-yl)-3-[4-(propan-2-yl)phen-yl]prop-2-en-1-one.

PubMed

Girisha, Marisiddaiah; Yathirajan, Hemmige S; Jasinski, Jerry P; Glidewell, Christopher

2016-08-01

In the crystal of compound (I), C14H11ClOS, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form simple C(5) chains. Compound (II), C26H22O, crystallizes with Z' = 2 in space group P-1; one of the mol-ecules is fully ordered but the other is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies 0.644 (3) and 0.356 (3). The two disordered components differ from one another in the orientation of the isopropyl substituents, and both differ from the ordered mol-ecules in the arrangement of the central propenone spacer unit, so that the crystal of (II) contains three distinct conformers. The ordered and disordered conformers each form a C(8) chain built from a single type of C-H⋯O hydrogen bond but those formed by the disordered conformers differ from that formed by the ordered form.

Observed Ωc0 resonances as pentaquark states

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

An, C. S.; Chen, H.

2017-08-01

In the present work, we investigate the spectrum of several low-lying s s c q q ¯ pentaquark configurations employing the constituent quark model, within which the hyperfine interaction between quarks is taken to be mediated by Goldstone boson exchange. Our numerical results show that four s s c q q ¯ configurations with JP=1 /2- or JP=3 /2- lie at energies very close to the recently observed five Ωc0 states by the LHCb Collaboration; this indicates that the s s c q q ¯ pentaquark configurations may form sizable components of the observed Ωc0 resonances.

Human alpha2-macroglobulin is composed of multiple domains, as predicted by homology with complement component C3.

PubMed

Doan, Ninh; Gettins, Peter G W

2007-10-01

Human alpha2M (alpha2-macroglobulin) and the complement components C3 and C4 are thiol ester-containing proteins that evolved from the same ancestral gene. The recent structure determination of human C3 has allowed a detailed prediction of the location of domains within human alpha2M to be made. We describe here the expression and characterization of three alpha(2)M domains predicted to be involved in the stabilization of the thiol ester in native alpha2M and in its activation upon bait region proteolysis. The three newly expressed domains are MG2 (macroglobulin domain 2), TED (thiol ester-containing domain) and CUB (complement protein subcomponents C1r/C1s, urchin embryonic growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein 1) domain. Together with the previously characterized RBD (receptor-binding domain), they represent approx. 42% of the alpha2M polypeptide. Their expression as folded domains strongly supports the predicted domain organization of alpha2M. An X-ray crystal structure of MG2 shows it to have a fibronectin type-3 fold analogous to MG1-MG8 of C3. TED is, as predicted, an alpha-helical domain. CUB is a spliced domain composed of two stretches of polypeptide that flank TED in the primary structure. In intact C3 TED interacts with RBD, where it is in direct contact with the thiol ester, and with MG2 and CUB on opposite, flanking sides. In contrast, these alpha2M domains, as isolated species, show negligible interaction with one another, suggesting that the native conformation of alpha2M, and the consequent thiol ester-stabilizing domain-domain interactions, result from additional restraints imposed by the physical linkage of these domains or by additional domains in the protein.

Human α2-macroglobulin is composed of multiple domains, as predicted by homology with complement component C3

PubMed Central

Doan, Ninh; Gettins, Peter G. W.

2007-01-01

Human α2M (α2-macroglobulin) and the complement components C3 and C4 are thiol ester-containing proteins that evolved from the same ancestral gene. The recent structure determination of human C3 has allowed a detailed prediction of the location of domains within human α2M to be made. We describe here the expression and characterization of three α2M domains predicted to be involved in the stabilization of the thiol ester in native α2M and in its activation upon bait region proteolysis. The three newly expressed domains are MG2 (macroglobulin domain 2), TED (thiol ester-containing domain) and CUB (complement protein subcomponents C1r/C1s, urchin embryonic growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein 1) domain. Together with the previously characterized RBD (receptor-binding domain), they represent approx. 42% of the α2M polypeptide. Their expression as folded domains strongly supports the predicted domain organization of α2M. An X-ray crystal structure of MG2 shows it to have a fibronectin type-3 fold analogous to MG1–MG8 of C3. TED is, as predicted, an α-helical domain. CUB is a spliced domain composed of two stretches of polypeptide that flank TED in the primary structure. In intact C3 TED interacts with RBD, where it is in direct contact with the thiol ester, and with MG2 and CUB on opposite, flanking sides. In contrast, these α2M domains, as isolated species, show negligible interaction with one another, suggesting that the native conformation of α2M, and the consequent thiol ester-stabilizing domain–domain interactions, result from additional restraints imposed by the physical linkage of these domains or by additional domains in the protein. PMID:17608619

Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B-30892 can inhibit cytotoxic effects and adhesion of pathogenic Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 cells

PubMed Central

Banerjee, Pratik; Merkel, Glenn J; Bhunia, Arun K

2009-01-01

Background Probiotic microorganisms are receiving increasing interest for use in the prevention, treatment, or dietary management of certain diseases, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of AAD and the resulting C. difficile – mediated infection (CDI), is potentially deadly. C. difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) is manifested by severe inflammation and colitis, mostly due to the release of two exotoxins by C. difficile causing destruction of epithelial cells in the intestine. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B-30892 (LDB B-30892) on C. difficile-mediated cytotoxicity using Caco-2 cells as a model. Methods Experiments were carried out to test if the cytotoxicity induced by C. difficile-conditioned-medium on Caco-2 cells can be altered by cell-free supernatant (CFS) from LDB B-30892 in different dilutions (1:2 to 1:2048). In a similar experimental setup, comparative evaluations of other probiotic strains were made by contrasting the results from these strains with the results from LDB B-30892, specifically the ability to affect C. difficile induced cytotoxicity on Caco-2 monolayers. Adhesion assays followed by quantitative analysis by Giemsa staining were conducted to test if the CFSs from LDB B-30892 and other probiotic test strains have the capability to alter the adhesion of C. difficile to the Caco-2 monolayer. Experiments were also performed to evaluate if LDB B-30892 or its released components have any bactericidal effect on C. difficile. Results and discussion Co-culturing of LDB B-30892 with C. difficile inhibited the C. difficile-mediated cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. When CFS from LDB B-30892-C. difficile co-culture was administered (up to a dilution of 1:16) on Caco-2 monolayer, there were no signs of cytotoxicity. When CFS from separately grown LDB B-30892 was mixed with the cell-free toxin preparation (CFT) of separately cultured C. difficile, the LDB B-30892 CFS was inhibitory to C. difficile CFT-mediated cytotoxicity at a ratio of 1:8 (LDB B-30892 CFS:C. difficile CFT). We failed to find any similar inhibition of C. difficile-mediated cytotoxicity when other probiotic organisms were tested in parallel to LDB B-30892. Our data of cytotoxicity experiments suggest that LDB B-30892 releases one or more bioactive component(s) into the CFS, which neutralizes the cytotoxicity induced by C. difficile, probably by inactivating its toxin(s). Our data also indicate that CFS from LDB B-30892 reduced the adhesion of C. difficile by 81%, which is significantly (P <0.01) higher than all other probiotic organisms tested in this study. Conclusion This study reveals the very first findings that Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B-30892 (LDB B-30892) can eliminate C. difficile-mediated cytotoxicity, using Caco-2 cells as a model. The study also demonstrates that LDB B-30892 can reduce the colonization of C. difficile cells in colorectal cells. More study is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanism of action of such reduction of cytotoxicity and colonization. PMID:19397787

Bifidobacterium breve C50 secretes lipoprotein with CHAP domain recognized in aggregated form by TLR2.

PubMed

Scuotto, Angelo; Djorie, Serge; Colavizza, Michel; Romond, Pierre-Charles; Romond, Marie-Bénédicte

2014-12-01

Extracellular components secreted by Bifidobacterium breve C50 can induce maturation, high IL-10 production and prolonged survival of dendritic cells via a TLR2 pathway. In this study, the components were isolated from the supernatant by gel filtration chromatography. Antibodies raised against the major compounds with molecular weight above 600 kDa (Bb C50BC) also recognized compounds of lower molecular weight (200–600 kDa). TLR2 and TLR6 bound to the components already recognized by the antibodies. Trypsin digestion of Bb C50BC released three major peptides whose sequences displayed close similarities to a putative secreted protein with a CHAP amidase domain from B. breve. The 1300-bp genomic region corresponding to the hypothetical protein was amplified by PCR. The deduced polypeptide started with an N-terminal signal sequence of 45 amino acids, containing the lipobox motif (LAAC) with the cysteine in position 25, and 2 positively charged residues within the first 14 residues of the signal sequence. Lipid detection in Bb C50BC by GC/MS further supported the implication of a lipoprotein. Sugars were also detected in Bb C50BC. Close similarity with the glucan-binding protein B from Bifidobacterium animalis of two released peptides from Bb C50BC protein suggested that glucose moieties, possibly in glucan form, could be bound to the lipoprotein. Finally, heating at 100 °C for 5 min led to the breakdown of Bb C50BC in compounds of molecular weight below 67 kDa, which suggested that Bb C50BC was an aggregate. One might assume that a basic unit was formed by the lipoprotein bound putatively to glucan. Besides the other sugars and hexosamines recognized by galectin 1 were localized at the surface of the Bb C50BC aggregate. In conclusion, the extracellular components secreted by B. breve C50 were constituted of a lipoprotein putatively associated with glucose moieties and acting in an aggregating form as an agonist of TLR2/TLR6.

Effect of component compression on the initial performance of an IPV nickel-hydrogen cell

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gahn, Randall F.

1987-01-01

An experimental method was developed for evaluating the effect of component compression on the charge and discharge voltage characteristics of a 3 1/2 in. diameter boiler plate cell. A standard boiler plate pressure vessel was modified by the addition of a mechanical feedthrough on the bottom of the vessel which permitted different compressions to be applied to the components without disturbing the integrity of the stack. Compression loadings from 0.94 to 27.4 psi were applied by suspending weights from the feedthrough rod. Cell voltages were measured for 0.96-C, 55-min charge and for 1.37-C, 35-min and 2-C, 24-min discharges. An initial change in voltage performance on both charge and discharge as the loading increased was attributed to seating of the components. Subsequent variation of the compression from 2.97 to 27.4 psi caused only minor changes in either the charge or the discharge voltages. Several one month open-circuit voltage stands and 1100 cycles under LEO conditions at the maximum loading have produced no change in performance.

Effect of component compression on the initial performance of an IPV nickel-hydrogen cell. [Individual Pressure Vessel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gahn, Randall F.

1987-01-01

An experimental method was developed for evaluating the effect of component compression on the charge and discharge voltage characteristics of a 3 1/2 in. diameter boiler plate cell. A standard boiler plate pressure vessel was modified by the addition of a mechanical feedthrough on the bottom of the vessel which permitted different compressions to be applied to the components without disturbing the integrity of the stack. Compression loadings from 0.94 to 27.4 psi were applied by suspending weights from the feedthrough rod. Cell voltages were measured for 0.96-C, 55-min charge and for 1.37-C, 35-min and 2-C, 24-min discharges. An initial change in voltage performance on both charge and discharge as the loading increased was attributed to seating of the components. Subsequent variation of the compression from 2.97 to 27.4 psi caused only minor changes in either the charge or the discharge voltages. Several one month open-circuit voltage stands and 1100 cycles under LEO conditions at the maximum loading have produced no change in performance.

A combined crossed-beam and theoretical study of the reaction dynamics of O(3P) + C2H3 → C2H2 + OH: analysis of the nascent OH products with the preferential population of the Π(A') component.

PubMed

Park, Min-Jin; Jang, Su-Chan; Choi, Jong-Ho

2012-11-28

The gas-phase reaction dynamics of ground-state atomic oxygen [O((3)P) from the photo-dissociation of NO(2)] with vinyl radicals [C(2)H(3) from the supersonic flash pyrolysis of vinyl iodide, C(2)H(3)I] has been investigated using a combination of high-resolution laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in a crossed-beam configuration and ab initio calculations. Unlike the previous gas-phase bulk kinetic experiments by Baulch et al. [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34, 757 (2005)], a new exothermic channel of O((3)P) + C(2)H(3) → C(2)H(2) + OH (X (2)Π: υ" = 0) has been identified for the first time, and the population analysis shows bimodal nascent rotational distributions of OH products with low- and high-N" components with a ratio of 2.4:1. No spin-orbit propensities were observed, and the averaged ratios of Π(A('))∕Π(A") were determined to be 1.66 ± 0.27. On the basis of computations at the CBS-QB3 theory level and comparison with prior theory, the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the nascent populations can be understood in terms of two competing dynamical pathways: a direct abstraction process in the low-N" regime as the major pathway and an addition-complex forming process in the high-N" regime as the minor pathway. Particularly, during the bond cleavage process of the weakly bound van der Waals complex C(2)H(2)-OH, the characteristic pathway from the low dihedral-angle geometry was consistent with the observed preferential population of the Π(A') component in the nascent OH products. A molecular-level discussion of the reactivity, mechanism, and dynamical features of the title reaction are presented together with a comparison to gas-phase oxidation reactions of a series of prototypical hydrocarbon radicals.

High resolution spectroscopy of 1,2-difluoroethane in a molecular beam: A case study of vibrational mode-coupling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mork, Steven W.; Miller, C. Cameron; Philips, Laura A.

1992-09-01

The high resolution infrared spectrum of 1,2-difluoroethane (DFE) in a molecular beam has been obtained over the 2978-2996 cm-1 spectral region. This region corresponds to the symmetric combination of asymmetric C-H stretches in DFE. Observed rotational fine structure indicates that this C-H stretch is undergoing vibrational mode coupling to a single dark mode. The dark mode is split by approximately 19 cm-1 due to tunneling between the two identical gauche conformers. The mechanism of the coupling is largely anharmonic with a minor component of B/C plane Coriolis coupling. Effects of centrifugal distortion along the molecular A-axis are also observed. Analysis of the fine structure identifies the dark state as being composed of C-C torsion, CCF bend, and CH2 rock. Coupling between the C-H stretches and the C-C torsion is of particular interest because DFE has been observed to undergo vibrationally induced isomerization from the gauche to trans conformer upon excitation of the C-H stretch.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chang, Chin -Yuan; Lohman, Jeremy; Cao, Hongnan

C-1027 is a chromoprotein enediyne antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces globisporus. In the last step of biosynthesis of the (S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-beta-tyrosine moiety of the C-1027 enediyne chromophore, SgcE6 and SgcC compose a two-component monooxygenase that hydroxylates the C-5 position of (S)-3-chloro-beta-tyrosine. This two-component monooxygenase is remarkable for two reasons. (i) SgcE6 specifically reacts with FAD and NADH, and (ii) SgcC is active with only the peptidyl carrier protein (PCP)-tethered substrate. To address the molecular details of substrate specificity, we determined the crystal structures of SgcE6 and SgcC at 1.66 and 2.63 A resolution, respectively. SgcE6 shares a similar β-barrel fold withmore » the class I HpaC-like flavin reductases. A flexible loop near the active site of SgcE6 plays a role in FAD binding, likely by providing sufficient space to accommodate the AMP moiety of FAD, when compared to that of FMN-utilizing homologues. SgcC shows structural similarity to a few, other known FADH 2-dependent monooxygenases and sheds light on some biochemically but not structurally characterized homologues. In conclusion, the crystal structures reported here provide insights into substrate specificity, and comparison with homologues provides a catalytic mechanism of the two-component, FADH 2-dependent monooxygenase (SgcE6 and SgcC) that catalyzes the hydroxylation of a PCP-tethered substrate.« less

Herschel Spectroscopy of the Taffy Galaxies (UGC 12914/12915 = VV 254): Enhanced [C II] Emission in the Collisionally Formed Bridge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peterson, B. W.; Appleton, P. N.; Bitsakis, T.; Guillard, P.; Alatalo, K.; Boulanger, F.; Cluver, M.; Duc, P.-A.; Falgarone, E.; Gallagher, S.; Gao, Y.; Helou, G.; Jarrett, T. H.; Joshi, B.; Lisenfeld, U.; Lu, N.; Ogle, P.; Pineau des Forêts, G.; van der Werf, P.; Xu, C. K.

2018-03-01

Using the PACS and SPIRE spectrometers on board Herschel, we obtained observations of the Taffy galaxies (UGC 12914/12915) and bridge. The Taffy system is believed to be the result of a face-on collision between two gas-rich galaxies, in which the stellar disks passed through each other, but the gas was dispersed into a massive H I and molecular bridge between them. Emission is detected and mapped in both galaxies and the bridge in the [C II]157.7 μm and [O I]63.2 μm fine-structure lines. Additionally, SPIRE FTS spectroscopy detects the [C I] {}3{{{P}}}2\\to {}3{{{P}}}1(809.3 {GHz}) and [C I] {}3{{{P}}}1\\to 3{{{P}}}0(492.2 {GHz}) neutral carbon lines, and weakly detects high-J CO transitions in the bridge. These results indicate that the bridge is composed of a warm multi-phase medium consistent with shock and turbulent heating. Despite low star formation rates in the bridge, the [C II] emission appears to be enhanced, reaching [C II]/FIR ratios of 3.3% in parts of the bridge. Both the [C II] and [O I] lines show broad intrinsic multi-component profiles, similar to those seen in previous CO (1–0) and H I observations. The [C II] emission shares similar line profiles with both the double-peaked H I profiles and shares a high-velocity component with single-peaked CO profiles in the bridge, suggesting that the [C II] emission originates in both the neutral and molecular phases. We show that it is feasible that a combination of turbulently heated H2 and high column-density H I, resulting from the galaxy collision, is responsible for the enhanced [C II] emission.

Orbits and masses in the young triple system TWA 5

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Köhler, R.; Ratzka, T.; Petr-Gotzens, M. G.; Correia, S.

2013-10-01

Aims: We aim to improve the orbital elements and determine the individual masses of the components in the triple system TWA 5. Methods: Five new relative astrometric positions in the H band were recorded with the adaptive optics system at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). We combine them with data from the literature and a measurement in the Ks band. We derive an improved fit for the orbit of TWA 5Aa-b around each other. Furthermore, we use the third component, TWA 5B, as an astrometric reference to determine the motion of Aa and Ab around their center of mass and compute their mass ratio. Results: We find an orbital period of 6.03 ± 0.01 years and a semi-major axis of 63.7 ± 0.2 mas (3.2 ± 0.1 AU). With the trigonometric distance of 50.1 ± 1.8 pc, this yields a system mass of 0.9 ± 0.1 M⊙, where the error is dominated by the error of the distance. The dynamical mass agrees with the system mass predicted by a number of theoretical models if we assume that TWA5 is at the young end of the age range of the TW Hydrae association. We find a mass ratio of MAb/MAa = 1.3-0.4+0.6 , where the less luminous component Ab is more massive. This result is likely to be a consequence of the large uncertainties due to the limited orbital coverage of the observations. Based on observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 079.C-0103, 081.C-0393, 386.C-0205, 087.C-0209, 088.C-0046, 089.C-0167, and 090.C-0184.

A genome-wide search for genes affecting circulating fibrinogen levels in the Framingham Heart Study.

PubMed

Yang, Qiong; Tofler, Geoffrey H; Cupples, L Adrienne; Larson, Martin G; Feng, DaLi; Lindpaintner, Klaus; Levy, Daniel; D'Agostino, Ralph B; O'Donnell, Christopher J

2003-04-15

Circulating levels of fibrinogen are associated with atherosclerosis and predict future coronary heart disease and stroke. Levels of fibrinogen are correlated among family members, suggesting a heritable component. Variants of the beta-fibrinogen gene subunit on 4q28 are associated with fibrinogen levels but explain only a small proportion of the total genetic variability. It remains unknown what role, if any, is played by other genetic variants in the inter-individual variability in levels of fibrinogen in the general population. We conducted a 10-cM spaced genome-wide scan using 402 original cohort subjects and 1193 offspring subjects from 330 extended families of the Framingham Heart Study. Heritability and linkage analyses were carried out using variance component methods. Regression analyses were performed to adjust for traditional risk factors and HindIII beta-148 genotypes. The total heritability was estimated as 0.24. The highest and second highest LOD scores of linkage were found on chromosomes 2 (LOD=1.5 at 243 cM) and 10 (LOD=2.4 at 87 cM) using only offspring subjects in the analysis, and on chromosomes 2 (LOD=2.1 at 242 cM) and 10(LOD=1.4 at 86 cM), 17 (LOD=1.4 at 96 cM) and 20 (LOD=1.4 at 80 cM) using both original cohort and offspring. These results suggest that there may be influential genetic regions on these chromosomes. While no linkage with genome-wide significance was detected, further research to confirm our findings is warranted.

Composite Interlaminar Shear Fracture Toughness, G(sub 2c): Shear Measurement of Sheer Myth?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

OBrien, T. Kevin

1997-01-01

The concept of G2c as a measure of the interlaminar shear fracture toughness of a composite material is critically examined. In particular, it is argued that the apparent G2c as typically measured is inconsistent with the original definition of shear fracture. It is shown that interlaminar shear failure actually consists of tension failures in the resin rich layers between plies followed by the coalescence of ligaments created by these failures and not the sliding of two planes relative to one another that is assumed in fracture mechanics theory. Several strain energy release rate solutions are reviewed for delamination in composite laminates and structural components where failures have been experimentally documented. Failures typically occur at a location where the mode 1 component accounts for at least one half of the total G at failure. Hence, it is the mode I and mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness data that will be most useful in predicting delamination failure in composite components in service. Although apparent G2c measurements may prove useful for completeness of generating mixed-mode criteria, the accuracy of these measurements may have very little influence on the prediction of mixed-mode failures in most structural components.

Parametric study of two-stage hydropyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for production of gaseous and light aromatic hydrocarbons.

PubMed

Zheng, Nan; Zhang, Jie; Wang, Jie

2017-11-01

Non-catalytic hydropyrolysis of pinewood and its components was carried out using a two-stage reactor. The main aim of this work is to investigate the hydrodeoxygenation and hydrogenation of volatile matter in the post hydrocracking reactor for oriented production of gaseous and light aromatic hydrocarbons. A portion of volatile matter, which evolved from hemicellulose, neutral extractives and lignin below 275°C, was found to be thoroughly hydrodeoxygenated preventing the release of CO 2 and CO. Increasing hydrocracking temperature from 600°C to 750°C and pressure from 1.0MPa to 5.0MPa strongly facilitated the hydrogenation reactions to target products. The summed yield of CH 4 and C 2 H 6 (dry biomass basis) reached up to 33.2% at a hydrocracking temperature of 750°C and 5.0MPa, with a concomitant 5.1% yield of BTX. All components in pinewood significantly contributed to the production of CH 4 and BTX by hydropyrolysis, differing from the case of pyrolysis. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Detection, Characterization and Classification of Biological Components in Aerosols by Time-Resolved Laser Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-20

f ~s yes Noes? no *ram N(choline) K 2 positive ghlo• 1 -i ungi virus? bctcriaip SFigure 2. Tentative... 1 : (a) 15 pg; (b) 150 ng. 30. oneSml(ie m. G 0 JIa O .I-a.l4r TP4OOMM 96W 136 4 0 I. 3 * f "w ’ . 0*0*~q * 󈧣. 6iue16. Cairto uvs-o rccoeae S1 "L l l...U’ SC 3c5 f ______ ____ 20.YD it)I 9c- N= GD4U- - 0- Ln A4?Sue4ug UOf OA140j9Nj = "~ S.. *0-- V) "a C iv c. C .0 0, 04) 00 03 1 . 4 0L= 0 L0 .C6 LJ o

Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin--new insights into the cellular up-take of the actin-ADP-ribosylating toxin.

PubMed

Aktories, Klaus; Barth, Holger

2004-04-01

Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin is a member of the family of binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins. It consists of the enzyme component C2I, and the separated binding/translocation component C2II. Proteolytically activated C2II forms heptamers and binds to a carbohydrate cell surface receptor. After attachment of C2I, the toxin complex is endocytosed to reach early endosomes. At low pH of endosomes, C2II-heptamers insert into the membrane, form pores and deliver C2I into the cytosol. Here, C2I ADP-ribosylates actin at Arg177 to block actin polymerization and to induce depolymerization of actin filaments. The mini-review describes main properties of C2 toxin and discusses new findings on the involvement of chaperones in the up-take process of the toxin.

13C NMR metabolomic evaluation of immediate and delayed mild hypothermia in cerebrocortical slices after oxygen-glucose deprivation.

PubMed

Liu, Jia; Segal, Mark R; Kelly, Mark J S; Pelton, Jeffrey G; Kim, Myungwon; James, Thomas L; Litt, Lawrence

2013-11-01

Mild brain hypothermia (32°-34°C) after human neonatal asphyxia improves neurodevelopmental outcomes. Astrocytes but not neurons have pyruvate carboxylase and an acetate uptake transporter. C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rodent brain extracts after administering [1-C]glucose and [1,2-C]acetate can distinguish metabolic differences between glia and neurons, and tricarboxylic acid cycle entry via pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase. Neonatal rat cerebrocortical slices receiving a C-acetate/glucose mixture underwent a 45-min asphyxia simulation via oxygen-glucose-deprivation followed by 6 h of recovery. Protocols in three groups of N=3 experiments were identical except for temperature management. The three temperature groups were: normothermia (37°C), hypothermia (32°C for 3.75 h beginning at oxygen--glucose deprivation start), and delayed hypothermia (32°C for 3.75 h, beginning 15 min after oxygen-glucose deprivation start). Multivariate analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance metabolite quantifications included principal component analyses and the L1-penalized regularized regression algorithm known as the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. The most significant metabolite difference (P<0.0056) was [2-C]glutamine's higher final/control ratio for the hypothermia group (1.75±0.12) compared with ratios for the delayed (1.12±0.12) and normothermia group (0.94±0.06), implying a higher pyruvate carboxylase/pyruvate dehydrogenase ratio for glutamine formation. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator found the most important metabolites associated with adenosine triphosphate preservation: [3,4-C]glutamate-produced via pyruvate dehydrogenase entry, [2-C]taurine-an important osmolyte and antioxidant, and phosphocreatine. Final principal component analyses scores plots suggested separate cluster formation for the hypothermia group, but with insufficient data for statistical significance. Starting mild hypothermia simultaneously with oxygen-glucose deprivation, compared with delayed starting or no hypothermia, has higher pyruvate carboxylase throughput, suggesting that better glial integrity is one important neuroprotection mechanism of earlier hypothermia.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ablikim, M.; Achasov, M. N.; Ahmed, S.

Based on 448.1 x 10 6 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector, the decays ψ(3686) → γχ cJ,χ cJ → γγ(J = 0,1,2) are studied in this paper. The decay branching fractions of χ c0,2 → γγ are measured to be β(χ c0 → γγ) = (1.93 ± 0.08 ± 0.05 ± 0.05) x 10 -4 and β(χ c2 → γγ) = (3.10 ± 0.09 ± 0.07 ± 0.11) x 10 -4, which correspond to two-photon decay widths of Γ γγ(χ c0) = 2.03 ± 0.08 ± 0.06 ± 0.13 keV and Γ γγ(χ c2) = 0.60 ± 0.02more » ± 0.01 ± 0.04 keV with a ratio of R = Γ γγ(χ c2)/Γ γγ(χ c0) = 0.295 ± 0.014 ± 0.007 ± 0.027, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and associated with the uncertainties of β(ψ(3686) → γχ c0,2) and the total widths Γ(χ c0,2), respectively. For the forbidden decay of χ c1 → γγ, no signal is observed, and an upper limit on the two-photon width is obtained to be Γ γγ(χ c1) < 5.3 eV at the 90% confidence level. Finally, the ratio of the two-photon widths between helicity-zero and helicity-two components in the decay χ c2 → γγ is also measured to be f 0/2 = Γ λ=0 γγ(χ c2)/Γ λ=2 γγ(χ c2) = (0.0 ± 0.6 ± 1.2) x 10 -2, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.« less

Characterization of DOM adsorption of CNTs by using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and multiway analysis.

PubMed

Peng, Mingguo; Li, Huajie; Li, Dongdong; Du, Erdeng; Li, Zhihong

2017-06-01

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were utilized to adsorb DOM in micro-polluted water. The characteristics of DOM adsorption on CNTs were investigated based on UV 254 , TOC, and fluorescence spectrum measurements. Based on PARAFAC (parallel factor) analysis, four fluorescent components were extracted, including one protein-like component (C4) and three humic acid-like components (C1, C2, and C3). The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of DOM adsorption on CNTs were further investigated. A Freundlich isotherm model fit the adsorption data well with high values of correlation. As a type of macro-porous and meso-porous adsorbent, CNTs preferably adsorb humic acid-like substances rather than protein-like substances. The increasing temperature will speed up the adsorption process. The self-organizing map (SOM) analysis further explains the fluorescent properties of water samples. The results provide a new insight into the adsorption behaviour of DOM fluorescent components on CNTs.

Crystal structures of the three closely related compounds: bis-[(1H-tetra-zol-5-yl)meth-yl]nitramide, tri-amino-guanidinium 5-({[(1H-tetra-zol-5-yl)meth-yl](nitro)-amino}-meth-yl)tetra-zol-1-ide, and di-ammonium bis-[(tetra-zol-1-id-5-yl)meth-yl]nitramide monohydrate.

PubMed

Mitchell, Lauren A; Imler, Gregory H; Parrish, Damon A; Deschamps, Jeffrey R; Leonard, Philip W; Chavez, David E

2017-07-01

In the mol-ecule of neutral bis-[(1 H -tetra-zol-5-yl)meth-yl]nitramide, (I), C 4 H 6 N 10 O 2 , there are two intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link mol-ecules, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (-201) and weak C-H⋯O, C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, and inter-molecular π-π stacking completes the three-dimensional network. The anion in the molecular salt, tri-amino-guanidinium 5-({[(1 H -tetra-zol-5-yl)meth-yl](nitro)-amino}-meth-yl)tetra-zol-1-ide, (II), CH 9 N 6 + ·C 4 H 5 N 10 O 2 - , displays intra-molecular π-π stacking and in the crystal, N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the components of the structure, forming a three-dimensional network. In the crystal of di-ammonium bis-[(tetra-zol-1-id-5-yl)meth-yl]nitramide monohydrate, (III), 2NH 4 + ·C 4 H 4 N 10 O 2 2- ·H 2 O, O-H⋯N, N-H⋯N, and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the components of the structure into a three-dimensional network. In addition, there is inter-molecular π-π stacking. In all three structures, the central N atom of the nitramide is mainly sp 2 -hybridized. Bond lengths indicate delocalization of charges on the tetra-zole rings for all three compounds. Compound (II) was found to be a non-merohedral twin and was solved and refined in the major component.

Potential rainfall-intensity and pH-driven shifts in the apparent fluorescent composition of dissolved organic matter in rainwater.

PubMed

Zhou, Yongqiang; Yao, Xiaolong; Zhang, Yibo; Shi, Kun; Zhang, Yunlin; Jeppesen, Erik; Gao, Guang; Zhu, Guangwei; Qin, Boqiang

2017-05-01

Perturbations of rainwater chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorescence induced by changes in rainfall intensity and pH were investigated by field observations and laboratory pH titrations. Microbial humic-like fluorophores dominated the rainwater CDOM pool, followed by tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like substances. Increased rainfall intensity had notable dilution effects on all six fluorescent components (C1-C6) identified using parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, the effect being especially pronounced for the microbial humic-like C1, tryptophan-like C3, and tyrosine-like C5. The results also indicated that increasing pH from 7 to 9 led to decreased fluorescence intensity (F max ) of all the six components, while a pH increase from 5 to 7, resulted in increasing F max of terrestrial humic-like C2, tyrosine-like C5, and tryptophan-like C6 and decreasing microbial humic-like C1, tryptophan-like C3, and fulvic-like C4. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) demonstrated that synchronous fluorescence responded first to pH modifications at fulvic-like wavelength (λ Ex /λ Em  = ∼316/416 nm), followed by tyrosine-like wavelength (λ Ex /λ Em  = ∼204/304 nm), tryptophan-like wavelength (λ Ex /λ Em  = ∼226/326 nm), microbial humic-like wavelength (∼295/395 nm), and finally terrestrial humic-like wavelength (∼360/460 nm). Our results suggest that a decrease in areas affected by acid rain in South China occurring at present may possibly result in apparent compositional changes of CDOM fluorescence. The decreased rainfall in South-West China and increased rainfall in North-West China during the past five decades may possibly accordingly result in increased and decreased F max of all the six components identified in South-West and North-West China, respectively. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Connection between Different Tracers of the Diffuse Interstellar Medium: Kinematics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rice, Johnathan S.; Federman, S. R.; Flagey, Nicolas; Goldsmith, Paul F.; Langer, William D.; Pineda, Jorge L.; Lambert, D. L.

2018-05-01

Using visible, radio, microwave, and submillimeter data, we study several lines of sight toward stars generally closer than 1 kpc on a component-by-component basis. We derive the component structure seen in absorption at visible wavelengths from Ca II, Ca I, K I, CH, CH+, and CN and compare it to emission from H I, CO and its isotopologues, and C+ from the GOT C+ survey. The correspondence between components in emission and absorption helps create a more unified picture of diffuse atomic and molecular gas in the interstellar medium. We also discuss how these tracers are related to the CO-dark H2 gas probed by C+ emission and discuss the kinematic connections among the species observed.

Human CD45 is an F-component-specific receptor for the staphylococcal toxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin.

PubMed

Tromp, Angelino T; Van Gent, Michiel; Abrial, Pauline; Martin, Amandine; Jansen, Joris P; De Haas, Carla J C; Van Kessel, Kok P M; Bardoel, Bart W; Kruse, Elisabeth; Bourdonnay, Emilie; Boettcher, Michael; McManus, Michael T; Day, Christopher J; Jennings, Michael P; Lina, Gérard; Vandenesch, François; Van Strijp, Jos A G; Jan Lebbink, Robert; Haas, Pieter-Jan A; Henry, Thomas; Spaan, András N

2018-05-07

The staphylococcal bi-component leukocidins Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and γ-haemolysin CB (HlgCB) target human phagocytes. Binding of the toxins' S-components to human complement C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) contributes to cellular tropism and human specificity of PVL and HlgCB. To investigate the role of both leukocidins during infection, we developed a human C5aR1 knock-in (hC5aR1 KI ) mouse model. HlgCB, but unexpectedly not PVL, contributed to increased bacterial loads in tissues of hC5aR1 KI mice. Compared to humans, murine hC5aR1 KI neutrophils showed a reduced sensitivity to PVL, which was mediated by the toxin's F-component LukF-PV. By performing a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we identified CD45 as a receptor for LukF-PV. The human-specific interaction between LukF-PV and CD45 provides a molecular explanation for resistance of hC5aR1 KI mouse neutrophils to PVL and probably contributes to the lack of a PVL-mediated phenotype during infection in these mice. This study demonstrates an unsuspected role of the F-component in driving the sensitivity of human phagocytes to PVL.

Unexpected formation of (E)-4-alkene 1,3-diketones from the three-component reaction of lithium selenolates with 1-(1-alkynyl)cyclopropyl ketones and aldehydes.

PubMed

Xu, Jianfeng; Wu, Luling; Huang, Xian

2011-07-15

A novel three-component stereoselective synthesis of (E)-4-alkene 1,3-diketones from lithium selenolates, 1-(1-alkynyl)cyclopropyl ketones, and aldehydes is reported. This reaction afforded the products in moderate to good yields with the formation of a new C-Se single bond, a new C-C double bond, and a new C-O double bond.

[Spectral characteristics variations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter during growth of filamentous green macroalgae].

PubMed

Jiang, De-gang; Huang, Qing-hui; Li, Jian-hua

2010-07-01

As an important component of dissolved organic matter (DOM), chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays a central role in the global biogeochemical carbon cycle. Macroalgae are essential producers in aquatic ecosystems. They can release a considerable part of photosynthetic products as CDOM. So changes in optical properties of CDOM are studied on filamentous green macroalgae-Chadophorasle found in tidal flats of a brackish Lake Beihu in natural field condition by using spectrometry. Humic-like fluorescence peaks and protein-like fluorescence peaks detected by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectrum (EEMS) change little in control experiment but increase dramatically in incubation experiment. Applying parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) together with fluorescence excitation-emission matrix can get four components of CDOM (C1, C2, C3 and C4) which are relative to humic-like fluorescence peak A(C), M and protein-like fluorescence peak B, T respectively. In incubation experiment four components increase by 211.5%, 255.8%, 75.3% and 129.3% respectively while in control experiment components have little changes except C1 decreasing by 34.3%. Absorption coefficient alpha (355) increases by 92.9% and has positive significant correlation (P < 0.01) with the four components in incubation-experiment while alpha (355) decreases by 59.8% and only has correlation (P < 0.05) with C1 in control experiment. As the parameters representing CDOM molecular weight and composition, M and S values in incubation experiment are smaller than in control experiment, which illustrate that aromatic and macromolecular CDOM is produced in growth of Chadophorasle. All results indicate that growth of Chadophorasle can change the content and composition of CDOM.

A combined crossed-beam and theoretical study of the reaction dynamics of O(3P) + C2H3 → C2H2 + OH: Analysis of the nascent OH products with the preferential population of the Π(A') component

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Min-Jin; Jang, Su-Chan; Choi, Jong-Ho

2012-11-01

The gas-phase reaction dynamics of ground-state atomic oxygen [O(3P) from the photo-dissociation of NO2] with vinyl radicals [C2H3 from the supersonic flash pyrolysis of vinyl iodide, C2H3I] has been investigated using a combination of high-resolution laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in a crossed-beam configuration and ab initio calculations. Unlike the previous gas-phase bulk kinetic experiments by Baulch et al. [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34, 757 (2005)], 10.1063/1.1748524, a new exothermic channel of O(3P) + C2H3 → C2H2 + OH (X 2Π: υ″ = 0) has been identified for the first time, and the population analysis shows bimodal nascent rotational distributions of OH products with low- and high-N″ components with a ratio of 2.4:1. No spin-orbit propensities were observed, and the averaged ratios of Π(A')/Π(A″) were determined to be 1.66 ± 0.27. On the basis of computations at the CBS-QB3 theory level and comparison with prior theory, the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the nascent populations can be understood in terms of two competing dynamical pathways: a direct abstraction process in the low-N″ regime as the major pathway and an addition-complex forming process in the high-N″ regime as the minor pathway. Particularly, during the bond cleavage process of the weakly bound van der Waals complex C2H2—OH, the characteristic pathway from the low dihedral-angle geometry was consistent with the observed preferential population of the Π(A') component in the nascent OH products. A molecular-level discussion of the reactivity, mechanism, and dynamical features of the title reaction are presented together with a comparison to gas-phase oxidation reactions of a series of prototypical hydrocarbon radicals.

Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Tropical Lowland Dipterocarp Rainforests in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

PubMed Central

Saner, Philippe; Loh, Yen Yee; Ong, Robert C.; Hector, Andy

2012-01-01

Deforestation in the tropics is an important source of carbon C release to the atmosphere. To provide a sound scientific base for efforts taken to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) good estimates of C stocks and fluxes are important. We present components of the C balance for selectively logged lowland tropical dipterocarp rainforest in the Malua Forest Reserve of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Total organic C in this area was 167.9 Mg C ha−1±3.8 (SD), including: Total aboveground (TAGC: 55%; 91.9 Mg C ha−1±2.9 SEM) and belowground carbon in trees (TBGC: 10%; 16.5 Mg C ha−1±0.5 SEM), deadwood (8%; 13.2 Mg C ha−1±3.5 SEM) and soil organic matter (SOM: 24%; 39.6 Mg C ha−1±0.9 SEM), understory vegetation (3%; 5.1 Mg C ha−1±1.7 SEM), standing litter (<1%; 0.7 Mg C ha−1±0.1 SEM) and fine root biomass (<1%; 0.9 Mg C ha−1±0.1 SEM). Fluxes included litterfall, a proxy for leaf net primary productivity (4.9 Mg C ha−1 yr−1±0.1 SEM), and soil respiration, a measure for heterotrophic ecosystem respiration (28.6 Mg C ha−1 yr−1±1.2 SEM). The missing estimates necessary to close the C balance are wood net primary productivity and autotrophic respiration. Twenty-two years after logging TAGC stocks were 28% lower compared to unlogged forest (128 Mg C ha−1±13.4 SEM); a combined weighted average mean reduction due to selective logging of −57.8 Mg C ha−1 (with 95% CI −75.5 to −40.2). Based on the findings we conclude that selective logging decreased the dipterocarp stock by 55–66%. Silvicultural treatments may have the potential to accelerate the recovery of dipterocarp C stocks to pre-logging levels. PMID:22235319

Complement component 4 copy number variation and CYP21A2 genotype associations in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

PubMed

Chen, Wuyan; Xu, Zhi; Nishitani, Miki; Van Ryzin, Carol; McDonnell, Nazli B; Merke, Deborah P

2012-12-01

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of cortisol biosynthesis caused by CYP21A2 mutations. An increase in gene copy number variation (CNV) exists at the CYP21A2 locus. CNV of C4, a neighboring gene that encodes complement component 4, is associated with autoimmune disease susceptibility. In this study, we performed comprehensive genetic analysis of the RP-C4-CYP21-TNX (RCCX) region in 127 unrelated 21-OHD patients (100 classic, 27 nonclassic). C4 copy number was determined by Southern blot. C4 CNV and serum C4 levels were evaluated in relation to CYP21A2 mutations and relevant phenotypes. We found that the most common CYP21A2 mutation associated with the nonclassic form of CAH, V281L, was associated with high C4 copy number (p = 7.13 × 10(-16)). Large CYP21A2 deletion, a common mutation associated with the classic form of CAH, was associated with low C4 copy number (p = 1.61 × 10(-14)). Monomodular RCCX with a short C4 gene, a risk factor for autoimmune disease, was significantly less frequent in CAH patients compared to population estimates (2.8 vs. 10.6 %; p = 1.08 × 10(-4)). In conclusion, CAH patients have increased C4 CNV, with mutation-specific associations that may be protective for autoimmune disease. The study of CYP21A2 in relation to neighboring genes provides insight into the genetics of CNV hotspots, an important determinant of human health.

UV/PAR radiations and DOM properties in surface coastal waters of the Canadian shelf of the Beaufort Sea during summer 2009

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Para, J.; Charrière, B.; Matsuoka, A.; Miller, W. L.; Rontani, J. F.; Sempéré, R.

2012-11-01

Water masses from the Beaufort Sea in the Arctic Ocean were evaluated for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and optical characteristics including UV and PAR diffuse attenuation (Kd), and chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (CDOM and FDOM) as part of the MALINA field campaign (30 July to 27 August). Even with relatively low mean daily solar radiation incident on the sea surface (0.12 ± 0.03, 8.46 ± 1.64 and 18.09 ± 4.20 kJ m-2 for UV-B (305 nm), UV-A (380 nm) and PAR, respectively), we report significant light penetration with 10% irradiance depths (Z10% (λ)) reaching 9.5 m for 340 nm (UV-A) radiation in the Eastern sector and 4.5 m in the Mackenzie River influenced area (Western sector). Spectral absorption coefficients (aCDOM (350 nm) (m-1)) were significantly correlated to both diffuse attenuation coefficients (Kd) in the UV-A and UV-B and to DOC concentrations. This indicates CDOM as the dominant attenuator of UV solar radiation and suggests its use as an optical proxy for DOC concentrations in this region. Extrapolating CDOM to DOC relationships, we estimate that ~ 16% of the DOC in the Mackenzie River does not absorb radiation at 350 nm. DOC and CDOM discharges by the Mackenzie River during the MALINA Cruise are estimated as ~ 0.22 TgC and 0.18 TgC, respectively. Three dissolved fluorescent components (C1-C3) were identified by fluorescence Excitation/Emission Matrix Spectroscopy (EEMS) and PARAFAC analysis. Our results showed an in-situ biological component (C1) that co-dominated with a terrestrial humic-like component (C2) in the Mackenzie Delta sector, whereas the protein-like (C3) component dominated in the saltiest waters of the North East sector.

[Characterizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Lake Honghu, Lake Donghu and Lake Liangzihu using excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC)].

PubMed

Zhou, Yong-Qiang; Zhang, Yun-Lin; Niu, Cheng; Wang, Ming-Zhu

2013-12-01

Little is known about DOM characteristics in medium to large sized lakes located in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, like Lake Honghu, Lake Donghu and Lake Liangzihu. Absorption, fluorescence and composition characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are presented using the absorption spectroscopy, the excitation-emission ma trices (EEMs) fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model based on the data collected in Sep-Oct. 2007 including 15, 9 and 10 samplings in Lake Honghu, Lake Donghu and Lake Liangzihu, respectively. CDOM absorption coefficient at 350 nm a(350) coefficient in Lake Honghu was significantly higher than those in Lake Donghu and Lake Liangzihu (t-test, p< 0. 001). A significant negative correlation was found between CDOM spectral slope in the wavelength range of 280-500 nm (S280-500) and a(350) (R2 =0. 781, p<0. 001). The mean value of S280-500 in Lake Honghu was significantly lower than those in Lake Donghu (t-test, p

The contribution of various types of settling particles to the flux of organic carbon in the Gulf of St. Lawrence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romero-Ibarra, Nancy; Silverberg, Norman

2011-10-01

The contents of 31 samples from free-drifting sediment traps deployed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) were analyzed for the individual contribution of the different types of particles encountered to the total particulate organic carbon (POC) flux. Two trap models were used in 1993-1994: small traps at 50 m depth and large traps at 50 and 150 m. Total POC fluxes averaged 42 mg C m -2 d -1 for the more reliable large trap and 149 mg C m -2 d -1 for the small trap. The POC fluxes were attributed to different classes of particles based upon microscopically determined particle dimensions and carbon/volume algorithms available in the literature. Fecal pellets, followed by phytoplankton, were the major attributable components, with important contributions by microzooplankton, particularly during the summer of 1994. The mean fluxes for pellets (6 and 60 mg C m -2 d -1, for the large and small traps, respectively) and phytoplankton (3.2 and 42.9 mg C m -2 d -1) were in the range of those encountered in other areas of moderate primary productivity. Mean zooplankton carbon fluxes (1.8 and 8.5 mg C m -2 d -1, respectively), however, reflect higher than average zooplankton abundances in the GSL. The C fluxes of specific algal groups confirmed the existence of three trophic regimes previously identified from water column studies and numeric cell fluxes: (1) a period when diatoms were dominant during the spring, (2) a longer interval, which was dominated by dinoflagellates at most others times of the year, and (3) a period of transition during summer. Carbon of animal origin dominated the attributable flux, including an important fraction associated with heterotrophic dinoflagellates. The contribution of marine snow to the total flux (estimated as the difference between the total POC flux and the sum of the attributed components) frequently amounted to more than 60%. The true importance of marine snow remains uncertain, however, because the errors associated with each of the measured components accumulate to produce large uncertainties. The methodological problems involved are discussed.

49 CFR 192.123 - Design limitations for plastic pipe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... in: (1) Distribution systems; or (2) Classes 3 and 4 locations. (b) Plastic pipe may not be used where operating temperatures of the pipe will be: (1) Below −20 °F (−20 °C), or −40 °F (−40 °C) if all pipe and pipeline components whose operating temperature will be below −29 °C (−20 °F) have a...

Differences in fluorescence characteristics and bioavailability of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in sediments and suspended solids in Lihu Lake, China.

PubMed

Wang, Wenwen; Wang, Shuhang; Jiang, Xia; Zheng, Binghui; Zhao, Li; Zhang, Bo; Chen, Junyi

2018-05-01

The spectral characteristics, spatial distribution, and bioavailability of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in suspended solids and surface sediments of Lihu Lake, China, were investigated through excitation-emission matrix spectra and parallel factor analysis. The average content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the sediments reached 643.28 ± 58.34 mg C/kg and that in suspended solids was 714.87 ± 69.24 mg C/kg. The fluorescence intensity of WSOM totaled 90.87 ± 5.65 and 115.42 ± 8.02 RU/g for the sediments and suspended solids, respectively. The DOC and fluorescence intensity of the WSOM showed an increasing trend moving from the west to the east of the lake. The WSOM in sediments and suspended solids contained two humic-like (C1 and C2) and one tryptophan-like (C3) components. These components had different fluorescent peaks and relative proportions. In the sediments, the relative proportions of C1, C2, and C3 were 33.71% ± 0.71, 26.83% ± 0.68, and 39.50% ± 0.71%, respectively. Meanwhile, C1 (35.77 ± 0.84%), C2 (34.07 ± 0.61%), and C3 (30.16 ± 0.75%) had similar relative percentages in suspended solids. The sediments had a lower humification index (3.02 ± 0.08) than the suspended solids (4.04 ± 0.15). Exchangeable nitrogen for the sediments and suspended solids was dominated by exchangeable ammonium nitrogen and soluble organic nitrogen, respectively. WSOM plays an important role in migration and transformation of nitrogen in sediments and suspended solids. The sediment-derived WSOM exhibited higher lability and biological activity than did the suspended solid-derived WSOM. The relative ratio of the intensity of protein-like fluorescent component to that of the humic-like one can be used as a reference index to evaluate the lability and biological activity of WSOM in sediments and suspended solids.

Identification of host fruit volatiles from three mayhaw species (Crataegus series Aestivales) attractive to mayhaw-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies in the southern United States.

PubMed

Cha, Dong H; Powell, Thomas H Q; Feder, Jeffrey L; Linn, Charles E

2011-09-01

The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, infests several hawthorn species in the southern USA. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these populations could serve as reservoirs for fruit odor discrimination behaviors facilitating sympatric host race formation and speciation, specifically the recent shift from downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) to domestic apple (Malus domestica) in the northern USA. Coupled gas chromatography and electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and flight tunnel bioassays were used to identify the behaviorally active natal fruit volatile blends for three of the five major southern hawthorns: C. opaca (western mayhaw), C. aestivalis (eastern mayhaw), and C. rufula (a possible hybrid between C. opaca and C. aestivalis). A 6-component blend was developed for C. opaca (3-methylbutan-1-ol [44%], pentyl acetate [6%], butyl butanoate [6%], propyl hexanoate [6%], butyl hexanoate [26%], and hexyl butanoate [12%]); an 8-component blend for C. aestivalis (3-methylbutan-1-ol [2%], butyl acetate [47%], pentyl acetate [2%], butyl butanoate [12%], propyl hexanoate [1%], butyl hexanoate [25%], hexyl butanoate [9%], and pentyl hexanoate [2%]); and a 9-component blend for C. rufula (3-methylbutan-1-ol [1%], butyl acetate [57%], 3-methylbutyl acetate [3%], butyl butanoate [5%], propyl hexanoate [1%], hexyl propionate [1%], butyl hexanoate [23%], hexyl butanoate [6%], and pentyl hexanoate [3%]). Crataegus aestivalis and C. opaca-origin flies showed significantly higher levels of upwind directed flight to their natal blend in flight tunnel assays compared to the non-natal blend and previously developed apple, northern downy hawthorn, and flowering dogwood blends. Eastern and western mayhaw flies also were tested to the C. rufula blend, with eastern flies displaying higher levels of upwind flight compared with the western flies, likely due to the presence of butyl acetate in the C. aestivalis and C. rufula blends, an agonist compound for eastern mayhaw-origin flies, but a behavioral antagonist for western flies. The results discount the possibility that the apple fly was "pre-assembled" and originated via a recent introduction of southern mayhaw flies predisposed to accepting apple. Instead, the findings are consistent with the possibility of southern mayhaw-infesting fly host races. However, mayhaw fruits do emit several volatiles found in apple. It is, therefore, possible that the ability of the fly to evolve a preference for apple volatiles, although not the entire blend, stemmed, in part, from standing variation related to the presence of these compounds in southern mayhaw fruit.

CaCl 2 -Accelerated Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate: A STXM Study Combined with 29 Si MAS NMR

DOE PAGES

Li, Qinfei; Ge, Yong; Geng, Guoqing; ...

2015-01-01

Tmore » he effect of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) on tricalcium silicate (C 3 S) hydration was investigated by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (SXM) with Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectra and 29 Si MAS NMR. SXM is demonstrated to be a powerful tool for studying the chemical composition of a cement-based hydration system. he Ca L 3,2 -edge NEXAFS spectra obtained by examining C 3 S hydration in the presence of CaCl 2 showed that this accelerator does not change the coordination of calcium in the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), which is the primary hydration product. O K-edge NEXAFS is also very useful in distinguishing the chemical components in hydrated C 3 S. Based on the Ca L 3,2 -edge spectra and chemical component mapping, we concluded that CaCl 2 prefers to coexist with unhydrated C 3 S instead of C-S-H. In Si K-edge NEXAFS analysis, CaCl 2 increases the degree of silicate polymerization of C-S-H in agreement with the 29 Si CP/MAS NMR results, which show that the presence of CaCl 2 in hydrated C 3 S considerably accelerates the formation of middle groups ( Q 2 ) and branch sites ( Q 3 ) in the silicate chains of C-S-H gel at 1-day hydration.« less

The Early Shape of the Moon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garrick-Bethell, I.; Perera, V.; Nimmo, F.; Zuber, M. T.

2013-12-01

The origin and nature of the long-wavelength shape of the Moon has been a puzzle for at least 100 years [1-5]. Understanding its origin would provide insight into the patterns of mare volcanism, early thermal evolution, the history of the Moon's orientation, and the Moon's orbital evolution. Previously, we explained the shape and structure of the lunar farside highlands with a model of early tidal heating in the crust [6]. However, we left open the problem of the rest of the Moon's low-order shape, and we did not consider the lunar gravity field together with topography. To address these problems, and further assess the tidal-rotation (spherical harmonic degree-2) origins of the lunar shape, we consider three effects: the Moon's degree-1 spherical harmonics, the Moon's largest basins and mascons, and the choice of reference frame in which we analyze topography. We find that removing the degree-1 terms from a topography map helps illustrate the Moon's degree-2 shape, since the degree-1 harmonics have relatively high power. More importantly, however, when we fit spherical harmonics to topography outside of the largest lunar basins (including South-Pole Aitken, Imbrium, Serenitatis, Nectaris, and Orientale), the degree-2 coefficient values change significantly. When these best-fit harmonics are rotated into a reference frame that only contains the C2,0 and C2,2 harmonics (equivalent to the frame that would have once faced the Earth if the early Moon's shape controlled the moments of inertia), we find that gravity and topography data together imply a mixture of compensated and uncompensated degree-2 topography components. The compensated topography component can be explained by global-scale tidal heating in the early crust, while the uncompensated component can be explained by a frozen 'fossil bulge' that formed at a semi-major axis of about 32 Earth radii. To check these explanations, we can examine the ratios of the C2,0 and C2,2 harmonics for each component. We find that the values of C2,0/C2,2 are approximately equal to the values expected for each unique process: -1.3 and -1.0, for compensated (tidal-heating) and uncompensated (fossil bulge) topography components, respectively. However, if we had not removed the effects of large basins, the ratios would not be in agreement. In conclusion, a combination of early tidal heating in the crust and a frozen fossil bulge can help explain the global, pre-basin shape of the Moon. References [1] W.F. Sedgwick, On the figure of the Moon, Messenger Math. 27 (1898) 171. [2] H. Jeffreys, On the figures of the Earth and Moon, Geophys. J. Int. 4 (1937) 1-13. [3] H.C. Urey, et al., Note on the internal structure of the Moon, Ap. J. 129 (1959) 842. [4] K. Lambeck, S. Pullan, The lunar fossil bulge hypothesis revisited, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 22 (1980) 29-35. [5] D.J. Stevenson, Origin and implications of the degree two lunar gravity field, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 32nd (2001) 1175. [6] I. Garrick-Bethell, et al., Structure and formation of the lunar farside highlands, Science 330 (2010) 949-951.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Deficiencies of Early Components of the Complement Classical Pathway

PubMed Central

Macedo, Ana Catarina Lunz; Isaac, Lourdes

2016-01-01

The complement system plays an important role in the innate and acquired immune response against pathogens. It consists of more than 30 proteins found in soluble form or attached to cell membranes. Most complement proteins circulate in inactive forms and can be sequentially activated by the classical, alternative, or lectin pathways. Biological functions, such as opsonization, removal of apoptotic cells, adjuvant function, activation of B lymphocytes, degranulation of mast cells and basophils, and solubilization and clearance of immune complex and cell lysis, are dependent on complement activation. Although the activation of the complement system is important to avoid infections, it also can contribute to the inflammatory response triggered by immune complex deposition in tissues in autoimmune diseases. Paradoxically, the deficiency of early complement proteins from the classical pathway (CP) is strongly associated with development of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) – mainly C1q deficiency (93%) and C4 deficiency (75%). The aim of this review is to focus on the deficiencies of early components of the CP (C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, and C2) proteins in SLE patients. PMID:26941740

Monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1) kinase promotes production of closed MAD2 (C-MAD2) conformer and assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex.

PubMed

Tipton, Aaron R; Ji, Wenbin; Sturt-Gillespie, Brianne; Bekier, Michael E; Wang, Kexi; Taylor, William R; Liu, Song-Tao

2013-12-06

MPS1 kinase is an essential component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), but its functioning mechanisms are not fully understood. We have shown recently that direct interaction between BUBR1 and MAD2 is critical for assembly and function of the human mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), the SAC effector. Here we report that inhibition of MPS1 kinase activity by reversine disrupts BUBR1-MAD2 as well as CDC20-MAD2 interactions, causing premature activation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. The effect of MPS1 inhibition is likely due to reduction of closed MAD2 (C-MAD2), as expressing a MAD2 mutant (MAD2(L13A)) that is locked in the C conformation rescued the checkpoint defects. In the presence of reversine, exogenous C-MAD2 does not localize to unattached kinetochores but is still incorporated into the MCC. Contrary to a previous report, we found that sustained MPS1 activity is required for maintaining both the MAD1·C-MAD2 complex and open MAD2 (O-MAD2) at unattached kinetochores to facilitate C-MAD2 production. Additionally, mitotic phosphorylation of BUBR1 is also affected by MPS1 inhibition but seems dispensable for MCC assembly. Our results support the notion that MPS1 kinase promotes C-MAD2 production and subsequent MCC assembly to activate the SAC.

A simple hydrogen-bonded chain in (3Z)-3-{1-[(5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino]ethylidene}-4,5-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one, and a hydrogen-bonded ribbon of centrosymmetric rings in the self-assembled adduct (3Z)-3-{1-[(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino]ethylidene}-4,5-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (1/1).

PubMed

Quiroga, Jairo; Portilla, Jaime; Cobo, Justo; Glidewell, Christopher

2010-01-01

(3Z)-3-{1-[(5-Phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino]ethylidene}-4,5-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one, C(15)H(15)N(3)O(2), (I), and the stoichiometric adduct (3Z)-3-{1-[(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino]ethylidene}-4,5-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (1/1), C(10)H(13)N(3)O(2).C(10)H(13)N(3)O(2), (II), in which the two components have the same composition but different constitutions, are formed in the reactions of 2-acetyl-4-butyrolactone with 5-amino-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole and 5-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazole, respectively. In each compound, the furanone component contains an intramolecular N-H...O hydrogen bond. The molecules of (I) are linked into a chain by a single intermolecular N-H...O hydrogen bond, while in (II), a combination of one O-H...N hydrogen bond, within the selected asymmetric unit, and two N-H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecular components into a ribbon containing alternating centrosymmetric R(4)(4)(20) and R(6)(6)(22) rings.

Determination of astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters in the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis by LC-(APCI)MS and characterization of predominant carotenoid isomers by NMR spectroscopy.

PubMed

Holtin, Karsten; Kuehnle, Maximilian; Rehbein, Jens; Schuler, Paul; Nicholson, Graeme; Albert, Klaus

2009-11-01

The oily product ZANTHIN consists of natural astaxanthin, which is manufactured from the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis by supercritical CO(2) extraction. An HPLC method was developed to separate all of the components of the complex astaxanthin extract using a C(30) column. The separation resulted in different isomers of astaxanthin accompanied by two other carotenoids. The main component consisted of astaxanthin singly esterified with several different fatty acids. C18:3, C18:2, C18:1 and C16:0 were identified as the most commonly occurring fatty acids. Doubly esterified astaxanthin was also found, although in lower concentrations compared to singly esterified astaxanthin. After performing a detailed fatty acid analysis by GC-MS, the peaks from the extract were assigned via HPLC-MS. A trans to cis transmutation of the all-trans compound was performed by thermal treatment in order to obtain an enrichment of cis isomers as the basis for unambiguous identification via NMR experiments. The all-trans as well as the 9- and 13-cis isomers of astaxanthin were characterized in detail by UV/Vis, (1)H, and (1)H,(1)H COSY NMR spectroscopy.

[Analysis of the character of film decomposition of methyl methacrylate (MMA) coated urea by infrared spectrum].

PubMed

Li, Dong-po; Wu, Zhi-jie; Liang, Cheng-hua; Chen, Li-jun; Zhang, Yu-lan; Nie, Yan-xi

2012-03-01

The degradability characteristics of film with 4 kinds of methyl methacrylate coated urea amended with inhibitors were analyzed by FITR, which was purposed to supply theoretical basis for applying the FITR analysis method to film decomposition and methyl methacrylate coated urea fertilizers on farming. The result showed that the chemical component, molecule structure and material form of the membrane were not changed because of adding different inhibitors to urea. the main peaks of expressing film degradation process were brought by the -C-H of CH3 & CH2, -OH, C-O, C-C, C-O-C, C=O, C=C flexing vibrancy in asymmetry and symmetry in 3 479-3 195, 2 993--2 873, 1 741-1 564, 1 461-925 and 850-650 cm(-1). The peak value changed from smooth to tip, and from width to narrow caused by chemical structural transform of film The infrared spectrum of 4 kinds of fertilizers was not different remarkably before 60 days, and the film was slowly degraded. But degradation of the film was expedited after 60 days, it was most quickened at 120 day, and the decomposition rate of film was decreased at 310 day. The substantiality change of film in main molecule structure of 4 kinds of fertilizers didn't happen in 310 days. The main component of film materials was degraded most slowly in brown soil. The speed of film degradation wasn't heavily impacted by different inhibitors. The characteristic of film degradation may be monitored entirely by infrared spectrum. The degradation dynamic, chemical structure change, degradation speed difference of the film could be represented through infrared spectrum.

THE INHIBITION OF PLASMIN, PLASMA KALLIKREIN, PLASMA PERMEABILITY FACTOR, AND THE C'1r SUBCOMPONENT OF THE FIRST COMPONENT OF COMPLEMENT BY SERUM C'1 ESTERASE INHIBITOR

PubMed Central

Ratnoff, Oscar D.; Pensky, Jack; Ogston, Derek; Naff, George B.

1969-01-01

The fraction of human serum designated as C'1 esterase inhibitor is known to inhibit the action of C'1 esterase, a plasma kallikrein, and PF/Dil, an enzyme in plasma enhancing cutaneous vascular permeability. In the present study, C'1 esterase inhibitor has been found to block the actions of plasmin and the C'1r subcomponent of the first component of complement, and to retard the generation of PF/Dil. No inhibition of blood clotting or of the generation of plasmin was demonstrable. PMID:4178758

Prediction of the PVTx and VLE properties of natural gases with a general Helmholtz equation of state. Part I: Application to the CH4-C2H6-C3H8-CO2-N2 system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mao, Shide; Lü, Mengxin; Shi, Zeming

2017-12-01

A general equation of state (EOS) explicit in Helmholtz free energy has been developed to predict the pressure-volume-temperature-composition (PVTx) and vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) properties of the CH4-C2H6-C3H8-CO2-N2 fluid mixtures (main components of natural gases). This EOS, which is a function of temperature, density and composition, with four mixing parameters used, is based on the improved EOS of Sun and Ely (2004) for the pure components (CH4, C2H6, C3H8, CO2 and N2) and contains a simple generalized departure function presented by Lemmon and Jacobsen (1999). Comparison with the experimental data available indicates that the EOS can calculate the PVTx and VLE properties of the CH4-C2H6-C3H8-CO2-N2 fluid mixtures within or close to experimental uncertainties up to 623 K and 1000 bar within full range of composition. Isochores of the CH4-C2H6-C3H8-CO2-N2 system can be directly calculated from this EOS to interpret the corresponding microthermometric and Raman analysis data of fluid inclusions. The general EOS can calculate other thermodynamic properties if the ideal Helmholtz free energy of fluids is combined, and can also be extended to the multi-component natural gases including the secondary alkanes (carbon number above three) and none-alkane components such as H2S, SO2, O2, CO, Ar and H2O. This part of work will be finished in the near future.

Phase Equilibria and Transport Properties in the Systems AgNO3/RCN/H2O. R = CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H,, C6H5, and C6H5CH2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Surjya P.; Wittekopf, Burghard; Weil, Konrad G.

1988-11-01

Silver nitrate can form homogeneous liquid phases with some organic nitriles and water, even when there is no miscibility between the pure liquid components. We determined the shapes of the single phase regions in the ternary phase diagram for the following systems: silver nitrate /RCN /H2O with R =CH3, C3H7, C6H5, and C6H5CH2 at room temperature and for R =C6H5 also at 60 °C and O °C. Furthermore we studied kinematic viscosities, electrical conductivities, and densities of mixtures containing silver nitrate, RCN, and water with the mole ratios X /4 /1 (0.2≦ X ≦S 3.4). In these cases also R = C2H5 and C4H9 were studied. The organic nitriles show different dependences of viscosity and conductivity on the silver nitrate content from the aliphatic ones.

Combined total deficiency of C7 and C4B with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

PubMed Central

Segurado, O G; Arnaiz-Villena, A A; Iglesias-Casarrubios, P; Martinez-Laso, J; Vicario, J L; Fontan, G; Lopez-Trascasa, M

1992-01-01

The first inherited combined total deficiency of C7 and C4B complement components associated with SLE is described in a young female. Functional C7 assays showed a homozygous C7 deficiency in the propositus and her sister, and an heterozygous one in their parents. C4 molecular analyses showed that both the propositus and her mother had two HLA haplotypes carrying only C4A-specific DNA sequences and a normal C4 gene number. Thus, only C4A proteins could be expressed, with resultant normal C4 serum levels. The coexistence of a combined complete C7 and C4B deficiency may therefore abrogate essential functions of the complement cascade presumably related to immune complex handling and solubilization despite an excess of circulating C4A. These findings challenge the putative pathophysiological roles of C4A and C4B and stress the need to perform both functional assays and C4 allotyping in patients with autoimmune pathology and low haemolytic activity without low serum levels of a classical pathway complement component. Images Fig. 1 Fig. 2 PMID:1347491

APC/C--the master controller of origin licensing?

PubMed

Sivaprasad, Umasundari; Machida, Yuichi J; Dutta, Anindya

2007-02-23

DNA replication must be tightly controlled to prevent initiation of a second round of replication until mitosis is complete. So far, components of the pre-replicative complex (Cdt1, Cdc6 and geminin) were considered key players in this regulation. In a new study, Machida and Dutta have shown that depletion of Emi1 caused cells to replicate their DNA more than once per cell cycle 1. This effect was dependent on the ability of Emi1 to inhibit the APC/C. In addition to its role in regulating entry into mitosis, oscillation of APC/C activity regulates pre-RC formation: high APC/C activity in late M/G1 allows pre-RC formation and low APC/C activity in S/G2 prevents pre-RC formation for a second time thereby preventing rereplication. Each redundant pathway to prevent rereplication is dependent on regulating one of the pre-RC components, and all of the pathways are co-regulated by Emi1 through the APC/C. In this commentary we discuss how this new role of Emi1 adds to our understanding of the regulation of replication initiation. We also review the literature to analyze whether APC/C has a role in regulating endoreduplication (a normal state of polyploidy in some differentiated cells). Similarly a role of premature APC/C activation in genomic instability of tumors is discussed.

Characterization of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and relationships among PARAFAC components and water quality parameters in Heilongjiang, China.

PubMed

Cui, Hongyang; Shi, Jianhong; Qiu, Linlin; Zhao, Yue; Wei, Zimin; Wang, Xinglei; Jia, Liming; Li, Jiming

2016-05-01

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is an important optically active substance that can transports nutrients and pollutants from terrestrial to aquatic systems. Additionally, it is used as a measure of water quality. To investigate the source and composition of CDOM, we used chemical and fluorescent analyses to characterize CDOM in Heilongjiang. The composition of CDOM can be investigated by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). PARAFAC identified four individual components that were attributed to microbial humic-like (C1) and terrestrial humic-like (C2-4) in water samples collected from the Heilongjiang River. The relationships between the maximum fluorescence intensities of the four PARAFAC components and the water quality parameters indicate that the dynamic of the four components is related to nutrients in the Heilongjiang River. The relationships between the fluorescence component C3 and the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) indicates that component C3 makes a great contribution to BOD5 and it can be used as a carbon source for microbes in the Heilongjiang River. Furthermore, the relationships between component C3, the particulate organic carbon (POC), and the chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) show that component C3 and POC make great contributions to BOD5 and CODMn. The use of these indexes along with PARAFAC results would be of help to characterize the co-variation between the CDOM and water quality parameters in the Heilongjiang River.

Dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter influenced by hydrological conditions in a large, shallow, and eutrophic lake in China.

PubMed

Zhou, Yongqiang; Zhang, Yunlin; Shi, Kun; Liu, Xiaohan; Niu, Cheng

2015-09-01

High concentrations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are terrestrially derived from upstream tributaries to Lake Taihu, China, and are influenced by hydrological conditions of the upstream watershed. To investigate how the dynamics of CDOM in Lake Taihu are influenced by upstream inflow runoff, four sampling cruises, differing in hydrological conditions, were undertaken in the lake and its three major tributaries, rivers Yincun, Dapu, and Changdou. CDOM absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and stable isotope δ(13)C and δ(15)N measurements were conducted to characterize the dynamics of CDOM. The mean absorption coefficient a(350) collected from the three river profiles (5.15 ± 1.92 m(-1)) was significantly higher than that of the lake (2.95 ± 1.88 m(-1)), indicating that the upstream rivers carried a substantial load of CDOM to the lake. This finding was substantiated by the exclusively terrestrial signal exhibited by the level of δ(13)C (-26.23 ± 0.49‰) of CDOM samples collected from the rivers. Mean a(350) and COD in Lake Taihu were significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season (t test, p < 0.0001), suggesting that the abundance of CDOM in the lake is strongly influenced by hydrological conditions of the watershed. Four components were identified by parallel factor analysis, including two protein-like components (C1 and C2), a terrestrial humic-like component (C3), and a microbial humic-like (C4) component. The contribution percentage of the two humic-like components relative to the summed fluorescence intensity of the four components (C humic) increased significantly from the dry to the wet season. This seasonal difference in contribution further substantiated that an enhanced rainfall followed by an elevated inflow runoff in the lake watershed in the wet season may result in an increase in humic-like substances being discharged into the lake compared to that in the dry season. This finding was further supported by an elevated a(250)/a(365) of CDOM samples collected in the lake in the wet season than in the dry season. Significantly higher mean levels of C3 and a(350) were recorded for CDOM samples collected from River Yincun than those from rivers Dapu and Changdou, differing in seasons, suggesting the significance of terrestrial CDOM input from River Yincun.

A Co3O4-CDots-C3N4 three component electrocatalyst design concept for efficient and tunable CO2 reduction to syngas.

PubMed

Guo, Sijie; Zhao, Siqi; Wu, Xiuqin; Li, Hao; Zhou, Yunjie; Zhu, Cheng; Yang, Nianjun; Jiang, Xin; Gao, Jin; Bai, Liang; Liu, Yang; Lifshitz, Yeshayahu; Lee, Shuit-Tong; Kang, Zhenhui

2017-11-28

Syngas, a CO and H 2 mixture mostly generated from non-renewable fossil fuels, is an essential feedstock for production of liquid fuels. Electrochemical reduction of CO 2 and H + /H 2 O is an alternative renewable route to produce syngas. Here we introduce the concept of coupling a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst with a CDots/C 3 N 4 composite (a CO 2 reduction catalyst) to achieve a cheap, stable, selective and efficient route for tunable syngas production. Co 3 O 4 , MoS 2 , Au and Pt serve as the HER component. The Co 3 O 4 -CDots-C 3 N 4 electrocatalyst is found to be the most efficient among the combinations studied. The H 2 /CO ratio of the produced syngas is tunable from 0.07:1 to 4:1 by controlling the potential. This catalyst is highly stable for syngas generation (over 100 h) with no other products besides CO and H 2 . Insight into the mechanisms balancing between CO 2 reduction and H 2 evolution when applying the HER-CDots-C 3 N 4 catalyst concept is provided.

Biomechanical behavior of 2-implant-and single-implant-retained mandibular overdentures with conventional or mini implants.

PubMed

Pisani, Marina Xavier; Presotto, Anna Gabriella Camacho; Mesquita, Marcelo Ferraz; Barão, Valentim Adelino Ricardo; Kemmoku, Daniel Takanori; Del Bel Cury, Altair Antoninha

2018-04-24

The use of single or mini dental implants to retain mandibular overdentures is still questionable. The purpose of this finite element analysis (FEA) study was to investigate the biomechanical behavior of 2- and single-implant-retained mandibular overdentures with conventional or mini implants. Four 3-dimensional (3D) finite element models were constructed with the following designs of mandibular overdentures: 2 (group 2-C) and single (group 1-C) conventional external hexagon implants with ball or O-ring attachment and 2 (group 2-M) and single (group 1-M) 1-piece mini implants. A 150-N axial load was applied bilaterally and simultaneously on the first molar. Overdenture displacement, von Mises equivalent stress (implants and/or prosthetic components), and maximum principal stresses (peri-implant bone) were recorded numerically and then color-coded and compared among the groups. The overdenture displacement (in mm) was higher for the 1-M (0.16) and 2-M (0.17) groups when compared with 1-C (0.09) and 2-C (0.08). Irrespective of the type of implant, the single-implant groups presented higher values of stress (in MPa) on the implants than did the 2-implant groups (1-C=52.53; 1-M=2.95; 2-C=34.66; 2-M=2.37), ball attachment (1-C=201.33; 2-C=159.06), housing or O-ring (1-C=125.01; 1-M=1.96; 2-C=88.84; 2-M=1.27), and peri-implant cortical bone (1-C=19.37; 1-M=1.47; 2-C=15.70; 2-M=1.06). The mini implant overdentures presented lower stress values on the implants, housing or O-ring, and peri-implant bone than did the conventional implant overdentures, regardless of the number of implants. The 2-implant-retained overdentures exhibited lower stresses than the single- implant-retained overdentures, irrespective of the type of implant. The mini implants demonstrated higher overdenture displacement and lower stresses than did conventional implant overdentures for single- and 2-implant-retained overdentures. Copyright © 2018 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biotransformation and Rearrangement of Laromustine.

PubMed

Nassar, Alaa-Eldin F; Wisnewski, Adam V; King, Ivan

2016-08-01

This review highlights the recent research into the biotransformations and rearrangement of the sulfonylhydrazine-alkylating agent laromustine. Incubation of [(14)C]laromustine with rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes produced eight radioactive components (C-1 to C-8). There was little difference in the metabolite profile among the species examined, partly because NADPH was not required for the formation of most components, which instead involved decomposition and/or hydrolysis. The exception was C-7, a hydroxylated metabolite, largely formed by CYP2B6 and CYP3A4/5. Liquid chromatography-multistage mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) studies determined that collision-induced dissociation, and not biotransformation or enzyme catalysis, produced the unique mass spectral rearrangement. Accurate mass measurements performed with a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR-MS) significantly aided determination of the elemental compositions of the fragments and in the case of laromustine revealed the possibility of rearrangement. Further, collision-induced dissociation produced the loss of nitrogen (N2) and methylsulfonyl and methyl isocyanate moieties. The rearrangement, metabolite/decomposition products, and conjugation reactions were analyzed utilizing hydrogen-deuterium exchange, exact mass, (13)C-labeled laromustine, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and LC-MS(n) experiments to assist with the assignments of these fragments and possible mechanistic rearrangement. Such techniques produced valuable insights into these functions: 1) Cytochrome P450 is involved in C-7 formation but plays little or no role in the conversion of [(14)C]laromustine to C-1 through C-6 and C-8; 2) the relative abundance of individual degradation/metabolite products was not species-dependent; and 3) laromustine produces several reactive intermediates that may produce the toxicities seen in the clinical trials. Copyright © 2016 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

Chloroquine Analog Interaction with C2- and Iota-Toxin in Vitro and in Living Cells.

PubMed

Kronhardt, Angelika; Beitzinger, Christoph; Barth, Holger; Benz, Roland

2016-08-10

C2-toxin from Clostridium botulinum and Iota-toxin from Clostridium perfringens belong both to the binary A-B-type of toxins consisting of two separately secreted components, an enzymatic subunit A and a binding component B that facilitates the entry of the corresponding enzymatic subunit into the target cells. The enzymatic subunits are in both cases actin ADP-ribosyltransferases that modify R177 of globular actin finally leading to cell death. Following their binding to host cells' receptors and internalization, the two binding components form heptameric channels in endosomal membranes which mediate the translocation of the enzymatic components Iota a and C2I from endosomes into the cytosol of the target cells. The binding components form ion-permeable channels in artificial and biological membranes. Chloroquine and related 4-aminoquinolines were able to block channel formation in vitro and intoxication of living cells. In this study, we extended our previous work to the use of different chloroquine analogs and demonstrate that positively charged aminoquinolinium salts are able to block channels formed in lipid bilayer membranes by the binding components of C2- and Iota-toxin. Similarly, these molecules protect cultured mammalian cells from intoxication with C2- and Iota-toxin. The aminoquinolinium salts did presumably not interfere with actin ADP-ribosylation or receptor binding but blocked the pores formed by C2IIa and Iota b in living cells and in vitro. The blocking efficiency of pores formed by Iota b and C2IIa by the chloroquine analogs showed interesting differences indicating structural variations between the types of protein-conducting nanochannels formed by Iota b and C2IIa.

Chloroquine Analog Interaction with C2- and Iota-Toxin in Vitro and in Living Cells

PubMed Central

Kronhardt, Angelika; Beitzinger, Christoph; Barth, Holger; Benz, Roland

2016-01-01

C2-toxin from Clostridium botulinum and Iota-toxin from Clostridium perfringens belong both to the binary A-B-type of toxins consisting of two separately secreted components, an enzymatic subunit A and a binding component B that facilitates the entry of the corresponding enzymatic subunit into the target cells. The enzymatic subunits are in both cases actin ADP-ribosyltransferases that modify R177 of globular actin finally leading to cell death. Following their binding to host cells’ receptors and internalization, the two binding components form heptameric channels in endosomal membranes which mediate the translocation of the enzymatic components Iota a and C2I from endosomes into the cytosol of the target cells. The binding components form ion-permeable channels in artificial and biological membranes. Chloroquine and related 4-aminoquinolines were able to block channel formation in vitro and intoxication of living cells. In this study, we extended our previous work to the use of different chloroquine analogs and demonstrate that positively charged aminoquinolinium salts are able to block channels formed in lipid bilayer membranes by the binding components of C2- and Iota-toxin. Similarly, these molecules protect cultured mammalian cells from intoxication with C2- and Iota-toxin. The aminoquinolinium salts did presumably not interfere with actin ADP-ribosylation or receptor binding but blocked the pores formed by C2IIa and Iota b in living cells and in vitro. The blocking efficiency of pores formed by Iota b and C2IIa by the chloroquine analogs showed interesting differences indicating structural variations between the types of protein-conducting nanochannels formed by Iota b and C2IIa. PMID:27517960

Tailored ß-Cyclodextrin Blocks the Translocation Pores of Binary Exotoxins from C. Botulinum and C. Perfringens and Protects Cells from Intoxication

PubMed Central

Nestorovich, Ekaterina M.; Karginov, Vladimir A.; Popoff, Michel R.; Bezrukov, Sergey M.; Barth, Holger

2011-01-01

Background Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin are binary exotoxins, which ADP-ribosylate actin in the cytosol of mammalian cells and thereby destroy the cytoskeleton. C2 and iota toxin consists of two individual proteins, an enzymatic active (A-) component and a separate receptor binding and translocation (B-) component. The latter forms a complex with the A-component on the surface of target cells and after receptor-mediated endocytosis, it mediates the translocation of the A-component from acidified endosomal vesicles into the cytosol. To this end, the B-components form heptameric pores in endosomal membranes, which serve as translocation channels for the A-components. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we demonstrate that a 7-fold symmetrical positively charged ß-cyclodextrin derivative, per-6-S-(3-aminomethyl)benzylthio-ß-cyclodextrin, protects cultured cells from intoxication with C2 and iota toxins in a concentration-dependent manner starting at low micromolar concentrations. We discovered that the compound inhibited the pH-dependent membrane translocation of the A-components of both toxins in intact cells. Consistently, the compound strongly blocked transmembrane channels formed by the B-components of C2 and iota toxin in planar lipid bilayers in vitro. With C2 toxin, we consecutively ruled out all other possible inhibitory mechanisms showing that the compound did not interfere with the binding of the toxin to the cells or with the enzyme activity of the A-component. Conclusions/Significance The described ß-cyclodextrin derivative was previously identified as one of the most potent inhibitors of the binary lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis both in vitro and in vivo, implying that it might represent a broad-spectrum inhibitor of binary pore-forming exotoxins from pathogenic bacteria. PMID:21887348

Global carbon budget 2014

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Quéré, C.; Moriarty, R.; Andrew, R. M.; Peters, G. P.; Ciais, P.; Friedlingstein, P.; Jones, S. D.; Sitch, S.; Tans, P.; Arneth, A.; Boden, T. A.; Bopp, L.; Bozec, Y.; Canadell, J. G.; Chini, L. P.; Chevallier, F.; Cosca, C. E.; Harris, I.; Hoppema, M.; Houghton, R. A.; House, J. I.; Jain, A. K.; Johannessen, T.; Kato, E.; Keeling, R. F.; Kitidis, V.; Klein Goldewijk, K.; Koven, C.; Landa, C. S.; Landschützer, P.; Lenton, A.; Lima, I. D.; Marland, G.; Mathis, J. T.; Metzl, N.; Nojiri, Y.; Olsen, A.; Ono, T.; Peng, S.; Peters, W.; Pfeil, B.; Poulter, B.; Raupach, M. R.; Regnier, P.; Rödenbeck, C.; Saito, S.; Salisbury, J. E.; Schuster, U.; Schwinger, J.; Séférian, R.; Segschneider, J.; Steinhoff, T.; Stocker, B. D.; Sutton, A. J.; Takahashi, T.; Tilbrook, B.; van der Werf, G. R.; Viovy, N.; Wang, Y.-P.; Wanninkhof, R.; Wiltshire, A.; Zeng, N.

2015-05-01

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover-change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2004-2013), EFF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 2.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2013 alone, EFF grew to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.3% above 2012, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2013, reflecting a steady increase in EFF and smaller and opposite changes between SOCEAN and SLAND compared to the past decade (2004-2013). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 395.31 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.5% (1.3-3.5%) to 10.1 ± 0.6 GtC in 2014 (37.0 ± 2.2 GtCO2 yr-1), 65% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2014, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 545 ± 55 GtC (2000 ± 200 GtCO2) for 1870-2014, about 75% from EFF and 25% from ELUC. This paper documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this living data set (Le Quéré et al., 2013, 2014). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2014).

Crystal Structure of the C-terminal Region of Streptococcus mutans Antigen I/II and Characterization of Salivary Agglutinin Adherence Domains

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Larson, Matthew R.; Rajashankar, Kanagalaghatta R.; Crowley, Paula J.

2012-05-29

The Streptococcus mutans antigen I/II (AgI/II) is a cell surface-localized protein that adheres to salivary components and extracellular matrix molecules. Here we report the 2.5 {angstrom} resolution crystal structure of the complete C-terminal region of AgI/II. The C-terminal region is comprised of three major domains: C{sub 1}, C{sub 2}, and C{sub 3}. Each domain adopts a DE-variant IgG fold, with two {beta}-sheets whose A and F strands are linked through an intramolecular isopeptide bond. The adherence of the C-terminal AgI/II fragments to the putative tooth surface receptor salivary agglutinin (SAG), as monitored by surface plasmon resonance, indicated that the minimalmore » region of binding was contained within the first and second DE-variant-IgG domains (C{sub 1} and C{sub 2}) of the C terminus. The minimal C-terminal region that could inhibit S. mutans adherence to SAG was also confirmed to be within the C{sub 1} and C{sub 2} domains. Competition experiments demonstrated that the C- and N-terminal regions of AgI/II adhere to distinct sites on SAG. A cleft formed at the intersection between these C{sub 1} and C{sub 2} domains bound glucose molecules from the cryo-protectant solution, revealing a putative binding site for its highly glycosylated receptor SAG. Finally, electron microscopy images confirmed the elongated structure of AgI/II and enabled building a composite tertiary model that encompasses its two distinct binding regions.« less

Crystal structures of three co-crystals of 1,2-bis-(pyridin-4-yl)ethane with 4-alk-oxy-benzoic acids: 4-eth-oxy-benzoic acid-1,2-bis-(pyridin-4-yl)ethane (2/1), 4-n-propoxybenzoic acid-1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane (2/1) and 4-n-but-oxy-benzoic acid-1,2-bis-(pyridin-4-yl)ethane (2/1).

PubMed

Tabuchi, Yohei; Gotoh, Kazuma; Ishida, Hiroyuki

2015-11-01

The crystal structures of three hydrogen-bonded co-crystals of 4-alk-oxy-benzoic acid-1,2-bis-(pyridin-4-yl)ethane (2/1), namely, 2C9H10O3·C12H12N2, (I), 2C10H12O3·C12H12N2, (II), and 2C11H14O3·C12H12N2, (III), have been determined at 93, 290 and 93 K, respectively. In (I), the asymmetric unit consists of one 4-eth-oxy-benzoic acid mol-ecule and one half-mol-ecule of 1,2-bis-(pyridin-4-yl)ethane, which lies on an inversion centre. In (II) and (III), the asymmetric units each comprise two crystallographically independent 4-alk-oxy-benzoic acid mol-ecules and one 1,2-bis-(pyridin-4-yl)ethane mol-ecule. In each crystal, the two components are linked by O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a linear hydrogen-bonded 2:1unit of the acid and the base. Similar to the structure of 2:1 unit of (I), the units of (II) and (III) adopt nearly pseudo-inversion symmetry. The 2:1 units of (I), (II) and (III) are linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming tape structures.

Isopycnic Phases and Structures in H2O/CO2/Ethoxylated Alcohol Surfactant Mixtures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Paulaitis, Michael E.; Zielinski, Richard G.; Kaler, Eric W.

1996-01-01

Ternary mixtures of H2O and CO2 with ethoxylated alcohol (C(i)E(j)) surfactants can form three coexisting liquid phases at conditions where two of the phases have the same density (isopycnic phases). Isopycnic phase behavior has been observed for mixtures containing the surfactants C8E5, C10E6, and C12E6, but not for those mixtures containing either C4E1 or CgE3. Pressure-temperature (PT) projections for this isopycnic three-phase equilibrium were determined for H2O/CO2/C8E5 and H2O/CO2/C10E6 mixtures at temperatures from approximately 25 to 33 C and pressures between 90 and 350 bar. As a preliminary to measuring the microstructure in isopycnic three component mixtures, phase behavior and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were performed on mixtures of D2O/CO2/ n-hexaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether (C12E6) as a function of temperature (25-31 C), pressure (63.1-90.7 bar), and CO2 composition (0-3.9 wt%). Parameters extracted from model fits of the SANS spectra indicate that, while micellar structure remains essentially unchanged, critical concentration fluctuations increase as the phase boundary and plait point are approached.

Accessing the application of in situ cosmogenic 14C to surface exposure dating of amorphous SiO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cesta, J. M.; Goehring, B. M.; Ward, D. J.

2017-12-01

We assess the feasibility and utility of in situ cosmogenic 14C as a geochronometer for landforms composed of amorphous SiO2 through the comparison of 14C surface exposure ages to independently determined eruption ages on Obsidian Dome, California. Landforms composed of amorphous SiO2 phases are difficult to date by conventional cosmogenic nuclide methods due to several complications that may arise (e.g., inability to remove meteoric contamination). The onset of an increased understanding of production rates and analytical measurement of in situ 14C in SiO2 provides an opportunity to address this limitation. Obsidian Dome is a 600-year-old phreatomagmatic dome of the Mono-Inyo Craters located in Inyo County, California, and consists of vesicular pumice, obsidian, and rhyolite. Exposure ages from eight obsidian and banded pumice and obsidian surface samples range from 3947 ± 678 to 914 ± 134 years, all significantly older than the accepted radiocarbon age of 650-550 years. δ13C values for the samples range between +2.65‰ and +1.34‰ and show a negative correlation with CO2 yield. The `too old' exposure ages coupled with this negative correlation between δ13C and CO2 yield suggests the incorporation of an atmospheric component of 14C. Measurement of 14C concentrations in shielded, subsurface samples will assist in isolating the atmospheric 14C component and aid in correcting the surface exposure ages.

Alternative Respiratory Pathway Component Genes (AOX and ND) in Rice and Barley and Their Response to Stress

PubMed Central

Dametto, Lettee; Shavrukov, Yuri; Jenkins, Colin L. D.

2018-01-01

Plants have a non-energy conserving bypass of the classical mitochondrial cytochrome c pathway, known as the alternative respiratory pathway (AP). This involves type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases (NDs) on both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane, ubiquinone, and the alternative oxidase (AOX). The AP components have been widely characterised from Arabidopsis, but little is known for monocot species. We have identified all the genes encoding components of the AP in rice and barley and found the key genes which respond to oxidative stress conditions. In both species, AOX is encoded by four genes; in rice OsAOX1a, 1c, 1d and 1e representing four clades, and in barley, HvAOX1a, 1c, 1d1 and 1d2, but no 1e. All three subfamilies of plant ND genes, NDA, NDB and NDC are present in both rice and barley, but there are fewer NDB genes compared to Arabidopsis. Cyanide treatment of both species, along with salt treatment of rice and drought treatment of barley led to enhanced expression of various AP components; there was a high level of co-expression of AOX1a and AOX1d, along with NDB3 during the stress treatments, reminiscent of the co-expression that has been well characterised in Arabidopsis for AtAOX1a and AtNDB2. PMID:29558397

Resource Recovery Technology Application Document.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-06-01

B-6 Electrostatic Precipitator (APC-C) ......................B-1O Venturi Scrubber (APC D) B-15 C Combustion Equipment (CE) C-1 Modular... Scrubber APC-D P. 1 of 4 CONTROLIII COMPONENT DESCRIPTION Types Available - Competing Components Type a. Venturi e. Moving bed Venturi b. Flooded disc f...Clean Gas to Demister (Used Separate Liquid from Gas Stream) / F C Scrubber Wall Liquid Inlet D Scrubber Liquid at Venturi Throat Inlet B E Venturi

Investigation of a Structural Phase Transition and Magnetic Structure of Na 2BaFe(VO 4) 2: A Triangular Magnetic Lattice with a Ferromagnetic Ground State

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanjeewa, Liurukara D.; Garlea, Vasile O.; McGuire, Michael A.

The structural and magnetic properties of a glaserite-type Na 2BaFe(VO 4) 2 compound, featuring a triangular magnetic lattice of Fe 2+ (S = 2), are reported. Temperature dependent X-ray single crystal studies indicate that at room temperature the system adopts a trigonal Pmore » $$\\bar{3}$$ m1 structure and undergoes a structural phase transition to a C2/c monoclinic phase slightly below room temperature (T s = 288 K). This structural transition involves a tilting of Fe–O–V bond angles and strongly influences the magnetic correlation within the Fe triangular lattice. The magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal a ferromagnetic transition near 7 K. Single crystal neutron diffraction confirms the structural distortion and the ferromagnetic spin ordering in Na 2BaFe(VO 4) 2. The magnetic structure of the ordered state is modeled in the magnetic space group C2'/c' that implies a ferromagnetic order of the a and c moment components and antiferromagnetic arrangement for the b components. Altogether, the Fe magnetic moments form ferromagnetic layers that are stacked along the c-axis, where the spins point along one of the (111) facets of the FeO 6 octahedron.« less

Investigation of a Structural Phase Transition and Magnetic Structure of Na 2BaFe(VO 4) 2: A Triangular Magnetic Lattice with a Ferromagnetic Ground State

DOE PAGES

Sanjeewa, Liurukara D.; Garlea, Vasile O.; McGuire, Michael A.; ...

2017-12-07

The structural and magnetic properties of a glaserite-type Na 2BaFe(VO 4) 2 compound, featuring a triangular magnetic lattice of Fe 2+ (S = 2), are reported. Temperature dependent X-ray single crystal studies indicate that at room temperature the system adopts a trigonal Pmore » $$\\bar{3}$$ m1 structure and undergoes a structural phase transition to a C2/c monoclinic phase slightly below room temperature (T s = 288 K). This structural transition involves a tilting of Fe–O–V bond angles and strongly influences the magnetic correlation within the Fe triangular lattice. The magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal a ferromagnetic transition near 7 K. Single crystal neutron diffraction confirms the structural distortion and the ferromagnetic spin ordering in Na 2BaFe(VO 4) 2. The magnetic structure of the ordered state is modeled in the magnetic space group C2'/c' that implies a ferromagnetic order of the a and c moment components and antiferromagnetic arrangement for the b components. Altogether, the Fe magnetic moments form ferromagnetic layers that are stacked along the c-axis, where the spins point along one of the (111) facets of the FeO 6 octahedron.« less

Clostridial Binary Toxins: Iota and C2 Family Portraits

PubMed Central

Stiles, Bradley G.; Wigelsworth, Darran J.; Popoff, Michel R.; Barth, Holger

2011-01-01

There are many pathogenic Clostridium species with diverse virulence factors that include protein toxins. Some of these bacteria, such as C. botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringens, and C. spiroforme, cause enteric problems in animals as well as humans. These often fatal diseases can partly be attributed to binary protein toxins that follow a classic AB paradigm. Within a targeted cell, all clostridial binary toxins destroy filamentous actin via mono-ADP-ribosylation of globular actin by the A component. However, much less is known about B component binding to cell-surface receptors. These toxins share sequence homology amongst themselves and with those produced by another Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium also commonly associated with soil and disease: Bacillus anthracis. This review focuses upon the iota and C2 families of clostridial binary toxins and includes: (1) basics of the bacterial source; (2) toxin biochemistry; (3) sophisticated cellular uptake machinery; and (4) host–cell responses following toxin-mediated disruption of the cytoskeleton. In summary, these protein toxins aid diverse enteric species within the genus Clostridium. PMID:22919577

Screening of immunomodulatory components in Yu-ping-feng-san using splenocyte binding and HPLC.

PubMed

Hong, Min; Wang, Xin-zhi; Wang, Liang; Hua, Yong-qing; Wen, Hong-mei; Duan, Jin-ao

2011-01-05

Yu-ping-feng-san (YPFS) is a widely used immunomodulatory herbal medication used in traditional Chinese medicine, but the active molecules remain obscure. To screen for bioactive components we combined splenocyte binding with high performance liquid chromatography (SB-HPLC). After enrichment by splenocyte binding, two YPFS components (C1 and C2) were analyzed by HPLC. Compound C2 was identified as linoleic acid (LA) based on UV absorption and mass spectrometry. Silica gel chromatography was used to purify compound C1 from Radix Saposhnikoviae, a major constituent of YPFS. This allowed identification of the molecule as panaxynol (PAN) based on EI-MS and NMR spectrometry. Bioassay in vitro demonstrated that PAN significantly inhibited splenocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A (ConA) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas LA had no significant effect on splenocyte proliferation. In vivo, PAN was found to attenuate allergic contact dermatitis in a mouse model of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), a pharmacological activity not previously reported for this molecule. It is suggested that PAN contributes to the anti-DTH effects of YPFS. SB-HPLC provides a rapid and efficient method for the identification of potential immunomodulatory components in traditional Chinese medicines. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Apolipoprotein E4 (1–272) fragment is associated with mitochondrial proteins and affects mitochondrial function in neuronal cells

PubMed Central

Nakamura, Toshiyuki; Watanabe, Atsushi; Fujino, Takahiro; Hosono, Takashi; Michikawa, Makoto

2009-01-01

Background Apolipoprotein E allele ε4 (apoE4) is a strong risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Secreted apoE has a critical function in redistributing lipids among central nervous system cells to maintain normal lipid homeostasis. In addition, previous reports have shown that apoE4 is cleaved by a protease in neurons to generate apoE4(1–272) fragment, which is associated with neurofibrillary tanglelike structures and mitochondria, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it still remains unclear how the apoE fragment associates with mitochondria and induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Results To clarify the molecular mechanism, we carried out experiments to identify intracellular apoE-binding molecules and their functions in modulating mitochondria function. Here, we found that apoE4 binds to ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase core protein 2 (UQCRC2) and cytochrome C1, both of which are components of mitochondrial respiratory complex III, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 (COX IV 1), which is a component of complex IV, in Neuro-2a cells. Interestingly, these proteins associated with apoE4(1–272) more strongly than intact apoE4(1–299). Further analysis showed that in Neuro-2a cells expressing apoE4(1–272), the enzymatic activities of mitochondrial respiratory complexes III and IV were significantly lower than those in Neuro-2a cells expressing apoE4(1–299). Conclusion ApoE4(1–272) fragment expressed in Neuro2a cells is associated with mitochondrial proteins, UQCRC2 and cytochrome C1, which are component of respiratory complex III, and with COX IV 1, which is a member of complex IV. Overexpression of apoE4(1–272) fragment impairs activities of complex III and IV. These results suggest that the C-terminal-truncated fragment of apoE4 binds to mitochondrial complexes and affects their activities, and thereby leading to neurodegeneration. PMID:19695092

Analysis of inflammasomes and antiviral sensing components reveals decreased expression of NLRX1 in HIV-positive patients assuming efficient antiretroviral therapy.

PubMed

Nasi, Milena; De Biasi, Sara; Bianchini, Elena; Digaetano, Margherita; Pinti, Marcello; Gibellini, Lara; Pecorini, Simone; Carnevale, Gianluca; Guaraldi, Giovanni; Borghi, Vanni; Mussini, Cristina; Cossarizza, Andrea

2015-09-24

Few studies have investigated the importance of different components of the inflammasome system and of innate mitochondrial sensing (IMS) pathways in HIV infection and its treatment. We analysed the expression of several components of the inflammasome and of the IMS in HIV-positive patients taking successful combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We enrolled 20 HIV-positive patients under cART, who achieved viral suppression since at least 10 months and 20 age and sex-matched healthy donors. By RT-PCR, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we quantified the mRNA expression of 16 genes involved in inflammasome activation and regulation (AIM2, NAIP, PYCARD, CASP1, CASP5, NLRP6, NLRP1, NLRP3, TXNIP, BCL2, NLRC4, PANX1, P2RX7, IL-18, IL-1β, SUGT1) and eight genes involved in IMS (MFN2, MFN1, cGAS, RIG-I, MAVS, NLRX1, RAB32, STING). Compared with controls, HIV-positive patients showed significantly lower mRNA levels of the mitochondrial protein NLRX1, which plays a key role in regulating apoptotic cell death; main PBMC subpopulations behave in a similar manner. No differences were observed in the expression of inflammasome components, which however showed complex correlations. The decreased level of NLRX1 in HIV infection could suggest that the virus is able to downregulate mechanisms linked to triggering of cell death in several immune cell types. The fact that HIV-positive patients did not show altered expression of inflammasome components, nor of most genes involved in IMS, suggests that the infection and/or the chronic immune activation does not influence the transcriptional machinery of innate mechanisms able to trigger inflammation at different levels.

Iron-induced Local Complement Component 3 (C3) Up-regulation via Non-canonical Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Signaling in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.

PubMed

Li, Yafeng; Song, Delu; Song, Ying; Zhao, Liangliang; Wolkow, Natalie; Tobias, John W; Song, Wenchao; Dunaief, Joshua L

2015-05-08

Dysregulation of iron homeostasis may be a pathogenic factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Meanwhile, the formation of complement-containing deposits under the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell layer is a pathognomonic feature of AMD. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which complement component 3 (C3), a central protein in the complement cascade, is up-regulated by iron in RPE cells. Modulation of TGF-β signaling, involving ERK1/2, SMAD3, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-δ, is responsible for iron-induced C3 expression. The differential effects of spatially distinct SMAD3 phosphorylation sites at the linker region and at the C terminus determined the up-regulation of C3. Pharmacologic inhibition of either ERK1/2 or SMAD3 phosphorylation decreased iron-induced C3 expression levels. Knockdown of SMAD3 blocked the iron-induced up-regulation and nuclear accumulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-δ, a transcription factor that has been shown previously to bind the basic leucine zipper 1 domain in the C3 promoter. We show herein that mutation of this domain reduced iron-induced C3 promoter activity. In vivo studies support our in vitro finding of iron-induced C3 up-regulation. Mice with a mosaic pattern of RPE-specific iron overload demonstrated co-localization of iron-induced ferritin and C3d deposits. Humans with aceruloplasminemia causing RPE iron overload had increased RPE C3d deposition. The molecular events in the iron-C3 pathway represent therapeutic targets for AMD or other diseases exacerbated by iron-induced local complement dysregulation. © 2015 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Iron-induced Local Complement Component 3 (C3) Up-regulation via Non-canonical Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Signaling in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium*

PubMed Central

Li, Yafeng; Song, Delu; Song, Ying; Zhao, Liangliang; Wolkow, Natalie; Tobias, John W.; Song, Wenchao; Dunaief, Joshua L.

2015-01-01

Dysregulation of iron homeostasis may be a pathogenic factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Meanwhile, the formation of complement-containing deposits under the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell layer is a pathognomonic feature of AMD. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which complement component 3 (C3), a central protein in the complement cascade, is up-regulated by iron in RPE cells. Modulation of TGF-β signaling, involving ERK1/2, SMAD3, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-δ, is responsible for iron-induced C3 expression. The differential effects of spatially distinct SMAD3 phosphorylation sites at the linker region and at the C terminus determined the up-regulation of C3. Pharmacologic inhibition of either ERK1/2 or SMAD3 phosphorylation decreased iron-induced C3 expression levels. Knockdown of SMAD3 blocked the iron-induced up-regulation and nuclear accumulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-δ, a transcription factor that has been shown previously to bind the basic leucine zipper 1 domain in the C3 promoter. We show herein that mutation of this domain reduced iron-induced C3 promoter activity. In vivo studies support our in vitro finding of iron-induced C3 up-regulation. Mice with a mosaic pattern of RPE-specific iron overload demonstrated co-localization of iron-induced ferritin and C3d deposits. Humans with aceruloplasminemia causing RPE iron overload had increased RPE C3d deposition. The molecular events in the iron-C3 pathway represent therapeutic targets for AMD or other diseases exacerbated by iron-induced local complement dysregulation. PMID:25802332

Acquisition of C1 inhibitor by Bordetella pertussis virulence associated gene 8 results in C2 and C4 consumption away from the bacterial surface

PubMed Central

Hovingh, Elise S.; Kuipers, Betsy; Pinelli, Elena; Rooijakkers, Suzan H. M.

2017-01-01

Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a contagious disease of the respiratory tract that is re-emerging worldwide despite high vaccination coverage. The causative agent of this disease is the Gram-negative Bordetella pertussis. Knowledge on complement evasion strategies of this pathogen is limited. However, this is of great importance for future vaccine development as it has become apparent that a novel pertussis vaccine is needed. Here, we unravel the effect of Virulence associated gene 8 (Vag8) of B. pertussis on the human complement system at the molecular level. We show that both recombinant and endogenously secreted Vag8 inhibit complement deposition on the bacterial surface at the level of C4b. We reveal that Vag8 binding to human C1-inhibitor (C1-inh) interferes with the binding of C1-inh to C1s, C1r and MASP-2, resulting in the release of active proteases that subsequently cleave C2 and C4 away from the bacterial surface. We demonstrate that the depletion of these complement components in the bacterial surrounding and subsequent decreased deposition on B. pertussis leads to less complement-mediated bacterial killing. Vag8 is the first protein described that specifically prevents C1s, C1r and MASP-2 binding to C1-inh and thereby mediates complement consumption away from the bacterial surface. Unravelling the mechanism of this unique complement evasion strategy of B. pertussis is one of the first steps towards understanding the interactions between the first line of defense complement and B. pertussis. PMID:28742139

Acquisition of C1 inhibitor by Bordetella pertussis virulence associated gene 8 results in C2 and C4 consumption away from the bacterial surface.

PubMed

Hovingh, Elise S; van den Broek, Bryan; Kuipers, Betsy; Pinelli, Elena; Rooijakkers, Suzan H M; Jongerius, Ilse

2017-07-01

Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a contagious disease of the respiratory tract that is re-emerging worldwide despite high vaccination coverage. The causative agent of this disease is the Gram-negative Bordetella pertussis. Knowledge on complement evasion strategies of this pathogen is limited. However, this is of great importance for future vaccine development as it has become apparent that a novel pertussis vaccine is needed. Here, we unravel the effect of Virulence associated gene 8 (Vag8) of B. pertussis on the human complement system at the molecular level. We show that both recombinant and endogenously secreted Vag8 inhibit complement deposition on the bacterial surface at the level of C4b. We reveal that Vag8 binding to human C1-inhibitor (C1-inh) interferes with the binding of C1-inh to C1s, C1r and MASP-2, resulting in the release of active proteases that subsequently cleave C2 and C4 away from the bacterial surface. We demonstrate that the depletion of these complement components in the bacterial surrounding and subsequent decreased deposition on B. pertussis leads to less complement-mediated bacterial killing. Vag8 is the first protein described that specifically prevents C1s, C1r and MASP-2 binding to C1-inh and thereby mediates complement consumption away from the bacterial surface. Unravelling the mechanism of this unique complement evasion strategy of B. pertussis is one of the first steps towards understanding the interactions between the first line of defense complement and B. pertussis.

Effect of Environmental Parameters on Bacterial Degradation of Bunker C Oil, Crude Oils, and Hydrocarbons

PubMed Central

Mulkins-Phillips, G. J.; Stewart, James E.

1974-01-01

Mixed microbial cultures, previously enriched on Bunker C fuel oil, grew on and degraded Bunker C fuel oil at temperatures ranging from 5 to 28 C. At 15 C, 41 to 85% of the benzene-soluble components of Bunker C disappeared after incubation for 7 days; at 5 C the values ranged from 21 to 52% after 14 days of incubation. A Nocardia sp. isolated from a culture enriched on Bunker C oil grew on Venezuelan crude oil, Bunker C, hexadecane, and a hydrocarbon mixture at temperatures of 5 and 15 C. The 10-C decrease in temperature resulted in an average 2.2-fold decrease in generation time of the bacteria. Gas-liquid chromatographic measurements of Venezuelan and Arabian crude oils which had been incubated with the Nocardia sp. showed significant degradation of the n-alkane portion and the chromatographically unresolved components of the oils. The concentration of elemental nitrogen required to bring about the disappearance of 1 mg of hexadecane by the Nocardia sp. was 0.5 mg. The results confirm suggestions that the rate of natural biodegradation of oil in marine temperate-to-polar zones is probably limited by low temperatures and phosphorus concentrations, but suggest that the concentrations of nitrogen occurring naturally are probably not rate-limiting factors. PMID:4451374

Identification of second arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif of ovine vitronectin as the complement C9 binding site and its implication in bacterial infection.

PubMed

Prasada, Rao T; Lakshmi, Prasanth T; Parvathy, R; Murugavel, S; Karuna, Devi; Paritosh, Joshi

2017-02-01

Vitronectin (Vn), a multifunctional protein of blood and extracellular matrix, interacts with complement C9. This interaction may modulate innate immunity. Details of Vn-C9 interactions are limited. Vn-C9 interactions were assessed by employing a goat homologous system and observing Vn binding to C9 in three different assays. Using recombinant fragments, C9 binding was mapped to the N-terminus of Vn. Site directed mutagenesis was performed to alter the second arginine glycine aspartic acid (RGD) sequence (RGD-2) of Vn. Changing R to G or D to A in RGD-2 caused significant decrease in Vn binding to C9 whereas changing of R to G in the first RGD motif (RGD-1) had no effect on Vn binding to C9. These results imply that the RGD-2 of goat Vn is involved in C9 binding. In a competitive binding assay, the presence of soluble RGD peptide inhibited Vn binding to C9 whereas heparin had no effect. Vn binding to C9 was also evaluated in terms of bacterial pathogenesis. Serum dependent inhibition of Escherichia coli growth was significantly reverted when Vn or its N-fragment were included in the assay. The C-fragment, which did not support C9 binding, also partly nullified serum-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, probably through other serum component(s). © 2017 The Societies and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Cellular Uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin Requires Acid Sphingomyelinase Activity.

PubMed

Nagahama, Masahiro; Takehara, Masaya; Takagishi, Teruhisa; Seike, Soshi; Miyamoto, Kazuaki; Kobayashi, Keiko

2017-04-01

Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin consists of an enzyme component (C2I) and a binding component (C2II). Activated C2II (C2IIa) binds to a cell receptor, giving rise to lipid raft-dependent oligomerization, and it then assembles with C2I. The whole toxin complex is then endocytosed into the cytosol, resulting in the destruction of the actin cytoskeleton and cell rounding. Here, we showed that C2 toxin requires acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity during internalization. In this study, inhibitors of ASMase and lysosomal exocytosis blocked C2 toxin-induced cell rounding. C2IIa induced Ca 2+ influx from the extracellular medium to cells. C2 toxin-induced cell rounding was enhanced in the presence of Ca 2+ ASMase was released extracellularly when cells were incubated with C2IIa in the presence of Ca 2+ Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of ASMase reduced C2 toxin-induced cell rounding. ASMase hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide on the outer leaflet of the membrane at acidic pH. Ceramide was detected in cytoplasmic vesicles containing C2IIa. These results indicated that ASMase activity is necessary for the efficient internalization of C2 toxin into cells. Inhibitors of ASMase may confer protection against infection. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

Thermostructural Properties Of Sic/Sic Panels With 2.5d And 3d Fiber Architectures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yun, H. M.; DeCarlo, J. A.; Bhatt, R. H.; Jaskowiak, M. H.

2005-01-01

CMC hot-section components in advanced engines for power and propulsion will typically require high cracking strength, high ultimate strength and strain, high creep- rupture resistance, and high thermal conductivity in all directions. In the past, NASA has demonstrated fabrication of a variety of SiC/SiC flat panels and round tubes with various 2D fiber architectures using the high-modulus high-performance Sylramic-iBN Sic fiber and Sic-based matrices derived by CVI, MI, and/or PIP processes. The thermo- mechanical properties of these CMC have shown state-of-the-art performance, but primarily in the in-plane directions. Currently NASA is extending the thermostructural capability of these SiC/SiC systems in the thru-thickness direction by using various 2.5D and 3D fiber architectures. NASA is also using specially designed fabrication steps to optimize the properties of the BN-based interphase and Sic-based matrices. In this study, Sylramic-iBN/SiC panels with 2D plain weave, 2.5D satin weave, 2.5D ply-to-ply interlock weave, and 3D angle interlock fiber architectures, all woven at AITI, were fabricated using matrix densification routes previously established between NASA and GEPSC for CVI-MI processes and between NASA and Starfire-Systems for PIP processes. Introduction of the 2.5 D fiber architecture along with an improved matrix process was found to increase inter-laminar tensile strength from 1.5 -2 to 3 - 4 ksi and thru-thickness thermal conductivity from 15-20 to 30-35 BTU/ft.hr.F with minimal reduction in in-plane strength and creep-rupture properties. Such improvements should reduce thermal stresses and increase the thermostructural operating envelope for SiC/SiC engine components. These results are analyzed to offer general guidelines for selecting fiber architectures and constituent processes for high-performance SiC/SiC engine components.

Carbon/CuO nanosphere-anchored g-C3N4 nanosheets as ternary electrode material for supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vattikuti, S. V. Prabhakar; Reddy, B. Purusottam; Byon, Chan; Shim, Jaesool

2018-06-01

Novel electrode materials for supercapacitors comprised of carbon and copper oxide (CuO) nanospheres on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets, denoted as C/CuO@g-C3N4 are self-assembled via a one-step co-pyrolysis decomposition method. The pure g-C3N4 and C/CuO@g-C3N4 were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N2 adsorption/desorption studies and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The specific capacitance was 247.2 F g-1 in 0.5 M NaOH at a current density of 1 A g-1, and more than 92.1% of the capacitance was retained after 6000 cycles. The property enhancement was ascribed to the synergistic effects of the three components in the composite. These results suggest that C/CuO@g-C3N4 possessed an excellent cyclic stability with respect to their capacity performance as electrode materials.

(Di­methyl­phosphor­yl)methanaminium hydrogen oxalate–oxalic acid (2/1)

PubMed Central

Bialek, Sebastian; Clemens, Rebecca; Reiss, Guido J.

2014-01-01

The reaction of (di­methyl­phosphor­yl)methanamine (dpma) with oxalic acid in ethanol yielded the title solvated salt, C3H11NOP+·C2HO4 −·0.5C2H2O4. Its asymmetric unit consists of one dpmaH+ cation, one hydrogen oxalate anion and a half-mol­ecule of oxalic acid located around a twofold rotation axis. The H atom of the hydrogen oxalate anion is statistically disordered over two positions that are trans to each other. The hydrogen oxalate monoanion is not planar (bend angle ∼16°) whereas the oxalic acid molecule shows a significantly smaller bend angle (∼7°). In the crystal, the components are connected by strong O—H⋯O and much weaker N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of layers extending parallel to (001). The structure was refined from a racemically twinned crystal with twin components in an approximate 1:1 ratio. PMID:24765013

Improving Turbine Performance with Ceramic Matrix Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DiCarlo, James A.

2007-01-01

Under the new NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program, efforts are on-going within the Supersonics Project aimed at the implementation of advanced SiC/SiC ceramic composites into hot section components of future gas turbine engines. Due to recent NASA advancements in SiC-based fibers and matrices, these composites are lighter and capable of much higher service temperatures than current metallic superalloys, which in turn will allow the engines to operate at higher efficiencies and reduced emissions. This presentation briefly reviews studies within Task 6.3.3 that are primarily aimed at developing physics-based concepts, tools, and process/property models for micro- and macro-structural design, fabrication, and lifing of SiC/SiC turbine components in general and airfoils in particular. Particular emphasis is currently being placed on understanding and modeling (1) creep effects on residual stress development within the component, (2) fiber architecture effects on key composite properties such as design strength, and (3) preform formation processes so that the optimum architectures can be implemented into complex-shaped components, such as turbine vanes and blades.

Medium components and culture conditions affect the thermotolerance of aerial conidia of fungal biocontrol agent Beauveria bassiana.

PubMed

Ying, S-H; Feng, M-G

2006-09-01

To produce more thermotolerable conidia of Beauveria bassiana, a well-known fungal biocontrol agent, by optimizing the medium components and culture conditions. The conidia produced on media including 0.5-6% glucose, sucrose or starch as carbon source and 50-300-microg ml(-1) Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ or Fe3+ as additive to Sabouraud dextrose medium at 15-30 degrees C, pH 4-8 or KCl-adjusted water availabilities were exposed to 30-min wet heat stress at 48 degrees C. The medium components for conidial production with greatly enhanced thermotolerance included 4% glucose as optimum or 1% starch as alternative for the carbon source and < or =50-microg ml(-1) Mn2+ for the metal additive. The culture conditions were optimized as 25 degrees C and pH 5-6. Conidial thermotolerance decreased remarkably when sucrose and Fe3+ or Cu2+ were used in the cultures, but altered slightly when 50-200-microg ml(-1) Zn2+ were included. The tolerance of B. bassiana conidia to the thermal stress was significantly affected by the medium composition and culture conditions under which the conidia were produced. Proper treatment of small grains as mass production substrates for more glucose release and supplement of glucose or 50-microg ml(-1) Mn2+ are possible means to enhancing conidial thermotolerance and field persistence for improved insect control.

Thermodynamic constrains on the flux of organic matter through a peatland ecosystem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Worrall, Fred; Moody, Catherine; Clay, Gareth; Kettridge, Nick; Burt, Tim

2017-04-01

The transformations and transitions of organic matter into, through and out of a peatland ecosystem must obey the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Beer and Blodau (Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, 71, 12, 2989-3002) showed that the evolution of CH4 in peatlands was constrained by equilibrium occurring at depth in the peat as the pore water became a closed system. However, that study did not consider the transition in the solid components of the organic matter flux through the entire ecosystem. For this study, organic matter samples were taken from each organic matter reservoir and fluvial transfer pathway and analysed the samples by elemental analysis and bomb calorimetry. The samples analysed were: above- and below-ground biomass, heather, mosses, sedges, plant litter layer, peat soil, and monthly samples of particulate and dissolved organic matter. All organic matter samples were taken from a 100% peat catchment within Moor House National Nature Reserve in the North Pennines, UK, and collected samples were compared to standards of lignin, cellulose, and plant protein. It was possible to calculate ∆H_f^OM ∆S_f^OM and ∆G_f^OM for each of the samples and standards. By assuming that each thermodynamic property can be expressed per g C and that any increase in ∆G_f^OM can be balanced by the production of CO2, DOM or CH4 then it is possible to predict the consequences of the fixation of 1 g of carbon in a peatland soil. The value of ∆G_f^OMincreases from glucose to components of the biomass: 1g of C fixed as glucose by photosynthesis would result in 0.68 g C as biomass and 0.32 g C as CO2. The transition from biomass to litter could occur spontaneously but the transition from surface to 1m depth in the peat profile would release 0.18 g C as CO2 per 1 g of carbon entering the peat profile. Therefore, for every 1 g of carbon fixed from photosynthesis then 0.44g of C would be released as CO2 and 0.54 g C would be present at 1 m depth. Alternatively, if DOM only were released in transition down the peat profile then for every 1 g of carbon fixed by photosynthesis 0.32 g C would be released as CO2 and 0.22 g C would be lost as DOM and leaving 0.46 g C as residual peat at 1m depth. If the variation in ∆G_f^OM of the DOM were considered then for every 1 g of C produced as DOM then between 0 and 0.57g C would be lost as CO2. At median value of DOM loss then for every 1g of carbon fixed as photosynthesis 0.39 g C would be lost as CO2 and 0.15 g lost as DOM with 0.46 g C as residual peat. Alternatively, if CH4 only were released down the soil profile then no organic matter would be left in the peat profile, i.e. CH4 is not an efficient method of transferring Gibbs free energy. The measured carbon budget for this catchment is that 1 g C fixed as photosynthesis resulted in 0.42 g C as CO2; 0.29 g C as DOM; 0.04 g C as CH4 and 0.24 g C as residual peat at 1m depth.

C3-C4 Intermediate Species in Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae) 1

PubMed Central

Rajendrudu, Gedupudi; Prasad, Jasty S. R.; Das, V. S. Rama

1986-01-01

Two naturally occurring species of the genus Alternanthera, namely A. ficoides and A. tenella, were identified as C3-C4 intermediates based on leaf anatomy, photosynthetic CO2 compensation point (Γ), O2 response of г, light intensity response of г, and the activities of key enzymes of photosynthesis. A. ficoides and A. tenella exhibited a less distinct Kranz-like leaf anatomy with substantial accumulation of starch both in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Photosynthetic CO2 compensation points of these two intermediate species at 29°C were much lower than in C3 plants and ranged from 18 to 22 microliters per liter. Although A. ficoides and A. tenella exhibited similar intermediacy in г, the apparent photorespiratory component of O2 inhibition in A. ficoides is lower than in A. tenella. The г progressively decreases from 35 microliters per liter at lowest light intensity to 18 microliters per liter at highest light intensity in A. tenella. It was, however, constant in A. ficoides at 20 to 25 microliters per liter between light intensities measured. The rates of net photosynthesis at 21% O2 and 29°C by A. ficoides and A. tenella were 25 to 28 milligrams CO2 per square decimeter per hour which are intermediate between values obtained for Tridax procumbens and A. pungens, C3 and C4 species, respectively. The activities of key enzymes of C4 photosynthesis, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate Pi dikinase, NAD malic enzyme, NADP malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the two intermediates, A. ficoides and A. tenella are very low or insignificant. Results indicated that the relatively low apparent photorespiratory component in these two species is presumably the basis for the C3-C4 intermediate photosynthesis. Images Fig. 2 PMID:16664634

Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimizer with Varying Acceleration Coefficients for Finding the Most Stable Conformer of Small Molecules.

PubMed

Agrawal, Shikha; Silakari, Sanjay; Agrawal, Jitendra

2015-11-01

A novel parameter automation strategy for Particle Swarm Optimization called APSO (Adaptive PSO) is proposed. The algorithm is designed to efficiently control the local search and convergence to the global optimum solution. Parameters c1 controls the impact of the cognitive component on the particle trajectory and c2 controls the impact of the social component. Instead of fixing the value of c1 and c2 , this paper updates the value of these acceleration coefficients by considering time variation of evaluation function along with varying inertia weight factor in PSO. Here the maximum and minimum value of evaluation function is use to gradually decrease and increase the value of c1 and c2 respectively. Molecular energy minimization is one of the most challenging unsolved problems and it can be formulated as a global optimization problem. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the effect of newly developed APSO on the highly complex molecular potential energy function and to check the efficiency of the proposed algorithm to find the global minimum of the function under consideration. The proposed algorithm APSO is therefore applied in two cases: Firstly, for the minimization of a potential energy of small molecules with up to 100 degrees of freedom and finally for finding the global minimum energy conformation of 1,2,3-trichloro-1-flouro-propane molecule based on a realistic potential energy function. The computational results of all the cases show that the proposed method performs significantly better than the other algorithms. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Preparative separation and identification of novel subsidiary colors of the color additive D&C Red No. 33 (Acid Red 33) using spiral high-speed counter-current chromatography☆

PubMed Central

Weisz, Adrian; Ridge, Clark D.; Mazzola, Eugene P.; Ito, Yoichiro

2015-01-01

Three low-level subsidiary color impurities (A, B, and C) often present in batches of the color additive D&C Red No. 33 (R33, Acid Red 33, Colour Index No. 17200) were separated from a portion of R33 by spiral high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The separation involved use of a very polar solvent system, 1-BuOH/5 mM aq. (NH4)2SO4. Addition of ammonium sulfate to the lower phase forced partition of the components into the upper phase, thereby eliminating the need to add a hydrophobic counterion as was previously required for separations of components from sulfonated dyes. The very polar solvent system used would not have been retained in a conventional multi-layer coil HSCCC instrument, but the spiral configuration enabled retention of the stationary phase, and thus, the separation was possible. A 1 g portion of R33 enriched in A, B, and C was separated using the upper phase of the solvent system as the mobile phase. The retention of the stationary phase was 38.1%, and the separation resulted in 4.8 mg of A of >90% purity, 18.3 mg of B of >85% purity, and 91 mg of C of 65–72% purity. A second separation of a portion of the C mixture resulted in 7 mg of C of >94% purity. The separated impurities were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopic techniques as follows: 5-amino-3-biphenyl-3-ylazo-4-hydroxy-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid, A; 5-amino-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-3-phenylazo-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid, B; and 5-amino-4-hydroxy-3,6-bis-phenylazo-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid, C. The isomers A and B are compounds reported for the first time. Application of the spiral HSCCC method resulted in the additional benefit of yielding 930 mg of the main component of R33, 5-amino-4-hydroxy-3-phenylazo-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid, of >97% purity. PMID:25591404

Preparative separation and identification of novel subsidiary colors of the color additive D&C Red No. 33 (Acid Red 33) using spiral high-speed counter-current chromatography.

PubMed

Weisz, Adrian; Ridge, Clark D; Mazzola, Eugene P; Ito, Yoichiro

2015-02-06

Three low-level subsidiary color impurities (A, B, and C) often present in batches of the color additive D&C Red No. 33 (R33, Acid Red 33, Colour Index No. 17200) were separated from a portion of R33 by spiral high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The separation involved use of a very polar solvent system, 1-BuOH/5mM aq. (NH4)2SO4. Addition of ammonium sulfate to the lower phase forced partition of the components into the upper phase, thereby eliminating the need to add a hydrophobic counterion as was previously required for separations of components from sulfonated dyes. The very polar solvent system used would not have been retained in a conventional multi-layer coil HSCCC instrument, but the spiral configuration enabled retention of the stationary phase, and thus, the separation was possible. A 1g portion of R33 enriched in A, B, and C was separated using the upper phase of the solvent system as the mobile phase. The retention of the stationary phase was 38.1%, and the separation resulted in 4.8 mg of A of >90% purity, 18.3mg of B of >85% purity, and 91 mg of C of 65-72% purity. A second separation of a portion of the C mixture resulted in 7 mg of C of >94% purity. The separated impurities were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopic techniques as follows: 5-amino-3-biphenyl-3-ylazo-4-hydroxy-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid, A; 5-amino-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-3-phenylazo-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid, B; and 5-amino-4-hydroxy-3,6-bis-phenylazo-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid, C. The isomers A and B are compounds reported for the first time. Application of the spiral HSCCC method resulted in the additional benefit of yielding 930 mg of the main component of R33, 5-amino-4-hydroxy-3-phenylazo-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid, of >97% purity. Published by Elsevier B.V.

The Quorum-Sensing Regulon of Vibriofischeri: Novel Components of the Autoinducer/LuxR Regulatory Circuit

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-06-01

cpdP, from the marine symbiotic bacterium Vibrio fische ri 160 Table of abbreviations 30C6-HSL AI-1 AI-2 C8-HSL CHAPS CNP EDTA FMN GFP HPLC ...using a Zorbax C18 1.0 mm by 150 mm reverse-phase column on a Hewlett-Packard 1090 HPLC /1040 diode array detector at the Harvard Microchemistry...separated by reversed-phase HPLC , and sequenced (Table 2; 10-PK12, 10-PK39, and 10-PK51). From two of the three peptide sequences (Materials and

Modification of meta-iodobenzylguanidine uptake in neuroblastoma cells by elevated temperature.

PubMed Central

Armour, A.; Mairs, R. J.; Gaze, M. N.; Wheldon, T. E.

1994-01-01

Successful imaging or treatment of neuroblastoma with 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131I-mIBG) depends on the selectivity of active (type 1) uptake of mIBG in neuroblastoma cells relative to passive (type 2) uptake present in most normal tissues. This study investigates the effects of moderately elevated temperature (39-41 degrees C) on the cellular uptake of 131I-mIBG in two neuroblastoma cell lines [SK-N-BE(2c) and IMR-32] and in a non-neuronal (ovarian carcinoma) cell line (A2780). In SK-N-BE(2c), a cell line with high active uptake capacity, the specific (type 1) uptake was reduced by 75% (P < 0.001) at 39 degrees C. Both IMR-32 and A2780 have a low capacity for accumulation of mIBG by active uptake. These cell lines demonstrated a statistically significant increase in accumulation at 39 degrees C, mainly as a result of increased non-specific transport. At 41 degrees C uptake of 131I-mIBG was reduced in all cell lines. Thus, the active component of mIBG uptake is more vulnerable to increased temperature than the passive component. It seems probable that moderately increased temperature will have an unfavourable effect on the therapeutic differential for targeted radiotherapy of neuroblastoma using radiolabelled mIBG. PMID:8080728

Insights from fumarole gas geochemistry on the origin of hydrothermal fluids on the Yellowstone Plateau

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chiodini, Giovanni; Caliro, Stefano; Lowenstern, Jacob B.; Evans, William C.; Bergfeld, D.; Tassi, Franco; Tedesco, Dario

2012-01-01

The chemistry of Yellowstone fumarole gases shows the existence of two component waters, type MC, influenced by the addition of deep mantle fluid, and type CC, influenced by crustal interactions (CC). MC is high in 3He/4He (22 Ra) and low in 4He/40Ar (~1), reflecting input of deep mantle components. The other water is characterized by 4He concentrations 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than air-saturated meteoric water (ASW). These high He concentrations originate through circulation in Pleistocene volcanic rocks, as well as outgassing of Tertiary and older (including Archean) basement, some of which could be particularly rich in uranium, a major 4He source. Consideration of CO2-CH4-CO-H2O-H2 gas equilibrium reactions indicates equilibration temperatures from 170 °C to 310 °C. The estimated temperatures highly correlate with noble-gas variations, suggesting that the two waters differ in temperature. Type CC is ~170 °C whereas the MC is hotter, at 340 °C. This result is similar to models proposed by previous studies of thermal water chemistry. However, instead of mixing the deep hot component simply with cold, meteoric waters we argue that addition of a 4He-rich component, equilibrated at temperatures around 170 °C, is necessary to explain the range in fumarole gas chemistry.

DoD Housing Management

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-09-01

E, below. The forms are approved for electronic generation and distribution. * 1-7 0 C~L0 _ 0 C 0I U)2 Ea 0 0 0 U! 0 3: X 9 0 V~ 0 CD co L. 8p 6 V- I...and inspection by installation personnel. e. Costs above installation level, such as costs attributable to Engineer Districts, Public Works Offices...the major command or engineering field dMsion ’). For DoD Component area summary reports, leave bla’*. C-1 Go %a M -ý - f N 4I- -t C-4.𔃻-1 .7 %10O O

Computational Study on the Unimolecular Decomposition of JP-8 Jet Fuel Surrogates III: Butylbenzene Isomers ( n-, s-, and t-C14H10).

PubMed

Belisario-Lara, Daniel; Mebel, Alexander M; Kaiser, Ralf I

2018-04-26

Ab initio G3(CCSD,MP2)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) calculations of potential energy surfaces have been carried out to unravel the mechanism of the initial stages of pyrolysis of three C 10 H 14 isomers: n-, s-, and t-butylbenzenes. The computed energy and molecular parameters have been utilized in RRKM-master equation calculations to predict temperature- and pressure-dependent rate constants and product branching ratios for the primary unimolecular decomposition of these molecules and for the secondary decomposition of their radical fragments. The results showed that the primary dissociation of n-butylbenzene produces mostly benzyl (C 7 H 7 ) + propyl (C 3 H 7 ) and 1-phenyl-2-ethyl (C 6 H 5 C 2 H 4 ) + ethyl (C 2 H 5 ), with their relative yields strongly dependent on temperature and pressure, together with a minor amount of 1-phenyl-prop-3-yl (C 9 H 11 ) + methyl (CH 3 ). Secondary decomposition reactions that are anticipated to occur on a nanosecond scale under typical combustion conditions split propyl (C 3 H 7 ) into ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) + methyl (CH 3 ), ethyl (C 2 H 5 ) into ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) + hydrogen (H), 1-phenyl-2-ethyl (C 6 H 5 C 2 H 4 ) into mostly styrene (C 8 H 8 ) + hydrogen (H) and to a lesser extent phenyl (C 6 H 5 ) + ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), and 1-phenyl-prop-3-yl (C 9 H 11 ) into predominantly benzyl (C 7 H 7 ) + ethylene (C 2 H 4 ). The primary decomposition of s-butylbenzene is predicted to produce 1-phenyl-1-ethyl (C 6 H 5 CHCH 3 ) + ethyl (C 2 H 5 ) and a minor amount of 1-phenyl-prop-1-yl (C 9 H 11 ) + methyl (CH 3 ), and then 1-phenyl-1-ethyl (C 6 H 5 CHCH 3 ) and 1-phenyl-prop-1-yl (C 9 H 11 ) rapidly dissociate to styrene (C 8 H 8 ) + hydrogen (H) and styrene (C 8 H 8 ) + methyl (CH 3 ), respectively. t-Butylbenzene decomposes nearly exclusively to 2-phenyl-prop-2-yl (C 9 H 11 ) + methyl (CH 3 ), and further, 2-phenyl-prop-2-yl (C 9 H 11 ) rapidly eliminates a hydrogen atom to form 2-phenylpropene (C 9 H 10 ). If hydrogen atoms or other reactive radicals are available to make a direct hydrogen-atom abstraction from butylbenzenes possible, the C 10 H 13 radicals (1-phenyl-but-1-yl, 2-phenyl-but-2-yl, and t-phenyl-isobutyl) can be formed as the primary products from n-, s-, and t-butylbenzene, respectively. The secondary decomposition of 1-phenyl-but-1-yl leads to styrene (C 8 H 8 ) + ethyl (C 2 H 5 ), whereas 2-phenyl-but-2-yl and t-phenyl-isobutyl dissociate to 2-phenylpropene (C 9 H 10 ) + methyl (CH 3 ). Thus, the three butylbenzene isomers produce distinct but overlapping nascent pyrolysis fragments, which likely affect the successive oxidation mechanism and combustion kinetics of these JP-8 fuel components. Temperature- and pressure-dependent rate constants generated for the initial stages of pyrolysis of butylbenzenes are recommended for kinetic modeling.

Impacts of individual tree species on carbon dynamics in a moist tropical forest environment.

PubMed

Russell, Ann E; Raich, James W; Arrieta, Ricardo Bedoya; Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar; González, Eugenio

2010-06-01

In the moist tropical forest biome, which cycles carbon (C) rapidly and stores huge amounts of C, the impacts of individual species on C balances are not well known. In one of the earliest replicated experimental sites for investigating growth of native tropical trees, we examined traits of tree species in relation to their effects on forest C balances, mechanisms of influence, and consequences for C sequestration. The monodominant stands, established in abandoned pasture in 1988 at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, contained five species in a complete randomized block design. Native species were: Hieronyma alchorneoides, Pentaclethra macroloba, Virola koschnyi, and Vochysia guatemalensis. The exotic species was Pinus patula. By 16 years, the lack of differences among species in some attributes suggested strong abiotic control in this environment, where conditions are very favorable for growth, These attributes included aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), averaging 11.7 Mg C x ha(-1) x yr(-1) across species, and soil organic C (0-100 cm, 167 Mg C/ha). Other traits differed significantly, however, indicating some degree of biological control. In Vochysia plots, both aboveground biomass of 99 Mg C/ha, and belowground biomass of 20 Mg C/ha were 1.8 times that of Virola (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Differences among species in overstory biomass were not compensated by understory vegetation. Belowground NPP of 4.6 Mg C x ha(-1) yr(-1) in Hieronyma was 2.4 times that of Pinus (P < 0.01). Partitioning of NPP to belowground components in Hieronyma was more than double that of Pinus (P = 0.03). The canopy turnover rate in Hieronyma was 42% faster than that of Virola (P < 0.01). Carbon sequestration, highest in Vochysia (7.4 Mg C x ha(-1) x yr(-1), P = 0.02), averaged 5.2 Mg C x ha(-1) x yr(-1), close to the annual per capita fossil fuel use in the United States of 5.3 Mg C. Our results indicated that differences in species effects on forest C balances were related primarily to differences in growth rates, partitioning of C among biomass components, tissue turnover rates, and tissue chemistry. Inclusion of those biological attributes may be critical for robust modeling of C cycling across the moist tropical forest biome.

LIN-23, an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Component, Is Required for the Repression of CDC-25.2 Activity during Intestinal Development in Caenorhabditis elegans.

PubMed

Son, Miseol; Kawasaki, Ichiro; Oh, Bong-Kyeong; Shim, Yhong-Hee

2016-11-30

Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ) utilizes two different cell-cycle modes, binucleations during the L1 larval stage and endoreduplications at four larval moltings, for its postembryonic intestinal development. Previous genetic studies indicated that CDC-25.2 is specifically required for binucleations at the L1 larval stage and is repressed before endoreduplications. Furthermore, LIN-23, the C. elegans β-TrCP ortholog, appears to function as a repressor of CDC-25.2 to prevent excess intestinal divisions. We previously reported that intestinal hyperplasia in lin-23(e1883) mutants was effectively suppressed by the RNAi depletion of cdc-25.2 . Nevertheless, LIN-23 targeting CDC-25.2 for ubiquitination as a component of E3 ubiquitin ligase has not yet been tested. In this study, LIN-23 is shown to be the major E3 ubiquitin ligase component, recognizing CDC-25.2 to repress their activities for proper transition of cell-cycle modes during the C. elegans postembryonic intestinal development. In addition, for the first time that LIN-23 physically interacts with both CDC-25.1 and CDC-25.2 and facilitates ubiquitination for timely regulation of their activities during the intestinal development.

Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from the Yukon River system

USGS Publications Warehouse

Striegl, Robert G.; Dornblaser, Mark M.; McDonald, Cory P.; Rover, Jennifer R.; Stets, Edward G.

2012-01-01

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions are important, but poorly quantified, components of riverine carbon (C) budgets. This is largely because the data needed for gas flux calculations are sparse and are spatially and temporally variable. Additionally, the importance of C gas emissions relative to lateral C exports is not well known because gaseous and aqueous fluxes are not commonly measured on the same rivers. We couple measurements of aqueous CO2 and CH4 partial pressures (pCO2, pCH4) and flux across the water-air interface with gas transfer models to calculate subbasin distributions of gas flux density. We then combine those flux densities with remote and direct observations of stream and river water surface area and ice duration, to calculate C gas emissions from flowing waters throughout the Yukon River basin. CO2emissions were 7.68 Tg C yr−1 (95% CI: 5.84 −10.46), averaging 750 g C m−2 yr−1 normalized to water surface area, and 9.0 g C m−2 yr−1 normalized to river basin area. River CH4 emissions totaled 55 Gg C yr−1 or 0.7% of the total mass of C emitted as CO2 plus CH4 and ∼6.4% of their combined radiative forcing. When combined with lateral inorganic plus organic C exports to below head of tide, C gas emissions comprised 50% of total C exported by the Yukon River and its tributaries. River CO2 and CH4 derive from multiple sources, including groundwater, surface water runoff, carbonate equilibrium reactions, and benthic and water column microbial processing of organic C. The exact role of each of these processes is not yet quantified in the overall river C budget.

Black carbon surface oxidation and organic composition of beech-wood soot aerosols

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corbin, J. C.; Lohmann, U.; Sierau, B.; Keller, A.; Burtscher, H.; Mensah, A. A.

2015-10-01

Soot particles are the most strongly light-absorbing particles commonly found in the atmosphere. They are major contributors to the radiative budget of the Earth and to the toxicity of atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric aging of soot may change its health- and climate-relevant properties by oxidizing the primary black carbon (BC) or organic particulate matter (OM) which, together with ash, comprise soot. This atmospheric aging, which entails the condensation of secondary particulate matter as well as the oxidation of the primary OM and BC emissions, is currently poorly understood. In this study, atmospheric aging of wood-stove soot aerosols was simulated in a continuous-flow reactor. The composition of fresh and aged soot particles was measured in real time by a dual-vaporizer aerosol-particle mass spectrometer (SP-AMS). The dual-vaporizer SP-AMS provided information on the OM and BC components of the soot as well as on refractory components internally mixed with BC. By switching the SP-AMS laser vaporizer off and using only the AMS thermal vaporizer (at 600 °C), information on the OM component only was obtained. In both modes, OM appeared to be generated largely by cellulose and/or hemicellulose pyrolysis and was only present in large amounts when new wood was added to the stove. In SP-AMS mode, BC signals otherwise dominated the mass spectrum. These signals consisted of ions related to refractory BC (rBC, C1-5+), oxygenated carbonaceous ions (CO1-2+), potassium (K+), and water (H2O+ and related fragments). The C4+ : C3+ ratio, but not the C1+ : C3+ ratio, was consistent with the BC-structure trends of Corbin et al. (2015c). The CO1-2+ signals likely originated from BC surface groups: upon aging, both CO+ and CO2+ increased relative to C1-3+ while CO2+ simultaneously increased relative to CO+. Factor analysis (positive matrix factorization) of SP-AMS and AMS data, using a modified error model to address peak-integration uncertainties, indicated that the surface composition of the BC was approximately constant across all stages of combustion for both fresh and aged samples. These results represent the first time-resolved measurements of in situ BC surface aging and suggest that the surface of beech-wood BC may be modelled as a single chemical species.

From Trioleoyl glycerol to extra virgin olive oil through multicomponent triacylglycerol mixtures: Crystallization and polymorphic transformation examined with differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffration techniques.

PubMed

Bayés-García, L; Calvet, T; Cuevas-Diarte, M A; Ueno, S

2017-09-01

The polymorphic crystallization and transformation behavior of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) was examined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction with both laboratory-scale (XRD) and synchrotron radiation source (SR-XRD). The complex behavior observed was studied by previously analyzing mixtures composed by its main 2 to 6 triacylglycerol (TAG) components. Thus, component TAGs were successively added to simulate EVOO composition, until reaching a 6 TAGs mixture, composed by trioleoyl glycerol (OOO), 1-palmitoyl-2,3-dioleoyl glycerol (POO), 1,2-dioleoyl-3-linoleoyl glycerol (OOL), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-linoleoyl glycerol (POL), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoyl glycerol (PPO) and 1-stearoyl-2,3-dioleoyl glycerol (SOO). Molten samples were cooled from 25°C to -80°C at a controlled rate of 2°C/min and subsequently heated at the same rate. The polymorphic behavior observed in multicomponent TAG mixtures was interpreted by considering three main groups of TAGs with different molecular structures: triunsaturated OOO and OOL, saturated-unsaturated-unsaturated POO, POL and SOO, and saturated-saturated-unsaturated PPO. As confirmed by our previous work, TAGs belonging to the same structural group displayed a highly similar polymorphic behavior. EVOO exhibited two different β'-2L polymorphic forms (β' 2 -2L and β' 1 -2L), which transformed into β'-3L when heated. Equivalent polymorphic pathways were detected when the same experimental conditions were applied to the 6 TAG components mixture. Hence, minor components may not exert a strong influence in this case. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The sdB pulsating star V391 Peg and its putative giant planet revisited after 13 years of time-series photometric data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silvotti, R.; Schuh, S.; Kim, S.-L.; Lutz, R.; Reed, M.; Benatti, S.; Janulis, R.; Lanteri, L.; Østensen, R.; Marsh, T. R.; Dhillon, V. S.; Paparo, M.; Molnar, L.

2018-04-01

V391 Peg (alias HS 2201+2610) is a subdwarf B (sdB) pulsating star that shows both p- and g-modes. By studying the arrival times of the p-mode maxima and minima through the O-C method, in a previous article the presence of a planet was inferred with an orbital period of 3.2 years and a minimum mass of 3.2 MJup. Here we present an updated O-C analysis using a larger data set of 1066 h of photometric time series ( 2.5× larger in terms of the number of data points), which covers the period between 1999 and 2012 (compared with 1999-2006 of the previous analysis). Up to the end of 2008, the new O-C diagram of the main pulsation frequency (f1) is compatible with (and improves) the previous two-component solution representing the long-term variation of the pulsation period (parabolic component) and the giant planet (sine wave component). Since 2009, the O-C trend of f1 changes, and the time derivative of the pulsation period (p.) passes from positive to negative; the reason of this change of regime is not clear and could be related to nonlinear interactions between different pulsation modes. With the new data, the O-C diagram of the secondary pulsation frequency (f2) continues to show two components (parabola and sine wave), like in the previous analysis. Various solutions are proposed to fit the O-C diagrams of f1 and f2, but in all of them, the sinusoidal components of f1 and f2 differ or at least agree less well than before. The nice agreement found previously was a coincidence due to various small effects that are carefully analyzed. Now, with a larger dataset, the presence of a planet is more uncertain and would require confirmation with an independent method. The new data allow us to improve the measurement of p. for f1 and f2: using only the data up to the end of 2008, we obtain p.1 = (1.34 ± 0.04) × 10-12 and p.2 = (1.62 ± 0.22) × 10-12. The long-term variation of the two main pulsation periods (and the change of sign of p.1) is visible also in direct measurements made over several years. The absence of peaks near f1 in the Fourier transform and the secondary peak close to f2 confirm a previous identification as l = 0 and l = 1, respectively, and suggest a stellar rotation period of about 40 days. The new data allow constraining the main g-mode pulsation periods of the star. The complete set of data shown in Fig. 1 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/611/A85Based on observations obtained at the following observatories: WHT 4.2m, TNG 3.6m, Calar Alto 2.2m, NOT 2.5m, Loiano 1.5m, LOAO 1.0m, MDM 1.3m, Moletai 1.6m, MONET-North 1.2m, Piszkéstető 1.0m, Mercator 1.2m, Wise 1.0m, Lulin 1.0m, Baker 0.6m.

Effects of Ambient High Temperature Exposure on Alumina-Titania High Emittance Surfaces for Solar Dynamic Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

deGroh, Kim K.; Smith, Daniela C.; Wheeler, Donald R.; MacLachlam, Brian J.

1998-01-01

Solar dynamic (SD) space power systems require durable, high emittance surfaces on a number of critical components, such as heat receiver interior surfaces and parasitic load radiator (PLR) elements. To enhance surface characteristics, an alumina-titania coating has been applied to 500 heat receiver thermal energy containment canisters and the PLR of NASA Lewis Research Center's (LeRC) 2 kW SD ground test demonstrator (GTD). The alumina-titania coating was chosen because it had been found to maintain its high emittance under vacuum (less than or equal to 10(exp -6) torr) at high temperatures (1457 F (827 C)) for an extended period (approximately 2,700 hours). However, preflight verification of SD systems components, such as the PLR require operation at ambient pressure and high temperatures. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the durability of the alumina-titania coating at high temperature in air. Fifteen of sixteen alumina-titania coated Incoloy samples were exposed to high temperatures (600 F (316 C) to l500 F (816 C)) for various durations (2 to 32 hours). Samples, were characterized prior to and after heat treatment for reflectance, solar absorptance, room temperature emittance and emittance at 1,200 F (649 C). Samples were also examined to detect physical defects and to determine surface chemistry using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy operated with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) system, and x ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Visual examination of the heat-treated samples showed a whitening of samples exposed to temperatures of 1,000 F (538 C) and above. Correspondingly, the optical properties of these samples had degraded. A sample exposed to 1,500 F (816 C) for 24 hours had whitened and the thermal emittance at 1,200 F (649 C) had decreased from the non-heat treated value of 0.94 to 0.62. The coating on this sample had become embrittled with spalling off the substrate noticeable at several locations. Based on this research it is recommended that preflight testing of SD components with alumina-titania coatings be restricted to temperatures no greater than 600 F (316 C) in air to avoid optical degradation. Moreover, components with the alumina-titania coating are likely to experience optical property degradation with direct atomic oxygen exposure in space.

Marine Tactical Command and Control System (MTACCS) Field Development System-1 (FDS-1) assessment: Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Avery, L.W.; Hunt, S.T.; Savage, S.F.

1992-04-01

The United State Marine Corps (USMC) is continuing the development and fielding of the Marine Corps Tactical Command and Control System (MTACCS), a system which exists in varying states of development, fielding, or modernization. MTACCS is currently composed of the following components: Tactical Combat Operations System (TCO) for ground command and control (C2), Intelligence Analysis System (IAS) with a Genser terminal connected to a TCO workstation for intelligence C2, Marine Integrated Personnel System (MIPS) and a TCO workstation using the Marine Combat Personnel System (MCPERS) software for personnel C2, Marine Integrated Logistics System (MILOGS) which is composed of the Landingmore » Force Asset Distribution System (LFADS), the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) II, and a TCO terminal using the Marine Combat Logistics System (MCLOG) for logistics C2, Marine Corps Fire Support System (MCFSS) for fire support C2, and Advanced Tactical Air Command Central (ATACC) and the Improved Direct Air Support Central for aviation C2.« less

Activation of the classical complement pathway by mannose-binding protein in association with a novel C1s-like serine protease

PubMed Central

1992-01-01

Serum mannose-binding protein (MBP) is a C-type lectin that binds to terminal mannose and N-acetylglucosamine moieties present on surfaces of certain pathogens and activates the classical complement pathway. In the present study, we describe the mechanism underlying the activation triggered by MBP. The human serum MBP fraction was obtained by sequential affinity chromatography on mannan-Sepharose, anti-IgM- Sepharose and anti-MBP-Sepharose in the presence of calcium ions. This fraction contained a C1s-like serine protease as assessed by C4 consumption. The C1s-like serine protease, designated MBP-associated serine protease (MASP), was separated from MBP by rechromatography on anti-MBP-Sepharose in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. MASP exhibited both C4- and C2-consuming activities. The molecular mass of MASP was estimated to be 83 kD with two polypeptides of heavy (66 kD) and light (L) (31 kD) chains linked by disulfide bonds. The serine residue responsible for protease activity is located on the L chain. Reconstitution experiments using MASP and MBP revealed that combination of the two components restores C4- and C2-activating capacity on mannan. Based on analyses of molecular size, antigenicity, and 11 NH2- terminal amino acid sequences of the L chain, we conclude that MASP is a novel protein different from C1r or C1s. Our findings are not in accord with a proposed mechanism by which MBP utilizes the C1r2-C1s2 complex to initiate the classical complement pathway. PMID:1460414

High-Performance SiC/SiC Ceramic Composite Systems Developed for 1315 C (2400 F) Engine Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DiCarlo, James A.; Yun, Hee Mann; Morscher, Gregory N.; Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.

2004-01-01

As structural materials for hot-section components in advanced aerospace and land-based gas turbine engines, silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic matrix composites reinforced by high performance SiC fibers offer a variety of performance advantages over current bill-of-materials, such as nickel-based superalloys. These advantages are based on the SiC/SiC composites displaying higher temperature capability for a given structural load, lower density (approximately 30- to 50-percent metal density), and lower thermal expansion. These properties should, in turn, result in many important engine benefits, such as reduced component cooling air requirements, simpler component design, reduced support structure weight, improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, higher blade frequencies, reduced blade clearances, and higher thrust. Under the NASA Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) Project, much progress has been made at the NASA Glenn Research Center in identifying and optimizing two highperformance SiC/SiC composite systems. The table compares typical properties of oxide/oxide panels and SiC/SiC panels formed by the random stacking of balanced 0 degrees/90 degrees fabric pieces reinforced by the indicated fiber types. The Glenn SiC/SiC systems A and B (shaded area of the table) were reinforced by the Sylramic-iBN SiC fiber, which was produced at Glenn by thermal treatment of the commercial Sylramic SiC fiber (Dow Corning, Midland, MI; ref. 2). The treatment process (1) removes boron from the Sylramic fiber, thereby improving fiber creep, rupture, and oxidation resistance and (2) allows the boron to react with nitrogen to form a thin in situ grown BN coating on the fiber surface, thereby providing an oxidation-resistant buffer layer between contacting fibers in the fabric and the final composite. The fabric stacks for all SiC/SiC panels were provided to GE Power Systems Composites for chemical vapor infiltration of Glenn designed BN fiber coatings and conventional SiC matrices. Composite panels with system B were heat treated at Glenn, and the pores that remained open were filled by silicon melt infiltration (MI). Panels with system A and the other SiC/SiC systems were not heat treated, and remaining open pores in these systems were filled with SiC slurry and silicon MI.

Calculations of electric dipole moments and static dipole polarizabilities based on the two-component normalized elimination of the small component method.

PubMed

Yoshizawa, Terutaka; Zou, Wenli; Cremer, Dieter

2016-11-14

The analytical energy gradient and Hessian of the two-component Normalized Elimination of the Small Component (2c-NESC) method with regard to the components of the electric field are derived and used to calculate spin-orbit coupling (SOC) corrected dipole moments and dipole polarizabilities of molecules, which contain elements with high atomic number. Calculated 2c-NESC dipole moments and isotropic polarizabilities agree well with the corresponding four-component-Dirac Hartree-Fock or density functional theory values. SOC corrections for the electrical properties are in general small, but become relevant for the accurate prediction of these properties when the molecules in question contain sixth and/or seventh period elements (e.g., the SO effect for At 2 is about 10% of the 2c-NESC polarizability). The 2c-NESC changes in the electric molecular properties are rationalized in terms of spin-orbit splitting and SOC-induced mixing of frontier orbitals with the same j = l + s quantum numbers.

Calculations of electric dipole moments and static dipole polarizabilities based on the two-component normalized elimination of the small component method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshizawa, Terutaka; Zou, Wenli; Cremer, Dieter

2016-11-01

The analytical energy gradient and Hessian of the two-component Normalized Elimination of the Small Component (2c-NESC) method with regard to the components of the electric field are derived and used to calculate spin-orbit coupling (SOC) corrected dipole moments and dipole polarizabilities of molecules, which contain elements with high atomic number. Calculated 2c-NESC dipole moments and isotropic polarizabilities agree well with the corresponding four-component-Dirac Hartree-Fock or density functional theory values. SOC corrections for the electrical properties are in general small, but become relevant for the accurate prediction of these properties when the molecules in question contain sixth and/or seventh period elements (e.g., the SO effect for At2 is about 10% of the 2c-NESC polarizability). The 2c-NESC changes in the electric molecular properties are rationalized in terms of spin-orbit splitting and SOC-induced mixing of frontier orbitals with the same j = l + s quantum numbers.

Dynamics of asymmetric non-polymeric binary glass formers—A nuclear magnetic resonance and dielectric spectroscopy study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pötzschner, B.; Mohamed, F.; Lichtinger, A.

2015-10-21

We study a dynamically asymmetric binary glass former with the low-T{sub g} component m-tri-cresyl phosphate (m-TCP: T{sub g} = 206 K) and a spirobichroman derivative as a non-polymeric high-T{sub g} component (T{sub g} = 382 K) by means of {sup 1}H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), {sup 31}P NMR, and dielectric spectroscopy which allow component-selectively probing the dynamics. The entire concentration range is covered, and two main relaxation processes with two T{sub g} are identified, T{sub g1} and T{sub g2}. The slower one is attributed to the high-T{sub g} component (α{sub 1}-process), and the faster one is related to the m-TCPmore » molecules (α{sub 2}-process). Yet, there are indications that a small fraction of m-TCP is associated also with the α{sub 1}-process. While the α{sub 1}-relaxation only weakly broadens upon adding m-TCP, the α{sub 2}-relaxation becomes extremely stretched leading to quasi-logarithmic correlation functions at low m-TCP concentrations—as probed by {sup 31}P NMR stimulated echo experiments. Frequency-temperature superposition does not apply for the α{sub 2}-process and it reflects an isotropic, liquid-like motion which is observed even below T{sub g1}, i.e., in the matrix of the arrested high-T{sub g} molecules. As proven by 2D {sup 31}P NMR, the corresponding dynamic heterogeneities are of transient nature, i.e., exchange occurs within the distribution G(lnτ{sub α2}). At T{sub g1} a crossover is found for the temperature dependence of (mean) τ{sub α2}(T) from non-Arrhenius above to Arrhenius below T{sub g1} which is attributed to intrinsic confinement effects. This “fragile-to-strong” transition also leads to a re-decrease of T{sub g2}(c{sub m−TCP}) at low concentration c{sub m−TCP}, i.e., a maximum is observed in T{sub g2}(c{sub m−TCP}) while T{sub g1}(c{sub m−TCP}) displays the well-known plasticizer effect. Although only non-polymeric components are involved, we re-discover essentially all features previously reported for polymer-plasticizer systems.« less

EGF-like peptide-enhanced cell motility in Dictyostelium functions independently of the cAMP-mediated pathway and requires active Ca2+/calmodulin signaling.

PubMed

Huber, Robert; O'Day, Danton H

2011-04-01

Current knowledge suggests that cell movement in the eukaryotic slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is mediated by different signaling pathways involving a number of redundant components. Our previous research has identified a specific motility-enhancing function for epidermal growth factor-like (EGFL) repeats in Dictyostelium, specifically for the EGFL repeats of cyrA, a matricellular, calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein in Dictyostelium. Using mutants of cAMP signaling (carA(-), carC(-), gpaB(-), gpbA(-)), the endogenous calcium (Ca(2+)) release inhibitor TMB-8, the CaM antagonist W-7, and a radial motility bioassay, we show that DdEGFL1, a synthetic peptide whose sequence is obtained from the first EGFL repeat of cyrA, functions independently of the cAMP-mediated signaling pathways to enhance cell motility through a mechanism involving Ca(2+) signaling, CaM, and RasG. We show that DdEGFL1 increases the amounts of polymeric myosin II heavy chain and actin in the cytoskeleton by 24.1±10.7% and 25.9±2.1% respectively and demonstrate a link between Ca(2+)/CaM signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics. Finally, our findings suggest that carA and carC mediate a brake mechanism during chemotaxis since DdEGFL1 enhanced the movement of carA(-)/carC(-) cells by 844±136% compared to only 106±6% for parental DH1 cells. Based on our data, this signaling pathway also appears to involve the G-protein β subunit, RasC, RasGEFA, and protein kinase B. Together, our research provides insight into the functionality of EGFL repeats in Dictyostelium and the signaling pathways regulating cell movement in this model organism. It also identifies several mechanistic components of DdEGFL1-enhanced cell movement, which may ultimately provide a model system for understanding EGFL repeat function in higher organisms. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Early immune responses are independent of RGC dysfunction in glaucoma with complement component C3 being protective.

PubMed

Harder, Jeffrey M; Braine, Catherine E; Williams, Pete A; Zhu, Xianjun; MacNicoll, Katharine H; Sousa, Gregory L; Buchanan, Rebecca A; Smith, Richard S; Libby, Richard T; Howell, Gareth R; John, Simon W M

2017-05-09

Various immune response pathways are altered during early, predegenerative stages of glaucoma; however, whether the early immune responses occur secondarily to or independently of neuronal dysfunction is unclear. To investigate this relationship, we used the Wld s allele, which protects from axon dysfunction. We demonstrate that DBA/2J .Wld s mice develop high intraocular pressure (IOP) but are protected from retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and neuroglial changes that otherwise occur early in DBA/2J glaucoma. Despite this, immune pathways are still altered in DBA/2J .Wld s mice. This suggests that immune changes are not secondary to RGC dysfunction or altered neuroglial interactions, but may be directly induced by the increased strain imposed by high IOP. One early immune response following IOP elevation is up-regulation of complement C3 in astrocytes of DBA/2J and DBA/2J. Wld s mice. Unexpectedly, because the disruption of other complement components, such as C1Q, is protective in glaucoma, C3 deficiency significantly increased the number of DBA/2J eyes with nerve damage and RGC loss at an early time point after IOP elevation. Transcriptional profiling of C3-deficient cultured astrocytes implicated EGFR signaling as a hub in C3-dependent responses. Treatment with AG1478, an EGFR inhibitor, also significantly increased the number of DBA/2J eyes with glaucoma at the same early time point. These findings suggest that C3 protects from early glaucomatous damage, a process that may involve EGFR signaling and other immune responses in the optic nerve head. Therefore, therapies that target specific components of the complement cascade, rather than global inhibition, may be more applicable for treating human glaucoma.

Early immune responses are independent of RGC dysfunction in glaucoma with complement component C3 being protective

PubMed Central

Harder, Jeffrey M.; Braine, Catherine E.; Williams, Pete A.; Zhu, Xianjun; MacNicoll, Katharine H.; Sousa, Gregory L.; Buchanan, Rebecca A.; Smith, Richard S.; Howell, Gareth R.; John, Simon W. M.

2017-01-01

Various immune response pathways are altered during early, predegenerative stages of glaucoma; however, whether the early immune responses occur secondarily to or independently of neuronal dysfunction is unclear. To investigate this relationship, we used the Wlds allele, which protects from axon dysfunction. We demonstrate that DBA/2J.Wlds mice develop high intraocular pressure (IOP) but are protected from retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and neuroglial changes that otherwise occur early in DBA/2J glaucoma. Despite this, immune pathways are still altered in DBA/2J.Wlds mice. This suggests that immune changes are not secondary to RGC dysfunction or altered neuroglial interactions, but may be directly induced by the increased strain imposed by high IOP. One early immune response following IOP elevation is up-regulation of complement C3 in astrocytes of DBA/2J and DBA/2J.Wlds mice. Unexpectedly, because the disruption of other complement components, such as C1Q, is protective in glaucoma, C3 deficiency significantly increased the number of DBA/2J eyes with nerve damage and RGC loss at an early time point after IOP elevation. Transcriptional profiling of C3-deficient cultured astrocytes implicated EGFR signaling as a hub in C3-dependent responses. Treatment with AG1478, an EGFR inhibitor, also significantly increased the number of DBA/2J eyes with glaucoma at the same early time point. These findings suggest that C3 protects from early glaucomatous damage, a process that may involve EGFR signaling and other immune responses in the optic nerve head. Therefore, therapies that target specific components of the complement cascade, rather than global inhibition, may be more applicable for treating human glaucoma. PMID:28446616

The ubiquitous PM component Zn2+ induces HO-1 expression through multiple targets in the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway

EPA Science Inventory

Oxidant stress can play an important role in particulate matter (PM)–mediated toxicity in the respiratory tract. Zinc (Zn2+) is a ubiquitous component of ambient PM that induces adverse responses such as inflammatory and adaptive gene expression in human airway epithelial c...

Computational modeling-based discovery of novel classes of anti-inflammatory drugs that target lanthionine synthetase C-like protein 2.

PubMed

Lu, Pinyi; Hontecillas, Raquel; Horne, William T; Carbo, Adria; Viladomiu, Monica; Pedragosa, Mireia; Bevan, David R; Lewis, Stephanie N; Bassaganya-Riera, Josep

2012-01-01

Lanthionine synthetase component C-like protein 2 (LANCL2) is a member of the eukaryotic lanthionine synthetase component C-Like protein family involved in signal transduction and insulin sensitization. Recently, LANCL2 is a target for the binding and signaling of abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. The goal of this study was to determine the role of LANCL2 as a potential therapeutic target for developing novel drugs and nutraceuticals against inflammatory diseases. Previously, we performed homology modeling to construct a three-dimensional structure of LANCL2 using the crystal structure of lanthionine synthetase component C-like protein 1 (LANCL1) as a template. Using this model, structure-based virtual screening was performed using compounds from NCI (National Cancer Institute) Diversity Set II, ChemBridge, ZINC natural products, and FDA-approved drugs databases. Several potential ligands were identified using molecular docking. In order to validate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the top ranked compound (NSC61610) in the NCI Diversity Set II, a series of in vitro and pre-clinical efficacy studies were performed using a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Our findings showed that the lead compound, NSC61610, activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in a LANCL2- and adenylate cyclase/cAMP dependent manner in vitro and ameliorated experimental colitis by down-modulating colonic inflammatory gene expression and favoring regulatory T cell responses. LANCL2 is a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. High-throughput, structure-based virtual screening is an effective computational-based drug design method for discovering anti-inflammatory LANCL2-based drug candidates.

Computational Modeling-Based Discovery of Novel Classes of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs That Target Lanthionine Synthetase C-Like Protein 2

PubMed Central

Lu, Pinyi; Hontecillas, Raquel; Horne, William T.; Carbo, Adria; Viladomiu, Monica; Pedragosa, Mireia; Bevan, David R.; Lewis, Stephanie N.; Bassaganya-Riera, Josep

2012-01-01

Background Lanthionine synthetase component C-like protein 2 (LANCL2) is a member of the eukaryotic lanthionine synthetase component C-Like protein family involved in signal transduction and insulin sensitization. Recently, LANCL2 is a target for the binding and signaling of abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Methodology/Principal Findings The goal of this study was to determine the role of LANCL2 as a potential therapeutic target for developing novel drugs and nutraceuticals against inflammatory diseases. Previously, we performed homology modeling to construct a three-dimensional structure of LANCL2 using the crystal structure of lanthionine synthetase component C-like protein 1 (LANCL1) as a template. Using this model, structure-based virtual screening was performed using compounds from NCI (National Cancer Institute) Diversity Set II, ChemBridge, ZINC natural products, and FDA-approved drugs databases. Several potential ligands were identified using molecular docking. In order to validate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the top ranked compound (NSC61610) in the NCI Diversity Set II, a series of in vitro and pre-clinical efficacy studies were performed using a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Our findings showed that the lead compound, NSC61610, activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in a LANCL2- and adenylate cyclase/cAMP dependent manner in vitro and ameliorated experimental colitis by down-modulating colonic inflammatory gene expression and favoring regulatory T cell responses. Conclusions/Significance LANCL2 is a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. High-throughput, structure-based virtual screening is an effective computational-based drug design method for discovering anti-inflammatory LANCL2-based drug candidates. PMID:22509338

White Light Emission from Planar Remote Phosphor Based on NHC Cycloplatinated Complexes.

PubMed

Fuertes, Sara; Chueca, Andrés J; Perálvarez, Mariano; Borja, Pilar; Torrell, Marc; Carreras, Josep; Sicilia, Violeta

2016-06-29

We report on the generation of bright white luminescence through solid-state illumination of remote phosphors based on novel cycloplatinated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) compounds. Following a stepwise protocol we got the new NHC compound [{Pt(μ-Cl)(C(∧)C*)}2] (4) (HC(∧)C*-κC* = 1-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene), which was used together with the related ones 4a (HC(∧)C*-κC*= 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene) and 4b (HC(∧)C*-κC*= 3-methyl-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene) as starting materials for the synthesis of the new ionic derivatives [Pt(R-C(∧)C*) (CNR')2]PF6 (R = -COOEt, R' = t-Bu (5), Xyl (6); R = -CN, R' = t-Bu (7), Xyl (8); R(∧)C = Naph, R' = t-Bu (9), Xyl (10)). The X-ray structures of 6 and 8-10 have been determined. The photophysical properties of these cationic compounds have been studied and supported by the time-dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The compounds 5, 8, and 9 have been revealed as the most efficient emitters in the solid state with quantum yields of 41%, 21%, and 40%, respectively. White-light remote-phosphors have been prepared just by stacking different combinations of these compounds and [Pt(bzq) (CN) (CN(t)Bu)] (R1) as blue (5, 8), yellow (9), and red (R1) components onto the same substrate. The CCT (correlated color temperature) and the CRI (color rendering index) of the emitted white-light have been tuned by accurately controlling the individual contributions.

14 CFR 171.259 - Performance requirements: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... components: (1) C-Band (5000 MHz-5030 MHz) localizer equipment, associated monitor system, and remote indicator equipment; (2) C-Band (5220 MHz-5250 MHz) glide path equipment, associated monitor system, and remote indicator equipment; (3) VHF marker beacons (75 MHz), associated monitor systems, and remote...

14 CFR 171.259 - Performance requirements: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... components: (1) C-Band (5000 MHz-5030 MHz) localizer equipment, associated monitor system, and remote indicator equipment; (2) C-Band (5220 MHz-5250 MHz) glide path equipment, associated monitor system, and remote indicator equipment; (3) VHF marker beacons (75 MHz), associated monitor systems, and remote...

14 CFR 171.259 - Performance requirements: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... components: (1) C-Band (5000 MHz-5030 MHz) localizer equipment, associated monitor system, and remote indicator equipment; (2) C-Band (5220 MHz-5250 MHz) glide path equipment, associated monitor system, and remote indicator equipment; (3) VHF marker beacons (75 MHz), associated monitor systems, and remote...

14 CFR 171.259 - Performance requirements: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... components: (1) C-Band (5000 MHz-5030 MHz) localizer equipment, associated monitor system, and remote indicator equipment; (2) C-Band (5220 MHz-5250 MHz) glide path equipment, associated monitor system, and remote indicator equipment; (3) VHF marker beacons (75 MHz), associated monitor systems, and remote...

Phase transition in crystalline benzil : an infrared study of vibrational excitons.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Roy, A.; Et-Tabti, O.; Guérin, R.

1993-03-01

The molecular crystal of benzil, [C 6 H 5 CO] 2, is known to undergo a phase transition at T c = 84 K. The phase transition is from a high temperature trigonal phase with space group D 43 (P3 121) to a low temperature monoclinic phase with space group C 32 (C 2). This paper reports a study of the exciton structure of the infrared bands of benzil as a function of temperature in the vicinity of T c = 84 K. The benzil molecule belongs to the C 2 molecular point group. Group theoretical analysis of the exciton structure of infrared bands predicts two components for molecular B modes and one component for molecular A modes in the high temperature phase. Below T c all the internal modes of benzil are expected to split into two components. Our experimental results show that the A molecular modes are resolved in a doublet structure in the low temperature phase whereas only one component is observed above T c. The doublet structure of infrared bands is studied as a function of temperature in the vicinity of T c. These splittings of crystal states in the low temperature phase are found to be described by a ¦T c - T¦ β law. The temperature dependence of the doublet structure of internal B modes is also studied below and above T c.

Anaerobic Biodegradation of the Lignin and Polysaccharide Components of Lignocellulose and Synthetic Lignin by Sediment Microflora †

PubMed Central

Benner, Ronald; Maccubbin, A. E.; Hodson, Robert E.

1984-01-01

Specifically radiolabeled [14C-lignin]lignocelluloses and [14C-polysaccharide]lignocelluloses were prepared from a variety of marine and freshwater wetland plants including a grass, a sedge, a rush, and a hardwood. These [14C]lignocellulose preparations and synthetic [14C]lignin were incubated anaerobically with anoxic sediments collected from a salt marsh, a freshwater marsh, and a mangrove swamp. During long-term incubations lasting up to 300 days, the lignin and polysaccharide components of the lignocelluloses were slowly degraded anaerobically to 14CO2 and 14CH4. Lignocelluloses derived from herbaceous plants were degraded more rapidly than lignocellulose derived from the hardwood. After 294 days, 16.9% of the lignin component and 30.0% of the polysaccharide component of lignocellulose derived from the grass used (Spartina alterniflora) were degraded to gaseous end products. In contrast, after 246 days, only 1.5% of the lignin component and 4.1% of the polysaccharide component of lignocellulose derived from the hardwood used (Rhizophora mangle) were degraded to gaseous end products. Synthetic [14C]lignin was degraded anaerobically faster than the lignin component of the hardwood lignocellulose; after 276 days, 3.7% of the synthetic lignin was degraded to gaseous end products. Contrary to previous reports, these results demonstrate that lignin and lignified plant tissues are biodegradable in the absence of oxygen. Although lignocelluloses are recalcitrant to anaerobic biodegradation, rates of degradation measured in aquatic sediments are significant and have important implications for the biospheric cycling of carbon from these abundant biopolymers. PMID:16346554

Carbon isotopic fractionation in heterotrophic microbial metabolism

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blair, N.; Leu, A.; Munoz, E.; Olsen, J.; Kwong, E.; Des Marais, D.

1985-01-01

Differences in the natural-abundance carbon stable isotopic compositions between products from aerobic cultures of Escherichia coli K-12 were measured. Respired CO2 was 3.4 percent depleted in C-13 relative to the glucose used as the carbon source, whereas the acetate was 12.3 percent enriched in C-13. The acetate C-13 enrichment was solely in the carboxyl group. Even though the total cellular carbon was only 0.6 percent depleted in C-13, intracellular components exhibited a significant isotopic heterogeneity. The protein and lipid fractions were -1.1 and -2.7 percent, respectively. Aspartic and glutamic acids were -1.6 and +2.7 percent, respectively, yet citrate was isotopically identical to the glucose. Probable sites of carbon isotopic fractionation include the enzyme, phosphotransacetylase, and the Krebs cycle.

CaO-Al2O3 glass-ceramic as a joining material for SiC based components: A microstructural study of the effect of Si-ion irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Casalegno, Valentina; Kondo, Sosuke; Hinoki, Tatsuya; Salvo, Milena; Czyrska-Filemonowicz, Aleksandra; Moskalewicz, Tomasz; Katoh, Yutai; Ferraris, Monica

2018-04-01

The aim of this work was to investigate and discuss the microstructure and interface reaction of a calcia-alumina based glass-ceramic (CA) with SiC. CA has been used for several years as a glass-ceramic for pressure-less joining of SiC based components. In the present work, the crystalline phases in the CA glass-ceramic and at the CA/SiC interface were investigated and the absence of any detectable amorphous phase was assessed. In order to provide a better understanding of the effect of irradiation on the joining material and on the joints, Si ion irradiation was performed both on bulk CA and CA joined SiC. CA glass-ceramic and CA joined SiC were both irradiated with 5.1 MeV Si2+ ions to 3.3 × 1020 ions/m2 at temperatures of 400 and 800 °C at DuET facility, Kyoto University. This corresponds to a damage level of 5 dpa for SiC averaged over the damage range. This paper presents the results of a microstructural analysis of the irradiated samples as well as an evaluation of the dimensional stability of the CA glass-ceramic and its irradiation temperature and/or damage dependence.

Objective Quality Assessment for Color-to-Gray Image Conversion.

PubMed

Ma, Kede; Zhao, Tiesong; Zeng, Kai; Wang, Zhou

2015-12-01

Color-to-gray (C2G) image conversion is the process of transforming a color image into a grayscale one. Despite its wide usage in real-world applications, little work has been dedicated to compare the performance of C2G conversion algorithms. Subjective evaluation is reliable but is also inconvenient and time consuming. Here, we make one of the first attempts to develop an objective quality model that automatically predicts the perceived quality of C2G converted images. Inspired by the philosophy of the structural similarity index, we propose a C2G structural similarity (C2G-SSIM) index, which evaluates the luminance, contrast, and structure similarities between the reference color image and the C2G converted image. The three components are then combined depending on image type to yield an overall quality measure. Experimental results show that the proposed C2G-SSIM index has close agreement with subjective rankings and significantly outperforms existing objective quality metrics for C2G conversion. To explore the potentials of C2G-SSIM, we further demonstrate its use in two applications: 1) automatic parameter tuning for C2G conversion algorithms and 2) adaptive fusion of C2G converted images.

Combination of a Copper-Ion Selective Electrode and Fluorometric Titration for the Determination of Copper(II) Ion Conditional Stability Constants of Humic Substances.

PubMed

Chen, Juan; Chen, Hao; Zhang, Xing-wen; Lei, Kun; Kenny, Jonathan E

2015-11-01

A fluorescence quenching model using copper(II) ion (Cu(2+)) ion selective electrode (Cu-ISE) is developed. It uses parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to model fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) of humic acid (HA) samples titrated with Cu(2+) to resolve fluorescence response of fluorescent components to Cu(2+) titration. Meanwhile, Cu-ISE is employed to monitor free Cu(2+) concentration ([Cu]) at each titration step. The fluorescence response of each component is fit individually to a nonlinear function of [Cu] to find the Cu(2+) conditional stability constant for that component. This approach differs from other fluorescence quenching models, including the most up-to-date multi-response model that has a problematic assumption on Cu(2+) speciation, i.e., an assumption that total Cu(2+) present in samples is a sum of [Cu] and those bound by fluorescent components without taking into consideration the contribution of non-fluorescent organic ligands and inorganic ligands to speciation of Cu(2+). This paper employs the new approach to investigate Cu(2+) binding by Pahokee peat HA (PPHA) at pH values of 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 buffered by phosphate or without buffer. Two fluorescent components (C1 and C2) were identified by PARAFAC. For the new quenching model, the conditional stability constants (logK1 and logK2) of the two components all increased with increasing pH. In buffered solutions, the new quenching model reported logK1 = 7.11, 7.89, 8.04 for C1 and logK2 = 7.04, 7.64, 8.11 for C2 at pH 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0, respectively, nearly two log units higher than the results of the multi-response model. Without buffer, logK1 and logK2 decreased but were still high (>7) at pH 8.0 (logK1 = 7.54, logK2 = 7.95), and all the values were at least 0.5 log unit higher than those (4.83 ~ 5.55) of the multi-response model. These observations indicate that the new quenching model is more intrinsically sensitive than the multi-response model in revealing strong fluorescent binding sites of PPHA in different experimental conditions. The new model was validated by testing it with a mixture of two fluorescing Cu(2+) chelating organic compounds, i.e., l-tryptophan and salicylic acid mixed with one non-fluorescent binding compound oxalic acid titrated with Cu(2+) at pH 5.0.

Investigating the Effects of Higher Spatial Resolution on Benthic Classification Accuracy at Midway Atoll

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

2 X Components: 1 Y Components: 1 Product MBR Geographic Coordinates Number of Coordinates: 4 Coordinate: 1 Latitude...bottom (other than live coral) bldgs., docks, etc.) 4. linear reef- B. SHORELINE -INTERTIDAL modifiers 5. pinnacle reef- c. submerged vegetation- sand

Synthesis and isolation of one isomer of C{sub 60}H{sub 6}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Meier, M.S.; Weedon, B.R.; Spielmann, H.P.

1996-11-20

A reaction is reported that produces C{sub 60}H{sub 6} with essentially no contamination by adjacent oxidation states. The compound is formed as one dominant isomer and one minor isomer, and the assignment is reported of the structure of the major isomer through a comparison of its C-H coupled {sup 13}C NMR spectrum with that of 1, 2-C{sub 60}H{sub 2}. Isolation of the major C{sub 60}H{sub 6} band was accomplished by HPLC using a preparative Buckyclutcher column and an automated injector/fraction collector. Analysis of the fraction containing 1 (a cranberry-colored solution when concentrated) by Buckyclutcher and C{sub 18} HPCL in severalmore » different solvent systems has failed to produce evidence of more than one component. The typical isolated yield is 35%. 15 refs., 3 figs.« less

Soil Components in Heterogeneous Impact Glass in Martian Meteorite EETA79001

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schrader, C. M.; Cohen, B. A.; Donovan, J. J.; Vicenzi, E. P.

2010-01-01

Martian soil composition can illuminate past and ongoing near-surface processes such as impact gardening [2] and hydrothermal and volcanic activity [3,4]. Though the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) have analyzed the major-element composition of Martian soils, no soil samples have been returned to Earth for detailed chemical analysis. Rao et al. [1] suggested that Martian meteorite EETA79001 contains melted Martian soil in its impact glass (Lithology C) based on sulfur enrichment of Lithology C relative to the meteorite s basaltic lithologies (A and B) [1,2]. If true, it may be possible to extract detailed soil chemical analyses using this meteoritic sample. We conducted high-resolution (0.3 m/pixel) element mapping of Lithology C in thin section EETA79001,18 by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). We use these data for principal component analysis (PCA).

Describing patterns of weight changes using principal components analysis: results from the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) research group.

PubMed

Espeland, Mark A; Bray, George A; Neiberg, Rebecca; Rejeski, W Jack; Knowler, William C; Lang, Wei; Cheskin, Lawrence J; Williamson, Don; Lewis, C Beth; Wing, Rena

2009-10-01

To demonstrate how principal components analysis can be used to describe patterns of weight changes in response to an intensive lifestyle intervention. Principal components analysis was applied to monthly percent weight changes measured on 2,485 individuals enrolled in the lifestyle arm of the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) clinical trial. These individuals were 45 to 75 years of age, with type 2 diabetes and body mass indices greater than 25 kg/m(2). Associations between baseline characteristics and weight loss patterns were described using analyses of variance. Three components collectively accounted for 97.0% of total intrasubject variance: a gradually decelerating weight loss (88.8%), early versus late weight loss (6.6%), and a mid-year trough (1.6%). In agreement with previous reports, each of the baseline characteristics we examined had statistically significant relationships with weight loss patterns. As examples, males tended to have a steeper trajectory of percent weight loss and to lose weight more quickly than women. Individuals with higher hemoglobin A(1c) (glycosylated hemoglobin; HbA(1c)) tended to have a flatter trajectory of percent weight loss and to have mid-year troughs in weight loss compared to those with lower HbA(1c). Principal components analysis provided a coherent description of characteristic patterns of weight changes and is a useful vehicle for identifying their correlates and potentially for predicting weight control outcomes.

C/EBPβ (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β) mediates progesterone production through transcriptional regulation in co-operation with SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1).

PubMed

Mizutani, Tetsuya; Ju, Yunfeng; Imamichi, Yoshitaka; Osaki, Tsukasa; Yazawa, Takashi; Kawabe, Shinya; Ishikane, Shin; Matsumura, Takehiro; Kanno, Masafumi; Kamiki, Yasue; Kimura, Kohei; Minamino, Naoto; Miyamoto, Kaoru

2014-06-15

The transcription factor SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1) is a master regulator of steroidogenesis. Previously, we have found that SF-1 induces the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into steroidogenic cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of SF-1-mediated functions, we attempted to identify protein components of the SF-1 nuclear protein complex in differentiated cells. SF-1 immunoaffinity chromatography followed by MS/MS analysis was performed, and 24 proteins were identified. Among these proteins, we focused on C/EBPβ (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β), which is an essential transcription factor for ovulation and luteinization, as the transcriptional mechanisms of C/EBPβ working together with SF-1 are poorly understood. C/EBPβ knockdown attenuated cAMP-induced progesterone production in granulosa tumour-derived KGN cells by altering STAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein), CYP11A1 (cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1) and HSD3B2 (hydroxy-δ-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3β- and steroid δ-isomerase 2) expression. EMSA and ChIP assays revealed novel C/EBPβ-binding sites in the upstream regions of the HSD3B2 and CYP11A1 genes. These interactions were enhanced by cAMP stimulation. Luciferase assays showed that C/EBPβ-responsive regions were found in each promoter and C/EBPβ is involved in the cAMP-induced transcriptional activity of these genes together with SF-1. These results indicate that C/EBPβ is an important mediator of progesterone production by working together with SF-1, especially under tropic hormone-stimulated conditions.

Effect of extending grating length and width on human visually evoked potentials.

PubMed

Mihaylova, Milena S; Hristov, Ivan; Racheva, Kalina; Totev, Tsvetalin; Mitov, Dimitar

2015-01-01

Visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were elicited by Gabor gratings with different lengths and widths at three spatial frequencies (SFs): low, 1.45 c/deg, medium, 2.9 c/deg and high, 5.8 c/deg and at a contrast 3 times above the detection threshold at each SF. An increase of grating length enhanced N1 amplitude at occipital and parietal positions stronger than the increase of grating width at aspect ratios (length : width) above 4:1. The stronger effect of stimulus length than width was reflected also in the amplitude of the later P1 component at central and parietal positions. The larger effect of stimulus length than width on the VEP amplitude was SF specific: it was stronger at 5.8 c/deg, smaller at 2.9 c/deg and vanished at 1.45 c/deg. The results obtained suggest anisotropy in the physiological mechanisms that underlie grating perception and involve bottom- up processes initiated in the occipital cortex.

Cluster observations of two separated cusp populations: double cusp or motion of the cusp?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Escoubet, C.-Philippe; Berchem, Jean; Trattner, Karlheinz; Pitout, Frederic; Richard, Robert; Taylor, Matt; Soucek, Jan; Grison, Benjamin; Laakso, Harri; Masson, Arnaud; Dunlop, Malcolm; Dandouras, Iannis; Reme, Henri; Fazakerley, Andrew; Daly, Patrick

2013-04-01

Modelling plasma entry in the polar cusp has been successful in reproducing ion dispersions observed in the cusp at low and mid-altitudes. The use of a realistic convection pattern allowed Wing et al. (2001) to predict double cusp signatures that were subsequently observed by the DMSP spacecraft. In this paper, we present a cusp crossing where two cusp populations are observed, separated by a gap around 1° ILAT wide. Cluster 1 (C1) and Cluster 2 (C2) observed these two cusp populations with a time delay of three minutes and about 15 and 42 minutes later, Cluster 4 (C4) and Cluster 3 (C3) observed, respectively, a single cusp population. A peculiarity of this event is the fact that the second cusp population seen on C1 and C2 was observed at the same time as the first cusp population on C4. This would tend to suggest that the two cusp populations were spatial features similar to the double cusp. Due to the nested crossing of C1 and C2 through the gap between the two cusp encounters, C2 being first to leave the cusp and last to re-enter it, these observations cannot be explained by two stable cusps with a gap of precipitation in between. On the other hand these observations are in agreement with a motion of the cusp first dawnward and then back duskward due to the effect of the IMF-By component.

Channel formation by the binding component of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin: glutamate 307 of C2II affects channel properties in vitro and pH-dependent C2I translocation in vivo.

PubMed

Blöcker, Dagmar; Bachmeyer, Christoph; Benz, Roland; Aktories, Klaus; Barth, Holger

2003-05-13

The binding component (C2II) of the binary Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin mediates transport of the actin ADP-ribosylating enzyme component (C2I) into the cytosol of target cells. C2II (80 kDa) is activated by trypsin cleavage, and proteolytically activated C2II (60 kDa) oligomerizes to heptamers in solution. Activated C2II forms channels in lipid bilayer membranes which are highly cation selective and voltage-gated. A role for this channel in C2I translocation across the cell membrane into the cytosol is discussed. Amino acid residues 303-331 of C2II contain a conserved pattern of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues, which likely facilitates membrane insertion and channel formation by creating two antiparallel beta-strands. Some of the residues are in strategic positions within the putative C2II channel, in particular, glutamate 307 (E307) localized in its center and glycine 316 (G316) localized on the trans side of the membrane. Here, single-lysine substitutions of these amino acids and the double mutant E307K/G316K of C2II were analyzed in vivo and in artificial lipid bilayer experiments. The pH dependence of C2I transport across cellular membranes was altered, and a pH of

Refinement of Ferrite Grain Size near the Ultrafine Range by Multipass, Thermomechanical Compression

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patra, S.; Neogy, S.; Kumar, Vinod; Chakrabarti, D.; Haldar, A.

2012-11-01

Plane-strain compression testing was carried out on a Nb-Ti-V microalloyed steel, in a GLEEBLE3500 simulator using a different amount of roughing, intermediate, and finishing deformation over the temperature range of 1373 K to 1073 K (1100 °C to 800 °C). A decrease in soaking temperature from 1473 K to 1273 K (1200 °C to 1000 °C) offered marginal refinement in the ferrite ( α) grain size from 7.8 to 6.6 μm. Heavy deformation using multiple passes between A e3 and A r3 with true strain of 0.8 to 1.2 effectively refined the α grain size (4.1 to 3.2 μm) close to the ultrafine size by dynamic-strain-induced austenite ( γ) → ferrite ( α) transformation (DSIT). The intensities of microstructural banding, pearlite fraction in the microstructure (13 pct), and fraction of the harmful "cube" texture component (5 pct) were reduced with the increase in finishing deformation. Simultaneously, the fractions of high-angle (>15 deg misorientation) boundaries (75 to 80 pct), beneficial gamma-fiber (ND//<111>) texture components, along with {332}<133> and {554}<225> components were increased. Grain refinement and the formation of small Fe3C particles (50- to 600-nm size) increased the hardness of the deformed samples (184 to 192 HV). For the same deformation temperature [1103 K (830 °C)], the difference in α-grain sizes obtained after single-pass (2.7 μm) and multipass compression (3.2 μm) can be explained in view of the static- and dynamic-strain-induced γ → α transformation, strain partitioning between γ and α, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of the deformed α, and α-grain growth during interpass intervals.

A Novel p-Nitrophenol Degradation Gene Cluster from a Gram-Positive Bacterium, Rhodococcus opacus SAO101

PubMed Central

Kitagawa, Wataru; Kimura, Nobutada; Kamagata, Yoichi

2004-01-01

p-Nitrophenol (4-NP) is recognized as an environmental contaminant; it is used primarily for manufacturing medicines and pesticides. To date, several 4-NP-degrading bacteria have been isolated; however, the genetic information remains very limited. In this study, a novel 4-NP degradation gene cluster from a gram-positive bacterium, Rhodococcus opacus SAO101, was identified and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequences of npcB, npcA, and npcC showed identity with phenol 2-hydroxylase component B (reductase, PheA2) of Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius A7 (32%), with 2,4,6-trichlorophenol monooxygenase (TcpA) of Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 (44%), and with hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase (ORF2) of Arthrobacter sp. strain BA-5-17 (76%), respectively. The npcB, npcA, and npcC genes were cloned into pET-17b to construct the respective expression vectors pETnpcB, pETnpcA, and pETnpcC. Conversion of 4-NP was observed when a mixture of crude cell extracts of Escherichia coli containing pETnpcB and pETnpcA was used in the experiment. The mixture converted 4-NP to hydroxyquinol and also converted 4-nitrocatechol (4-NCA) to hydroxyquinol. Furthermore, the crude cell extract of E. coli containing pETnpcC converted hydroxyquinol to maleylacetate. These results suggested that npcB and npcA encode the two-component 4-NP/4-NCA monooxygenase and that npcC encodes hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase. The npcA and npcC mutant strains, SDA1 and SDC1, completely lost the ability to grow on 4-NP as the sole carbon source. These results clearly indicated that the cloned npc genes play an essential role in 4-NP mineralization in R. opacus SAO101. PMID:15262926

The role of complement in myasthenia gravis: serological evidence of complement consumption in vivo.

PubMed

Romi, Fredrik; Kristoffersen, Einar K; Aarli, Johan A; Gilhus, Nils Erik

2005-01-01

Antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) titin and the ryanodine receptor (RyR) occur in myasthenia gravis (MG). These antibodies are capable of complement activation in vitro. The involvement of the complement system should cause consumption of complement components such as C3 and C4 in vivo. Complement components C3 and C4 were assayed in sera from 78 AChR antibody-positive MG patients and 52 healthy controls. Forty-eight of the patient sera contained titin antibodies as well, and 20 were also RyR antibody-positive. MG patients with AChR antibody concentrations above the median (11.2 nmol/l) had significantly lower mean C3 and C4 concentrations in serum compared to those with AChR antibody concentrations below the median. Titin antibody-positive MG patients, titin antibody-negative early-onset MG patients, titin antibody-negative late-onset MG patients, and controls had similar C3 and C4 concentrations. Nor did mean C3 and C4 concentrations differ in MG patients with RyR antibodies. Patients with severe MG (grades 4 and 5) had similar C3 and similar C4 levels compared to those with mild MG (grades 1 and 2). An increased in vivo complement consumption was detected in MG patients with high AChR antibody concentrations, unrelated to MG severity and non-AChR muscle antibodies.

Interfacial chemical and electronic structure of cobalt deposition on 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Menglong; Lyu, Lu; Niu, Dongmei; Zhang, Hong; Zhang, Yuhe; Liu, Peng; Gao, Yongli

2017-04-01

Interfacial chemical and electronic structure of Co deposition on 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene(C8-BTBT) was investigated by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). Chemical reaction of cobalt with C8-BTBT at the interface is confirmed by a new component of S 2s peak which is electron-rich compared to the original one of C8-BTBT molecules. Intensity evolution of the core level in XPS indicates that the adsorption of Co atoms is mainly at the surface without deeper diffusion into C8-BTBT layer. Initial deposition of Co atoms downward shifts the core levels of C8-BTBT by electron transfer from isolated Co atoms or clusters to the C8-BTBT. Further deposition of Co upward shifts the core levels of C8-BTBT because of the neutralization of the thicker metal Co film. Our investigation suggests an inert buffer layer inserted to protect organic layer from reaction or decomposition and to lower the carrier barriers for both the electron and hole to improve the performance of Co/C8-BTBT-based OFETs.

Anhydrous versus hydrated N4-substituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamines: hydrogen bonding in two and three dimensions.

PubMed

Trilleras, Jorge; Quiroga, Jairo; Cobo, Justo; Marchal, Antonio; Nogueras, Manuel; Low, John N; Glidewell, Christopher

2008-10-01

Ten new N(4)-substituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamines have been synthesized and the structures of nine of them are reported here, falling into two clear groups, those which are stoichiometric hydrates and those which crystallize in solvent-free forms. In each of N(4)-methyl-N(4)-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine, C(12)H(12)N(6) (I), N(4)-cyclohexyl-N(4)-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine, C(12)H(18)N(6) (II), and N(4)-(3-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine, C(11)H(9)ClN(6) (III), the molecules are linked into hydrogen-bonded sheets. The molecules of 2-{4-(6-amino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl}ethanol, C(11)H(17)N(7)O (IV), are linked into a three-dimensional framework, while the structure of N(4)-methyl-N(4)-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine monohydrate, C(13)H(14)N(6) x H(2)O (V), is only two-dimensional despite the presence of five independent hydrogen bonds. The stoichiometric hemihydrates N(4)-ethyl-N(4)-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine hemihydrate, C(13)H(14)N(6) x 0.5 H(2)O (VI) and N(4)-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N(4)-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine hemihydrate, C(13)H(14)N(6)O x 0.5 H(2)O (VII), exhibit remarkably similar sheet structures, despite different space groups and Z' values, Z' = 0.5 in C2/c for (VI) and Z' = 1 in P1 for (VII). N(4)-4-Benzyl-N(4)-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine monohydrate, C(18)H(16)N(6) x H(2)O (VIII), crystallizes with Z' = 2 in P2(1)/n, and the four independent molecular components are linked into sheets by a total of 11 intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The sheet structure in {4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-6-amine} ethanol hemisolvate hemihydrate, C(9)H(12)N(6).0.5C(2)H(6)O x 0.5 H(2)O (IX), is built from the pyrimidine and water components only; it contains eight independent hydrogen bonds, and it very closely mimics the sheets in (VI) and (VII); the ethanol molecules are pendent from these sheets. The N(4)-alkyl-N(4)-aryl-4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine molecules in (I), (V)-(VIII) all adopt very similar conformations, dominated in each case by an intramolecular C-H...pi(arene) hydrogen bond: this interaction is absent from (III) where the molecular conformation is entirely different and probably dominated by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Contact sex pheromone components of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus.

PubMed

Nojima, Satoshi; Shimomura, Kenji; Honda, Hiroshi; Yamamoto, Izuru; Ohsawa, Kanju

2007-05-01

The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus, is a major pest of stored pulses. Females of this species produce a contact sex pheromone that elicits copulation behavior in males. Pheromone was extracted from filter-paper shelters taken from cages that housed females. Crude ether extract stimulated copulation in male C. maculatus. Initial fractionation showed behavioral activity in acidic and neutral fractions. Furthermore, bioassay-guided fractionation and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of active fractions revealed that the active components of the acidic fraction were 2,6-dimethyloctane-1,8-dioic acid and nonanedioic acid. These components along with the hydrocarbon fraction, a mixture of C(27)-C(35) straight chain and methyl branched hydrocarbons, had a synergistic effect on the behavior of males. Glass dummies treated with an authentic pheromone blend induced copulation behavior in males. The potential roles of the contact sex pheromone of C. maculatus are discussed.

Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy for large renal masses: a multi-institutional series.

PubMed

Delto, Joan C; Paulucci, David; Helbig, Michael W; Badani, Ketan K; Eun, Daniel; Porter, James; Abaza, Ronney; Hemal, Ashok K; Bhandari, Akshay

2018-06-01

To compare peri-operative outcomes after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for cT2a (7 to <10 cm) to cT1 tumours. Patients with a cT1a (n = 1 358, 76.4%), cT1b (n = 379, 21.3%) or cT2a (n = 41, 2.3%) renal mass were identified from a multi-institutional RAPN database. Intra- and postoperative outcomes were compared for cT2a masses vs cT1a and cT1b masses using multivariable regression models (linear, logistic, Poisson etc.), adjusting for operating surgeon and a modified R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score that excluded the radius component. The median sizes for cT1a, cT1b and cT2a tumours were 2.5, 5.0 and 8.0 cm, respectively (P < 0.001) with modified R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry scores being 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0, respectively (cT1a, P < 0.001; cT1b, P = 0.105). RAPN for cT2a vs cT1a masses was associated with a 12% increase in operating time (P < 0.001), a 32% increase in estimated blood loss (P < 0.001), a 7% increase in ischaemia time (P = 0.008), a 3.93 higher odds of acute kidney injury at discharge (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33, 8.76; P = 0.009) and a higher risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 10.9, 95% CI 1.31, 92.2; P = 0.027). RAPN for cT2a vs cT1b masses was associated with a 12% increase in blood loss (P = 0.036), a 5% increase in operating time (P = 0.062) and a marginally higher risk of recurrence (HR 11.2, 95% CI 0.77, 11.5; P = 0.059). RAPN for cT2a tumours was not associated with differences in complications (cT1a, P = 0.535; cT1b, P = 0.382), positive margins (cT1a, P = 0.972; cT1b, P = 0.681), length of stay (cT1a, P = 0.507; cT1b, P = 0.513) or renal function decline up to 24 months post-RAPN (cT1a, P = 0.124; cT1b, P = 0.467). For T2a tumours RAPN is a feasible treatment option in a select patient population when performed by experienced surgeons in institutions equipped to manage postoperative complications. Although RAPN was associated with greater blood loss and longer operating and ischaemia time in T2a tumours, it was not associated with greater complication or positive surgical margin rates compared with T1 tumours. Renal function preservation rates were equivalent for up to 24 months postoperatively; however, 12-month recurrence-free survival was significantly lower in the T2a group. Extended follow-up is required to further evaluate long-term survival. © 2018 The Authors BJU International © 2018 BJU International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The molecular core in G34.3 + 0.2 - Millimeter interferometric observations of HCO(+), H(C-13)N, H(C-15)N, and SO

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carral, Patricia; Welch, William J.

1992-01-01

This study presents high-resolution observations of the molecular core in the star-forming region G34.3 + 0.2. Maps at 6-arcsec resolution of emission and absorption of the J = 1 - 0 transitions of HCO(+), H (C-13)N, H(C-15)N, and of the 2(2) - 1(1) transition of SO were obtained in addition to a map of the 3.4-mm continuum emission from the compact H II component. The HCL(+) emission toward G34.3 + 0.2 traces a warm molecular core about 0.9 pc in size. Emission from H (C-13)N is detected over about 0.3 pc. The cometary H II region lies near the edge of the molecular core. The blueshift of the radio recombination lines with respect to the molecular emission suggests that gas from the H II region is accelerated in a champagne flow caused by a steep gradient in the ambient gas density.

Genetic engineering of Streptomyces bingchenggensis to produce milbemycins A3/A4 as main components and eliminate the biosynthesis of nanchangmycin.

PubMed

Zhang, Ji; An, Jing; Wang, Ji-Jia; Yan, Yi-Jun; He, Hai-Rong; Wang, Xiang-Jing; Xiang, Wen-Sheng

2013-12-01

Milbemycins A3/A4 are important 16-membered macrolides which have been commercialized and widely used as pesticide and veterinary medicine. However, similar to other milbemycin producers, the production of milbemycins A3/A4 in Streptomyces bingchenggensis is usually accompanied with undesired by-products such as C5-O - methylmilbemycins B2/B3 (α-class) and β1/β2 (β-class) together with nanchangmycin. In order to obtain high yield milbemycins A3/A4-producing strains that produce milbemycins A3/A4 as main components, milD, a putative C5-O-methyltransferase gene of S. bingchenggensis , was biofunctionally investigated by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli . Enzymatic analysis indicated that MilD can catalyze both α-class (A3/A4) and β-class milbemycins (β11) into C5-O-methylmilbemycins B2/B3 and β1, respectively, suggesting little effect of furan ring formed between C6 and C8a on the C5-O-methylation catalyzed by MilD. Deletion of milD gene resulted in the elimination of C5-Omethylmilbemycins B2/B3 and β1/β2 together with an increased yield of milbemycins A3/A4 in disruption strain BCJ13. Further disruption of the gene nanLD encoding loading module of polyketide synthase responsible for the biosynthesis of nanchangmycin led to strain BCJ36 that abolished the production of nanchangmycin. Importantly, mutant strain BCJ36 (ΔmilDΔnanLD) produced milbemycins A3/A4 as main secondary metabolites with a yield of 2312 ± 47 μg/ml, which was approximately 74 % higher than that of the initial strain S. bingchenggensis BC-109-6 (1326 ± 37 μg/ml).

Inclusive search for squark and gluino production in pp[over ] collisions at sqrt[s]=1.96 TeV.

PubMed

Aaltonen, T; Adelman, J; Akimoto, T; Albrow, M G; González, B Alvarez; Amerio, S; Amidei, D; Anastassov, A; Annovi, A; Antos, J; Apollinari, G; Apresyan, A; Arisawa, T; Artikov, A; Ashmanskas, W; Attal, A; Aurisano, A; Azfar, F; Azzurri, P; Badgett, W; Barbaro-Galtieri, A; Barnes, V E; Barnett, B A; Bartsch, V; Bauer, G; Beauchemin, P-H; Bedeschi, F; Beecher, D; Behari, S; Bellettini, G; Bellinger, J; Benjamin, D; Beretvas, A; Beringer, J; Bhatti, A; Binkley, M; Bisello, D; Bizjak, I; Blair, R E; Blocker, C; Blumenfeld, B; Bocci, A; Bodek, A; Boisvert, V; Bolla, G; Bortoletto, D; Boudreau, J; Boveia, A; Brau, B; Bridgeman, A; Brigliadori, L; Bromberg, C; Brubaker, E; Budagov, J; Budd, H S; Budd, S; Burke, S; Burkett, K; Busetto, G; Bussey, P; Buzatu, A; Byrum, K L; Cabrera, S; Calancha, C; Campanelli, M; Campbell, M; Canelli, F; Canepa, A; Carls, B; Carlsmith, D; Carosi, R; Carrillo, S; Carron, S; Casal, B; Casarsa, M; Castro, A; Catastini, P; Cauz, D; Cavaliere, V; Cavalli-Sforza, M; Cerri, A; Cerrito, L; Chang, S H; Chen, Y C; Chertok, M; Chiarelli, G; Chlachidze, G; Chlebana, F; Cho, K; Chokheli, D; Chou, J P; Choudalakis, G; Chuang, S H; Chung, K; Chung, W H; Chung, Y S; Chwalek, T; Ciobanu, C I; Ciocci, M A; Clark, A; Clark, D; Compostella, G; Convery, M E; Conway, J; Cordelli, M; Cortiana, G; Cox, C A; Cox, D J; Crescioli, F; Almenar, C Cuenca; Cuevas, J; Culbertson, R; Cully, J C; Dagenhart, D; Datta, M; Davies, T; de Barbaro, P; De Cecco, S; Deisher, A; De Lorenzo, G; Dell'orso, M; Deluca, C; Demortier, L; Deng, J; Deninno, M; Derwent, P F; di Giovanni, G P; Dionisi, C; Di Ruzza, B; Dittmann, J R; D'Onofrio, M; Donati, S; Dong, P; Donini, J; Dorigo, T; Dube, S; Efron, J; Elagin, A; Erbacher, R; Errede, D; Errede, S; Eusebi, R; Fang, H C; Farrington, S; Fedorko, W T; Feild, R G; Feindt, M; Fernandez, J P; Ferrazza, C; Field, R; Flanagan, G; Forrest, R; Frank, M J; Franklin, M; Freeman, J C; Furic, I; Gallinaro, M; Galyardt, J; Garberson, F; Garcia, J E; Garfinkel, A F; Genser, K; Gerberich, H; Gerdes, D; Gessler, A; Giagu, S; Giakoumopoulou, V; Giannetti, P; Gibson, K; Gimmell, J L; Ginsburg, C M; Giokaris, N; Giordani, M; Giromini, P; Giunta, M; Giurgiu, G; Glagolev, V; Glenzinski, D; Gold, M; Goldschmidt, N; Golossanov, A; Gomez, G; Gomez-Ceballos, G; Goncharov, M; González, O; Gorelov, I; Goshaw, A T; Goulianos, K; Gresele, A; Grinstein, S; Grosso-Pilcher, C; Grundler, U; da Costa, J Guimaraes; Gunay-Unalan, Z; Haber, C; Hahn, K; Hahn, S R; Halkiadakis, E; Han, B-Y; Han, J Y; Happacher, F; Hara, K; Hare, D; Hare, M; Harper, S; Harr, R F; Harris, R M; Hartz, M; Hatakeyama, K; Hays, C; Heck, M; Heijboer, A; Heinrich, J; Henderson, C; Herndon, M; Heuser, J; Hewamanage, S; Hidas, D; Hill, C S; Hirschbuehl, D; Hocker, A; Hou, S; Houlden, M; Hsu, S-C; Huffman, B T; Hughes, R E; Husemann, U; Huston, J; Incandela, J; Introzzi, G; Iori, M; Ivanov, A; James, E; Jayatilaka, B; Jeon, E J; Jha, M K; Jindariani, S; Johnson, W; Jones, M; Joo, K K; Jun, S Y; Jung, J E; Junk, T R; Kamon, T; Kar, D; Karchin, P E; Kato, Y; Kephart, R; Keung, J; Khotilovich, V; Kilminster, B; Kim, D H; Kim, H S; Kim, H W; Kim, J E; Kim, M J; Kim, S B; Kim, S H; Kim, Y K; Kimura, N; Kirsch, L; Klimenko, S; Knuteson, B; Ko, B R; Kondo, K; Kong, D J; Konigsberg, J; Korytov, A; Kotwal, A V; Kreps, M; Kroll, J; Krop, D; Krumnack, N; Kruse, M; Krutelyov, V; Kubo, T; Kuhr, T; Kulkarni, N P; Kurata, M; Kusakabe, Y; Kwang, S; Laasanen, A T; Lami, S; Lammel, S; Lancaster, M; Lander, R L; Lannon, K; Lath, A; Latino, G; Lazzizzera, I; Lecompte, T; Lee, E; Lee, H S; Lee, S W; Leone, S; Lewis, J D; Lin, C-S; Linacre, J; Lindgren, M; Lipeles, E; Lister, A; Litvintsev, D O; Liu, C; Liu, T; Lockyer, N S; Loginov, A; Loreti, M; Lovas, L; Lucchesi, D; Luci, C; Lueck, J; Lujan, P; Lukens, P; Lungu, G; Lyons, L; Lys, J; Lysak, R; Macqueen, D; Madrak, R; Maeshima, K; Makhoul, K; Maki, T; Maksimovic, P; Malde, S; Malik, S; Manca, G; Manousakis-Katsikakis, A; Margaroli, F; Marino, C; Marino, C P; Martin, A; Martin, V; Martínez, M; Martínez-Ballarín, R; Maruyama, T; Mastrandrea, P; Masubuchi, T; Mathis, M; Mattson, M E; Mazzanti, P; McFarland, K S; McIntyre, P; McNulty, R; Mehta, A; Mehtala, P; Menzione, A; Merkel, P; Mesropian, C; Miao, T; Miladinovic, N; Miller, R; Mills, C; Milnik, M; Mitra, A; Mitselmakher, G; Miyake, H; Moggi, N; Moon, C S; Moore, R; Morello, M J; Morlok, J; Fernandez, P Movilla; Mülmenstädt, J; Mukherjee, A; Muller, Th; Mumford, R; Murat, P; Mussini, M; Nachtman, J; Nagai, Y; Nagano, A; Naganoma, J; Nakamura, K; Nakano, I; Napier, A; Necula, V; Nett, J; Neu, C; Neubauer, M S; Neubauer, S; Nielsen, J; Nodulman, L; Norman, M; Norniella, O; Nurse, E; Oakes, L; Oh, S H; Oh, Y D; Oksuzian, I; Okusawa, T; Orava, R; Griso, S Pagan; Palencia, E; Papadimitriou, V; Papaikonomou, A; Paramonov, A A; Parks, B; Pashapour, S; Patrick, J; Pauletta, G; Paulini, M; Paus, C; Peiffer, T; Pellett, D E; Penzo, A; Phillips, T J; Piacentino, G; Pianori, E; Pinera, L; Pitts, K; Plager, C; Pondrom, L; Portell, X; Poukhov, O; Pounder, N; Prakoshyn, F; Pronko, A; Proudfoot, J; Ptohos, F; Pueschel, E; Punzi, G; Pursley, J; Rademacker, J; Rahaman, A; Ramakrishnan, V; Ranjan, N; Redondo, I; Rekovic, V; Renton, P; Renz, M; Rescigno, M; Richter, S; Rimondi, F; Ristori, L; Robson, A; Rodrigo, T; Rodriguez, T; Rogers, E; Rolli, S; Roser, R; Rossi, M; Rossin, R; Roy, P; Ruiz, A; Russ, J; Rusu, V; Safonov, A; Sakumoto, W K; Saltó, O; Santi, L; Sarkar, S; Sartori, L; Sato, K; Savoy-Navarro, A; Schlabach, P; Schmidt, A; Schmidt, E E; Schmidt, M A; Schmidt, M P; Schmitt, M; Schwarz, T; Scodellaro, L; Scribano, A; Scuri, F; Sedov, A; Seidel, S; Seiya, Y; Semenov, A; Sexton-Kennedy, L; Sforza, F; Sfyrla, A; Shalhout, S Z; Shears, T; Shepard, P F; Shimojima, M; Shiraishi, S; Shochet, M; Shon, Y; Shreyber, I; Sidoti, A; Sinervo, P; Sisakyan, A; Slaughter, A J; Slaunwhite, J; Sliwa, K; Smith, J R; Snider, F D; Snihur, R; Soha, A; Somalwar, S; Sorin, V; Spalding, J; Spreitzer, T; Squillacioti, P; Stanitzki, M; St Denis, R; Stelzer, B; Stelzer-Chilton, O; Stentz, D; Strologas, J; Strycker, G L; Stuart, D; Suh, J S; Sukhanov, A; Suslov, I; Suzuki, T; Taffard, A; Takashima, R; Takeuchi, Y; Tanaka, R; Tecchio, M; Teng, P K; Terashi, K; Thom, J; Thompson, A S; Thompson, G A; Thomson, E; Tipton, P; Ttito-Guzmán, P; Tkaczyk, S; Toback, D; Tokar, S; Tollefson, K; Tomura, T; Tonelli, D; Torre, S; Torretta, D; Totaro, P; Tourneur, S; Trovato, M; Tsai, S-Y; Tu, Y; Turini, N; Ukegawa, F; Vallecorsa, S; van Remortel, N; Varganov, A; Vataga, E; Vázquez, F; Velev, G; Vellidis, C; Veszpremi, V; Vidal, M; Vidal, R; Vila, I; Vilar, R; Vine, T; Vogel, M; Volobouev, I; Volpi, G; Wagner, P; Wagner, R G; Wagner, R L; Wagner, W; Wagner-Kuhr, J; Wakisaka, T; Wallny, R; Wang, S M; Warburton, A; Waters, D; Weinberger, M; Weinelt, J; Wester, W C; Whitehouse, B; Whiteson, D; Wicklund, A B; Wicklund, E; Wilbur, S; Williams, G; Williams, H H; Wilson, P; Winer, B L; Wittich, P; Wolbers, S; Wolfe, C; Wright, T; Wu, X; Würthwein, F; Wynne, S M; Xie, S; Yagil, A; Yamamoto, K; Yamaoka, J; Yang, U K; Yang, Y C; Yao, W M; Yeh, G P; Yoh, J; Yorita, K; Yoshida, T; Yu, G B; Yu, I; Yu, S S; Yun, J C; Zanello, L; Zanetti, A; Zhang, X; Zheng, Y; Zucchelli, S

2009-03-27

We report on a search for inclusive production of squarks and gluinos in pp[over ] collisions at sqrt[s]=1.96 TeV, in events with large missing transverse energy and multiple jets of hadrons in the final state. The study uses a CDF Run II data sample corresponding to 2 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity. The data are in good agreement with the standard model predictions, giving no evidence for any squark or gluino component. In an R-parity conserving minimal supergravity scenario with A(0)=0, mu<0, and tanbeta=5, 95% C.L. upper limits on the production cross sections in the range between 0.1 and 1 pb are obtained, depending on the squark and gluino masses considered. For gluino masses below 280 GeV/c(2), arbitrarily large squark masses are excluded at the 95% C.L., while for mass degenerate gluinos and squarks, masses below 392 GeV/c(2) are excluded at the 95% C.L.

Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) panchromatic two-camera subsystem for LANDSAT-C

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

A two-inch Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) panchromatic two camera Subsystem, together with spare components was designed and fabricated for the LANDSAT-C Satellite; the basis for the design was the Landsat 1&2 RBV Camera System. The purpose of the RBV Subsystem is to acquire high resolution pictures of the Earth for a mapping application. Where possible, residual LANDSAT 1 and 2 equipment was utilized.

Non-polymeric asymmetric binary glass-formers. II. Secondary relaxation studied by dielectric, 2H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pötzschner, B.; Mohamed, F.; Bächer, C.; Wagner, E.; Lichtinger, A.; Bock, D.; Kreger, K.; Schmidt, H.-W.; Rössler, E. A.

2017-04-01

We investigate the secondary (β-) relaxations of an asymmetric binary glass former consisting of a spirobichroman derivative (SBC; Tg = 356 K) as the high-Tg component and the low-Tg component tripropyl phosphate (TPP; Tg = 134 K). The main relaxations are studied in Paper I [B. Pötzschner et al., J. Chem. Phys. 146, 164503 (2017)]. A high Tg contrast of ΔTg = 222 K is put into effect in a non-polymeric system. Component-selective studies are carried out by combining results from dielectric spectroscopy (DS) for mass concentrations cTPP ≥ 60% and those from different methods of 2H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. In the case of NMR, the full concentration range (10% ≤ cTPP ≤ 100%) is covered. The neat components exhibit a β-relaxation (β1 (SBC) and β2 (TPP)). The latter is rediscovered by DS in the mixtures for all concentrations with unchanged time constants. NMR spectroscopy identifies the β-relaxations as being alike to those in neat glasses. A spatially highly restricted motion with angular displacement below ±10° encompassing all molecules is involved. In the low temperature range, where TPP shows the typical 31P NMR echo spectra of the β2-process, very similar spectral features are observed for the (deuterated) SBC component by 2H NMR, in addition to its "own" β1-process observed at high temperatures. Apparently, the small TPP molecules enslave the large SBC molecules to perform a common hindered reorientation. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time of both components is the same and reveals an angular displacement of the SBC molecules somewhat smaller than that of TPP, though the time constants τβ2 are the same. Furthermore, T1(T) of TPP in the temperature region of the β2-process is absolutely the same as in the mixture TPP/polystyrene investigated previously. It appears that the manifestations of the β-process introduced by one component are essentially independent of the second component. Finally, at cTPP ≤ 20% one finds indications that the β2-process starts to disintegrate. More and more TPP molecules get immobilized upon decreasing cTPP. We conclude that the β-process is a cooperative process.

Conformational analysis of some 4‧-substituted 2-(phenylselanyl)- 2-(methoxy)- acetophenones

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Traesel, Henrique J.; Olivato, Paulo R.; Valença, J.; Rodrigues, Daniel N. S.; Zukerman-Schpector, Julio; Colle, Maurizio Dal

2018-04-01

A conformational study of some 4‧-substituited 2-(phenylselanyl)-2-(methoxy)-acetophenones (OMe 1, H 2, and Cl 3) was performed using IR carbonyl stretching band analysis supported by NBO and PCM calculations at the B3LYP/6-31 + G (d,p) level for 1-3 and using X-ray diffraction for 1 and 2. The computational results indicated the existence of three stable conformers for the series (c2, c3, and c1 in order of decreasing stability), whose relative abundance changes with solvent permittivity. The experimental trend observed for the components of the triplet carbonyl band in all solvents matches well with computational results and thus allows for their assignment to distinct conformers. The relative population of the c1 conformer increases in more polar solvents, becoming the most stable conformer in the highest permittivity solvent, acetonitrile, as indicated by IR spectra and PCM calculations. These findings are related to the quasi parallel geometry assumed by the Cδ+ = Oδ- and Cδ+-Oδ- dipoles, which favour stronger solvation. NBO analysis shows that the sum of the energies (ΣE) of the relevant orbital interactions stabilizes the c3 conformer of 1-3 slightly, likely due to the minor contribution of the LPO5→σ*C3sbnd Se10 interaction. However, only the c1 conformer is significantly destabilized by the Oδ-(1)CO … Oδ-(5)OMe short contact electrostatic repulsion, which is also responsible for its highest νCO frequency. In addition, the LPO5→ σ*C2sbnd C3 orbital interaction accounts for the lowest νCO frequency of c3 conformer. X-ray single crystal analysis of compounds 1 and 2 indicates that in the solid state they assume the least stable c1 conformation found in the gas phase. Molecules of these compounds are stabilized in the crystal through a series of Csbnd H⋯O and Csbnd H … π intermolecular interactions.

Phylogenetic aspects of the complement system.

PubMed

Zarkadis, I K; Mastellos, D; Lambris, J D

2001-01-01

During evolution two general systems of immunity have emerged: innate or, natural immunity and adaptive (acquired), or specific immunity. The innate system is phylogenetically older and is found in some form in all multicellular organisms, whereas the adaptive system appeared about 450 million years ago and is found in all vertebrates except jawless fish. The complement system in higher vertebrates plays an important role as an effector of both the innate and the acquired immune response, and also participates in various immunoregulatory processes. In lower vertebrates complement is activated by the alternative and lectin pathways and is primarily involved in the opsonization of foreign material. The Agnatha (the most primitive vertebrate species) possess the alternative and lectin pathways while cartilaginous fish are the first species in which the classical pathway appears following the emergence of immunoglobulins. The rest of the poikilothermic species, ranging from teleosts to reptilians, appear to contain a well-developed complement system resembling that of the homeothermic vertebrates. It seems that most of the complement components have appeared after the duplication of primordial genes encoding C3/C4/C5, fB/C2, C1s/C1r/MASP-1/MASP-2, and C6/C7/C8/C9 molecules, in a process that led to the formation of distinct activation pathways. However, unlike homeotherms, several species of poikilotherms (e.g. trout) have recently been shown to possess multiple forms of complement components (C3, factor B) that are structurally and functionally more diverse than those of higher vertebrates. We hypothesize that this remarkable diversity has allowed these animals to expand their innate capacity for immune recognition and response. Recent studies have also indicated the possible presence of complement receptors in protochordates and lower vertebrates. In conclusion, there is considerable evidence suggesting that the complement system is present in the entire lineage of deuterostomes, and regulatory complement components have been identified in all species beyond the protochordates, indicating that the mechanisms of complement activation and regulation have developed in parallel.

Formative Evaluation of the Behavior Change Components within a Colorado Weatherization Assistance Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sandoval, Perla K.

A formative evaluation of behavior change elements of an ongoing Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) offered by the Energy Resource Center (E.R.C.) in Denver, CO was conducted. The WAP as administered by the E.R.C. in Colorado saves residents an average 15% of energy consumption (E.R.C., 2015). However, research suggests that adding behavioral components to WAPs could increase energy savings to 21-26% (Gregory, 1992; APPRAISE, 2002). The goal of this evaluation is to provide recommendations to E.R.C. for program changes using Community Based Social Marketing (CBSM) and Theory of Planned Behavior. The CBSM Step 1- Step 3 is the focus of this formative evaluation. This program evaluation has four components: 1) review of written materials, 2) interviews with staff, 3) surveys mailed to E.R.C. clients and 4) in-home observations conducted with E.R.C. clients. Results of this formative evaluation has 3 sections of behaviors recommended for future intervention high priority, mid priority, and low priority recommendations based on CBSM penetration, probability, and impact factors. Behaviors that are listed as high priority for E.R.C. Behavioral intervention are cold water washing, hang drying, setting back thermostats, and window coverings. Overall increase in staff engagement is also recommended to be pursued. Each staff level is also given recommendations on how to engage in behavior change interventions.

The 12C/13C Ratio in Sgr B2(N): Constraints for Galactic Chemical Evolution and Isotopic Chemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Halfen, D. T.; Woolf, N. J.; Ziurys, L. M.

2017-08-01

A study has been conducted of 12C/13C ratios in five complex molecules in the Galactic center. H2CS, CH3CCH, NH2CHO, CH2CHCN, and CH3CH2CN and their 13C-substituted species have been observed in numerous transitions at 1, 2, and 3 mm, acquired in a spectral-line survey of Sgr B2(N), conducted with the telescopes of the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). Between 22 and 54 individual, unblended lines for the 12C species and 2-54 for 13C-substituted analogs were modeled in a global radiative transfer analysis. All five molecules were found to consistently exhibit two velocity components near V LSR ˜ 64 and 73 km s-1, with column densities ranging from N tot ˜ 3 × 1014 - 4 × 1017 cm-2 and ˜2 × 1013 - 1 × 1017 cm-2 for the 12C and 13C species, respectively. Based on 14 different isotopic combinations, ratios were obtained in the range 12C/13C = 15 ± 5 to 33 ± 13, with an average value of 24 ± 7, based on comparison of column densities. These measurements better anchor the 12C/13C ratio at the Galactic center, and suggest a slightly revised isotope gradient of 12C/13C = 5.21(0.52) D GC + 22.6(3.3). As indicated by the column densities, no preferential 13C enrichment was found on the differing carbon sites of CH3CCH, CH2CHCN, and CH3CH2CN. Because of the elevated temperatures in Sgr B2(N), 13C isotopic substitution is effectively “scrambled,” diminishing chemical fractionation effects. The resulting ratios thus reflect stellar nucleosynthesis and Galactic chemical evolution, as is likely the case for most warm clouds.

48 CFR 225.7007-1 - Restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., quality control, testing, and welding (both forging and shot blasting process); and (2) The cost of the components manufactured in the United States exceeds 50 percent of the total cost of components. (b) 10 U.S.C...

Lipid content and fatty acid composition of green algae Scenedesmus obliquus grown in a constant cell density apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Choi, K. J.; Nakhost, Z.; Barzana, E.; Karel, M.

1987-01-01

The lipids of alga Scenedesmus obliquus grown under controlled conditions were separated and fractionated by column and thin-layer chromatography, and fatty acid composition of each lipid component was studied by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Total lipids were 11.17%, and neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were 7.24%, 2.45% and 1.48% on a dry weight basis, respectively. The major neutral lipids were diglycerides, triglycerides, free sterols, hydrocarbons and sterol esters. The glycolipids were: monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, esterified sterol glycoside, and sterol glycoside. The phospholipids included: phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Fourteen fatty acids were identified in the four lipid fractions by GLC. The main fatty acids were C18:2, C16:0, C18:3(alpha), C18:1, C16:3, C16:1, and C16:4. Total unsaturated fatty acid and essential fatty acid compositions of the total algal lipids were 80% and 38%, respectively.

Surface Enrichment in Equimolar Mixtures of Non-Functionalized and Functionalized Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids.

PubMed

Heller, Bettina S J; Kolbeck, Claudia; Niedermaier, Inga; Dommer, Sabine; Schatz, Jürgen; Hunt, Patricia; Maier, Florian; Steinrück, Hans-Peter

2018-04-12

For equimolar mixtures of ionic liquids with imidazolium-based cations of very different electronic structure, we observe very pronounced surface enrichment effects by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For a mixture with the same anion, that is, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate+1,3-di(methoxy)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C 8 C 1 Im][PF 6 ]+[(MeO) 2 Im][PF 6 ]), we find a strong enrichment of the octyl chain-containing [C 8 C 1 Im] + cation and a corresponding depletion of the [(MeO) 2 Im] + cation in the topmost layer. For a mixture with different cations and anions, that is, [C 8 C 1 Im][Tf 2 N]+[(MeO) 2 Im][PF 6 ], we find both surface enrichment of the [C 8 C 1 Im] + cation and the [Tf 2 N] - (bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide) anion, while [(MeO) 2 Im] + and [PF 6 ] - are depleted from the surface. We propose that the observed behavior in these mixtures is due to a lowering of the surface tension by the enriched components. Interestingly, we observe pronounced differences in the chemical shifts of the imidazolium ring signals of the [(MeO) 2 Im] + cations as compared to the non-functionalized cations. Calculations of the electronic structure and the intramolecular partial charge distribution of the cations contribute to interpreting these shifts for the two different cations. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Rethinking Sensitized Luminescence in Lanthanide Coordination Polymers and MOFs: Band Sensitization and Water Enhanced Eu Luminescence in [Ln(C15H9O5)3(H2O)3]n (Ln = Eu, Tb).

PubMed

Einkauf, Jeffrey D; Kelley, Tanya T; Chan, Benny C; de Lill, Daniel T

2016-08-15

A coordination polymer [Ln(C15H9O9)3(H2O)3]n (1-Ln = Eu(III), Tb(III)) assembled from benzophenonedicarboxylate was synthesized and characterized. The organic component is shown to sensitize lanthanide-based emission in both compounds, with quantum yields of 36% (Eu) and 6% (Tb). Luminescence of lanthanide coordination polymers is currently described from a molecular approach. This methodology fails to explain the luminescence of this system. It was found that the band structure of the organic component rather than the molecular triplet state was able to explain the observed luminescence. Deuterated (Ln(C15H9O9)3(D2O)3) and dehydrated (Ln(C15H9O9)3) analogues were also studied. When bound H2O was replaced by D2O, lifetime and emission increased as expected. Upon dehydration, lifetimes increased again, but emission of 1-Eu unexpectedly decreased. This reduction is reasoned through an unprecedented enhancement effect of the compound's luminescence by the OH/OD oscillators in the organic-to-Eu(III) energy transfer process.

Effect of nickel addition on mechanical properties of powder forged Fe-Cu-C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Archana Barla, Nikki

2018-03-01

Fe-Cu-C system is very popular in P/M industry for its good compressibility and dimensional stability with high strength. Fe-Cu-C is a structural material and is used where high strength with high hardness is required. The composition of powder metallurgy steel plays a vital role in the microstructure and physical properties of the sintered component. Fe-2Cu-0.7C-Ni alloy with varying nickel composition (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0%) wt. % was prepared by powder metallurgy (P/M) sinter forging process. The present work discuss the effect of varying nickel content on microstructure and mechanical properties.

A novel three-component reaction for the synthesis of 1,3-benzoxazines in water.

PubMed

Rostami-Charati, Faramarz

2013-12-01

A simple and proficient method for the synthesis of 1,3-benzoxazine derivatives via three-component reaction of isocyanide and isoquinoline with 1-(6-hydroxy-2-isopropenyl-1-benzofuran-yl)-1-ethanone or 4-hydroxycumarine in water in the presence of piperidine at 70°C is reported.

Bioactivity-guided isolation of spasmolytic components of Pycnocycla spinosa Decne ex Boiss.

PubMed

Sadraei, H; Asghari, G; Behzad, S

2011-07-01

Hydroalcoholic extract of Pycnocycla spinosa has spasmolytic effect in vitro and antidiarrhoeal action in vivo. The aim of this research was to separate fractions of total hydroalcoholic extract of P. spinosa guided by their spasmolytic activity. Aerial parts of P. spinosa were extracted with ethanol. The concentrated extract was subjected to column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Initially four fractions were obtained (F1, F2, F3, and F4) and their spasmolytic activities were determined on ileum contraction induced by KCl (80 mM). The more active fraction was subjected to further isolation and tested to find its most active components. The active component was phytochemically characterized using phytochemical methods including ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. Hydroalcoholic extract of P. spinosa (10-320 μg/ml) in a concentration dependent manner inhibited ileum contraction with the IC(50) value of 47 ± 8.1 μg/ml (mean ± S.E.M., n=6). Fraction F2 was the most potent inhibitor of ileum contraction (IC(50)= 3.4 ± 0.33 μg/ml). From five sub-fractions separated from fraction F2 (F2a, F2b, F2c, F2d, and F2e, respectively), F2c was a more active component with the IC(50) value of 2.6 ± 0.27 μg/ml. The primary results of target fraction (F2c) showed sugar moiety in its structure or in one of its components. In this research we have isolated pharmacological active fraction which is most likely responsible for antispasmodic action of P. spinosa hydroalcoholic extract.

Cyclophilin C Participates in the US2-Mediated Degradation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules.

PubMed

Chapman, Daniel C; Stocki, Pawel; Williams, David B

2015-01-01

Human cytomegalovirus uses a variety of mechanisms to evade immune recognition through major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. One mechanism mediated by the immunoevasin protein US2 causes rapid disposal of newly synthesized class I molecules by the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. Although several components of this degradation pathway have been identified, there are still questions concerning how US2 targets class I molecules for degradation. In this study we identify cyclophilin C, a peptidyl prolyl isomerase of the endoplasmic reticulum, as a component of US2-mediated immune evasion. Cyclophilin C could be co-isolated with US2 and with the class I molecule HLA-A2. Furthermore, it was required at a particular expression level since depletion or overexpression of cyclophilin C impaired the degradation of class I molecules. To better characterize the involvement of cyclophilin C in class I degradation, we used LC-MS/MS to detect US2-interacting proteins that were influenced by cyclophilin C expression levels. We identified malectin, PDIA6, and TMEM33 as proteins that increased in association with US2 upon cyclophilin C knockdown. In subsequent validation all were shown to play a functional role in US2 degradation of class I molecules. This was specific to US2 rather than general ER-associated degradation since depletion of these proteins did not impede the degradation of a misfolded substrate, the null Hong Kong variant of α1-antitrypsin.

Cyclophilin C Participates in the US2-Mediated Degradation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules

PubMed Central

Chapman, Daniel C.; Stocki, Pawel; Williams, David B.

2015-01-01

Human cytomegalovirus uses a variety of mechanisms to evade immune recognition through major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. One mechanism mediated by the immunoevasin protein US2 causes rapid disposal of newly synthesized class I molecules by the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. Although several components of this degradation pathway have been identified, there are still questions concerning how US2 targets class I molecules for degradation. In this study we identify cyclophilin C, a peptidyl prolyl isomerase of the endoplasmic reticulum, as a component of US2-mediated immune evasion. Cyclophilin C could be co-isolated with US2 and with the class I molecule HLA-A2. Furthermore, it was required at a particular expression level since depletion or overexpression of cyclophilin C impaired the degradation of class I molecules. To better characterize the involvement of cyclophilin C in class I degradation, we used LC-MS/MS to detect US2-interacting proteins that were influenced by cyclophilin C expression levels. We identified malectin, PDIA6, and TMEM33 as proteins that increased in association with US2 upon cyclophilin C knockdown. In subsequent validation all were shown to play a functional role in US2 degradation of class I molecules. This was specific to US2 rather than general ER-associated degradation since depletion of these proteins did not impede the degradation of a misfolded substrate, the null Hong Kong variant of α1-antitrypsin. PMID:26691022

Variation in the Composition and In Vitro Proinflammatory Effect of Urban Particulate Matter from Different Sites

PubMed Central

Manzano-León, Natalia; Quintana, Raúl; Sánchez, Brisa; Serrano, Jesús; Vega, Elizabeth; Vázquez-López, Inés; Rojas-Bracho, Leonora; López-Villegas, Tania; O’Neill, Marie S.; Vadillo-Ortega, Felipe; De Vizcaya-Ruiz, Andrea; Rosas, Irma

2015-01-01

Spatial variation in particulate matter–related health and toxicological outcomes is partly due to its composition. We studied spatial variability in particle composition and induced cellular responses in Mexico City to complement an ongoing epidemiologic study. We measured elements, endotoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two particle size fractions collected in five sites. We compared the in vitro proinflammatory response of J774A.1 and THP-1 cells after exposure to particles, measuring subsequent TNFα and IL-6 secretion. Particle composition varied by site and size. Particle constituents were subjected to principal component analysis, identifying three components: C1 (Si, Sr, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, endotoxin), C2 (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and C3 (Zn, S, Sb, Ni, Cu, Pb). Induced TNFα levels were higher and more heterogeneous than IL-6 levels. Cytokines produced by both cell lines only correlated with C1, suggesting that constituents associated with soil induced the inflammatory response and explain observed spatial differences. PMID:23335408

The Double-peaked SN 2013ge: A Type Ib/c SN with an Asymmetric Mass Ejection or an Extended Progenitor Envelope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drout, M. R.; Milisavljevic, D.; Parrent, J.; Margutti, R.; Kamble, A.; Soderberg, A. M.; Challis, P.; Chornock, R.; Fong, W.; Frank, S.; Gehrels, N.; Graham, M. L.; Hsiao, E.; Itagaki, K.; Kasliwal, M.; Kirshner, R. P.; Macomb, D.; Marion, G. H.; Norris, J.; Phillips, M. M.

2016-04-01

We present extensive multiwavelength (radio to X-ray) observations of the Type Ib/c supernova (SN Ib/c) SN 2013ge from -13 to +457 days relative to maximum light, including a series of optical spectra and Swift UV-optical photometry beginning 2-4 days post-explosion. This data set makes SN 2013ge one of the best-observed normal SNe Ib/c at early times—when the light curve is particularly sensitive to the progenitor configuration and mixing of radioactive elements—and reveals two distinct light curve components in the UV bands. The first component rises over 4-5 days and is visible for the first week post-explosion. Spectra of the first component have blue continua and show a plethora of moderately high velocity (˜15,000 km s-1) but narrow (˜3500 km s-1) spectroscopic features, indicating that the line-forming region is restricted. The explosion parameters estimated for the bulk explosion ({M}{{ej}} ˜ 2-3 {M}⊙ ; {E}{{K}} ˜ (1-2) × 1051 erg) are standard for SNe Ib/c, and there is evidence for weak He features at early times—in an object that would have otherwise been classified as Type Ic. In addition, SN 2013ge exploded in a low-metallicity environment (˜0.5 {Z}⊙ ), and we have obtained some of the deepest radio and X-ray limits for an SN Ib/c to date, which constrain the progenitor mass-loss rate to be \\dot{M} < 4 × 10-6 {M}⊙ yr-1. We are left with two distinct progenitor scenarios for SN 2013ge, depending on our interpretation of the early emission. If the first component is cooling envelope emission, then the progenitor of SN 2013ge either possessed an extended (≳30 {R}⊙ ) envelope or ejected a portion of its envelope in the final ≲ 1 yr before core collapse. Alternatively, if the first component is due to outwardly mixed 56Ni, then our observations are consistent with the asymmetric ejection of a distinct clump of nickel-rich material at high velocities. Current models for the collision of an SN shock with a binary companion cannot reproduce both the timescale and luminosity of the early emission in SN 2013ge. Finally, the spectra of the first component of SN 2013ge are similar to those of the rapidly declining SN 2002bj.

Critical re-appraisal of blood component quality after overnight hold of whole blood outside current room temperature limits.

PubMed

Bontekoe, I J; van der Meer, P F; de Korte, D

2017-02-01

According to European guidelines, the temperature of whole blood (WB) has to be maintained at 20-24°C until processing within 24 h, but in blood bank practice, WB is frequently held at temperatures between 18-25°C. We aimed to assess the impact of these small temperature deviations on the quality of the blood components. After rapid cooling, 7 WB units were held overnight at 18°C and 8 units at 25°C, reflecting worst case holding conditions, and separated into a red cell concentrate (RCC), plasma and buffy coat (BC). RCCs were filtered at test temperature and stored for 42 days at 2-6°C. BCs were processed to single-BC platelet concentrates (sPC) and stored up to Day 8 at 20-24°C. After overnight hold at 18°C, 2,3-DPG in WB decreased by 34 ± 9%, while at 25°C the decrease was 82 ± 6%. Accordingly, the 2,3-DPG levels in the RCCs in the 25°C group were significantly lower than in the 18°C group (2·2 ± 1·4 vs. 10·4 ± 2·9 μmol/g Hb). RCCs and sPCs in the 25°C group showed higher initial lactate levels and lower pH compared to the 18°C group, but these differences levelled off at the end of storage. RCCs showed small differences in ATP levels and haemolysis. Plasma in both groups showed comparable Factor VIII:C levels. The temperature of WB during overnight hold strongly affects initial 2,3-DPG levels of RCCs and supports the maintenance of temperature limits between 20 and 24°C. Other in vitro effects of the temperature deviations were small and of no practical relevance. © 2016 International Society of Blood Transfusion.

Development and Validation of a Scale to Assess Students' Attitude towards Animal Welfare

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazas, Beatriz; Rosario Fernández Manzanal, Mª; Zarza, Francisco Javier; Adolfo María, Gustavo

2013-07-01

This work presents the development of a scale of attitudes of secondary-school and university students towards animal welfare. A questionnaire was drawn up following a Likert-type scale attitude assessment model. Four components or factors, which globally measure animal welfare, are proposed to define the object of the attitude. The components are animal abuse for pleasure or due to ignorance (C1), leisure with animals (C2), farm animals (C3) and animal abandonment (C4). The final version of the questionnaire contains 29 items that are evenly distributed among the four components indicated, guaranteeing that each component is one-dimensional. A sample of 329 students was used to validate the scale. These students were aged between 11 and 25, and were from secondary schools in Aragon and the University in Zaragoza (Aragon's main and largest city, located in NE Spain). The scale shows good internal reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.74. The questionnaire was later given to 1,007 students of similar levels and ages to the sample used in the validation, the results of which are presented in this study. The most relevant results show significant differences in gender and level of education in some of the components of the scale, observing that women and university students rate animal welfare more highly.

Carbon and nitrogen nutrient balance signaling in plants.

PubMed

Zheng, Zhi-Liang

2009-07-01

Cellular carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism must be tightly coordinated to sustain optimal growth and development for plants and other cellular organisms. Furthermore, C/N balance is also critical for the ecosystem response to elevated atmospheric CO(2). Despite numerous physiological and molecular studies in C/N balance or ratio response, very few genes have been shown to play important roles in C/N balance signaling. During recent five years, exciting progress was made through genetic and genomic studies. Several DNA microarray studies have shown that more than half of the transcriptome is regulated by C, N and the C-N combination. Three genetic studies involving distinct bioassays have demonstrated that a putative nitrate transporter (NTR2.1), a putative glutamate receptor (GLR1.1) and a putative methyltransferase (OSU1) have important functions in the C/N balance response. OSU1 is identical to QUA2/TSD2 which has been implicated to act in cell wall biogenesis, indicating a link between cell wall property and the C/N balance signaling. Given that many investigations are only focused on C alone or N alone, the C/N balance bioassays and gene expression patterns are discussed to assist phenotypic characterization of C/N balance signaling. Further, re-examination of those previously reported sugar or nitrogen responsive genes in C/N balance response may be necessary to dissect the C/N signaling pathways. In addition, key components involved in C-N interactions in bacterial, yeast and animal systems and whether they are functionally conserved in plants are discussed. These rapid advances have provided the first important step towards the construction of the complex yet elegant C/N balance signaling networks in plants.

Crystallization of recombinant Haemophilus influenzaee (P4) acid phosphatase

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ou, Zhonghui; Felts, Richard L.; Reilly, Thomas J.

2006-05-01

Lipoprotein e (P4) is a class C acid phosphatase and a potential vaccine candidate for nontypeable H. influenzae infections. This paper reports the crystallization of recombinant e (P4) and the acquisition of a 1.7 Å resolution native X-ray diffraction data set. Haemophilus influenzae infects the upper respiratory tract of humans and can cause infections of the middle ear, sinuses and bronchi. The virulence of the pathogen is thought to involve a group of surface-localized macromolecular components that mediate interactions at the host–pathogen interface. One of these components is lipoprotein e (P4), which is a class C acid phosphatase and amore » potential vaccine candidate for nontypeable H. influenzae infections. This paper reports the crystallization of recombinant e (P4) and the acquisition of a 1.7 Å resolution native X-ray diffraction data set. The space group is P4{sub 2}2{sub 1}2, with unit-cell parameters a = 65.6, c = 101.4 Å, one protein molecule per asymmetric unit and 37% solvent content. This is the first report of the crystallization of a class C acid phosphatase.« less

New approach to evaluate rotation of cervical vertebrae

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hahn, Matthias

2001-07-01

Functional deficits after whiplash injury can be analyzed with a quite novel radiologic method by examination of joint-blocks in C0/1 and C1/2. Thereto the movability of C0, C1 and C2 is determined with three spiral CT-scans of the patient's cervical spine. One series in neutral and one in maximal active lateral right and left rotation each. Previous methods were slice based and time consuming when manually evaluated. We propose a new approach to a computation of these angles in 3D. After a threshold segmentation of bone tissue, a rough 2D classification takes place for C0, C1 and C2 in each rotation series. The center of an axial rotation for each vertebra is gained from the approximation of its center of gravity. The rotation itself is estimated by a cross-correlation of the radial distance functions. From the previous rotation the results are taken to initialize a 3D matching algorithm based on the sum of squared differences in intensity. The optimal match of the vertebrae is computed by means of the multidimensional Powell minimization algorithm. The three translational and three rotational components build a six-dimensional search-space. The vertebrae detection and rotation computation is done fully automatic.

Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ng, N. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Jimenez, J. L.; Chhabra, P. S.; Seinfeld, J. H.; Worsnop, D. R.

2011-03-01

Organic aerosols (OA) can be separated with factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) data into hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and oxygenated OA (OOA). We develop a new method to parameterize H:C of OOA in terms of f43 (ratio of m/z 43, mostly C2H3O+, to total signal in the component mass spectrum). Such parameterization allows the transformation of large database of ambient OOA components from the f44 (mostly CO2+, likely from acid groups) vs. f43 space ("triangle plot") (Ng et al., 2010) into the Van Krevelen diagram (H:C vs. O:C). Heald et al. (2010) suggested that the bulk composition of OA line up in the Van Krevelen diagram with a slope ~ -1; such slope can potentially arise from the physical mixing of HOA and OOA, and/or from chemical aging of these components. In this study, we find that the OOA components from all sites occupy an area in the Van Krevelen space, with the evolution of OOA following a shallower slope of ~ -0.5, consistent with the additions of both acid and alcohol functional groups without fragmentation, and/or the addition of acid groups with C-C bond breakage. The importance of acid formation in OOA evolution is consistent with increasing f44 in the triangle plot with photochemical age. These results provide a framework for linking the bulk aerosol chemical composition evolution to molecular-level studies.

Di-tert-butyl-bis(N-isopropyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')tin(IV).

PubMed

Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Baba, Ibrahim; Samsudin, Mohd Wahid; Ng, Seik Weng

2010-03-03

The dithio-carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C(4)H(9))(2)(C(5)H(10)NS(2))(2)], chelate to the Sn(IV) atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol-ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, the ratio of the twin components being 0.82 (1):0.18 (1).

Composition of secondary alcohols, ketones, alkanediols, and ketols in Arabidopsis thaliana cuticular waxes

PubMed Central

Wen, Miao; Jetter, Reinhard

2009-01-01

Arabidopsis wax components containing secondary functional groups were examined (i) to test the biosynthetic relationship between secondary alcohols and ketols and (ii) to determine the regiospecificity and substrate preference of the enzyme involved in ketol biosynthesis. The stem wax of Arabidopsis wild type contained homologous series of C27 to C31 secondary alcohols (2.4 μg cm−2) and C28 to C30 ketones (6.0 μg cm−2) dominated by C29 homologues. In addition, compound classes containing two secondary functional groups were identified as C29 diols (∼0.05 μg cm−2) and ketols (∼0.16 μg cm−2). All four compound classes showed characteristic isomer distributions, with functional groups located between C-14 and C-16. In the mah1 mutant stem wax, diols and ketols could not be detected, while the amounts of secondary alcohols and ketones were drastically reduced. In two MAH1-overexpressing lines, equal amounts of C29 and C31 secondary alcohols were detected. Based on the comparison of homologue and isomer compositions between the different genotypes, it can be concluded that biosynthetic pathways lead from alkanes to secondary alcohols, and via ketones or diols to ketols. It seems plausible that MAH1 is the hydroxylase enzyme involved in all these conversions in Arabidopsis thaliana. PMID:19346242

Copper(I)-induced amplification of a [2]catenane in a virtual dynamic library of macrocyclic alkenes.

PubMed

Berrocal, José Augusto; Nieuwenhuizen, Marko M L; Mandolini, Luigi; Meijer, E W; Di Stefano, Stefano

2014-08-28

Olefin cross-metathesis of diluted dichloromethane solutions (≤0.15 M) of the 28-membered macrocyclic alkene C1, featuring a 1,10-phenanthroline moiety in the backbone, as well as of catenand 1, composed of two identical interlocked C1 units, generates families of noninterlocked oligomers Ci. The composition of the libraries is strongly dependent on the monomer concentration, but independent of whether C1 or 1 is used as feedstock, as expected for truly equilibrated systems. Accordingly, the limiting value 0.022 M approached by the equilibrium concentration of C1 when the total monomer concentration approaches the critical value, as predicted by the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory, provides a reliable estimate of the thermodynamically effective molarity. Catenand 1 behaves as a virtual component of the dynamic libraries, in that there is no detectable trace of its presence in the equilibrated mixtures, but becomes the major component - in the form of its copper(I) complex - when olefin cross-metathesis is carried out in the presence of a copper(I) salt.

Effects of SiC on Properties of Cu-SiC Metal Matrix Composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Efe, G. Celebi; Altinsoy, I.; Ipek, M.; Zeytin, S.; Bindal, C.

2011-12-01

This paper was focused on the effects of particle size and distribution on some properties of the SiC particle reinforced Cu composites. Copper powder produced by cementation method was reinforced with SiC particles having 1 and 30 μm particle size and sintered at 700 °C. SEM studies showed that SiC particles dispersed in copper matrix homogenously. The presence of Cu and SiC components in composites were verified by XRD analysis technique. The relative densities of Cu-SiC composites determined by Archimedes' principle are ranged from 96.2% to 90.9% for SiC with 1 μm particle size, 97.0 to 95.0 for SiC with 30 μm particle size. Measured hardness of sintered compacts varied from 130 to 155 HVN for SiC having 1 μm particle size, 188 to 229 HVN for SiC having 1 μm particle size. Maximum electrical conductivity of test materials was obtained as 80.0% IACS (International annealed copper standard) for SiC with 1 μm particle size and 83.0% IACS for SiC with 30 μm particle size.

Di-tert-butyl­bis(N-isopropyl-N-methyl­dithio­carbamato-κ2 S,S′)tin(IV)

PubMed Central

Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Baba, Ibrahim; Samsudin, Mohd Wahid; Ng, Seik Weng

2010-01-01

The dithio­carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C4H9)2(C5H10NS2)2], chelate to the SnIV atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol­ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, the ratio of the twin components being 0.82 (1):0.18 (1). PMID:21580471

Simultaneous occurrence of hereditary C6 and C2 deficiency in a French-Canadian family.

PubMed

Delâge, J M; Lehner-Netsch, G; Lafleur, R; Simard, J; Brun, G; Prochazka, E

1979-06-01

The sera of four sisters were found to lack the sixth component of complement (C6) and the serum of one was also partially deficient in the second component (C2). Two other blood relatives were found to be heterozygous for both deficiencies, while only one sibling had normal values. The father of these eight siblings was heterozygous for C2D and C6D and in the third generation, six children were heterozygous for C6 deficiency was treated for chronic active brucel-transmitted; the C6 deficiency was not linked to the HLA system, while the C2-deficiency segregated with the haplotype A10,B18. The proband, homozygous for C6 deficiency was treated for chronic active Brucellosis and in another sibling with C6 deficiency, toxoplasmosis was diagnosed. Neither bleeding disorders nor a tendency to collagen diseases have been observed and the opsonic activity was normal in the sera of all family members.

Simultaneous occurrence of hereditary C6 and C2 deficiency in a French-Canadian family.

PubMed Central

Delâge, J M; Lehner-Netsch, G; Lafleur, R; Simard, J; Brun, G; Prochazka, E

1979-01-01

The sera of four sisters were found to lack the sixth component of complement (C6) and the serum of one was also partially deficient in the second component (C2). Two other blood relatives were found to be heterozygous for both deficiencies, while only one sibling had normal values. The father of these eight siblings was heterozygous for C2D and C6D and in the third generation, six children were heterozygous for C6 deficiency was treated for chronic active brucel-transmitted; the C6 deficiency was not linked to the HLA system, while the C2-deficiency segregated with the haplotype A10,B18. The proband, homozygous for C6 deficiency was treated for chronic active Brucellosis and in another sibling with C6 deficiency, toxoplasmosis was diagnosed. Neither bleeding disorders nor a tendency to collagen diseases have been observed and the opsonic activity was normal in the sera of all family members. PMID:468307

C2 root nerve sheath tumors management.

PubMed

El-Sissy, Mohamed H; Mahmoud, Mostafa

2013-05-01

Upper cervical nerve sheath tumors (NST) arising mainly from C2 root and to lesser extent from C1 root are not uncommon, they constitute approximately 5-12% of spinal nerve sheath tumors and 18-30% of all cervical nerve sheath tumors, unique in presentation and their relationship to neighbouring structures owing to the discrete anatomy at the upper cervical-craniovertebral region, and have atendency for growth reaching large-sized tumors before manifesting clinically due to the capacious spinal canal at this region; accordingly the surgical approaches to such tumors are modified. The aim of this paper is to discuss the surgical strategies for upper cervical nerve sheath tumors. Eleven patients (8 male and 3 females), age range 28-63 years, with C2 root nerve sheath tumors were operated upon based on their anatomical relations to the spinal cord. The magnetic resonance imaging findings were utilized to determine the surgical approach. The tumors had extra- and intradural components in 10 patients, while in one the tumor was purely intradural. The operative approaches included varied from extreme lateral transcondylar approach(n = 1) to laminectomy, whether complete(n = 3) a or hemilaminectomy(n = 7), with partial facetectomy(n = 7), and with suboccipital craniectomy(n = 2). The clinical picture ranged from spasticity (n = 8, 72,72 %), tingling and numbness below neck (n = 6, 54,54 %), weakness (n = 6, 54,54 %), posterior column involvement (n = 4, 26,36 %), and neck pain (n = 4, 36,36 %). The duration of symptoms ranged from 1 to 54 months, total excision was performed in 7 patients; while in 3 patients an extraspinal component, and in 1 patient a small intradural component, were left in situ. Eight patients showed improvement of myelopathy; 2 patients maintained their grades. One poor-grade patient was deteriorated. The surgical approaches for the C2 root nerve sheath tumors should be tailored according to the relationship to the spinal cord, determined by magnetic resonance imaging.

Inflammation Thread Runs across Medical Laboratory Specialities.

PubMed

Nydegger, Urs; Lung, Thomas; Risch, Lorenz; Risch, Martin; Medina Escobar, Pedro; Bodmer, Thomas

2016-01-01

We work on the assumption that four major specialities or sectors of medical laboratory assays, comprising clinical chemistry, haematology, immunology, and microbiology, embraced by genome sequencing techniques, are routinely in use. Medical laboratory markers for inflammation serve as model: they are allotted to most fields of medical lab assays including genomics. Incessant coding of assays aligns each of them in the long lists of big data. As exemplified with the complement gene family, containing C2, C3, C8A, C8B, CFH, CFI, and ITGB2, heritability patterns/risk factors associated with diseases with genetic glitch of complement components are unfolding. The C4 component serum levels depend on sufficient vitamin D whilst low vitamin D is inversely related to IgG1, IgA, and C3 linking vitamin sufficiency to innate immunity. Whole genome sequencing of microbial organisms may distinguish virulent from nonvirulent and antibiotic resistant from nonresistant varieties of the same species and thus can be listed in personal big data banks including microbiological pathology; the big data warehouse continues to grow.

Inflammation Thread Runs across Medical Laboratory Specialities

PubMed Central

Lung, Thomas; Risch, Lorenz; Risch, Martin; Medina Escobar, Pedro; Bodmer, Thomas

2016-01-01

We work on the assumption that four major specialities or sectors of medical laboratory assays, comprising clinical chemistry, haematology, immunology, and microbiology, embraced by genome sequencing techniques, are routinely in use. Medical laboratory markers for inflammation serve as model: they are allotted to most fields of medical lab assays including genomics. Incessant coding of assays aligns each of them in the long lists of big data. As exemplified with the complement gene family, containing C2, C3, C8A, C8B, CFH, CFI, and ITGB2, heritability patterns/risk factors associated with diseases with genetic glitch of complement components are unfolding. The C4 component serum levels depend on sufficient vitamin D whilst low vitamin D is inversely related to IgG1, IgA, and C3 linking vitamin sufficiency to innate immunity. Whole genome sequencing of microbial organisms may distinguish virulent from nonvirulent and antibiotic resistant from nonresistant varieties of the same species and thus can be listed in personal big data banks including microbiological pathology; the big data warehouse continues to grow. PMID:27493451

Study of supercritical CO2 extraction of tamarillo (Cyphomandra Betacea) seed oil containing high added value compounds.

PubMed

Dorado Achicanoy, Daniela; Hurtado Benavides, Andrés; Martínez-Correa, Hugo A

2018-04-16

In the present investigation, the extraction of tamarillo seed oil was conducted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), under different conditions of pressure (20-38.1 MPa) and temperature (40-64°C). In order to determine the effect that these extraction parameters have over the yield and composition of the oil, a central composite design was used. The optimum yield was 21.07% obtained at 38.1 MPa and 64°C. The fatty acids of the tamarillo seed oil obtained with SC-CO2 were identified: linoleic (70.12%), oleic (16.18%), palmitic (9.68%), stearic (2.12%), linolenic (1.70%), and palmitoleic (0.23%). Other components, such as squalene (2.96-19.75 mg/mL), β-sitosterol (2.05-3.68 mg/mL), cycloartenol (1,23-2.81 mg/mL) dihydrolanosterol (0.28-0.70 mg/mL) sterols and γ-tocopherol (0.89-2.10 mg/mL) were also noted. The extraction kinetic was studied at 27.5 MPa -50°C and 38.1 MPa -64°C. The semi-empirical model of Sovová et al. [24] described 99.21% of the experimental behavior of extraction kinetics. High yields of tamarillo seed oil, as well as its unique composition of unsaturated fatty acids and minor components, show the potential for its application in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

[Sex pheromone secondary components of Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella in China. HU wenlil 2, DU].

PubMed

Hu, Wenli; Du, Jiawei

2005-09-01

Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is considered as an important insect pest infesting stored grains and other products in China. The major sex pheromone component of P. interpunctella, Z9, E12-14: OAc (TDA), has already been identified. Though the efficiency of male capture by using the bait with this component alone is quite good, the pheromone system is far from fully understood. The identification with capillary chromatographic analysis and GC-MS methods showed that there were four main components, i. e., Z9, E12-14: OAc(A), Z9, E12-14: OH (B), Z9, E12-14: Ald(C), and Z9-14: OAc(D), in the sex pheromone gland of female P. interpunctella, and the ratio of these four components was A: B: C:D= 100:22: 12:9. Wind tunnel experimental results suggested that the response of male P. interpunctella to a blend (A: B: C: D = 8:2:1:0.8) was not significantly different from that to female sex pheromone gland extracts.

Effect of NaCrSi2O6 component on Lindsley's pyroxene thermometer: An evaluation based on strongly metamorphosed LL chondrites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamuta, Y.; Urata, K.; Shibata, Y.; Kuwahara, Y.

2017-03-01

In Lindsley's thermometry, a revised sequence of calculation of components is proposed for clinopyroxene, in which kosmochlor component is added. Temperatures obtained for the components calculated by the revised method are about 50 °C lower than those obtained for the components calculated by the Lindsley's original method and agree well with temperatures obtained from orthopyroxenes. Ca-partitioning between clino- and orthopyroxenes is then thought to be equilibrated in types 5 to 7 ordinary chondrites. The temperatures for Tuxtuac (LL5), Dhurmsala (LL6), NWA 2092 (LL6/7), and Dho 011 (LL7) are 767-793°, 818-835°, 872-892°, and 917-936°C, respectively, suggesting that chondrites of higher petrographic types show higher equilibrium temperatures of pyroxenes. The regression equations which relate temperature and Wo and Fs contents in the temperature-contoured pyroxene quadrilateral of 1 atm of Lindsley (1983) are also determined by the least squares method. It is possible to reproduce temperatures with an error less than 20 °C (2SE) using the regression equations.

Conformational preferences for some 2-substituted N-methoxy- N-methylacetamides through spectroscopic and theoretical studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olivato, Paulo R.; da Silva Gomes, Roberto; Rodrigues, Alessandro; Reis, Adriana K. C. A.; Domingues, Nelson L. C.; Rittner, Roberto; Dal Colle, Maurizio

2010-08-01

The analysis of the IR carbonyl band of the 2-substituted N-methoxy- N-methylacetamides Y-CH 2C(O)N(OMe)Me (Y = F 1, OMe 2, OPh 3, Cl 4), supported by B3LYP/6-311++G(3df, 3pd) calculations along with the NBO analysis for 1- 4, indicated the existence of cis- gauche conformers i.e. ( c) and ( g) for 1 and 3, ( c1,c2) and ( g1,g2) for 2, and ( c) and ( g1,g2) for 4. In the gas phase, the g conformer population prevails over the c one, for 1 and 3, the ( c1 + c2) population prevails over the ( g1 + g2) one for 2, and the ( g1 + g2) conformer population is more abundant than ( c) one for 4. In n-hexane solution, the cis conformer is more abundant for 1- 3. The occurrence of Fermi resonance in the νCO region, in n-hexane, precludes the estimative of relative populations of the ( c, g1, g2) conformers for 4. The SCI-PCM calculations agree with the solvent effect on the νCO band component relative intensities for 1- 3. NBO analysis showed that the nN → πco∗ orbital interaction is the main factor which stabilizes the gauche ( g, g1, g2) conformers for 1- 4 into a larger extent relative to the cis ( c, c1, c2) ones. The nY → πco∗, σCsbnd Y → πco∗, πco → σC sbnd Y ∗ and πco∗ → σC sbnd Y ∗ orbital interactions still contribute, but into a minor extent for the stabilization of the gauche conformers relative to the cis ones. The existence of some pyramidalization at the nitrogen atom of the Weinreb amides 1- 4 is responsible for the occurrence of Y δ-(4)···O δ-(9) and Y δ-(4)···N δ-(7) short contacts in the gauche ( g, g1, g2) conformers, which originates strong repulsive Coulombic interactions, acting in opposition to the large orbital stabilization of the gauche conformer with respect to the cis one. Therefore, a delicate balance of the Coulombic and orbital interactions seems to be responsible for the observed stabilization of the gauche ( g, g1, g2) and cis ( c, c1, c2) conformers, both in the gas phase and in the solution for 1- 4. However, the cis conformer predominance, in non polar solvents, for the 2-substituted N-methoxy- N-methyl acetamides 1- 3, bearing in α first raw (fluorine and oxygen) atoms, is in the opposite direction to the gauche conformer preference for the corresponding 2-substituted N, N-dialkyl-acetamides.

Optimizing the dual elemental thermal reactive deposition time in carbide layer formation on SUJ2 tool steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mochtar, Myrna Ariati; Putra, Wahyuaji Narottama; Mahardika, Bayu

2018-05-01

This paper presents developments contributing to the improvement of thermo-reactive deposition (TRD) process in producing hard carbide layers, on automotive components application. The problem in using FeV powder as a coating material that has been applied in the industries is it is high cost. In this study, FeCr powder coating material was mixed into FeV powder with a ratio of 35:65 weight percent. The SUJ2 steel pins components are processed at 980° C, with varying TRD time was 4,6,8 and 10 hours. Scanning Electron microscope (SEM), Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied to analyze the coating layers. The thickness of the carbide layer formed will increase with the longer processing time, which thickness at 4-10 hours is increase from 22.7 to 29.7 micron. The gained thickness tends to be homogeneous. Increasing the TRD process holding time results in a higher hardness of the carbide layerwith hardness at 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours is 2049, 2184, 2175 and 2343 HV. The wear rate at TRD holding time of 4-10 hours with the Ogoshi method was reduced from 5.1 × 10-4 mm3/m to 2.5 × 10-4 mm3/m. Optical microscope observations shows that substrate phases consisting of pearlite and cementite and grains that tend to enlarge with the addition of time. Carbide compounds that are formed are vanadium carbide (V8C7, V6C5, V2C) and chromium carbide (Cr3C2, Cr23C7, Cr3C7). While EDS-Linescan results show complex phase (Fe, V, Cr) xC formed. The research shows that addition of FeCr into FeV powder in TRD process in 980°C with optimum time of 10 hours processing meet the mechanical properties requirement of automotive components.

Implementation of Change (IC).

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-30

4- co C\\J t ) t r) - 1 )C CC :r E 4-’ c) C- co cn a, ko r- co0 :3 -~ a)~ -D V) 0:3 4-2 CAA-SR-80-5 4-5. SUMMARY. The above discussion suggests that...MTOE documents frequently cost the Army resources; e.g., changes to components of sets, kits and outfits ( SKO ). On the other hand, failure to implement...either retraineo tn recruited to meet the qudlification requiremient. F-13 CAA-SR- KO -5 a. Central Assignment Procedures System (CAP III). Personnel

Mixed-Spin Diamond Chain Cu2FePO4F4(H2O)4 with a Noncollinear Spin Order and Possible Successive Phase Transitions.

PubMed

Lu, Hongcheng; Hayashi, Naoaki; Matsumoto, Yuki; Takatsu, Hiroshi; Kageyama, Hiroshi

2017-08-07

A diamond spin chain system, one of the one-dimensional frustrated lattices, is known to exhibit novel properties, but experimental studies have been exclusively confined to materials with a single spin component. Here, we report on the synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of a new diamond chain compound Cu 2 FePO 4 F 4 (H 2 O) 4 1 composed of mixed-spins of Cu 2+ (S = 1/2 × 2) and Fe 3+ (S = 5/2). Compound 1 crystallizes in the space group C2/c of the monoclinic crystal system with a = 7.7546(4) Å, b = 12.1290(6) Å, c = 9.9209(6) Å, β = 105.29(1)°, and Z = 4. DC magnetization, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and heat capacity measurements revealed an antiferromagnetic order at 11.3 K with a small ferromagnetic component. It is suggested that ferrimagnetic diamond chains are arranged in an antiferromagnetic fashion (i.e., [...Fe(↑)-2Cu(↓↓)-Fe(↑)...] and [...Fe(↓)-2Cu(↑↑)-Fe(↓)...]) within the ab plane to cancel net magnetization, and the spin orientation of the diamond chains changes alternately along the c axis due to the magnetic anisotropy, leading to a noncollinear spin order. Furthermore, another anomaly is observed in the heat capacity at around 3 K, suggesting a successive magnetic transition or crossover due to competing magnetic interactions.

Supramolecular architectures in the salt trimethoprimium ferrocene-1-carboxylate and the cocrystal 4-amino-5-chloro-2,6-dimethylpyrimidine-ferrocene-1-carboxylic acid (1/1).

PubMed

Swinton Darious, Robert; Thomas Muthiah, Packianathan; Perdih, Franc

2017-09-01

In the salt trimethoprimium ferrocenecarboxylate [systematic name: 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidin-1-ium ferrocene-1-carboxylate], (C 14 H 19 N 4 O 3 )[Fe(C 5 H 5 )(C 6 H 4 O 2 )], (I), of the antibacterial compound trimethoprim, the carboxylate group interacts with the protonated aminopyrimidine group of trimethoprim via two N-H...O hydrogen bonds, generating a robust R 2 2 (8) ring motif (heterosynthon). However, in the cocrystal 4-amino-5-chloro-2,6-dimethylpyrimidine-ferrocene-1-carboxylic acid (1/1), [Fe(C 5 H 5 )(C 6 H 5 O 2 )]·C 6 H 8 ClN 3 , (II), the carboxyl-aminopyrimidine interaction [R 2 2 (8) motif] is absent. The carboxyl group interacts with the pyrimidine ring via a single O-H...N hydrogen bond. The pyrimidine rings, however, form base pairs via a pair of N-H...N hydrogen bonds, generating an R 2 2 (8) supramolecular homosynthon. In salt (I), the unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl ring is disordered over two positions, with a refined site-occupation ratio of 0.573 (10):0.427 (10). In this study, the two five-membered cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings of ferrocene are in a staggered conformation, as is evident from the C...Cg...Cg...C pseudo-torsion angles, which are in the range 36.13-37.53° for (I) and 22.58-23.46° for (II). Regarding the Cp ring of the minor component in salt (I), the geometry of the ferrocene ring is in an eclipsed conformation, as is evident from the C...Cg...Cg...C pseudo-torsion angles, which are in the range 79.26-80.94°. Both crystal structures are further stabilized by weak π-π interactions.

Identification of petroleum hydrocarbons using a reduced number of PAHs selected by Procrustes rotation.

PubMed

Fernández-Varela, R; Andrade, J M; Muniategui, S; Prada, D; Ramírez-Villalobos, F

2010-04-01

Identifying petroleum-related products released into the environment is a complex and difficult task. To achieve this, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of outstanding importance nowadays. Despite traditional quantitative fingerprinting uses straightforward univariate statistical analyses to differentiate among oils and to assess their sources, a multivariate strategy based on Procrustes rotation (PR) was applied in this paper. The aim of PR is to select a reduced subset of PAHs still capable of performing a satisfactory identification of petroleum-related hydrocarbons. PR selected two subsets of three (C(2)-naphthalene, C(2)-dibenzothiophene and C(2)-phenanthrene) and five (C(1)-decahidronaphthalene, naphthalene, C(2)-phenanthrene, C(3)-phenanthrene and C(2)-fluoranthene) PAHs for each of the two datasets studied here. The classification abilities of each subset of PAHs were tested using principal components analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and Kohonen neural networks and it was demonstrated that they unraveled the same patterns as the overall set of PAHs. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Functions of Two Types of NADH Oxidases in Energy Metabolism and Oxidative Stress of Streptococcus mutans

PubMed Central

Higuchi, Masako; Yamamoto, Yuji; Poole, Leslie B.; Shimada, Mamoru; Sato, Yutaka; Takahashi, Nobuhiro; Kamio, Yoshiyuki

1999-01-01

We have previously identified two distinct NADH oxidases corresponding to H2O2-forming oxidase (Nox-1) and H2O-forming oxidase (Nox-2) induced in Streptococcus mutans. Sequence analyses indicated a strong similarity between Nox-1 and AhpF, the flavoprotein component of Salmonella typhimurium alkyl hydroperoxide reductase; an open reading frame upstream of nox-1 also showed homology to AhpC, the direct peroxide-reducing component of S. typhimurium alkyl hydroperoxide reductase. To determine their physiological functions in S. mutans, we constructed knockout mutants of Nox-1, Nox-2, and/or the AhpC homologue; we verified that Nox-2 plays an important role in energy metabolism through the regeneration of NAD+ but Nox-1 contributes negligibly. The Nox-2 mutant exhibited greatly reduced aerobic growth on mannitol, whereas there was no significant effect of aerobiosis on the growth on mannitol of the other strains or growth on glucose of any of the strains. Although the Nox-2 mutants grew well on glucose aerobically, the end products of glucose fermentation by the Nox-2 mutant were substantially shifted to higher ratios of lactic acid to acetic acid compared with wild-type cells. The resistance to cumene hydroperoxide of Escherichia coli TA4315 (ahpCF-defective mutant) transformed with pAN119 containing both nox-1 and ahpC genes was not only restored but enhanced relative to that of E. coli K-12 (parent strain), indicating a clear function for Nox-1 as part of an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase system in vivo in combination with AhpC. Surprisingly, the Nox-1 and/or AhpC deficiency had no effect on the sensitivity of S. mutans to cumene hydroperoxide and H2O2, implying that the existence of some other antioxidant system(s) independent of Nox-1 in S. mutans compensates for the deficiency. PMID:10498705

MUC1-C activates BMI1 in human cancer cells.

PubMed

Hiraki, M; Maeda, T; Bouillez, A; Alam, M; Tagde, A; Hinohara, K; Suzuki, Y; Markert, T; Miyo, M; Komura, K; Ahmad, R; Rajabi, H; Kufe, D

2017-05-18

B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI1) is a component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) complex that is overexpressed in breast and other cancers, and promotes self-renewal of cancer stem-like cells. The oncogenic mucin 1 (MUC1) C-terminal (MUC1-C) subunit is similarly overexpressed in human carcinoma cells and has been linked to their self-renewal. There is no known relationship between MUC1-C and BMI1 in cancer. The present studies demonstrate that MUC1-C drives BMI1 transcription by a MYC-dependent mechanism in breast and other cancer cells. In addition, we show that MUC1-C blocks miR-200c-mediated downregulation of BMI1 expression. The functional significance of this MUC1-C→︀BMI1 pathway is supported by the demonstration that targeting MUC1-C suppresses BMI1-induced ubiquitylation of H2A and thereby derepresses homeobox HOXC5 and HOXC13 gene expression. Notably, our results further show that MUC1-C binds directly to BMI1 and promotes occupancy of BMI1 on the CDKN2A promoter. In concert with BMI1-induced repression of the p16 INK4a tumor suppressor, we found that targeting MUC1-C is associated with induction of p16 INK4a expression. In support of these results, analysis of three gene expresssion data sets demonstrated highly significant correlations between MUC1-C and BMI1 in breast cancers. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized role for MUC1-C in driving BMI1 expression and in directly interacting with this stem cell factor, linking MUC1-C with function of the PRC1 in epigenetic gene silencing.

EGA Protects Mammalian Cells from Clostridium difficile CDT, Clostridium perfringens Iota Toxin and Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin

PubMed Central

Schnell, Leonie; Mittler, Ann-Katrin; Sadi, Mirko; Popoff, Michel R.; Schwan, Carsten; Aktories, Klaus; Mattarei, Andrea; Tehran, Domenico Azarnia; Montecucco, Cesare; Barth, Holger

2016-01-01

The pathogenic bacteria Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum produce the binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxins CDT, iota and C2, respectively. These toxins are composed of a transport component (B) and a separate enzyme component (A). When both components assemble on the surface of mammalian target cells, the B components mediate the entry of the A components via endosomes into the cytosol. Here, the A components ADP-ribosylate G-actin, resulting in depolymerization of F-actin, cell-rounding and eventually death. In the present study, we demonstrate that 4-bromobenzaldehyde N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)semicarbazone (EGA), a compound that protects cells from multiple toxins and viruses, also protects different mammalian epithelial cells from all three binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxins. In contrast, EGA did not inhibit the intoxication of cells with Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, indicating a possible different entry route for this toxin. EGA does not affect either the binding of the C2 toxin to the cells surface or the enzyme activity of the A components of CDT, iota and C2, suggesting that this compound interferes with cellular uptake of the toxins. Moreover, for C2 toxin, we demonstrated that EGA inhibits the pH-dependent transport of the A component across cell membranes. EGA is not cytotoxic, and therefore, we propose it as a lead compound for the development of novel pharmacological inhibitors against clostridial binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxins. PMID:27043629

EGA Protects Mammalian Cells from Clostridium difficile CDT, Clostridium perfringens Iota Toxin and Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin.

PubMed

Schnell, Leonie; Mittler, Ann-Katrin; Sadi, Mirko; Popoff, Michel R; Schwan, Carsten; Aktories, Klaus; Mattarei, Andrea; Azarnia Tehran, Domenico; Montecucco, Cesare; Barth, Holger

2016-04-01

The pathogenic bacteria Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum produce the binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxins CDT, iota and C2, respectively. These toxins are composed of a transport component (B) and a separate enzyme component (A). When both components assemble on the surface of mammalian target cells, the B components mediate the entry of the A components via endosomes into the cytosol. Here, the A components ADP-ribosylate G-actin, resulting in depolymerization of F-actin, cell-rounding and eventually death. In the present study, we demonstrate that 4-bromobenzaldehyde N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)semicarbazone (EGA), a compound that protects cells from multiple toxins and viruses, also protects different mammalian epithelial cells from all three binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxins. In contrast, EGA did not inhibit the intoxication of cells with Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, indicating a possible different entry route for this toxin. EGA does not affect either the binding of the C2 toxin to the cells surface or the enzyme activity of the A components of CDT, iota and C2, suggesting that this compound interferes with cellular uptake of the toxins. Moreover, for C2 toxin, we demonstrated that EGA inhibits the pH-dependent transport of the A component across cell membranes. EGA is not cytotoxic, and therefore, we propose it as a lead compound for the development of novel pharmacological inhibitors against clostridial binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxins.

Synaptotagmin 11 interacts with components of the RNA-induced silencing complex RISC in clonal pancreatic β-cells.

PubMed

Milochau, Alexandra; Lagrée, Valérie; Benassy, Marie-Noëlle; Chaignepain, Stéphane; Papin, Julien; Garcia-Arcos, Itsaso; Lajoix, Anne; Monterrat, Carole; Coudert, Laetitia; Schmitter, Jean-Marie; Ochoa, Begoña; Lang, Jochen

2014-06-27

Synaptotagmins are two C2 domain-containing transmembrane proteins. The function of calcium-sensitive members in the regulation of post-Golgi traffic has been well established whereas little is known about the calcium-insensitive isoforms constituting half of the protein family. Novel binding partners of synaptotagmin 11 were identified in β-cells. A number of them had been assigned previously to ER/Golgi derived-vesicles or linked to RNA synthesis, translation and processing. Whereas the C2A domain interacted with the Q-SNARE Vti1a, the C2B domain of syt11 interacted with the SND1, Ago2 and FMRP, components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Binding to SND was direct via its N-terminal tandem repeats. Our data indicate that syt11 may provide a link between gene regulation by microRNAs and membrane traffic. Copyright © 2014 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nucleic acid component analogues: synthesis of 2'-deoxynucleosides from 5-substituted-4-hydroxy-6(1H)-pyrimidinones.

PubMed

Khattab, Ahmed F; Abdel Megied, Ahmed E S; Pedersen, Erik B

2003-01-01

Condensation of the silylated pyrimidines 5a-c with methyl 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-toluoyl-D-pentofuranoside 6, using trimethylsilyltriflate as catalyst gave anomeric mixtures of 2'-deoxynucleosides 7a-c, the pure alpha- and beta-anomers were separated and deprotected with sodium methoxide in methanol to give 1-(2'-deoxy-alpha-D-pentafuranosyl)-4-hydroxy-5-substituted-6(1H)-pyrimidinones 10a,b and 13a and their corresponding beta-anomers 11a,b and 13b.

MUC1-C ACTIVATES BMI1 IN HUMAN CANCER CELLS

PubMed Central

Hiraki, Masayuki; Maeda, Takahiro; Bouillez, Audrey; Alam, Maroof; Tagde, Ashujit; Hinohara, Kunihiko; Suzuki, Yozo; Markert, Tahireh; Miyo, Masaaki; Komura, Kazumasa; Ahmad, Rehan; Rajabi, Hasan; Kufe, Donald

2016-01-01

BMI1 is a component of the PRC1 complex that is overexpressed in breast and other cancers, and promotes self-renewal of cancer stem-like cells. The oncogenic mucin 1 (MUC1) C-terminal (MUC1-C) subunit is similarly overexpressed in human carcinoma cells and has been linked to their self-renewal. There is no known relationship between MUC1-C and BMI1 in cancer. The present studies demonstrate that MUC1-C drives BMI1 transcription by a MYC-dependent mechanism in breast and other cancer cells. In addition, we show that MUC1-C blocks miR-200c-mediated downregulation of BMI1 expression. The functional significance of this MUC1-C→BMI1 pathway is supported by the demonstration that targeting MUC1-C suppresses BMI1-induced ubiquitylation of H2A and thereby derepresses homeobox HOXC5 and HOXC13 gene expression. Notably, our results further show that MUC1-C binds directly to BMI1 and promotes occupancy of BMI1 on the CDKN2A promoter. In concert with BMI1-induced repression of the p16INK4a tumor suppressor, we found that targeting MUC1-C is associated with induction of p16INK4a expression. In support of these results, analysis of three gene expresssion datasets demonstrated highly significant correlations between MUC1-C and BMI1 in breast cancers. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized role for MUC1-C in driving BMI1 expression and in directly interacting with this stem cell factor, linking MUC1-C with function of the PRC1 in epigenetic gene silencing. PMID:27893710

Analysis and Comparison of Extended and Unscented Kalman Filtering Methods for Spacecraft Attitude Determination

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

3)+m*l^2); fncC.m %# eml function y = fncC(x) Bo=0.5; alf=30*pi/180; y=Bo*sin(x(1,1)+alf); 75 Unscented Kalman Filter – Embedded...Matlab Block %# eml function [x_k1,Pxx_k1] = UKF(x_k,Pxx_k,Y_meas,ts,Q,R,kappa) % This block supports the Embedded MATLAB subset. % See the...torque2omegadot.m EML function Wdot = torque2omegadot(T, J, W) % This function takes input of applied torque (T) in component % elements, current angular

Dense cavity walls traced by CS in the L1157-B1 protostellar shocked region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo; Codella, Claudio; Lefloch, Bertrand; Benedettini, Milena; Busquet, Gemma; Nisini, Brunella; Ceccarelli, Cecilia; Cabrit, Sylvie; Viti, Serena

2013-07-01

In the framework of the CHESS Key Program, an unbiased spectral survey performed with Herschel and IRAM, in the frequency range from 97 to 600 GHz, have provided a chemical census of the protostellar shock L1157-B1. Here we focus on the study of carbon monosulfide (CS), a standard tracer of high-density gas. We have detected a total of 18 emission lines, with E_u up to 183 K, due to four isotopologues (^12C^32S, ^12C^34S, ^13C^32S, and ^12C^33S). The unprecedented sensitivity of the survey allow us to carefully analyze the line profiles. These profiles can be well fitted by two exponential laws: I ∝ exp(-|v/v0|) with v0 = 4.4, and 2.5 km s-1. Remarkably these two exponential laws are the same as those found in the CO line profiles by Lefloch et al. (2012), and named g2 and g3 components, respectively. These components have been related to the cavity walls produced by the B1 shock and the older B2 shock, respectively. An important characteristic of the lines profiles is that the emission of high-J CS transitions (E_u > 60 K) comes only from the g2 component. Using the LVG approximation, the CS solutions constrain n >= 10^4.5 cm^-3. In addition, when contrasted with the CO results (that already constrained T_k of 90 K and 40 K for g2 and g3, respectively), we see that the LVG can provide strong constrains to the gas density, in this case about 5 x 10^5 cm^-3 for both g2 and g3 components. Thus, the combination of CO and CS is a powerful tool to constrain both n and T_k. Our CS observations show therefore that this molecule is highlighting the dense cavity walls produced by the episodic outflow.

ABA signaling in guard cells entails a dynamic protein-protein interaction relay from the PYL-RCAR family receptors to ion channels.

PubMed

Lee, Sung Chul; Lim, Chae Woo; Lan, Wenzhi; He, Kai; Luan, Sheng

2013-03-01

Plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) serves as an integrator of environmental stresses such as drought to trigger stomatal closure by regulating specific ion channels in guard cells. We previously reported that SLAC1, an outward anion channel required for stomatal closure, was regulated via reversible protein phosphorylation events involving ABA signaling components, including protein phosphatase 2C members and a SnRK2-type kinase (OST1). In this study, we reconstituted the ABA signaling pathway as a protein-protein interaction relay from the PYL/RCAR-type receptors, to the PP2C-SnRK2 phosphatase-kinase pairs, to the ion channel SLAC1. The ABA receptors interacted with and inhibited PP2C phosphatase activity against the SnRK2-type kinase, releasing active SnRK2 kinase to phosphorylate, and activate the SLAC1 channel, leading to reduced guard cell turgor and stomatal closure. Both yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays were used to verify the interactions among the components in the pathway. These biochemical assays demonstrated activity modifications of phosphatases and kinases by their interaction partners. The SLAC1 channel activity was used as an endpoint readout for the strength of the signaling pathway, depending on the presence of different combinations of signaling components. Further study using transgenic plants overexpressing one of the ABA receptors demonstrated that changing the relative level of interacting partners would change ABA sensitivity.

Low temperature catalyst system for methanol production

DOEpatents

Sapienza, R.S.; Slegeir, W.A.; O'Hare, T.E.

1984-04-20

This patent discloses a catalyst and process useful at low temperatures (150/sup 0/C) and preferably in the range 80 to 120/sup 0/C used in the production of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The catalyst components are used in slurry form and comprise (1) a complex reducing agent derived from the component structure NaH-ROH-M(OAc)/sub 2/ where M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pd, and Co and R is a lower alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms and (2) a metal carbonyl of a group VI (Mo, Cr, W) metal. For the first component, Nic is preferred (where M = Ni and R = tertiary amyl). For the second component, Mo(CO)/sub 6/ is preferred. The mixture is subjected to a conditioning or activating step under temperature and pressure, similar to the parameters given above, to afford the active catalyst.

On the wettability diversity of C/SiC surface: Comparison of the ground C/SiC surface and ablated C/SiC surface from three aspects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, M. L.; Ren, C. Z.; Xu, H. Z.

2016-11-01

The coefficient of thermal conductivity was influenced by the wetting state of material. The wetting state usually depends on the surface wettability. C/SiC is a promising ceramic composites with multi-components. The wettability of C/SiC composites is hard to resort to the classical wetting theory directly. So far, few investigations focused on C/SiC surface wettability diversity after different material removal processes. In this investigation, comparative studies of surface wettability of ground C/SiC surface and laser-ablated C/SiC surface were carried out through apparent contact angle (APCA) measurements. The results showed that water droplets easily reached stable state on ground C/SiC surface; while the water droplets rappidly penetrated into the laser-ablated C/SiC surface. In order to find out the reason for wettability distinctions between the ground C/SiC surface and the laser-ablated C/SiC surface, comparative studies on the surface micro-structure, surface C-O-Si distribution, and surface C-O-Si weight percentage were carried out. The results showed that (1) A large number of micro cracks in the fuzzy pattern layer over laser-ablated C/SiC surfaces easily destoried the surface tension of water droplets, while only a few cracks existed over the ground C/SiC surfaces. (2) Chemical components (C, O, Si) were non-uniformly distributed on ground C/SiC surfaces, while the chemical components (C, O, Si) were uniformly distributed on laser-ablated C/SiC surfaces. (3) The carbon weight percentage on ground C/SiC surfaces were higher than that on laser-ablated C/SiC surfaces. All these made an essential contribution to the surface wettability diversity of C/SiC surface. Although more investigations about the quantitative influence of surface topography and surface chemical composition on composites wettability are still needed, the conslusion can be used in application: the wettability of C/SiC surface can be controlled by different material removal process without individual following up surface modification process.

Nanoindentation investigation of heavy ion irradiated Ti 3(Si,Al)C 2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, X. M.; Le Flem, M.; Béchade, J. L.; Monnet, I.

2010-06-01

Because of good damage tolerance, thermal stability and interesting mechanical properties, Ti 3SiC 2, belonging to M n+1AX n phases, has been considered as a potential candidate material for applications in the future Gas Fast nuclear Reactors (GFR) such as components of fuel cladding working between 500 °C and 800 °C. However, the outstanding mechanical properties of Ti 3SiC 2 related to a layered microstructure could be impacted by irradiation. In this work, high energy Kr and Xe ion irradiated Ti 3Si 0.95Al 0.05C 2 and Ti 3Si 0.90Al 0.10C 2 samples, provided by IMR Shenyang, Chinese Academy of Science, were characterized by nanoindentation technique. After irradiation at room temperature, an increase in hardness with irradiation dose was highlighted. Nevertheless, some damage tolerance remained because of preservation of the typical MAX layered structure. Irradiations at 300 °C and 500 °C lead to less significant increase suggesting irradiation defect annealing. A complete recovery of the properties at 800 °C seems to be obtained.

14C and delta13C characteristics of organic matter and carbonate in saltmarsh sediments from south west Scotland.

PubMed

MacKenzie, A B; Cook, G T; Barth, J; Gulliver, P; McDonald, P

2004-05-01

The distribution of contaminant radionuclides from the Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant was used to establish chronologies for three saltmarsh sediment cores from south west Scotland. delta(13)C and (14)C analyses indicated that the cores provided a useful archive record of variations in input of organic matter and carbonate. The results imply that prior to major releases of contaminant (14)C from Sellafield, the (14)C specific activity of organic matter in Irish Sea offshore sediments was about 24 Bq kg(-1) C, while that of the carbonate component was below the limit of detection. These results provide baseline data for modelling the uptake of contaminant (14)C by the Irish Sea sediment system. The study confirmed that small(13)C analyses provide a sensitive means of apportioning the origin of saltmarsh organic matter between C(3) terrigenous plants, C(4) terrigenous plants and suspended particulate marine organic matter. For the <2 mm fraction of sediment, a clear pattern of decreasing marine organic input was observed in response to increasing elevation of the marsh surface as a result of sediment accumulation. Bulk sediment, including detrital vegetation, had a dominant input from terrigenous plants. The combined use of delta(13)C and (14)C data revealed that organic matter in the marine organic component of the <2 mm fraction of contemporary surface sediments of the saltmarshes is dominated by recycled old organic material.

The SUD1 Gene Encodes a Putative E3 Ubiquitin Ligase and Is a Positive Regulator of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Activity in Arabidopsis[C][W

PubMed Central

Doblas, Verónica G.; Amorim-Silva, Vítor; Posé, David; Rosado, Abel; Esteban, Alicia; Arró, Montserrat; Azevedo, Herlander; Bombarely, Aureliano; Borsani, Omar; Valpuesta, Victoriano; Ferrer, Albert; Tavares, Rui M.; Botella, Miguel A.

2013-01-01

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) enzyme catalyzes the major rate-limiting step of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway from which sterols and other isoprenoids are synthesized. In contrast with our extensive knowledge of the regulation of HMGR in yeast and animals, little is known about this process in plants. To identify regulatory components of the MVA pathway in plants, we performed a genetic screen for second-site suppressor mutations of the Arabidopsis thaliana highly drought-sensitive drought hypersensitive2 (dry2) mutant that shows decreased squalene epoxidase activity. We show that mutations in SUPPRESSOR OF DRY2 DEFECTS1 (SUD1) gene recover most developmental defects in dry2 through changes in HMGR activity. SUD1 encodes a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that shows sequence and structural similarity to yeast Degradation of α factor (Doα10) and human TEB4, components of the endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation C (ERAD-C) pathway. While in yeast and animals, the alternative ERAD-L/ERAD-M pathway regulates HMGR activity by controlling protein stability, SUD1 regulates HMGR activity without apparent changes in protein content. These results highlight similarities, as well as important mechanistic differences, among the components involved in HMGR regulation in plants, yeast, and animals. PMID:23404890

Cloning and expression profiling of the PacSnRK2 and PacPP2C gene families during fruit development, ABA treatment, and dehydration stress in sweet cherry.

PubMed

Shen, Xinjie; Guo, Xiao; Zhao, Di; Zhang, Qiang; Jiang, Yuzhuang; Wang, Yantao; Peng, Xiang; Wei, Yan; Zhai, Zefeng; Zhao, Wei; Li, Tianhong

2017-10-01

Plant SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) and protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family members are core components of the ABA signal transduction pathway. SnRK2 and PP2C proteins have been suggested to play crucial roles in fruit ripening and improving plant tolerance to drought stress, but supporting genetic information has been lacking in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Here, we cloned six full-length SnRK2 genes and three full-length PP2C genes from sweet cherry cv. Hong Deng. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that PacSnRK2.2, PacSnRK2.3, PacSnRK2.6, and PacPP2C1-3 were negatively regulated in fruits in response to exogenous ABA treatment, PacSnRK2.4 and PacSnRK2.5 were upregulated, and PacSnRK2.1 expression was not affected. The ABA treatment also significantly promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins in sweet cherry fruit. The expression of all PacSnRK2 and PacPP2C genes was induced by dehydration stress, which also promoted the accumulation of drought stress signaling molecules in the sweet cherry fruits, including ABA, soluble sugars, and anthocyanin. Furthermore, a yeast two-hybrid analysis demonstrated that PacPP2C1 interacts with all six PacSnRK2s, while PacPP2C3 does not interact with PacSnRK2.5. PacPP2C2 does not interact with PacSnRK2.1 or PacSnRK2.4. These results indicate that PacSnRK2s and PacPP2Cs may play a variety of roles in the sweet cherry ABA signaling pathway and the fruit response to drought stress. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Face-to-face stacks of trinuclear gold(I) trihalides with benzene, hexafluorobenzene, and borazine: impact of aromaticity on stacking interactions.

PubMed

Tsipis, Athanassios C; Stalikas, Alexandros V

2013-01-18

The interplay of electrostatics, charge transfer, and dispersion forces contributing to the interaction energies in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 binary stacks of the c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3) (X = F, Cl, Br, I) clusters with benzene, hexafluorobenzene, or borazine were investigated by employing a multitude of electronic structure computational techniques. The molecular and electronic structures, stabilities, bonding features, and magnetotropicity of [c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3)](n)(L)(m) (X = halide; L = C(6)H(6), C(6)F(6), B(3)N(3)H(6); n, m ≤ 2) columnar binary stacks have been investigated by DFT calculations employing the M05-2X functional. The novel binary stacks could be considered as the building blocks of extended columnar supramolecular assemblies formulated as {[c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3)](C(6)H(6))}(∞), {[c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3)](2)(C(6)F(6))}(∞), and {[c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3)](B(3)N(3)H(6))(2)}(∞). In all binary stacks, with a few exceptions, the plane of the alternating c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3) and L (C(6)H(6), C(6)F(6), B(3)N(3)H(6)) stacking participants adopt an almost parallel face-to-face (pff) orientation. The observed trends in the intermolecular distances R in the [c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3)](n)(L)(m) (X = halide; L = C(6)H(6), C(6)F(6), B(3)N(3)H(6); n, m ≤ 2) columnar binary stacks are explained by the diverse intermolecular interactions characterizing the stacks, since the three ligands L and the c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3) cyclic trinuclear clusters (CTCs) exhibit diverse physical properties being important determinants of the intermolecular interactions (consisting of covalent, electrostatic, and dispersion forces). The properties considered are the zz tensor components of quadrupole moment, Q(zz), polarizability, α(zz), nucleus-independent chemical shift, NICS(zz)(1), along with the molecular electrostatic potential, MEP(0), and surface area (S). Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) at the revPBE-D3/TZ2P level revealed that the dominant term in the stacking interactions arises mainly from dispersion and electrostatic forces, while the contribution of covalent interactions are predicted to be small. On the other hand, charge decomposition analysis (CDA) illustrated very small charge transfer from the L stacking participants toward the c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3) clusters. Excellent linear correlations of the interaction energy, ΔE(int), and its components (ΔE(disp), ΔE(elstat), ΔE(orb), and ΔE(Pauli)) with calculated physical properties related to dispersion, covalent, and electrostatic forces have been established. The most important finding is the excellent linear relationship between ΔE(int) and the NICS(zz)(1) magnetic criterion of aromaticity, indicating that ΔE(int) is also affected by the coupling of the induced magnetic fields of the interacting stacking participants. The magnetotropicity of the binary stacks evaluated by the NICS(zz)-scan curves indicated an enhancement of the diatropicity in the space between the interacting inorganic and organic rings, probably due to the superposition of the diamagnetic ring currents of the interacting ring systems. The energy splitting in dimer (ESID) model was employed to estimate the charge transport of electrons and holes between the ligands L and the [c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3)] clusters in [c-Au(3)(μ(2)-X)(3)](L) 1:1 binary stacks.

New Compatible Estimators for Survivor Growth and Ingrowth from Remeasured Horizontal Point Samples

Treesearch

Francis A. Roesch; Edwin J. Green; Charles T. Scott

1989-01-01

Forest volume growth between two measurements is often decomposed into the components of survivor growth (S), ingrowth(Z), mortality (M), and cut (C) (for example, Beers 1962 or Van Deusen et al. 1986). Net change between volumes at times 1 and 2 (V1 - V2) is then represented by the equation V,-V,=S+I-M-C. Two new compatible pairs of estimators for S and Z in this...

Regulation of lipogenesis by cyclin-dependent kinase 8–mediated control of SREBP-1

PubMed Central

Zhao, Xiaoping; Feng, Daorong; Wang, Qun; Abdulla, Arian; Xie, Xiao-Jun; Zhou, Jie; Sun, Yan; Yang, Ellen S.; Liu, Lu-Ping; Vaitheesvaran, Bhavapriya; Bridges, Lauren; Kurland, Irwin J.; Strich, Randy; Ni, Jian-Quan; Wang, Chenguang; Ericsson, Johan; Pessin, Jeffrey E.; Ji, Jun-Yuan; Yang, Fajun

2012-01-01

Altered lipid metabolism underlies several major human diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, lipid metabolism pathophysiology remains poorly understood at the molecular level. Insulin is the primary stimulator of hepatic lipogenesis through activation of the SREBP-1c transcription factor. Here we identified cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) and its regulatory partner cyclin C (CycC) as negative regulators of the lipogenic pathway in Drosophila, mammalian hepatocytes, and mouse liver. The inhibitory effect of CDK8 and CycC on de novo lipogenesis was mediated through CDK8 phosphorylation of nuclear SREBP-1c at a conserved threonine residue. Phosphorylation by CDK8 enhanced SREBP-1c ubiquitination and protein degradation. Importantly, consistent with the physiologic regulation of lipid biosynthesis, CDK8 and CycC proteins were rapidly downregulated by feeding and insulin, resulting in decreased SREBP-1c phosphorylation. Moreover, overexpression of CycC efficiently suppressed insulin and feeding–induced lipogenic gene expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CDK8 and CycC function as evolutionarily conserved components of the insulin signaling pathway in regulating lipid homeostasis. PMID:22684109

[Characterization of Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Zhoushan fishery using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC)].

PubMed

Zhou, Qian-qian; Su, Rong-guo; Bai, Ying; Zhang, Chuan-song; Shi, Xiao-yong

2015-01-01

The composition, distribution characteristics and sources of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM) in Zhoushan Fishery in spring were evaluated by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) combined with parallel factor analysis (EEMs-PARAFAC). Three humic-like components [C1 (330/420 nm)], C2 [(290) 365/440 nm] and C3 [(260) 370/490 nm)] and two protein-like components [C4(285/340 nm) and C5 (270/310 nm)] were identified by EEMs-PARAFAC. The horizontal distribution patterns of the five components were almost the same with only slight differences, showing decreasing trends with increasing distance from shore. In the surface and middle layers, the high value areas were located in the north of Hangzhou Bay estuary and the outlet of Xiazhimen channel, and the former's was higher in the surface layer while the latter's was higher in the middle layer. In the bottom layer, CDOM decreased gradiently from the inshore to offshore, with higher CDOM near Zhoushan Island. The distributions of fluorescence components showed an opposite trend with salinity, and no significant linear relationship with Chl-a concentration was found, which indicated that CDOM in the surface and middle layers were dominated by terrestrial input and human activities of Zhoushan Island and that of the bottom layer was attribute to human activities of Zhoushan Island. The vertical distribution of five fluorescent components along 30.5 degrees N transect showed a decreasing trend from the surface and middle layers to bottom layer with high values in inshore and offshore areas, which were correlated with the lower salinity and higher Chl-a concentration, respectively. On this transect, CDOM was mainly affected by Yangtze River input in coastal area but by bioactivities in offshore waters. Along the 30 degrees N transect, the vertical distribution patterns of CDOM were similar to those of 30.5 degrees N transect but there was a high value area in the bottom layer near the shore, attributing to the CDOM release from the marine sediment pore water to the water body because of physical force role like tidal, the underlying upwelling and so on. A strong correlation occurred between C1 and C3, C4, indicating that they had similar sources; a weak correlation was found between C1 and C2, C5, reflecting some differences among their sources. CDOM in Zhoushan Fishery in spring had low humification index (HIX) values, which reflected a low degree of humification, poor stability and a short resident time in the environment. For biological index (BIX), its higher values appeared in the offshore waters and the lower values occurred in the inshore area, reflecting a greater influence of human and biological activities, respectively.

C3G dynamically associates with nuclear speckles and regulates mRNA splicing.

PubMed

Shakyawar, Dhruv Kumar; Muralikrishna, Bhattiprolu; Radha, Vegesna

2018-05-01

C3G (Crk SH3 domain binding guanine nucleotide releasing factor) (Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1), essential for mammalian embryonic development, is ubiquitously expressed and undergoes regulated nucleocytoplasmic exchange. Here we show that C3G localizes to SC35-positive nuclear speckles and regulates splicing activity. Reversible association of C3G with speckles was seen on inhibition of transcription and splicing. C3G shows partial colocalization with SC35 and is recruited to a chromatin and RNase-sensitive fraction of speckles. Its presence in speckles is dependent on intact cellular actin cytoskeleton and is lost on expression of the kinase Clk1. Rap1, a substrate of C3G, is also present in nuclear speckles, and inactivation of Rap signaling by expression of GFP-Rap1GAP alters speckle morphology and number. Enhanced association of C3G with speckles is seen on glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibition or differentiation of C2C12 cells to myotubes. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of C3G resulted in altered splicing activity of an artificial gene as well as endogenous CD44. C3G knockout clones of C2C12 as well as MDA-MB-231 cells showed reduced protein levels of several splicing factors compared with control cells. Our results identify C3G and Rap1 as novel components of nuclear speckles and a role for C3G in regulating cellular RNA splicing activity.

Microbial control of soil organic matter mineralization responses to labile carbon in subarctic climate change treatments.

PubMed

Rousk, Kathrin; Michelsen, Anders; Rousk, Johannes

2016-12-01

Half the global soil carbon (C) is held in high-latitude systems. Climate change will expose these to warming and a shift towards plant communities with more labile C input. Labile C can also increase the rate of loss of native soil organic matter (SOM); a phenomenon termed 'priming'. We investigated how warming (+1.1 °C over ambient using open top chambers) and litter addition (90 g m -2  yr -1 ) treatments in the subarctic influenced the susceptibility of SOM mineralization to priming, and its microbial underpinnings. Labile C appeared to inhibit the mineralization of C from SOM by up to 60% within hours. In contrast, the mineralization of N from SOM was stimulated by up to 300%. These responses occurred rapidly and were unrelated to microbial successional dynamics, suggesting catabolic responses. Considered separately, the labile C inhibited C mineralization is compatible with previously reported findings termed 'preferential substrate utilization' or 'negative apparent priming', while the stimulated N mineralization responses echo recent reports of 'real priming' of SOM mineralization. However, C and N mineralization responses derived from the same SOM source must be interpreted together: This suggested that the microbial SOM-use decreased in magnitude and shifted to components richer in N. This finding highlights that only considering SOM in terms of C may be simplistic, and will not capture all changes in SOM decomposition. The selective mining for N increased in climate change treatments with higher fungal dominance. In conclusion, labile C appeared to trigger catabolic responses of the resident microbial community that shifted the SOM mining to N-rich components; an effect that increased with higher fungal dominance. Extrapolating from these findings, the predicted shrub expansion in the subarctic could result in an altered microbial use of SOM, selectively mining it for N-rich components, and leading to a reduced total SOM-use. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Chemical Signature of Biomass Burning Emitted PM2.5 as Revealed by a C/N/S Multi- Elemental Scanning Thermal Analysis (MESTA) Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsieh, Y.; Bugna, G.

2006-12-01

Uncertainty of black carbon (BC) research is often plagued by the analytical difficulty associated with separating carbon components in solid samples. A rapid and sensitive multi-elemental scanning thermal analysis (MESTA), originally developed for organic matter analysis in solid samples, was applied to this study. The objective was to identify the chemical signature of biomass burning emitted PM2.5 (aerosols less than 2.5 micron) for tracing purposes. We collected PM2.5 from the burning of various biomass of a pine forest and from the ambient air of an urban campus using a PM sampler. The MESTA provides simultaneous C, N and S thermograms of the PM2.5 samples that can be used for characterization and identification purposes. This study showed that the PM2.5 samples produced from the burning of forest biomass can be characterized by a high temperature (greater than 350 oC) volatile organic component with high C/N ratio and no S content while those produced from the ambient air can be characterized by a low temperature (less than 350 oC) volatile organic component with low C/N ratio and high S content. Burning of the soaked woody debris, however, produced significant amount of the low-temperature volatile organic component similar to that of the ambient air in C/N ratio but different in S content. Most PM2.5 samples have a very low temperature (less than 110 oC) volatile N component that is identified as absorbed ammonia. The absorbed ammonia is most significant in the PM2.5 of the ambient air and the burning of soaked woody debris. All PM2.5 samples have significant amount of BC which volatilized above 500 oC with very high C/N ratio. This study also shows that MESTA can provide an objective means to present the chemical signature of the whole spectrum of OC/BC in the PM2.5 samples.

Acute Anxiety Predicts Components of the Cold Shock Response on Cold Water Immersion: Toward an Integrated Psychophysiological Model of Acute Cold Water Survival.

PubMed

Barwood, Martin J; Corbett, Jo; Massey, Heather; McMorris, Terry; Tipton, Mike; Wagstaff, Christopher R D

2018-01-01

Introduction: Drowning is a leading cause of accidental death. In cold-water, sudden skin cooling triggers the life-threatening cold shock response (CSR). The CSR comprises tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, hypertension, inspiratory gasp, and hyperventilation with the hyperventilatory component inducing hypocapnia and increasing risk of aspirating water to the lungs. Some CSR components can be reduced by habituation (i.e., reduced response to stimulus of same magnitude) induced by 3-5 short cold-water immersions (CWI). However, high levels of acute anxiety, a plausible emotion on CWI: magnifies the CSR in unhabituated participants, reverses habituated components of the CSR and prevents/delays habituation when high levels of anxiety are experienced concurrent to immersions suggesting anxiety is integral to the CSR. Purpose: To examine the predictive relationship that prior ratings of acute anxiety have with the CSR. Secondly, to examine whether anxiety ratings correlated with components of the CSR during immersion before and after induction of habituation. Methods: Forty-eight unhabituated participants completed one (CON1) 7-min immersion in to cold water (15°C). Of that cohort, twenty-five completed four further CWIs that would ordinarily induce CSR habituation. They then completed two counter-balanced immersions where anxiety levels were increased (CWI-ANX) or were not manipulated (CON2). Acute anxiety and the cardiorespiratory responses (cardiac frequency [ f c ], respiratory frequency [ f R ], tidal volume [ V T ], minute ventilation [ E ]) were measured. Multiple regression was used to identify components of the CSR from the most life-threatening period of immersion (1 st minute) predicted by the anxiety rating prior to immersion. Relationships between anxiety rating and CSR components during immersion were assessed by correlation. Results: Anxiety rating predicted the f c component of the CSR in unhabituated participants (CON1; p < 0.05, r = 0.536, r 2 = 0.190). After habituation immersions (i.e., cohort 2), anxiety rating predicted the f R component of the CSR when anxiety levels were lowered (CON2; p < 0.05, r = 0.566, r 2 = 0.320) but predicted the f c component of the CSR ( p < 0.05, r = 0.518, r 2 = 0.197) when anxiety was increased suggesting different drivers of the CSR when anxiety levels were manipulated; correlation data supported these relationships. Discussion: Acute anxiety is integral to the CSR before and after habituation. We offer a new integrated model including neuroanatomical, perceptual and attentional components of the CSR to explain these data.

A local complement response by RPE causes early-stage macular degeneration

PubMed Central

Fernandez-Godino, Rosario; Garland, Donita L.; Pierce, Eric A.

2015-01-01

Inherited and age-related macular degenerations (AMDs) are important causes of vision loss. An early hallmark of these disorders is the formation of sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) basal deposits. A role for the complement system in MDs was suggested by genetic association studies, but direct functional connections between alterations in the complement system and the pathogenesis of MD remain to be defined. We used primary RPE cells from a mouse model of inherited MD due to a p.R345W mutation in EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 (EFEMP1) to investigate the role of the RPE in early MD pathogenesis. Efemp1R345W RPE cells recapitulate the basal deposit formation observed in vivo by producing sub-RPE deposits in vitro. The deposits share features with basal deposits, and their formation was mediated by EFEMP1R345W or complement component 3a (C3a), but not by complement component 5a (C5a). Increased activation of complement appears to occur in response to an abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM), generated by the mutant EFEMP1R345W protein and reduced ECM turnover due to inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 2 by EFEMP1R345W and C3a. Increased production of C3a also stimulated the release of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1B, which appear to have a role in deposit formation, albeit downstream of C3a. These studies provide the first direct indication that complement components produced locally by the RPE are involved in the formation of basal deposits. Furthermore, these results suggest that C3a generated by RPE is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of EFEMP1-associated MD as well as AMD. PMID:26199322

Aponecrotic, antiangiogenic and antiproliferative effects of a novel dextran derivative on breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo.

PubMed

Di Benedetto, Mélanie; Starzec, Anna; Colombo, Bruno M; Briane, Dominique; Perret, Gérard Y; Kraemer, Michel; Crépin, Michel

2002-04-01

1. Since the sodium phenylacetate (NaPa) was reported to enhance the inhibitory effect of carboxymethyl benzylamide dextran (CMDB) on the breast cancer growth, we performed the esterification of CMDB with NaPa to obtain a new drug carrying the characteristics of these two components. A new molecule, phenylacetate carboxymethyl benzylamide dextran, was named NaPaC. 2. We investigated in vitro and in vivo the effects of NaPaC on MCF-7ras cell growth as well as its apoptotic and antiangiogenic effects in comparison to NaPa and CMDB. In addition, we assessed in vitro the antiproliferative effects of these drugs on other breast cancer cells, including MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7. 3. In vitro, NaPaC inhibited MCF-7ras cell proliferation by 40% at concentration lower than that of CMDB and NaPa (12 microM vs 73 microM and 10 mM). IC(50)s were 6 and 28 microM for NaPaC and CMDB, respectively. The similar results were obtained for three other breast cancer cell lines. NaPaC reduced the DNA replication and induced cell recruitment in G(0)/G(1) phase more efficiently than its components. Moreover, it induced a cell death at concentration 1000-fold lower than NaPa. 4. In vivo, CMDB (150 mg kg(-1)) and NaPa (40 mg kg(-1)) inhibited the MCF-7ras tumour growth by 37 and 57%, respectively, whereas NaPaC (15 mg kg(-1)) decreased tumour growth by 66% without toxicity. 5. NaPa or CMDB reduced the microvessel number in tumour by 50% after 7 weeks of treatment. NaPaC had the same effect after only 2 weeks. After 7 weeks, it generated a large necrosis area without detectable microvessels. In vitro, NaPaC inhibited human endothelial cell proliferation more efficiently than CMDB or NaPa. NaPaC interacts with vascular endothelial growth factor as observed by affinity electrophoresis. 6. NaPaC acts like NaPa and CMDB but in more potent manner than components used separately. Its antiproliferative, aponecrotic and anti-angiogenic actions make it a good candidate for a new anti-cancer drug.

Three-dimensional design and fabrication of reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline composite hydrogel electrodes for high performance electrochemical supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ates, Murat; El-Kady, Maher; Kaner, Richard B.

2018-04-01

Graphene/polyaniline composite hydrogels (GH/PANI) were chemically synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer. Graphene hydrogels were obtained by a hydrothermal method and used in supercapacitors. The graphene/polyaniline composite hydrogel exhibits better electrochemical performance than the pure individual components as determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements. A remarkable specific capacitance (C sp) of 323.9 F g-1 was measured using CV at a scan rate of 2 mV s-1 at 25 °C. GCD measurements (311.3 F g-1) and electrochemical impedance analysis also support these results. The numbers were obtained at extremely high loading masses: 7.14 mg cm-2 for GH and GH/PANI synthesized at 0 °C, and 8.93 mg cm-2 for GH/PANI synthesized at 25 °C. The corresponding areal capacitances are 1.14, 1.75 and 2.78 F cm-2 for GH, and GH/PANI composite hydrogels synthesized at 0 °C and 25 °C, respectively. These values in F cm-2 are 3.80, 5.83 and 9.27 times higher than commercially available activated carbon supercapacitors (˜0.3 F cm-2 for a two electrode system). Moreover, the GH/PANI composite synthesized at 25 °C exhibits excellent stability with 99% initial capacitance retention after 1000 charge/discharge cycles. GH/PANI composites synthesized at 0 °C and 25 °C therefore hold promise for use in supercapacitor device applications.

Three-dimensional design and fabrication of reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline composite hydrogel electrodes for high performance electrochemical supercapacitors.

PubMed

Ates, Murat; El-Kady, Maher; Kaner, Richard B

2018-04-27

Graphene/polyaniline composite hydrogels (GH/PANI) were chemically synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer. Graphene hydrogels were obtained by a hydrothermal method and used in supercapacitors. The graphene/polyaniline composite hydrogel exhibits better electrochemical performance than the pure individual components as determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements. A remarkable specific capacitance (C sp ) of 323.9 F g -1 was measured using CV at a scan rate of 2 mV s -1 at 25 °C. GCD measurements (311.3 F g -1 ) and electrochemical impedance analysis also support these results. The numbers were obtained at extremely high loading masses: 7.14 mg cm -2 for GH and GH/PANI synthesized at 0 °C, and 8.93 mg cm -2 for GH/PANI synthesized at 25 °C. The corresponding areal capacitances are 1.14, 1.75 and 2.78 F cm -2 for GH, and GH/PANI composite hydrogels synthesized at 0 °C and 25 °C, respectively. These values in F cm -2 are 3.80, 5.83 and 9.27 times higher than commercially available activated carbon supercapacitors (∼0.3 F cm -2 for a two electrode system). Moreover, the GH/PANI composite synthesized at 25 °C exhibits excellent stability with 99% initial capacitance retention after 1000 charge/discharge cycles. GH/PANI composites synthesized at 0 °C and 25 °C therefore hold promise for use in supercapacitor device applications.

Report on Component 2 - Designing New Methods for Visualizing Text in Spatial Contexts

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-10-31

W9132V-11-P-0010 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Alexander Savelyev , Scott Pezanowski, Anthony C. Robinson, and Alan M...e Component 2 – Designing New Methods for Visualizing Text in Spatial Contexts Alexander Savelyev , Scott Pezanowski, Anthony Robinson and Alan...Center, Penn State University Report on Component 2: Component 2 – Designing New Methods for Visualizing Text in Spatial Contexts Alexander

Computational Screening of MOFs for Acetylene Separation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nemati Vesali Azar, Ayda; Keskin, Seda

2018-02-01

Efficient separation of acetylene (C2H2) from CO2 and CH4 is important to meet the requirement of high-purity acetylene in various industrial applications. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are great candidates for adsorption-based C2H2/CO2 and C2H2/CH4 separations due to their unique properties such as wide range of pore sizes and tunable chemistries. Experimental studies on the limited number of MOFs revealed that MOFs offer remarkable C2H2/CO2 and C2H2/CH4 selectivities based on single-component adsorption data. We performed the first large-scale molecular simulation study to investigate separation performances of 174 different MOF structures for C2H2/CO2 and C2H2/CH4 mixtures. Using the results of molecular simulations, several adsorbent performance evaluation metrics, such as selectivity, working capacity, adsorbent performance score, sorbent selection parameter and regenerability were computed for each MOF. Based on these metrics, the best adsorbent candidates were identified for both separations. Results showed that the top three most promising MOF adsorbents exhibit C2H2/CO2 selectivities of 49, 47, 24 and C2H2/CH4 selectivities of 824, 684, 638 at 1 bar, 298 K and these are the highest C2H2 selectivities reported to date in the literature. Structure-performance analysis revealed that the best MOF adsorbents have pore sizes between 4-11 Å, surface areas in the range of 600-1,200 m2/g and porosities between 0.4-0.6 for selective separation of C2H2 from CO2 and CH4. These results will guide the future studies for the design of new MOFs with high C2H2 separation potentials.

The influence of mesoscopic confinement on the dynamics of imidazolium-based room temperature ionic liquids in polyether sulfone membranes.

PubMed

Thomaz, Joseph E; Bailey, Heather E; Fayer, Michael D

2017-11-21

The structural dynamics of a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (C n mimNTf 2 , n = 2, 4, 6, 10: ethyl-Emim; butyl-Bmim; hexyl-Hmim; decyl-Dmim) room temperature ionic liquids confined in the pores of polyether sulfone (PES 200) membranes with an average pore size of ∼350 nm and in the bulk liquids were studied. Time correlated single photon counting measurements of the fluorescence of the fluorophore coumarin 153 (C153) were used to observe the time-dependent Stokes shift (solvation dynamics). The solvation dynamics of C153 in the ionic liquids are multiexponential decays. The multiexponential functional form of the decays was confirmed as the slowest decay component of each bulk liquid matches the slowest component of the liquid dynamics measured by optical heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect (OHD-OKE) experiments, which is single exponential. The fact that the slowest component of the Stokes shift matches the OHD-OKE data in all four liquids identifies this component of the solvation dynamics as arising from the complete structural randomization of the liquids. Although the pores in the PES membranes are large, confinement on the mesoscopic length scale results in substantial slowing of the dynamics, a factor of ∼4, for EmimNTf 2 , with the effect decreasing as the chain length increases. By DmimNTf 2 , the dynamics are virtually indistinguishable from those in the bulk liquid. The rotation relaxation of C153 in the four bulk liquids was also measured and showed strong coupling between the C153 probe and its environment.

Alfvenic turbulence generated by the interstellar pickup protons in the outer heliosphere

DOE PAGES

Gamayunov, K.; Zhang, M.; Pogorelov, N.; ...

2013-06-13

Here a self-consistent model of the interstellar pickup protons, slab component of the Alfvénic turbulence, and core solar wind protons is presented for r ≤ 1 AU along with the initial results and comparison with the Voyager 2 (V2) observations. A fraction of the pickup proton free energy, f D, which is actually released in the wave form during isotropization, is taken from the quasi-linear consideration without preexisting turbulence. Whereas we use observations to specify a strength of the large scale driving, C sh, for turbulence. Our results show that for C sh ≈ 1 - 1.5 and f Dmore » ≈ 0.7 - 1, the model slab component agrees well with the V2 observations of the total transverse magnetic fluctuations starting from ~8 AU. Finally, this finding agrees with the result by Oughton et al. [17] where they also showed that the slab component dominates the two-dimensional component at the heliocentric distances beyond ~ 10 AU. So it is likely that the slab component at low-latitudes makes up a majority of the transverse magnetic fluctuations beyond 8 - 10 AU.« less

High-Temperature Viscosity Of Commercial Glasses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hrma, Pavel R; See, Clem A; Lam, Oanh P

2005-01-01

Viscosity was measured for six types of commercial glasses: low-expansion-borosilicate glasses, E glasses, fiberglass wool glasses, TV panel glasses, container glasses, and float glasses. Viscosity data were obtained with rotating spindle viscometers within the temperature range between 900°C and 1550°C; the viscosity varied from 1 Pa∙s to 750 Pa∙s. Arrhenius coefficients were calculated for individual glasses and linear models were applied to relate them to the mass fractions of 11 major components (SiO2, CaO, Na2O, Al2O3, B2O3, BaO, SrO, K2O, MgO, PbO, and ZrO2) and 12 minor components (Fe2O3, ZnO, Li2O, TiO2, CeO2, F, Sb2O3, Cr2O3, As2O3, MnO2, SO3, andmore » Co3O4). The models are recommended for glasses containing 42 to 84 mass% SiO2 to estimate viscosities or temperatures at a constant viscosity for melts within both the temperature range from 1100°C to 1550°C and viscosity range from 10 to 400 Pas.« less

Novel compound heterozygous DPH1 mutations in a patient with the unique clinical features of airway obstruction and external genital abnormalities.

PubMed

Nakajima, Junya; Oana, Shingo; Sakaguchi, Tomohiro; Nakashima, Mitsuko; Numabe, Hironao; Kawashima, Hisashi; Matsumoto, Naomichi; Miyake, Noriko

2018-04-01

The diphthamide biosynthesis 1 (DPH1) gene encodes one of the essential components of the enzyme catalyzing the first step of diphthamide formation on eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EEF2). Diphthamide is the posttranslationally modified histidine residue on EEF2 that promotes protein chain elongation in the ribosome. DPH1 defects result in a failure of protein synthesis involving EEF2, leading to growth defects, embryonic lethality, and cell death. In humans, DPH1 mutations cause developmental delay with a short stature, dysmorphic features, and sparse hair, and are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner (MIM#616901). To date, only two homozygous missense mutations in DPH1 (c.17T>A, p.Met6Lys and c.701T>C, p.Leu234Pro) have been reported. We used WES to identify novel compound heterozygous mutations in DPH1 (c.289delG, p.Glu97Lysfs*8 and c.491T>C, p.Leu164Pro) in a patient from a nonconsanguineous family presenting with intellectual disability, a short stature, craniofacial abnormalities, and external genital abnormalities. The clinical phenotype of all patients with DPH1 mutations, including the current patient, revealed core features, although the external genital anomaly was newly recognized in our case.

Photocrystallographic structure determination of a new geometric isomer of [Ru(NH3)4(H2O)(eta1-OSO)][MeC6H4SO3]2.

PubMed

Bowes, Katharine F; Cole, Jacqueline M; Husheer, Shamus L G; Raithby, Paul R; Savarese, Teresa L; Sparkes, Hazel A; Teat, Simon J; Warren, John E

2006-06-21

The structure of a new metastable geometric isomer of [Ru(NH3)4(H2O)(SO2)][MeC6H4SO3]2 in which the SO2 group is coordinated through a single oxygen in an eta1-OSO bonding mode has been determined at 13 K; the new isomer was obtained as a 36% component of the structure within a single crystal upon irradiation using a tungsten lamp.

Dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes of immunoglobulin G fix complement.

PubMed Central

Wright, J K; Tschopp, J; Jaton, J C; Engel, J

1980-01-01

The binding of pure dimers, trimers and tetramers of randomly cross-linked non-immune rabbit immunoglobulin G to the first component and subcomponent of the complement system, C1 and C1q respectively, was studied. These oligomers possessed open linear structures. All three oligomers fixed complement with decreasing affinity in the order: tetramer, trimer, dimer. Complement fixation by dimeric immunoglobulin exhibited the strongest concentration-dependence. No clear distinction between a non-co-operative and a co-operative binding mechanism could be achieved, although the steepness of the complement-fixation curves for dimers and trimers was better reflected by the co-operative mechanism. Intrinsic binding constants were about 10(6)M-1 for dimers, 10(7)M-1 for trimers and 3 X 10(9)M-1 for tetramers, assuming non-co-operative binding. The data are consistent with a maximum valency of complement component C1 for immunoglobulin G protomers in the range 6-18. The binding of dimers to purified complement subcomponent C1q was demonstrated by sedimentation-velocity ultracentrifugation. Mild reduction of the complexes by dithioerythritol caused the immunoglobulin to revert to the monomeric state (S20,w = 6.2-6.5S) with concomitant loss of complement-fixing ability. Images Fig. 2. PMID:6985362

Carbon Fluxes and Transport Along the Terrestrial Aquatic Continuum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Butman, D. E.; Kolka, R.; Fennel, K.; Stackpoole, S. M.; Trettin, C.; Windham-Myers, L.

2017-12-01

Terrestrial wetlands, inland surface waters, tidal wetlands and estuaries, and the coastal ocean are distinct aquatic ecosystems that integrate carbon (C) fluxes and processing among the major earth system components: the continents, oceans, and atmosphere. The development of the 2nd State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR2) noted that incorporating the C cycle dynamics for these ecosystems was necessary to reconcile some of the gaps associated with the North American C budget. We present major C stocks and fluxes for Canada, Mexico and the United States. North America contains nearly 42% of the global terrestrial wetland area. Terrestrial wetlands, defined as soils that are seasonally or permanently inundated or saturated, contain significant C stocks equivalent to 174,000 Tg C in the top 40 cm of soil. While terrestrial wetlands are a C sink of approximately 64 Tg C yr-1, they also emit 21 Tg of CH4 yr-1. Inland waters are defined as lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and streams. Carbon fluxes, which include lateral C export to the coast, riverine and lacustrine CO2 emissions, and C burial in lakes and reservoirs are estimated at 507 Tg yr-1. Estuaries and tidal wetlands assimilate C and nutrients from uplands and rivers, and their total C stock is 1,323 Tg C in the top 1 m of soils and sediment. Accounting for soil accretion, lateral C flux, and CO2 assimilation and emission, tidal wetlands and estuaries are net sinks with a total flux equal to 6 Tg C yr-1. The coastal ocean and sea shelfs, defined as non-estuarine waters within 200 nautical miles (370 km) of the coast, function as net sinks, with the air-sea exchange of CO2 estimated at 150 Tg C yr-1. In total, fluxes from these four aquatic ecosystems are equal to a loss of 302 Tg C yr-1. Including these four discrete fluxes in this assessment demonstrates the importance of linking hydrology and biogeochemical cycling to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on carbon fluxes across the terrestrial-aquatic continuum.

Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the Vibration Characteristics of a Remotely Piloted Helicopter

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-01

IQ Z -104.9* 171: .0471 6/LB XP11 ) EXP N I SETUP W TF DUAL v, 400 CHAB FR 200HZ 0:30:to * /A AIS ’"TS.H A S 8 -IV ISO -10 •]’Ft B/A AY6 IL TEý . 2 " N C...4 A. SOURCES OF HELICOPTER VIBRATION .... ..... 4 B. VIBRATION REDUCTION TECHNIQUES ..... ...... 6 1. Passive Systems .......... ............ 6 2 ...EXCITATION SYSTEM ...... ............. 22 C. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM .... .......... 27 1. Components ......... .............. 27 2 . System Operation

Degradation of mangrove tissues by arboreal termites (Nasutitermes acajutlae) and their role in the mangrove C cycle (Puerto Rico): Chemical characterization and organic matter provenance using bulk δ13C, C/N, alkaline CuO oxidation-GC/MS, and solid-state 13C NMR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vane, Christopher H.; Kim, Alexander W.; Moss-Hayes, Vicky; Snape, Colin E.; Diaz, Miguel Castro; Khan, Nicole S.; Engelhart, Simon E.; Horton, Benjamin P.

2013-08-01

Arboreal termites are wood decaying organisms that play an important role in the first stages of C cycling in mangrove systems. The chemical composition of Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, and Laguncularia racemosa leaf, stem, and pneumatophore tissues as well as associated sediments was compared to that of nests of the termite Nasutitermes acajutlae. Nests gave δ13C values of -26.1 to -27.2‰ (±0.1) and C/N of 43.3 (±2.0) to 98.6 (±16.2) which were similar to all stem and pneumatophores but distinct from mangrove leaves or sediments. Organic matter processed by termites yielded lignin phenol concentrations (Λ, lambda) that were 2-4 times higher than stem or pneumatophores and 10-20 times higher than that of leaves or sediments, suggesting that the nests were more resistant to biodegradation than the mangrove vegetation source. 13C NMR revealed that polysaccharide content of mangrove tissues (50-69% C) was higher than that of the nests (46-51% C). Conversely, lignin accounted for 16.2-19.6% C of nest material, a threefold increase relative to living mangrove tissues; a similar increase in aromatic methoxyl content was also observed in the nests. Lipids (aliphatic and paraffinic moieties) were also important but rather variable chemical components of all three mangrove species, representing between 13.5 and 28.3% of the C content. Termite nests contained 3.14 Mg C ha-1 which represents approximately 2% of above ground C storage in mangroves, a value that is likely to increase upon burial due to their refractory chemical composition.

Further Developments in Modeling Creep Effects Within Structural SiC/SiC Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lang, Jerry; DiCarlo, James A.

2008-01-01

Anticipating the implementation of advanced SiC/SiC composites into turbine section components of future aero-propulsion engines, the primary objective of this on-going study is to develop physics-based analytical and finite-element modeling tools to predict the effects of constituent creep on SiC/SiC component service life. A second objective is to understand how to possibly manipulate constituent materials and processes in order to minimize these effects. Focusing on SiC/SiC components experiencing through-thickness stress gradients (e.g., airfoil leading edge), prior NASA creep modeling studies showed that detrimental residual stress effects can develop globally within the component walls which can increase the risk of matrix cracking. These studies assumed that the SiC/SiC composites behaved as isotropic viscoelastic continuum materials with creep behavior that was linear and symmetric with stress and that the creep parameters could be obtained from creep data as experimentally measured in-plane in the fiber direction of advanced thin-walled 2D SiC/SiC panels. The present study expands on those prior efforts by including constituent behavior with non-linear stress dependencies in order to predict such key creep-related SiC/SiC properties as time-dependent matrix stress, constituent creep and content effects on composite creep rates and rupture times, and stresses on fiber and matrix during and after creep.

Composition of interstellar clouds in the disk and halo. 2: Gamma(sup 2) Velorum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fitzpatrick, Edward L.; Spitzer, Lyman, Jr.

1994-01-01

High-resolution observations of gamma(sup 2) Vel with the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) echelle on the Hubble Space Telescope reveal the presence of seven narrow absorption components, with LSR velocities between -23 and +9 km s(exp -1). Three of these show column density ratios N(S(++))/N(S(+)) and N(P(++))/N(P+)) of about 1 or more, and can be identified as H II regions, while the other four are H I regions, consistent with the O I profile and with the overall H(sup 0) column density of 5.9 x 10(exp 19) cm(exp -2), given the usual assumptions that S is undepleted while O has a depletion D(O) = -0.3 dex. The depletions of Fe, Si, and Mn, which could be measure accurately for two of the four H I regions (components 6 and 7), differ somewhat from the values of D(sub ws) found for slowly moving warm clouds in HD 93521; in particular, for the component at 4.0 km s(exp -1) (No. 6), abosolute of D exceeds absolute of D(sub ws) by 0.1-0.4 dex, while for that at 9.3 km s(exp -1) (No. 7), absolute of D equals absolute of D(sub ws) on the average. The observed ratio of Fe + Mg atoms to Si atoms in the grains of component 6 is 2.04 +/-0.10, consistent with an olivine grain composition; the Fe/Mg ratio is 1.5 +/- 0.2. The electron density in component 6, determined from the C II(sup *) feature, is 0.075 +/- 0.013 cm (exp -3), about two-thirds of that found for clouds of this velocity in HD 93521. In the two conspicuous H II regions, components 3 and 4, n(sub e), determined from the Si II(sup *) feature, is about 1 cm(exp -3). From the column density of S(+) + S(++) in these two components, the total H II path length is about 40 pc. With the radius of a wind-blown bubble around gamma(sup 2) Vel set equal to 60 pc, the effective Stromgren radius is about 100 pc, requiring that T approx. equal to 50,000 K for the Wolf-Rayet component of the gamma(sup 2) Vel binary. Since zeta Pup is a comparable source of ionizing radiation, this temperature is an upper limit. The profiles of the strongest H2 absorption features, from Copernicus archives, indicate that the absorbing molecules have a mean velocity identical with that of the strongest H II component (No. 4). We have no explanation for the possible presence of these H2 molecules in a region of ionized H. Alternatively, the H2 profiles can be explained by molecules in the two adjacent (in velocity) H I regions, components 2 and 5, provided their H I gas has densities and temperatures typical of normal cold clouds. The GHRS data show absorption by highly ionized atoms Si(3+) and C(3+), N(4+) in broad features, in addition to the narrow-line absorption by Si(3+) and C(3+) observed in the dominant H II components, Nos. 3 and 4. The broad C(3+) and N(4+) features have widths corresponding to T in the range (4-8) x 10(exp 5) K, consistent with the broad O(5+) line shown in Copernicus data. Despite some observational uncertainties, the ratios of column densities in the broad C(3+), N(4+), and O(5+) features agree to +/- 0.1 dex with theoretical values for warm gas, heating and evaporating by thermal conduction from an adjacent hot region. Outward evaporation from an isolated cloud in a hot ambient gas cannot be distinguished, on the basis of these data, from inward evaporation of a warm shell, compressed by an expanding, hot stellar-wind bubble. For several halo stars, the C IV/O VI ratio has a quite different average value, perhaps consistent with cooling of infalling hot gas instead of conductive heating and evaporation.

Interaction of 2′,3′-cAMP with Rbp47b Plays a Role in Stress Granule Formation1[OPEN

PubMed Central

Kerber, Olga; Leniak, Ewa; Szlachetko, Jagoda; Veyel, Daniel

2018-01-01

2′,3′-cAMP is an intriguing small molecule that is conserved among different kingdoms. 2′,3′-cAMP is presumably produced during RNA degradation, with increased cellular levels observed especially under stress conditions. Previously, we observed the presence of 2′,3′-cAMP in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protein complexes isolated from native lysate, suggesting that 2′,3′-cAMP has potential protein partners in plants. Here, affinity purification experiments revealed that 2′,3′-cAMP associates with the stress granule (SG) proteome. SGs are aggregates composed of protein and mRNA, which enable cells to selectively store mRNA for use in response to stress such as heat whereby translation initiation is impaired. Using size-exclusion chromatography and affinity purification analyses, we identified Rbp47b, the key component of SGs, as a potential interacting partner of 2′,3′-cAMP. Furthermore, SG formation was promoted in 2′,3′-cAMP-treated Arabidopsis seedlings, and interactions between 2′,3′-cAMP and RNA-binding domains of Rbp47b, RRM2 and RRM3, were confirmed in vitro using microscale thermophoresis. Taken together, these results (1) describe novel small-molecule regulation of SG formation, (2) provide evidence for the biological role of 2′,3′-cAMP, and (3) demonstrate an original biochemical pipeline for the identification of protein-metabolite interactors. PMID:29618637

Structural basis for activation of the complement system by component C4 cleavage

PubMed Central

Kidmose, Rune T.; Laursen, Nick S.; Dobó, József; Kjaer, Troels R.; Sirotkina, Sofia; Yatime, Laure; Sottrup-Jensen, Lars; Thiel, Steffen; Gál, Péter; Andersen, Gregers R.

2012-01-01

An essential aspect of innate immunity is recognition of molecular patterns on the surface of pathogens or altered self through the lectin and classical pathways, two of the three well-established activation pathways of the complement system. This recognition causes activation of the MASP-2 or the C1s serine proteases followed by cleavage of the protein C4. Here we present the crystal structures of the 203-kDa human C4 and the 245-kDa C4⋅MASP-2 substrate⋅enzyme complex. When C4 binds to MASP-2, substantial conformational changes in C4 are induced, and its scissile bond region becomes ordered and inserted into the protease catalytic site in a manner canonical to serine proteases. In MASP-2, an exosite located within the CCP domains recognizes the C4 C345C domain 60 Å from the scissile bond. Mutations in C4 and MASP-2 residues at the C345C–CCP interface inhibit the intermolecular interaction and C4 cleavage. The possible assembly of the huge in vivo enzyme–substrate complex consisting of glycan-bound mannan-binding lectin, MASP-2, and C4 is discussed. Our own and prior functional data suggest that C1s in the classical pathway of complement activated by, e.g., antigen–antibody complexes, also recognizes the C4 C345C domain through a CCP exosite. Our results provide a unified structural framework for understanding the early and essential step of C4 cleavage in the elimination of pathogens and altered self through two major pathways of complement activation. PMID:22949645

Nonlinear Fault Diagnosis,

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-05-01

obtained if one first generates a data base in terms cf the nominal circuit parameters and then extracts the aocrooriate s’pnbo𔃾c transfer functicn from...0 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 0 0 Here we initially allow V0 , ICl , VRA ,and IE to be taken as test outputs. The measure of testability 6min is used to extract ...C C IN QQ2M + VB2 R5 R L V 0 LO R2 R Fig. 4 Direct-Coupled Two-Stage Amplifier The component-connection equations for Mode 2 analysis are: VR1 0 0 0 0

Global carbon budget 2014

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Quéré, C.; Moriarty, R.; Andrew, R. M.; Peters, G. P.; Ciais, P.; Friedlingstein, P.; Jones, S. D.; Sitch, S.; Tans, P.; Arneth, A.; Boden, T. A.; Bopp, L.; Bozec, Y.; Canadell, J. G.; Chevallier, F.; Cosca, C. E.; Harris, I.; Hoppema, M.; Houghton, R. A.; House, J. I.; Jain, A.; Johannessen, T.; Kato, E.; Keeling, R. F.; Kitidis, V.; Klein Goldewijk, K.; Koven, C.; Landa, C. S.; Landschützer, P.; Lenton, A.; Lima, I. D.; Marland, G.; Mathis, J. T.; Metzl, N.; Nojiri, Y.; Olsen, A.; Ono, T.; Peters, W.; Pfeil, B.; Poulter, B.; Raupach, M. R.; Regnier, P.; Rödenbeck, C.; Saito, S.; Salisbury, J. E.; Schuster, U.; Schwinger, J.; Séférian, R.; Segschneider, J.; Steinhoff, T.; Stocker, B. D.; Sutton, A. J.; Takahashi, T.; Tilbrook, B.; van der Werf, G. R.; Viovy, N.; Wang, Y.-P.; Wanninkhof, R.; Wiltshire, A.; Zeng, N.

2014-09-01

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe datasets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from Land-Use Change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent Dynamic Global Vegetation Models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). We compare the variability and mean land and ocean fluxes to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2004-2013), EFF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 2.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2013 alone, EFF grew to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.3% above 2012, contining the growth trend in these emissions. ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 and SLAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2013 reflecting a steady increase in EFF and smaller and opposite changes between SOCEAN and SLAND compared to the past decade (2004-2013). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 395.31 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.5% (1.3-3.5%) to 10.1 ± 0.6 GtC in 2014 (37.0 ± 2.2 GtCO2 yr-1), 65% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of World Gross Domestic Product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2014, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 545 ± 55 GtC (2000 ± 200 GtCO2) for 1870-2014, about 75% from EFF and 25% from ELUC. This paper documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this living dataset (Le Quéré et al., 2013, 2014). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2014). Italic font highlights significant methodological changes and results compared to the Le Quéré et al. (2014) manuscript that accompanies the previous version of this living data.

Manufacturing Methods and Technology for Electromagnetic Components. Volume 2. Phase 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-12-01

elimination of bubbles and voids, The main dibadvantage of using a centrifuge is that the samples placed in the centrifuge must be balanced very...2678 6-18 73D 12 wks. 2304 6-18 73D TABLE 9-13. STORAGE STABILITY OF RTV 627 Time at -65 0 F Visc. (cPs) Worklife (Hrs) Hardness 0 2328 3 69A 1 wk. 2300...2-1/2 69A 5 wks. 2570.5 2-1/2 68A 12 days 10 wks. 2667.5 2-1/2 69A TABLE 9-14. STORAGE STABILITY OF RTV 615 Time at -65 0 F Visc. (cPs) Worklife (Hrs

Progress in SiC/SiC Ceramic Composite Development for Gas Turbine Hot-Section Components under NASA EPM and UEET Programs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DiCarlo, J. A.; Yun, Hee Mann; Morscher, Gregory N.; Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.

2002-01-01

The successful application of ceramic matrix composites as hot-section components in advanced gas turbine engines will require the development of constituent materials and processes that can provide the material systems with the key thermostructural properties required for long-term component service. Much initial progress in identifying these materials and processes was made under the former NASA Enabling Propulsion Materials Program using stoichiometric Sylramic (trademark) silicon-carbide (SiC) fibers, 2D (two dimensional)-woven fiber architectures, chemically vapor-infiltrated (CVI) BN fiber coatings (interphases), and SiC-based matrices containing CVI SiC interphase over-coatings, slurry-infiltrated SiC particulate, and melt-infiltrated (MI) silicon. The objective of this paper is to discuss the property benefits of this SiC/SiC composite system for high-temperature engine components and to elaborate on further progress in SiC/SiC development made under the new NASA Ultra Efficient Engine Technology Program. This progress stems from the recent development of advanced constituent materials and manufacturing processes, including specific treatments at NASA that improve the creep, rupture, and environmental resistance of the Sylramic fiber as well as the thermal conductivity and creep resistance of the CVI SiC over-coatings. Also discussed are recent observations concerning the detrimental effects of inadvertent carbon in the fiber-BN interfacial region and the beneficial effects of certain 2D-architectures for thin-walled SiC/SiC panels.

The physicochemical and thermal properties of Malaysian high free fatty acid crude palm oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bahadi, Murad Awadh; Salimon, Jumat; Japir, Abd-Wali M.

2016-11-01

This study was carried out to determine the physicochemical properties and the thermal behavior of Malaysian high free fatty acid crude palm oil (HFFA-CPO). The physicochemical properties showed that the free fatty acid (FFA %), acid value, iodine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, hydroxyl value, specific gravity, refractive index at 28°C, moisture content, viscosity at 28°C and colour at 28°C values were 9.4±0.1 %, 21.3±0.1 mg/g, 50.6±0.2 mg/g, 203.1±0.1 mg/g, 0.7±0.1%, 43.4±0.2 mg/g, 0.878 g/ml, 1.4669, 0.6 %, 52 cP and 50R-40Y respectively. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine the fatty acid (FA) composition in HFFA-CPO. The fatty acids were found to be comprised mostly with 45.7 % palmitic acid (C16:0), 39.5 % oleic acid (C18:1), 9.4 % linoleic acid (C18:2) and 4.3 % stearic acid (C18:0). The analysis of triacylglycerol components with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has resulted with 3.5 % triunsaturated (OOO, OLL and OLO), 32.7 % monosaturated (POO, PLO, SOO and PLL), 35.7 % disaturated (MLP, PPL, PPO, POS and SOS) and 2.32 % trisaturated fatty acids (PPP and PPS). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the crystallization of TAG displayed two major exothermic regions of HFFA-CPO with the di and trisaturated TAG at 23.11°C and the di and triunsaturated TAG at 9.31 °C. The melting curve displayed multiple endothermic peak regions at 25.13 °C and 35.31 °C could be attributed to the di and trisaturated TAGs. While the peaks at 0.95 °C, 6.94 °C and 9.77 °C could be attributed to the mono, di and triunsaturated TAGs.

Biodegradation of Jet Fuel-4 (JP-4) in Sequencing Batch Reactors

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-01

nalw~eo %CUMENTATION PAGE__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _O 74S Ab -A258 020 L AW POi~W6 DATI .~ TYP AIMqm ,-& 0 U. glbs A~ I ma"&LFUN Mu BIODEGRADATION OF JET FUEL...Specific Objectives of This Proposal Are: 1. To assess the ability of C. resinae , P. chrysosporium and selected bacterial consortia to degrade individual...chemical components of JP-4. 2. To develop a sequencing batch reactor that utilizes C. resinae to degrade chemical components of JP-4 in contaminated

Quadratic Hadamard Memories II. Adaptive Stochastic Content. Addressable Memory

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-01

No. 6429 Issued by Army Missile Command Under Contract # DAAH1-88-C-0887 D T IC Technical Report #2 E LEC SlD Approved for public release...integrate the N coupled nonlinear 0 differential equations, something I cannot do. In the proportional region these equations d 5 can be integrated in spite...is summed, but Uav a is not. Indices are used as follows. i, j, and k denote components in input space. a, b, c, d , and p denote components in the

Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Essential Oils of Cinnamomum griffithii and C. macrocarpum.

PubMed

Salleh, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi; Ahmad, Farediah; Yen, Khong Heng

2015-08-01

The essential oils of Cinnamomum griffithii and C. macrocarpum were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and evaluated for their antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. The essential oils of leaf and bark of C. grffithii were characterized by the presence of 30 components, with methyl eugenol (38.5-43.8%) as the major component. A total of 11 components were characterized in.the leaf and bark of C. macrocarpum essential oil with the most abundant component was safrole (54.5-59.5%). The bark oil of C. griffithii demonstrated significant activity on DPPH (IC50 73.4 microg/mL) and a high phenolic content (192.0%), while the leaf oil inhibited oxidation of β-carotene/linoleic acid with an inhibition value of 65.5 μg/mL. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition were assessed and the results showed that C. macrocarpun bark oil exhibited significant activity with inhibition values of 55.8% and 66.1%, respectively at a concentration of 1 mg/mL.

Fumigant toxicity of citrus oils against cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

PubMed

Moravvej, G; Abbar, S

2008-01-01

In the present study, the effects of volatile components of Citrus paradisi, C. aurantium, C. limonium and C. sinensis peel essential oils were investigated on the cowpea adult bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The oils were extracted from the fruit peels using hydrodistillation. The results indicated that the citrus oils had high fumigant activity against adult beetles. The mortality of 1-2 day-old adults increased with concentration and exposure time from 3 to 24 h. The oil of C. paradisi was more effective than those of C. aurantium and C. limonium (The LC50 values were 125, 145 and 235 microl L(-1) at 24 h exposure, respectively). The oil of C. sinensis proved to be least toxic (LC50 = 269 microl L(-1). The results suggested that citrus peel oils can be used as potential control measure against cowpea beetles.

Spatial summation revealed in the earliest visual evoked component C1 and the effect of attention on its linearity.

PubMed

Chen, Juan; Yu, Qing; Zhu, Ziyun; Peng, Yujia; Fang, Fang

2016-01-01

In natural scenes, multiple objects are usually presented simultaneously. How do specific areas of the brain respond to multiple objects based on their responses to each individual object? Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that the activity induced by a multiobject stimulus in the primary visual cortex (V1) can be predicted by the linear or nonlinear sum of the activities induced by its component objects. However, there has been little evidence from electroencephelogram (EEG) studies so far. Here we explored how V1 responded to multiple objects by comparing the EEG signals evoked by a three-grating stimulus with those evoked by its two components (the central grating and 2 flanking gratings). We focused on the earliest visual component C1 (onset latency of ∼50 ms) because it has been shown to reflect the feedforward responses of neurons in V1. We found that when the stimulus was unattended, the amplitude of the C1 evoked by the three-grating stimulus roughly equaled the sum of the amplitudes of the C1s evoked by its two components, regardless of the distances between these gratings. When the stimulus was attended, this linear spatial summation existed only when the three gratings were far apart from each other. When the three gratings were close to each other, the spatial summation became compressed. These results suggest that the earliest visual responses in V1 follow a linear summation rule when attention is not involved and that attention can affect the earliest interactions between multiple objects. Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society.

Physical conditions in the neutral interstellar medium at z = 2.43 toward Q 2348-011

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noterdaeme, P.; Petitjean, P.; Srianand, R.; Ledoux, C.; Le Petit, F.

2007-07-01

Aims:We aim at deriving the physical conditions in the neutral gas associated with damped Lyman-α systems using observation and analysis of H2 and C i absorptions. Methods: We obtained a high-resolution VLT-UVES spectrum of the quasar Q 2348-011 over a wavelength range that covers most of the prominent metal and molecular absorption lines from the log N(H i) = 20.50 ± 0.10 damped Lyman-α system at z_abs=2.4263. We detected H2 in this system and measured column densities of H2, C i, C i^*, C i**, Si ii, P ii, S ii, Fe ii, and Ni ii. From the column density ratios and, in particular, the relative populations of H2 rotational and C i fine-structure levels, we derived the physical conditions in the gas (relative abundances, dust-depletion, particle density, kinetic temperature, and ionising flux) and discuss physical conditions in the neutral phase. Results: Molecular hydrogen was detected in seven components in the first four rotational levels (J = 0-3) of the vibrational ground state. Absorption lines of H2 J=4 (resp. J = 5) rotational levels are detected in six (resp. two) of these components. This leads to a total molecular fraction of log f ≃ -1.69+0.37-0.58. Fourteen components are needed to reproduce the metal-line profiles. The overall metallicity is found to be -0.80, -0.62, -1.17 ± 0.10 for, respectively, [Si/H], [S/H] and [Fe/H]. We confirm the earlier findings that there is a correlation between log N(Fe ii)/N(S ii) and log N(Si ii)/N(S ii) from different components indicative of a dust-depletion pattern. Surprisingly, however, the depletion of metals onto dust in the H2 components is not large in this system: [Fe/S] = -0.8 to -0.1. The gas in H2-bearing components is found to be cold but still hotter than similar gas in our Galaxy (T > 130 K, instead of typically 80 K) and dense (n ˜ 100-200 cm-3). There is an anti-correlation (R=-0.97) between the logarithm of the photo-absorption rate, log β_0, and log N(H2)/N(C i) derived for each H2 component. We show that this is mostly due to shielding effects and imply that the photo-absorption rate β0 is a good indicator of the physical conditions in the gas. We find that the gas is immersed in an intense UV field, about one order of magnitude higher than in the solar vicinity. These results suggest that the gas in H2-bearing DLAs is clumpy, and star-formation occurs in the associated object. Based on observations carried out at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) under prog. ID No. 072.A-0346 with the UVES spectrograph installed at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) Unit 2, Kueyen, on Cerro Paranal, Chile.

ECO2N V. 2.0: A New TOUGH2 Fluid Property Module for Mixtures of Water, NaCl, and CO 2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pan, L.; Spycher, N.; Doughty, C.

2014-12-01

ECO2N V2.0 is a fluid property module for the TOUGH2 simulator (Version 2.1) that was designed for applications to geologic sequestration of CO 2 in saline aquifers and enhanced geothermal reservoirs. ECO2N V2.0 is an enhanced version of the previous ECO2N V1.0 module (Pruess, 2005). It expands the temperature range up to about 300°C whereas V1.0 can only be used for temperatures below about 110°C. V2.0 includes a comprehensive description of the thermodynamics and thermophysical properties of H 2O - NaCl -CO 2 mixtures, that reproduces fluid properties largely within experimental error for the temperature, pressure and salinity conditions ofmore » interest (10 °C < T < 300 °C; P < 600 bar; salinity up to halite saturation). This includes density, viscosity, and specific enthalpy of fluid phases as functions of temperature, pressure, and composition, as well as partitioning of mass components H 2O, NaCl and CO 2 among the different phases. In particular, V2.0 accounts for the effects of water on the thermophysical properties of the CO 2-rich phase, which was ignored in V1.0, using a model consistent with the solubility models developed by Spycher and Pruess (2005, 2010). In terms of solubility models, V2.0 uses the same model for partitioning of mass components among the different phases (Spycher and Pruess, 2005) as V1.0 for the low temperature range (<99°C) but uses a new model (Spycher and Pruess, 2010) for the high temperature range (>109°C). In the transition range (99-109°C), a smooth interpolation is applied to estimate the partitioning as a function of the temperature. Flow processes can be modeled isothermally or non-isothermally, and phase conditions represented may include a single (aqueous or CO 2-rich) phase, as well as two-phase mixtures. Fluid phases may appear or disappear in the course of a simulation, and solid salt may precipitate or dissolve. This report gives technical specifications of ECO2N V2.0 and includes instructions for preparing input data« less

Interaction of Serum- and Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1 (SGK1) with the WW-Domains of Nedd4-2 Is Required for Epithelial Sodium Channel Regulation

PubMed Central

Wiemuth, Dominik; Lott, J. Shaun; Ly, Kevin; Ke, Ying; Teesdale-Spittle, Paul; Snyder, Peter M.; McDonald, Fiona J.

2010-01-01

Background The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is an integral component of the pathway for Na+ absorption in epithelial cells. The ubiquitin ligases Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 bind to ENaC and decrease its activity. Conversely, Serum- and Glucocorticoid regulated Kinase-1 (SGK1), a downstream mediator of aldosterone, increases ENaC activity. This effect is at least partly mediated by direct interaction between SGK and Nedd4-2. SGK binds both Nedd4 and Nedd4-2, but it is only able to phosphorylate Nedd4-2. Phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 reduces its ability to bind to ENaC, due to the interaction of phosphorylated Nedd4-2 with 14-3-3 proteins, and hence increases ENaC activity. WW-domains in Nedd4-like proteins bind PY-motifs (PPXY) present in ENaC subunits, and SGK also has a PY-motif. Principal Finding Here we show that single or tandem WW-domains of Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 mediate binding to SGK and that different WW-domains of Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 are involved. Our data also show that WW-domains 2 and 3 of Nedd4-2 mediate the interaction with SGK in a cooperative manner, that activated SGK has increased affinity for the WW-domains of Nedd4-2 in vitro, and a greater stimulatory effect on ENaC Na+ transport compared to wildtype SGK. Further, SGK lacking a PY motif failed to stimulate ENaC activity in the presence of Nedd4-2. Conclusions Binding of Nedd4-2 WW-domains to SGK is necessary for SGK-induced ENaC activity. PMID:20730100

Fast response dry-type artificial molecular muscles with [c2]daisy chains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iwaso, Kazuhisa; Takashima, Yoshinori; Harada, Akira

2016-06-01

Hierarchically organized myosin and actin filaments found in biological systems exhibit contraction and expansion behaviours that produce work and force by consuming chemical energy. Inspired by these naturally occurring examples, we have developed photoresponsive wet- and dry-type molecular actuators built from rotaxane-based compounds known as [c2]daisy chains (specifically, [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel and [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel). These actuators were prepared via polycondensation between four-armed poly(ethylene glycol) and a [c2]daisy chain based on α-cyclodextrin as the host component and azobenzene as a photoresponsive guest component. The light-induced actuation arises from the sliding motion of the [c2]daisy chain unit. Ultraviolet irradiation caused the gels to bend towards the light source. The response of the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel, even under dry conditions, is very fast (7° every second), which is 10,800 times faster than the [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel (7° every 3 h). In addition, the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel was used as a crane arm to lift an object using ultraviolet irradiation to produce mechanical work.

ECO2N V2.0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pan, Lehua; Spycher, Nicolas; Doughty, Christine

2015-02-01

ECO2N V2.0 is a fluid property module for the TOUGH2 simulator (Version 2.1) that was designed for applications to geologic sequestration of CO2 in saline aquifers and enhanced geothermal reservoirs. ECO2N V2.0 is an enhanced version of the previous ECO2N V1.0 module (Pruess, 2005). It expands the temperature range up to about 300oC whereas V1.0 can only be used for temperatures below about 110oC. V2.0 includes a comprehensive description of the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of H2O - NaCl - CO2 mixtures, that reproduces fluid properties largely within experimental error for the temperature, pressure and salinity conditions 10 °C 109oC). In the transition range (99-109oC), a smooth interpolation is applied to estimate the partitioning as a function of the temperature. Flow processes can be modeled isothermally or non-isothermally, and phase conditions represented may include a single (aqueous or CO2-rich) phase, as well as two-phase (brine-CO2) mixtures. Fluid phases may appear or disappear in the course of a simulation, and solid salt may precipitate or dissolve. Note that the model cannot be applied to subcritical conditions that involves both liquid and gaseous CO2 unless thermol process is ignored (i.e.,isothermal run). For those cases, a user may use the fluid property module ECO2M (Pruess, 2011) instead« less

Constitutive Model Constants for Al7075-T651 and Al7075-T6

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brar, Nachhatter; Joshi, Vasant; Harris, Bryan

2009-06-01

Aluminum 7075-T651 and 7075-T6 are characterized at quasi-static and high strain rates to determine Johnson-Cook (J-C) strength and fracture model constants. Constitutive model constants are required as input to computer codes to simulate projectile (fragment) impact or similar impact events on structural components made of these material. J-C strength model constants (A, B, n, C, and m) for the two alloys are determined from tension stress-strain data at room and high temperature to 250^oC. J-C strength model constants for Al7075-T651 are: A=527 MPa, B=676 MPa, n=0.71, C=0.017, and m=1.61 and for Al7075-T6: A = 546 MPa, B = 674 MPa, n = 0.72, C = 0.059, and m =1.56. J-C fracture model constants are determined form quasi-static and high strain rate/high temperature tests on notched and smooth tension specimens. J-C fracture model constants for the two alloys are: Al7075-T651; D1 = 0.110, D2 = 0.573, D3= -3.4446, D4 = 0.016, and D 5= 1.099 and Al7075-T6; D1= 0.451 D2= -0.952 D3= -.068, D4 =0.036, and D5 = 0.697.

Genetic framework for GATA factor function in vascular biology.

PubMed

Linnemann, Amelia K; O'Geen, Henriette; Keles, Sunduz; Farnham, Peggy J; Bresnick, Emery H

2011-08-16

Vascular endothelial dysfunction underlies the genesis and progression of numerous diseases. Although the GATA transcription factor GATA-2 is expressed in endothelial cells and is implicated in coronary heart disease, it has been studied predominantly as a master regulator of hematopoiesis. Because many questions regarding GATA-2 function in the vascular biology realm remain unanswered, we used ChIP sequencing and loss-of-function strategies to define the GATA-2-instigated genetic network in human endothelial cells. In contrast to erythroid cells, GATA-2 occupied a unique target gene ensemble consisting of genes encoding key determinants of endothelial cell identity and inflammation. GATA-2-occupied sites characteristically contained motifs that bind activator protein-1 (AP-1), a pivotal regulator of inflammatory genes. GATA-2 frequently occupied the same chromatin sites as c-JUN and c-FOS, heterodimeric components of AP-1. Although all three components were required for maximal AP-1 target gene expression, GATA-2 was not required for AP-1 chromatin occupancy. GATA-2 conferred maximal phosphorylation of chromatin-bound c-JUN at Ser-73, which stimulates AP-1-dependent transactivation, in a chromosomal context-dependent manner. This work establishes a link between a GATA factor and inflammatory genes, mechanistic insights underlying GATA-2-AP-1 cooperativity and a rigorous genetic framework for understanding GATA-2 function in normal and pathophysiological vascular states.

SnO2@C@VO2 Composite Hollow Nanospheres as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Guo, Wenbin; Wang, Yong; Li, Qingyuan; Wang, Dongxia; Zhang, Fanchao; Yang, Yiqing; Yu, Yang

2018-05-02

Porous SnO 2 @C@VO 2 composite hollow nanospheres were ingeniously constructed through the combination of layer-by-layer deposition and redox reaction. Moreover, to optimize the electrochemical properties, SnO 2 @C@VO 2 composite hollow nanospheres with different contents of the external VO 2 were also studied. On the one hand, the elastic and conductive carbon as interlayer in the SnO 2 @C@VO 2 composite can not only buffer the huge volume variation during repetitive cycling but also effectively improve electronic conductivity and enhance the utilizing rate of SnO 2 and VO 2 with high theoretical capacity. On the other hand, hollow nanostructures of the composite can be consolidated by the multilayered nanocomponents, resulting in outstanding cyclic stability. In virtue of the above synergetic contribution from individual components, SnO 2 @C@VO 2 composite hollow nanospheres exhibit a large initial discharge capacity (1305.6 mAhg -1 ) and outstanding cyclic stability (765.1 mAhg -1 after 100 cycles). This design of composite hollow nanospheres may be extended to the synthesis of other nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage.

Thermosensitive multilayer hydrogels of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) as nanothin films and shaped capsules.

PubMed

Liang, Xing; Kozlovskaya, Veronika; Chen, Yi; Zavgorodnya, Oleksandra; Kharlampieva, Eugenia

2012-08-09

We report on nanothin multilayer hydrogels of cross-linked poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) that exhibit distinctive and reversible thermoresponsive behavior. The single-component PVCL hydrogels were produced by selective cross-linking of PVCL in layer-by-layer films of PVCL-NH(2) copolymers assembled with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) via hydrogen bonding. The degree of the PVCL hydrogel film shrinkage, defined as the ratio of wet thicknesses at 25°C to 50°C, was demonstrated to be 1.9±0.1 and 1.3±0.1 for the films made from PVCL-NH(2)-7 and PVCL-NH(2)-14 copolymers, respectively. No temperature-responsive behavior was observed for non-cross-linked two-component films due to the presence of PMAA. We also demonstrated that temperature-sensitive PVCL capsules of cubical and spherical shapes could be fabricated as hollow hydrogel replicas of inorganic templates. The cubical (PVCL)(7) capsules retained their cubical shape when temperature was elevated from 25°C to 50°C exhibiting 21±1% decrease in the capsule size. Spherical hydrogel capsules demonstrated similar shrinkage of 23±1%. The temperature-triggered capsule size changes were completely reversible. Our work opens new prospects for developing biocompatible and nanothin hydrogel-based coatings and containers for temperate-regulating drug delivery, cellular uptake, sensing, and transport behavior in microfluidic devices.

Corona[5]arenes Accessed by a Macrocycle-to-Macrocycle Transformation Route and a One-Pot Three-Component Reaction.

PubMed

Wu, Zhi-Chen; Guo, Qing-Hui; Wang, Mei-Xiang

2017-06-12

Corona[5]arenes, a novel type of macrocyclic compound that is composed of alternating heteroatoms and para-arylenes, were synthesized efficiently by two distinct methods. In a macrocycle-to-macrocycle transformation approach, S 6 -corona[3]arene[3]tetrazine underwent sequential S N Ar reactions with HS-C 6 H 4 -X-C 6 H 4 -SH (X=S, CH 2 , CMe 2 , SO 2 , and O) to produce the corresponding corona[3]arene[2]tetrazines. Different corona[3]arene[2]tetrazine compounds were also constructed in a straightforward manner by a one-pot three-component reaction of HS-C 6 H 4 -X-C 6 H 4 -SH (X=S, CH 2 , CMe 2 , SO 2 , and O) with diethyl 2,5-dimercaptoterephthalate and 2 equiv of 3,6-dichlorotetrazine under very mild conditions. All corona[5]arenes adopted 1,2,4-alternate conformational structures in the crystalline state yielding similar nearly regular pentagonal cavities. Both the cavity size and the electronic property of the acquired macrocycles were fine-tuned by the nature of the bridging element X. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Hsp70 facilitates trans-membrane transport of bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins into the cytosol of mammalian cells.

PubMed

Ernst, Katharina; Schmid, Johannes; Beck, Matthias; Hägele, Marlen; Hohwieler, Meike; Hauff, Patricia; Ückert, Anna Katharina; Anastasia, Anna; Fauler, Michael; Jank, Thomas; Aktories, Klaus; Popoff, Michel R; Schiene-Fischer, Cordelia; Kleger, Alexander; Müller, Martin; Frick, Manfred; Barth, Holger

2017-06-02

Binary enterotoxins Clostridium (C.) botulinum C2 toxin, C. perfringens iota toxin and C. difficile toxin CDT are composed of a transport (B) and a separate non-linked enzyme (A) component. Their B-components mediate endocytic uptake into mammalian cells and subsequently transport of the A-components from acidic endosomes into the cytosol, where the latter ADP-ribosylate G-actin resulting in cell rounding and cell death causing clinical symptoms. Protein folding enzymes, including Hsp90 and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases facilitate transport of the A-components across endosomal membranes. Here, we identified Hsp70 as a novel host cell factor specifically interacting with A-components of C2, iota and CDT toxins to facilitate their transport into the cell cytosol. Pharmacological Hsp70-inhibition specifically prevented pH-dependent trans-membrane transport of A-components into the cytosol thereby protecting living cells and stem cell-derived human miniguts from intoxication. Thus, Hsp70-inhibition might lead to development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat diseases associated with bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins.

Multiepoch VLBI observations of 4C 39.25 - Superluminal motion amid stationary structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shaffer, David B.; Marscher, Alan P.; Marcaide, Jon; Romney, Jonathan D.

1987-01-01

Eight VLBI maps of the quasar 4C 39.25 are presented, covering the time interval November 1979 to July 1985. During this period the compact components at the eastern and western ends of the source remained roughly stationary with respect to each other. A third component emerged from the western component in 1982 and proceeded to move (relative to the other two components) eastward at a rate of 0.16 + or - 0.02 marcsec per year. This corresponds to an average apparent speed between 3.2c and 8.4c for Hubble's constant between 100 and 50 km/s Mpc and q0 between 1 and 0. This superluminal motion contrasts with the stationary structure observed in the 1970s and also still observed between the eastern and western ends of the source. Possible explanations include superluminal feeding of a stationary compact counterpart to a classical radio lobe, an obstacle in a relativistic jet, a relativistic jet which alternatively expands and contracts owing to gradients in the confining pressure, and gravitational lensing of the compact radio emission.

Insulin Mimetic Peptide Disrupts the Primary Binding Site of the Insulin Receptor*

PubMed Central

Lawrence, Callum F.; Margetts, Mai B.; Menting, John G.; Smith, Nicholas A.; Smith, Brian J.; Ward, Colin W.; Lawrence, Michael C.

2016-01-01

Sets of synthetic peptides that interact with the insulin receptor ectodomain have been discovered by phage display and reported in the literature. These peptides were grouped into three classes termed Site 1, Site 2, and Site 3 based on their mutual competition of binding to the receptor. Further refinement has yielded, in particular, a 36-residue Site 2-Site 1 fusion peptide, S519, that binds the insulin receptor with subnanomolar affinity and exhibits agonist activity in both lipogenesis and glucose uptake assays. Here, we report three-dimensional crystallographic detail of the interaction of the C-terminal, 16-residue Site 1 component (S519C16) of S519 with the first leucine-rich repeat domain (L1) of the insulin receptor. Our structure shows that S519C16 binds to the same site on the L1 surface as that occupied by a critical component of the primary binding site, namely the helical C-terminal segment of the insulin receptor α-chain (termed αCT). In particular, the two phenylalanine residues within the FYXWF motif of S519C16 are seen to engage the insulin receptor L1 domain surface in a fashion almost identical to the respective αCT residues Phe701 and Phe705. The structure provides a platform for the further development of peptidic and/or small molecule agents directed toward the insulin receptor and/or the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. PMID:27281820

Modeling Changes in Measured Conductance of Thin Boron Carbide Semiconducting Films Under Irradiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peterson, George G.; Wang, Yongqiang; Ianno, N. J.

Semiconducting, p-type, amorphous partially dehydrogenated boron carbide films (a-B 10C 2+x:H y) were deposited utilizing plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) onto n-type silicon thus creating a heterojunction diode. A model was developed for the conductance of the device as a function of perturbation frequency (f) that incorporates changes of the electrical properties for both the a-B 10C 2+x:H y film and the silicon substrate when irradiated. The virgin model has 3 independent variables (R1, C1, R3), and 1 dependent variable (f). These samples were then irradiated with 200 keV He + ions, and the conductance model was matched tomore » the measured data. It was found that initial irradiation (0.1 displacements per atom (dpa) equivalent) resulted in a decrease in the parallel junction resistance parameter from 6032 Ω to 2705 Ω. Further irradiation drastically increased the parallel junction resistance parameter to 39000 Ω (0.2 dpa equivalent), 77440 Ω (0.3 dpa equivalent), and 190000 Ω (0.5 dpa equivalent). It is believed that the initial irradiation causes type inversion of the silicon substrate changing the original junction from a p-n to a p-p+ with a much lower barrier height leading to a lower junction resistance component between the a-B 10C 2+x:H y and irradiated silicon. In addition, it was found that after irradiation, a second parallel resistor and capacitor component is required for the model, introducing 2 additional independent variables (R2, C2). This is interpreted as the junction between the irradiated and virgin silicon near ion end of range.« less

Modeling Changes in Measured Conductance of Thin Boron Carbide Semiconducting Films Under Irradiation

DOE PAGES

Peterson, George G.; Wang, Yongqiang; Ianno, N. J.; ...

2016-11-09

Semiconducting, p-type, amorphous partially dehydrogenated boron carbide films (a-B 10C 2+x:H y) were deposited utilizing plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) onto n-type silicon thus creating a heterojunction diode. A model was developed for the conductance of the device as a function of perturbation frequency (f) that incorporates changes of the electrical properties for both the a-B 10C 2+x:H y film and the silicon substrate when irradiated. The virgin model has 3 independent variables (R1, C1, R3), and 1 dependent variable (f). These samples were then irradiated with 200 keV He + ions, and the conductance model was matched tomore » the measured data. It was found that initial irradiation (0.1 displacements per atom (dpa) equivalent) resulted in a decrease in the parallel junction resistance parameter from 6032 Ω to 2705 Ω. Further irradiation drastically increased the parallel junction resistance parameter to 39000 Ω (0.2 dpa equivalent), 77440 Ω (0.3 dpa equivalent), and 190000 Ω (0.5 dpa equivalent). It is believed that the initial irradiation causes type inversion of the silicon substrate changing the original junction from a p-n to a p-p+ with a much lower barrier height leading to a lower junction resistance component between the a-B 10C 2+x:H y and irradiated silicon. In addition, it was found that after irradiation, a second parallel resistor and capacitor component is required for the model, introducing 2 additional independent variables (R2, C2). This is interpreted as the junction between the irradiated and virgin silicon near ion end of range.« less

Suspended animation in C. elegans requires the spindle checkpoint.

PubMed

Nystul, Todd G; Goldmark, Jesse P; Padilla, Pamela A; Roth, Mark B

2003-11-07

In response to environmental signals such as anoxia, many organisms enter a state of suspended animation, an extreme form of quiescence in which microscopically visible movement ceases. We have identified a gene, san-1, that is required for suspended animation in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We show that san-1 functions as a spindle checkpoint component in C. elegans. During anoxia-induced suspended animation, embryos lacking functional SAN-1 or a second spindle checkpoint component, MDF-2, failed to arrest the cell cycle, exhibited chromosome missegregation, and showed reduced viability. These data provide a model for how a dynamic biological process is arrested in suspended animation.

Pulse Circuits of Radar Stations

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-06

be less than in a symmetrical flip-flop since voltage webs additionally is reduced, given presence of cathode coupling (triode L2 cathode potential...and t, f(t). 636 7o%:i. iI where C’ - d-c component equal, in accordance with (1.5) -- L. ( * -. wiX " -- angular pulse repetition frequency tPRF]; T. K

Transcriptional regulation of crystallin, redox, and apoptotic genes by C-Phycocyanin in the selenite-induced cataractogenic rat model

PubMed Central

Kumari, Rasiah Pratheepa; Ramkumar, Srinivasagan; Thankappan, Bency; Natarajaseenivasan, Kalimuthusamy; Balaji, Sadhasivam

2015-01-01

Purpose This study was designed to examine the constrictive potential of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) in regulating changes imposed on gene expression in the selenite-induced cataract model. Methods Wistar rat pups were divided into three groups of eight each. On P10, Group I received an intraperitoneal injection of normal saline. Groups II and III received a subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (19 μmol/kg bodyweight); Group III also received an intraperitoneal injection of C-PC (200 mg/kg bodyweight) on P9–14. Total RNA was isolated on P16, and the relative abundance of mRNA of the crystallin structural genes, redox components, and apoptotic cascade were ascertained with real-time PCR with reference to the internal control β-actin. Results Real-time PCR analysis showed the crystallin genes (αA-, βB1-, γD-) and redox cycle components (Cat, SOD-1, Gpx) were downregulated, the apoptotic components were upregulated, and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 was downregulated in Group II. Treatment with 200 mg/kg bodyweight C-PC (Group III) transcriptionally regulated the instability of the expression of these genes, thus ensuring C-PC is a prospective anticataractogenic agent that probably delays the onset and progression of cataractogenesis induced by sodium selenite. Conclusions C-PC treatment possibly prevented cataractogenesis triggered by sodium selenite, by regulating the lens crystallin, redox genes, and apoptotic cascade mRNA expression and thus maintains lens transparency. C-PC may be developed as a potential antioxidant compound applied in the future to prevent and treat age-related cataract. PMID:25593511

Structure and Functional Characterization of the RNA-Binding Element of the NLRX1 Innate Immune Modulator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hong, Minsun; Yoon, Sung-il; Wilson, Ian A.

2012-06-20

Mitochondrial NLRX1 is a member of the family of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) that mediate host innate immunity as intracellular surveillance sensors against common molecular patterns of invading pathogens. NLRX1 functions in antiviral immunity, but the molecular mechanism of its ligand-induced activation is largely unknown. The crystal structure of the C-terminal fragment (residues 629975) of human NLRX1 (cNLRX1) at 2.65 {angstrom} resolution reveals that cNLRX1 consists of an N-terminal helical (LRRNT) domain, central leucine-rich repeat modules (LRRM), and a C-terminal three-helix bundle (LRRCT). cNLRX1 assembles into a compact hexameric architecture that is stabilized by intersubunit and interdomain interactionsmore » of LRRNT and LRRCT in the trimer and dimer components of the hexamer, respectively. Furthermore, we find that cNLRX1 interacts directly with RNA and supports a role for NLRX1 in recognition of intracellular viral RNA in antiviral immunity.« less

Development and Property Evaluation of Selected HfO2-Silicon and Rare Earth-Silicon Based Bond Coats and Environmental Barrier Coating Systems for SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhu, Dongming

2016-01-01

Ceramic environmental barrier coatings (EBC) and SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) will play a crucial role in future aircraft propulsion systems because of their ability to significantly increase engine operating temperatures, improve component durability, reduce engine weight and cooling requirements. Advanced EBC systems for SiC/SiC CMC turbine and combustor hot section components are currently being developed to meet future turbine engine emission and performance goals. One of the significant material development challenges for the high temperature CMC components is to develop prime-reliant, high strength and high temperature capable environmental barrier coating bond coat systems, since the current silicon bond coat cannot meet the advanced EBC-CMC temperature and stability requirements. In this paper, advanced NASA HfO2-Si and rare earth Si based EBC bond coat EBC systems for SiC/SiC CMC combustor and turbine airfoil applications are investigated. High temperature properties of the advanced EBC systems, including the strength, fracture toughness, creep and oxidation resistance have been studied and summarized. The advanced NASA EBC systems showed some promise to achieve 1500C temperature capability, helping enable next generation turbine engines with significantly improved engine component temperature capability and durability.

A novel culture medium designed for the simultaneous enhancement of biomass and lipid production by Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 26.

PubMed

Ramírez-López, Citlally; Chairez, Isaac; Fernández-Linares, Luis

2016-07-01

A novel culture medium to enhance the biomass and lipid production simultaneously by Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 26 was designed in three stages of optimization. Initially, a culture medium was inferred applying the response surface method to adjust six factors [NaNO3, NH4HCO3, MgSO4·7H2O, KH2PO4, K2HPO4 and (NH4)2HPO4], which were selected on the basement of BBM (Bold's Basal Medium) and HAMGM (Highly Assimilable Minimal Growth Medium) culture media. Afterwards, the nitrogen source compound was optimized to reduce both, ammonium and nitrate concentrations. As result of the optimization process, the proposed culture medium improved 40% the biomass (0.73gL(-1)) compared with the BBM medium and 85% the lipid concentration (281mgL(-1)), with respect to HAMGM medium. Some culture media components concentrations were reduced up to 50%. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 were the major fatty acids produced by C. vulgaris UTEX 26. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Controls on the distribution of fluorescent dissolved organic matter during an under‐ice algal bloom in the western Arctic Ocean

PubMed Central

Weiss, Elliot L.; Schieber, Brian; Greg Mitchell, B.

2017-01-01

Abstract In this study we used fluorescence excitation and emission matrix spectroscopy, hydrographic data, and a self‐organizing map (SOM) analysis to assess the spatial distribution of labile and refractory fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) for the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas at the time of a massive under‐ice phytoplankton bloom during early summer 2011. Biogeochemical properties were assessed through decomposition of water property classes and sample classification that employed a SOM neural network‐based analysis which classified 10 clusters from 269 samples and 17 variables. The terrestrial, humic‐like component FDOM (ArC1, 4.98 ± 1.54 Quinine Sulfate Units (QSU)) and protein‐like component FDOM (ArC3, 1.63 ± 0.88 QSU) were found to have elevated fluorescence in the Lower Polar Mixed Layer (LPML) (salinity ~29.56 ± 0.76). In the LPML water mass, the observed contribution of meteoric water fraction was 17%, relative to a 12% contribution from the sea ice melt fraction. The labile ArC3‐protein‐like component (2.01 ± 1.92 QSU) was also observed to be elevated in the Pacific Winter Waters mass, where the under‐ice algal bloom was observed (~40–50 m). We interpreted these relationships to indicate that the accumulation and variable distribution of the protein‐like component on the shelf could be influenced directly by sea ice melt, transport, and mixing processes and indirectly by the in situ algal bloom and microbial activity. ArC5, corresponding to what is commonly considered marine humic FDOM, indicated a bimodal distribution with high values in both the freshest and saltiest waters. The association of ArC5 with deep, dense salty water is consistent with this component as refractory humic‐like FDOM, whereas our evidence of a terrestrial origin challenges this classic paradigm for this component. PMID:28989231

Controls on the distribution of fluorescent dissolved organic matter during an under-ice algal bloom in the western Arctic Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mendoza, Wilson G.; Weiss, Elliot L.; Schieber, Brian; Greg Mitchell, B.

2017-07-01

In this study we used fluorescence excitation and emission matrix spectroscopy, hydrographic data, and a self-organizing map (SOM) analysis to assess the spatial distribution of labile and refractory fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) for the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas at the time of a massive under-ice phytoplankton bloom during early summer 2011. Biogeochemical properties were assessed through decomposition of water property classes and sample classification that employed a SOM neural network-based analysis which classified 10 clusters from 269 samples and 17 variables. The terrestrial, humic-like component FDOM (ArC1, 4.98 ± 1.54 Quinine Sulfate Units (QSU)) and protein-like component FDOM (ArC3, 1.63 ± 0.88 QSU) were found to have elevated fluorescence in the Lower Polar Mixed Layer (LPML) (salinity 29.56 ± 0.76). In the LPML water mass, the observed contribution of meteoric water fraction was 17%, relative to a 12% contribution from the sea ice melt fraction. The labile ArC3-protein-like component (2.01 ± 1.92 QSU) was also observed to be elevated in the Pacific Winter Waters mass, where the under-ice algal bloom was observed ( 40-50 m). We interpreted these relationships to indicate that the accumulation and variable distribution of the protein-like component on the shelf could be influenced directly by sea ice melt, transport, and mixing processes and indirectly by the in situ algal bloom and microbial activity. ArC5, corresponding to what is commonly considered marine humic FDOM, indicated a bimodal distribution with high values in both the freshest and saltiest waters. The association of ArC5 with deep, dense salty water is consistent with this component as refractory humic-like FDOM, whereas our evidence of a terrestrial origin challenges this classic paradigm for this component.

Controls on the distribution of fluorescent dissolved organic matter during an under-ice algal bloom in the western Arctic Ocean.

PubMed

Mendoza, Wilson G; Weiss, Elliot L; Schieber, Brian; Greg Mitchell, B

2017-07-01

In this study we used fluorescence excitation and emission matrix spectroscopy, hydrographic data, and a self-organizing map (SOM) analysis to assess the spatial distribution of labile and refractory fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) for the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas at the time of a massive under-ice phytoplankton bloom during early summer 2011. Biogeochemical properties were assessed through decomposition of water property classes and sample classification that employed a SOM neural network-based analysis which classified 10 clusters from 269 samples and 17 variables. The terrestrial, humic-like component FDOM (ArC1, 4.98 ± 1.54 Quinine Sulfate Units (QSU)) and protein-like component FDOM (ArC3, 1.63 ± 0.88 QSU) were found to have elevated fluorescence in the Lower Polar Mixed Layer (LPML) (salinity ~29.56 ± 0.76). In the LPML water mass, the observed contribution of meteoric water fraction was 17%, relative to a 12% contribution from the sea ice melt fraction. The labile ArC3-protein-like component (2.01 ± 1.92 QSU) was also observed to be elevated in the Pacific Winter Waters mass, where the under-ice algal bloom was observed (~40-50 m). We interpreted these relationships to indicate that the accumulation and variable distribution of the protein-like component on the shelf could be influenced directly by sea ice melt, transport, and mixing processes and indirectly by the in situ algal bloom and microbial activity. ArC5, corresponding to what is commonly considered marine humic FDOM, indicated a bimodal distribution with high values in both the freshest and saltiest waters. The association of ArC5 with deep, dense salty water is consistent with this component as refractory humic-like FDOM, whereas our evidence of a terrestrial origin challenges this classic paradigm for this component.

Correlation between dynamic wetting behavior and chemical components of thermally modified wood

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Wang; Zhu, Yuan; Cao, Jinzhen; Sun, Wenjing

2015-01-01

In order to investigate the dynamic wetting behavior of thermally modified wood, Cathay poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) samples were thermally modified in an oven at 160, 180, 200, 220 or 240 °C for 4 h in this study. The dynamic contact angles and droplet volumes of water droplets on modified and unmodified wood surfaces were measured by sessile drop method, and their changing rates (expression index: K value and wetting slope) calculated by wetting models were illustrated for mapping the dynamic wetting process. The surface chemical components were also measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS), thus the relationship between dynamic wetting behavior and chemical components of thermally modified wood were determined. The results indicated that thermal modification was capable of decreasing the dynamic wettability of wood, expressed in lowing spread and penetration speed of water droplets on wood surfaces. This change was more obvious with the increased heating temperature. The K values varied linearly with the chemical components parameter (mass loss, O/C ratio, and C1/C2 ratio), indicating a strong correlation between dynamic wetting behavior and chemical components of thermally modified wood.

Ion irradiation induced nucleation and growth of nanoparticles in amorphous silicon carbide at elevated temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Limin; Jiang, Weilin; Ai, Wensi; Chen, Liang; Wang, Tieshan

2018-07-01

Ion irradiation induced crystallization in as-deposited amorphous SiC films is investigated using grazing-angle incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Irradiation with 5 MeV Xe to fluence of 1.15 × 1016 Xe/cm2 at 700 K results in a homogenous distribution of 3C-SiC grains with an average crystallite size of ∼5.7 nm over the entire film thickness (∼1 μm). The nucleation and growth processes exhibit a weak dependence on dose in displacements per atom (dpa) in the range from ∼6 dpa at the film surface to ∼20 dpa at the SiC/Si interface. A transformation of homonuclear C-C bonds from sp3 to sp2 hybridization is observed in the irradiated films, which may be partly responsible for the observed grain size saturation. The results from this study may have a significant impact on applications of SiC as structural components of advanced nuclear energy systems.

Inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores by alkaline hydrolysis applied to medical waste treatment.

PubMed

Pinho, Sílvia C; Nunes, Olga C; Lobo-da-Cunha, Alexandre; Almeida, Manuel F

2015-09-15

Although alkaline hydrolysis treatment emerges as an alternative disinfection/sterilization method for medical waste, information on its effects on the inactivation of biological indicators is scarce. The effects of alkaline treatment on the resistance of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores were investigated and the influence of temperature (80 °C, 100 °C and 110 °C) and NaOH concentration was evaluated. In addition, spore inactivation in the presence of animal tissues and discarded medical components, used as surrogate of medical waste, was also assessed. The effectiveness of the alkaline treatment was carried out by determination of survival curves and D-values. No significant differences were seen in D-values obtained at 80 °C and 100 °C for NaOH concentrations of 0.5 M and 0.75 M. The D-values obtained at 110 °C (2.3-0.5 min) were approximately 3 times lower than those at 100 °C (8.8-1.6 min). Independent of the presence of animal tissues and discarded medical components, 6 log10 reduction times varied between 66 and 5 min at 100 °C-0.1 M NaOH and 110 °C-1 M NaOH, respectively. The alkaline treatment may be used in future as a disinfection or sterilization alternative method for contaminated waste. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Differential impact of serum glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on cardiovascular risk factor burden in nondiabetic, obese African American women: implications for the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

PubMed

Gaillard, Trudy; Schuster, Dara; Osei, Kwame

2010-08-01

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) as defined by the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III criteria includes 3 metabolic parameters: serum glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) measurements. However, the impact of each of the 3 metabolic parameters on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in African American women (AAW) is unknown. Therefore, we investigated CVD risk clusters associated with each of the 3 metabolic components of MetS in adult nondiabetic, overweight/obese AAW. We studied the clinical and metabolic CVD risk factors of 258 AAW (mean age, 42.4 +/- 8.4 years; mean body mass index, 33.4 +/- 8.0 (kg/m(2)). Fasting serum insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels were obtained in each subject. Waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured. Insulin sensitivity (Bergman minimal model method) and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment) were calculated. We examined the prevalence of MetS and its components associated with each of the 3 metabolic components (ie, serum glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides) of the MetS as defined by ATP III. Worsening of any of the 3 metabolic parameters was associated with increasing waist circumference but not with age and body mass index nor with insulin, C-peptide, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and insulin sensitivity. As a group, the prevalence of MetS was 35.5% in our AAW. The prevalence of MetS increased 3-fold from first to third tertiles of serum glucose (14.1% and 42.3%, respectively). Worsening of serum HDL-C from tertiles 3 to 1 was associated with significant increases in the prevalence of MetS (1.2% vs 42.3%, respectively). Comparing first with third tertile of triglycerides, there was no significant increase in MetS in our AAW (7% vs 17%). Contrasting the 3 metabolic components, the prevalence of MetS was higher in the third tertile of glucose (43.2%) and first tertile of HDL-C (42.3%) and least with the third tertile of triglycerides (17%). In summary, each of the metabolic components of MetS was associated with different degrees of the clustering of CVD risk factors in AAW. We found that alterations in serum glucose and HDL-C were more predictive of MetS, each yielding approximately 40% of the prevalence of MetS in our nondiabetic, obese AAW. We found that triglycerides had the least impact on MetS in our AAW. We propose (1) that the 3 metabolic parameters for MetS defined by ATP III should be weighted differently with respect to their potential for CVD risks and perhaps outcomes and (2) that nondiabetic AAW in our third tertile of serum glucose (>100 mg/dL) and/or first tertile of HDL-C (<40 mg/dL) should be targeted for screening for MetS. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

31 CFR 1.36 - Systems exempt in whole or in part from provisions of 5 U.S.C. 552a and this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Reporting System. FinCEN .003 Bank Secrecy Act Reports System. (2) The Department hereby exempts the systems...) and (k) and § 1.23(c), the Department of the Treasury hereby exempts the systems of records identified... the enforcement of criminal laws. Certain components of the Department of the Treasury have as their...

31 CFR 1.36 - Systems exempt in whole or in part from provisions of 5 U.S.C. 552a and this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Activity Reporting System. FinCEN .003 Bank Secrecy Act Reports System. (2) The Department hereby exempts...) and (k) and § 1.23(c), the Department of the Treasury hereby exempts the systems of records identified... enforcement of criminal laws. Certain components of the Department of the Treasury have as their principal...

The 'overflow tap' theory: linking GPP to forest soil carbon dynamics and the mycorrhizal component

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heinemeyer, Andreas; Willkinson, Matthew; Subke, Jens-Arne; Casella, Eric; Vargas, Rodrigo; Morison, James; Ineson, Phil

2010-05-01

Quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics accurately is crucial to underpin better predictions of future climate change feedbacks within the atmosphere-vegetation-soil system. Measuring the components of ecosystem carbon fluxes has become a central point of the research focus during the last decade, not least because of the large SOC stocks, potentially vulnerable to climate change. However, our basic understanding of the composition and environmental responses of the soil CO2 efflux is still under debate and limited by the available field methodologies. For example, only recently did we separate successfully root (R), mycorrhizal fungal (F) and soil animal/microbial (H) respiration based on a mesh-bag/collar methodology and described their unique environmental responses. Yet it might be these differences which are crucial for understanding C-cycle feedbacks and observed limitations in plant biomass increase under elevated carbon dioxide (e.g. FACE) studies. It is becoming clear that these flux components and their environmental responses must be incorporated in models that link but also treat the heterotrophic and autotrophic fluxes separately. However, owing to a scarcity of experimental data, separation of fluxes and environmental drivers has been ignored in current models. We are now in a position to parameterize realistic soil C turnover models that include both, decomposition and plant-derived fluxes. Such models will allow (1) a direct comparison of model output to field data for all flux components, (2) include the potential to link plant C allocation to the rhizosphere with increased decomposition activity through soil C priming, and (3) to explore the potential of plant biomass C sequestration limitations under increased C assimilation. These mechanisms are fundamental in describing the stability of future SOC stocks due to elevated temperatures and carbon dioxide, altering SOC decomposition directly and indirectly through changes in plant productivity. The work presented here focuses on three critical areas: (1) We present annual fluxes at hourly intervals for the three soil CO2 efflux components (R, F and H) from a 75 year-old deciduous oak forest in SE England. We investigate the individual environmental responses of the three flux components, and compare them to soil decomposition modelled by CENTURY and its latest version (i.e. DAYCENT), which separately models root-derived respiration in addition to the soil decomposition output. (2) Using estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) based on eddy covariance measurements from the same site, we explore linkages between GPP and soil respiration component fluxes using basic regression and wavelet analyses. We show a distinctly different time lag signal between GPP and root vs. mycorrhizal fungal respiration. We then discuss how models might need to be improved to accurately predict total soil CO2 efflux, including root-derived respiration. (3) We finally discuss the ‘overflow tap' theory, that during periods of high assimilation (e.g. optimum environmental conditions or elevated CO2) surplus non-structural C is allocated belowground to the mycorrhizal network; this additional C could then be used and released by the associated fungal partners, causing soil priming through stimulating decomposition.

Diet and Energy-Sensing Inputs Affect TorC1-Mediated Axon Misrouting but Not TorC2-Directed Synapse Growth in a Drosophila Model of Tuberous Sclerosis

PubMed Central

Dimitroff, Brian; Lee, Hyun-Gwan; Zhao, Na; O'Connor, Michael B.; Neufeld, Thomas P.; Selleck, Scott B.

2012-01-01

The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) growth regulatory system is influenced by a number of different inputs, including growth factor signaling, nutrient availability, and cellular energy levels. While the effects of TOR on cell and organismal growth have been well characterized, this pathway also has profound effects on neural development and behavior. Hyperactivation of the TOR pathway by mutations in the upstream TOR inhibitors TSC1 (tuberous sclerosis complex 1) or TSC2 promotes benign tumors and neurological and behavioral deficits, a syndrome known as tuberous sclerosis (TS). In Drosophila, neuron-specific overexpression of Rheb, the direct downstream target inhibited by Tsc1/Tsc2, produced significant synapse overgrowth, axon misrouting, and phototaxis deficits. To understand how misregulation of Tor signaling affects neural and behavioral development, we examined the influence of growth factor, nutrient, and energy sensing inputs on these neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Neural expression of Pi3K, a principal mediator of growth factor inputs to Tor, caused synapse overgrowth similar to Rheb, but did not disrupt axon guidance or phototaxis. Dietary restriction rescued Rheb-mediated behavioral and axon guidance deficits, as did overexpression of AMPK, a component of the cellular energy sensing pathway, but neither was able to rescue synapse overgrowth. While axon guidance and behavioral phenotypes were affected by altering the function of a Tor complex 1 (TorC1) component, Raptor, or a TORC1 downstream element (S6k), synapse overgrowth was only suppressed by reducing the function of Tor complex 2 (TorC2) components (Rictor, Sin1). These findings demonstrate that different inputs to Tor signaling have distinct activities in nervous system development, and that Tor provides an important connection between nutrient-energy sensing systems and patterning of the nervous system. PMID:22319582

Acaricidal activity against Tetranychus urticae and chemical composition of peel essential oils of three Citrus species cultivated in NE Brazil.

PubMed

Araújo, Claudio Pereira; da Camara, Claudio Augusto Gomes; Neves, Ilzenayde Araújo; Ribeiro, Nicolle de Carvalho; Gomes, Cristianne Araújo; de Moraes, Marcílio Martins; Botelho, Priscilla de Sousa

2010-03-01

The repellency and fumigant toxicities of the peel essential oils of Citrus sinensis var. pêra (LP), C. sinensis var. mimo (LM), and C. aurantium (LL) cultivated in northeast Brazil were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae. Analysis of the oils by GC and GC/MS led to the identification of twenty-eight components, which represented 99.9%, 99.7% and 99.3% of the total constituents of the LP, LM and LL oils, respectively. Limonene was the main component found in all three oils. Other main components were alpha-pinene (1.5% in LP; 1.4% in LM), myrcene (5.7% in LP; 5.9% in LM and 5.6% in LL) and linalool (2.4% in LP; 2.3% in LM and 3.9% in LL). The best repellency action was observed for LM at 2.0%, followed by LL oil and eugenol, both of them at 2.5%. The Citrus oils were less active than eugenol (LC50 = 0.004 microL/L air) and phosphine, which revealed 100% mortality at 2 x 10(-3) g/L (66.7% of the recommended dose). However, the most potent fumigant toxicity was found with LL oil, with an LC50 value of 1.63 microL/L air, followed by the oils from LM and LP with LC50 values of 2.22 microL/L air and 4.63 microL/L air, respectively. The associated fumigant and repellent properties of these Citrus peel oils, particularly those of C. aurantium and C. senensis var. mimo, could be used to advantage for the control of T. urticae.

Possible involvement of opioid receptors in moclobemide-induced hypothermia in mice.

PubMed

Ginawi, O T

2003-09-01

Effect of moclobemide, a selective monoamine oxidase-type A enzyme inhibitor, was investigated on the body temperature of male mice. Moclobemide (15-30 mg kg(-1), i.p.) produced significant reductions of body temperature in both normal and yeast-induced hyperthermic male mice. The hypothermic effect of moclobemide was moderate and short-lasting. Moclobemide-induced hypothermia was not antagonized by previous administration of prazosin (10 and 20 mg kg(-1), s.c.), propranolol (5, 10, and 20 mg kg(-1), s.c.), haloperidol (2 and 10 mg kg(-1), s.c.), atropine (10 and 20 mg kg(-1), s.c.), mepyramine (25 and 50 mg kg(-1), s.c.), or methysergide (0.5, 1, and 2 mg kg(-1), s.c.). Pretreatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone (10 mg kg(-1), s.c.), however, was able to reverse the hypothermic effect of moclobemide (30 mg kg(-1), i.p.) in both normal and yeast-induced hyperthermic mice. The present results indicate a possible role for central opioid receptors in the hypothermic effect of moclobemide. Also, a peripheral component for this effect of moclobemide at the mitochondria of peripheral tissues is suspected. The peripheral tissue mitochondria could be considered a common target for moclobemide and opioids actions on body temperature.

Optogalvanic spectroscopy of the C"5Pi ui-A' 5Sigma+g electronic system of N2.

PubMed

Pirali, O; Tokaryk, D W

2006-11-28

We have recorded spectra involving the 3-1, 4-2, 2-0, and 2-2 bands of the C" 5Pi(ui)-A' (5)Sigma+(g) electronic system of N(2) using optogalvanic detection in a discharge through a supersonic jet expansion of argon mixed with a trace of nitrogen gas. The spectra have an effective rotational temperature of about 45 K. They involve all five spin-orbit components of the C" 5Pi(ui) state, which has allowed for precise determination of the spin-orbit coupling in this state. Analysis of the C" 5Pi(ui) state Lambda-doubling shows that it is caused primarily by a first-order spin-spin effect rather than by interaction with Sigma(u) (+/-) states. Our results allow us to assign lines in the 4-2 and 2-0 bands observed in a fluorescence depletion experiment conducted over ten years ago [Ch. Ottinger and A. F. Vilesov, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 9929 (1995)], and to comment on the suggestion that perturbations to the C (3)Pi(u) v=1 level of N(2) arise from interactions with the C" 5Pi(ui) state.

Fractionation of Saprolegnia diclina (Oomycetes) satelite DNAs by AgNO3/Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugation.

PubMed

Neish, G A; Green, B R

1977-12-14

Saprolegnia diclina DNA has been fractionated using preparative AgNO3/Cs2SO4 and CsCl density gradients. In addition to the previously identified major satellite DNA, there are two minor DNA components banding at 1.682 and 1.701 g - cm(-3) in CsCl. Purified major satellite DNA bands at 1.707 g - cm(-3) giving a base composition of 48% G + C in good agreement with 47% G + C calculated from its Tm value. The nuclear DNA base composition is 58% G + C by both methods. The base composition of the major satellite DNA suggests that it may represent ribosomal DNA cistrons.

Three dimensional ink-jet printing of biomaterials using ionic liquids and co-solvents.

PubMed

Gunasekera, Deshani H A T; Kuek, SzeLee; Hasanaj, Denis; He, Yinfeng; Tuck, Christopher; Croft, Anna K; Wildman, Ricky D

2016-08-15

1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2C1Im][OAc]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C4C1Im][OAc]) have been used as solvents for the dissolution and ink-jet printing of cellulose from 1.0 to 4.8 wt%, mixed with the co-solvents 1-butanol and DMSO. 1-Butanol and DMSO were used as rheological modifiers to ensure consistent printing, with DMSO in the range of 41-47 wt% producing samples within the printable range of a DIMATIX print-head used (printability parameter < 10) at 55 °C, whilst maintaining cellulose solubility. Regeneration of cellulose from printed samples using water was demonstrated, with the resulting structural changes to the cellulose sample assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light interferometry (WLI). These results indicate the potential of biorenewable materials to be used in the 3D additive manufacture process to generate single-component and composite materials.

Effects of particulate matter exposure on blood 5-hydroxymethylation: results from the Beijing truck driver air pollution study

PubMed Central

Sanchez-Guerra, Marco; Zheng, Yinan; Osorio-Yanez, Citlalli; Zhong, Jia; Chervona, Yana; Wang, Sheng; Chang, Dou; McCracken, John P; Díaz, Anaite; Bertazzi, Pier Alberto; Koutrakis, Petros; Kang, Choong-Min; Zhang, Xiao; Zhang, Wei; Byun, Hyang-Min; Schwartz, Joel; Hou, Lifang; Baccarelli, Andrea A

2015-01-01

Previous studies have reported epigenetic changes induced by environmental exposures. However, previous investigations did not distinguish 5-methylcytosine (5mC) from a similar oxidative form with opposite functions, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Here, we measured blood DNA global 5mC and 5hmC by ELISA and used adjusted mixed-effects regression models to evaluate the effects of ambient PM10 and personal PM2.5 and its elemental components—black carbon (BC), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), iron (Fe), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), and zinc (Zn)—on blood global 5mC and 5hmC levels. The study was conducted in 60 truck drivers and 60 office workers in Beijing, China from The Beijing Truck Driver Air Pollution Study at 2 exams separated by one to 2 weeks. Blood 5hmC level (0.08%) was ∼83-fold lower than 5mC (6.61%). An inter-quartile range (IQR) increase in same-day PM10 was associated with increases in 5hmC of 26.1% in office workers (P = 0.004), 20.2% in truck drivers (P = 0.014), and 21.9% in all participants combined (P < 0.001). PM10 effects on 5hmC were increasingly stronger when averaged over 4, 7, and 14 d preceding assessment (up to 132.6% for the 14-d average in all participants, P < 0.001). PM10 effects were also significant after controlling for multiple testing (family-wise error rate; FWER < 0.05). 5hmC was not correlated with personal measures of PM2.5 and elemental components (FWER > 0.05). 5mC showed no correlations with PM10, PM2.5, and elemental components measures (FWER > 0.05). Our study suggests that exposure to ambient PM10 affects 5hmC over time, but not 5mC. This finding demonstrates the need to differentiate 5hmC and 5mC in environmental studies of DNA methylation. PMID:25970091

Emodin up-regulates glucose metabolism, decreases lipolysis, and attenuates inflammation in vitro.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaoyan; Zhang, Rong; Lv, Pengfei; Yang, Jian; Deng, Yujie; Xu, Jun; Zhu, Rongfeng; Zhang, Di; Yang, Ying

2015-05-01

Emodin, the major bioactive component of Rheum palmatum, has many different activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetes effects. Recently, emodin was reported to regulate energy metabolism. In the present study, we further explored the effects of emodin on glucose and lipid metabolism. Differentiated C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with or without different concentrations of emodin (6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 μmol/L) for different time (1 h, 3 h, 12 h, 24 h or 48 h). Glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption, lactic acid levels, glycerol levels, and inflammation pathways were then evaluated. Cells were collected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis. Emodin upregulated glucose uptake and consumption in both C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, with glycolysis increased. Furthermore, emodin inhibited lipolysis under basal conditions (as well as in the presence of 10 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor (TNF-)-α in 3T3-L1 adipocytes) and significantly decreased phosphorylated perilipin. Moreover, emodin inhibited the nuclear factor-κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Emodin upregulates glucose metabolism, decreases lipolysis, and inhibits inflammation in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. © 2014 Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

Aliphatic acetogenin constituents of avocado fruits inhibit human oral cancer cell proliferation by targeting the EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

D'Ambrosio, Steven M.; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Han, Chunhua

2011-06-10

Highlights: {yields} The aliphatic acetogenins [(2S,4S)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-enyl acetate] (1) and [(2S,4S)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-ynyl acetate] (2) isolated from avocado fruit inhibit phosphorylation of c-RAF (Ser338) and ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204). {yields} Aliphatic acetogenin 2, but not 1, prevents EGF-induced activation of EGFR (Tyr1173). {yields} Combination of both aliphatic acetogenins synergistically inhibits c-RAF (Ser338) and ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) phosphorylation and human oral cancer cell proliferation. {yields} The potential anticancer activity of avocado fruits is due to a combination of specific aliphatic acetogenins targeting two key components of the EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 cancer pathway. {yields} Providing a double hit on a critical cancer pathway such as EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 by phytochemicals like thosemore » found in avocado fruit could lead to more effective approach toward cancer prevention. -- Abstract: Avocado (Persea americana) fruits are consumed as part of the human diet and extracts have shown growth inhibitory effects in various types of human cancer cells, although the effectiveness of individual components and their underlying mechanism are poorly understood. Using activity-guided fractionation of the flesh of avocado fruits, a chloroform-soluble extract (D003) was identified that exhibited high efficacy towards premalignant and malignant human oral cancer cell lines. From this extract, two aliphatic acetogenins of previously known structure were isolated, compounds 1 [(2S,4S)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-enyl acetate] and 2 [(2S,4S)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-ynyl acetate]. In this study, we show for the first time that the growth inhibitory efficacy of this chloroform extract is due to blocking the phosphorylation of EGFR (Tyr1173), c-RAF (Ser338), and ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) in the EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 cancer pathway. Compounds 1 and 2 both inhibited phosphorylation of c-RAF (Ser338) and ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204). Compound 2, but not compound 1, prevented EGF-induced activation of the EGFR (Tyr1173). When compounds 1 and 2 were combined they synergistically inhibited c-RAF (Ser338) and ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) phosphorylation, and human oral cancer cell proliferation. The present data suggest that the potential anticancer activity of avocado fruits is due to a combination of specific aliphatic acetogenins that target two key components of the EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 cancer pathway.« less

Defect annealing and thermal desorption of deuterium in low dose HFIR neutron-irradiated tungsten

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Masashi Shimada; M. Hara; T. Otsuka

2014-05-01

Accurately estimating tritium retention in plasma facing components (PFCs) and minimizing its uncertainty are key safety issues for licensing future fusion power reactors. D-T fusion reactions produce 14.1 MeV neutrons that activate PFCs and create radiation defects throughout the bulk of the material of these components. Recent studies show that tritium migrates and is trapped in bulk (>> 10 µm) tungsten beyond the detection range of nuclear reaction analysis technique [1-2], and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) technique becomes the only established diagnostic that can reveal hydrogen isotope behavior in in bulk (>> 10 µm) tungsten. Radiation damage and its recoverymore » mechanisms in neutron-irradiated tungsten are still poorly understood, and neutron-irradiation data of tungsten is very limited. In this paper, systematic investigations with repeated plasma exposures and thermal desorption are performed to study defect annealing and thermal desorption of deuterium in low dose neutron-irradiated tungsten. Three tungsten samples (99.99 at. % purity from A.L.M.T. Co., Japan) irradiated at High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory were exposed to high flux (ion flux of (0.5-1.0)x1022 m-2s-1 and ion fluence of 1x1026 m-2) deuterium plasma at three different temperatures (100, 200, and 500 °C) in Tritium Plasma Experiment at Idaho National Laboratory. Subsequently, thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) was performed with a ramp rate of 10 °C/min up to 900 °C, and the samples were annealed at 900 °C for 0.5 hour. These procedures were repeated three (for 100 and 200 °C samples) and four (for 500 °C sample) times to uncover damage recovery mechanisms and its effects on deuterium behavior. The results show that deuterium retention decreases approximately 90, 75, and 66 % for 100, 200, and 500 °C, respectively after each annealing. When subjected to the same TDS recipe, the desorption temperature shifts from 800 °C to 600 °C after 1st annealing for the sample exposed to TPE at 500 °C. Tritium Migration Analysis Program (TMAP) analysis reveals that the detrapping energy decreases from 1.8 eV to 1.4 eV, indicating the changes in trapping mechanisms. This paper also summarizes deuterium behavior studies in HFIR neutron-irradiated tungsten under US-Japan TITAN program.« less

Production of chemicals and fuels from biomass

DOEpatents

Qiao, Ming; Woods, Elizabeth; Myren, Paul; Cortright, Randy; Kania, John

2018-01-23

Methods, reactor systems, and catalysts are provided for converting in a continuous process biomass to fuels and chemicals, including methods of converting the water insoluble components of biomass, such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, to volatile C.sub.2+O.sub.1-2 oxygenates, such as alcohols, ketones, cyclic ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and mixtures thereof. In certain applications, the volatile C.sub.2+O.sub.1-2 oxygenates can be collected and used as a final chemical product, or used in downstream processes to produce liquid fuels, chemicals and other products.

The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the normal ferret and its postnatal development.

PubMed

Linden, D C; Guillery, R W; Cucchiaro, J

1981-12-01

The anterograde transport of 3H proline and of horseradish peroxidase has been used to study the retinogeniculate pathway in normal adult ferrets and in young ferrets during postnatal development. the lateral geniculate nucleus in adults shows a characteristic "carnivore" pattern, with layers A, A1, C, C1, C2, and C3, and a medial interlaminar nucleus recognizable either cytoarchitectonically or on the basis ofth retinogeniculate innervation. In addition, there is a well-defined, rather large perigeniculate nucleus. At birth the lateral geniculate nucleus is unlaminated and essentially all parts are reached by afferents from both eyes. The crossed component is by far the larger. It extends from the optic tract medially well into the perigeniculate field, in contrast to the uncrossed component which barely reaches the perigeniculate field. During the first 3 postnatal days the uncrossed fibers restrict their arbors to a small posterior and medial region, the precursor of the biocular segment of the nucleus. The crossed fibers gradually retreat from the region within which the uncrossed fibers have concentrated. Between the fourth and eighth postnatal days the field occupied by the ipsilateral component expands again to form a major focus that will define lamina A1 and a minor focus that will define C1. At this stage the crossed and the uncrossed fibers overlap at the borders of lamina A1 and the whole region of lamina C1 is also occupied by arbors of the crossed component. The perigeniculate field becomes clearly distinguishable from the lateral geniculate nucleus and the medial interlaminar nucleus is becoming clearly recognizable between days 3 and 8. Between days 8 and 15 the cytoarchitectonic borders between layers A and A1 become clearly defined, but the retinogeniculate axons from each eye still extend across this border. These axons retreat into their appropriate lamina after the 15th postnatal day an the nucleus reaches its essentially adult structure by about the fourth postnatal week. Segregation of retinofugal axons in the C layers occurs after segregation in the A layers, but many of the cells within the C layers show signs of cytological maturity earlier than those of the A layers. The nucleus undergoes a series of migrations and changes of shape as the ipsilateral and contralateral components become segregated. Whereas in teh newborn the nucleus is roughly comma-shaped and on the lateral aspect of the dorsal thalamus, in the adult it is "L"-shaped and mainly on the posterior aspect of the dorsal thalamus.

Advanced Power Electronics Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schwarze, Gene E.

2004-01-01

This paper will give a description and status of the Advanced Power Electronics Materials and Components Technology program being conducted by the NASA Glenn Research Center for future aerospace power applications. The focus of this research program is on the following: 1) New and/or significantly improved dielectric materials for the development of power capacitors with increased volumetric efficiency, energy density, and operating temperature. Materials being investigated include nanocrystalline and composite ceramic dielectrics and diamond-like carbon films; 2) New and/or significantly improved high frequency, high temperature, low loss soft magnetic materials for the development of transformers/inductors with increased power/energy density, electrical efficiency, and operating temperature. Materials being investigated include nanocrystalline and nanocomposite soft magnetic materials; 3) Packaged high temperature, high power density, high voltage, and low loss SiC diodes and switches. Development of high quality 4H- and 6H- SiC atomically smooth substrates to significantly improve device performance is a major emphasis of the SiC materials program; 4) Demonstration of high temperature (> 200 C) circuits using the components developed above.

Formal Methods for Information Protection Technology. Task 2: Mathematical Foundations, Architecture and Principles of Implementation of Multi-Agent Learning Components for Attack Detection in Computer Networks. Part 2

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-11-01

Lafayette, IN 47907. [Lane et al-97b] T. Lane and C . E. Brodley. Sequence matching and learning in anomaly detection for computer security. Proceedings of...Mining, pp 259-263. 1998. [Lane et al-98b] T. Lane and C . E. Brodley. Temporal sequence learning and data reduction for anomaly detection ...W. Lee, C . Park, and S. Stolfo. Towards Automatic Intrusion Detection using NFR. 1st USENIX Workshop on Intrusion Detection and Network Monitoring

Influence of aggregate size on the binding and activation of the first component of human complement by soluble IgG aggregates.

PubMed Central

Doekes, G; Vanes, L A; Daha, M R

1982-01-01

The interaction between small aggregates of human IgG and the first component of human complement was studied. Stabilized soluble IgG aggregates of restricted size were prepared by heat aggregation of human IgG, followed by sucrose-density ultracentrifugation. Human C1 was isolated in its precursor form by euglobulin precipitation, followed by gel filtration and immunoadsorption. A C1 preparation was obtained of which more than 90% was still in its unactivated form. Soluble aggregates containing 20, 10 or 5 molecules IgG, and monomeric IgG were tested for their ability to bind and to activate C1. The binding of C1 was determined by C1 consumption, whereas the activation of C1 was measured as the increased ability of the C1 preparation to consume purified human C4 after the incubation with the aggregates. The three aggregates tested and monomeric IgG were all able to bind and to activate C1, but the efficiency of both processes markedly increased with increasing aggregate-size. Furthermore, it was found that all four preparations activated an appreciable amount of C1 at concentrations that did not result in any detectable C1 fixation. These results confirm earlier suggestion that C1 can be activated during a short, transient binding to small aggregates or immune complexes that have a low avidity for C1, after which the activated form, C1, is released into the medium. PMID:7068172

Correlation structures from soft and semi-hard components in p-p collisions at √s =200 GeV

DOE PAGES

Porter, R. J.; Trainor, T. A.

2005-02-01

We present preliminary two-particle correlations for unidentified hadrons in p-p collisions at √s =200 GeV. On two-particle transverse rapidity space y t Ⓧ y t two distinct regions of correlated pairs are observed: a peaked structure at low y t (P t ≤ 0.4 GeV/c) and a broad structure at higher y t , where the correlation is distributed as a 2D Gaussian centered at y t1 = y t2 ≃ 2.8 (p t1 , p t2 ≃ 1.2 GeV/c). We select those regions separately, projecting correlations onto momentum- difference variables (ηΔ, φΔ), and observe structures interpretable in the contextmore » of string and parton fragmentations from soft and semi-hard components of p-p collisions.« less

A combination strategy for extraction and isolation of multi-component natural products by systematic two-phase solvent extraction-(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance pattern recognition and following conical counter-current chromatography separation: Podophyllotoxins and flavonoids from Dysosma versipellis (Hance) as examples.

PubMed

Yang, Zhi; Wu, Youqian; Wu, Shihua

2016-01-29

Despite of substantial developments of extraction and separation techniques, isolation of natural products from natural resources is still a challenging task. In this work, an efficient strategy for extraction and isolation of multi-component natural products has been successfully developed by combination of systematic two-phase liquid-liquid extraction-(13)C NMR pattern recognition and following conical counter-current chromatography separation. A small-scale crude sample was first distributed into 9 systematic hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (HEMWat) two-phase solvent systems for determination of the optimum extraction solvents and partition coefficients of the prominent components. Then, the optimized solvent systems were used in succession to enrich the hydrophilic and lipophilic components from the large-scale crude sample. At last, the enriched components samples were further purified by a new conical counter-current chromatography (CCC). Due to the use of (13)C NMR pattern recognition, the kinds and structures of major components in the solvent extracts could be predicted. Therefore, the method could collect simultaneously the partition coefficients and the structural information of components in the selected two-phase solvents. As an example, a cytotoxic extract of podophyllotoxins and flavonoids from Dysosma versipellis (Hance) was selected. After the systematic HEMWat system solvent extraction and (13)C NMR pattern recognition analyses, the crude extract of D. versipellis was first degreased by the upper phase of HEMWat system (9:1:9:1, v/v), and then distributed in the two phases of the system of HEMWat (2:8:2:8, v/v) to obtain the hydrophilic lower phase extract and lipophilic upper phase extract, respectively. These extracts were further separated by conical CCC with the HEMWat systems (1:9:1:9 and 4:6:4:6, v/v). As results, total 17 cytotoxic compounds were isolated and identified. In general, whole results suggested that the strategy was very efficient for the systematic extraction and isolation of biological active components from the complex biomaterials. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Global Carbon Budget 2016

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Quéré, Corinne Le; Andrew, Robbie M.; Canadell, Josep G.; Sitch, Stephen; Korsbakken, Jan Ivar; Peters, Glen P.; Manning, Andrew C.; Boden, Thomas A.; Tans, Pieter P.; Houghton, Richard A.;

Facile Synthesis of SiO2@C Nanoparticles Anchored on MWNT as High-Performance Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries.

PubMed

Zhao, Yan; Liu, Zhengjun; Zhang, Yongguang; Mentbayeva, Almagul; Wang, Xin; Maximov, M Yu; Liu, Baoxi; Bakenov, Zhumabay; Yin, Fuxing

2017-12-01

Carbon-coated silica nanoparticles anchored on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SiO 2 @C/MWNT composite) were synthesized via a simple and facile sol-gel method followed by heat treatment. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) studies confirmed densely anchoring the carbon-coated SiO 2 nanoparticles onto a flexible MWNT conductive network, which facilitated fast electron and lithium-ion transport and improved structural stability of the composite. As prepared, ternary composite anode showed superior cyclability and rate capability compared to a carbon-coated silica counterpart without MWNT (SiO 2 @C). The SiO 2 @C/MWNT composite exhibited a high reversible discharge capacity of 744 mAh g -1 at the second discharge cycle conducted at a current density of 100 mA g -1 as well as an excellent rate capability, delivering a capacity of 475 mAh g -1 even at 1000 mA g -1 . This enhanced electrochemical performance of SiO 2 @C/MWNT ternary composite anode was associated with its unique core-shell and networking structure and a strong mutual synergistic effect among the individual components.

Redetermination of piperidinium hydrogen sulfide structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Andras, Maria T.; Hepp, Aloysius F.; Fanwick, Phillip E.; Duraj, Stan A.; Gordon, Edward M.

1994-01-01

The presence of adventitious water in a reaction between dicyclopentamethylene thiuram-disulfide (C5H10NCS2)(sub 2) and a picoline solution of tricyclopentadienyl indium(III) (C5H5)(sub 3). It resulted in the formation of piperidinium hydrogen sulfide (C5H13NS). The piperidinium hydrogen sulfide produced in this way was unambiguously characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structure determination showed that the piperidinium hydrogen sulfide crystal (MW = 119.23 g/mol) has an orthorhombic (Pbcm) unit cell whose parameters are: a = 9.818(2), b = 7.3720(1), c = 9.754(1) A, V = 706.0(3) A(exp 3), Z=4. D(sub chi) = 1.122 g cm(exp -3), Mo K(alpha) (lamda = 0.71073), mu= 3.36 cm(exp -1), F(000) = 264.0, T =293 K, R = 0.036 for 343 reflections with F(sub O)(sup 2) greater than 3 sigma (F(sub O)(sup 2)) and 65 variables. The compound consists of (C5H10NH2)(+) cations and (SH)(-) anions with both species residing on crystallographic mirror planes. N-H -- S hydrogen bonding contributes to the interconnection of neighboring piperidinium components of the compound.

Facile Synthesis of SiO2@C Nanoparticles Anchored on MWNT as High-Performance Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Yan; Liu, Zhengjun; Zhang, Yongguang; Mentbayeva, Almagul; Wang, Xin; Maximov, M. Yu.; Liu, Baoxi; Bakenov, Zhumabay; Yin, Fuxing

2017-07-01

Carbon-coated silica nanoparticles anchored on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SiO2@C/MWNT composite) were synthesized via a simple and facile sol-gel method followed by heat treatment. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) studies confirmed densely anchoring the carbon-coated SiO2 nanoparticles onto a flexible MWNT conductive network, which facilitated fast electron and lithium-ion transport and improved structural stability of the composite. As prepared, ternary composite anode showed superior cyclability and rate capability compared to a carbon-coated silica counterpart without MWNT (SiO2@C). The SiO2@C/MWNT composite exhibited a high reversible discharge capacity of 744 mAh g-1 at the second discharge cycle conducted at a current density of 100 mA g-1 as well as an excellent rate capability, delivering a capacity of 475 mAh g-1 even at 1000 mA g-1. This enhanced electrochemical performance of SiO2@C/MWNT ternary composite anode was associated with its unique core-shell and networking structure and a strong mutual synergistic effect among the individual components.

Pressure dependence of coherence-incoherence crossover behavior in KFe 2 As 2 observed by resistivity and As 75 -NMR/NQR

DOE PAGES

Wiecki, P.; Taufour, V.; Chung, D. Y.; ...

2018-02-13

We present the results of 75As nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), and resistivity measurements in KF e2 As 2 under pressure (p). The temperature dependence of the NMR shift, nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time (T 1), and resistivity show a crossover between a high-temperature incoherent, local-moment behavior and a low-temperature coherent behavior at a crossover temperature (T*). T* is found to increase monotonically with pressure, consistent with increasing hybridization between localized 3d orbital-derived bands with the itinerant electron bands. No anomaly in T* is seen at the critical pressure p c= 1.8 GPa where a change of slopemore » of the superconducting (SC) transition temperature T c( p ) has been observed. In contrast, T c( p ) seems to correlate with antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations in the normal state as measured by the NQR 1/T 1 data, although such a correlation cannot be seen in the replacement effects of A in the AFe 2As 2 (A=K,Rb,Cs) family. In the superconducting state, two T 1 components are observed at low temperatures, suggesting the existence of two distinct local electronic environments. The temperature dependence of the short T 1s indicates a nearly gapless state below T c. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of the long component 1/T 1Limplies a large reduction in the density of states at the Fermi level due to the SC gap formation. These results suggest a real-space modulation of the local SC gap structure in KFe 2As 2 under pressure.« less

Pressure dependence of coherence-incoherence crossover behavior in KFe 2 As 2 observed by resistivity and As 75 -NMR/NQR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wiecki, P.; Taufour, V.; Chung, D. Y.

We present the results of 75As nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), and resistivity measurements in KF e2 As 2 under pressure (p). The temperature dependence of the NMR shift, nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time (T 1), and resistivity show a crossover between a high-temperature incoherent, local-moment behavior and a low-temperature coherent behavior at a crossover temperature (T*). T* is found to increase monotonically with pressure, consistent with increasing hybridization between localized 3d orbital-derived bands with the itinerant electron bands. No anomaly in T* is seen at the critical pressure p c= 1.8 GPa where a change of slopemore » of the superconducting (SC) transition temperature T c( p ) has been observed. In contrast, T c( p ) seems to correlate with antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations in the normal state as measured by the NQR 1/T 1 data, although such a correlation cannot be seen in the replacement effects of A in the AFe 2As 2 (A=K,Rb,Cs) family. In the superconducting state, two T 1 components are observed at low temperatures, suggesting the existence of two distinct local electronic environments. The temperature dependence of the short T 1s indicates a nearly gapless state below T c. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of the long component 1/T 1Limplies a large reduction in the density of states at the Fermi level due to the SC gap formation. These results suggest a real-space modulation of the local SC gap structure in KFe 2As 2 under pressure.« less

A New Approach for the Treatment of Arthritis in Mice with a Novel Conjugate of an anti-C5aR1 antibody and C5 siRNA

PubMed Central

Mehta, Gaurav; Scheinman, Robert I.; Holers, V. Michael; Banda, Nirmal K.

2015-01-01

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune joint disease in which the complement system plays an important role. Of the several components of complement, current evidence points to C5 as the most important inducer of inflammation. Several groups generated antibodies or siRNAs or small molecule inhibitors against C5 and C5aR1 (CD88) which have showed some efficacy in RA in animal models. However, none of these candidate therapeutics has moved from bench to bedside. Here we test in CAIA a new therapeutic strategy using a novel anti-C5ab-C5 siRNA conjugate. We first demonstrate that while C5aR2 or C5L2 (GPR77) plays no role in collagen antibody induced arthritis (CAIA), C5aR1 contributes to pathogenesis. We demonstrate that injection of siRNAs blocking either C5, C5aR1 or the combination decreased clinical disease activity (CDA) in mice with CAIA by 45%, 51% and 58%, respectively. Anti-C5 antibody (BB5.1) has only limited efficacy nonetheless significantly reduced arthritis up to 66%. We then generated a novel anti-C5aR1ab-protamine-C5siRNA conjugate. Here we show for the first time that while unconjugated antibody plus siRNAs reduce arthritis by 19%, our an anti-C5aR1ab - protamine - C5 siRNA conjugate was effective in reducing arthritis by 83% along with a parallel decrease in histopathology, C3 deposition, neutrophils and macrophages in the joints of mice with CAIA. These data suggest that by targeting anti-C5 siRNAs to the receptor for its C5a activation fragment (C5aR1), a striking clinical effect can be realized. PMID:25917104

Possible Sources for Methane and C2-C5 Organics in the Plume of Enceladus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McKay, Chris; Khare, Bishun N.; Amin, Ranjamin; Klasson, Martin; Kral, Timothy A.

2012-01-01

In this paper we consider six possible sources of CH4 and other low-mass (C2 - C5) organics in the plume of Enceladus: initial endowments of cometary organics or Titan- like tholin, in situ production by Fisher-Tropsch type reactions, water-rock reactions, or microbiology, and thermogenesis from heavier organics already present. We report on new laboratory results C2 hydrocarbons released on thermogenesis of laboratory tholin and Fisher-Tropsch type synthesis. Tholin heating produced ratios of CH4/C2H4 and CH4/C2H6 of about 2 for temperatures up to 450 C and about 6 for a temperature of 650 C. Low pressure Fisher-Tropsch type experiments produced CH4/C2H4 of approx 1.5, similar to previous results. No C2H2 was produced by either process. Tests of gas production by four strains of methanogens confirmed the absence of any detectable production of non-methane hydrocarbons. Cometary endowment, Fisher-Tropsch type synthesis, and Titan-like tholin incorporation could be primary inputs of organics and subsequent thermal processing of any of these all are possible sources of low mass organics in the plume. Biological production and water-rock reactions are an alternative source of CH4. Neither water-- ]rock reactions or thermal processing of biomass could be a source C2 . C5 organics due to the low interior pressures. The confirmed detection of CO and C2H2 in the plume of Enceladus would provide an important constraint on sources as we have identified no process . other than the initial volatile component of cometary organics which can supply these gases. Precise determination of the relative concentrations of C1 - C5 hydrocarbons may provide additional constraints on sources but a detailed isotopic analysis of C and H in these organics and a search for amino acids constitute the next important steps in resolving the sources of the organics in Enceladus' plume.

Analysis of Ejection Seat Stability Using Easy Program. Volume I.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-01

BODY AXiS FURCE COMPONENT. L ACTING ON THE AiRPLANc FROM THE CATAPULT (Ld) C ILA1(3) - PORT ONE X,Y,L AIRPLANE BODY AXIS TORQUE COMPONENTS C ACrINu...THE AIRPLANE (FT) C EAPI3) - EARTH TO AIRPLANc . EULER ANGLES (DEG) C SKPt3) - XtYZ EARTh POSITIGN VECTOR OF THE SEAT REFERENCE L POINT (FT) f- LST(3