Sample records for cone convolution ccc

  1. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Thiyagarajan, Rajesh; Vikraman, S; Karrthick, KP

    Purpose: To evaluate the impact of dose calculation algorithm on the dose distribution of biologically optimized Volumatric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) plans for Esophgeal cancer. Methods: Eighteen retrospectively treated patients with carcinoma esophagus were studied. VMAT plans were optimized using biological objectives in Monaco (5.0) TPS for 6MV photon beam (Elekta Infinity). These plans were calculated for final dose using Monte Carlo (MC), Collapsed Cone Convolution (CCC) & Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) algorithms from Monaco and Oncentra Masterplan TPS. A dose grid of 2mm was used for all algorithms and 1% per plan uncertainty maintained for MC calculation. MC basedmore » calculations were considered as the reference for CCC & PBC. Dose volume histogram (DVH) indices (D95, D98, D50 etc) of Target (PTV) and critical structures were compared to study the impact of all three algorithms. Results: Beam models were consistent with measured data. The mean difference observed in reference with MC calculation for D98, D95, D50 & D2 of PTV were 0.37%, −0.21%, 1.51% & 1.18% respectively for CCC and 3.28%, 2.75%, 3.61% & 3.08% for PBC. Heart D25 mean difference was 4.94% & 11.21% for CCC and PBC respectively. Lung Dmean mean difference was 1.5% (CCC) and 4.1% (PBC). Spinal cord D2 mean difference was 2.35% (CCC) and 3.98% (PBC). Similar differences were observed for liver and kidneys. The overall mean difference found for target and critical structures was 0.71±1.52%, 2.71±3.10% for CCC and 3.18±1.55%, 6.61±5.1% for PBC respectively. Conclusion: We observed a significant overestimate of dose distribution by CCC and PBC as compared to MC. The dose prediction of CCC is closer (<3%) to MC than that of PBC. This can be attributed to poor performance of CCC and PBC in inhomogeneous regions around esophagus. CCC can be considered as an alternate in the absence of MC algorithm.« less

  2. Poster - Thurs Eve-23: Effect of lung density and geometry variation on inhomogeneity correction algorithms: A Monte Carlo dosimetry evaluation.

    PubMed

    Chow, J; Leung, M; Van Dyk, J

    2008-07-01

    This study provides new information on the evaluation of the lung dose calculation algorithms as a function of the relative electron density of lung, ρ e,lung . Doses calculated using the collapsed cone convolution (CCC) and adaptive convolution (AC) algorithm in lung with the Pinnacle 3 system were compared to those calculated using the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation (EGSnrc-based code). Three groups of lung phantoms, namely, "Slab", "Column" and "Cube" with different ρ e,lung (0.05-0.7), positions, volumes and shapes of lung in water were used. 6 and 18MV photon beams with 4×4 and 10×10cm 2 field sizes produced by a Varian 21EX Linac were used in the MC dose calculations. Results show that the CCC algorithm agrees well with AC to within ±1% for doses calculated in the lung phantoms, indicating that the AC, with 3-4 times less computing time required than CCC, is a good substitute for the CCC method. Comparing the CCC and AC with MC, dose deviations are found when ρ e,lung are ⩽0.1-0.3. The degree of deviation depends on the photon beam energy and field size, and is relatively large when high-energy photon beams with small field are used. For the penumbra widths (20%-80%), the CCC and AC agree well with MC for the "Slab" and "Cube" phantoms with the lung volumes at the central beam axis (CAX). However, deviations >2mm occur in the "Column" phantoms, with two lung volumes separated by a water column along the CAX, using the 18MV (4×4cm 2 ) photon beams with ρ e,lung ⩽0.1. © 2008 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

  3. Dosimetric comparison of Acuros XB deterministic radiation transport method with Monte Carlo and model-based convolution methods in heterogeneous media

    PubMed Central

    Han, Tao; Mikell, Justin K.; Salehpour, Mohammad; Mourtada, Firas

    2011-01-01

    Purpose: The deterministic Acuros XB (AXB) algorithm was recently implemented in the Eclipse treatment planning system. The goal of this study was to compare AXB performance to Monte Carlo (MC) and two standard clinical convolution methods: the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and the collapsed-cone convolution (CCC) method. Methods: Homogeneous water and multilayer slab virtual phantoms were used for this study. The multilayer slab phantom had three different materials, representing soft tissue, bone, and lung. Depth dose and lateral dose profiles from AXB v10 in Eclipse were compared to AAA v10 in Eclipse, CCC in Pinnacle3, and EGSnrc MC simulations for 6 and 18 MV photon beams with open fields for both phantoms. In order to further reveal the dosimetric differences between AXB and AAA or CCC, three-dimensional (3D) gamma index analyses were conducted in slab regions and subregions defined by AAPM Task Group 53. Results: The AXB calculations were found to be closer to MC than both AAA and CCC for all the investigated plans, especially in bone and lung regions. The average differences of depth dose profiles between MC and AXB, AAA, or CCC was within 1.1, 4.4, and 2.2%, respectively, for all fields and energies. More specifically, those differences in bone region were up to 1.1, 6.4, and 1.6%; in lung region were up to 0.9, 11.6, and 4.5% for AXB, AAA, and CCC, respectively. AXB was also found to have better dose predictions than AAA and CCC at the tissue interfaces where backscatter occurs. 3D gamma index analyses (percent of dose voxels passing a 2%∕2 mm criterion) showed that the dose differences between AAA and AXB are significant (under 60% passed) in the bone region for all field sizes of 6 MV and in the lung region for most of field sizes of both energies. The difference between AXB and CCC was generally small (over 90% passed) except in the lung region for 18 MV 10 × 10 cm2 fields (over 26% passed) and in the bone region for 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 cm2 fields (over 64% passed). With the criterion relaxed to 5%∕2 mm, the pass rates were over 90% for both AAA and CCC relative to AXB for all energies and fields, with the exception of AAA 18 MV 2.5 × 2.5 cm2 field, which still did not pass. Conclusions: In heterogeneous media, AXB dose prediction ability appears to be comparable to MC and superior to current clinical convolution methods. The dose differences between AXB and AAA or CCC are mainly in the bone, lung, and interface regions. The spatial distributions of these differences depend on the field sizes and energies. PMID:21776802

  4. Commissioning and initial acceptance tests for a commercial convolution dose calculation algorithm for radiotherapy treatment planning in comparison with Monte Carlo simulation and measurement

    PubMed Central

    Moradi, Farhad; Mahdavi, Seyed Rabi; Mostaar, Ahmad; Motamedi, Mohsen

    2012-01-01

    In this study the commissioning of a dose calculation algorithm in a currently used treatment planning system was performed and the calculation accuracy of two available methods in the treatment planning system i.e., collapsed cone convolution (CCC) and equivalent tissue air ratio (ETAR) was verified in tissue heterogeneities. For this purpose an inhomogeneous phantom (IMRT thorax phantom) was used and dose curves obtained by the TPS (treatment planning system) were compared with experimental measurements and Monte Carlo (MCNP code) simulation. Dose measurements were performed by using EDR2 radiographic films within the phantom. Dose difference (DD) between experimental results and two calculation methods was obtained. Results indicate maximum difference of 12% in the lung and 3% in the bone tissue of the phantom between two methods and the CCC algorithm shows more accurate depth dose curves in tissue heterogeneities. Simulation results show the accurate dose estimation by MCNP4C in soft tissue region of the phantom and also better results than ETAR method in bone and lung tissues. PMID:22973081

  5. A clinical study of lung cancer dose calculation accuracy with Monte Carlo simulation.

    PubMed

    Zhao, Yanqun; Qi, Guohai; Yin, Gang; Wang, Xianliang; Wang, Pei; Li, Jian; Xiao, Mingyong; Li, Jie; Kang, Shengwei; Liao, Xiongfei

    2014-12-16

    The accuracy of dose calculation is crucial to the quality of treatment planning and, consequently, to the dose delivered to patients undergoing radiation therapy. Current general calculation algorithms such as Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) and Collapsed Cone Convolution (CCC) have shortcomings in regard to severe inhomogeneities, particularly in those regions where charged particle equilibrium does not hold. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the PBC and CCC algorithms in lung cancer radiotherapy using Monte Carlo (MC) technology. Four treatment plans were designed using Oncentra Masterplan TPS for each patient. Two intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans were developed using the PBC and CCC algorithms, and two three-dimensional conformal therapy (3DCRT) plans were developed using the PBC and CCC algorithms. The DICOM-RT files of the treatment plans were exported to the Monte Carlo system to recalculate. The dose distributions of GTV, PTV and ipsilateral lung calculated by the TPS and MC were compared. For 3DCRT and IMRT plans, the mean dose differences for GTV between the CCC and MC increased with decreasing of the GTV volume. For IMRT, the mean dose differences were found to be higher than that of 3DCRT. The CCC algorithm overestimated the GTV mean dose by approximately 3% for IMRT. For 3DCRT plans, when the volume of the GTV was greater than 100 cm(3), the mean doses calculated by CCC and MC almost have no difference. PBC shows large deviations from the MC algorithm. For the dose to the ipsilateral lung, the CCC algorithm overestimated the dose to the entire lung, and the PBC algorithm overestimated V20 but underestimated V5; the difference in V10 was not statistically significant. PBC substantially overestimates the dose to the tumour, but the CCC is similar to the MC simulation. It is recommended that the treatment plans for lung cancer be developed using an advanced dose calculation algorithm other than PBC. MC can accurately calculate the dose distribution in lung cancer and can provide a notably effective tool for benchmarking the performance of other dose calculation algorithms within patients.

  6. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Oyewale, S; Pokharel, S; Rana, S

    Purpose: To compare the percentage depth dose (PDD) computational accuracy of Adaptive Convolution (AC) and Collapsed Cone Convolution (CCC) algorithms in the presence of air gaps. Methods: A 30×30×30 cm{sup 3} solid water phantom with two 5cm air gaps was scanned with a CT simulator unit and exported into the Phillips Pinnacle™ treatment planning system. PDDs were computed using the AC and CCC algorithms. Photon energy of 6 MV was used with field sizes of 3×3 cm{sup 2}, 5×5 cm{sup 2}, 10×10 cm{sup 2}, 15×15 cm{sup 2}, and 20×20 cm{sup 2}. Ionization chamber readings were taken at different depths inmore » water for all the field sizes. The percentage differences in the PDDs were computed with normalization to the depth of maximum dose (dmax). The calculated PDDs were then compared with measured PDDs. Results: In the first buildup region, both algorithms overpredicted the dose for all field sizes and under-predicted for all other subsequent buildup regions. After dmax in the three water media, AC under-predicted the dose for field sizes 3×3 and 5×5 cm{sup 2} and overpredicted for larger field sizes, whereas CCC under-predicted for all field sizes. Upon traversing the first air gap, AC showed maximum differences of –3.9%, −1.4%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 2.9% and CCC had maximum differences of −3.9%, −3.0%,–3.1%, −2.7%, −1.8% for field sizes 3×3, 5×5, 10×10, 15×15, and 20×20 cm{sup 2} respectively. Conclusion: The effect of air gaps causes a significant difference in the PDDs computed by both the AC and CCC algorithms in secondary build-up regions. AC computed larger values for the PDDs except at smaller field sizes. For CCC, the size of the errors in prediction of the PDDs has an inverse relationship with respect to field size. These effects should be considered in treatment planning where significant air gaps are encountered.« less

  7. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ma, Y; Lacroix, F; Lavallee, M

    Purpose: To evaluate the commercially released Collapsed Cone convolution-based(CCC) dose calculation module of the Elekta OncentraBrachy(OcB) treatment planning system(TPS). Methods: An allwater phantom was used to perform TG43 benchmarks with single source and seventeen sources, separately. Furthermore, four real-patient heterogeneous geometries (chestwall, lung, breast and prostate) were used. They were selected based on their clinical representativity of a class of clinical anatomies that pose clear challenges. The plans were used as is(no modification). For each case, TG43 and CCC calculations were performed in the OcB TPS, with TG186-recommended materials properly assigned to ROIs. For comparison, Monte Carlo simulation was runmore » for each case with the same material scheme and grid mesh as TPS calculations. Both modes of CCC (standard and high quality) were tested. Results: For the benchmark case, the CCC dose, when divided by that of TG43, yields hot-n-cold spots in a radial pattern. The pattern of the high mode is denser than that of the standard mode and is representative of angular dicretization. The total deviation ((hot-cold)/TG43) is 18% for standard mode and 11% for high mode. Seventeen dwell positions help to reduce “ray-effect”, with the total deviation to 6% (standard) and 5% (high), respectively. For the four patient cases, CCC produces, as expected, more realistic dose distributions than TG43. A close agreement was observed between CCC and MC for all isodose lines, from 20% and up; the 10% isodose line of CCC appears shifted compared to that of MC. The DVH plots show dose deviations of CCC from MC in small volume, high dose regions (>100% isodose). For patient cases, the difference between standard and high modes is almost undiscernable. Conclusion: OncentraBrachy CCC algorithm marks a significant dosimetry improvement relative to TG43 in real-patient cases. Further researches are recommended regarding the clinical implications of the above observations. Support provided by a CIHR grant and CCC system provided by Elekta-Nucletron.« less

  8. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Vikraman, S; Ramu, M; Karrthick, Kp

    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the advent of COMPASS 3D dosimetry as a routine pre treatment verification tool with commercially available CMS Monaco and Oncentra Masterplan planning system. Methods: Twenty esophagus patients were selected for this study. All these patients underwent radical VMAT treatment in Elekta Linac and plans were generated in Monaco v5.0 with MonteCarlo(MC) dose calculation algorithm. COMPASS 3D dosimetry comprises an advanced dose calculation algorithm of collapsed cone convolution(CCC). To validate CCC algorithm in COMPASS, The DICOM RT Plans generated using Monaco MC algorithm were transferred to Oncentra Masterplan v4.3 TPS. Only finalmore » dose calculations were performed using CCC algorithm with out optimization in Masterplan planning system. It is proven that MC algorithm is an accurate algorithm and obvious that there will be a difference with MC and CCC algorithms. Hence CCC in COMPASS should be validated with other commercially available CCC algorithm. To use the CCC as pretreatment verification tool with reference to MC generated treatment plans, CCC in OMP and CCC in COMPASS were validated using dose volume based indices such as D98, D95 for target volumes and OAR doses. Results: The point doses for open beams were observed <1% with reference to Monaco MC algorithms. Comparisons of CCC(OMP) Vs CCC(COMPASS) showed a mean difference of 1.82%±1.12SD and 1.65%±0.67SD for D98 and D95 respectively for Target coverage. Maximum point dose of −2.15%±0.60SD difference was observed in target volume. The mean lung dose of −2.68%±1.67SD was noticed between OMP and COMPASS. The maximum point doses for spinal cord were −1.82%±0.287SD. Conclusion: In this study, the accuracy of CCC algorithm in COMPASS 3D dosimetry was validated by compared with CCC algorithm in OMP TPS. Dose calculation in COMPASS is feasible within < 2% in comparison with commercially available TPS algorithms.« less

  9. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Devpura, S; Li, H; Liu, C

    Purpose: To correlate dose distributions computed using six algorithms for recurrent early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), with outcome (local failure). Methods: Of 270 NSCLC patients treated with 12Gyx4, 20 were found to have local recurrence prior to the 2-year time point. These patients were originally planned with 1-D pencil beam (1-D PB) algorithm. 4D imaging was performed to manage tumor motion. Regions of local failures were determined from follow-up PET-CT scans. Follow-up CT images were rigidly fused to the planning CT (pCT), and recurrent tumor volumes (Vrecur) were mapped to themore » pCT. Dose was recomputed, retrospectively, using five algorithms: 3-D PB, collapsed cone convolution (CCC), anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA), AcurosXB, and Monte Carlo (MC). Tumor control probability (TCP) was computed using the Marsden model (1,2). Patterns of failure were classified as central, in-field, marginal, and distant for Vrecur ≥95% of prescribed dose, 95–80%, 80–20%, and ≤20%, respectively (3). Results: Average PTV D95 (dose covering 95% of the PTV) for 3-D PB, CCC, AAA, AcurosXB, and MC relative to 1-D PB were 95.3±2.1%, 84.1±7.5%, 84.9±5.7%, 86.3±6.0%, and 85.1±7.0%, respectively. TCP values for 1-D PB, 3-D PB, CCC, AAA, AcurosXB, and MC were 98.5±1.2%, 95.7±3.0, 79.6±16.1%, 79.7±16.5%, 81.1±17.5%, and 78.1±20%, respectively. Patterns of local failures were similar for 1-D and 3D PB plans, which predicted that the majority of failures occur in centraldistal regions, with only ∼15% occurring distantly. However, with convolution/superposition and MC type algorithms, the majority of failures (65%) were predicted to be distant, consistent with the literature. Conclusion: Based on MC and convolution/superposition type algorithms, average PTV D95 and TCP were ∼15% lower than the planned 1-D PB dose calculation. Patterns of failure results suggest that MC and convolution/superposition type algorithms predict different outcomes for patterns of failure relative to PB algorithms. Work supported in part by Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA.« less

  10. SU-E-T-516: Dosimetric Validation of AcurosXB Algorithm in Comparison with AAA & CCC Algorithms for VMAT Technique.

    PubMed

    Kathirvel, M; Subramanian, V Sai; Arun, G; Thirumalaiswamy, S; Ramalingam, K; Kumar, S Ashok; Jagadeesh, K

    2012-06-01

    To dosimetrically validate AcurosXB algorithm for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) in comparison with standard clinical Anisotropic Analytic Algorithm(AAA) and Collapsed Cone Convolution(CCC) dose calculation algorithms. AcurosXB dose calculation algorithm is available with Varian Eclipse treatment planning system (V10). It uses grid-based Boltzmann equation solver to predict dose precisely in lesser time. This study was made to realize algorithms ability to predict dose accurately as its delivery for which five clinical cases each of Brain, Head&Neck, Thoracic, Pelvic and SBRT were taken. Verification plans were created on multicube phantom with iMatrixx-2D detector array and then dose prediction was done with AcurosXB, AAA & CCC (COMPASS System) algorithm and the same were delivered onto CLINAC-iX treatment machine. Delivered dose was captured in iMatrixx plane for all 25 plans. Measured dose was taken as reference to quantify the agreement between AcurosXB calculation algorithm against previously validated AAA and CCC algorithm. Gamma evaluation was performed with clinical criteria distance-to-agreement 3&2mm and dose difference 3&2% in omnipro-I'MRT software. Plans were evaluated in terms of correlation coefficient, quantitative area gamma and average gamma. Study shows good agreement between mean correlation 0.9979±0.0012, 0.9984±0.0009 & 0.9979±0.0011 for AAA, CCC & Acuros respectively. Mean area gamma for criteria 3mm/3% was found to be 98.80±1.04, 98.14±2.31, 98.08±2.01 and 2mm/2% was found to be 93.94±3.83, 87.17±10.54 & 92.36±5.46 for AAA, CCC & Acuros respectively. Mean average gamma for 3mm/3% was 0.26±0.07, 0.42±0.08, 0.28±0.09 and 2mm/2% was found to be 0.39±0.10, 0.64±0.11, 0.42±0.13 for AAA, CCC & Acuros respectively. This study demonstrated that the AcurosXB algorithm had a good agreement with the AAA & CCC in terms of dose prediction. In conclusion AcurosXB algorithm provides a valid, accurate and speedy alternative to AAA and CCC algorithms in a busy clinical environment. © 2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

  11. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shrotriya, D., E-mail: shrotriya2007@gmail.com; Srivastava, R. N. L.; Kumar, S.

    The accurate dose delivery to the clinical target volume in radiotherapy can be affected by various pelvic tissues heterogeneities. An in-house heterogeneous woman pelvic phantom was designed and used to verify the consistency and computational capability of treatment planning system of radiation dose delivery in the treatment of cancer cervix. Oncentra 3D-TPS with collapsed cone convolution (CCC) dose calculation algorithm was used to generate AP/PA and box field technique plan. the radiation dose was delivered by Primus Linac (Siemens make) employing high energy 15 MV photon beam by isocenter technique. A PTW make, 0.125cc ionization chamber was used for directmore » measurements at various reference points in cervix, bladder and rectum. The study revealed that maximum variation between computed and measured dose at cervix reference point was 1% in both the techniques and 3% and 4% variation in AP/PA field and 5% and 4.5% in box technique at bladder and rectum points respectively.« less

  12. Comparison of build-up region doses in oblique tangential 6 MV photon beams calculated by AAA and CCC algorithms in breast Rando phantom

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Masunun, P.; Tangboonduangjit, P.; Dumrongkijudom, N.

    2016-03-01

    The purpose of this study is to compare the build-up region doses on breast Rando phantom surface with the bolus covered, the doses in breast Rando phantom and also the doses in a lung that is the heterogeneous region by two algorithms. The AAA in Eclipse TPS and the collapsed cone convolution algorithm in Pinnacle treatment planning system were used to plan in tangential field technique with 6 MV photon beam at 200 cGy total doses in Breast Rando phantom with bolus covered (5 mm and 10 mm). TLDs were calibrated with Cobalt-60 and used to measure the doses in irradiation process. The results in treatment planning show that the doses in build-up region and the doses in breast phantom were closely matched in both algorithms which are less than 2% differences. However, overestimate of doses in a lung (L2) were found in AAA with 13.78% and 6.06% differences at 5 mm and 10 mm bolus thickness, respectively when compared with CCC algorithm. The TLD measurements show the underestimate in buildup region and in breast phantom but the doses in a lung (L2) were overestimated when compared with the doses in the two plannings at both thicknesses of the bolus.

  13. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Thrower, Sara L., E-mail: slloupot@mdanderson.org; Shaitelman, Simona F.; Bloom, Elizabeth

    Purpose: To compare the treatment plans for accelerated partial breast irradiation calculated by the new commercially available collapsed cone convolution (CCC) and current standard TG-43–based algorithms for 50 patients treated at our institution with either a Strut-Adjusted Volume Implant (SAVI) or Contura device. Methods and Materials: We recalculated target coverage, volume of highly dosed normal tissue, and dose to organs at risk (ribs, skin, and lung) with each algorithm. For 1 case an artificial air pocket was added to simulate 10% nonconformance. We performed a Wilcoxon signed rank test to determine the median differences in the clinical indices V90, V95, V100,more » V150, V200, and highest-dosed 0.1 cm{sup 3} and 1.0 cm{sup 3} of rib, skin, and lung between the two algorithms. Results: The CCC algorithm calculated lower values on average for all dose-volume histogram parameters. Across the entire patient cohort, the median difference in the clinical indices calculated by the 2 algorithms was <10% for dose to organs at risk, <5% for target volume coverage (V90, V95, and V100), and <4 cm{sup 3} for dose to normal breast tissue (V150 and V200). No discernable difference was seen in the nonconformance case. Conclusions: We found that on average over our patient population CCC calculated (<10%) lower doses than TG-43. These results should inform clinicians as they prepare for the transition to heterogeneous dose calculation algorithms and determine whether clinical tolerance limits warrant modification.« less

  14. Study of 201 non-small cell lung cancer patients given stereotactic ablative radiation therapy shows local control dependence on dose calculation algorithm.

    PubMed

    Latifi, Kujtim; Oliver, Jasmine; Baker, Ryan; Dilling, Thomas J; Stevens, Craig W; Kim, Jongphil; Yue, Binglin; Demarco, Marylou; Zhang, Geoffrey G; Moros, Eduardo G; Feygelman, Vladimir

    2014-04-01

    Pencil beam (PB) and collapsed cone convolution (CCC) dose calculation algorithms differ significantly when used in the thorax. However, such differences have seldom been previously directly correlated with outcomes of lung stereotactic ablative body radiation (SABR). Data for 201 non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with SABR were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were treated with 50 Gy in 5 fractions of 10 Gy each. The radiation prescription mandated that 95% of the planning target volume (PTV) receive the prescribed dose. One hundred sixteen patients were planned with BrainLab treatment planning software (TPS) with the PB algorithm and treated on a Novalis unit. The other 85 were planned on the Pinnacle TPS with the CCC algorithm and treated on a Varian linac. Treatment planning objectives were numerically identical for both groups. The median follow-up times were 24 and 17 months for the PB and CCC groups, respectively. The primary endpoint was local/marginal control of the irradiated lesion. Gray's competing risk method was used to determine the statistical differences in local/marginal control rates between the PB and CCC groups. Twenty-five patients planned with PB and 4 patients planned with the CCC algorithms to the same nominal doses experienced local recurrence. There was a statistically significant difference in recurrence rates between the PB and CCC groups (hazard ratio 3.4 [95% confidence interval: 1.18-9.83], Gray's test P=.019). The differences (Δ) between the 2 algorithms for target coverage were as follows: ΔD99GITV = 7.4 Gy, ΔD99PTV = 10.4 Gy, ΔV90GITV = 13.7%, ΔV90PTV = 37.6%, ΔD95PTV = 9.8 Gy, and ΔDISO = 3.4 Gy. GITV = gross internal tumor volume. Local control in patients receiving who were planned to the same nominal dose with PB and CCC algorithms were statistically significantly different. Possible alternative explanations are described in the report, although they are not thought likely to explain the difference. We conclude that the difference is due to relative dosimetric underdosing of tumors with the PB algorithm. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  15. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Latifi, Kujtim, E-mail: Kujtim.Latifi@Moffitt.org; Oliver, Jasmine; Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida

    Purpose: Pencil beam (PB) and collapsed cone convolution (CCC) dose calculation algorithms differ significantly when used in the thorax. However, such differences have seldom been previously directly correlated with outcomes of lung stereotactic ablative body radiation (SABR). Methods and Materials: Data for 201 non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with SABR were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were treated with 50 Gy in 5 fractions of 10 Gy each. The radiation prescription mandated that 95% of the planning target volume (PTV) receive the prescribed dose. One hundred sixteen patients were planned with BrainLab treatment planning software (TPS) with the PB algorithm and treatedmore » on a Novalis unit. The other 85 were planned on the Pinnacle TPS with the CCC algorithm and treated on a Varian linac. Treatment planning objectives were numerically identical for both groups. The median follow-up times were 24 and 17 months for the PB and CCC groups, respectively. The primary endpoint was local/marginal control of the irradiated lesion. Gray's competing risk method was used to determine the statistical differences in local/marginal control rates between the PB and CCC groups. Results: Twenty-five patients planned with PB and 4 patients planned with the CCC algorithms to the same nominal doses experienced local recurrence. There was a statistically significant difference in recurrence rates between the PB and CCC groups (hazard ratio 3.4 [95% confidence interval: 1.18-9.83], Gray's test P=.019). The differences (Δ) between the 2 algorithms for target coverage were as follows: ΔD99{sub GITV} = 7.4 Gy, ΔD99{sub PTV} = 10.4 Gy, ΔV90{sub GITV} = 13.7%, ΔV90{sub PTV} = 37.6%, ΔD95{sub PTV} = 9.8 Gy, and ΔD{sub ISO} = 3.4 Gy. GITV = gross internal tumor volume. Conclusions: Local control in patients receiving who were planned to the same nominal dose with PB and CCC algorithms were statistically significantly different. Possible alternative explanations are described in the report, although they are not thought likely to explain the difference. We conclude that the difference is due to relative dosimetric underdosing of tumors with the PB algorithm.« less

  16. Silicon decorated cone shaped carbon nanotube clusters for lithium ion battery anodes.

    PubMed

    Wang, Wei; Ruiz, Isaac; Ahmed, Kazi; Bay, Hamed Hosseini; George, Aaron S; Wang, Johnny; Butler, John; Ozkan, Mihrimah; Ozkan, Cengiz S

    2014-08-27

    In this work, we report the synthesis of an three-dimensional (3D) cone-shape CNT clusters (CCC) via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with subsequent inductively coupled plasma (ICP) treatment. An innovative silicon decorated cone-shape CNT clusters (SCCC) is prepared by simply depositing amorphous silicon onto CCC via magnetron sputtering. The seamless connection between silicon decorated CNT cones and graphene facilitates the charge transfer in the system and suggests a binder-free technique of preparing lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. Lithium ion batteries based on this novel 3D SCCC architecture demonstrates high reversible capacity of 1954 mAh g(-1) and excellent cycling stability (>1200 mAh g(-1) capacity with ≈ 100% coulombic efficiency after 230 cycles). © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  17. Superficial dose evaluation of four dose calculation algorithms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cao, Ying; Yang, Xiaoyu; Yang, Zhen; Qiu, Xiaoping; Lv, Zhiping; Lei, Mingjun; Liu, Gui; Zhang, Zijian; Hu, Yongmei

    2017-08-01

    Accurate superficial dose calculation is of major importance because of the skin toxicity in radiotherapy, especially within the initial 2 mm depth being considered more clinically relevant. The aim of this study is to evaluate superficial dose calculation accuracy of four commonly used algorithms in commercially available treatment planning systems (TPS) by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and film measurements. The superficial dose in a simple geometrical phantom with size of 30 cm×30 cm×30 cm was calculated by PBC (Pencil Beam Convolution), AAA (Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm), AXB (Acuros XB) in Eclipse system and CCC (Collapsed Cone Convolution) in Raystation system under the conditions of source to surface distance (SSD) of 100 cm and field size (FS) of 10×10 cm2. EGSnrc (BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc) program was performed to simulate the central axis dose distribution of Varian Trilogy accelerator, combined with measurements of superficial dose distribution by an extrapolation method of multilayer radiochromic films, to estimate the dose calculation accuracy of four algorithms in the superficial region which was recommended in detail by the ICRU (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement) and the ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection). In superficial region, good agreement was achieved between MC simulation and film extrapolation method, with the mean differences less than 1%, 2% and 5% for 0°, 30° and 60°, respectively. The relative skin dose errors were 0.84%, 1.88% and 3.90%; the mean dose discrepancies (0°, 30° and 60°) between each of four algorithms and MC simulation were (2.41±1.55%, 3.11±2.40%, and 1.53±1.05%), (3.09±3.00%, 3.10±3.01%, and 3.77±3.59%), (3.16±1.50%, 8.70±2.84%, and 18.20±4.10%) and (14.45±4.66%, 10.74±4.54%, and 3.34±3.26%) for AXB, CCC, AAA and PBC respectively. Monte Carlo simulation verified the feasibility of the superficial dose measurements by multilayer Gafchromic films. And the rank of superficial dose calculation accuracy of four algorithms was AXB>CCC>AAA>PBC. Care should be taken when using the AAA and PBC algorithms in the superficial dose calculation.

  18. Radiation dose delivery verification in the treatment of carcinoma-cervix

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shrotriya, D.; Kumar, S.; Srivastava, R. N. L.

    2015-06-01

    The accurate dose delivery to the clinical target volume in radiotherapy can be affected by various pelvic tissues heterogeneities. An in-house heterogeneous woman pelvic phantom was designed and used to verify the consistency and computational capability of treatment planning system of radiation dose delivery in the treatment of cancer cervix. Oncentra 3D-TPS with collapsed cone convolution (CCC) dose calculation algorithm was used to generate AP/PA and box field technique plan. the radiation dose was delivered by Primus Linac (Siemens make) employing high energy 15 MV photon beam by isocenter technique. A PTW make, 0.125cc ionization chamber was used for direct measurements at various reference points in cervix, bladder and rectum. The study revealed that maximum variation between computed and measured dose at cervix reference point was 1% in both the techniques and 3% and 4% variation in AP/PA field and 5% and 4.5% in box technique at bladder and rectum points respectively.

  19. Commissioning and validation of COMPASS system for VMAT patient specific quality assurance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pimthong, J.; Kakanaporn, C.; Tuntipumiamorn, L.; Laojunun, P.; Iampongpaiboon, P.

    2016-03-01

    Pre-treatment patient specific quality assurance (QA) of advanced treatment techniques such as volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is one of important QA in radiotherapy. The fast and reliable dosimetric device is required. The objective of this study is to commission and validate the performance of COMPASS system for dose verification of VMAT technique. The COMPASS system is composed of an array of ionization detectors (MatriXX) mounted to the gantry using a custom holder and software for the analysis and visualization of QA results. We validated the COMPASS software for basic and advanced clinical application. For the basic clinical study, the simple open field in various field sizes were validated in homogeneous phantom. And the advanced clinical application, the fifteen prostate and fifteen nasopharyngeal cancers VMAT plans were chosen to study. The treatment plans were measured by the MatriXX. The doses and dose-volume histograms (DVHs) reconstructed from the fluence measurements were compared to the TPS calculated plans. And also, the doses and DVHs computed using collapsed cone convolution (CCC) Algorithm were compared with Eclipse TPS calculated plans using Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) that according to dose specified in ICRU 83 for PTV.

  20. Experimental evaluation of a GPU-based Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm in the Monaco treatment planning system.

    PubMed

    Paudel, Moti R; Kim, Anthony; Sarfehnia, Arman; Ahmad, Sayed B; Beachey, David J; Sahgal, Arjun; Keller, Brian M

    2016-11-08

    A new GPU-based Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm (GPUMCD), devel-oped by the vendor Elekta for the Monaco treatment planning system (TPS), is capable of modeling dose for both a standard linear accelerator and an Elekta MRI linear accelerator. We have experimentally evaluated this algorithm for a standard Elekta Agility linear accelerator. A beam model was developed in the Monaco TPS (research version 5.09.06) using the commissioned beam data for a 6 MV Agility linac. A heterogeneous phantom representing several scenarios - tumor-in-lung, lung, and bone-in-tissue - was designed and built. Dose calculations in Monaco were done using both the current clinical Monte Carlo algorithm, XVMC, and the new GPUMCD algorithm. Dose calculations in a Pinnacle TPS were also produced using the collapsed cone convolution (CCC) algorithm with heterogeneity correc-tion. Calculations were compared with the measured doses using an ionization chamber (A1SL) and Gafchromic EBT3 films for 2 × 2 cm2, 5 × 5 cm2, and 10 × 10 cm2 field sizes. The percentage depth doses (PDDs) calculated by XVMC and GPUMCD in a homogeneous solid water phantom were within 2%/2 mm of film measurements and within 1% of ion chamber measurements. For the tumor-in-lung phantom, the calculated doses were within 2.5%/2.5 mm of film measurements for GPUMCD. For the lung phantom, doses calculated by all of the algorithms were within 3%/3 mm of film measurements, except for the 2 × 2 cm2 field size where the CCC algorithm underestimated the depth dose by ~ 5% in a larger extent of the lung region. For the bone phantom, all of the algorithms were equivalent and calculated dose to within 2%/2 mm of film measurements, except at the interfaces. Both GPUMCD and XVMC showed interface effects, which were more pronounced for GPUMCD and were comparable to film measurements, whereas the CCC algorithm showed these effects poorly. © 2016 The Authors.

  1. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Loupot, S; Han, T; Salehpour, M

    Purpose: To quantify the difference in dose to PTV-EVAL and OARs (skin and rib) as calculated by (TG43) and heterogeneous calculations (CCC). Methods: 25 patient plans (5 Contura and 20 SAVI) were selected for analysis. Clinical dose distributions were computed with a commercially available treatment planning algorithm (TG43-D-(w,w)) and then recomputed with a pre-clinical collapsed cone convolution algorithm (CCCD-( m,m)). PTV-EVAL coverage (V90%, V95%), and rib and skin maximum dose were compared via percent difference. Differences in dose to normal tissue (V150cc, V200cc of PTV-EVAL) were also compared. Changes in coverage and maximum dose to organs at risk are reportedmore » in percent change, (100*(TG43 − CCC) / TG43)), and changes in maximum dose to normal tissue are absolute change in cc (TG43 − CCC). Results: Mean differences in V90, V95, V150, and V200 for the SAVI cases were −0.2%, −0.4%, −0.03cc, and −0.14cc, respectively, with maximum differences of −0.78%, −1.7%, 1.28cc, and 1.01cc, respectively. Mean differences in the 0.1cc dose to the rib and skin were −1.4% and −0.22%, respectively, with maximum differences of −4.5% and 16%, respectively. Mean differences in V90, V95, V150, and V200 for the Contura cases were −1.2%, −2.1%, −1.8cc, and −0.59cc, respectively, with maximum differences of −2.0%, −3.16%, −2.9cc, and −0.76cc, respectively. Mean differences in the 0.1cc dose to the rib and skin were −2.6% and −3.9%, respectively, with maximum differences of −3.2% and −5.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The effects of translating clinical knowledge based on D-(w,w) to plans reported in D-(m,m) are minimal (2% or less) on average, but vary based on the type and placement of the device, source, and heterogeneity information.« less

  2. Effects of gibberellin A4/7, 6-benzylaminopurine and chlormequat chloride on the number of male and female strobili and immature cones in Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) with foliar sprays

    Treesearch

    Peng Zhao; Jun-feng Fan; Shuo-xin Zhang; Zhong-lian Huang; Pei-hua Yang; Zhen-Hua Ma; Keith W Woeste

    2011-01-01

    Three kinds of plant growth regulators, gibberellinA4/7 (GA4/7), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), and chlormequat chloride (CCC), were evaluated for their ability to promote strobilus and cone production in a Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) clonal seed orchard. Treatments (0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg⋅L

  3. Tooth labeling in cone-beam CT using deep convolutional neural network for forensic identification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Miki, Yuma; Muramatsu, Chisako; Hayashi, Tatsuro; Zhou, Xiangrong; Hara, Takeshi; Katsumata, Akitoshi; Fujita, Hiroshi

    2017-03-01

    In large disasters, dental record plays an important role in forensic identification. However, filing dental charts for corpses is not an easy task for general dentists. Moreover, it is laborious and time-consuming work in cases of large scale disasters. We have been investigating a tooth labeling method on dental cone-beam CT images for the purpose of automatic filing of dental charts. In our method, individual tooth in CT images are detected and classified into seven tooth types using deep convolutional neural network. We employed the fully convolutional network using AlexNet architecture for detecting each tooth and applied our previous method using regular AlexNet for classifying the detected teeth into 7 tooth types. From 52 CT volumes obtained by two imaging systems, five images each were randomly selected as test data, and the remaining 42 cases were used as training data. The result showed the tooth detection accuracy of 77.4% with the average false detection of 5.8 per image. The result indicates the potential utility of the proposed method for automatic recording of dental information.

  4. Recommendations for dose calculations of lung cancer treatment plans treated with stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Devpura, S.; Siddiqui, M. S.; Chen, D.; Liu, D.; Li, H.; Kumar, S.; Gordon, J.; Ajlouni, M.; Movsas, B.; Chetty, I. J.

    2014-03-01

    The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate dose distributions computed with 5 different dose algorithms for patients with lung cancers treated using stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR). Treatment plans for 133 lung cancer patients, initially computed with a 1D-pencil beam (equivalent-path-length, EPL-1D) algorithm, were recalculated with 4 other algorithms commissioned for treatment planning, including 3-D pencil-beam (EPL-3D), anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA), collapsed cone convolution superposition (CCC), and Monte Carlo (MC). The plan prescription dose was 48 Gy in 4 fractions normalized to the 95% isodose line. Tumors were classified according to location: peripheral tumors surrounded by lung (lung-island, N=39), peripheral tumors attached to the rib-cage or chest wall (lung-wall, N=44), and centrally-located tumors (lung-central, N=50). Relative to the EPL-1D algorithm, PTV D95 and mean dose values computed with the other 4 algorithms were lowest for "lung-island" tumors with smallest field sizes (3-5 cm). On the other hand, the smallest differences were noted for lung-central tumors treated with largest field widths (7-10 cm). Amongst all locations, dose distribution differences were most strongly correlated with tumor size for lung-island tumors. For most cases, convolution/superposition and MC algorithms were in good agreement. Mean lung dose (MLD) values computed with the EPL-1D algorithm were highly correlated with that of the other algorithms (correlation coefficient =0.99). The MLD values were found to be ~10% lower for small lung-island tumors with the model-based (conv/superposition and MC) vs. the correction-based (pencil-beam) algorithms with the model-based algorithms predicting greater low dose spread within the lungs. This study suggests that pencil beam algorithms should be avoided for lung SABR planning. For the most challenging cases, small tumors surrounded entirely by lung tissue (lung-island type), a Monte-Carlo-based algorithm may be warranted.

  5. Density scaling of phantom materials for a 3D dose verification system.

    PubMed

    Tani, Kensuke; Fujita, Yukio; Wakita, Akihisa; Miyasaka, Ryohei; Uehara, Ryuzo; Kodama, Takumi; Suzuki, Yuya; Aikawa, Ako; Mizuno, Norifumi; Kawamori, Jiro; Saitoh, Hidetoshi

    2018-05-21

    In this study, the optimum density scaling factors of phantom materials for a commercially available three-dimensional (3D) dose verification system (Delta4) were investigated in order to improve the accuracy of the calculated dose distributions in the phantom materials. At field sizes of 10 × 10 and 5 × 5 cm 2 with the same geometry, tissue-phantom ratios (TPRs) in water, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and Plastic Water Diagnostic Therapy (PWDT) were measured, and TPRs in various density scaling factors of water were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation, Adaptive Convolve (AdC, Pinnacle 3 ), Collapsed Cone Convolution (CCC, RayStation), and AcurosXB (AXB, Eclipse). Effective linear attenuation coefficients (μ eff ) were obtained from the TPRs. The ratios of μ eff in phantom and water ((μ eff ) pl,water ) were compared between the measurements and calculations. For each phantom material, the density scaling factor proposed in this study (DSF) was set to be the value providing a match between the calculated and measured (μ eff ) pl,water . The optimum density scaling factor was verified through the comparison of the dose distributions measured by Delta4 and calculated with three different density scaling factors: the nominal physical density (PD), nominal relative electron density (ED), and DSF. Three plans were used for the verifications: a static field of 10 × 10 cm 2 and two intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plans. DSF were determined to be 1.13 for PMMA and 0.98 for PWDT. DSF for PMMA showed good agreement for AdC and CCC with 6 MV x ray, and AdC for 10 MV x ray. DSF for PWDT showed good agreement regardless of the dose calculation algorithms and x-ray energy. DSF can be considered one of the references for the density scaling factor of Delta4 phantom materials and may help improve the accuracy of the IMRT dose verification using Delta4. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

  6. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Paudel, M R; Beachey, D J; Sarfehnia, A

    Purpose: A new commercial GPU-based Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm (GPUMCD) developed by the vendor Elekta™ to be used in the Monaco Treatment Planning System (TPS) is capable of modeling dose for both a standard linear accelerator and for an Elekta MRI-Linear accelerator (modeling magnetic field effects). We are evaluating this algorithm in two parts: commissioning the algorithm for an Elekta Agility linear accelerator (the focus of this work) and evaluating the algorithm’s ability to model magnetic field effects for an MRI-linear accelerator. Methods: A beam model was developed in the Monaco TPS (v.5.09.06) using the commissioned beam data formore » a 6MV Agility linac. A heterogeneous phantom representing tumor-in-lung, lung, bone-in-tissue, and prosthetic was designed/built. Dose calculations in Monaco were done using the current clinical algorithm (XVMC) and the new GPUMCD algorithm (1 mm3 voxel size, 0.5% statistical uncertainty) and in the Pinnacle TPS using the collapsed cone convolution (CCC) algorithm. These were compared with the measured doses using an ionization chamber (A1SL) and Gafchromic EBT3 films for 2×2 cm{sup 2}, 5×5 cm{sup 2}, and 10×10 cm{sup 2} field sizes. Results: The calculated central axis percentage depth doses (PDDs) in homogeneous solid water were within 2% compared to measurements for XVMC and GPUMCD. For tumor-in-lung and lung phantoms, doses calculated by all of the algorithms were within the experimental uncertainty of the measurements (±2% in the homogeneous phantom and ±3% for the tumor-in-lung or lung phantoms), except for 2×2 cm{sup 2} field size where only the CCC algorithm differs from film by 5% in the lung region. The analysis for bone-in-tissue and the prosthetic phantoms are ongoing. Conclusion: The new GPUMCD algorithm calculated dose comparable to both the XVMC algorithm and to measurements in both a homogeneous solid water medium and the heterogeneous phantom representing lung or tumor-in-lung for 2×2 cm{sup 2}-10×10 cm{sup 2} field sizes. Funding support was obtained from Elekta.« less

  7. Accuracy of volumetric measurement of simulated root resorption lacunas based on cone beam computed tomography.

    PubMed

    Wang, Y; He, S; Guo, Y; Wang, S; Chen, S

    2013-08-01

    To evaluate the accuracy of volumetric measurement of simulated root resorption cavities based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), in comparison with that of Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) which served as the reference. The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases at Sichuan University. Thirty-two bovine teeth were included for standardized CBCT scanning and Micro-CT scanning before and after the simulation of different degrees of root resorption. The teeth were divided into three groups according to the depths of the root resorption cavity (group 1: 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 mm; group 2: 0.6, 1.0 mm; group 3: 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 mm). Each depth included four specimens. Differences in tooth volume before and after simulated root resorption were then calculated from CBCT and Micro-CT scans, respectively. The overall between-method agreement of the measurements was evaluated using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). For the first group, the average volume of resorption cavity was 1.07 mm(3) , and the between-method agreement of measurement for the volume changes was low (CCC = 0.098). For the second and third groups, the average volumes of resorption cavities were 3.47 and 6.73 mm(3) respectively, and the between-method agreements were good (CCC = 0.828 and 0.895, respectively). The accuracy of 3-D quantitative volumetric measurement of simulated root resorption based on CBCT was fairly good in detecting simulated resorption cavities larger than 3.47 mm(3), while it was not sufficient for measuring resorption cavities smaller than 1.07 mm(3) . This method could be applied in future studies of root resorption although further studies are required to improve its accuracy. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  8. Development of a fast and feasible spectrum modeling technique for flattening filter free beams

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cho, Woong; Bush, Karl; Mok, Ed

    Purpose: To develop a fast and robust technique for the determination of optimized photon spectra for flattening filter free (FFF) beams to be applied in convolution/superposition dose calculations. Methods: A two-step optimization method was developed to derive optimal photon spectra for FFF beams. In the first step, a simple functional form of the photon spectra proposed by Ali ['Functional forms for photon spectra of clinical linacs,' Phys. Med. Biol. 57, 31-50 (2011)] is used to determine generalized shapes of the photon spectra. In this method, the photon spectra were defined for the ranges of field sizes to consider the variationsmore » of the contributions of scattered photons with field size. Percent depth doses (PDDs) for each field size were measured and calculated to define a cost function, and a collapsed cone convolution (CCC) algorithm was used to calculate the PDDs. In the second step, the generalized functional form of the photon spectra was fine-tuned in a process whereby the weights of photon fluence became the optimizing free parameters. A line search method was used for the optimization and first order derivatives with respect to the optimizing parameters were derived from the CCC algorithm to enhance the speed of the optimization. The derived photon spectra were evaluated, and the dose distributions using the optimized spectra were validated. Results: The optimal spectra demonstrate small variations with field size for the 6 MV FFF beam and relatively large variations for the 10 MV FFF beam. The mean energies of the optimized 6 MV FFF spectra were decreased from 1.31 MeV for a 3 Multiplication-Sign 3 cm{sup 2} field to 1.21 MeV for a 40 Multiplication-Sign 40 cm{sup 2} field, and from 2.33 MeV at 3 Multiplication-Sign 3 cm{sup 2} to 2.18 MeV at 40 Multiplication-Sign 40 cm{sup 2} for the 10 MV FFF beam. The developed method could significantly improve the agreement between the calculated and measured PDDs. Root mean square differences on the optimized PDDs were observed to be 0.41% (3 Multiplication-Sign 3 cm{sup 2}) down to 0.21% (40 Multiplication-Sign 40 cm{sup 2}) for the 6 MV FFF beam, and 0.35% (3 Multiplication-Sign 3 cm{sup 2}) down to 0.29% (40 Multiplication-Sign 40 cm{sup 2}) for the 10 MV FFF beam. The first order derivatives from the functional form were found to improve the speed of computational time up to 20 times compared to the other techniques. Conclusions: The derived photon spectra resulted in good agreements with measured PDDs over the range of field sizes investigated. The suggested method is easily applicable to commercial radiation treatment planning systems since it only requires measured PDDs as input.« less

  9. Nanographene reinforced carbon/carbon composites

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bansal, Dhruv

    Carbon/Carbon Composites (CCC) are made of carbon reinforcement in carbon matrix and have high thermal stability and fatigue resistance. CCC are used in nose cones, heat shields and disc brakes of aircrafts due to their exceptional mechanical properties at high temperature. The manufacturing process of CCC involves a carbonization stage in which unwanted elements, except carbon, are eliminated from the polymer precursor. Carbonization results in the formation of voids and cracks due to the thermal mismatch between the reinforcement and the matrix and expulsion of volatiles from the polymer matrix. Thermal cracks and voids decrease the density and mechanical properties of the manufactured CCC. In this work, Nanographene Platelets (NGP) were explored as nanofillers to fill the voids/cracks and reduce thermal shrinkage in CCC. They were first compared with Vapor Grown Carbon Nanofibers (VGCNF) by dispersion of different concentrations (0.5wt%, 1.5wt%, 3wt%) in resole-type phenolic resin and were characterized to explore their effect on rheology, heat of reaction and wetting behavior. The dispersions were then cured to form nanocomposites and were characterized for morphology, flexure and thermal properties. Finally, NGP were introduced into the carbon/carboncomposites in two stages, first by spraying in different concentrations (0.5wt%, 1.5wt%, 3wt%, 5wt %) during the prepreg formation and later during densification by directly mixing in the corresponding densification mix. The manufactured NGP reinforced CCC were characterized for microstructure, porosity, bulk density and mechanical properties (Flexure and ILSS) which were further cross-checked by non-destructive techniques (vibration and ultrasonic). In this study, it was further found that at low concentration (≤ 1.5 wt%) NGP were more effective in increasing the heat of reaction and in decreasing the viscosity of the phenolic resin. The decrease in viscosity led to better wetting properties of NGP / phenolic dispersions compared to VGCNF/phenolic dispersions. In nanocomposites, at low concentration (≤ 1.5 wt%), NGP were effective in increasing the flexure strength, char content and lowering the porosity and coefficient of thermal expansion of neat phenolic resin. At higher concentration (>1.5wt%), NGP had a tendency to agglomerate and lost their effectiveness. The behavior observed in nanocomposites continued in manufactured CCC. The highest Inter Laminar Shear Strength (ILSS), flexure strength/modulus, stiffness and density was observed at 1.5 wt% NGP. In CCC at concentrations > 1.5 wt%, the properties (ILSS, flexure, stiffness, density) decreased due to agglomeration but they were still higher compared to that of neat CCC (without NGP).

  10. Automated detection of geological landforms on Mars using Convolutional Neural Networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Palafox, Leon F.; Hamilton, Christopher W.; Scheidt, Stephen P.; Alvarez, Alexander M.

    2017-04-01

    The large volume of high-resolution images acquired by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has opened a new frontier for developing automated approaches to detecting landforms on the surface of Mars. However, most landform classifiers focus on crater detection, which represents only one of many geological landforms of scientific interest. In this work, we use Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) to detect both volcanic rootless cones and transverse aeolian ridges. Our system, named MarsNet, consists of five networks, each of which is trained to detect landforms of different sizes. We compare our detection algorithm with a widely used method for image recognition, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features. We show that ConvNets can detect a wide range of landforms and has better accuracy and recall in testing data than traditional classifiers based on SVMs.

  11. View-interpolation of sparsely sampled sinogram using convolutional neural network

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Hoyeon; Lee, Jongha; Cho, Suengryong

    2017-02-01

    Spare-view sampling and its associated iterative image reconstruction in computed tomography have actively investigated. Sparse-view CT technique is a viable option to low-dose CT, particularly in cone-beam CT (CBCT) applications, with advanced iterative image reconstructions with varying degrees of image artifacts. One of the artifacts that may occur in sparse-view CT is the streak artifact in the reconstructed images. Another approach has been investigated for sparse-view CT imaging by use of the interpolation methods to fill in the missing view data and that reconstructs the image by an analytic reconstruction algorithm. In this study, we developed an interpolation method using convolutional neural network (CNN), which is one of the widely used deep-learning methods, to find missing projection data and compared its performances with the other interpolation techniques.

  12. Automated detection of geological landforms on Mars using Convolutional Neural Networks.

    PubMed

    Palafox, Leon F; Hamilton, Christopher W; Scheidt, Stephen P; Alvarez, Alexander M

    2017-04-01

    The large volume of high-resolution images acquired by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has opened a new frontier for developing automated approaches to detecting landforms on the surface of Mars. However, most landform classifiers focus on crater detection, which represents only one of many geological landforms of scientific interest. In this work, we use Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) to detect both volcanic rootless cones and transverse aeolian ridges. Our system, named MarsNet, consists of five networks, each of which is trained to detect landforms of different sizes. We compare our detection algorithm with a widely used method for image recognition, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features. We show that ConvNets can detect a wide range of landforms and has better accuracy and recall in testing data than traditional classifiers based on SVMs.

  13. Classification of teeth in cone-beam CT using deep convolutional neural network.

    PubMed

    Miki, Yuma; Muramatsu, Chisako; Hayashi, Tatsuro; Zhou, Xiangrong; Hara, Takeshi; Katsumata, Akitoshi; Fujita, Hiroshi

    2017-01-01

    Dental records play an important role in forensic identification. To this end, postmortem dental findings and teeth conditions are recorded in a dental chart and compared with those of antemortem records. However, most dentists are inexperienced at recording the dental chart for corpses, and it is a physically and mentally laborious task, especially in large scale disasters. Our goal is to automate the dental filing process by using dental x-ray images. In this study, we investigated the application of a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for classifying tooth types on dental cone-beam computed tomography (CT) images. Regions of interest (ROIs) including single teeth were extracted from CT slices. Fifty two CT volumes were randomly divided into 42 training and 10 test cases, and the ROIs obtained from the training cases were used for training the DCNN. For examining the sampling effect, random sampling was performed 3 times, and training and testing were repeated. We used the AlexNet network architecture provided in the Caffe framework, which consists of 5 convolution layers, 3 pooling layers, and 2 full connection layers. For reducing the overtraining effect, we augmented the data by image rotation and intensity transformation. The test ROIs were classified into 7 tooth types by the trained network. The average classification accuracy using the augmented training data by image rotation and intensity transformation was 88.8%. Compared with the result without data augmentation, data augmentation resulted in an approximately 5% improvement in classification accuracy. This indicates that the further improvement can be expected by expanding the CT dataset. Unlike the conventional methods, the proposed method is advantageous in obtaining high classification accuracy without the need for precise tooth segmentation. The proposed tooth classification method can be useful in automatic filing of dental charts for forensic identification. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. 40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ccc of... - Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63 Protection of... Pt. 63, Subpt. CCC, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63—Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC Reference Applies to Subpart CCC Explanation 63.1-63.5 Yes. 63...

  15. 40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ccc of... - Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63 Protection of... Pt. 63, Subpt. CCC, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63—Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC Reference Applies to Subpart CCC Explanation 63.1-63.5 Yes. 63...

  16. 40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ccc of... - Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63 Protection of... Pt. 63, Subpt. CCC, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63—Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC Reference Applies to Subpart CCC Explanation 63.1-63.5 Yes. 63...

  17. 40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ccc of... - Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63 Protection of... Pt. 63, Subpt. CCC, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63—Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC Reference Applies to Subpart CCC Explanation 63.1-63.5 Yes. 63...

  18. 40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ccc of... - Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63 Protection of... Pt. 63, Subpt. CCC, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart CCC of Part 63—Applicability of General Provisions (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart CCC Reference Applies to Subpart CCC Explanation 63.1-63.5 Yes. 63...

  19. 7 CFR 1493.70 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... risk that CCC assumes, as determined by CCC, and any other factors which CCC determines appropriate for...

  20. 7 CFR 1493.70 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... risk that CCC assumes, as determined by CCC, and any other factors which CCC determines appropriate for...

  1. Plant Cation-Chloride Cotransporters (CCC): Evolutionary Origins and Functional Insights.

    PubMed

    Henderson, Sam W; Wege, Stefanie; Gilliham, Matthew

    2018-02-06

    Genomes of unicellular and multicellular green algae, mosses, grasses and dicots harbor genes encoding cation-chloride cotransporters (CCC). CCC proteins from the plant kingdom have been comparatively less well investigated than their animal counterparts, but proteins from both plants and animals have been shown to mediate ion fluxes, and are involved in regulation of osmotic processes. In this review, we show that CCC proteins from plants form two distinct phylogenetic clades (CCC1 and CCC2). Some lycophytes and bryophytes possess members from each clade, most land plants only have members of the CCC1 clade, and green algae possess only the CCC2 clade. It is currently unknown whether CCC1 and CCC2 proteins have similar or distinct functions, however they are both more closely related to animal KCC proteins compared to NKCCs. Existing heterologous expression systems that have been used to functionally characterize plant CCC proteins, namely yeast and Xenopus laevis oocytes, have limitations that are discussed. Studies from plants exposed to chemical inhibitors of animal CCC protein function are reviewed for their potential to discern CCC function in planta. Thus far, mutations in plant CCC genes have been evaluated only in two species of angiosperms, and such mutations cause a diverse array of phenotypes-seemingly more than could simply be explained by localized disruption of ion transport alone. We evaluate the putative roles of plant CCC proteins and suggest areas for future investigation.

  2. 7 CFR 1493.320 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... of loss to the exporter or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the foreign bank of CCC's rights... to the Treasurer, CCC. If such monies are not received by CCC within 15 days from the date of...

  3. 7 CFR 1404.7 - Misrepresentations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE GENERAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ASSIGNMENT OF PAYMENTS § 1404.7 Misrepresentations. If FSA or CCC... executing Forms CCC-36, CCC-251 or CCC-252, FSA or CCC shall give notice thereof to the assignor and the assignee. If, after investigation and opportunity for the assignor and assignee to be heard, FSA or CCC...

  4. 7 CFR 1404.7 - Misrepresentations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE GENERAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ASSIGNMENT OF PAYMENTS § 1404.7 Misrepresentations. If FSA or CCC... executing Forms CCC-36, CCC-251 or CCC-252, FSA or CCC shall give notice thereof to the assignor and the assignee. If, after investigation and opportunity for the assignor and assignee to be heard, FSA or CCC...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.520 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... of loss to the exporter or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the importer of CCC's rights..., CCC. If such monies are not received by CCC within 15 business days from the date of recovery by the...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.320 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... of loss to the exporter or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the foreign bank of CCC's rights... to the Treasurer, CCC. If such monies are not received by CCC within 15 days from the date of...

  7. 7 CFR 1404.7 - Misrepresentations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE GENERAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ASSIGNMENT OF PAYMENTS § 1404.7 Misrepresentations. If FSA or CCC... executing Forms CCC-36, CCC-251 or CCC-252, FSA or CCC shall give notice thereof to the assignor and the assignee. If, after investigation and opportunity for the assignor and assignee to be heard, FSA or CCC...

  8. 7 CFR 1404.7 - Misrepresentations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE GENERAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ASSIGNMENT OF PAYMENTS § 1404.7 Misrepresentations. If FSA or CCC... executing Forms CCC-36, CCC-251 or CCC-252, FSA or CCC shall give notice thereof to the assignor and the assignee. If, after investigation and opportunity for the assignor and assignee to be heard, FSA or CCC...

  9. 7 CFR 1493.520 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... of loss to the exporter or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the importer of CCC's rights..., CCC. If such monies are not received by CCC within 15 business days from the date of recovery by the...

  10. 7 CFR 1404.7 - Misrepresentations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE GENERAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ASSIGNMENT OF PAYMENTS § 1404.7 Misrepresentations. If FSA or CCC... executing Forms CCC-36, CCC-251 or CCC-252, FSA or CCC shall give notice thereof to the assignor and the assignee. If, after investigation and opportunity for the assignor and assignee to be heard, FSA or CCC...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.200 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... Commodity Credit Corporation's (CCC) Facility Guarantee Program (FGP). CCC will issue facility payment... payment guarantee issued by CCC. ...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.200 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... Commodity Credit Corporation's (CCC) Facility Guarantee Program (FGP). CCC will issue facility payment... payment guarantee issued by CCC. ...

  13. 7 CFR 1494.601 - Acceptance of offers by CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Acceptance of offers by CCC. 1494.601 Section 1494....601 Acceptance of offers by CCC. (a) Establishment of acceptable sales prices and CCC bonuses. For each Invitation, CCC will establish sales prices for the eligible commodity and CCC bonus amounts which...

  14. 7 CFR 1494.601 - Acceptance of offers by CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Acceptance of offers by CCC. 1494.601 Section 1494....601 Acceptance of offers by CCC. (a) Establishment of acceptable sales prices and CCC bonuses. For each Invitation, CCC will establish sales prices for the eligible commodity and CCC bonus amounts which...

  15. 7 CFR 1494.601 - Acceptance of offers by CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Acceptance of offers by CCC. 1494.601 Section 1494....601 Acceptance of offers by CCC. (a) Establishment of acceptable sales prices and CCC bonuses. For each Invitation, CCC will establish sales prices for the eligible commodity and CCC bonus amounts which...

  16. The metabolite products of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in eggs and meat of laying hens fed 15N-CCC containing diets.

    PubMed

    Chakeredza, S; Edrada, R A; Ebel, R; ter Meulen, U

    2006-04-01

    An experiment was conducted to evaluate the metabolic products of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in eggs and meat of laying hens fed a diet containing (15)N-CCC. Ten brown laying hens were randomly divided into two groups of five each. One group was offered (15)N-CCC free diet while the other group received a diet with 100 ppm (15)N-CCC for 11 days. Samples of eggs and meat from the laying hens were collected. Egg yolks and albumen were separated. Meat was collected from the breast and femur. The metabolic products of CCC were measured using ion trap electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ion trap-ESI-MS/MS). Determination of CCC or its metabolites in eggs and meat showed that CCC was metabolised to choline. Corresponding MS/MS spectra were obtained for m/z 104 (choline) or 105 ((15)N-choline), whereas nothing was detected at m/z 122 (CCC) or 123 ((15)N-CCC). The results from this study indicate that CCC will be metabolised in tissues of laying hens.

  17. Plant Cation-Chloride Cotransporters (CCC): Evolutionary Origins and Functional Insights

    PubMed Central

    Gilliham, Matthew

    2018-01-01

    Genomes of unicellular and multicellular green algae, mosses, grasses and dicots harbor genes encoding cation-chloride cotransporters (CCC). CCC proteins from the plant kingdom have been comparatively less well investigated than their animal counterparts, but proteins from both plants and animals have been shown to mediate ion fluxes, and are involved in regulation of osmotic processes. In this review, we show that CCC proteins from plants form two distinct phylogenetic clades (CCC1 and CCC2). Some lycophytes and bryophytes possess members from each clade, most land plants only have members of the CCC1 clade, and green algae possess only the CCC2 clade. It is currently unknown whether CCC1 and CCC2 proteins have similar or distinct functions, however they are both more closely related to animal KCC proteins compared to NKCCs. Existing heterologous expression systems that have been used to functionally characterize plant CCC proteins, namely yeast and Xenopus laevis oocytes, have limitations that are discussed. Studies from plants exposed to chemical inhibitors of animal CCC protein function are reviewed for their potential to discern CCC function in planta. Thus far, mutations in plant CCC genes have been evaluated only in two species of angiosperms, and such mutations cause a diverse array of phenotypes—seemingly more than could simply be explained by localized disruption of ion transport alone. We evaluate the putative roles of plant CCC proteins and suggest areas for future investigation. PMID:29415511

  18. 7 CFR 1404.4 - Execution of assignment form.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... assignment form. (a)(1) The assignment of any FSA or CCC payment must be made by the execution of Form CCC-36 or Forms CCC-251 and CCC-252. Form CCC-36 is applicable to payments made under programs administered... applicable to any other program which is administered by a county ASC committee. Forms CCC-251 and 252 are...

  19. 7 CFR 1404.4 - Execution of assignment form.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... assignment form. (a)(1) The assignment of any FSA or CCC payment must be made by the execution of Form CCC-36 or Forms CCC-251 and CCC-252. Form CCC-36 is applicable to payments made under programs administered... applicable to any other program which is administered by a county ASC committee. Forms CCC-251 and 252 are...

  20. 7 CFR 1404.4 - Execution of assignment form.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... assignment form. (a)(1) The assignment of any FSA or CCC payment must be made by the execution of Form CCC-36 or Forms CCC-251 and CCC-252. Form CCC-36 is applicable to payments made under programs administered... applicable to any other program which is administered by a county ASC committee. Forms CCC-251 and 252 are...

  1. 7 CFR 1404.4 - Execution of assignment form.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... assignment form. (a)(1) The assignment of any FSA or CCC payment must be made by the execution of Form CCC-36 or Forms CCC-251 and CCC-252. Form CCC-36 is applicable to payments made under programs administered... applicable to any other program which is administered by a county ASC committee. Forms CCC-251 and 252 are...

  2. 7 CFR 1404.4 - Execution of assignment form.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... assignment form. (a)(1) The assignment of any FSA or CCC payment must be made by the execution of Form CCC-36 or Forms CCC-251 and CCC-252. Form CCC-36 is applicable to payments made under programs administered... applicable to any other program which is administered by a county ASC committee. Forms CCC-251 and 252 are...

  3. 7 CFR 1493.200 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... (CCC) Facility Guarantee Program (FGP). CCC will issue facility payment guarantees for project... so, will be incorporated by reference on the face of the facility payment guarantee issued by CCC. ...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.200 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... (CCC) Facility Guarantee Program (FGP). CCC will issue facility payment guarantees for project... so, will be incorporated by reference on the face of the facility payment guarantee issued by CCC. ...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.200 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... (CCC) Facility Guarantee Program (FGP). CCC will issue facility payment guarantees for project... so, will be incorporated by reference on the face of the facility payment guarantee issued by CCC. ...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.130 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the foreign bank of CCC's rights under the subrogation agreement to...

  7. 7 CFR 1493.60 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.60 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC agrees to pay the...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.60 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.60 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC...

  9. 7 CFR 1493.130 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the foreign bank of CCC's rights under the subrogation agreement to...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.60 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.60 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC agrees to pay the...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.60 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.60 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.60 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.60 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC agrees to pay the...

  13. 7 CFR 1493.520 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the importer of CCC's rights under the subrogation... source whatsoever, such monies shall be immediately paid to the Treasurer, CCC. If such monies are not...

  14. 7 CFR 1493.520 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the importer of CCC's rights under the subrogation... source whatsoever, such monies shall be immediately paid to the Treasurer, CCC. If such monies are not...

  15. 7 CFR 1493.320 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the foreign bank of CCC's rights under the subrogation... bank or any other source whatsoever, such monies shall be immediately paid to the Treasurer, CCC. If...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.520 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the importer of CCC's rights under the subrogation... source whatsoever, such monies shall be immediately paid to the Treasurer, CCC. If such monies are not...

  17. 7 CFR 1493.320 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the foreign bank of CCC's rights under the subrogation... bank or any other source whatsoever, such monies shall be immediately paid to the Treasurer, CCC. If...

  18. 7 CFR 1493.320 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... or the exporter's assignee, CCC will notify the foreign bank of CCC's rights under the subrogation... bank or any other source whatsoever, such monies shall be immediately paid to the Treasurer, CCC. If...

  19. Fresh Water Cyanobacteria Geitlerinema sp. CCC728 and Arthrospira sp. CCC729 as an Anticancer Drug Resource.

    PubMed

    Srivastava, Akanksha; Tiwari, Ratnakar; Srivastava, Vikas; Singh, Tej Bali; Asthana, Ravi Kumar

    2015-01-01

    An increasing number of cancer patients worldwide, especially in third world countries, have raised concern to explore natural drug resources, such as the less explored fresh water filamentous cyanobacteria. Six strains of cyanobacteria (Phormidium sp. CCC727, Geitlerinema sp. CCC728, Arthrospira sp. CCC729, Phormidium sp. CCC731, Phormidium sp. CCC730, and Leptolyngbya sp. CCC732) were isolated (paddy fields and ponds in the Banaras Hindu University, campus) and five strains screened for anticancer potential using human colon adenocarcinoma (HT29) and human kidney adenocarcinoma (A498) cancer cell lines. Geitlerinema sp. CCC728 and Arthrospira sp. CCC729 were the most potent as determined by examination of morphological features and by inhibition of growth by graded concentrations of crude extracts and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) eluates. Cell cycle analysis and multiplex assays using cancer biomarkers also confirmed Geitlerinema sp. CCC728 and Arthrospira sp. CCC729 as cancer drug resources. Apoptotic studies in the cells of A498 (cancer) and MCF-10A (normal human epithelial) exposed to crude extracts and TLC fractions revealed no significant impact on MCF-10A cells emphasizing its importance in the development of anticancer drug. Identification of biomolecules from these extracts are in progress.

  20. Fresh Water Cyanobacteria Geitlerinema sp. CCC728 and Arthrospira sp. CCC729 as an Anticancer Drug Resource

    PubMed Central

    Tiwari, Ratnakar; Srivastava, Vikas

    2015-01-01

    An increasing number of cancer patients worldwide, especially in third world countries, have raised concern to explore natural drug resources, such as the less explored fresh water filamentous cyanobacteria. Six strains of cyanobacteria (Phormidium sp. CCC727, Geitlerinema sp. CCC728, Arthrospira sp. CCC729, Phormidium sp. CCC731, Phormidium sp. CCC730, and Leptolyngbya sp. CCC732) were isolated (paddy fields and ponds in the Banaras Hindu University, campus) and five strains screened for anticancer potential using human colon adenocarcinoma (HT29) and human kidney adenocarcinoma (A498) cancer cell lines. Geitlerinema sp. CCC728 and Arthrospira sp. CCC729 were the most potent as determined by examination of morphological features and by inhibition of growth by graded concentrations of crude extracts and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) eluates. Cell cycle analysis and multiplex assays using cancer biomarkers also confirmed Geitlerinema sp. CCC728 and Arthrospira sp. CCC729 as cancer drug resources. Apoptotic studies in the cells of A498 (cancer) and MCF-10A (normal human epithelial) exposed to crude extracts and TLC fractions revealed no significant impact on MCF-10A cells emphasizing its importance in the development of anticancer drug. Identification of biomolecules from these extracts are in progress. PMID:26325186

  1. 7 CFR 1407.3 - Procurement debarment and suspension.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Procurement debarment and suspension. CCC will proceed under this part when taking action to debar or suspend contractors with CCC or participants or potential participants in CCC's procurement activities. CCC will apply... debarring and suspending official will be the Executive Vice President, CCC, or a designee. ...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.260 - Facility payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.260 Facility payment guarantee. (a) CCC's maximum obligation. CCC will agree to... fails to pay under the foreign bank letter of credit or related obligation. The exact amount of CCC's...

  3. 7 CFR 1407.3 - Procurement debarment and suspension.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Procurement debarment and suspension. CCC will proceed under this part when taking action to debar or suspend contractors with CCC or participants or potential participants in CCC's procurement activities. CCC will apply... debarring and suspending official will be the Executive Vice President, CCC, or a designee. ...

  4. 7 CFR 1407.3 - Procurement debarment and suspension.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Procurement debarment and suspension. CCC will proceed under this part when taking action to debar or suspend contractors with CCC or participants or potential participants in CCC's procurement activities. CCC will apply... debarring and suspending official will be the Executive Vice President, CCC, or a designee. ...

  5. 7 CFR 1407.3 - Procurement debarment and suspension.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Procurement debarment and suspension. CCC will proceed under this part when taking action to debar or suspend contractors with CCC or participants or potential participants in CCC's procurement activities. CCC will apply... debarring and suspending official will be the Executive Vice President, CCC, or a designee. ...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.260 - Facility payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.260 Facility payment guarantee. (a) CCC's maximum obligation. CCC will agree to... fails to pay under the foreign bank letter of credit or related obligation. The exact amount of CCC's...

  7. 7 CFR 1407.3 - Procurement debarment and suspension.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Procurement debarment and suspension. CCC will proceed under this part when taking action to debar or suspend contractors with CCC or participants or potential participants in CCC's procurement activities. CCC will apply... debarring and suspending official will be the Executive Vice President, CCC, or a designee. ...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.260 - Facility payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.260 Facility payment guarantee. (a) CCC's maximum obligation. CCC will agree to... fails to pay under the foreign bank letter of credit or related obligation. The exact amount of CCC's...

  9. 7 CFR 1435.401 - CCC sugar inventory disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false CCC sugar inventory disposition. 1435.401 Section... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS SUGAR PROGRAM Disposition of CCC Inventory § 1435.401 CCC sugar inventory disposition. (a) CCC will dispose of inventory in the following...

  10. 7 CFR 1488.13 - CCC drafts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false CCC drafts. 1488.13 Section 1488.13 Agriculture... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.13 CCC drafts. CCC will draw one draft for each payment due under...

  11. 7 CFR 1488.14 - Interest charges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.14 Interest charges. The account receivable assigned to CCC and..., CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC, be lower than the...

  12. 7 CFR 1488.13 - CCC drafts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false CCC drafts. 1488.13 Section 1488.13 Agriculture... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.13 CCC drafts. CCC will draw one draft for each payment due under...

  13. 7 CFR 1488.14 - Interest charges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.14 Interest charges. The account receivable assigned to CCC and..., CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC, be lower than the...

  14. Identification of Disubstituted Sulfonamide Compounds as Specific Inhibitors of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA Formation

    PubMed Central

    Cai, Dawei; Mills, Courtney; Yu, Wenquan; Yan, Ran; Aldrich, Carol E.; Saputelli, Jeffry R.; Mason, William S.; Xu, Xiaodong; Guo, Ju-Tao; Block, Timothy M.

    2012-01-01

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) plays a central role in viral infection and persistence and is the basis for viral rebound after the cessation of therapy, as well as the elusiveness of a cure even after extended treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic agents that directly target cccDNA formation and maintenance. By employing an innovative cell-based cccDNA assay in which secreted HBV e antigen is a cccDNA-dependent surrogate, we screened an in-house small-molecule library consisting of 85,000 drug-like compounds. Two structurally related disubstituted sulfonamides (DSS), termed CCC-0975 and CCC-0346, emerged and were confirmed as inhibitors of cccDNA production, with low micromolar 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) in cell culture. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that DSS compound treatment neither directly inhibited HBV DNA replication in cell culture nor reduced viral polymerase activity in the in vitro endogenous polymerase assay but synchronously reduced the levels of HBV cccDNA and its putative precursor, deproteinized relaxed circular DNA (DP-rcDNA). However, DSS compounds did not promote the intracellular decay of HBV DP-rcDNA and cccDNA, suggesting that the compounds interfere primarily with rcDNA conversion into cccDNA. In addition, we demonstrated that CCC-0975 was able to reduce cccDNA biosynthesis in duck HBV-infected primary duck hepatocytes. This is the first attempt, to our knowledge, to identify small molecules that target cccDNA formation, and DSS compounds thus potentially serve as proof-of-concept drug candidates for development into therapeutics to eliminate cccDNA from chronic HBV infection. PMID:22644022

  15. Structures, fragmentation, and protonation of trideoxynucleotide CCC mono- and dianions.

    PubMed

    Anichina, Janna; Feil, Stefan; Uggerud, Einar; Bohme, Diethard K

    2008-07-01

    Both quantum chemical calculations and ESI mass spectrometry are used here to explore the gas-phase structures, energies, and stabilities against collision-induced dissociation of a relatively small model DNA molecule--a trideoxynucleotide with the sequence CCC, in its singly and doubly deprotonated forms, (CCC-H)(-) and (CCC-2H)(2-), respectively. Also, the gas-phase reactivity of these two anions was measured with HBr, a potential proton donor, using an ESI/SIFT/QqQ instrument. The computational results provide insight into the gas-phase structures of the electrosprayed (CCC-2H)(2-) and (CCC-H)(-) anions and the neutral CCC, as well as the proton affinities of the di- and monoanions. The dianion (CCC-2H)(2-) was found to dissociate upon CID by charge separation via two competing channels: separation into deprotonated cytosine (C-H)(-) and (CCC-(C-H)-2H)(-), and by w(1)(-)/a(2)(-) cleavage of the backbone. The monoanion (CCC-H)(-) loses a neutral cytosine upon CID, and an H/D-exchangeable proton, presumably residing on one of the phosphate groups, is transferred to the partially liberated (C-H)(-) before dissociation. This was confirmed by MS/MS experiments with the deuterated analog. The reaction of (CCC-2H)(2-) with HBr was observed to be rapid, k=(1.4+/-0.4) x 10(-9) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), and to proceed both by addition (78%) and by proton transfer (22%) while (CCC-H)(-) reacts only by HBr addition, k=(7.1+/-2.1) x 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). This is in accord with the computed proton affinities of (CCC-2H)(2-) and (CCC-H)(-) anions that bracket the known proton affinity of Br(-).

  16. 7 CFR 1494.801 - Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... it had been placed aboard the export carrier. In making the decision whether to hold an exporter harmless pursuant to this paragraph, CCC may consider any information available to CCC, including any... may be incurred by CCC. (d) Decision to hold the exporter harmless for liquidated damages. CCC will...

  17. 7 CFR 1494.801 - Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC... Enhancement Program Operations § 1494.801 Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC. (a) Performance in accordance with an Agreement with CCC. (1) An exporter which enters into an Agreement with CCC...

  18. 7 CFR 1486.406 - Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? 1486... PROGRAM Contributions and Reimbursements § 1486.406 Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? (a) Policy. In general, CCC operates the EMP on a cost reimbursable basis. (b) Exception. Upon request, CCC...

  19. 7 CFR 1401.3 - Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. 1401... KIND PAYMENTS, AND OTHER FORMS OF PAYMENT § 1401.3 Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. (a) Persons with outstanding CCC loans who are eligible to receive payments from CCC, including a person...

  20. 7 CFR 1435.503 - In-kind payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... (PIK) Program § 1435.503 In-kind payments. (a) CCC will, through such methods as CCC deems appropriate, make payments in the form of sugar held in CCC inventory. (b) To the maximum extent practicable, CCC will use its inventory in making an in-kind payment based on the following priority: (1) CCC-owned...

  1. 7 CFR 1435.503 - In-kind payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... (PIK) Program § 1435.503 In-kind payments. (a) CCC will, through such methods as CCC deems appropriate, make payments in the form of sugar held in CCC inventory. (b) To the maximum extent practicable, CCC will use its inventory in making an in-kind payment based on the following priority: (1) CCC-owned...

  2. 7 CFR 1401.3 - Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. 1401... KIND PAYMENTS, AND OTHER FORMS OF PAYMENT § 1401.3 Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. (a) Persons with outstanding CCC loans who are eligible to receive payments from CCC, including a person...

  3. 7 CFR 1494.601 - Acceptance of offers by CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Acceptance of offers by CCC. 1494.601 Section 1494... Program Operations § 1494.601 Acceptance of offers by CCC. (a) Establishment of acceptable sales prices and CCC bonuses. For each Invitation, CCC will establish sales prices for the eligible commodity and...

  4. 7 CFR 1488.13 - CCC drafts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false CCC drafts. 1488.13 Section 1488.13 Agriculture... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.13 CCC drafts. CCC will draw one draft for each payment due under bank obligations. If any...

  5. 7 CFR 1488.13 - CCC drafts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false CCC drafts. 1488.13 Section 1488.13 Agriculture... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.13 CCC drafts. CCC will draw one draft for each payment due under bank obligations. If any...

  6. 7 CFR 1401.3 - Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. 1401... KIND PAYMENTS, AND OTHER FORMS OF PAYMENT § 1401.3 Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. (a) Persons with outstanding CCC loans who are eligible to receive payments from CCC, including a person...

  7. 7 CFR 1435.503 - In-kind payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... (PIK) Program § 1435.503 In-kind payments. (a) CCC will, through such methods as CCC deems appropriate, make payments in the form of sugar held in CCC inventory. (b) To the maximum extent practicable, CCC will use its inventory in making an in-kind payment based on the following priority: (1) CCC-owned...

  8. 7 CFR 1494.801 - Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC... Enhancement Program Operations § 1494.801 Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC. (a) Performance in accordance with an Agreement with CCC. (1) An exporter which enters into an Agreement with CCC...

  9. 7 CFR 1401.3 - Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. 1401... KIND PAYMENTS, AND OTHER FORMS OF PAYMENT § 1401.3 Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. (a) Persons with outstanding CCC loans who are eligible to receive payments from CCC, including a person...

  10. 7 CFR 1486.406 - Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? 1486... PROGRAM Contributions and Reimbursements § 1486.406 Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? (a) Policy. In general, CCC operates the EMP on a cost reimbursable basis. (b) Exception. Upon request, CCC...

  11. 7 CFR 1494.801 - Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC... Enhancement Program Operations § 1494.801 Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC. (a) Performance in accordance with an Agreement with CCC. (1) An exporter which enters into an Agreement with CCC...

  12. 7 CFR 1401.3 - Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. 1401... KIND PAYMENTS, AND OTHER FORMS OF PAYMENT § 1401.3 Payments to persons with outstanding CCC loans. (a) Persons with outstanding CCC loans who are eligible to receive payments from CCC, including a person...

  13. 7 CFR 1488.13 - CCC drafts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false CCC drafts. 1488.13 Section 1488.13 Agriculture... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.13 CCC drafts. CCC will draw one draft for each payment due under bank obligations. If any...

  14. 7 CFR 1494.601 - Acceptance of offers by CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Acceptance of offers by CCC. 1494.601 Section 1494... Program Operations § 1494.601 Acceptance of offers by CCC. (a) Establishment of acceptable sales prices and CCC bonuses. For each Invitation, CCC will establish sales prices for the eligible commodity and...

  15. 7 CFR 1435.503 - In-kind payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... (PIK) Program § 1435.503 In-kind payments. (a) CCC will, through such methods as CCC deems appropriate, make payments in the form of sugar held in CCC inventory. (b) To the maximum extent practicable, CCC will use its inventory in making an in-kind payment based on the following priority: (1) CCC-owned...

  16. The correlation between lymphocyte/monocyte ratio and coronary collateral circulation in stable coronary artery disease patients.

    PubMed

    Kurtul, Alparslan; Duran, Mustafa

    2017-01-01

    Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) has an important impact on cardiovascular prognosis and well-developed CCC is associated with better clinical outcomes. We investigated whether lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) has an association with CCC in patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). The study population consisted of 245 patients with SCAD. Patients were classified into a poor CCC group (Rentrop grades 0/1, n = 87), or good CCC group (Rentrop grades 2/3, n = 158). LMR values were significantly higher in patients with good CCC than in those with poor CCC (4.41 ± 1.58 vs 2.76 ± 1.10; p < 0.001). In receiver operating characteristic analysis, optimal cutoff of LMR for predicting well-developed CCC was 3.38. In multivariate analysis, LMR >3.38 (OR 4.637; p = 0.004), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (OR 0.810, p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (OR 2.485; p = 0.039), and presence of chronic total occlusion (OR 16.836; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of well-developed CCC. Increased LMR predicts well-developed CCC in SCAD patients.

  17. 7 CFR 1486.406 - Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? 1486... Reimbursements § 1486.406 Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? (a) Policy. In general, CCC operates the EMP on a cost reimbursable basis. (b) Exception. Upon request, CCC may make advance payments to a...

  18. 7 CFR 1494.801 - Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Enforcement and termination of agreements with CCC... CCC. (a) Performance in accordance with an Agreement with CCC. (1) An exporter which enters into an Agreement with CCC must ensure that the eligible commodity is exported from the U.S. and enters the eligible...

  19. 7 CFR 1486.406 - Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? 1486... Reimbursements § 1486.406 Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? (a) Policy. In general, CCC operates the EMP on a cost reimbursable basis. (b) Exception. Upon request, CCC may make advance payments to a...

  20. 7 CFR 1486.406 - Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? 1486... Reimbursements § 1486.406 Will CCC make advance payments to Recipients? (a) Policy. In general, CCC operates the EMP on a cost reimbursable basis. (b) Exception. Upon request, CCC may make advance payments to a...

  1. The relationship of plasma miR-503 and coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease.

    PubMed

    Fei, Yu; Hou, Jianhua; Xuan, Wei; Zhang, Chenghua; Meng, Xiuping

    2018-06-02

    Although angiogenesis plays an important role in coronary collateral circulation (CCC) formation and there are many determinants of coronary angiogenesis, they cannot fully explain the mechanism of CCC formation or as potent biomarker for CCC status. Therefore, there is of great clinical significance to identify the novel molecules associated with CCC. Previously, miR-503 exerts anti-angiogenesis effect via inhibition of VEGF-A and its expression is associated with many angiogenesis-related factors. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship of plasma miR-503 with CCC formation as well as its predictive power for CCC status in patients with coronary artery disease. Among patients who underwent coronary angiography with coronary artery disease and a stenosis of ≥90% were included in our study. Collateral degree was graded according to Rentrop Cohen classification. The patients were divided to good CCC group (grade 2 or 3) and poor CCC group (grade 0 or 1) according to Rentrop grade. We investigated the plasma levels of miR-503 and VEGF-A by ELISA or q RT-PCR, respectively. In addition, we assayed the correlations of plasma miR-503 with VEGF-A or Rentrop grade using the spearman correlation test and its predictive power by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and binary logistical regression analysis. Our data showed that plasma VEGF-A was significantly higher in good CCC group than that in poor group. Plasma miR-503 was lower in CAD patients with good CCC or poor CCC compared with control subjects and lowest in good CCC group. In addition, miR-503 negatively correlated with VEGF-A and Rentrop grade, respectively. Moreover, miR-503 displayed more potent predictive power for CCC status than VEGF-A, but its sensitivity and specificity for CCC status were only 72.4 or 60.9%, respectively. Lower plasma miR-503 level was related to better CCC formation, accompanied by up-regulation of VEGF-A. In addition, miR-503 displayed potent predictive power for CCC status, but its sensitivity and specificity were not high enough, indicating that miR-503 might be as an additional prognosis biomarker for CCC. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  2. Duck hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA appears to survive hepatocyte mitosis in the growing liver

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Reaiche-Miller, Georget Y.; Thorpe, Michael; Low, Huey Chi

    Nucleos(t)ide analogues that inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication are typically used as monotherapy for chronically infected patients. Treatment with a nucleos(t)ide analogue eliminates most HBV DNA replication intermediates and produces a gradual decline in levels of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), the template for viral RNA synthesis. It remains uncertain if levels of cccDNA decline primarily through hepatocyte death, or if loss also occurs during hepatocyte mitosis. To determine if cccDNA survives mitosis, growing ducklings infected with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were treated with the nucleoside analogue, Entecavir. Viremia was suppressed at least 10{sup 5}-fold, during amore » period when average liver mass increased 23-fold. Analysis of the data suggested that if cccDNA synthesis was completely inhibited, at least 49% of cccDNA survived hepatocyte mitosis. However, there was a large duck-to-duck variation in cccDNA levels, suggesting that low level cccDNA synthesis may contribute to this apparent survival through mitosis. - Highlights: • The hepatitis B virus nuclear template is covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). • cccDNA was studied during liver growth in duck hepatitis B virus infected ducks. • Virus DNA replication and new cccDNA synthesis were inhibited with Entecavir. • At least 49% of cccDNA appeared to survive hepatocyte mitosis. • Low level virus DNA synthesis may contribute to survival of cccDNA through mitosis.« less

  3. Identification of hydrolyzable tannins (punicalagin, punicalin and geraniin) as novel inhibitors of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Chunlan; Cai, Dawei; Zhang, Lin; Tang, Wei; Yan, Ran

    2017-01-01

    The development of new agents to target HBV cccDNA is urgently needed because of the limitations of current available drugs for treatment of hepatitis B. By using a cell-based assay in which the production of HBeAg is in a cccDNA-dependent manner, we screened a compound library derived from Chinese herbal remedies for inhibitors against HBV cccDNA. Three hydrolyzable tannins, specifically punicalagin, punicalin and geraniin, emerged as novel anti-HBV agents. These compounds significantly reduced the production of secreted HBeAg and cccDNA in a dose-dependent manner in our assay, without dramatic alteration of viral DNA replication. Furthermore, punicalagin did not affect precore/core promoter activity, pgRNA transcription, core protein expression, or HBsAg secretion. By employing the cell-based cccDNA accumulation and stability assay, we found that these tannins significantly inhibited the establishment of cccDNA and modestly facilitated the degradation of preexisting cccDNA. Collectively, our results suggest that hydrolyzable tannins inhibit HBV cccDNA production via a dual mechanism through preventing the formation of cccDNA and promoting cccDNA decay, although the latter effect is rather minor. These hydrolyzable tannins may serve as lead compounds for the development of new agents to cure HBV infection. PMID:27591143

  4. A sensitive and accurate quantification method for the detection of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA by the application of a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction amplification system.

    PubMed

    Mu, Di; Yan, Liang; Tang, Hui; Liao, Yong

    2015-10-01

    To develop a sensitive and accurate assay system for the quantification of covalently closed circular HBV DNA (cccDNA) for future clinical monitoring of cccDNA fluctuation during antiviral therapy in the liver of infected patients. A droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)-based assay system detected template DNA input at the single copy level (or ~10(-5) pg of plasmid HBV DNA) by using serially diluted plasmid HBV DNA samples. Compared with the conventional quantitative PCR assay in the detection of cccDNA, which required at least 50 ng of template DNA input, a parallel experiment applying a ddPCR system demonstrates that the lowest detection limit of cccDNA from HepG2.215 cellular DNA samples is around 1 ng, which is equivalent to 0.54 ± 0.94 copies of cccDNA. In addition, we demonstrated that the addition of cccDNA-safe exonuclease and utilization of cccDNA-specific primers in the ddPCR assay system significantly improved the detection accuracy of HBV cccDNA from HepG2.215 cellular DNA samples. The ddPCR-based cccDNA detection system is a sensitive and accurate assay for the quantification of cccDNA in HBV-transfected HepG2.215 cellular DNA samples and may represent an important method for future application in monitoring cccDNA fluctuation during antiviral therapy.

  5. 7 CFR 1493.230 - Eligible transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.230 Eligible transactions. (a) Program announcements. From time to time CCC... markets, the maximum amount, in U.S. dollars, of guarantee exposure that CCC will undertake, and may...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.290 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP... certified or other translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include: (1... documentation deemed acceptable by CCC: (i) Showing that the goods entered the emerging market; (ii) Identifying...

  7. 7 CFR 1493.400 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... restrictions and criteria set forth at subpart A for the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export Credit... to provide financing without CCC's guarantee. The program is operated in a manner intended not to...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.400 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... restrictions and criteria set forth at subpart A for the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export Credit... to provide financing without CCC's guarantee. The program is operated in a manner intended not to...

  9. 7 CFR 1493.100 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493... a certified or other translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.290 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP... certified or other translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include: (1... documentation deemed acceptable by CCC: (i) Showing that the goods entered the emerging market; (ii) Identifying...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.290 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP... certified or other translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include: (1... documentation deemed acceptable by CCC: (i) Showing that the goods entered the emerging market; (ii) Identifying...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.230 - Eligible transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.230 Eligible transactions. (a) Program announcements. From time to time CCC... markets, the maximum amount, in U.S. dollars, of guarantee exposure that CCC will undertake, and may...

  13. 7 CFR 1493.230 - Eligible transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC.... From time to time CCC will issue program announcements indicating the availability of facility payment... the emerging markets, the maximum amount, in U.S. dollars, of guarantee exposure that CCC will...

  14. 7 CFR 1493.30 - Information required for program participation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.30 Information required for program participation. Before CCC...

  15. 7 CFR 1493.450 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.450 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC agrees to pay the exporter or the exporter's assignee an amount...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.230 - Eligible transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.230 Eligible transactions. (a) Program announcements. From time to time CCC... markets, the maximum amount, in U.S. dollars, of guarantee exposure that CCC will undertake, and may...

  17. 7 CFR 1493.100 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493... a certified or other translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement...

  18. 7 CFR 1493.450 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.450 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC agrees to pay the exporter or the exporter's assignee an amount...

  19. Conical coils counter-current chromatography for preparative isolation and purification of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.

    PubMed

    Liang, Junling; Meng, Jie; Guo, Mengzhe; Yang, Zhi; Wu, Shihua

    2013-05-03

    Modern counter-current chromatography (CCC) originated from the helical coil planet centrifuge. Recently, spiral coils were found to possess higher separation efficiency in both the retention of stationary phase and solutes resolution than other CCC coils like the helical and toroidal coils used on type-J CCC and cross-axis CCC. In this work, we built a novel conical coil CCC for the preparative isolation and purification of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. The conical coils were wound on three identical upright tapered holders in head-to-tail and left-handed direction and connected in series. Compared with helical and spiral coil CCC, conical coil CCC not only placed CCC column in a two-dimensional centrifugal field, but also provided a potential centrifugal force gradient both in axial and radial directions. The extra centrifugal gradient made mobile phase move faster and enabled CCC much higher retention of stationary phase and better resolution. As a result, higher efficiency has been obtained with the solvent system of hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (HEMWat) with the volume ratio of 5:5:7:3 by using conical coil CCC apparatus. Four tanshinones, including cryptotanshinone (1), tanshinone I (2), 1,2-dihydrotanshinquinone (3) and tanshinone IIA (4), were well resolved from 500mg to 1g crude samples with high purity. Furthermore, the conical coil CCC can make a much higher solid phase retention, which makes it to be a powerful separation tool with high throughput. This is the first report about conical coil CCC for separation of tanshinones and it may also be an important advancement for natural products isolation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  20. EFFECT OF COLLA CORNUS CERVI COMBINED WITH LV-MEDIATED BMP7 TRANSFECTED BMSCs ON ANFH IN RATS.

    PubMed

    Wang, Ping; Shi, Bin; Gao, Zhi-Hui; Sun, Tie-Feng; Yang, Wu-Bin; Han, Shu-Fang; Liu, Peng; Wang, Lei-Lei; Zhao, Bo-Nian; Wang, Dan-Dan

    2016-11-01

    In the present study, we investigated the combined effect of Colla Comus Cervi (CCC) and BMP7-overexpressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on osteogenic induction and the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH). BMSCs were isolated from rats. BMP7-overexpressing BMSCs were generated by lentiviral-mediated gene transduction. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteogenesis related gene expression, osteocalcin levels, and calcified nodules were quantified and compared between four groups: untreated controls, BMSCs cultured with CCC complex medium, BMP7-overexpressing BMSCs, and BMP7-overexpressing BMSCs cultured with CCC complex medium (CCC+BMP7). CCC+BMP7 BMSCs showed higher proliferation rate. ALP activity and osteaocalcin content were significantly increased in CCC+BMP7 BMSCs. The osteogenesis related genes, COLI, and integrin-α2, -α5, and -β1, were expressed significantly higher in CCC+BMP7 BMSCs. The number of calcified nodules in the CCC+BMP7 group was significantly higher than that in other groups. For in vivo assays, ANFH was induced in rats, and BMSCs were injected into the femoral head of the lower left extremity. In rats with induced ANFH, general observation scores of the CCC+BMP7 injected group were significantly higher than the model group. X-ray and microscopic observations revealed that ANFH was significantly improved and femoral head cells gradually recovered in rats treated with CCC+BMP7 BMSCs. Our results suggest that CCC+BMP7 significantly promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitm. CCC+BMP7 BMSCs promote the ability of repairing ANFH in rats, providing a new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of ANFH.

  1. A Highly Sensitive and Robust Method for Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA Detection in Single Cells and Serum.

    PubMed

    Huang, Jing-Tao; Yang, Ying; Hu, Yi-Min; Liu, Xing-Hui; Liao, Mei-Yan; Morgan, Roy; Yuan, Er-Feng; Li, Xia; Liu, Song-Mei

    2018-05-01

    Despite implications of persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), little is known about serum cccDNA in HBV-infected diseases. We developed a cccDNA-selective droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to assess cccDNA content and dynamics across different stages of HCC development. One hundred forty-seven serum samples and 35 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were derived from patients with HCC or HBV hepatitis/cirrhosis. After specific amplification and selective digestion, probe-based ddPCR was used to quantify cccDNA copy numbers in single cells and clinical samples. The cccDNA in single HepG2.2.15 cells ranged from 0 to 10.8 copies/cell. Compared with non-HCC patients, HCC patients showed a higher cccDNA-positive rate (89.9% versus 53.2%; P = 4.22 × 10 -6 ) and increased serum cccDNA contents (P = 0.002 and P = 0.041 for hepatitis and cirrhosis patients, respectively). Serum cccDNA ranged from 84 to 1.07 × 10 5 copies/mL. Quantification of serum cccDNA and HBV-DNA was an effective way to discriminate HCC patients from non-HCC patients, with areas under the curve of receiver operating characteristic of 0.847 (95% CI, 0.759-0.935; sensitivity, 74.5%; specificity, 93.7%). cccDNA-selective ddPCR is sensitive to detect cccDNA in single cells and different clinical samples. Combined analysis of serum cccDNA and HBV-DNA may be a promising strategy for HBV-induced HCC surveillance and antiviral therapy evaluation. Copyright © 2018 American Society for Investigative Pathology and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  2. Comparison of Clinical Characteristic and Prognosis between Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma and Serous Carcinoma: A 10-Year Cohort Study of Chinese Patients.

    PubMed

    Ye, Shuang; Yang, Jiaxin; You, Yan; Cao, Dongyan; Huang, Huifang; Wu, Ming; Chen, Jie; Lang, Jinghe; Shen, Keng

    2015-01-01

    To compare the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of Chinese patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) and serous carcinoma (SC). A retrospective cohort study was designed to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristic and prognosis of patients with CCC and SC who were diagnosed and treated in in a tertiary referral center (Peking Union Medical College Hospital) between 1999 and 2009. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression were employed in the survival analysis. A total of 504 cases were included in the study, comprising 197 cases of CCC and 307 cases of SC. The mean age of the patients with SC was greater than of CCC patients (3.6±0.94, P<0.001). Patients with CCC were more likely to be early-stage and optimally debulked (P<0.001). Regarding cancer-antigen 125, 22% of the patients with CCC had normal values, and the level was significantly lower than in patients with SC (P<0.001). More CCC patients had platinum-resistant tumors compared with platinum-sensitive disease (45.7% in CCC vs. 61.0% in SC [P=0.008]). The 5-year survival rate was 51.2% in the CCC group vs. 49.8% in the SC group (P=0.428). Patients with advanced CCC had a statistically significant poorer overall survival (OS) compared with their SC counterparts (38.0 vs. 52.0 months; hazard ratio 1.584, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.167-2.150, P=0.003). However, the advantage of improved progression-free survival (PFS) existed across all stages. Women with ovarian CCC presented at a younger age and early stage. Patients with ovarian CCC also had improved PFS, but they had similar OS compared to patients with SC. However, patients with advanced CCC had decreased survival.

  3. Scleral Lens Clearance Assessment with Biomicroscopy and Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography.

    PubMed

    Yeung, Debby; Sorbara, Luigina

    2018-01-01

    It is important to be able to accurately estimate the central corneal clearance when fitting scleral contact lenses. Tools available have intrinsic biases due to the angle of viewing, and therefore an idea of the amount of error in estimation will benefit the fitter. To compare the accuracy of observers' ability to estimate scleral contact lens central corneal clearance (CCC) with biomicroscopy to measurements using slit-lamp imaging and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). In a Web-based survey with images of four scleral lens fits obtained with a slit-lamp video imaging system, participants were asked to estimate the CCC. Responses were compared with known values of CCC of these images determined with an image-processing program (digital CCC) and using the AS-OCT (AS-OCT CCC). Bland-Altman plots and concordance correlation coefficients were used to assess the agreement of CCC measured by the various methods. Sixty-six participants were categorized for analysis based on the amount of experience with scleral lens fitting into novice, intermediate, or advanced fitters. Comparing the estimated CCC to the digital CCC, all three groups overestimated by an average of +27.3 ± 67.3 μm. The estimated CCC was highly correlated to the digital CCC (0.79, 0.92, and 0.94 for each group, respectively). Compared with the CCC measurements using AS-OCT, the three groups of participants overestimated by +103.3 μm and had high correlations (0.79, 0.93, and 0.94 for each group). Results from this study validate the ability of contact lens practitioners to observe and estimate the CCC in scleral lens fittings through the use of biomicroscopic viewing. Increasing experience with scleral lens fitting does not improve the correlation with measured CCC from digital or the AS-OCT. However, the intermediate and advanced groups display significantly less inter-observer variability compared with the novice group.

  4. Open chest cardiac massage offers no benefit over closed chest compressions in patients with traumatic cardiac arrest.

    PubMed

    Bradley, Matthew J; Bonds, Brandon W; Chang, Luke; Yang, Shiming; Hu, Peter; Li, Hsiao-Chi; Brenner, Megan L; Scalea, Thomas M; Stein, Deborah M

    2016-11-01

    Open chest cardiac massage (OCCM) is a commonly performed procedure after traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA). OCCM has been reported to be superior to closed chest compressions (CCC) in animal models and in non-TCA. The purpose of this study is to prospectively compare OCCM versus CCC in TCA using end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), the criterion standard for determining the effectiveness of chest compressions and detection of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), as the surrogate for cardiac output and marker for adequacy of resuscitation. This prospective observational study enrolled patients over a 9-month period directly presenting to a level 1 trauma center after TCA. Continuous high-resolution ETCO2 measurements were collected every 6 seconds for periods of CCC and OCCM, respectively. Patients receiving CCC only were compared with patients receiving CCC followed by OCCM. Student's t tests were used to compare ETCO2 within and between groups. Thirty-three patients were enrolled (16 OCCM, 17 CCC-only). Mean time of CCC before OCCM was 66 seconds. Within the OCCM group, final, peak, mean, and median ETCO2 levels significantly increased when comparing the initial CCC period to the OCCM interval. Using a time-matched comparison, significant increases were observed in the final and peak but not mean and median values when comparing the first minute of CCC to the remaining time in the CCC-only group. However, when periods of OCCM were compared with equivalent periods of CCC-only, there were no differences in the initial, final, peak, mean, or median ETCO2 values. Correspondingly, no difference in rates of ROSC was observed between groups (OCCM 23.5% vs. CCC 38.9%; p = 0.53). Although we could not control for confounders, we found no significant improvement in ETCO2 or ROSC with OCCM. With newer endovascular techniques for aortic occlusion, thoracotomy solely for performing OCCM provides no benefit over CCC. Therapeutic study, level III.

  5. 7 CFR 1493.450 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.450 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC agrees to pay the exporter or the exporter's assignee an amount not to exceed the guaranteed...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.290 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee... accompanied by a certified or other translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement... documentation deemed acceptable by CCC: (i) Showing that the goods entered the emerging market; (ii) Identifying...

  7. 7 CFR 1493.470 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... provide CCC an evidence of export report for each shipment made under the payment guarantee. This report... participation in any of the following CCC or USDA export program: Export Enhancement Program, Dairy Export...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.210 - Definition of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... guarantee. CCC. The Commodity Credit Corporation, an agency and instrumentality of the United States within... telephone and facsimile numbers of contacts within FAS/USDA and CCC. The Contacts P/R also contains details...

  9. 7 CFR 1493.310 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.310 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.300, CCC will...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.260 - Facility payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.260 Facility payment guarantee. (a) CCC's maximum obligation. CCC will agree to pay the exporter or the exporter's assignee an amount not to exceed the...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.40 - Application for payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program..., contract loading tolerance and, if necessary, a request for CCC to reserve coverage up to the maximum...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.130 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.130 Recovery of losses. (a) Notification. Upon payment of loss to the exporter or the exporter's assignee, CCC...

  13. 7 CFR 1493.210 - Definition of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... guarantee. CCC. The Commodity Credit Corporation, an agency and instrumentality of the United States within... telephone and facsimile numbers of contacts within FAS/USDA and CCC. The Contacts P/R also contains details...

  14. 7 CFR 1493.470 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... provide CCC an evidence of export report for each shipment made under the payment guarantee. This report... participation in any of the following CCC or USDA export program: Export Enhancement Program, Dairy Export...

  15. 7 CFR 1493.10 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.10... GSM-102 and GSM-103 programs of the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) were developed to expand U.S...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.310 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.310 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.300, CCC will determine whether or...

  17. 7 CFR 1493.450 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.450 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC agrees to pay the exporter or the exporter's assignee an amount not to exceed the guaranteed...

  18. 7 CFR 1493.120 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.120 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and...

  19. 7 CFR 1493.120 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.120 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of...

  20. 7 CFR 1493.510 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.510 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.500, CCC will...

  1. 7 CFR 1493.30 - Information required for program participation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.30 Information required for program participation. Before CCC will accept an application...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.450 - Payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.450 Payment guarantee. (a) CCC's obligation. The payment guarantee will provide that CCC agrees to pay the exporter or the exporter's assignee an amount not to exceed the guaranteed...

  3. 7 CFR 1493.470 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... provide CCC an evidence of export report for each shipment made under the payment guarantee. This report... participation in any of the following CCC or USDA export program: Export Enhancement Program, Dairy Export...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.400 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... forth at subpart A for the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102... CCC's guarantee. The program is operated in a manner intended not to interfere with markets for cash...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.100 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.100 Proof of entry... translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include an original certification...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.120 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.120 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and...

  7. 7 CFR 1493.10 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... (GSM-103). The GSM-102 and GSM-103 programs of the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) were developed to...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.100 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.100 Proof of entry... translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include an original certification...

  9. 7 CFR 1493.40 - Application for payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program..., contract loading tolerance and, if necessary, a request for CCC to reserve coverage up to the maximum...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.400 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... forth at subpart A for the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102... CCC's guarantee. The program is operated in a manner intended not to interfere with markets for cash...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.290 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee... accompanied by a certified or other translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement... documentation deemed acceptable by CCC: (i) Showing that the goods entered the emerging market; (ii) Identifying...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.260 - Facility payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.260 Facility payment guarantee. (a) CCC's maximum obligation. CCC will agree to pay the exporter or the exporter's assignee an amount not to exceed the...

  13. 7 CFR 1493.130 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.130 Recovery of losses. (a) Notification. Upon payment of loss to the exporter or the exporter's assignee, CCC...

  14. 7 CFR 1493.310 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.310 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.300, CCC will determine whether or...

  15. 7 CFR 1493.10 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.10... GSM-102 and GSM-103 programs of the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) were developed to expand U.S...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.10 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... (GSM-103). The GSM-102 and GSM-103 programs of the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) were developed to...

  17. 7 CFR 1493.510 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.510 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.500, CCC will...

  18. 7 CFR 1493.310 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.310 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.300, CCC will...

  19. 7 CFR 1493.10 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.10... GSM-102 and GSM-103 programs of the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) were developed to expand U.S...

  20. 7 CFR 1493.130 - Recovery of losses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.130 Recovery of losses. (a) Notification. Upon payment of loss to the exporter or the exporter's assignee, CCC...

  1. 7 CFR 1493.30 - Information required for program participation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.30 Information required for program participation. Before CCC will accept an application...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.120 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.120 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and...

  3. 7 CFR 1493.400 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... forth at subpart A for the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102... CCC's guarantee. The program is operated in a manner intended not to interfere with markets for cash...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.100 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.100 Proof of entry... translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include an original certification...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.30 - Information required for program participation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.30 Information required for program participation. Before CCC will accept an application...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.310 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.310 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.300, CCC will determine whether or...

  7. Further understanding on the mechanism of alkyl ketene dimer sizing on the causticized calcium carbonate filled paper and its improvements.

    PubMed

    Wang, Jian; Dang, Miao; Duan, Chao; Qian, Li

    2017-02-01

    Causticized calcium carbonate (CCC), a solid waste derived from kraft black recovery process, can be used as an alternative for the conventional precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). However, the application of the CCC has been limited due to its low sizing efficiency in its filled paper. In this study, the characteristics of the CCC were studied aiming to improve the alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing performances of the CCC filled papers, and the results were compared with those from PCC filled papers. The results showed that the CCC had higher pore structure, higher specific surface area, and more negative charge density than the PCC, thus leading to a higher cationic AKD adsorption onto the CCC filler. The lower AKD sizing efficiency in the CCC filled paper can be explained by the combination of higher AKD adsorption and migration, both of which resulted in preferred AKD adsorption onto/into the CCC fillers, rather than the cellulose fibers. Based on the above, the prior addition of polyamide-polyamine epichlorhydrin (PAE) resin to the CCC filler system was proposed to remedy the related issues, thus improving the sizing efficiency.

  8. 7 CFR 1493.280 - Evidence of export report.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... to provide CCC an evidence of export report for each shipment of goods or provision of services... provided were included in the final application for a final commitment as approved by CCC for coverage...

  9. 7 CFR 1493.210 - Definition of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... given, has obtained the legal rights to receive payment under the facility payment guarantee. CCC. The... facsimile numbers of contacts within FAS/USDA and CCC. The Contacts P/R also contains details about where to...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.210 - Definition of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... given, has obtained the legal rights to receive payment under the facility payment guarantee. CCC. The... facsimile numbers of contacts within FAS/USDA and CCC. The Contacts P/R also contains details about where to...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.140 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.140..., payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the right to such proceeds only to a financial institution in...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.510 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.510 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.500, CCC will determine whether or not a...

  13. 7 CFR 1493.420 - Information required for program participation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC.... Before CCC will accept an application for a payment guarantee under the SCGP, the applicant must qualify... publicly available sources, CCC will determine whether the applicant is eligible for participation in the...

  14. 7 CFR 1493.270 - Certifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP... submitted to CCC under this subpart, is the exporter's certification that: (1) There have not been and are... amended, or other U.S. Laws; (2) All information submitted to CCC is true and correct; and (3) The...

  15. 7 CFR 1488.3 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Financing Export Sales § 1488.3 General. When considering the extension of CCC credit for the purpose of financing agricultural commodities, CCC will take into account the extent to which CCC credit financing will...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.80 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.80 Evidence of export. (a) Report of export. The exporter is required to provide CCC an evidence of export...

  17. 7 CFR 1493.40 - Application for payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493..., if necessary, a request for CCC to reserve coverage up to the maximum quantity permitted by the...

  18. 7 CFR 1493.510 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.510 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.500, CCC will determine whether or not a...

  19. 7 CFR 1493.470 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... exporter is required to provide CCC an evidence of export report for each shipment made under the payment... participation in any of the following CCC or USDA export program: Export Enhancement Program, Dairy Export...

  20. 7 CFR 1493.270 - Certifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP... submitted to CCC under this subpart, is the exporter's certification that: (1) There have not been and are... amended, or other U.S. Laws; (2) All information submitted to CCC is true and correct; and (3) The...

  1. 7 CFR 1493.420 - Information required for program participation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC.... Before CCC will accept an application for a payment guarantee under the SCGP, the applicant must qualify... publicly available sources, CCC will determine whether the applicant is eligible for participation in the...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.140 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.140..., payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the right to such proceeds only to a financial institution in...

  3. 7 CFR 1493.270 - Certifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee... documentation submitted to CCC under this subpart, is the exporter's certification that: (1) There have not been... amended, or other U.S. Laws; (2) All information submitted to CCC is true and correct; and (3) The...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.80 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.80 Evidence of export. (a) Report of export. The exporter is required to provide CCC an...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.280 - Evidence of export report.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... to provide CCC an evidence of export report for each shipment of goods or provision of services... provided were included in the final application for a final commitment as approved by CCC for coverage...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.210 - Definition of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... given, has obtained the legal rights to receive payment under the facility payment guarantee. CCC. The... facsimile numbers of contacts within FAS/USDA and CCC. The Contacts P/R also contains details about where to...

  7. 7 CFR 1488.3 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Financing Export Sales § 1488.3 General. When considering the extension of CCC credit for the purpose of financing agricultural commodities, CCC will take into account the extent to which CCC credit financing will: (a) Permit...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.40 - Application for payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493..., if necessary, a request for CCC to reserve coverage up to the maximum quantity permitted by the...

  9. 7 CFR 1493.140 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the right to such proceeds only to...

  10. 7 CFR 1488.3 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Financing Export Sales § 1488.3 General. When considering the extension of CCC credit for the purpose of financing agricultural commodities, CCC will take into account the extent to which CCC credit financing will...

  11. 7 CFR 1488.3 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Financing Export Sales § 1488.3 General. When considering the extension of CCC credit for the purpose of financing agricultural commodities, CCC will take into account the extent to which CCC credit financing will: (a) Permit...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.80 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.80 Evidence of export. (a) Report of export. The exporter is required to provide CCC an evidence of export...

  13. 7 CFR 1493.280 - Evidence of export report.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... to provide CCC an evidence of export report for each shipment of goods or provision of services... provided were included in the final application for a final commitment as approved by CCC for coverage...

  14. 7 CFR 1493.140 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the right to such proceeds only to...

  15. 7 CFR 1488.3 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Financing Export Sales § 1488.3 General. When considering the extension of CCC credit for the purpose of financing agricultural commodities, CCC will take into account the extent to which CCC credit financing will: (a) Permit...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.280 - Evidence of export report.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... exporter is required to provide CCC an evidence of export report for each shipment of goods or provision of... CCC for coverage under the facility payment guarantee and this subpart; (ii) The specifications and...

  17. 7 CFR 1493.270 - Certifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP... submitted to CCC under this subpart, is the exporter's certification that: (1) There have not been and are... amended, or other U.S. Laws; (2) All information submitted to CCC is true and correct; and (3) The...

  18. 7 CFR 1493.140 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.140..., payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the right to such proceeds only to a financial institution in...

  19. 7 CFR 1493.270 - Certifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee... documentation submitted to CCC under this subpart, is the exporter's certification that: (1) There have not been... amended, or other U.S. Laws; (2) All information submitted to CCC is true and correct; and (3) The...

  20. 7 CFR 1493.40 - Application for payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493..., if necessary, a request for CCC to reserve coverage up to the maximum quantity permitted by the...

  1. 7 CFR 1493.510 - Payment for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.510 Payment for loss. (a) Determination of CCC's liability. Upon receipt in good order of the information and documents required under § 1493.500, CCC will determine whether or not a...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.330 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... exporter may assign the proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a facility payment... than one party, and may not, unless approved in advance by CCC, be subject to further assignment. Any...

  3. 7 CFR 1493.420 - Information required for program participation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC.... Before CCC will accept an application for a payment guarantee under the SCGP, the applicant must qualify... publicly available sources, CCC will determine whether the applicant is eligible for participation in the...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.80 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.80 Evidence of export. (a) Report of export. The exporter is required to provide CCC an evidence of export...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.330 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... exporter may assign the proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a facility payment... than one party, and may not, unless approved in advance by CCC, be subject to further assignment. Any...

  6. Identification of Intermediate in Hepatitis B Virus CCC DNA Formation and Sensitive and Selective CCC DNA Detection.

    PubMed

    Luo, Jun; Cui, Xiuji; Gao, Lu; Hu, Jianming

    2017-06-21

    The hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA functions as the only viral template capable of coding for all the viral RNA species and is thus essential to initiate and sustain viral replication. CCC DNA is converted, in a multi-step and ill-understood process, from a relaxed circular (RC) DNA, in which neither of the two DNA strands is covalently closed. To detect putative intermediates during RC to CCC DNA conversion, two 3' exonucleases Exo I and Exo III, in combination were used to degrade all DNA strands with a free 3' end, which would nevertheless preserve closed circular DNA, either single-stranded (SS) or double-stranded (DS). Indeed, a RC DNA species with a covalently closed minus strand but an open plus strand (closed minus-strand RC DNA or cM-RC DNA) was detected by this approach. Further analyses indicated that at least some of the plus strands in such a putative intermediate likely still retained the RNA primer that is attached to the 5' end of the plus strand in RC DNA, suggesting that minus strand closing can occur before plus strand processing. Furthermore, the same nuclease treatment proved to be useful for sensitive and specific detection of CCC DNA by removing all DNA species other than closed circular DNA. Application of these and similar approaches may allow the identification of additional intermediates during CCC DNA formation and facilitate specific and sensitive detection of CCC DNA, which should help elucidate the pathways of CCC DNA formation and factors involved. IMPORTANCE The hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA is the molecular basis of viral persistence, by serving as the viral transcriptional template. CCC DNA is converted, in a multi-step and ill-understood process, from a relaxed circular (RC) DNA. Little is currently understood about the pathways or factors involved in CCC DNA formation. We have now detected a likely intermediate during the conversion of RC to CCC DNA, thus providing important clues to the pathways of CCC DNA formation. Furthermore, the same experimental approach that led to the detection of the intermediate could also facilitate specific and sensitive detection of CCC DNA, which has remained challenging. This and similar approaches will help identify additional intermediates during CCC DNA formation and elucidate the pathways and factors involved. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

  7. Identification of an Intermediate in Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular (CCC) DNA Formation and Sensitive and Selective CCC DNA Detection

    PubMed Central

    Luo, Jun; Cui, Xiuji; Gao, Lu

    2017-01-01

    ABSTRACT Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA functions as the only viral template capable of coding for all the viral RNA species and is thus essential to initiate and sustain viral replication. CCC DNA is converted, in a multistep and ill-understood process, from a relaxed circular (RC) DNA, in which neither of the two DNA strands is covalently closed. To detect putative intermediates during RC DNA to CCC DNA conversion, two 3′ exonucleases, exonuclease I (Exo I) and Exo III, were used in combination to degrade all DNA strands with a free 3′ end, which would nevertheless preserve closed circular DNA in either single-stranded (SS) or double-stranded (DS) form. Indeed, an RC DNA species with a covalently closed minus strand but an open plus strand (closed minus-strand RC DNA [cM-RC DNA]) was detected by this approach. Further analyses indicated that at least some of the plus strands in such a putative intermediate likely still retained the RNA primer that is attached to the 5′ end of the plus strand in RC DNA, suggesting that minus-strand closing can occur before plus-strand processing. Furthermore, the same nuclease treatment proved to be useful for sensitive and specific detection of CCC DNA by removing all DNA species other than closed circular DNA. Application of these and similar approaches may allow the identification of additional intermediates during CCC DNA formation and facilitate specific and sensitive detection of CCC DNA, which should help elucidate the pathways of CCC DNA formation and the factors involved. IMPORTANCE The hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA, by serving as the viral transcriptional template, is the molecular basis of viral persistence. CCC DNA is converted, in a multistep and ill-understood process, from relaxed circular (RC) DNA. Little is currently understood about the pathways or factors involved in CCC DNA formation. We have now detected a likely intermediate during the conversion of RC DNA to CCC DNA, thus providing important clues to the pathways of CCC DNA formation. Furthermore, the same experimental approach that led to the detection of the intermediate could also facilitate specific and sensitive detection of CCC DNA, which has remained challenging. This and similar approaches will help identify additional intermediates during CCC DNA formation and elucidate the pathways and factors involved. PMID:28637752

  8. Identification of hydrolyzable tannins (punicalagin, punicalin and geraniin) as novel inhibitors of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA.

    PubMed

    Liu, Chunlan; Cai, Dawei; Zhang, Lin; Tang, Wei; Yan, Ran; Guo, Haitao; Chen, Xulin

    2016-10-01

    The development of new agents to target HBV cccDNA is urgently needed because of the limitations of current available drugs for treatment of hepatitis B. By using a cell-based assay in which the production of HBeAg is in a cccDNA-dependent manner, we screened a compound library derived from Chinese herbal remedies for inhibitors against HBV cccDNA. Three hydrolyzable tannins, specifically punicalagin, punicalin and geraniin, emerged as novel anti-HBV agents. These compounds significantly reduced the production of secreted HBeAg and cccDNA in a dose-dependent manner in our assay, without dramatic alteration of viral DNA replication. Furthermore, punicalagin did not affect precore/core promoter activity, pgRNA transcription, core protein expression, or HBsAg secretion. By employing the cell-based cccDNA accumulation and stability assay, we found that these tannins significantly inhibited the establishment of cccDNA and modestly facilitated the degradation of preexisting cccDNA. Collectively, our results suggest that hydrolyzable tannins inhibit HBV cccDNA production via a dual mechanism through preventing the formation of cccDNA and promoting cccDNA decay, although the latter effect is rather minor. These hydrolyzable tannins may serve as lead compounds for the development of new agents to cure HBV infection. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  9. Phosphoregulation of the C. elegans cadherin–catenin complex

    PubMed Central

    Callaci, Sandhya; Morrison, Kylee; Shao, Xiangqiang; Schuh, Amber L.; Wang, Yueju; Yates, John R.; Hardin, Jeff; Audhya, Anjon

    2015-01-01

    Adherens junctions play key roles in mediating cell–cell contacts during tissue development. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, the cadherin–catenin complex (CCC), composed of the classical cadherin HMR-1 and members of three catenin families, HMP-1, HMP-2 and JAC-1, is necessary for normal blastomere adhesion, gastrulation, ventral enclosure of the epidermis and embryo elongation. Disruption of CCC assembly or function results in embryonic lethality. Previous work suggests that components of the CCC are subject to phosphorylation. However, the identity of phosphorylated residues in CCC components and their contributions to CCC stability and function in a living organism remain speculative. Using mass spectrometry, we systematically identify phosphorylated residues in the essential CCC subunits HMR-1, HMP-1 and HMP-2 in vivo. We demonstrate that HMR-1/cadherin phosphorylation occurs on three sites within its β-catenin binding domain that each contributes to CCC assembly on lipid bilayers. In contrast, phosphorylation of HMP-2/β-catenin inhibits its association with HMR-1/cadherin in vitro, suggesting a role in CCC disassembly. Although HMP-1/α-catenin is also phosphorylated in vivo, phosphomimetic mutations do not affect its ability to associate with other CCC components or interact with actin in vitro. Collectively, our findings support a model in which distinct phosphorylation events contribute to rapid CCC assembly and disassembly, both of which are essential for morphogenetic rearrangements during development. PMID:26443865

  10. The role of host DNA ligases in hepadnavirus covalently closed circular DNA formation

    PubMed Central

    Long, Quanxin; Yan, Ran; Hu, Jieli; Cai, Dawei; Kim, Elena S.; Zhang, Hu; Liu, Yuanjie

    2017-01-01

    Hepadnavirus covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA is the bona fide viral transcription template, which plays a pivotal role in viral infection and persistence. Upon infection, the non-replicative cccDNA is converted from the incoming and de novo synthesized viral genomic relaxed circular (rc) DNA, presumably through employment of the host cell’s DNA repair mechanisms in the nucleus. The conversion of rcDNA into cccDNA requires preparation of the extremities at the nick/gap regions of rcDNA for strand ligation. After screening 107 cellular DNA repair genes, we herein report that the cellular DNA ligase (LIG) 1 and 3 play a critical role in cccDNA formation. Ligase inhibitors or functional knock down/out of LIG1/3 significantly reduced cccDNA production in an in vitro cccDNA formation assay, and in cccDNA-producing cells without direct effect on viral core DNA replication. In addition, transcomplementation of LIG1/3 in the corresponding knock-out or knock-down cells was able to restore cccDNA formation. Furthermore, LIG4, a component in non-homologous end joining DNA repair apparatus, was found to be responsible for cccDNA formation from the viral double stranded linear (dsl) DNA, but not rcDNA. In conclusion, we demonstrate that hepadnaviruses utilize the whole spectrum of host DNA ligases for cccDNA formation, which sheds light on a coherent molecular pathway of cccDNA biosynthesis, as well as the development of novel antiviral strategies for treatment of hepatitis B. PMID:29287110

  11. The Analysis of Cell Cycle-related Proteins in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma Versus High-grade Serous Carcinoma.

    PubMed

    Hazama, Yukiko; Moriya, Takuya; Sugihara, Mika; Sano, Rikiya; Shiota, Mitsuru; Nakamura, Takafumi; Shimoya, Koichiro

    2017-10-10

    In Japan, the frequency of ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is twice as high as that in the United States and Europe. Often, patient prognosis of CCC is poor because of chemoresistance. Here, we focus on the cell cycle, which is one of the mechanisms of chemoresistance. To detect the informative markers and improve the strategy of chemotherapy for CCC, we performed immunochemical staining of cell cycle-related proteins in ovarian malignant tumors. We detected that each of the 29 samples of CCC and high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) were necessary to reveal the significant differences in immunostaining and prognosis. We performed the immunostaining analysis using the antibodies of cell cycle-related proteins such as Ki-67, Cdt1, MCM7, and geminin. The positive rate of Cdt1 in the CCC group was significantly higher than that in the HGSC group (P<0.0001). However, the positive rate of geminin in the HGSC group was significantly higher than that in the CCC group (P<0.0001). The overall survival of CCC patients with high labeling index of Cdt1 was significantly worse than that of CCC patients with low labeling index of Cdt1 (P=0.004). The study results suggested that the cancer cells of CCC and HGSC exist in the G1 phase and S, G2, and M phases, respectively. The differences in cell cycle of CCC might be one of the reasons for chemotherapy resistance. Further investigations are necessary to reveal the usefulness of Cdt1 as a biomarker in CCC.

  12. 7 CFR 1494.201 - Definitions of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... offer, if applicable. (b) Announced CCC bonus—A CCC bonus announced by CCC by public press release in... shipped from a Canadian transshipment port on the St. Lawrence River, provided its identity had been... of Agriculture, acting in the capacity of Vice President, CCC, or the GSM's designee. (w) Invitation...

  13. 7 CFR 1494.201 - Definitions of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... offer, if applicable. (b) Announced CCC bonus—A CCC bonus announced by CCC by public press release in... shipped from a Canadian transshipment port on the St. Lawrence River, provided its identity had been... of Agriculture, acting in the capacity of Vice President, CCC, or the GSM's designee. (w) Invitation...

  14. 78 FR 45441 - Sugar Program; Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-29

    ... sugarcane processors may borrow from CCC, pledging their sugar production as collateral for any such loan... sugar for bioenergy production under FFP as a proactive means for CCC to avoid forfeitures. FFP is... production. In addition, CCC will make quarterly announcements of revised estimates of such quantity. CCC's...

  15. 7 CFR 1427.1088 - Contract fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... storage and handling of CCC-owned cotton or cotton pledged to CCC as loan collateral must pay an annual... storage and handling of CCC-owned cotton or cotton pledged to CCC as loan collateral but who desires such... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS COTTON Standards for Approval of Warehouses for...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.330 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a facility payment guarantee or the right to such..., unless approved in advance by CCC, be subject to further assignment. Any assignment may be made to one...

  17. 7 CFR 1402.5 - Late payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... payments. If payment is not received by CCC within the period specified in the sales contract, interest will be assessed by CCC. If a buyer fails to make arrangements for payment according to the provisions of the contract, CCC retains the right to terminate the sales contract. If CCC terminates the sales...

  18. 50 CFR 600.117 - Council coordination committee (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Council coordination committee (CCC). 600... Councils § 600.117 Council coordination committee (CCC). (a) The Councils may establish a Council coordination committee (CCC) consisting of the chairs, vice chairs, and executive directors of each of the...

  19. 7 CFR 1493.90 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit... breaches or violates these certifications with respect to a GSM-102 or GSM-103 payment guarantee, CCC will...

  20. 50 CFR 600.117 - Council coordination committee (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 12 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Council coordination committee (CCC). 600... Councils § 600.117 Council coordination committee (CCC). (a) The Councils may establish a Council coordination committee (CCC) consisting of the chairs, vice chairs, and executive directors of each of the...

  1. 76 FR 57940 - CCC Export Credit Guarantee (GSM-102) Program

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-19

    ... Corporation 7 CFR Part 1493 RIN 0551-AA74 CCC Export Credit Guarantee (GSM-102) Program AGENCY: Foreign.... SUMMARY: The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) published a proposed rule on July 27, 2011 (76 FR 44836..., and include other administrative revisions to enhance clarity and program integrity. CCC is extending...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.530 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... exporter may assign the proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the..., unless approved in advance by CCC, be: (i) Made to one party acting for two or more parties; or (ii...

  3. 7 CFR 1493.70 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.70... length of the payment terms provided for in the export sale contract, the degree of risk that CCC assumes...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.110 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493... related obligation, the exporter or the exporter's assignee must submit a notice of default to CCC as soon...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.90 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... certifications with respect to a GSM-102 or GSM-103 payment guarantee, CCC will have the right, notwithstanding...

  6. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC..., CCC shall have the right, without limitation on any other rights it may have, to annul the financing agreement without liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to...

  7. 7 CFR 1405.4 - Delegations of authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Delegations of authority. The delegations of authority relating to the CCC programs and activities are set forth in the by-laws of CCC and in dockets approved by the CCC Board of Directors. Copies of the By-laws and the dockets may be obtained from the Secretary of CCC. ...

  8. 77 FR 6533 - Information Collection Request; Assignment and Joint Payment Elections

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-08

    ... Act of 1995, the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) and Farm Service Agency (FSA) are seeking comments... assign a cash payment made by FSA or CCC to a third party. In addition, a payment recipient may...). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: CCC-36, ``Assignment of Payment'', CCC-37, ``Joint Payment Authorization...

  9. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... exporter for the purpose of securing business. For breach or violation of this warranty, CCC shall have the... liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to the reduction or...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.110 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program... default to CCC as soon as possible, but not later than 10 calendar days after the date that payment was...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.110 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program... default to CCC as soon as possible, but not later than 10 calendar days after the date that payment was...

  12. 50 CFR 600.117 - Council coordination committee (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 12 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Council coordination committee (CCC). 600... Councils § 600.117 Council coordination committee (CCC). (a) The Councils may establish a Council coordination committee (CCC) consisting of the chairs, vice chairs, and executive directors of each of the...

  13. 7 CFR 1493.430 - Application for a payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier... quantity, contract loading tolerance and, if the exporter chooses, a request for CCC to reserve coverage up... is also being used as the basis for an application for participation in any of the following CCC or...

  14. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... exporter for the purpose of securing business. For breach or violation of this warranty, CCC shall have the... liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to the reduction or...

  15. 7 CFR 1493.50 - Certification requirements for obtaining payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export... notify CCC if there is a change of circumstances which would cause it to fail to meet such requirements...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.460 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... not be approved until the guarantee fee has been received by CCC. The exporter's check for the guarantee fee shall be made payable to CCC and mailed or delivered by courier to the office specified in the...

  17. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC..., CCC shall have the right, without limitation on any other rights it may have, to annul the financing agreement without liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to...

  18. 7 CFR 1493.530 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the right to such proceeds... in advance by CCC, be: (i) Made to one party acting for two or more parties; or (ii) Subject to...

  19. 7 CFR 1493.110 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493... related obligation, the exporter or the exporter's assignee must submit a notice of default to CCC as soon...

  20. 7 CFR 1488.5 - Acceptance of sale registrations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit... and eligible for financing. (b) [Reserved] (c) CCC reserves the right to reject any and all requests... exporter and CCC which shall consist of the exporter's request for a sale registration, CCC's acceptance of...

  1. 7 CFR 1493.70 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.70... length of the payment terms provided for in the export sale contract, the degree of risk that CCC assumes...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.90 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... certifications with respect to a GSM-102 or GSM-103 payment guarantee, CCC will have the right, notwithstanding...

  3. 7 CFR 1493.460 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... the guarantee fee. Applications will not be approved until the guarantee fee has been received by CCC. The exporter's check for the guarantee fee shall be made payable to CCC and mailed or delivered by...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.90 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit... breaches or violates these certifications with respect to a GSM-102 or GSM-103 payment guarantee, CCC will...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.330 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a facility payment guarantee or the right to such..., unless approved in advance by CCC, be subject to further assignment. Any assignment may be made to one...

  6. 7 CFR 1485.18 - Reimbursement procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... required to use CCC's Internet-based UES system to request reimbursement for eligible MAP expenses. Claims... reimbursed; (7) If applicable, any reduction in the amount of reimbursement claimed to offset CCC demand for... reimbursement shall be submitted by the MAP Participant's U.S. office to CCC. (c) CCC will not reimburse a claim...

  7. 7 CFR 1405.4 - Delegations of authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Delegations of authority. The delegations of authority relating to the CCC programs and activities are set forth in the by-laws of CCC and in dockets approved by the CCC Board of Directors. Copies of the By-laws and the dockets may be obtained from the Secretary of CCC. ...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.460 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... the guarantee fee. Applications will not be approved until the guarantee fee has been received by CCC. The exporter's check for the guarantee fee shall be made payable to CCC and mailed or delivered by...

  9. 50 CFR 600.117 - Council coordination committee (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 10 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Council coordination committee (CCC). 600... Councils § 600.117 Council coordination committee (CCC). (a) The Councils may establish a Council coordination committee (CCC) consisting of the chairs, vice chairs, and executive directors of each of the...

  10. 7 CFR 1402.5 - Late payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... payments. If payment is not received by CCC within the period specified in the sales contract, interest will be assessed by CCC. If a buyer fails to make arrangements for payment according to the provisions of the contract, CCC retains the right to terminate the sales contract. If CCC terminates the sales...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.50 - Certification requirements for obtaining payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export... notify CCC if there is a change of circumstances which would cause it to fail to meet such requirements...

  12. 76 FR 14370 - Information Collection; Representation for CCC and FSA Loans Authorization To File a Financing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-16

    ...; Representation for CCC and FSA Loans Authorization To File a Financing Statement AGENCY: Commodity Credit... the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) and the Farm Service... currently approved information collection associated with form CCC-10, entitled ``Representations for...

  13. 7 CFR 1485.18 - Reimbursement procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... required to use CCC's Internet-based UES system to request reimbursement for eligible MAP expenses. Claims... reimbursed; (7) If applicable, any reduction in the amount of reimbursement claimed to offset CCC demand for... reimbursement shall be submitted by the MAP Participant's U.S. office to CCC. (c) CCC will not reimburse a claim...

  14. 7 CFR 1402.5 - Late payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... payments. If payment is not received by CCC within the period specified in the sales contract, interest will be assessed by CCC. If a buyer fails to make arrangements for payment according to the provisions of the contract, CCC retains the right to terminate the sales contract. If CCC terminates the sales...

  15. 7 CFR 1493.530 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the right to such proceeds... in advance by CCC, be: (i) Made to one party acting for two or more parties; or (ii) Subject to...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.330 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program... proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a facility payment guarantee or the right to such..., unless approved in advance by CCC, be subject to further assignment. Any assignment may be made to one...

  17. 7 CFR 1405.4 - Delegations of authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Delegations of authority. The delegations of authority relating to the CCC programs and activities are set forth in the by-laws of CCC and in dockets approved by the CCC Board of Directors. Copies of the By-laws and the dockets may be obtained from the Secretary of CCC. ...

  18. 7 CFR 1493.50 - Certification requirements for obtaining payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program... requirements of § 1493.30, and the exporter will immediately notify CCC if there is a change of circumstances...

  19. 7 CFR 1402.5 - Late payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... payments. If payment is not received by CCC within the period specified in the sales contract, interest will be assessed by CCC. If a buyer fails to make arrangements for payment according to the provisions of the contract, CCC retains the right to terminate the sales contract. If CCC terminates the sales...

  20. 7 CFR 1488.5 - Acceptance of sale registrations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit... and eligible for financing. (b) [Reserved] (c) CCC reserves the right to reject any and all requests... exporter and CCC which shall consist of the exporter's request for a sale registration, CCC's acceptance of...

  1. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... exporter for the purpose of securing business. For breach or violation of this warranty, CCC shall have the... liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to the reduction or...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.530 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the right to such proceeds... in advance by CCC, be: (i) Made to one party acting for two or more parties; or (ii) Subject to...

  3. 7 CFR 1493.430 - Application for a payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier... quantity, contract loading tolerance and, if the exporter chooses, a request for CCC to reserve coverage up... is also being used as the basis for an application for participation in any of the following CCC or...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.530 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC... exporter may assign the proceeds which are, or may become, payable by CCC under a payment guarantee or the..., unless approved in advance by CCC, be: (i) Made to one party acting for two or more parties; or (ii...

  5. 7 CFR 1402.5 - Late payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... payments. If payment is not received by CCC within the period specified in the sales contract, interest will be assessed by CCC. If a buyer fails to make arrangements for payment according to the provisions of the contract, CCC retains the right to terminate the sales contract. If CCC terminates the sales...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.460 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... not be approved until the guarantee fee has been received by CCC. The exporter's check for the guarantee fee shall be made payable to CCC and mailed or delivered by courier to the office specified in the...

  7. 7 CFR 1493.460 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee... not be approved until the guarantee fee has been received by CCC. The exporter's check for the guarantee fee shall be made payable to CCC and mailed or delivered by courier to the office specified in the...

  8. 7 CFR 1435.605 - Competitive procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... § 1435.605 Competitive procedures. (a) CCC will generally issue tenders for bids, before entering into... the least cost to CCC of removing sugar from the market. (b) CCC may, at times, negotiate contracts directly with sellers or buyers, if CCC determines that such negotiation will result in either reduced...

  9. 7 CFR 1493.50 - Certification requirements for obtaining payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program... requirements of § 1493.30, and the exporter will immediately notify CCC if there is a change of circumstances...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.70 - Guarantee rates and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493.70... length of the payment terms provided for in the export sale contract, the degree of risk that CCC assumes...

  11. 7 CFR 1405.4 - Delegations of authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Delegations of authority. The delegations of authority relating to the CCC programs and activities are set forth in the by-laws of CCC and in dockets approved by the CCC Board of Directors. Copies of the By-laws and the dockets may be obtained from the Secretary of CCC. ...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.430 - Application for a payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier... quantity, contract loading tolerance and, if the exporter chooses, a request for CCC to reserve coverage up... is also being used as the basis for an application for participation in any of the following CCC or...

  13. 7 CFR 1493.50 - Certification requirements for obtaining payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program... requirements of § 1493.30, and the exporter will immediately notify CCC if there is a change of circumstances...

  14. 50 CFR 600.117 - Council coordination committee (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 12 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Council coordination committee (CCC). 600... Councils § 600.117 Council coordination committee (CCC). (a) The Councils may establish a Council coordination committee (CCC) consisting of the chairs, vice chairs, and executive directors of each of the...

  15. 7 CFR 1493.90 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103... certifications with respect to a GSM-102 or GSM-103 payment guarantee, CCC will have the right, notwithstanding...

  16. 7 CFR 1405.4 - Delegations of authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Delegations of authority. The delegations of authority relating to the CCC programs and activities are set forth in the by-laws of CCC and in dockets approved by the CCC Board of Directors. Copies of the By-laws and the dockets may be obtained from the Secretary of CCC. ...

  17. 7 CFR 1493.110 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) Operations § 1493... related obligation, the exporter or the exporter's assignee must submit a notice of default to CCC as soon...

  18. Validation of GPU-accelerated superposition-convolution dose computations for the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform.

    PubMed

    Cho, Nathan; Tsiamas, Panagiotis; Velarde, Esteban; Tryggestad, Erik; Jacques, Robert; Berbeco, Ross; McNutt, Todd; Kazanzides, Peter; Wong, John

    2018-05-01

    The Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP) has been developed for conformal microirradiation with on-board cone beam CT (CBCT) guidance. The graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated Superposition-Convolution (SC) method for dose computation has been integrated into the treatment planning system (TPS) for SARRP. This paper describes the validation of the SC method for the kilovoltage energy by comparing with EBT2 film measurements and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. MC data were simulated by EGSnrc code with 3 × 10 8 -1.5 × 10 9 histories, while 21 photon energy bins were used to model the 220 kVp x-rays in the SC method. Various types of phantoms including plastic water, cork, graphite, and aluminum were used to encompass the range of densities of mouse organs. For the comparison, percentage depth dose (PDD) of SC, MC, and film measurements were analyzed. Cross beam (x,y) dosimetric profiles of SC and film measurements are also presented. Correction factors (CFz) to convert SC to MC dose-to-medium are derived from the SC and MC simulations in homogeneous phantoms of aluminum and graphite to improve the estimation. The SC method produces dose values that are within 5% of film measurements and MC simulations in the flat regions of the profile. The dose is less accurate at the edges, due to factors such as geometric uncertainties of film placement and difference in dose calculation grids. The GPU-accelerated Superposition-Convolution dose computation method was successfully validated with EBT2 film measurements and MC calculations. The SC method offers much faster computation speed than MC and provides calculations of both dose-to-water in medium and dose-to-medium in medium. © 2018 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

  19. Transmetallation from CCC-NHC pincer Zr complexes in the synthesis of air-stable CCC-NHC pincer Co(iii) complexes and initial hydroboration trials.

    PubMed

    Reilly, Sean W; Webster, Charles Edwin; Hollis, T Keith; Valle, Henry U

    2016-02-21

    Development of CCC-NHC pincer Co complexes via transmetalation from Zr is reported. Formation of these air-stable Co(iii) complexes was achieved through use of a CoCl2 or Co(acac)3in situ or with a discrete CCC-NHC pincer Zr transmetallating agent. Preliminary activity in the hydroboration of styrene is reported. This facile methodology will further the development of CCC-NHC pincer first-row transition metal complexes.

  20. 78 FR 59289 - Clarification of Bales Made Available for Shipment by CCC-Approved Warehouses

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-26

    ... for CCC-approved warehouses storing cotton. The amendment would change the definition of Bales Made Available for Shipment (BMAS). CCC-approved cotton warehouses are currently required to report BMAS, among... information about bales available for shipment, benefiting both CCC and the cotton industry. DATES: We will...

  1. 7 CFR 1435.602 - Eligible sugar to be purchased by CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Eligible sugar to be purchased by CCC. 1435.602... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS SUGAR PROGRAM Feedstock Flexibility Program § 1435.602 Eligible sugar to be purchased by CCC. (a) CCC will only purchase raw sugar...

  2. 7 CFR 1427.21 - Settlement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... § 1427.21 Settlement. (a) The settlement of cotton loans will be made by CCC on the basis of the quality and quantity of the cotton delivered to CCC by the producer or acquired by CCC subject to the producer... maximum storage credit rates as determined and announced by CCC. (b) For purposes of settlements for...

  3. 7 CFR 1488.12 - Coverage of bank obligations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank... when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC. (c) A U.S. bank must confirm the full amount of an obligation issued by...

  4. 7 CFR 1494.501 - Submission of offers to CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Submission of offers to CCC. 1494.501 Section 1494... Program Operations § 1494.501 Submission of offers to CCC. (a) Consideration of offers. Unless otherwise specified in the Invitation, CCC will consider offers on a daily basis from the date of issuance of the...

  5. 7 CFR 17.9 - CCC payment to suppliers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false CCC payment to suppliers. 17.9 Section 17.9... TITLE I OF THE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED § 17.9 CCC payment to suppliers. (a) General. (1) The supplier shall request payment from CCC for the amount of the...

  6. 7 CFR 1488.12 - Coverage of bank obligations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... be confirmed by an agency bank when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC. (c) A U.S. bank must confirm the full...

  7. 7 CFR 1494.501 - Submission of offers to CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Submission of offers to CCC. 1494.501 Section 1494....501 Submission of offers to CCC. (a) Consideration of offers. Unless otherwise specified in the Invitation, CCC will consider offers on a daily basis from the date of issuance of the Invitation until such...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.500 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier... exporter or the exporter's assignee must submit a notice of default to CCC as soon as possible, but not... notice of default must be submitted in writing to the Treasurer, CCC, at the address specified in the...

  9. 7 CFR 1962.19 - Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 14 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC... Liquidation of Chattel Security § 1962.19 Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). This section is based on a Memorandum of Understanding between CCC and FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.300 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility... notice of default to CCC as soon as possible, but not later than ten days after the date that payment was... Treasurer, CCC, at the address specified in the Contacts P/R. If the exporter or the exporter's assignee...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.500 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier... exporter or the exporter's assignee must submit a notice of default to CCC as soon as possible, but not... notice of default must be submitted in writing to the Treasurer, CCC, at the address specified in the...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.300 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility... notice of default to CCC as soon as possible, but not later than ten days after the date that payment was... Treasurer, CCC, at the address specified in the Contacts P/R. If the exporter or the exporter's assignee...

  13. 7 CFR 1405.1 - Interest.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ...) Except as may otherwise be determined by CCC as provided in individual program regulations, program contracts or such other means as deemed appropriate by CCC the rate of interest that is applicable to CCC loans shall be equal to the rate of interest charged by the U.S. Treasury for funds borrowed by CCC on...

  14. 7 CFR 1403.8 - Withholding.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... payable to a debtor by CCC to ensure that the interests of CCC and the United States will be protected as provided in this section. (b) A payment may be withheld to protect the interests of CCC or the United States only if CCC determines that: (1) There has been a serious breach of contract or violation of...

  15. 7 CFR 1488.12 - Coverage of bank obligations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... be confirmed by an agency bank when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC. (c) A U.S. bank must confirm the full...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.500 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier... exporter or the exporter's assignee must submit a notice of default to CCC as soon as possible, but not... notice of default must be submitted in writing to the Treasurer, CCC, at the address specified in the...

  17. 7 CFR 17.9 - CCC payment to suppliers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false CCC payment to suppliers. 17.9 Section 17.9... TITLE I OF THE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED § 17.9 CCC payment to suppliers. (a) General. (1) The supplier shall request payment from CCC for the amount of the...

  18. 7 CFR 17.9 - CCC payment to suppliers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false CCC payment to suppliers. 17.9 Section 17.9... TITLE I OF THE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED § 17.9 CCC payment to suppliers. (a) General. (1) The supplier shall request payment from CCC for the amount of the...

  19. 7 CFR 1962.19 - Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 14 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC... Liquidation of Chattel Security § 1962.19 Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). This section is based on a Memorandum of Understanding between CCC and FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103...

  20. 7 CFR 1405.1 - Interest.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...) Except as may otherwise be determined by CCC as provided in individual program regulations, program contracts or such other means as deemed appropriate by CCC the rate of interest that is applicable to CCC loans shall be equal to the rate of interest charged by the U.S. Treasury for funds borrowed by CCC on...

  1. 7 CFR 1962.19 - Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 14 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC... Liquidation of Chattel Security § 1962.19 Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). This section is based on a Memorandum of Understanding between CCC and FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103...

  2. 7 CFR 1427.21 - Settlement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... § 1427.21 Settlement. (a) The settlement of cotton loans will be made by CCC on the basis of the quality and quantity of the cotton delivered to CCC by the producer or acquired by CCC subject to the producer... maximum storage credit rates as determined and announced by CCC. (b) For purposes of settlements for...

  3. 7 CFR 1494.501 - Submission of offers to CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Submission of offers to CCC. 1494.501 Section 1494....501 Submission of offers to CCC. (a) Consideration of offers. Unless otherwise specified in the Invitation, CCC will consider offers on a daily basis from the date of issuance of the Invitation until such...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.300 - Notice of default and claims for loss.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility... notice of default to CCC as soon as possible, but not later than ten days after the date that payment was... Treasurer, CCC, at the address specified in the Contacts P/R. If the exporter or the exporter's assignee...

  5. 7 CFR 1403.8 - Withholding.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... payable to a debtor by CCC to ensure that the interests of CCC and the United States will be protected as provided in this section. (b) A payment may be withheld to protect the interests of CCC or the United States only if CCC determines that: (1) There has been a serious breach of contract or violation of...

  6. 7 CFR 17.9 - CCC payment to suppliers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false CCC payment to suppliers. 17.9 Section 17.9... TITLE I OF THE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED § 17.9 CCC payment to suppliers. (a) General. (1) The supplier shall request payment from CCC for the amount of the...

  7. 7 CFR 1405.1 - Interest.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...) Except as may otherwise be determined by CCC as provided in individual program regulations, program contracts or such other means as deemed appropriate by CCC the rate of interest that is applicable to CCC loans shall be equal to the rate of interest charged by the U.S. Treasury for funds borrowed by CCC on...

  8. 7 CFR 1488.12 - Coverage of bank obligations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank... when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC. (c) A U.S. bank must confirm the full amount of an obligation issued by...

  9. 7 CFR 1494.501 - Submission of offers to CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Submission of offers to CCC. 1494.501 Section 1494....501 Submission of offers to CCC. (a) Consideration of offers. Unless otherwise specified in the Invitation, CCC will consider offers on a daily basis from the date of issuance of the Invitation until such...

  10. 7 CFR 1427.21 - Settlement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... § 1427.21 Settlement. (a) The settlement of cotton loans will be made by CCC on the basis of the quality and quantity of the cotton delivered to CCC by the producer or acquired by CCC subject to the producer... maximum storage credit rates as determined and announced by CCC. (b) For purposes of settlements for...

  11. 7 CFR 1494.501 - Submission of offers to CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Submission of offers to CCC. 1494.501 Section 1494... Program Operations § 1494.501 Submission of offers to CCC. (a) Consideration of offers. Unless otherwise specified in the Invitation, CCC will consider offers on a daily basis from the date of issuance of the...

  12. 7 CFR 1962.19 - Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC... Liquidation of Chattel Security § 1962.19 Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). This section is based on a Memorandum of Understanding between CCC and FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103...

  13. 7 CFR 1405.1 - Interest.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...) Except as may otherwise be determined by CCC as provided in individual program regulations, program contracts or such other means as deemed appropriate by CCC the rate of interest that is applicable to CCC loans shall be equal to the rate of interest charged by the U.S. Treasury for funds borrowed by CCC on...

  14. 7 CFR 1405.1 - Interest.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ...) Except as may otherwise be determined by CCC as provided in individual program regulations, program contracts or such other means as deemed appropriate by CCC the rate of interest that is applicable to CCC loans shall be equal to the rate of interest charged by the U.S. Treasury for funds borrowed by CCC on...

  15. 7 CFR 1488.12 - Coverage of bank obligations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank... when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC. (c) A U.S. bank must confirm the full amount of an obligation issued by...

  16. 7 CFR 1962.19 - Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 14 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC... Liquidation of Chattel Security § 1962.19 Claims against Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). This section is based on a Memorandum of Understanding between CCC and FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103...

  17. 7 CFR 1427.21 - Settlement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... § 1427.21 Settlement. (a) The settlement of cotton loans will be made by CCC on the basis of the quality and quantity of the cotton delivered to CCC by the producer or acquired by CCC subject to the producer... maximum storage credit rates as determined and announced by CCC. (b) For purposes of settlements for...

  18. 7 CFR 17.9 - CCC payment to suppliers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false CCC payment to suppliers. 17.9 Section 17.9... TITLE I OF THE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED § 17.9 CCC payment to suppliers. (a) General. (1) The supplier shall request payment from CCC for the amount of the...

  19. Compulsory commitment to care of substance misusers: international trends during 25 Years.

    PubMed

    Israelsson, Magnus; Gerdner, Arne

    2012-01-01

    The study explores international trends in law on compulsory commitment to care of substance misusers (CCC), and two subtypes - civil CCC and CCC within criminal justice legislation - as well as maximum length and amount of applications of such care. The time period covers more than 25 years, and a total of 104 countries and territories. The study is based on available data in three times of observation (1986, 1999 and 2009). Applications of CCC in number of cases are studied on European level for the years 2002-2006. Trends are analyzed using nonparametric tests and general linear models for repeated measures. Findings are discussed from contextual analysis. There is a trend towards decrease in the number of countries worldwide having civil CCC legislation after the millennium, while CCC under criminal law has increased since the mid-1980s, resulting in some total net decrease. The shift results in longer mean duration of CCC and an increase in the number of cases sentenced. There is a risk that the shift from civil CCC to penal CCC implies more focus on young out-acting males in compulsory treatment and that the societal responsibility for more vulnerable persons might be neglected. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  20. Welfare, temperance and compulsory commitment to care for persons with substance misuse problems: a comparative study of 38 European countries.

    PubMed

    Israelsson, Magnus

    2011-01-01

    The study explores the existence and types of law on compulsory commitment to care (CCC) of adult substance misusers in Europe and how such laws are related to variations in demographics, alcohol consumption and epidemiology in misuse of opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, temperance culture heritage, health and welfare expenditure, and involvement and role of the state in welfare distribution. Legal information on laws on CCC of misusers was obtained primarily through a survey of 38 European countries. Predictors of laws on CCC, and types of such, were analyzed from country descriptors in multivariate models. A majority (74%) of the explored countries have a law concerning CCC. The most common type of CCC law is within criminal justice legislation (45%), but civil CCC is almost as frequent (37%). These two models of CCC legislation are related to differences in cultural heritage and welfare distribution models. Temperance cultures, i.e. countries with a history of a strong temperance movement, and countries with a Beveridgean distribution of welfare, i.e. through the state, tend to favor civil CCC, while countries with a Bismarckian distribution of welfare, i.e. through insurance with less state interference, tend to favor CCC within criminal justice legislation. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  1. Comparison of Maximum Stretch Forces between Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Capsulotomy and Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis

    PubMed Central

    Ichikawa, Kei; Tanaka, Yoshiki; Kato, Yukihito; Horai, Rie; Tamaoki, Akeno; Ichikawa, Kazuo

    2017-01-01

    The current study reports comparing the postoperative mechanical properties of the anterior capsule between femtosecond laser capsulotomy (FLC) and continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) of variable size and shape in porcine eyes. All CCCs were created using capsule forceps. Irregular or eccentric CCCs were also created to simulate real cataract surgery. For FLC, capsulotomies 5.3 mm in diameter were created using the LenSx® (Alcon) platform. Fresh porcine eyes were used in all experiments. The edges of the capsule openings were pulled at a constant speed using two L-shaped jigs. Stretch force and distance were recorded over time, and the maximum values in this regard were defined as those that were recorded when the capsule broke. There was no difference in maximum stretch force between CCC and FLC. There were no differences in circularity between FLC and same-sized CCC. However, same-sized CCC did show significantly higher maximum stretch forces than FLC. Teardrop-shaped CCC showed lower maximum stretch forces than same-sized CCC and FLC. Heart-shaped CCC showed lower maximum stretch forces than same-sized CCC. Conclusively, while capsule edge strength after CCC varied depending on size or irregularities, FLC had the advantage of stable maximum stretch forces. PMID:28210504

  2. Comparison of Maximum Stretch Forces between Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Capsulotomy and Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis.

    PubMed

    Takagi, Mari; Kojima, Takashi; Ichikawa, Kei; Tanaka, Yoshiki; Kato, Yukihito; Horai, Rie; Tamaoki, Akeno; Ichikawa, Kazuo

    2017-01-01

    The current study reports comparing the postoperative mechanical properties of the anterior capsule between femtosecond laser capsulotomy (FLC) and continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) of variable size and shape in porcine eyes. All CCCs were created using capsule forceps. Irregular or eccentric CCCs were also created to simulate real cataract surgery. For FLC, capsulotomies 5.3 mm in diameter were created using the LenSx® (Alcon) platform. Fresh porcine eyes were used in all experiments. The edges of the capsule openings were pulled at a constant speed using two L-shaped jigs. Stretch force and distance were recorded over time, and the maximum values in this regard were defined as those that were recorded when the capsule broke. There was no difference in maximum stretch force between CCC and FLC. There were no differences in circularity between FLC and same-sized CCC. However, same-sized CCC did show significantly higher maximum stretch forces than FLC. Teardrop-shaped CCC showed lower maximum stretch forces than same-sized CCC and FLC. Heart-shaped CCC showed lower maximum stretch forces than same-sized CCC. Conclusively, while capsule edge strength after CCC varied depending on size or irregularities, FLC had the advantage of stable maximum stretch forces.

  3. The relationship between ischaemia-modified albumin and good coronary collateral circulation.

    PubMed

    Gök, Murat; Kundi, Harun; Kızıltunç, Emrullah; Topcuoglu, Canan; Ornek, Ender

    2018-01-01

    It is important to determine the grade of the coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients with stable coronary artery disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the ischaemia-modified albumin (IMA) level and good CCC. A total of 95 patients with coronary angiography and at least one epicardial coronary artery obstruction were included in the study. The Rentrop classification was used with CCC grading, where 0 and 1 were defined as poor collateral, and 2 and 3 were defined as good collateral. The IMA level of the patients was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The receiver-operating characteristic curve was used to show the sensitivity and specificity of IMA levels and the optimal cut-off value for predicting good CCC. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the IMA level in the good CCC group was higher (p < 0.045). Conversely, the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was lower in the good CCC group (p < 0.023). We found an IMA cut-off value (4.7 ng/mL) that indicated good CCC level, and this shows good CCC with 70.2% sensitivity and 60.3% specificity. The IMA level could serve as a simple and useful predictor of well-developed CCC.

  4. Epigenetic determinants of ovarian clear cell carcinoma biology

    PubMed Central

    Yamaguchi, Ken; Huang, Zhiqing; Matsumura, Noriomi; Mandai, Masaki; Okamoto, Takako; Baba, Tsukasa; Konishi, Ikuo; Berchuck, Andrew; Murphy, Susan K.

    2015-01-01

    Targeted approaches have revealed frequent epigenetic alterations in ovarian cancer, but the scope and relation of these changes to histologic subtype of disease is unclear. Genome-wide methylation and expression data for 14 clear cell carcinoma (CCC), 32 non-CCC, and 4 corresponding normal cell lines were generated to determine how methylation profiles differ between cells of different histological derivations of ovarian cancer. Consensus clustering showed that CCC is epigenetically distinct. Inverse relationships between expression and methylation in CCC were identified, suggesting functional regulation by methylation, and included 22 hypomethylated (UM) genes and 276 hypermethylated (HM) genes. Categorical and pathway analyses indicated that the CCC-specific UM genes were involved in response to stress and many contain hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1 binding sites, while the CCC-specific HM genes included members of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) network and genes involved in tumor development. We independently validated the methylation status of 17 of these pathway-specific genes, and confirmed increased expression of HNF1 network genes and repression of ERalpha pathway genes in CCC cell lines and primary cancer tissues relative to non-CCC specimens. Treatment of three CCC cell lines with the demethylating agent Decitabine significantly induced expression for all five genes analyzed. Coordinate changes in pathway expression were confirmed using two primary ovarian cancer datasets (p<0.0001 for both). Our results suggest that methylation regulates specific pathways and biological functions in CCC, with hypomethylation influencing the characteristic biology of the disease while hypermethylation contributes to the carcinogenic process. PMID:24382740

  5. Grapevine and Arabidopsis Cation-Chloride Cotransporters Localize to the Golgi and Trans-Golgi Network and Indirectly Influence Long-Distance Ion Transport and Plant Salt Tolerance1[OPEN

    PubMed Central

    Henderson, Sam W.; Wege, Stefanie; Qiu, Jiaen; Blackmore, Deidre H.; Walker, Amanda R.; Tyerman, Stephen D.; Walker, Rob R.; Gilliham, Matthew

    2015-01-01

    Plant cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) have been implicated in conferring salt tolerance. They are predicted to improve shoot salt exclusion by directly catalyzing the retrieval of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions from the root xylem. We investigated whether grapevine (Vitis vinifera [Vvi]) CCC has a role in salt tolerance by cloning and functionally characterizing the gene from the cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that VviCCC shares a high degree of similarity with other plant CCCs. A VviCCC-yellow fluorescent protein translational fusion protein localized to the Golgi and the trans-Golgi network and not the plasma membrane when expressed transiently in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mesophyll protoplasts. AtCCC-green fluorescent protein from Arabidopsis also localized to the Golgi and the trans-Golgi network. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, VviCCC targeted to the plasma membrane, where it catalyzed bumetanide-sensitive 36Cl–, 22Na+, and 86Rb+ uptake, suggesting that VviCCC (like AtCCC) belongs to the Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter class of CCCs. Expression of VviCCC in an Arabidopsis ccc knockout mutant abolished the mutant’s stunted growth phenotypes and reduced shoot Cl– and Na+ content to wild-type levels after growing plants in 50 mm NaCl. In grapevine roots, VviCCC transcript abundance was not regulated by Cl– treatment and was present at similar levels in both the root stele and cortex of three Vitis spp. genotypes that exhibit differential shoot salt exclusion. Our findings indicate that CCC function is conserved between grapevine and Arabidopsis, but neither protein is likely to directly mediate ion transfer with the xylem or have a direct role in salt tolerance. PMID:26378102

  6. The glucose sensor Snf1 and the transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4 regulate transcription of the vacuolar iron importer gene CCC1 and iron resistance in yeast.

    PubMed

    Li, Liangtao; Kaplan, Jerry; Ward, Diane M

    2017-09-15

    The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae stores iron in the vacuole, which is a major resistance mechanism against iron toxicity. One key protein involved in vacuolar iron storage is the iron importer Ccc1, which facilitates iron entry into the vacuole. Transcription of the CCC1 gene is largely regulated by the binding of iron-sulfur clusters to the activator domain of the transcriptional activator Yap5. Additional evidence, however, suggests that Yap5-independent transcriptional activation of CCC1 also contributes to iron resistance. Here, we demonstrate that components of the signaling pathway involving the low-glucose sensor Snf1 regulate CCC1 transcription and iron resistance. We found that SNF1 deletion acts synergistically with YAP5 deletion to regulate CCC1 transcription and iron resistance. A kinase-dead mutation of Snf1 lowered iron resistance as did deletion of SNF4 , which encodes a partner protein of Snf1. Deletion of all three alternative partners of Snf1 encoded by SIT1 , SIT2 , and GAL83 decreased both CCC1 transcription and iron resistance. The Snf1 complex is known to activate the general stress transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4. We show that Msn2 and Msn4 contribute to Snf1-mediated CCC1 transcription. Of note, SNF1 deletion in combination with MSN2 and MSN4 deletion resulted in additive effects on CCC1 transcription, suggesting that other activators contribute to the regulation of CCC1 transcription. In conclusion, we show that yeast have developed multiple transcriptional mechanisms to regulate Ccc1 expression and to protect against high cytosolic iron toxicity. © 2017 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

  7. Continuous circular cycling as a predictor of treatment response in bipolar disorders: a comprehensive review of the current literature.

    PubMed

    Tundo, Antonio; Cavalieri, Paola

    2018-02-01

    Evidence from the literature suggests that, on average, 27% of patients with a bipolar disorder (BD) experience a continuous cycling course (CCC) and that this subgroup differs significantly from patients with a noncontinuous cycling course (N-CCC) with respect to sociodemographic characteristics and clinical presentation. The aim of the present paper is to review the studies that evaluated short- and long-term treatment responses in BD patients with CCC. The retrieved studies indicate that CCC is a significant predictor of poor response to long-term treatment with lithium (the odds of a response in the CCC group were 57% less than in the N-CCC group; p<0.01), as well as to polytherapies including lithium and/or an antiepileptic augmented, when necessary, with an antipsychotic and/or antidepressant. The percentage of patients without new episodes during follow-up was significantly lower in the CCC group compared with the N-CCC group (15.4 vs. 37.6% , p<0.01). Compared with patients in the N-CCC group, members of the CCC group had a poorer response and lower remission rates after 12-week antidepressant treatments for a major depressive episode (82.3 vs. 50%, p =0.002; 69.6 vs. 40.9%, p=0.013). These findings, underlining that CCC is a predictor of poor response to short- and long-term treatment in BD, should be interpreted considering the limitations of the reviewed studies (the small sample sizes, the small number of trials and their observational nature, the lack of randomization or placebo controls, and the unblinded nature of the outcomes). Clinical trials and observational studies with larger samples are warranted to confirm the conclusions of our review.

  8. Relationship of mean platelet volume to lymphocyte ratio and coronary collateral circulation in patients with stable angina pectoris.

    PubMed

    Ornek, Ender; Kurtul, Alparslan

    2017-09-01

    In patients with coronary artery disease, coronary collateral circulation (CCC) develops as an adaptation to ischemia and contributes toward reduction of cardiovascular events. Recently, the mean platelet volume-to-lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR) has emerged as a novel and readily available marker of inflammation and thrombosis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between MPVLR and development of CCC. A total of 332 patients with stable angina pectoris undergoing coronary arteriography were enrolled and divided on the basis of the development of CCC into two groups: group with adequate CCC (n=243) and group with impaired CCC (n=89). Routine complete blood count parameters and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured before coronary arteriography. Both MPVLR and hsCRP levels were higher in the impaired CCC group (P<0.001 and P=0.007, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that MPVLR was associated independently with impaired CCC [odds ratio (OR): 1.706, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.328-2.192, P<0.001]. In addition to MPVLR, hsCRP (OR: 1.144, P=0.030) and fasting blood glucose (OR: 1.007, P=0.049) were also associated independently with impaired CCC. In receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, an optimal cut-off point for MPVLR (4.47) was found to predict the presence of good CCC with a sensitivity of 75.3% and a specificity of 71.2% (P<0001). Our findings suggest that measurement of MPVLR may predict the development of CCC in patients with stable coronary artery disease. An increased MPVLR is associated independently with impaired CCC in these patients.

  9. Mechanism for CCC DNA synthesis in hepadnaviruses.

    PubMed

    Sohn, Ji A; Litwin, Samuel; Seeger, Christoph

    2009-11-30

    Hepadnavirus replication requires the synthesis of a covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA from the relaxed circular (RC) viral genome by an unknown mechanism. CCC DNA formation could require enzymatic activities of the viral reverse transcriptase (RT), or cellular DNA repair enzymes, or both. Physical mapping of the 5' and 3' ends of RC DNA and sequence analysis of CCC DNA revealed that CCC DNA synthesis requires the removal of the RT and an RNA oligomer from the 5' ends of minus and plus strand DNA, respectively, removal of sequences from the terminally redundant minus strand, completion of the less than full-length plus strand, and ligation of the ends. Two models have been proposed that could explain CCC DNA formation. The first (model 1) invokes a role for the RT to catalyze a cleavage-ligation reaction leading to the formation of a unit length minus strand in CCC DNA and a DNA repair reaction for the completion and ligation of plus strand DNA; the second (model 2) predicts that CCC DNA formation depends entirely on cellular DNA repair enzymes. To determine which mechanism is utilized, we developed cell lines expressing duck hepatitis B virus genomes carrying mutations permitting us to follow the fate of viral DNA sequences during their conversion from RC to CCC DNA. Our results demonstrated that the oligomer at the 5' end of minus strand DNA is completely or at least partially removed prior to CCC DNA synthesis. The results indicated that both RC DNA strands undergo DNA repair reactions carried out by the cellular DNA repair machinery as predicted by model 2. Thus, our study provided the basis for the identification of the cellular components required for CCC DNA formation.

  10. Coprinus comatus Cap Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation via Regulation of PPARγ and Akt Signaling Pathway

    PubMed Central

    Jang, Sun-Hee; Kang, Suk Nam; Jeon, Beong-Sam; Ko, Yeoung-Gyu; Kim, Hong-Duck; Won, Chung-Kil; Kim, Gon-Sup; Cho, Jae-Hyeon

    2014-01-01

    This study assessed the effects of Coprinus comatus cap (CCC) on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the effects of CCC on the development of diet-induced obesity in rats. Here, we showed that the CCC has an inhibitory effect on the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, resulting in a significant decrease in lipid accumulation through the downregulation of several adipocyte specific-transcription factors, including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β, C/EBPδ, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Moreover, treatment with CCC during adipocyte differentiation induced a significant down-regulation of PPARγ and adipogenic target genes, including adipocyte protein 2, lipoprotein lipase, and adiponectin. Interestingly, the CCC treatment of the 3T3-L1 adipocytes suppressed the insulin-stimulated Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation, and these effects were stronger in the presence of an inhibitor of Akt phosphorylation, LY294002, suggesting that CCC inhibited adipocyte differentiation through the down-regulation of Akt signaling. In the animal study, CCC administration significantly reduced the body weight and adipose tissue weight of rats fed a high fat diet (HFD) and attenuated lipid accumulation in the adipose tissues of the HFD-induced obese rats. The size of the adipocyte in the epididymal fat of the CCC fed rats was significantly smaller than in the HFD rats. CCC treatment significantly reduced the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the serum of HFD rats. These results strongly indicated that the CCC-mediated decrease in body weight was due to a reduction in adipose tissue mass. The expression level of PPARγ and phospho-Akt was significantly lower in the CCC-treated HFD rats than that in the HFD obesity rats. These results suggested that CCC inhibited adipocyte differentiation by the down-regulation of major transcription factor involved in the adipogenesis pathway including PPARγ through the regulation of the Akt pathway in 3T3-L1 cells and HFD adipose tissue. PMID:25181477

  11. Pediatric complex chronic conditions classification system version 2: updated for ICD-10 and complex medical technology dependence and transplantation

    PubMed Central

    2014-01-01

    Background The pediatric complex chronic conditions (CCC) classification system, developed in 2000, requires revision to accommodate the International Classification of Disease 10th Revision (ICD-10). To update the CCC classification system, we incorporated ICD-9 diagnostic codes that had been either omitted or incorrectly specified in the original system, and then translated between ICD-9 and ICD-10 using General Equivalence Mappings (GEMs). We further reviewed all codes in the ICD-9 and ICD-10 systems to include both diagnostic and procedural codes indicative of technology dependence or organ transplantation. We applied the provisional CCC version 2 (v2) system to death certificate information and 2 databases of health utilization, reviewed the resulting CCC classifications, and corrected any misclassifications. Finally, we evaluated performance of the CCC v2 system by assessing: 1) the stability of the system between ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes using data which included both ICD-9 codes and ICD-10 codes; 2) the year-to-year stability before and after ICD-10 implementation; and 3) the proportions of patients classified as having a CCC in both the v1 and v2 systems. Results The CCC v2 classification system consists of diagnostic and procedural codes that incorporate a new neonatal CCC category as well as domains of complexity arising from technology dependence or organ transplantation. CCC v2 demonstrated close comparability between ICD-9 and ICD-10 and did not detect significant discontinuity in temporal trends of death in the United States. Compared to the original system, CCC v2 resulted in a 1.0% absolute (10% relative) increase in the number of patients identified as having a CCC in national hospitalization dataset, and a 0.4% absolute (24% relative) increase in a national emergency department dataset. Conclusions The updated CCC v2 system is comprehensive and multidimensional, and provides a necessary update to accommodate widespread implementation of ICD-10. PMID:25102958

  12. Mössbauer, EPR, and Modeling Study of Iron Trafficking and Regulation in Δccc1 and CCC1-up Saccharomyces cerevisiae

    PubMed Central

    2015-01-01

    Strains lacking and overexpressing the vacuolar iron (Fe) importer CCC1 were characterized using Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopies. Vacuolar Fe import is impeded in Δccc1 cells and enhanced in CCC1-up cells, causing vacuolar Fe in these strains to decline and accumulate, respectively, relative to WT cells. Cytosolic Fe levels should behave oppositely. The Fe content of Δccc1 cells grown under low-Fe conditions was similar to that in WT cells. Most Fe was mitochondrial with some nonheme high spin (NHHS) FeII present. Δccc1 cells grown with increasing Fe concentration in the medium contained less total Fe, less vacuolar HS FeIII, and more NHHS FeII than in comparable WT cells. As the Fe concentration in the growth medium increased, the concentration of HS FeIII in Δccc1 cells increased to just 60% of WT levels, while NHHS FeII increased to twice WT levels, suggesting that the NHHS FeII was cytosolic. Δccc1 cells suffered more oxidative damage than WT cells, suggesting that the accumulated NHHS FeII promoted Fenton chemistry. The Fe concentration in CCC1-up cells was higher than in WT cells; the extra Fe was present as NHHS FeII and FeIII and as FeIII oxyhydroxide nanoparticles. These cells contained less mitochondrial Fe and exhibited less ROS damage than Δccc1 cells. CCC1-up cells were adenine-deficient on minimal medium; supplementing with adenine caused a decline of NHHS FeII suggesting that some of the NHHS FeII that accumulated in these cells was associated with adenine deficiency rather than the overexpression of CCC1. A mathematical model was developed that simulated changes in Fe distributions. Simulations suggested that only a modest proportion of the observed NHHS FeII in both strains was the cytosolic form of Fe that is sensed by the Fe import regulatory system. The remainder is probably generated by the reduction of the vacuolar NHHS FeIII species. PMID:24785783

  13. Mössbauer, EPR, and modeling study of iron trafficking and regulation in Δccc1 and CCC1-up Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

    PubMed

    Cockrell, Allison; McCormick, Sean P; Moore, Michael J; Chakrabarti, Mrinmoy; Lindahl, Paul A

    2014-05-13

    Strains lacking and overexpressing the vacuolar iron (Fe) importer CCC1 were characterized using Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopies. Vacuolar Fe import is impeded in Δccc1 cells and enhanced in CCC1-up cells, causing vacuolar Fe in these strains to decline and accumulate, respectively, relative to WT cells. Cytosolic Fe levels should behave oppositely. The Fe content of Δccc1 cells grown under low-Fe conditions was similar to that in WT cells. Most Fe was mitochondrial with some nonheme high spin (NHHS) Fe(II) present. Δccc1 cells grown with increasing Fe concentration in the medium contained less total Fe, less vacuolar HS Fe(III), and more NHHS Fe(II) than in comparable WT cells. As the Fe concentration in the growth medium increased, the concentration of HS Fe(III) in Δccc1 cells increased to just 60% of WT levels, while NHHS Fe(II) increased to twice WT levels, suggesting that the NHHS Fe(II) was cytosolic. Δccc1 cells suffered more oxidative damage than WT cells, suggesting that the accumulated NHHS Fe(II) promoted Fenton chemistry. The Fe concentration in CCC1-up cells was higher than in WT cells; the extra Fe was present as NHHS Fe(II) and Fe(III) and as Fe(III) oxyhydroxide nanoparticles. These cells contained less mitochondrial Fe and exhibited less ROS damage than Δccc1 cells. CCC1-up cells were adenine-deficient on minimal medium; supplementing with adenine caused a decline of NHHS Fe(II) suggesting that some of the NHHS Fe(II) that accumulated in these cells was associated with adenine deficiency rather than the overexpression of CCC1. A mathematical model was developed that simulated changes in Fe distributions. Simulations suggested that only a modest proportion of the observed NHHS Fe(II) in both strains was the cytosolic form of Fe that is sensed by the Fe import regulatory system. The remainder is probably generated by the reduction of the vacuolar NHHS Fe(III) species.

  14. [The relationship between fragmented QRS complex and coronary collateral circulation in patients with chronic total occlusion lesion without prior myocardial infarction].

    PubMed

    Gu, X J; Shan, S J; Liu, Z Z; Jin, G Z; Hu, Z Y; Zhu, L L; Zhang, J

    2017-04-24

    Objective: To explore the relationship between fragmented QRS complex(fQRS) and coronary collateral circulation(CCC) in patients with chronic total occlusion(CTO)lesion without prior myocardial infarction. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 238 consecutive patients with CTO lesion in one of the major coronary arteries from May 2014 to October 2015 in our department. Patients were divided into poor CCC group (grade 0 and 1, 58 cases) and good CCC group(grade 2 and 3, 180 cases) based on Rentrop's classification of CCC. The fQRS was defined as the presence of an additional R wave or notching of R or S wave or the presence of fragmentation in two contiguous electrocardiogram leads corresponding to a major coronary artery territory. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between CCC and fQRS on electrocardiogram. Results: Compared with good CCC group, patients in poor CCC group had older age((65.2±8.9)years old vs. (60.3±10.1) years old, P =0.03), higher plasma glucose ((7.22±3.00) mmol/L vs.(6.31±1.83)mmol/L, P =0.04), and lower left ventricular ejection fraction ((45.2±11.4)% vs. (51.2±13.5)%, P =0.02). None of patients had Rentrop grade 0, the presence of fQRS on ECG in patients with Rentrop grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 CCC was 69.0% (40/58), 48.6% (35/72) , and 19.4% (21/108), respectively ( P <0.01). The presence of fQRS were higher in poor CCC group than in good CCC group (69.0%(40/58)vs. 31.1%(56/180), P <0.01), and number of leads with fQRS were higher in poor CCC group than in good CCC group (3(0, 4)vs.0(0, 3), P <0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that poor CCC growth in patients with CTO lesion without prior myocardial infarction was independently related to the presence of fQRS ( OR =3.659, 95% CI 1.619-8.217, P <0.01). Conclusion: Poor CCC in patients with CTO lesion without prior myocardial infarction is independently related to the presence of fQRS on electrocardiogram.

  15. 7 CFR 1425.7 - Suspension and termination of approval.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... ASSOCIATIONS § 1425.7 Suspension and termination of approval. (a) CCC may suspend a CMA from obtaining loans and LDP's when CCC determines the CMA has not: (1) Operated according to the CMA's application for... deficiencies of the CMA's operation as noted by CCC; or (4) Violated any of its agreements with CCC. (b) A...

  16. 7 CFR 1468.33 - Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC. 1468.33 Section 1468.33 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture... representatives of CCC. If a participant relied upon the advice or action of any authorized representative of CCC...

  17. 7 CFR 1425.7 - Suspension and termination of approval.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... ASSOCIATIONS § 1425.7 Suspension and termination of approval. (a) CCC may suspend a CMA from obtaining loans and LDP's when CCC determines the CMA has not: (1) Operated according to the CMA's application for... deficiencies of the CMA's operation as noted by CCC; or (4) Violated any of its agreements with CCC. (b) A...

  18. 7 CFR 1486.403 - What expenditures may CCC reimburse under the program?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false What expenditures may CCC reimburse under the program... Contributions and Reimbursements § 1486.403 What expenditures may CCC reimburse under the program? (a) A... section, CCC will reimburse, in whole or in part, the cost of: (1) Salaries and benefits of the Recipient...

  19. 7 CFR 1468.33 - Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC. 1468.33 Section 1468.33 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture... representatives of CCC. If a participant relied upon the advice or action of any authorized representative of CCC...

  20. 7 CFR 1468.33 - Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC. 1468.33 Section 1468.33 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture... representatives of CCC. If a participant relied upon the advice or action of any authorized representative of CCC...

  1. 7 CFR 1486.403 - What expenditures may CCC reimburse under the program?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false What expenditures may CCC reimburse under the program... MARKETS PROGRAM Contributions and Reimbursements § 1486.403 What expenditures may CCC reimburse under the... paragraph (a) of this section, CCC will reimburse, in whole or in part, the cost of: (1) Salaries and...

  2. 7 CFR 1425.7 - Suspension and termination of approval.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... ASSOCIATIONS § 1425.7 Suspension and termination of approval. (a) CCC may suspend a CMA from obtaining loans and LDP's when CCC determines the CMA has not: (1) Operated according to the CMA's application for... deficiencies of the CMA's operation as noted by CCC; or (4) Violated any of its agreements with CCC. (b) A...

  3. 7 CFR 1468.33 - Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC. 1468.33 Section 1468.33 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture... representatives of CCC. If a participant relied upon the advice or action of any authorized representative of CCC...

  4. 7 CFR 1425.7 - Suspension and termination of approval.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... ASSOCIATIONS § 1425.7 Suspension and termination of approval. (a) CCC may suspend a CMA from obtaining loans and LDP's when CCC determines the CMA has not: (1) Operated according to the CMA's application for... deficiencies of the CMA's operation as noted by CCC; or (4) Violated any of its agreements with CCC. (b) A...

  5. 7 CFR 1468.33 - Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Performance based upon advice or action of representatives of CCC. 1468.33 Section 1468.33 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture... representatives of CCC. If a participant relied upon the advice or action of any authorized representative of CCC...

  6. 7 CFR 1425.7 - Suspension and termination of approval.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... ASSOCIATIONS § 1425.7 Suspension and termination of approval. (a) CCC may suspend a CMA from obtaining loans and LDP's when CCC determines the CMA has not: (1) Operated according to the CMA's application for... deficiencies of the CMA's operation as noted by CCC; or (4) Violated any of its agreements with CCC. (b) A...

  7. 7 CFR 1486.403 - What expenditures may CCC reimburse under the program?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false What expenditures may CCC reimburse under the program... Contributions and Reimbursements § 1486.403 What expenditures may CCC reimburse under the program? (a) A... section, CCC will reimburse, in whole or in part, the cost of: (1) Salaries and benefits of the Recipient...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.490 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program... translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include an original certification...

  9. 7 CFR 1493.490 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program... translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include an original certification...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.490 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program... translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include an original certification...

  11. A Role for the Host DNA Damage Response in Hepatitis B Virus cccDNA Formation—and Beyond?

    PubMed Central

    Schreiner, Sabrina; Nassal, Michael

    2017-01-01

    Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection puts more than 250 million people at a greatly increased risk to develop end-stage liver disease. Like all hepadnaviruses, HBV replicates via protein-primed reverse transcription of a pregenomic (pg) RNA, yielding an unusually structured, viral polymerase-linked relaxed-circular (RC) DNA as genome in infectious particles. Upon infection, RC-DNA is converted into nuclear covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA. Associating with cellular proteins into an episomal minichromosome, cccDNA acts as template for new viral RNAs, ensuring formation of progeny virions. Hence, cccDNA represents the viral persistence reservoir that is not directly targeted by current anti-HBV therapeutics. Eliminating cccDNA will thus be at the heart of a cure for chronic hepatitis B. The low production of HBV cccDNA in most experimental models and the associated problems in reliable cccDNA quantitation have long hampered a deeper understanding of cccDNA molecular biology. Recent advancements including cccDNA-dependent cell culture systems have begun to identify select host DNA repair enzymes that HBV usurps for RC-DNA to cccDNA conversion. While this list is bound to grow, it may represent just one facet of a broader interaction with the cellular DNA damage response (DDR), a network of pathways that sense and repair aberrant DNA structures and in the process profoundly affect the cell cycle, up to inducing cell death if repair fails. Given the divergent interactions between other viruses and the DDR it will be intriguing to see how HBV copes with this multipronged host system. PMID:28531167

  12. Minority Use of a National Cancer Institute-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center and Non-specialty Hospitals in Two Florida Regions.

    PubMed

    Sultan, Dawood H; Gishe, Jemal; Hanciles, Angella; Comins, Meg M; Norris, Claire M

    2015-09-01

    To examine cancer treatment disparities at a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center (NCI-CCC) and non-specialty hospitals. Florida hospital discharge datasets were used. ICD9-CM codes were used to define patients with female reproductive organ cancers (FROC), male reproductive organ cancers (MROC), and OTHER cancer diagnoses. A total of 7462 NCI-CCC patients and 21,875 non-specialty hospital patients were included in the statistical analysis. Data analysis was conducted in SAS 9.2. Increases in age reduced the odds of receiving treatment at the NCI-CCC. Male patients were more likely than female patients to be treated at the NCI-CCC. Age-adjusted odds of African American and Hispanic out/inpatients being treated at the NCI-CCC were significantly lower than those of White out/inpatients. Only patients with workers' compensation, charity, or other insurance had higher odds of being treated at the NCI-CCC. The odds of minority patients receiving outpatient treatment at the NCI-CCC declined after 2005. The odds of receiving inpatient treatment at the NCI-CCC significantly increased after 2006. More targeted outreach by the NCI-CCC is required. However, we expect the creation of local Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) to reduce the numbers of minority and older patients at the NCI-CCC. Coordinated quality care at ACOs implies a potential for retaining the patient market share held by non-specialty hospitals and a potential for increased demand for ACO care by minority and older patients.

  13. Plasma Omentin-1 Level as a Predictor of Good Coronary Collateral Circulation.

    PubMed

    Zhou, Ji-Peng; Tong, Xiao-Yu; Zhu, Ling-Ping; Luo, Jing-Min; Luo, Ying; Bai, Yong-Ping; Li, Chuan-Chang; Zhang, Guo-Gang

    2017-09-01

    Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) is crucial during an acute ischemic attack. Evidences showed that omentin-1 exhibited remarkable antiatherogenic effects and ischemia-induced revascularization. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between plasma omentin-1 levels and CCC in patients with ≥90% angiography-proven coronary occlusion. 142 patients with ≥90% luminal diameter stenosis in at least one major epicardial coronary artery were recruited. Among them, 79 patients with Rentrop 0-1 grade were classified into the poor CCC group and 63 patients with Rentrop 2-3 grade were included into the good CCC group. The association between plasma omentin-1 levels and CCC status was assessed. Plasma omentin-1 level was significantly higher in patients with good CCC than those with poor CCC (566.57±26.90 vs. 492.38±19.70 ng/mL, p=0.024). Besides, omentin-1 was positively correlated with total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein, and gensini score but inversely with hyperlipidemia and body mass index (all p values＜0.05). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that omentin-1 [odds ratio (OR)=1.002, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.000-1.004, p=0.041)], TC, the number of the diseased vessels, a higher frequency of left circumflex artery and right coronary artery, chronic total occlusion, and gensini score remained as the independent predictors of good CCC. Higher plasma omentin-1 level was associated with better CCC development. Our findings suggest that omentin-1 may be an alternative marker for adequate CCC in patients with ≥90% coronary occlusion.

  14. Comparative study on Ti/Zr/V and chromate conversion treated aluminum alloys: Anti-corrosion performance and epoxy coating adhesion properties

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhu, Wen; Li, Wenfang; Mu, Songlin; Fu, Nianqing; Liao, Zhongmiao

    2017-05-01

    In this study, a Ti/Zr/V conversion coating (TZVCC) was deposited on the surface of aluminum alloy 6063 (AA6063) as an alternative of the chromate conversion coating (CCC). Both the TZVCC treated AA6063 (TZVCC/AA6063) and CCC treated AA6063 (CCC/AA6063) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscope (AFM) and contact angle measuring device. The anti-corrosion performance of the TZVCC/AA6063 and CCC/AA6063 was evaluated by electrochemical measurements and neutral salt spray tests. It showed that both the surface roughness and surface free energy of the AA6063 were significantly increased after TZVCC treatment. The anti-corrosion performance of TZVCC/AA6063 was superior to that of CCC/AA6063. In addition, the effects of the TZVCC and CCC on the adhesion properties and anti-corrosion performance of epoxy coating applied on samples were examined by pull-off tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The dry, wet and recovery adhesive strengths of the epoxy coating on TZVCC treated samples (epoxy coated TZVCC/AA6063) were very close to those of epoxy coating on CCC treated ones (epoxy coated CCC/AA6063). The epoxy coated TZVCC/AA6063 showed better corrosion resistance than the epoxy coated CCC/AA6063 and epoxy coated AA6063.

  15. 7 CFR 1493.490 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit... translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include an original certification...

  16. 7 CFR 1493.490 - Proof of entry.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit... translation acceptable to CCC. Records acceptable to meet this requirement include an original certification...

  17. 7 CFR 1404.6 - Payment to the assignee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... assignee. (a) The assignee shall be paid the smaller of the amount specified on Form CCC-36 or CCC-251 or... indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC, FSA, or any other agency of the United States shall be subject to offset. (b) Any indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC or FSA shall be offset from any payment which is...

  18. 7 CFR 1404.6 - Payment to the assignee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... assignee. (a) The assignee shall be paid the smaller of the amount specified on Form CCC-36 or CCC-251 or... indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC, FSA, or any other agency of the United States shall be subject to offset. (b) Any indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC or FSA shall be offset from any payment which is...

  19. 7 CFR 1404.6 - Payment to the assignee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... assignee. (a) The assignee shall be paid the smaller of the amount specified on Form CCC-36 or CCC-251 or... indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC, FSA, or any other agency of the United States shall be subject to offset. (b) Any indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC or FSA shall be offset from any payment which is...

  20. 7 CFR 1404.6 - Payment to the assignee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... assignee. (a) The assignee shall be paid the smaller of the amount specified on Form CCC-36 or CCC-251 or... indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC, FSA, or any other agency of the United States shall be subject to offset. (b) Any indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC or FSA shall be offset from any payment which is...

  1. 7 CFR 1404.6 - Payment to the assignee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... assignee. (a) The assignee shall be paid the smaller of the amount specified on Form CCC-36 or CCC-251 or... indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC, FSA, or any other agency of the United States shall be subject to offset. (b) Any indebtedness owed by the assignor to CCC or FSA shall be offset from any payment which is...

  2. Assessment of training needs and preferences for geographic information systems (GIS) mapping in state comprehensive cancer-control programs.

    PubMed

    Hopfer, Suellen; Chadwick, Amy E; Parrott, Roxanne L; Ghetian, Christie B; Lengerich, Eugene J

    2009-10-01

    Geographic information systems (GIS) mapping technologies have potential to advance public health promotion by mapping regional differences in attributes (e.g., disease burden, environmental exposures, access to health care services) to suggest priorities for public health interventions. Training in GIS for comprehensive cancer control (CCC) has been overlooked. State CCC programs' GIS training needs were assessed by interviewing 49 state CCC directors. A majority perceived a need for GIS training, slightly more than half of state CCC programs had access to geocoded data, and the majority of programs did not require continuing education credits of their staff. CCC directors perceived judging maps and realizing their limitations as important skills and identified epidemiologists, CCC staff, public health officials, policy makers, and cancer coalition members as training audiences. They preferred in-class training sessions that last a few hours to a day. Lessons learned are shared to develop training programs with translatable GIS skills for CCC.

  3. The formation of RCCCO and CCC(O)R (R = Me, Ph) neutral radicals from ionic precursors in the gas phase: the rearrangement of CCC(O)Ph.

    PubMed

    Peppe, Salvatore; McAnoy, Andrew M; Dua, Suresh; Bowie, John H

    2004-01-01

    Neutrals MeCCCO, CCC(O)Me, PhCCCO and CCC(O)Ph have been made by neutralisation of [MeCCCO](+), [CCC(O)Me](-), [PhCCCO](+) and [CC(CO)Ph](-). Neutrals MeCCCO, CCC(O)Me and PhCCCO are stable for the microsecond duration of the neutralisation experiment. A joint experimental and theoretical study (energies calculated at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory) suggests that the neutral radical CCC(O)Ph rearranges via a four-centred ipso radical cyclisation/ring opening to form the isomer PhCCCO in an exothermic reaction. (13)C labelling confirms that the rearrangement does not involve O migration. Some of the PhCCCO radicals formed in this reaction are sufficiently energised to effect decomposition to give PhCC and CO. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  4. Influence of Ogg1 repair on the genetic stability of ccc2 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chemically challenged with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO).

    PubMed

    da Silva, Claudia R; Almeida, Gabriella S; Caldeira-de-Araújo, Adriano; Leitão, Alvaro C; de Pádula, Marcelo

    2016-01-01

    In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, disruption of genes by deletion allowed elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of a series of human diseases, such as in Wilson disease (WD). WD is a disorder of copper metabolism, due to inherited mutations in human copper-transporting ATPase (ATP7B). An orthologous gene is present in S. cerevisiae, CCC2 gene. Copper is required as a cofactor for a number of enzymes. In excess, however, it is toxic, potentially carcinogenic, leading to many pathological conditions via oxidatively generated DNA damage. Deficiency in ATP7B (human) or Ccc2 (yeast) causes accumulation of intracellular copper, favouring the generation of reactive oxygen species. Thus, it becomes important to study the relative importance of proteins involved in the repair of these lesions, such as Ogg1. Herein, we addressed the influence Ogg1 repair in a ccc2 deficient strain of S. cerevisiae. We constructed ccc2-disrupted strains from S. cerevisiae (ogg1ccc2 and ccc2), which were analysed in terms of viability and spontaneous mutator phenotype. We also investigated the impact of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) on nuclear DNA damage and on the stability of mitochondrial DNA. The results indicated a synergistic effect on spontaneous mutagenesis upon OGG1 and CCC2 double inactivation, placing 8-oxoguanine as a strong lesion-candidate at the origin of spontaneous mutations. The ccc2 mutant was more sensitive to cell killing and to mutagenesis upon 4-NQO challenge than the other studied strains. However, Ogg1 repair of exogenous-induced DNA damage revealed to be toxic and mutagenic to ccc2 deficient cells, which can be due to a detrimental action of Ogg1 on DNA lesions induced in ccc2 cells. Altogether, our results point to a critical and ambivalent role of BER mediated by Ogg1 in the maintenance of genomic stability in eukaryotes deficient in CCC2 gene. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the UK Environmental Mutagen Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  5. SIRT3 restricts HBV transcription and replication via epigenetic regulation of cccDNA involving SUV39H1 and SETD1A histone methyltransferases.

    PubMed

    Ren, Ji-Hua; Hu, Jie-Li; Cheng, Sheng-Tao; Yu, Hai-Bo; Wong, Vincent Kam Wai; Law, Betty Yuen Kwan; Yang, Yong-Feng; Huang, Ying; Liu, Yi; Chen, Wei-Xian; Cai, Xue-Fei; Tang, Hua; Hu, Yuan; Zhang, Wen-Lu; Liu, Xiang; Long, Quan-Xin; Zhou, Li; Tao, Na-Na; Zhou, Hong-Zhong; Yang, Qiu-Xia; Ren, Fang; He, Lin; Gong, Rui; Huang, Ai-Long; Chen, Juan

    2018-04-06

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major health problem worldwide. Maintenance of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) which serves as a template for HBV RNA transcription is responsible for the failure of eradicating chronic HBV during current antiviral therapy. cccDNA is assembled with cellular histone proteins into chromatin, but little is known about the regulation of HBV chromatin by histone posttranslational modifications. In this study, we identified SIRT3 as a host factor restricting HBV transcription and replication by screening seven members of Sirtuin family which is the class III histone deacetylase. Ectopic SIRT3 expression significantly reduced total HBV RNAs, 3.5-kb RNA as well as replicative intermediate DNA in HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells and PHH. In contrast, gene silencing of SIRT3 promoted HBV transcription and replication. Mechanistic study found nuclear SIRT3 was recruited to the HBV cccDNA, where it deacetylated histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9). Importantly, occupancy of SIRT3 onto cccDNA could increase the recruitment of histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 to cccDNA and decrease recruitment of SETD1A, leading to a marked increase of H3K9me3 and a decrease of H3K4me3 on cccDNA. Moreover, SIRT3-mediated HBV cccDNA transcriptional repression involved decreased binding of host RNA polymerase II and transcription factor YY1 to cccDNA. Finally, viral protein HBx could relieve SIRT3-mediated cccDNA transcriptional repression by inhibiting both SIRT3 expression and its recruitment to cccDNA. SIRT3 is a novel host factor epigenetically restricting HBV cccDNA transcription by acting cooperatively with histone methyltransferase. These data provided a rational for the use of SIRT3 activators in the prevention or treatment of HBV infection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. © 2018 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

  6. Adolescents and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Impact of Care at Specialized Cancer Centers on Survival Outcome

    PubMed Central

    Wolfson, Julie; Sun, Can-Lan; Wyatt, Laura; Stock, Wendy; Bhatia, Smita

    2017-01-01

    Background Adolescents and young adults (AYA: 15-39y) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) experience inferior survival when compared to children. Impact of care at NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers (CCC; or Children's Oncology Group sites [COG]) on survival disparities remains unstudied. Methods Using the Los Angeles Cancer registry, we identified 1,870 ALL or AML patients between 1 and 39y at diagnosis. Cox regression analyses assessed risk of mortality; younger age+CCC/COG served as the referent group. Logistic regression was used to determine odds of care at CCC/COG, adjusting for variables above. Results ALL outcome: AYAs at non-CCC/COG experienced inferior survival (15-21y: HR=1.9, p=0.005; 22-29y: HR=2.6, p<0.001; 30-39y: HR=3.0, p<0.001). Outcome at CCC/COG was comparable between children and young AYAs (15-21y: HR=1.3, p=0.3; 22-29y: HR=1.2, p=0.2) but was inferior for 30-39yo (HR=3.4, p<0.001). AML outcome: AYAs at non-CCC/COG experienced inferior outcome (15-21y: HR=1.8, p=0.02; 22-39y: HR=1.4, p=0.06). Outcome at CCC/COG was comparable between children and 15-21yo (HR=1.3, p=0.4) but was inferior for 22-39yo (HR=1.7, p=0.05). Access: 15-21yo were less likely to use CCC/COG than children (p<0.001). In 22-39yo, public/uninsured (ALL: p=0.004; AML<0.001), African-American/Hispanics (ALL: p=0.03), and 30-39yo (ALL: p=0.03) were less likely to use CCC/COG. Conclusions Poor survival in AYAs with ALL and AML is mitigated by care at CCC/COG. Barriers to CCC/COG care include public/uninsured, and African-American/Hispanic race/ethnicity. Impact Care at CCC/COG explains, in part, inferior outcomes in AYAs with ALL and AML. Key sociodemographic factors serve as barriers to care at specialized centers. PMID:28209594

  7. Quantifying the condition of eruption column collapse during explosive volcanic eruptions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Koyaguchi, Takehiro; Suzuki, Yujiro

    2016-04-01

    During an explosive eruption, a mixture of pyroclasts and volcanic gas forms a buoyant eruption column or a pyroclastic flow. Generation of a pyroclastic flow caused by eruption column collapse is one of the most hazardous phenomena during explosive volcanic eruptions. The quantification of column collapse condition (CCC) is, therefore, highly desired for volcanic hazard assessment. Previously the CCC was roughly predicted by a simple relationship between magma discharge rate and water content (e.g., Carazzo et al., 2008). When a crater is present above the conduit, because of decompression/compression process inside/above the crater, the CCC based on this relationship can be strongly modified (Woods and Bower, 1995; Koyaguchi et al., 2010); however, the effects of the crater on CCC has not been fully understood in a quantitative fashion. Here, we have derived a semi-analytical expression of CCC, in which the effects of the crater is taken into account. The CCC depends on magma properties, crater shape (radius, depth and opening angle) as well as the flow rate at the base of crater. Our semi-analytical CCC expresses all these dependencies by a single surface in a parameter space of the dimensionless magma discharge rate, the dimensionless magma flow rate (per unit area) and the ratio of the cross-sectional areas at the top and the base of crater. We have performed a systematic parameter study of three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations of eruption column dynamics to confirm the semi-analytical CCC. The results of the 3D simulations are consistent with the semi-analytical CCC, while they show some additional fluid dynamical features in the transitional state (e.g., partial column collapse). Because the CCC depends on such many parameters, the scenario towards the generation of pyroclastic flow during explosive eruptions is considered to be diverse. Nevertheless, our semi-analytical CCC together with the existing semi-analytical solution for the 1D conduit flow model (Koyaguchi, 2005) allows us to intuitively and quantitatively understand how the eruption column dynamics approaches to the CCC as the crater radius increases during the waxing stage of an eruption, or as the magma chamber pressure decreases during the waning stage.

  8. Integrated Copy Number and Expression Analysis Identifies Profiles of Whole-Arm Chromosomal Alterations and Subgroups with Favorable Outcome in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinomas

    PubMed Central

    Uehara, Yuriko; Oda, Katsutoshi; Ikeda, Yuji; Koso, Takahiro; Tsuji, Shingo; Yamamoto, Shogo; Asada, Kayo; Sone, Kenbun; Kurikawa, Reiko; Makii, Chinami; Hagiwara, Otoe; Tanikawa, Michihiro; Maeda, Daichi; Hasegawa, Kosei; Nakagawa, Shunsuke; Wada-Hiraike, Osamu; Kawana, Kei; Fukayama, Masashi; Fujiwara, Keiichi; Yano, Tetsu; Osuga, Yutaka; Fujii, Tomoyuki; Aburatani, Hiroyuki

    2015-01-01

    Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is generally associated with chemoresistance and poor clinical outcome, even with early diagnosis; whereas high-grade serous carcinomas (SCs) and endometrioid carcinomas (ECs) are commonly chemosensitive at advanced stages. Although an integrated genomic analysis of SC has been performed, conclusive views on copy number and expression profiles for CCC are still limited. In this study, we performed single nucleotide polymorphism analysis with 57 epithelial ovarian cancers (31 CCCs, 14 SCs, and 12 ECs) and microarray expression analysis with 55 cancers (25 CCCs, 16 SCs, and 14 ECs). We then evaluated PIK3CA mutations and ARID1A expression in CCCs. SNP array analysis classified 13% of CCCs into a cluster with high frequency and focal range of copy number alterations (CNAs), significantly lower than for SCs (93%, P < 0.01) and ECs (50%, P = 0.017). The ratio of whole-arm to all CNAs was higher in CCCs (46.9%) than SCs (21.7%; P < 0.0001). SCs with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of BRCA1 (85%) also had LOH of NF1 and TP53, and LOH of BRCA2 (62%) coexisted with LOH of RB1 and TP53. Microarray analysis classified CCCs into three clusters. One cluster (CCC-2, n = 10) showed more favorable prognosis than the CCC-1 and CCC-3 clusters (P = 0.041). Coexistent alterations of PIK3CA and ARID1A were more common in CCC-1 and CCC-3 (7/11, 64%) than in CCC-2 (0/10, 0%; P < 0.01). Being in cluster CCC-2 was an independent favorable prognostic factor in CCC. In conclusion, CCC was characterized by a high ratio of whole-arm CNAs; whereas CNAs in SC were mainly focal, but preferentially caused LOH of well-known tumor suppressor genes. As such, expression profiles might be useful for sub-classification of CCC, and might provide useful information on prognosis. PMID:26043110

  9. Does Tyrosyl DNA Phosphodiesterase-2 Play a Role in Hepatitis B Virus Genome Repair?

    PubMed Central

    Boregowda, Rajeev; Sohn, Ji A.; Ledesma, Felipe Cortes; Caldecott, Keith W.; Seeger, Christoph; Hu, Jianming

    2015-01-01

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and persistence are sustained by a nuclear episome, the covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA, which serves as the transcriptional template for all viral RNAs. CCC DNA is converted from a relaxed circular (RC) DNA in the virion early during infection as well as from RC DNA in intracellular progeny nucleocapsids via an intracellular amplification pathway. Current antiviral therapies suppress viral replication but cannot eliminate CCC DNA. Thus, persistence of CCC DNA remains an obstacle toward curing chronic HBV infection. Unfortunately, very little is known about how CCC DNA is formed. CCC DNA formation requires removal of the virally encoded reverse transcriptase (RT) protein from the 5’ end of the minus strand of RC DNA. Tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase-2 (Tdp2) was recently identified as the enzyme responsible for cleavage of tyrosyl-5’ DNA linkages formed between topoisomerase II and cellular DNA. Because the RT-DNA linkage is also a 5’ DNA-phosphotyrosyl bond, it has been hypothesized that Tdp2 might be one of several elusive host factors required for CCC DNA formation. Therefore, we examined the role of Tdp2 in RC DNA deproteination and CCC DNA formation. We demonstrated Tdp2 can cleave the tyrosyl-minus strand DNA linkage using authentic HBV RC DNA isolated from nucleocapsids and using RT covalently linked to short minus strand DNA produced in vitro. On the other hand, our results showed that Tdp2 gene knockout did not block CCC DNA formation during HBV infection of permissive human hepatoma cells and did not prevent intracellular amplification of duck hepatitis B virus CCC DNA. These results indicate that although Tdp2 can remove the RT covalently linked to the 5’ end of the HBV minus strand DNA in vitro, this protein might not be required for CCC DNA formation in vivo. PMID:26079492

  10. 7 CFR 1421.401 - DMA responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...) Transmit documents to render forfeited collateral to CCC; and (9) Collect data for reporting to CCC as... of the warehouse receipts, unless otherwise directed by CCC. (3) Attend, at the DMAs expense, DMA...

  11. 7 CFR 1421.401 - DMA responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...) Transmit documents to render forfeited collateral to CCC; and (9) Collect data for reporting to CCC as... of the warehouse receipts, unless otherwise directed by CCC. (3) Attend, at the DMAs expense, DMA...

  12. Association of conjunctival and corneal calcification with vascular calcification among hepatitis-C-seropositive hemodialysis patients.

    PubMed

    AbouSeif, Khaled; Sany, Dawlat; Elshahawy, Yasser; Seddik, Ayman; Rahman, Khedr; Gaber, Moustapha

    2016-01-01

    Disorders associated with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been reported including cardiovascular, metabolic, and central nervous system diseases. Since chronic HCV infections may be curable, their identification as causal contributors to cardiovascular risk could offer new perspectives in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between HCV and aortic arch calcification (AAC) and corneal and conjunctival calcification (CCC) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients; further, we assessed the correlation of CCC with vascular calcification. A total of 100 patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) in our hospital were included in this study. Patients underwent a complete ocular examination including intraocular pressure, and CCC was looked for by slit lamp and fundoscopy. CCC was graded according to modified Porter and Crombie classification system described by Tokuyama et al. Helical computerized tomographic chest examination was used to evaluate the grading of AAC. Demographic, hematological, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained. There was significant difference between seropositive (n = 51) and seronegative patients (n = 49) regarding grading of AAC and CCC (P <0.001). Significant positive correlation was found between grading of CCC, AAC, age (P <0.001), duration on HD (P <0.001), HCV-antibody positivity (P <0.001), serum calcium level (P <0.001), serum phosphorus level (P <0.001), calcium × phosphorus product (P <0.001), and i-parathormone level (P < 0.001). In addition, CCC grading positively correlated with AAC. Our results suggest that patients undergoing HD infected with the HCV have high degree of CCC, AAC, and mineral metabolism disorder. The strong correlation between CCC and AAC indicates that CCC evaluation is an easy, fast, non-invasive method, and might be used as an indirect indicator to detect vascular calcification in patients undergoing MHD.

  13. Plasma Omentin-1 Level as a Predictor of Good Coronary Collateral Circulation

    PubMed Central

    Zhou, Ji-Peng; Tong, Xiao-Yu; Zhu, Ling-Ping; Luo, Jing-Min; Luo, Ying; Bai, Yong-Ping

    2017-01-01

    Aims: Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) is crucial during an acute ischemic attack. Evidences showed that omentin-1 exhibited remarkable antiatherogenic effects and ischemia-induced revascularization. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between plasma omentin-1 levels and CCC in patients with ≥ 90% angiography-proven coronary occlusion. Methods: 142 patients with ≥ 90% luminal diameter stenosis in at least one major epicardial coronary artery were recruited. Among them, 79 patients with Rentrop 0–1 grade were classified into the poor CCC group and 63 patients with Rentrop 2–3 grade were included into the good CCC group. The association between plasma omentin-1 levels and CCC status was assessed. Results: Plasma omentin-1 level was significantly higher in patients with good CCC than those with poor CCC (566.57 ± 26.90 vs. 492.38 ± 19.70 ng/mL, p = 0.024). Besides, omentin-1 was positively correlated with total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein, and gensini score but inversely with hyperlipidemia and body mass index (all p values < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that omentin-1 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.002, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.000 – 1.004, p = 0.041)], TC, the number of the diseased vessels, a higher frequency of left circumflex artery and right coronary artery, chronic total occlusion, and gensini score remained as the independent predictors of good CCC. Conclusion: Higher plasma omentin-1 level was associated with better CCC development. Our findings suggest that omentin-1 may be an alternative marker for adequate CCC in patients with ≥ 90% coronary occlusion. PMID:28123148

  14. Prognostic value of coronary collaterals in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

    PubMed

    Kurtul, Alparslan; Ozturk, Selcuk

    2017-08-01

    The presence of good coronary collateral circulation (CCC) can protect and preserve myocardium from ischemia, increase myocardial contractility, and reduce adverse clinical events. However, its impact on mortality is still a topic of debate, particularly in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of CCC with cardiac risk factors and in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of ACS. The study population included 2286 patients with ACS who underwent coronary angiography and were found to have at least 90% significant lesion in at least one major coronary artery. The CCC was graded according to the Rentrop classification. The patients were classified into a poor CCC group (Rentrop grades 0-1, n=1859) or a good CCC group (Rentrop grades 2-3, n=427). Patients with good CCC had more high-risk patient characteristics such as older age, higher rate of Killip class of at least 2 at admission, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, and impaired renal functions compared with the patients with poor CCC. In multivariate analysis, the presence of good CCC [odds ratio (OR): 2.000; 95% confidence interval: 1.116-3.585; P=0.020], left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40% (OR: 2.381; P=0.003), Killip class of at least 2 at admission (OR: 3.609; P<0.001), age of at least 65 years (OR: 2.975; P=0.003), and hemoglobin (OR: 0.797; P=0.003) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. In contrast to previous studies, our study did not confirm a beneficial role of good CCC in patients with ACS; the presence of good CCC was even independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality in the multivariate analysis.

  15. Diagnostic value of 3.0T (1)H MRS with choline-containing compounds ratio (∆CCC) in primary malignant hepatic tumors.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Li; Zhao, Xinming; Ouyang, Han; Wang, Shuang; Zhou, Chunwu

    2016-08-22

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of 3.0-T (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) in primary malignant hepatic tumors and to compare the effects of (1)H MRS on the diagnostic accuracy of liver-occupying lesions between junior and experienced radiologists. This study included 50 healthy volunteers and 40 consecutive patients (50 lesions). Informed consent was obtained from each subject. Images were obtained on clinical whole-body 3.0-T MR system. Point -Resolved Spectroscopy was used to obtain the spectroscopy image. All conventional images were reviewed blindly by junior radiologist and experienced radiologist, respectively. The choline-containing compounds peak area (CCC-A) was measured with SAGE software, and the choline-containing compound ratio (∆CCC) was calculated. The efficacy of CCC-A and ∆CCC in the diagnosis of primary malignant hepatic tumors was determined by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. We also compared the effects of MRS on the diagnostic accuracy of liver-occupying lesions with junior and experienced radiologist. A significant increase in mean CCC-A was observed in malignant tumors compared with benign tumors. The ROC curve showed ∆CCC had a high discriminatory ability in diagnosing primary malignant hepatic tumors with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.3 and 93.3 %, respectively. The ∆CCC area under the curve (AUC) was 0.97 that was larger than that of both junior and experienced radiologist, while the significantly statistical difference was only obtained between ∆CCC and junior radiologist (P = 0.01). (1)H MRS with ∆CCC demonstrates good efficacy in diagnosing primary malignant hepatic tumors. The technique improves the accuracy of diagnosing liver-occupying lesions, particularly for junior radiologists.

  16. 7 CFR 1488.17 - Assignment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Miscellaneous... under the financing agreement, in whole or in part, without written approval of the Vice President, CCC, or the Controller, CCC. ...

  17. 7 CFR 1488.17 - Assignment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Miscellaneous... under the financing agreement, in whole or in part, without written approval of the Vice President, CCC, or the Controller, CCC. ...

  18. 7 CFR 1488.17 - Assignment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Miscellaneous... under the financing agreement, in whole or in part, without written approval of the Vice President, CCC, or the Controller, CCC. ...

  19. Evaluation of a processing scheme for calcified atheromatous carotid artery detection in face/neck CBCT images

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matheus, B. R. N.; Centurion, B. S.; Rubira-Bullen, I. R. F.; Schiabel, H.

    2017-03-01

    Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), a kind of face and neck exams can be opportunity to identify, as an incidental finding, calcifications of the carotid artery (CACA). Given the similarity of the CACA with calcification found in several x-ray exams, this work suggests that a similar technique designed to detect breast calcifications in mammography images could be applied to detect such calcifications in CBCT. The method used a 3D version of the calcification detection technique [1], based on a signal enhancement using a convolution with a 3D Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) function followed by removing the high contrast bone structure from the image. Initial promising results show a 71% sensitivity with 0.48 false positive per exam.

  20. The Effects of Cover, Copy, and Compare, Performance Feedback and Rewards on the Mathematical Calculation Skills of Students Identified with Math Difficulty

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Benson, Geetal

    2013-01-01

    This study examined the isolated effects of Cover, Copy and Compare (CCC) and the effects of CCC paired with performance feedback (CCC + PF) and rewards (CCC + RW) on the mathematical calculation skills of first grade students identified with math difficulty. Four research questions were addressed in this study. 1. Does Cover, Copy, and Compare…

  1. Targeted mutation analysis of endometrial clear cell carcinoma.

    PubMed

    Hoang, Lien N; McConechy, Melissa K; Meng, Bo; McIntyre, John B; Ewanowich, Carol; Gilks, Cyril Blake; Huntsman, David G; Köbel, Martin; Lee, Cheng-Han

    2015-04-01

    Endometrial clear cell carcinomas (CCC) constitute fewer than 5% of all carcinomas of the endometrium. Currently, little is known regarding the genetic basis of endometrial CCC. We performed genomic and immunohistochemical analyses on 14 rigorously reviewed pure endometrial CCC. The genomic analysis consisted of sequencing the coding regions of 26 genes implicated previously in endometrial carcinoma. Twelve of 14 tumours displayed a prototypical CCC immunophenotype [napsin A+, hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF1β(+) ) and oestrogen receptor(-) ] and all showed intact mismatch repair protein expression. We detected mutations in 11 of 14 tumours, and there was a predominance of mutations involving genes that are mutated more frequently in endometrial serous carcinomas than in endometrioid carcinomas. Two tumours displayed a prototypical serous carcinoma mutation profile (concurrent TP53 and PPP2R1A mutations, without PTEN, CTNNB1 or ARID1A mutation). No mutations in PTEN, CTNNB1 or POLE were identified. The overall mutation profile of this cohort of endometrial CCC appears to be more serous-like than endometrioid-like, with a minor subset in the TP53-mutated CCC showing serous carcinoma profile. These findings provide new insights into the molecular features of morphologically prototypical endometrial CCC, and underscore the need for further investigations into the oncogenesis of endometrial CCC. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  2. Hedgehog pathway as a potential treatment target in human cholangiocarcinoma.

    PubMed

    Riedlinger, Dorothee; Bahra, Marcus; Boas-Knoop, Sabine; Lippert, Steffen; Bradtmöller, Maren; Guse, Katrin; Seehofer, Daniel; Bova, Roberta; Sauer, Igor M; Neuhaus, Peter; Koch, Arend; Kamphues, Carsten

    2014-08-01

    Innovative treatment concepts targeting essential signaling pathways may offer new chances for patients suffering from cholangiocarcinoma (CCC). For that, we performed a systematic molecular genetic analysis concerning the Hedgehog activity in human CCC samples and analyzed the effect of Hh inhibition on CCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Activation of the Hh pathway was analyzed in 50 human CCC samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The efficacy of Hh inhibition using cyclopamine and BMS-833923 was evaluated in vitro. In addition, the effect of BMS-833923, alone or in combination with gemcitabine, was analyzed in vivo in a murine subcutaneous xenograft model. Expression analysis revealed a significant activation of the Hh-signaling pathway in nearly 50% of CCCs. Hh inhibition resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation of CCC cells. Moreover, a distinct inhibition of tumor growth could be seen as a result of a combined therapy with BMS-833923 and gemcitabine in CCC xenografts. The results of our study suggest that the Hh pathway plays a relevant role at least in a subset of human CCC. Inhibition of this pathway may represent a possible treatment option for CCC patients in which the Hh pathway is activated. © 2014 Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery.

  3. Final work plan : investigation of potential contamination at the former CCC/USDA grain storage facility in Hanover, Kansas.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    LaFreniere, L. M.; Environmental Science Division

    The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), operated a grain storage facility at the northeastern edge of the city of Hanover, Kansas, from 1950 until the early 1970s. During this time, commercial grain fumigants containing carbon tetrachloride were in common use by the grain storage industry to preserve grain in their facilities. In February 1998, trace to low levels of carbon tetrachloride (below the maximum contaminant level [MCL] of 5.0 {micro}g/L) were detected in two private wells near the former grain storage facility at Hanover, as part of a statewide USDA private wellmore » sampling program that was implemented by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) near former CCC/USDA facilities. In April 2007, the CCC/USDA collected near-surface soil samples at 1.8-2 ft BGL (below ground level) at 61 locations across the former CCC/USDA facility. All soil samples were analyzed by the rigorous gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer analytical method (purge-and-trap method). No contamination was found in soil samples above the reporting limit of 10 {micro}g/kg. In July 2007, the CCC/USDA sampled indoor air at nine residences on or adjacent to its former facility to address the residents concerns regarding vapor intrusion. Low levels of carbon tetrachloride were detected at four of the nine homes. Because carbon tetrachloride found in private wells and indoor air at the site might be linked to historical use of fumigants containing carbon tetrachloride at its former grain storage facility, the CCC/USDA is proposing to conduct an investigation to determine the source and extent of the carbon tetrachloride contamination associated with the former facility. This investigation will be conducted in accordance with the intergovernmental agreement between the KDHE and the Farm Service Agency (FSA) of the USDA. The investigation at Hanover will be performed, on behalf of the CCC/USDA, by the Environmental Science Division of Argonne National Laboratory. Argonne is a nonprofit, multidisciplinary research center operated by UChicago Argonne, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The CCC/USDA has entered into an interagency agreement with DOE, under which Argonne provides technical assistance to the CCC/USDA with environmental site characterization and remediation at its former grain storage facilities. Seven technical objectives have been proposed for the Hanover investigation. They are as follows: (1) Identify the sources and extent of soil contamination beneath the former CCC/USDA facility; (2) Characterize groundwater contamination beneath the former CCC/USDA facility; (3) Determine groundwater flow patterns; (4) Define the vertical and lateral extent of the groundwater plume outside the former CCC/USDA facility; (5) Evaluate the aquifer and monitor the groundwater system; (6) Identify any other potential sources of contamination that are not related to activities of the CCC/USDA; and (7) Determine whether there is a vapor intrusion problem at the site attributable to the former CCC/USDA facility. The technical objectives will be accomplished in a phased approached. Data collected during each phase will be evaluated to determine whether the subsequent phase is necessary. The KDHE project manager and the CCC/USDA will be contacted during each phase and kept apprised of the results. Whether implementation of each phase of work is necessary will be discussed and mutually agreed upon by the CCC/USDA and KDHE project managers.« less

  4. 7 CFR 1434.19 - Settlement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... FOR HONEY § 1434.19 Settlement. The value of the settlement of loans shall be made by CCC on the... CCC and CCC shall have no obligation to pay such amount to any party. (b) With respect to honey that...

  5. 7 CFR 1434.19 - Settlement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... FOR HONEY § 1434.19 Settlement. The value of the settlement of loans shall be made by CCC on the... CCC and CCC shall have no obligation to pay such amount to any party. (b) With respect to honey that...

  6. Synergistic control center development utilizing commercial technology and industry standards. [NASA space programs

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Anderson, Brian L.

    1993-01-01

    The development of the Control Center Complex (CCC), a synergistic control center supporting both the Space Station Freedom and the Space Shuttle Program, is described. To provide maximum growth and flexibility, the CCC uses commercial off-the-shelf technology and industry standards. The discussion covers the development philosophy, CCC architecture, data distribution, the software platform concept, workstation platform, commercial tools for the CCC, and benefits of synergy.

  7. Characterization of the host factors required for hepadnavirus covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA formation.

    PubMed

    Guo, Haitao; Xu, Chunxiao; Zhou, Tianlun; Block, Timothy M; Guo, Ju-Tao

    2012-01-01

    Synthesis of the covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA is a critical, but not well-understood step in the life cycle of hepadnaviruses. Our previous studies favor a model that removal of genome-linked viral DNA polymerase occurs in the cytoplasm and the resulting deproteinized relaxed circular DNA (DP-rcDNA) is subsequently transported into the nucleus and converted into cccDNA. In support of this model, our current study showed that deproteinization of viral double-stranded linear (dsl) DNA also took place in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Ku80, a component of non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway, was essential for synthesis of cccDNA from dslDNA, but not rcDNA. In an attempt to identify additional host factors regulating cccDNA biosynthesis, we found that the DP-rcDNA was produced in all tested cell lines that supported DHBV DNA replication, but cccDNA was only synthesized in the cell lines that accumulated high levels of DP-rcDNA, except for NCI-H322M and MDBK cells, which failed to synthesize cccDNA despite of the existence of nuclear DP-rcDNA. The results thus imply that while removal of the genome-linked viral DNA polymerase is most likely catalyzed by viral or ubiquitous host function(s), nuclear factors required for the conversion of DP-rcDNA into cccDNA and/or its maintenance are deficient in the above two cell lines, which could be useful tools for identification of the elusive host factors essential for cccDNA biosynthesis or maintenance.

  8. Cortisol levels in fingernails, neurocognitive performance and clinical variables in euthymic bipolar I disorder.

    PubMed

    Herane-Vives, Andres; Cleare, Anthony J; Chang, Chin-Kuo; de Angel, Valeria; Papadopoulos, Andrew; Fischer, Susanne; Halari, Rozmin; Cheung, Eric Y W; Young, Allan H

    2017-03-27

    Neurocognitive impairment has been found in bipolar patients. Hypercortisolemia is one possible cause but there has been no agreement on this. Previous sampling methods assessed only acute cortisol levels, whereas the association between cortisol and psychopathology might be better understood by investigating chronic levels. Fingernails are a novel method for measuring chronic cortisol concentration (CCC). Here, we measured CCC in euthymic bipolar disorder I (BD-I) patients and healthy controls using fingernails to investigate whether differences in CCC influenced neurocognitive performance. We also investigated whether differences in clinical illness variables influenced CCC in euthymic BD-I patients. A previous study demonstrated neurocognitive impairment in euthymic BD-I patients. The current study included a portion of this sample: 40 BD-I versus 42 matched controls who provided fingernail samples. There was no statistically significant difference in CCC between controls and BD-I (P = .09). Logistic regression analyses revealed that euthymic bipolar I subjects with more than five years of current euthymia had decreased odds of having higher fingernail cortisol concentration (>71.2 pg/mg) compared to those with less than 1.5 years (P = .04). There was no association between CCC and cognitive impairment in all domains before and after adjustment for age and sex. The current evidence suggests CCC is not a trait biomarker in euthymic BD-I (BD-I). Longer periods of stability in affective disorders are associated with lower CCC. Fingernail cortisol does not seem to be implicated in neurocognitive impairment and BD-I. Future studies may investigate CCC in different illness phases of BD-I.

  9. Angiotensin-converting enzyme DD polymorphism is associated with poor coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease.

    PubMed

    Ceyhan, Koksal; Kadi, Hasan; Celik, Atac; Burucu, Turgay; Koc, Fatih; Sogut, Erkan; Sahin, Semsettin; Onalan, Orhan

    2012-01-01

    Although association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and cardiovascular diseases was reported by many studies, the relation between ACE I/D polymorphism and coronary collateral circulation (CCC) has not been studied yet. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and CCC. Patients who were subjected to coronary angiography in the 2006 to 2009 period and had at least a completely occluded major artery were included in this study. To classify collateral circulation, we used the Rentrop classification. Patients were classified as having poor CCC (Rentrop grades 0 to 1) or good CCC (Rentrop grades 2 to 3). Gene polymorphism was detected through the detailed melting curve analysis of polymerase chain reaction products after amplification using real-time polymerase chain reaction method and LightCycler 1.5 apparatus. We prospectively studied 113 patients who had at least 1 totally occluded major epicardial coronary artery. Forty-seven patients had poor CCC and 67 patients had good CCC. There were no differences among groups in age, sex, risk factors, lipid profile, uses of cardiovascular drugs, and number of diseased vessels. Plasma ACE levels were significantly higher in poor CCC group (P < 0.001). The frequency of DD polymorphism was higher in the poor CCC group (P < 0.001). In allele frequency, we found that the frequency of the D allele was higher in poor CCC group than in the good CCC group (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.16-7.38; P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis with CCC development as the dependent variable revealed that the presence of total occlusion of the left circumflex artery (95% CI, 1.29-6.6; P = 0.001), ACE DD genotype (95% CI, 2.55-12.79; P = 0.001), presence of diabetes (95% CI, 1.03-3.16; P = 0.005), and pulse pressure (95% CI, 1.04-1.56; P = 0.045) were independent determinants of poor coronary collateral development. This study showed that ACE DD polymorphism is associated with poor CCC. Poor collateral circulation in patients carrying the D allele may be associated with endothelial dysfunction and elevated blood ACE levels in these patients.

  10. Adolescents and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Impact of Care at Specialized Cancer Centers on Survival Outcome.

    PubMed

    Wolfson, Julie; Sun, Can-Lan; Wyatt, Laura; Stock, Wendy; Bhatia, Smita

    2017-03-01

    Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYA; 15-39 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) experience inferior survival when compared with children. Impact of care at NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers (CCC) or Children's Oncology Group sites (COG) on survival disparities remains unstudied. Methods: Using the Los Angeles cancer registry, we identified 1,870 ALL or AML patients between 1 and 39 years at diagnosis. Cox regression analyses assessed risk of mortality; younger age + CCC/COG served as the referent group. Logistic regression was used to determine odds of care at CCC/COG, adjusting for variables above. Results: ALL outcome: AYAs at non-CCC/COG experienced inferior survival (15-21 years: HR = 1.9, P = 0.005; 22-29 years: HR = 2.6, P < 0.001; 30-39 years: HR = 3.0, P < 0.001). Outcome at CCC/COG was comparable between children and young AYAs (15-21 years: HR = 1.3, P = 0.3; 22-29 years: HR = 1.2, P = 0.2) but was inferior for 30- to 39-year-olds (HR = 3.4, P < 0.001). AML outcome: AYAs at non-CCC/COG experienced inferior outcome (15-21 years: HR = 1.8, P = 0.02; 22-39 years: HR = 1.4, P = 0.06). Outcome at CCC/COG was comparable between children and 15- to 21-year-olds (HR = 1.3, P = 0.4) but was inferior for 22- to 39-year-olds (HR = 1.7, P = 0.05). Access: 15- to 21-year-olds were less likely to use CCC/COG than children ( P < 0.001). In 22- to 39-year-olds, public/uninsured (ALL: P = 0.004; AML<0.001), African American/Hispanics (ALL: P = 0.03), and 30- to 39-year-olds (ALL: P = 0.03) were less likely to use CCC/COG. Conclusions: Poor survival in AYAs with ALL and AML is mitigated by care at CCC/COG. Barriers to CCC/COG care include public/uninsured, and African American/Hispanic race/ethnicity. Impact: Care at CCC/COG explains, in part, inferior outcomes in AYAs with ALL and AML. Key sociodemographic factors serve as barriers to care at specialized centers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 312-20. ©2017 AACR . ©2017 American Association for Cancer Research.

  11. The relationship of plasma decoy receptor 3 and coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease.

    PubMed

    Yan, Youyou; Song, Dandan; Liu, Lulu; Meng, Xiuping; Qi, Chao; Wang, Junnan

    2017-11-15

    Previously, decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) was found to be a potential angiogenetic factor, while the relationship of DcR3 with coronary collateral circulation formation has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether plasma decoy receptor 3 levels was associated with CCC formation and evaluate its predictive power for CCC status in patients with coronary artery disease. Among patients who underwent coronary angiography with coronary artery disease and had a stenosis of ≥90% were included in our study. Collateral degree was graded according to Rentrope Cohen classification. Patients with grade 2 or 3 collateral degree were enrolled in good CCC group and patients with grade 0 or 1 collateral degree were enrolled in poor CCC group. Plasma DcR3 level was significantly higher in good CCC group (328.00±230.82 vs 194.84±130.63ng/l, p<0.01) and positively correlated with Rentrope grade (p<0.01). In addition, plasma DcR3 was also positively correlated with VEGF-A. Both ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve) and multinomial logistical regression analysis showed that plasma DcR3 displayed potent predictive power for CCC status. Higher plasma DcR3 level was related to better CCC formation and displayed potent predictive power for CCC status. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  12. Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of High Iron Toxicity in Yeast

    PubMed Central

    Lin, Huilan; Li, Liangtao; Jia, Xuan; Ward, Diane McVey; Kaplan, Jerry

    2011-01-01

    Iron storage in yeast requires the activity of the vacuolar iron transporter Ccc1. Yeast with an intact CCC1 are resistant to iron toxicity, but deletion of CCC1 renders yeast susceptible to iron toxicity. We used genetic and biochemical analysis to identify suppressors of high iron toxicity in Δccc1 cells to probe the mechanism of high iron toxicity. All genes identified as suppressors of high iron toxicity in aerobically grown Δccc1 cells encode organelle iron transporters including mitochondrial iron transporters MRS3, MRS4, and RIM2. Overexpression of MRS3 suppressed high iron toxicity by decreasing cytosolic iron through mitochondrial iron accumulation. Under anaerobic conditions, Δccc1 cells were still sensitive to high iron toxicity, but overexpression of MRS3 did not suppress iron toxicity and did not result in mitochondrial iron accumulation. We conclude that Mrs3/Mrs4 can sequester iron within mitochondria under aerobic conditions but not anaerobic conditions. We show that iron toxicity in Δccc1 cells occurred under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Microarray analysis showed no evidence of oxidative damage under anaerobic conditions, suggesting that iron toxicity may not be solely due to oxidative damage. Deletion of TSA1, which encodes a peroxiredoxin, exacerbated iron toxicity in Δccc1 cells under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, suggesting a unique role for Tsa1 in iron toxicity. PMID:21115478

  13. A model of the interfacial processes inhibiting the environmental degradation of Al-Cu alloys

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kearns, Jeffery Robert

    A better understanding of the composition and structure of chemically treated Al alloy surfaces is necessary to devise new, more environmentally benign, coating systems for aircraft. In this work, the surface of AA2024-T3, as well as analogs for constituent intermetallic compounds (IMC), were examined at various stages of the Al alloy pretreatment and chromate conversion coating (CCC) process. A complement of techniques were used: imaging and dyanmic Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), Variable-Angle X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (VA/XPS), Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy (SIRS), X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The water and hydrocarbons in commercial CCC destabilized Cr(VI) during exposure to soft x-rays. However, it was possible to prevent photochemical reduction with the ultra-clean vacuum pumping practice recently developed at Stony Brook. The type of pretreatment used prior to chromate conversion coating influenced the extent of IMC removal, Cu (re)distribution, and surface activity. Cu(I) was observed on all the chemically treated surfaces. Samples pretreated in Sanchem 1000 while galvanically coupled to a Pt mesh had a more desirable distribution of Cu for subsequent processing. Chromate reduction was not a significant factor in CCC aging over a 24-hr period, but surface dehydration and structural change were correlated and causative. Imaging SIMS revealed heterogeneities in the CCC that varied laterally with IMC in the alloy substrate. These regions were depleted in compounds containing Cr, F, and CN. Cu was found at localized sites in the CCC contact surface. Cyano groups were bound as Cr(IlI)-CNFe(H). The chromate available for CCC repair was located on matrix regions through the entire bulk of the CCC. The presence of residual contaminants (e.g. cleaning agents, metal working fluid, ink) affected the distribution of activator compounds (e.g. ferricyanide) in a CCC. The cyanide complex (Cr(Ill)-Fe-CN6) was found in the CCC bulk not just at the outermost surface. A new model for CCC on Al-Cr alloys is proposed. The model is based on the sol-gel-like nascent CCC that limits the transport of IMC dissolution products.

  14. Development of an efficient fractionation method for the preparative separation of sesquiterpenoids from Tussilago farfara by counter-current chromatography.

    PubMed

    Song, Kwangho; Lee, Kyoung Jin; Kim, Yeong Shik

    2017-03-17

    A novel application of counter-current chromatography (CCC) to enrich plant extracts using direct and continuous injection (CCC-DCI) was developed to fractionate sesquiterpenoids from the buds of Tussilago farfara L. In this study, an n-hexane-acetonitrile-water (HAcW) solvent system was separately pumped into the CCC column, and an extraction solution (45% acetonitrile) was directly and continuously injected into the CCC column. Since the extraction solution was used as a mobile phase in this method, solvent consumption could be greatly reduced. To enrich the extraction solution (315.9g/5.4L), only 4.2L water, 4.6L acetonitrile, and 1.2L n-hexane were used, including the extraction step. Finally, 6.8g of a sesquiterpenoid-enriched (STE) fraction was obtained from the crude extract (315.9g) of Tussilago farfara (1kg) in a single CCC run with a separation time of 8.5h. The sample injection capacity of CCC-DCI was greater than 300g; this amount of sample could not be handled in conventional CCC or other fractionation methods with the same column volume. Moreover, three major sesquiterpenoids (1: tussilagone, 2: 14-acetoxy-7β-(3'-ethyl cis-crotonoyloxy)-1α-(2'-methylburyryloxy)-notonipetranone, and 3: 7β-(3'-ethyl cis-crotonoyloxy)-1α-(2'-methylburyryloxy)-3, 14-dehydro-Z-notonipetranone) were purified from the STE fraction by CCC, and their chemical structures were elucidated by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR. A quantification study was conducted, and the contents of compounds 1-3 in the CCC-DCI fraction were higher than those of conventional multi-step fractionations performed in series: solvent partitioning and open column chromatography. Furthermore, the average CCC-DCI recoveries were 96.1% (1), 96.9% (2), and 94.6% (3), whereas the open column chromatography recoveries were 77.7% (1), 66.5% (2), and 58.4% (3). The developed method demonstrates that CCC is a useful technique for enriching target components from natural products. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. 101. Catalog HHistory 1, C.C.C., 34 Landscaping, Negative No. 1340 ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    101. Catalog H-History 1, C.C.C., 34 Landscaping, Negative No. 1340 (Photographer and date unknown) BANK BLENDING WORK BY CCC. - Skyline Drive, From Front Royal, VA to Rockfish Gap, VA , Luray, Page County, VA

  16. [Dynamic detection of duck hepatitis B virus cccDNA in serum of ducks with liver injury].

    PubMed

    Zhao, Ke-kai; Wang, Qing; Miao, Xiao-hui; Xu, Wen-sheng

    2010-09-21

    To confirm whether DHBV cccDNA could be detected in serum of DHBV-infected ducks after liver injury. Twenty four ducks with persistent DHBV infection were divided into 4 groups with the following treatments: A, D-galactosamine (D-GalN, 2.2 g/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 µg/kg); B, 10 mg/kg of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) every 12 h twice following D-GalN and LPS; C, 15 mg/kg of CCl4 every 12 h twice following D-GalN and LPS; D, normal saline as normal control (NC). At 0 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h post-treatment, sera were collected from each duck for determination of serum DHBV load, DHBV cccDNA and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). And ducks were eventually sacrificed to obtain liver specimens for pathological assessment of liver lesions and determination of intrahepatic total DHBV DNA and DHBV cccDNA. (1) No obvious pathological change was observed in the liver of ducks from NC group while the indices of liver injury were significantly different between Groups A, B and C; (2) DHBV cccDNA was undetectable in the sera of ducks from NC and A group at all time points. In contrast, DHBV cccDNA, varying from 3.17 × 10(3) copies/ml to 1.72 × 10(4) copies/ml, was detected in the sera of 2 ducks from Group B and 3 ducks from Group C at 36 h post-treatment. The occurrence of DHBV cccDNA in serum was significantly correlated with the degree of liver injury while no significant association with serum ALT level and DHBV load as well as with the level of intrahepatic total DHBV DNA and DHBV cccDNA was observed. DHBV cccDNA may be detected in the serum when the liver of duck is seriously damaged. The incidence of DHBV cccDNA occurrence in the serum is significantly associated with the severity of liver injury.

  17. Toward an understanding of the pathophysiology of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary (Review)

    PubMed Central

    UEKURI, CHIHARU; SHIGETOMI, HIROSHI; ONO, SUMIRE; SASAKI, YOSHIKAZU; MATSUURA, MIYUKI; KOBAYASHI, HIROSHI

    2013-01-01

    Endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers demonstrate substantial morphological and genetic diversity. The transcription factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1β, may be one of several key genes involved in the identity of ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC). The present study reviews a considerably expanded set of HNF-1β-associated genes and proteins that determine the pathophysiology of CCC. The current literature was reviewed by searching MEDLINE/PubMed. Functional interpretations of gene expression profiling in CCC are provided. Several important CCC-related genes overlap with those known to be regulated by the upregulation of HNF-1β expression, along with a lack of estrogen receptor (ER) expression. Furthermore, the genetic expression pattern in CCC resembles that of the Arias-Stella reaction, decidualization and placentation. HNF-1β regulates a subset of progesterone target genes. HNF-1β may also act as a modulator of female reproduction, playing a role in endometrial regeneration, differentiation, decidualization, glycogen synthesis, detoxification, cell cycle regulation, implantation, uterine receptivity and a successful pregnancy. In conclusion, the present study focused on reviewing the aberrant expression of CCC-specific genes and provided an update on the pathological implications and molecular functions of well-characterized CCC-specific genes. PMID:24179489

  18. 7 CFR 1412.34 - Submitting production evidence for establishing direct payment yields for oilseeds and pulse crops.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... in such manner as required by CCC on a CCC-approved standard, uniform form designated by CCC. (b)(1... furnish documentary evidence in order to verify the information provided on the report of production...

  19. 100. Catalog HHistory 1, C.C.C., 34 Landscaping, Negative No. P ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    100. Catalog H-History 1, C.C.C., 34 Landscaping, Negative No. P 733c (Photographer and date unknown) SLOPE MAINTENANCE WORK BY CCC. - Skyline Drive, From Front Royal, VA to Rockfish Gap, VA , Luray, Page County, VA

  20. 7 CFR 1493.1 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for Export Credit... use of credit guarantees under the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and the Intermediate Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) and the criteria considered by CCC in...

  1. 7 CFR 1493.1 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and... restrictions which apply to the use of credit guarantees under the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export... criteria considered by CCC in determining the annual allocations of credit guarantees to be made available...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.1 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for Export Credit... use of credit guarantees under the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and the Intermediate Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) and the criteria considered by CCC in...

  3. 7 CFR 1493.1 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and... restrictions which apply to the use of credit guarantees under the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export... criteria considered by CCC in determining the annual allocations of credit guarantees to be made available...

  4. 75 FR 81232 - Council Coordination Committee Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-27

    ... meeting of the Council Coordination Committee (CCC), consisting of the Regional Fishery Management Council... Management Reauthorization Act (MSRA) of 2006 established the Council Coordination Committee (CCC) by... provide reports to the CCC for its information and discussion. All sessions are open to the public...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.1 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for Export Credit... use of credit guarantees under the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and the Intermediate Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103) and the criteria considered by CCC in...

  6. Treatment of Social Competence in Military Veterans, Service Members, and Civilians with Traumatic Brain Injury

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-08-01

    Morey, MA, CCC- SLP 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING...Competence Problems after Traumatic Brain Injury: a Civilian and Military/Veteran Cohort Authors: Clare Morey, MA, CCC- SLP Lenore Hawley, MSSW, LCSW...Jody Newman, MA, CCC- SLP Angela Philippus, BA Cynthia Braden, MA, CCC- SLP Melissa Hofmann, MSPT Cynthia Harrison-Felix, PhD Please direct all

  7. Molecular Analysis of Mixed Endometrial Carcinomas Shows Clonality in Most Cases.

    PubMed

    Köbel, Martin; Meng, Bo; Hoang, Lien N; Almadani, Noorah; Li, Xiaodong; Soslow, Robert A; Gilks, C Blake; Lee, Cheng-Han

    2016-02-01

    Mixed endometrial carcinoma refers to a tumor that comprises 2 or more distinct histotypes. We studied 18 mixed-type endometrial carcinomas-11 mixed serous and low-grade endometrioid carcinomas (SC/EC), 5 mixed clear cell and low-grade ECs (CCC/EC), and 2 mixed CCC and SCs (CCC/SC), using targeted next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry to compare the molecular profiles of the different histotypes present in each case. In 16 of 18 cases there was molecular evidence that both components shared a clonal origin. Eight cases (6 EC/SC, 1 EC/CCC, and 1 SC/CCC) showed an SC molecular profile that was the same in both components. Five cases (3 CCC/EC and 2 SC/EC) showed a shared endometrioid molecular profile and identical mismatch-repair protein deficiency in both components. A single SC/EC case harbored the same POLE exonuclease domain mutation in both components. One SC/CCC and 1 EC/CCC case showed both shared and unique molecular features in the 2 histotype components, suggesting early molecular divergence from a common clonal origin. In 2 cases, there were no shared molecular features, and these appear to be biologically unrelated synchronous tumors. Overall, these results show that the different histologic components in mixed endometrial carcinomas typically share the same molecular aberrations. Mixed endometrial carcinomas most commonly occur through morphologic mimicry, whereby tumors with serous-type molecular profile show morphologic features of EC or CCC, or through underlying deficiency in DNA nucleotide repair, with resulting rapid accrual of mutations and intratumoral phenotypic heterogeneity. Less commonly, mixed endometrial carcinomas are the result of early molecular divergence from a common progenitor clone or are synchronous biologically unrelated tumors (collision tumors).

  8. Cervi cornus Colla (deer antler glue) induce epidermal differentiation in the reconstruction of skin equivalents.

    PubMed

    Choi, H-R; Nam, K-M; Kim, D-S; Huh, C-H; Na, J-I; Park, K-C

    2013-06-01

    In the reconstruction of skin equivalents (SEs), keratinocyte differentiation is important because epidermal differentiation is closely related with barrier function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cervi cornus Colla (CCC) on the stem cell activity and epidermal differentiation in the reconstruction of skin equivalent. Four different models were constructed according to different composition of dermal substitute. Results showed similar morphologic findings when hyaluronic acid (HA) and/or CCC was added. But, immunohistochemical staining showed that p63 was significantly increased by addition of HA and/or CCC. Increased staining of integrin α6 and β1 was variably observed when HA and/or CCC was added to make dermal substitute. These finding showed that addition of HA and/or CCC may affect the stem cell activity in the reconstruction of skin. Furthermore, filaggrin expression was much increased when CCC was added. It showed that epidermal differentiation was significantly improved by addition of CCC. In conclusion, simultaneous presence of HA and CCC contributed to the stem cell activity and epidermal differentiation in the reconstruction of SE. Legislation in the EU prohibits marketing cosmetics and personal care products that contain constituents that have been examined through animal experiments. To avoid these limitations, SEs can be used for testing the safety or the efficacy of cosmetic ingredients. Therefore, our results showed that combined use of HA and CCC can be helpful for the reconstruction of SE with good stem cell activity and epidermal differentiation. © 2013 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.

  9. Multiple injection mode with or without repeated sample injections: Strategies to enhance productivity in countercurrent chromatography.

    PubMed

    Müller, Marco; Wasmer, Katharina; Vetter, Walter

    2018-06-29

    Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is an all liquid based separation technique typically used for the isolation and purification of natural compounds. The simplicity of the method makes it easy to scale up CCC separations from analytical to preparative and even industrial scale. However, scale-up of CCC separations requires two different instruments with varying coil dimensions. Here we developed two variants of the CCC multiple injection mode as an alternative to increase the throughput and enhance productivity of a CCC separation when using only one instrument. The concept is based on the parallel injection of samples at different points in the CCC column system and the simultaneous separation using one pump only. The wiring of the CCC setup was modified by the insertion of a 6-port selection valve, multiple T-pieces and sample loops. Furthermore, the introduction of storage sample loops enabled the CCC system to be used with repeated injection cycles. Setup and advantages of both multiple injection modes were shown by the isolation of the furan fatty acid 11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)-undecanoic acid (11D5-EE) from an ethyl ester oil rich in 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-EE). 11D5-EE was enriched in one step from 1.9% to 99% purity. The solvent consumption per isolated amount of analyte could be reduced by ∼40% compared to increased throughput CCC and by ∼5% in the repeated multiple injection mode which also facilitated the isolation of the major compound (DHA-EE) in the sample. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  10. A cohort study of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy.

    PubMed

    Martinelli Filho, Martino; de Lima Peixoto, Giselle; de Siqueira, Sérgio Freitas; Martins, Sérgio Augusto Mezzalira; Nishioka, Silvana Angelina D'ório; Pedrosa, Anísio Alexandre Andrade; Teixeira, Ricardo Alkmim; Dos Santos, Johnny Xavier; Costa, Roberto; Kalil Filho, Roberto; Ramires, José Antônio Franchini

    2018-03-02

    Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established procedure for patients with heart failure. However, trials evaluating its efficacy did not include patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). We aimed to assess the role of CRT in a cohort of patients with CCC. This retrospective study compared the outcomes of CCC patients who underwent CRT with those of dilated (DCM) and ischaemic cardiomyopathies (ICM). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality and the secondary endpoints were the rate of non-advanced New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 12 months after CRT and echocardiographic changes evaluated at least 6 months after CRT. There were 115 patients in the CCC group, 177 with DCM, and 134 with ICM. The annual mortality rates were 25.4%, 10.4%, and 11.3%, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders showed that the CCC group had a two-fold [hazard ratio 2.34 (1.47-3.71), P < 0.001] higher risk of death compared to the DCM group. The rate of non-advanced NYHA class 12 months after CRT was significantly higher in non-CCC groups than in the CCC group (DCM 74.0% vs. ICM 73.9% vs. 56.5%, P < 0.001). Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy and ICM patients had no improvement in the echocardiographic evaluation, but patients in the DCM group had an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction and a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter. This study showed that CCC patients submitted to CRT have worse prognosis compared to patients with DCM and ICM who undergo CRT. Studies comparing CCC patients with and without CRT are warranted.

  11. Demographic, Clinical, and Prognostic Factors of Ovarian Clear Cell Adenocarcinomas According to Endometriosis Status.

    PubMed

    Schnack, Tine H; Høgdall, Estrid; Thomsen, Lotte Nedergaard; Høgdall, Claus

    2017-11-01

    Women with endometriosis carry an increased risk for ovarian clear cell adenocarcinomas (CCCs). Clear cell adenocarcinoma may develop from endometriosis lesions. Few studies have compared clinical and prognostic factors and overall survival in patients diagnosed as having CCC according to endometriosis status. Population-based prospectively collected data on CCC with coexisting pelvic (including ovarian; n = 80) and ovarian (n = 46) endometriosis or without endometriosis (n = 95) were obtained through the Danish Gynecological Cancer Database. χ Test, independent-samples t test, logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier test, and Cox regression were used. Statistical tests were 2 sided. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Patients with CCC and pelvic or ovarian endometriosis were significantly younger than CCC patients without endometriosis, and a higher proportion of them were nulliparous (28% and 31% vs 17% (P = 0.07 and P = 0.09). Accordingly, a significantly higher proportion of women without endometriosis had given birth to more than 1 child. Interestingly, a significantly higher proportion of patients with ovarian endometriosis had pure CCCs (97.8% vs 82.1%; P = 0.001) as compared with patients without endometriosis. Overall survival was poorer among CCC patients with concomitant ovarian endometriosis (hazard ratio, 2.56 [95% confidence interval, 1.29-5.02], in the multivariate analysis. Age at CCC diagnosis and parity as well as histology differ between CCC patients with and without concomitant endometriosis. Furthermore, CCC patients with concomitant ovarian endometriosis have a poorer prognosis compared with endometriosis-negative CCC patients. These differences warrant further research to determine whether CCCs with and without concomitant endometriosis develop through distinct pathogenic pathways.

  12. Clinical Significance of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor 2, a Serum Biomarker Candidate for Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma

    PubMed Central

    Arakawa, Noriaki; Kobayashi, Hiroshi; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Masuishi, Yusuke; Ino, Yoko; Shigetomi, Hiroshi; Furukawa, Naoto; Ohtake, Norihisa; Miyagi, Yohei; Hirahara, Fumiki; Hirano, Hisashi; Miyagi, Etsuko

    2016-01-01

    Background There is currently no reliable serum biomarker for ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC), a highly lethal histological subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Previously, using a proteome-based approach, we identified tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI2) as a candidate serum biomarker for CCC. In this study, we sought to evaluate the clinical diagnostic performance of TFPI2 in preoperative prediction of CCC. Methods Serum TFPI2 levels were measured in serum samples from a retrospective training set consisting of patients with benign and borderline ovarian tumors, EOC subtypes, and uterine diseases. Via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, we compared the diagnostic performance of TFPI2 with that of CA125 in discrimination of patients with ovarian CCC from other patient groups. The observed diagnostic performances were examined in a prospective validation set. Results The 268-patient training set included 29 patients with ovarian CCC. Unlike CA125, which was also elevated in patients with endometriosis and several EOC subtypes, serum TFPI2 levels were specifically elevated only in ovarian CCC patients, consistent with the mRNA expression pattern in tumor tissues. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of serum TFPI2 was obviously higher than that of CA125 for discrimination of CCC from other ovarian diseases (AUC = 0.891 versus 0.595). Applying a cut-off value of 280 pg/mL, TFPI2 could distinguish early-stage (FIGO I and II) CCC from endometriosis with 72.2% sensitivity, 93.3% specificity, and 88.8% accuracy. Similar results were confirmed in an independent 156-patient prospective validation set. Conclusions TFPI2 is a useful serum biomarker for preoperative clinical diagnosis of CCC. PMID:27798689

  13. Clinical Significance of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor 2, a Serum Biomarker Candidate for Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma.

    PubMed

    Arakawa, Noriaki; Kobayashi, Hiroshi; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Masuishi, Yusuke; Ino, Yoko; Shigetomi, Hiroshi; Furukawa, Naoto; Ohtake, Norihisa; Miyagi, Yohei; Hirahara, Fumiki; Hirano, Hisashi; Miyagi, Etsuko

    2016-01-01

    There is currently no reliable serum biomarker for ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC), a highly lethal histological subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Previously, using a proteome-based approach, we identified tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI2) as a candidate serum biomarker for CCC. In this study, we sought to evaluate the clinical diagnostic performance of TFPI2 in preoperative prediction of CCC. Serum TFPI2 levels were measured in serum samples from a retrospective training set consisting of patients with benign and borderline ovarian tumors, EOC subtypes, and uterine diseases. Via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, we compared the diagnostic performance of TFPI2 with that of CA125 in discrimination of patients with ovarian CCC from other patient groups. The observed diagnostic performances were examined in a prospective validation set. The 268-patient training set included 29 patients with ovarian CCC. Unlike CA125, which was also elevated in patients with endometriosis and several EOC subtypes, serum TFPI2 levels were specifically elevated only in ovarian CCC patients, consistent with the mRNA expression pattern in tumor tissues. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of serum TFPI2 was obviously higher than that of CA125 for discrimination of CCC from other ovarian diseases (AUC = 0.891 versus 0.595). Applying a cut-off value of 280 pg/mL, TFPI2 could distinguish early-stage (FIGO I and II) CCC from endometriosis with 72.2% sensitivity, 93.3% specificity, and 88.8% accuracy. Similar results were confirmed in an independent 156-patient prospective validation set. TFPI2 is a useful serum biomarker for preoperative clinical diagnosis of CCC.

  14. Clear cell carcinomas of the ovary have poorer outcomes compared with serous carcinomas: Results from a single-center Taiwanese study.

    PubMed

    Ku, Fei-Chun; Wu, Ren-Chin; Yang, Lan-Yan; Tang, Yun-Hsin; Chang, Wei-Yang; Yang, Jung-Erh; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Jung, Shih-Ming; Lin, Cheng-Tao; Chang, Ting-Chang; Chao, Angel; Lai, Chyong-Huey

    2018-02-01

    To compare the clinical outcomes of Taiwanese patients with ovarian clear cell carcinomas (CCCs) and serous carcinomas (SCs). We retrieved the clinical records of women with epithelial ovarian cancer (Stage I-IV) who received primary surgeries between 2000 and 2013. Cancer-specific survival (CSS), progression-free survival, and survival after recurrence (SAR) of CCC and SC patients were retrospectively compared. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of survival. Of 891 women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer, 169 CCCs and 351 high-grade SCs were analyzed. The 5-year CSS rates of CCC patients were significantly lower than those of SC for both Stage III (22.3% vs. 47.3%, p = 0.001) and Stage IV (0% vs. 24.4%, p = 0.001) disease. In the absence of gross residual malignancies, the 5-year CSS rate was better for CCC (82.3%) than SC (75.2%, p = 0.010). The 5-year SAR rate was significantly lower for CCC than SC (14.3% vs. 24.4%, p = 0.002). Old age and residual malignancies were independent prognostic factors for CSS in the entire cohort of CCC patients. In the subgroup of Stage I CCC, positive cytology was identified as the only adverse prognostic factor for CSS. The clinical outcomes of CCC are generally poorer than SC. Complete cytoreduction to no gross residual disease should be ideally achieved in CCC patients. A greater understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CCC may lead to tailored therapies, ultimately optimizing outcomes. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  15. Pragmatics fragmented: the factor structure of the Dutch children's communication checklist (CCC).

    PubMed

    Geurts, Hilde M; Hartman, Catharina; Verté, Sylvie; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Roeyers, Herbert; Sergeant, Joseph A

    2009-01-01

    A number of disorders are associated with pragmatic difficulties. Instruments that can make subdivisions within the larger construct of pragmatics could be important tools for disentangling profiles of pragmatic difficulty in different disorders. The deficits underlying the observed pragmatic difficulties may be different for different disorders. To study the construct validity of a pragmatic language questionnaire. The construct of pragmatics is studied by applying exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis to the parent version of the Dutch Children's Communication Checklist (CCC; Bishop 1998 ). Parent ratings of 1589 typically developing children and 481 children with a clinical diagnosis were collected. Four different factor models derived from the original CCC scales and five different factor models based on EFA were compared with each other. The models were cross-validated. The EFA-derived models were substantively different from the originally proposed CCC factor structure. EFA models gave a slightly better fit than the models based on the original CCC scales, though neither provided a good fit to the parent data. Coherence seemed to be part of language form and not of pragmatics, which is in line with the adaptation of the CCC, the CCC-2 (Bishop 2003 ). Most pragmatic items clustered together in one factor and these pragmatic items also clustered with items related to social relationships and specific interests. The nine scales of the original CCC do not reflect the underlying factor structure. Therefore, scale composition may be improved on and scores on subscale level need to be interpreted cautiously. Therefore, in interpreting the CCC profiles, the overall measure might be more informative than the postulated subscales as more information is needed to determine which constructs the suggested subscales are actually measuring.

  16. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific short hairpin RNA is capable of reducing the formation of HBV covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA but has no effect on established CCC DNA in vitro.

    PubMed

    Starkey, Jason L; Chiari, Estelle F; Isom, Harriet C

    2009-01-01

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA is the source of HBV transcripts and persistence in chronically infected patients. The novel aspect of this study was to determine the effect of RNA interference (RNAi) on HBV CCC DNA when administered prior to establishment of HBV replication or during chronic HBV infection. HBV replication was initiated in HepG2 cells by transduction with HBV baculovirus. Subculture of HBV-expressing HepG2 cells at 10 days post-transduction generates a system in which HBV replication is ongoing and HBV is expressed largely from CCC DNA, thus simulating chronic HBV infection. HepG2 cells were transduced with short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-expressing baculovirus prior to initiation of HBV replication or during chronic HBV replication, and the levels of HBV RNA, HBV surface antigens (HBsAg) and replicative intermediates (RI), extracellular (EC) and CCC DNA species were measured. HBsAg, HBV RNA and DNA levels were markedly reduced until day 8 whether cells were transduced with shRNA prior to or during a chronic infection; however, the CCC DNA species were only affected when shRNA was administered prior to initiation of infection. We conclude that RNAi may have a therapeutic value for controlling HBV replication at the level of RI and EC DNA and for reducing establishment of CCC DNA during HBV infection. Our data support previous findings demonstrating the stability of HBV CCC DNA following antiviral therapy. This study also reports the development of a novel HBV baculovirus subculture system that can be used to evaluate antiviral effects on chronic HBV replication.

  17. Ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes bearing CCC-pincer bis-(carbene) ligands: synthesis, structures and activities toward recycle transfer hydrogenation reactions.

    PubMed

    Naziruddin, Abbas Raja; Huang, Zhao-Jiunn; Lai, Wei-Chih; Lin, Wan-Jung; Hwang, Wen-Shu

    2013-09-28

    A new series of ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes with benzene-based CCC-pincer bis-(carbene) ligands, [((R)CCC(R))Ru(CO)2(X)](0/+) and [((R)CCC(R))Ru(CO)(NN)](+) ((R)CCC(R) = 2,6-bis-(1-alkylimidazolylidene)benzene, R = Me or (n)Bu; X = I, Br, CH3CN, or 6-(aminomethyl)pyridine (ampy); NN = 2·CH3CN, or chelating ampy or bipyridine), was synthesized and fully characterized. X-Ray structure determinations revealed that these eight complexes have pseudo-octahedral configurations around the ruthenium center with the pincer ligand occupying three meridional sites. These complexes prove to be efficient precatalysts demonstrating very good activity and reusability for the transfer hydrogenation of ketones.

  18. 7 CFR 1499.12 - Subrecipients.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... to the transfer of any donated commodities, sale proceeds, income or CCC-provided funds to the... any donated commodities, sale proceeds, income, or CCC-provided cash funds that are not used in... donated commodities, sale proceeds, income, or CCC-provided funds to the subrecipient. (c) The participant...

  19. 7 CFR 1493.80 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Evidence of export. 1493.80 Section 1493.80... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) and CCC Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-103...

  20. 7 CFR 1435.505 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS SUGAR PROGRAM Processor Sugar Payment-In-Kind... acreage, desugarizing capacity or other measures of sugar production as CCC determines. (b) The contract... specified in the CCC production diversion contract. (c) CCC will transfer title of the sugar to the...

  1. 7 CFR 1493.420 - Information required for program participation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.420 Information required for program participation. Before CCC will accept an application for a payment guarantee under the SCGP, the...

  2. 7 CFR 1493.480 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.480 Certification... payment guarantee, CCC will have the right, notwithstanding any other rights provided under this subpart...

  3. 7 CFR 1488.8 - Documents required after delivery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC... delivery. (a) CCC will purchase an exporter's account receivable only if the Treasurer, Commodity Credit... or Assistant Treasurer, CCC, after date of delivery of commodities exported or to be exported under...

  4. 7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for... CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103 programs, will include... to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in the...

  5. 7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for... CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103 programs, will include... to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in the...

  6. 7 CFR 1493.480 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.480 Certification requirements for the... the exporter breaches or violates these certifications with respect to a SCGP payment guarantee, CCC...

  7. 7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS... criteria considered by CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103... importing country to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in...

  8. 7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for... CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103 programs, will include... to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in the...

  9. 48 CFR 209.104-4 - Subcontractor responsibility.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...'s (CCC) proposal of a firm as its subcontractor is sufficient basis for an affirmative determination of responsibility. However, when the CCC determination of responsibility is not consistent with other information available to the contracting officer, the contracting officer shall request from CCC and any other...

  10. 48 CFR 209.104-4 - Subcontractor responsibility.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...'s (CCC) proposal of a firm as its subcontractor is sufficient basis for an affirmative determination of responsibility. However, when the CCC determination of responsibility is not consistent with other information available to the contracting officer, the contracting officer shall request from CCC and any other...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.480 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.480 Certification... payment guarantee, CCC will have the right, notwithstanding any other rights provided under this subpart...

  12. 78 FR 7757 - Council Coordination Committee Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-04

    ... meeting of the Council Coordination Committee (CCC), consisting of the Regional Fishery Management Council... Management Reauthorization Act (MSRA) of 2006 established the Council Coordination Committee (CCC) by... Council members or staff. NMFS will host this meeting and provide reports to the CCC for its information...

  13. 7 CFR 1488.8 - Documents required after delivery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC... delivery. (a) CCC will purchase an exporter's account receivable only if the Treasurer, Commodity Credit... or Assistant Treasurer, CCC, after date of delivery of commodities exported or to be exported under...

  14. 7 CFR 1493.480 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.480 Certification requirements for the... the exporter breaches or violates these certifications with respect to a SCGP payment guarantee, CCC...

  15. 7 CFR 1493.480 - Certification requirements for the evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.480 Certification requirements for the... the exporter breaches or violates these certifications with respect to a SCGP payment guarantee, CCC...

  16. Getting to the core of cadherin complex function in Caenorhabditis elegans.

    PubMed

    Hardin, Jeff

    2015-01-01

    The classic cadherin-catenin complex (CCC) mediates cell-cell adhesion in metazoans. Although substantial insights have been gained by studying the CCC in vertebrate tissue culture, analyzing requirements for and regulation of the CCC in vertebrates remains challenging. Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful system for connecting the molecular details of CCC function with functional requirements in a living organism. Recent data, using an "angstroms to embryos" approach, have elucidated functions for key residues, conserved across all metazoans, that mediate cadherin/β-catenin binding. Other recent work reveals a novel, potentially ancestral, role for the C. elegans p120ctn homologue in regulating polarization of blastomeres in the early embryo via Cdc42 and the partitioning-defective (PAR)/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) complex. Finally, recent work suggests that the CCC is trafficked to the cell surface via the clathrin adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) in surprising ways. These studies continue to underscore the value of C. elegans as a model system for identifying conserved molecular mechanisms involving the CCC.

  17. Quantal mEPSCs and residual glutamate: how horizontal cell responses are shaped at the photoreceptor ribbon synapse

    PubMed Central

    Cadetti, Lucia; Bartoletti, Theodore M.; Thoreson, Wallace B.

    2012-01-01

    At the photoreceptor ribbon synapse, glutamate released from vesicles at different positions along the ribbon reaches the same postsynaptic receptors. Thus, vesicles may not exert entirely independent effects. We examined whether responses of salamander retinal horizontal cells evoked by light or direct depolarization during paired recordings could be predicted by summation of individual miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). For EPSCs evoked by depolarization of rods or cones, linear convolution of mEPSCs with photoreceptor release functions predicted EPSC waveforms and changes caused by inhibiting glutamate receptor desensitization. A low-affinity glutamate antagonist, kynurenic acid (KynA), preferentially reduced later components of rod-driven EPSCs, suggesting lower levels of glutamate are present during the later sustained component of the EPSC. A glutamate-scavenging enzyme, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, did not inhibit mEPSCs or the initial component of rod-driven EPSCs, but reduced later components of the EPSC. Inhibiting glutamate uptake with a low concentration of dl-threo-β-benzoyloxyaspartate (TBOA) also did not alter mEPSCs or the initial component of rod-driven EPSCs, but enhanced later components of the EPSC. Low concentrations of TBOA and KynA did not affect the kinetics of fast cone-driven EPSCs. Under both rod- and cone-dominated conditions, light-evoked currents (LECs) were enhanced considerably by TBOA. LECs were more strongly inhibited than EPSCs by KynA, suggesting the presence of lower glutamate levels. Collectively, these results indicate that the initial EPSC component can be largely predicted from a linear sum of individual mEPSCs, but with sustained release, residual amounts of glutamate from multiple vesicles pool together, influencing LECs and later components of EPSCs. PMID:18547244

  18. Achieving Their Potential

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Prouty, Sally T.

    2009-01-01

    Seventy-five years ago, Franklin D. Roosevelt took two crises--a decayed environment and wide unemployment--and combined them to form a single success: the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). In the CCC three million young unemployed men dramatically improved the nation's infrastructure. The CCC gave young Americans living in poverty hope. This…

  19. 7 CFR 1493.430 - Application for a payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.430 Application for a payment guarantee... request for CCC to reserve coverage up to the maximum quantity permitted by the contract loading tolerance...

  20. 75 FR 23244 - North Pacific Fishery Management Council; Public Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-03

    ...: North Pacific Fishery Management Council will host a meeting of the Council Coordination Committee (CCC... North Pacific Research Board/Alaska Ocean Observing System; adopt the CCC Terms of Reference; discuss...); Enforcement Issues; 5-year grant application process; and discuss the January 2011 CCC meeting agenda...

  1. 7 CFR 1488.14 - Interest charges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.14 Interest charges. The account receivable assigned to CCC and the related bank obligation... branch bank shall, when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the...

  2. 7 CFR 1488.11 - Liquidated damages.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5... financing agreement which will result in serious and substantial damage to CCC and to its program. Since it... to CCC promptly on demand, as reasonable compensation and not as a penalty, liquidated damages in...

  3. 75 FR 15403 - Information Collection, Procurement of Agricultural Commodities for Foreign Donation

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-29

    ... Credit Corporation (CCC) is requesting comments from all interested individuals and organizations on an... opportunities for potential vendors while allowing CCC to efficiently acquire commodities. DATES: Comments on... sells or donates commodities to promote economic development. To accommodate these donations, CCC issues...

  4. 7 CFR 1488.11 - Liquidated damages.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5... financing agreement which will result in serious and substantial damage to CCC and to its program. Since it... to CCC promptly on demand, as reasonable compensation and not as a penalty, liquidated damages in...

  5. 7 CFR 1488.11 - Liquidated damages.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... of the financing agreement which will result in serious and substantial damage to CCC and to its... exporter shall pay to CCC promptly on demand, as reasonable compensation and not as a penalty, liquidated...

  6. 7 CFR 1488.11 - Liquidated damages.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... of the financing agreement which will result in serious and substantial damage to CCC and to its... exporter shall pay to CCC promptly on demand, as reasonable compensation and not as a penalty, liquidated...

  7. 7 CFR 1488.14 - Interest charges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.14 Interest charges. The account receivable assigned to CCC and the related bank obligation... branch bank shall, when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the...

  8. 7 CFR 1488.11 - Liquidated damages.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5... financing agreement which will result in serious and substantial damage to CCC and to its program. Since it... to CCC promptly on demand, as reasonable compensation and not as a penalty, liquidated damages in...

  9. 77 FR 5227 - Information Collection Request; Debt Settlement Policies and Procedures

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-02

    ... Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) are requesting comments from all interested individuals and organizations on an extension of a currently approved information collection that supports the FSA and CCC Debt... revision. Abstract: This information collection is needed to enable FSA and CCC to effectively administer...

  10. 7 CFR 1493.440 - Certification requirements for payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.440 Certification requirements for payment... notify CCC if there is a change of circumstances which would cause it to fail to meet such requirements...

  11. 7 CFR 1493.430 - Application for a payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.430 Application for a payment guarantee... request for CCC to reserve coverage up to the maximum quantity permitted by the contract loading tolerance...

  12. 7 CFR 1493.440 - Certification requirements for payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.440 Certification requirements for payment... notify CCC if there is a change of circumstances which would cause it to fail to meet such requirements...

  13. 7 CFR 1488.15 - Advance payment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and... of the account receivable, it shall be remitted promptly to CCC. Such prepayment shall be applied first to interest on the unpaid balance of the account receivable to the date CCC receives such...

  14. 7 CFR 1493.440 - Certification requirements for payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Supplier Credit Guarantee Program Operations § 1493.440 Certification requirements for payment... notify CCC if there is a change of circumstances which would cause it to fail to meet such requirements...

  15. 7 CFR 1488.15 - Advance payment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and... of the account receivable, it shall be remitted promptly to CCC. Such prepayment shall be applied first to interest on the unpaid balance of the account receivable to the date CCC receives such...

  16. 7 CFR 1488.15 - Advance payment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and... of the account receivable, it shall be remitted promptly to CCC. Such prepayment shall be applied first to interest on the unpaid balance of the account receivable to the date CCC receives such...

  17. 7 CFR 1488.14 - Interest charges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.14 Interest charges. The account receivable assigned to CCC and the related bank obligation... branch bank shall, when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the...

  18. 7 CFR 1400.502 - Compliance and enforcement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... CCC from a certified public accountant or attorney that the average adjusted gross income of the... supporting financial data as requested by CCC. Supporting financial data may include State income tax returns... the person's or legal entity's income; or (4) Authorization for CCC to obtain tax data from the...

  19. 7 CFR 1410.63 - Permissive uses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... drought or other emergency, but only in exchange for a payment reduction as determined by CCC; (5) Wind turbines on CRP land installed in numbers and locations as determined appropriate by CCC considering the... determined by CCC; (7) Forestry maintenance such as pruning, thinning, and timber stand improvement on lands...

  20. 7 CFR 1410.63 - Permissive uses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... drought or other emergency, but only in exchange for a payment reduction as determined by CCC; (5) Wind turbines on CRP land installed in numbers and locations as determined appropriate by CCC considering the... determined by CCC; (7) Forestry maintenance such as pruning, thinning, and timber stand improvement on lands...

  1. 7 CFR 1410.63 - Permissive uses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... drought or other emergency, but only in exchange for a payment reduction as determined by CCC; (5) Wind turbines on CRP land installed in numbers and locations as determined appropriate by CCC considering the... determined by CCC; (7) Forestry maintenance such as pruning, thinning, and timber stand improvement on lands...

  2. 7 CFR 1410.63 - Permissive uses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... drought or other emergency, but only in exchange for a payment reduction as determined by CCC; (5) Wind turbines on CRP land installed in numbers and locations as determined appropriate by CCC considering the... determined by CCC; (7) Forestry maintenance such as pruning, thinning, and timber stand improvement on lands...

  3. 77 FR 29473 - Market Access Program

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-17

    ...., for the continued use of this information collection. CCC's request will reflect changes to the new... CCC is committed to complying with the E-Government Act to promote the use of the Internet and other... efficient and effective use of public funds. In this regard, CCC considers an applicant's need for Federal...

  4. 7 CFR 1435.503 - In-kind payments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS SUGAR PROGRAM Processor Sugar Payment-In-Kind..., make payments in the form of sugar held in CCC inventory. (b) To the maximum extent practicable, CCC... sugar held in storage by the processor; (2) CCC-owned sugar held in storage by any other processor in...

  5. --No Title--

    Science.gov Websites

    ; } .stage .controls a:link, .stage .controls a:visited { color:#000000; display:block; border:1px solid #ccc ; background-color:#fff; padding:1em 1em; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; } .stage .controls a:hover { background-color:#ccc; text-decoration:none; } .stage .controls a.active { background-color:#ccc; } .stage

  6. 76 FR 56949 - Biomass Crop Assistance Program; Corrections

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-15

    .... ACTION: Interim rule; correction. SUMMARY: The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is amending the Biomass... funds in favor of the ``project area'' portion of BCAP. CCC is also correcting errors in the regulation... INFORMATION: Background CCC published a final rule on October 27, 2010 (75 FR 66202-66243) implementing BCAP...

  7. 7 CFR 1488.5 - Acceptance of sale registrations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5...) [Reserved] (c) CCC reserves the right to reject any and all requests for sale registration. (d) The registration of a sale shall create a financing agreement between the exporter and CCC which shall consist of...

  8. 7 CFR 1401.4 - Commodity certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... FORMS OF PAYMENT § 1401.4 Commodity certificates. (a) General. CCC may issue commodity certificates as a... transferred, exchanged for the inventory of CCC (including the receipt in accordance with paragraph (e) of... and the date of the transfer, and signed by the transferor. CCC will not honor any certificate bearing...

  9. 7 CFR 1488.1 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) General § 1488.1..., and set forth the terms and conditions governing the CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5). The... thereunder. (b) Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this subpart A, CCC will purchase for cash...

  10. 7 CFR 1488.9a - Evidence of export for commodities delivered before export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit... financial period is 12 months or less, the exporter shall furnish a certification to the Treasurer, CCC... Assistant Treasurer, CCC, certifying that the commodities have been exported. The certification must include...

  11. 7 CFR 1488.1 - General statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5... revised April 1975, and set forth the terms and conditions governing the CCC Export Credit Sales Program... issued thereunder. (b) Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this subpart A, CCC will purchase...

  12. 7 CFR 1488.9 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5... truck, the exporter shall furnish to the Treasurer, CCC, one copy of the bill of lading covering the... carrier, the exporter shall furnish to the Treasurer, CCC, one non-negotiable copy or photo copy or other...

  13. 7 CFR 1493.250 - Final application and issuance of a facility payment guarantee.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS CCC Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) Operations § 1493.250 Final application... application to CCC for a facility payment guarantee which shall include the following information: (1) A cover...

  14. 7 CFR 1488.5 - Acceptance of sale registrations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5...) [Reserved] (c) CCC reserves the right to reject any and all requests for sale registration. (d) The registration of a sale shall create a financing agreement between the exporter and CCC which shall consist of...

  15. 7 CFR 1488.6 - Amendments to financing agreement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC... of amendment and is determined to be in the interest of CCC. Amendments may include extension of the... been delivered, CCC will consider requests to increase the amount of the sale registration value for...

  16. 75 FR 76921 - Tobacco Transition Payment Program; Tobacco Transition Assessments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-10

    ... rule; technical amendment. SUMMARY: The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is modifying the regulations... domestic volume of each class. This means that CCC will continue to determine tobacco class allocations... technical amendment does not change how the TTPP is implemented by CCC, but rather clarifies the wording of...

  17. 75 FR 38456 - Notice of Request for Extension of a Currently Approved Information Collection

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-02

    ... Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, this notice announces the Commodity Credit Corporations (CCC) intention to request an extension for a currently approved information collection in support of the CCC Facility...: CCC Facility Guarantee Program. OMB Number: 0551-0032. Expiration Date of Approval: November 30, 2010...

  18. 7 CFR 1488.6 - Amendments to financing agreement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... determined to be in the interest of CCC. Amendments may include extension of the period for delivery or the period for export, and change in the interest rate. After the commodity has been delivered, CCC will...

  19. 7 CFR 1488.9 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Documents Required... exporter shall furnish to the Treasurer, CCC, one copy of the bill of lading covering the commodity..., the exporter shall furnish to the Treasurer, CCC, one non-negotiable copy or photo copy or other type...

  20. 7 CFR 1488.9 - Evidence of export.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Documents Required... exporter shall furnish to the Treasurer, CCC, one copy of the bill of lading covering the commodity..., the exporter shall furnish to the Treasurer, CCC, one non-negotiable copy or photo copy or other type...

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